The Sun.
London, England, 1849-11-30 00:00:00

COURT CIRCULAR.

OSB ORNE, TnunaDer.
The Queen and Prince took their usual early walk
this morning in the grounds of Osborne.
His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, the
Princess Royal, and the younger members of the
Royal Family, walked and rode in the Park.
Captain the Hon. Dudley and Mrs. Pelham are ex-
pected to dine at Osborne this day.

Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of
Cambridge and the Princess Mary, attended by
Baron Knesebeck, returned to their residence at Kew,
on Wednesday, from Brighton.
Mr. J. H. de Castro, Mr. Robert Smith, and Mr.
J. Atherton, a deputation from the Manchester Com-
mercial Association, had.an interview with the Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer yesterday, at his official resi-
dence in Downing-street.
Sir James Duke, Bart., had an interview with Sir
George Grey yesterday, at the Home-office.
The Ecclesiastical Commissioners fur England had
a general meeting yesterday, at their office in White-
hall-place.
Mr. R. Birley (Manchester) and Mr. Morley had
an interview yesterday with Sir George Grey.
Dispatches from the Governor of Canada, and from
the Governors of the other North American colonies,
were received yesterday at the Colonial-office. Dis-
patches were also received yesterday at the Colonial-
office, from the Governor of West Australia.

Mr. Hodges, M P., had an interview yesterday
with the Chancellor of the Exchequer.

HEALTH of the QUEEN DOWAGER.
(From the Court Circular.)
" The Priory, Nov. 29.
"The Queen Dowager slept for several hours
during the night.
" Her MajeAy's symptoms remain without any
improvement.

" DAYID DAVIES, M.D."

FRANCE and the SAIVDTVICII ISLANDS.
The arrival of the Empire City from Chagres had
brought to New York the extraordinary and startling
news of the capture of the Sandwich Islands by the
French. This event, if officially confirmed, is likely
to lead to very embarrassing relations between France
and more nations than one. The California corre-
spondent of the New York Tribune says—
" An arrival from the Sandwich Islands has brought
the startling intelligence of the islands having been taken
by the French. It is the same old quarrel broken out
again. The story, as I have heard it, is this : —The
Island Government placed a heavy duty on various arti-
cles, such as wines and liquors, which constitute the
principal exportations from France to the Pacific. The
commander of the French fleet at Honolulu demanded
that it should be revoked, and on refusal opened his guns
on the fort, which finally yielded. Ho then occupied it,
and took possession of the island. An express came
here in sixteen hours from San Francisco, 130 miles,
with the news. What the course of our authorities will
be everybody conjectures, but nobody knows."
The intelligence has created considerable sensation
in the United States, and the common inquiry is—
" What will the French do next?" The subjoined
extract from the Paces News, of Sept. 29, some-
what modifies the above :

" In our paper of Saturday last wo announced that a
rumour was in circulation that a difficulty had ari.en
at the Sandwich Islands, between the French
Consul-General and the Hawaiian Government.
Since that time the French frigate the Poursu-
viante, under the command of Admiral Trcm-
melin, has arrived at this port from the Sandwich
Islands, which place she left early in the present month,
bringing, as wu learn, Mr. Dillon, the French consul,
and his family as passengers. It is said that Mr. Dillon
has finally closed his mission at the island, and th,,t ho
proceeds to France through the United States, taking
passage in the steamer about leaving for Panama. "
The Poursuvianto brings dispatches, we believe
for Commodore Jones, and for the State Department
at Washington. The contents of these are, of course,
not yet made public ; tut we learn from the re-
ports in circulation about town, and which, so far
is we know, are not disputed, that the transactions
which took place at the island before the
French frigate left were, in general, as follows :—The
demands of the French Consul—the most important of
which related to the importation of French brandies
into the islands, at reduced rates of duty, and to the sale
of ardent spirits by French whalers visiting the ports of
the islands for refreshments—were refused by the
Hawaiian Government, on the ground that its existing
regulations on these subjects were in conformity
to the text and spirit of the treaty con-
cluded between the French Governnsent and
that of the islands. There were, however,
several other matters in issue, and the Hawaiian Go-
vernment, we understand, was desirous to submit the
whole case for decision to the Cabinet of Paris. This
mode of adjusting the matter Mr. Dillon and the Ad-
miral did not see fit to accept. It is also understood
that the Hawaiian authorities were willing to avail them-
selves of the offered mediation of the British Consul-
General in this premises—and that this also was de•
(dined by the, French Consul and Admiral, who insisted
upon a definite compliance with their demands by the
Hawaiian Government, within a brief specified time.

" Such compliance being refused on the part of the
islands, the French Admiral, against the protest, as we
understand, of; the American Consul (the diplomatic
intercourse between the Islands' Government and Mr.
Ten Eyck, the American Commissioner, not having been
resumed, we believe, since its suspension some months
ago), proceeded to forcible measures. The Ha-
waiian fort was seized, disarmed, its ammunition
destroyed, and the Hawaiian flag lowered for
about three days, when the French occupa-
lion of the fort ceas,d, and the Hawaiian flag was again
raised. One of the public vessels of the Hawaiian Govern-
ment was also seized by the Frlench, and sent off, under
French control, to Tahiti or Valparaiso. The French
authorities then left the islands.

"It appears to us difficult to understand upon what
grounds this course of action on the part of the French au-
thorities can be justified, and equally difficult to see what
good or useful result of any kind has been accomplished
b 3• it. If the Hawaiian authorities were in the right in the
controversy, under the treaty stipulations, then the
course of the French was plainly an unjustifiable aggres-
sion upon tho weak and defencelems. If, on the other
hand, the Hawaiian Government Willi in the wrong, why,
even supposing the British Consul's mediation unsuit-
able, could not the case have been submitted to the
French Cabinet for decision, as the Hawaiian Govern-
ment is understood to have desired and proposed?"

JENNY' Lisa►.—Letters from New York state that
➢ir. Bennett has offered Jenny Lind 1,000 dollars per
night for 200 nights, and made a further offer to place a
carnage at her disposal, arid to pay every description of
expenses attending the concerts or operas. He has also
proposed to place 10,0001. in the hands of hrr bankers in
London to secure the fulfilment of his proposal.
GRAY'S INN.—The election of a preacher to the
Honourable Society of Gray's Inn, is fixed for Wednes-
day, the 16th of January next; already nearly thirty
candidates are in the field, amongst whom may be men-
tioned, Dr. klessey, head-muster of Merchant Tailors'
School; Dr. Kynaston, high master of St. Paul's School;
the lion. and Rev. S. Best, 1)r. Wilson, Rev. W. Gleig,
Rev. Mr. Jackson, president of Battersea College; Rev.
W. 13rogden, rector of Deddington ; Rev. Mr. Cowie,
principal, Putney College, together with many other very
eminent divines.

Experience has taught us little, if it has not in-
structed us to pity the errors of others, and to amend
our own.—Eliza Cook's Journal.
SYMPATHY WITH THE FAMILIES OF THE DECEASED
CHARTISTS, WILLIAMS AND bIIABPE.—On Wednesday
evening a public meeting was held at the City School-
rooms, Cowper-street, City-road, for the purpose of
making a provision for the widows and families of Wil-
liams and Sharpe, who a short time since died at the
Westminster House of Correction while undergoing
their sentence of imprisonment for sedition. Luke
James Hansard, Esq., in the chair. It was stated that
a number of subscriptions had been already received.
Amongst the contributors were the Chairman, 5/ ;
Baron Rothschild, 51. 55.; Sir Joshua Walmaley, 21. 2A.;
Messrs. Harmer and Bell, 31. 35.; Lord Dudley Stuart,
2/. 25.; Mr. Williams, late M.P., and Mr. Prout. Reso-
lutions in accordance with the proposed object having
been adopted, the meeting, after subscribieg liberally,
separated.
AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE.—An Englishman told
me that he was travelling with his younger brother, who
was deaf, through Massachusetts; after staying all night
at an inn, in the morning the " help" who had cleaned
their boots, went to the younger brother and asked him
for something: he directed him to ha elder brother, who
carried the purse: the " boot-clean" went to him and
stood before him. " What do you want?" was asked,
" Pm the gentleman who cleaned your boots, and the
deofman there told me to go to you."—Sir J. Alexander's
"Acadie."

CHEMISTRY OF THE KITCHEN.
ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE DIET.
(From Eliza C'ook's Journal)
Not the least important of a human being's daily
functions is that of eating. Physical man eats to live,
and lives to eat. The summary definition of the use
of eating is, to supply the waste that is constantly
going on in everybody. Before, however, any correct
notion can be formed as to the nature of the food best
calculated to nourish the system, one must first know
of what elements the body is composed, and of what
the waste materials consist that have to be replaced.
The chief constituent parts of our frame are certain
animal substances termed fibrine, albumen, gelatine,
mucus, and osmazome ; and the principal elementary
matters which escape from the system are carbon,
azote, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and lime. To
replace this waste man must have a regular supply of
food, the elements of which, it will be found, mainly
consist of those just named; and the digestibility of
such food will generally be in a ratio to its containing
those elementary matters in a simple uncombined
form. Oa this account, animal substances are more
easy of digestion than vegetable products, and vege-
tab:e products than inorganic bodies. Condiments
contain few or none of the elementary matters above-
named, but they act as stimulants to the organs of
digestion, and are thus of essential service.
The materials for the support of the system are
derived from the animal, vegetable, and mineral
kingdoms. From the first are derive azote, and a
portion of the other elements; from the second, carbon
and hydrogen ; and from the third, lime, salt, and
water.
Articles of diet may be divided into three great
classes :-1. Thane which contain azote, carbon, hy-
drogen,
el.
r The following
t,,ocalanlrodbwooxygen.
zso2tta.en.T hose which contain carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. 3.i,Those which contain
substances are contained in the first
division :—Fibrins, albumen, gelatine, mucus, osma-
zome, and gluten. The second class contains starch,
gum or mucilage, sugar, oil, and fat. The third con-
tains water, various earths, sea-salt, &c. The three
principal elementary substances are—the saccharine,
the oleaginous, and albuminous, which are represented
by sugar, butter, and the white of eggs,
Fibrine is very nutritious ; the great mass of the
solid matter of the muscles of animals is composed
of it.
Albumen is contained in the white of eggs, carti-
lage, oysters, mussels, &c. It is highly nutritious,
and easy of digestion.
Gelatine forms the principal ingredient of bones,
tendons, membranes, &c. It is also nutritious and
easy of digestion.

6sniszo—me is found principally in fibrous organs.
The flesh of same and old animals contain a large

proportion.

Gluten exists in the vegetable kingdom, in all fari-
naceous seeds, wheat, flour, fruits, roots, leaves of
cabbages, &c.
Starch, which belongs to the second division, is
principally found in the vegetable kingdom, in fari-
naceous grains, rice, barley, and maize.
Gum is a vegetable product, furnished by many
trees, particularly the various species of mimosa; and
mucilage is derived from the esculent vegetables.
Sugar is extracted from the sugar-cane, maple-
tree, beet-root, &c., and is highly nutritious.
Salt, which belongs to the third division, is an in-
dispensable article of food ; and though earthy mat-
ter forms no part of European eating, there are some
uncivilized tribes with whom it forms a principal
article of diet.

The point is still much discussed, whether man is
naturally designed to live on animal or vegetable diet,
or on a mixture of both. There is a large, and we
believe an increasing portion of society, who have
altogether eschewed animal food, and confine them-
selves to vegetable products. There are certainly
pn
ruoml elf
go
en instancestheir
omsr
dobe
,nycwoarlbhoe
who for
of p
Colonel Thompson,
onrai
slgoo
mmf
repeorsmsoyoilena,asnrt
ishwmephapaoi
sr
te
foodhv
s hae
na have
mofetmh ebseer v'f'oer mßayradn
lived entirely on vegetables, greatly to the improve-
ment of his health, as lie himself has assured us;
Mr. Brotherton, the Member for Salford is also
a strict vegetarian. Still, it is possible that these
are only the exceptions to the general rule, and that
the principle deduced from the consideration of their
cases, may not be applicable to mankind generally.
Very much depends on the nature of the climate in
which a person lives, as well as on the kind and ex-
tent of his physical labour. In tropical climates, men
are led by their natural tastes to prefer a vegetable
diet ; in cold climates, again, they prefer animal food,
and they seem to require it. The nearer the Arctic
circles, the more animal food do men consume. This
seems to us an exceedingly wise provision of nature,
enabling man to inhabit all climates, and to adapt him-
self to the condition of all countries. The structure

of man's digestive organs also, we think, points out
very clearly that his nature is essentially omnivorous,
and that he has been created so as to be capable of
subsisting on aliment of every description.
Those who are compelled by their avocations to
work hard in the open air, and to take a large
amount of physical exercise, require a large amount
of animal food to sustain them. Those who spend
much time on horseback, generally eat largely. The
natives of the Pampas, who ahrioat live upon the
saddle and ride great distances, are in the habit of
eating what is called jerked beef, which consists of
the muscular parts of cows or oxen, which, after
being cut into thin slips, are dried in the sun. This

is said to form a highly- nutritious kind of diet. Sailors,
who are compelled to work hard and are often up all
night, require a large allowance of food. The less
sleep men take, the more food do they require.
Mr. Mott gives the following as a fair estimate of
the proportion of food requisite to support human
life in a sound and healthy state :-18t. For a person
of moderate health and constitution, but using little
exercise or exertion, the daily allowance of food
should be from 12 oz. to 18 oz., in nutritive matter

equal to a daily average of 10 oz. 2d. For persons
of good health, accustomed to moderate labour, as
sailors or soldiers on ordinary peace duty, or
agricultural labourers, or mechanics at their usual
work, the daily allowance should be from 18 oz. to
24 oz. ; in nutritive matter equal to a daily average of
16 oz. 3d. For persons subject to hard labour, or
other violent exertion, in good bodily health, from
24 oz. to 30 oz. of food, equal to about 22 oz. of nutri-

- -
tive matter.
Generally speaking, persons in comfortable circum-
stances in this country, eat too much. The wealthy
classes cause themselves a huge) amount of pai❑ and
disease by overfeeding. The perusal of a Lord
Mayor's bill of fare reminds one of gout and the
doctors. A celebrated physician, inquiring of a
person who was remarkable for the health which he
enjoyed at an advanced period of his life, what
regimen he followed, was answered, " I make but
one meal a day." "Keep your secret," said the
doctor ; "if you publish it to the world you will
utterly ruin the practice of medicine." It has been
facetiously observed by some one, that there exists an
alliance between the cooks and the physicians. Indeed,
another physiciar, when visiting his patients, rarely
failed to pay his respects to the cooks. "My friends,"
he would say to them, "accept my best thanks for all
the kind services which you render to us physicians ;
were it not for you and your pleasing poisons, the
faculty would soon find themselves inhabitants of the
workhouse."

There is reason to believe that many of our best
dishes are overcooked, and thus rendered unwhole-
some. Believe us, reader, that cooking requires
sense and discretion like other operations. In poor
men's houses, for want of early training, there is also

a great deal of unnecessary waste. The preparation
of food, neatly, unwholesomely, and economically, is
really a matter of such importance in every household,
whether rich or poor, that it ought to form part of the
education of every young woman. The happiness
and health of a household are far more affected by
the way in which the mistress thereof dresses the
family dinner, than by the manner iu which she
dresses herself; yet, most young woman are perfectly
competent to do the one, who, up to the day on
which they assume the management of a household
for themselves, have not given the slightest considera-
tion to the other. How many are the couples, whom
God has joined, but whom family dinners have put
asunder ! Let our female readers look to this!

Food, well and properly cooked, is half digested.
On the other hand, many severe cases of indigestion
have ensued from eating meat improperly prepared.
How much are our domestic comforts thus at the
mercy of those who preside at the kitchen fire. All
over-done meats are indigestible. Boiled meat is
easy of digestion, but not so nutritious as others. If
too long boiled, however, it becomes very indigestible.
Over-roasted beef or mutton is much less digestible
than when moderately or rather under done. Veal
and chicken are more wholesome and nutritious when
roasted; this may be said of all meats. With reference
to poultry, it may be observed that the flesh of chickens
or young fowls is more easy of digestion, but not so
nutritious as that of old.

Fish is easy of digestion, but not so nutritious as
the flesh of animals. Its nutritive property, and
digestibility, are in proportion to the oleaginous
mutter it contains. Owing to the absence of all
stimulating properties in fish, it forms a good article
of diet for invalids and persons of weak stomach. The
least heating, and more nutritive of the fish species,
are turbot, cod, whiting, haddock, and sole. If, after
being cooked, the fish have an opaque and flaky
appearance, it may be pronounced to be good. Salmon
is the most nutritive of our fish, but it is heating aad
oily, and does not agree with persons of weak
digestion.
We are surprised that fish, which forms so whole-
some, and might be so cheap, an article of diet, is so
little used. There is, we believe, a prtjudice against
it among the people generally. The will only
eat fish when they cannot get seaweed. Yet their
coasts are swarming with fish, which they will not
take the trouble to catch, As the English railway

system has become developed, fish has become more
an article of diet in the inland towns, though the
working classes still decline to make use of it to any
large extent, except in a salted state. The trade is,
however, rapidly increasing, and we trust before long
to see it as general an article of food as bread or
butcher's meat.

Gentle exercise before meals is salutary, but too
much exercise will not only destroy all inclination
for food, but weaken the powers of digestion. Cheer-
fulness at meals should be encouraged. " Better is
a dinner of herbs where peace is, than a stalled ox
with contention." All depressing or engrossing
thoughts should be banished from the mind ; there is
so direct a nervous communication between the
brain and the stomach, that if the former be effected
by any mental excitement, the latter is sure to suffer.

KENTISH TOWN LITERARY

INSTITUTION.
On Wednesday evening we had the pleasure of
being present at the first concert of the Choral Class,
held in connexion with this institution, on which
occasion Ilaydn's famous oratorio, The Creation, was
performed by a band and chorus consisting of up-
wards of fifty individuals. The principal vocalists
were Mrs. Temple, who sang some of the solo parts
with admirable taste and feeling; Mr. Wilkins, and
Mr. Harper; and the band was composed chiefly of
young men, most of whom were amateurs connected
with the institution. Mr. E. Noyca acted as
conductor of the orchestra, and evinced considerable
skill and judgment in its management. The whole
piece was gone through in a manner highly creditable
to a company of performers principally young ama-
teurs, and was listened to by a respectable and nume-
rous audience, members or friends of the institution,
or living in its vicinity. We avail ourselves of this
opportunity of noticing this promising institution,
which was established at the beginning of the present
year in a populous suburb of this metropolis, with the
laudable object of facilitating the intellectual and
moral improvement of the working community,
through the medium of classes, lectures, and a library
and reading-room. The lectures, embracing matters of
science, literature, and the fine arts, are delivered at
intervals. Already twenty- five have been given on
various interesting topics since the institution was
begun. These included, among others, an " En.
tertainment," by the celebrated actress, Miss Clara
Seyton ; one on " Germany and the Germans," by
Mr. B. Dawson ; four on " Heraldry," by Mr. Part•
ridge; one on " Electricity," by Mr. Sansome; two
on " Pneumatics," by Mr. Geary ; one on "Fossi'
Shells," by Mr. Sowerby ; one on the " Life of
John Howard and Prison Discipline," by Mr.
Elvyn ; one on " Greece, and its Influence on the
Civilization of the World," by the Rev. Mr. Red-
path ; one on the " Batany of the Bible," by the Rev.
James Hamilton, of the Scotch Church, Regent.
square; and one by the Rev. Dr. Jenkyn, of Coward
College, on " Mind, and its Powers." There are six
evening classes in operation, namely, for writing (for
adults) ; discussion ; vocal music (elementary) ;
choral music (vocal and instrumental) ; French
(elementary and conversational, conducted by M.
Arokties) ; and drawing. A manuscript magazine,
composed of contributions from the members, and of
from fifty to eighty pages in length, is produced
monthly, and circulated among the supporters of
the institution. The number of members now amounts
to nearly 350; and the library, which is a circulating
one, contains nearly];_9ooivoluunes, amongst which are
several valuable standard works. The reading-room
is also supplied with the principal morning and even -
ing newspapers, thus lending an additional attraction
to the institution. Books and discussions on contro-
versial points in religion and politics are expressly
prohibited by a rule of the society. The institution,
as we have said, was set on foot principally and
avowedly with the view of diffusing knowledge among
the working classes in the district, and affording them
the means and facilities of an innocent and rational
recreation. But we were sorry to learn that as yet
but a very small proportion of that class—not more
thanhalf-a-dozen—are found availing themselves of the
privileges of the institution, though the cost of doing
so is so inconsiderable as to be within the means of
most of them. We fear that this is not owing so
much to any want of disposition or means towards
joining the society, as to a deficiency in that elemen-
tary instruction necessary to enable them to appreciate
and use its advantages. The society seems to have
anticipated that circumstance, for we observe they
have wisely established a class for adult instruction
in writing and other elementary learning, which such
of the working men in the vicinity as feel themselves
deficient in these respects would at least do well to
join, though they might not iu the first instance be
in a condition to avail themselves of the higher bene-
fits of the institution.

MR. DOVER'S PLAN FOR PRESERVING
THE THAMES FROM POLLUTION,
AND FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF

BRITISH GUANO.

On Tuesday evening a meeting was held at the
Western Literary and Scientific Institution, in
Leicester-square, for the purpose of listening to a
lecture delivered by Mr. Richard Dover, of New-
street, Spring gardens, explanatory of his plan for
preserving the Thames from pollution, by intercepting
and deputrifying the sewage, and for converting the
residuum thus obtained from the sewage into British
guano. The chair was taken at eight o'clock by J.
13amfylde Daniell, Esq., M.D., Fellow of the Royal
College of Physicians. Among the scientific gentle-
men present we observed, G. WeEs, Esq., of the
Admiralty, S. Richards, Esq., M.D., A. C. Ross,
Esq., M.D., Edward Murphy, Esq., M.D., Thomas
Cahelle, Esq., M.D., G. Grindle, Esq., the celebrated
chemist, and Hopgood, EFT, of the City Commis-
sion of Sewers.

After a short address from the Chairman,
Mr. DOVER proceeded to deliver his lecture. In
his preliminary observations he called attention to the
fact that 120,000 persons died annually in this country
of consumption, and that, of the 125 who died daily
in London, only 9 died of old age. He was prepared
to prove that the great majority of lives were sacri-
ficed in consequence of the filthy and pestilential accu-
mulations which found their way to the Thames—
accumulations, be it remembered, which, according to
the plan he proposed, would be converted into guano
to fertilize the farms of the agriculturist, after the
water from which it had been taken was purified.
That process would not only be without expense, but
it would yield a revenue sufficient to keep up a system
of proper sewage in the metropolis, and afford its
inhabitants an abundant supply of water, without any
additional taxation whatever. Having glanced at the
statistics of cholera, Mr. Dover proceeded to
exhibit his experiments. He poured a quantity of sew-
age taken from the Northumberland-street sewer into
a receiver, into which he had previously poured a
small quantity of his disinfecting agent; after a short
time a precipitate was thrown down, and the super-
natant fluid was allowed to flow off by a glass tube
communicating with the vessel, the discharge being
controlled by means of a cock ground into it. The
tube is bent into the form of the letter C, with scipare
corners, and terminatea in a small filtering apparatus,
containing animal charcoal, closed at the bottom,
where the tube is connected with it, and open at the
top, over which a pieces of canvass is firmly stretched.
The fluid descending from tha receiver above perco-
lates through the canvas, and filtration takes place by
ascent. The matter precipitated in the receiver by
the action of the disinfecting agent, is collected
upon a cloth, and after undergoing process of ex-
siccation, or drying, yields a dark-coloured
granulated substance, to which the name of
"British guano " has very properly been given.
The above experiment, which was satisfactory in the
extreme in producing the results above mentioned,
exhibits on a small scale the operations of actual prac-
tice, which is this :—The contents of a sewer, at any
convenient point, are diverted by a dam, revolving
bulk-head, or partition, capable of falling down when
a greater hydrostatic pressure is exerted against it
than that which would be produced by a high tide, so
th.t there can be no danger of an overflow. They
then fall into a well or cistern, whence they are
pumped into a series of tanks by means of a steam-
engine, the fluid filling them successively, Here
the disinfecting agent does its work, the residuum is
collected at the works, and the floating fluid escapes
into the river, deprived of all those impurities which
at present render it a source of disease. If the
sewer be a large one, several of these works may
be so constructed as to carry off from the
first works the fluid which it cannot act upon, and
send it to the second. From the second the excess
would flow to the third, and so on, until it would
finally enter the river. The works required to take
up and disinfect this sewage were neither complex
or large, and could be established at the exit of each
sewer into the Thames; or in any other part of
London or its environs more convenient. The sewage
should be pumped up by steam power into tanks, or
vats, of from one to three thousand gallons each, and
disinfected progressively while filling; so that by the
time the tank was full its contents would be ready for
filtering a LEgyptien. The residuum should then be
removed from the premises for conversion into an
inodorous guano. Thus all the offensive and putrid,
or putrifying matter, now running into and polluting
the Thames with so many fearful and fatal results,
could be made available for agricultural purposes,
with vast sanitary benefit and national profit.
With regard to the best method of carrying out
the plan, Mr. Dover observed, that model works
(belonging to the Government of course) at the exit
of a sewer, on a small manufacturing scale, would be
the most satisfactory, because they would demonstrate
not only the pecuniary profits this system of working
the sewer:, could produce to Government and the
country, but afford instruction also to all parties
making tenders for them. Such " model works,"
judiciously constructed, might require the advance of
one, but could not need two thousand pounds, which
they would more than repay in a very few months,

with all incidental expenses. By the Sanitary ad
Sewers Commissioners placing before the public a
proper system or prospectus for the manufac!ure of
guano from the 15,000 tons of sewage daily discharged
into the Thames, " they could restore its natural
salubrity of character." Within three months
" model works" could be put in advantageous de-
monstrative operation; and this system of treat-
ing the " sewage of London" will produce the
greatest and most valuable benefits, at the smallest
cost, and without charge to Government, or tax, rate,
or assessment to the public ! It will also be found
the most expeditiously efficacious system for annihi-
lating the cholera yet published. The chemical agent
to deputrify could belong to the Government, and the
Sanitary and Sewer Commissioners had thereby the
power of requiring every sewer in these kingdoms to
be cleansed for national, sanitary, as well as local
pecuniary benefit. And from this several gains would
result, as he would show by tables, with which he
intended to trouble the meeting. Mr. Dover then
proceeded to read a number of tables, showing that
within the range of the late Westminster Sewers
Commission alone the revenue and income-tax to the
Government would be at once upwards of 50,0001. a
year. The tables proved also, he said, that there would
he a net profit of 200,000/. a year to the parties or
companies working these twelve sewers, besides
the additional revenue and profit from sales
of disinfected water ; all of which advantages
were now wasted with such fatal consequences.
Mr. Dover exhibited several specimens of British
guano, manufactured according to his plan, and read
letters from several eminent agriculturists and horti-
culturists who had tried his British guano, and spoke
in the highest possible terms of its fertilizing proper-
ties. But it is not the guano alone which is a source
of profit, the "super-natant water" of the disinfected
sewage is available and of value for sundry purposes,
viz., bleaching, washing, and purifying floors and
rooms in houses or hospitals; also linen and clothes
used in cases of typhus and other fevers, or where
cholera is or may have been raging, as well as for
washing slaughter-houses and injecting daily into
every drain, in every house, street, city, or populous
place, having sewerage, in Great Britain and Ireland,
where the cholera is, as many hundreds of gallons of
this disinfected super-natant water as would fix and
precipitate every noxious gas now escaping therefrom
so offensively, and too often fatally. And if sold for
one shilling only per ton, it would yield many addi-
tional thousands of pounds sterling per annum profit
to the companies, as well as income-tax to the Govern-
ment.

The experiment was most successful, the guano
was deposited, and the super-natant fluid filtered in a
very short space, and the water hus filtered off was to
all appearance perfectly pure—it was as clear as the
purest spring Water, was perfectly inodorous, and
perfectly tasteless, and bore a greater resemblance to
distilled water than to any other fluid, and we under-
stand that, like distilled water, it will keep for any
length of time without undergoing decomposition or
becoming offensive. This plan of Mr. Dover's ap-
pears to us the most feasible that has yet been pro-
posed for preserving the Thames from pollution, as
while it retaios the use of the present sewers, it does
not require any very great outlay to bring it at once
into practice.

A' the conclusion of the lecture, Mr. Hop-
good, of the City Commission of Sewers, put
severAl questions to Mr. Dover, the whole of which
were answered satisfactorily, and pledged himself to
do his utmost for procuring from the City Commis•
sioners of Sewers an opportunity for Mr. Dover to
carry out his plan.
A vote of thanks was then proposed to Mr. Dover
f.mr his interesting lecture, and another to the Chair-
man for his conduct in the chair, after which the
meeting separated.

THE WELSH CHURCH.

TO THE. EDITOR OF THE SUN.
LErTEIt 111.

SlR,—The following facts may tend to illustrate

the pernicious system of ecclesiastical government
which has for many generations been practised by the
successive English bishops of our four Welsh sees
In the diocese of St. David's there are 419 bene-
fices, and 297 of them without habitable glebe-houses.
In the diocese of Llandaff there are 247 benefices,
and 126 of them without habitable glebe-houses.
In the diocese of St. Asaph there are 149 benefices,
and 42 of them without habitable glebe•houaes.
In the diocese of Bangor there are 128 benefices,
and 62 of them without habitable glebe-houses.
Mr. Lingen, one of the Commissioners of Welsh
Education, in the Appendix to Part 1., pp. 406-7,
states of the county of Pembroke and hundred of
Themess—" In the whole of the country between
Fishguard, on the north, and the Preielly mountain,
on the south, . . . the state of the churches
exemplifies the neglect in which the population of
these parishes is left. Churchwardens are never
appointed. The churches of Llandulo and Maen-
chlochog are in ruins," &o.

Of Llanychlwydog he says, at p. 407—" There
were no Church people 1./1 the parish."
Of lissguard he adds, at p. 444—" There had been
no churchwardens in the parish for the last ten years,
nor, it was believed, for a much longer period."
To the Second Report Mr. Symonds appends the
following particulars, ascertained by his assistants,
concerning certain Brecknockshire parishes. Of
.Llanafan iechan it is said, at p. 131—" Divine ser-
vice is very seldom performed here, unless there are
banns to publish, or a wedding or a funeral to take
_

Of Llanfihangel Abergweissin it records, at p. 135
—" There is no service performed in the church
during five out of six Sundays, for want of a con
grc gation."
Of Llanfiliangel Bryn Pabuan, also at p. 135—..
"Divine service is not often performed here, ex-
cept a wedding or a funeral takes place. The vicar
rides by on the Sunday afternoon, but seldom has
occasion to alight and do duty, from the paucity of
the congregation."

The ianie Commissioner's notes on C2ndiganshire
testify, at p. 163, concerning Llanfair-tref-Helygen,
that—" The parish church was in ruins many years
ago. The oldest inhabitants in the neighbourhood did
not remember it standing."
An additional circumstance, which I am about to
mention, rests upon excellent, although private au-
thority. Not long ago, the incumbent of one of
these desolate parishes having requested a clerical
friend to publish banns for bins in the church, that
friend, a pious and active Welsh parson, drove to the
place in a gig, accompanied by his wife, on the Sunday
specified. _Finding the churchyard-gate fastened up,
and no person being within call, the clergyman
secured his horse to a railing and walked to a neigh-
bouring cottage. A woman, whom lie met with,
looking earnestly at the strangers, instantly inquired
in Welsh, whether they wanted to be married; and
after the clergyman had explained matters, and waited
for the breaking up of a Dissenting congregation, a
few of them kindly consented to accompany him to
the church, for the purpose of legalizing by their
presence his announcement of the banns !

- The gross neglect of parochial ministers, of rural
deans, and of other officials is manifested in these
things. It is likwise notorious that the four arch-
deaccnries of the diocese of St. David's have long
been held as sinecures, and still continue virtually
such, in spite of legislative enactments to the con-
trary.

faus is the Welsh Church neglected, misgoverned,
and corrupted by her English prelates !
A remarkable case, in which the lapse of the whole
population of a large parish into schism can be
directly traced to a single act of episcopal power,
thall be noticed in my next letter.
I am Sir, &c.,
GORBONIAN.

NATIONAL BENEVOLENT SOClETY.—Yesterday the
annual general meeting of the members of this institution
was held at Freemasons' Hall, Sir James Duke, Bart.,
M.P., in the chair. After some prefatory remarks from
the chairman, the report was read by Mr. Lateille, the
secretary. I stated that the institution was founded in
1812 by the late Peter nerve, Esq., for granting pen-
sions to aged tutors, go, ernesses, artists, and other
wortl-,y bu, distressed members of the middle classes of
of whatever country or persuasion. At Christ-
i/I,ls, 1848, the number of persons receiving pensions of
204 or 301. a year was 232, of whom 14 were males
and 218 females, their average age being upwards of 72
years. The total sum disbursed in pensions since the
formation of the society was 119,6851. I Is. 7d. The
entire receipts from September 30, 1848, to September
30, 1849, including a balance from the previous year,
were 8,7751. 1 Is., and the total disbursements 7;5351.
4s. Id., namely, pensions, 5,0211. 55.; investments,
1,6861. 18s. 9d. ; and expenses, 8271. Os. 4d. The report
was adopted, and 21 aged persons were elected pen-
sioners. A vote of thanks to Sir James Duke for his
court, sy in presiding, and the officers of the society,
closed the proceedings.
THE EIRE AND LOSS OF LIFE IN WILD-STREST.

—Yesterday an inquiry was made by the brigade autho-
rities with a view of ascertaining how the calamitous
fire occurred which destroyed the greater portion of
Mr. Sullivan's premises in Great Wild•street, Lincoln's
Inn•fields, and %sluch was attended with fatal conse-
quences to one of the inmates. The result of the in-
vntigutiou went to show that the disaster originated in
one o! the rooms on the first floor, but not in that occu-
pied by the poor man who unfortunately perished in the

AFFRAY WITH POACHERS.—On Tuesday a con-
flict t,,ok. place between three gemekeeper3 in the service
of Mr. Lechc., of Carden-park, and Mr. Aldersey, of
Aldersey. hall and a band of poachers, supposed to
be six in number, in the course of which one of the
Later lost his life. An inquest has been surnamed to
sit on the body, and the inquiry is adjourned.

BANK RET URNS.
(From the London Gazette of Tuesday.)
An Account, pursuant to the Act seventh and eighth
Victoria, zap. 32, of the Average Amount ot Bank
Notes of' the several Banks ot Issue in England and
Wales, in Circulation daring the Week ending Satur-
day, the 17th day ot November, 1849:—. Average
PRIVATE BANKS. Amount.
12,842
Andover Bank, Andover—Heath and Co
d—Jemmitt and Pomfret 9,786
Ashford Bank, Ashfor
Aylsham Bank, A.ylsharn—R. and G Cope man 5,207
Aylesbury Old Bank, Aylesbury—Riekford
and Hunt
B.ddook Bank and Baldock and Big dsell ... sNvada
27,042
Bank, 13aldock—Wells, Hogg, and lan
Barn itapie Bank, Barnstaple—Marshall and Co 10,149
Basingstoke and Odihan Bank, Basingstoke—
Seymour, Lamb, and
27,70183
Bedford Bank, Bedford—T. Barnard
Bedford and Bedfordshire Bans, Bedford—
Trapp, Halfhead, and Co.
Bon lley Bank, Bewdley—Nichols, Baker, and
Crane .........................................Oxford
......... 11,604
Bicester and Oxfordshire Bank and
Bank, Bicester—Tubb and Co. .• ••••
... 12,255
Birmingham Bank, Birmingham—Attwo,_ •is,
Spooner, and Co ..................................... 25,229
Birmingham and Warwickshire Bank, Birmin:-
hare —J. L. Meilliett, and Sons ............. .•.. 12,775
Blandtord Bank, Bis.ndford—Bastard and Oak. 7,194
Boston Bank, Boston—Garfit and Co ............. 59,916
Boston Bank, Boston—Gee and Co ............. 14.882
iter Bank, Bridgwater—J. &J. Sealey 5,677
Rri<ln ;s
Bristol Bank Bristol—
Miles, Ilarford, and 32,398
Broseley and Bridgnorth, and Bridgnorth and
Broseley Bank, Broseley—Messrs. Pritchard 20,554
Buckingham Bank, Buckingham Bartlett,
,
Parrott, and Co. • ................................. 18139
Bury and Suffolk Bank, Sudbury Bank, Stow-
Market .Bank. Bury—Oakes, Bevan' and Co. 66.026
Baat:ury Bank, Banbury—Gillett and Tawney. 29,584
84
Batioury Old Bank, Banbury—Messrs. Cobb... 32
13ath City Bank, Bath—Mager and Son . ........ 3,245
Bedfordshire Leighton Buzzard Bank, Leighton
Buzzard—Bassett and Grant ..................... 31,514
3irioingharn Bank, Birmingham—Taylor and
29,003
Lloyds . ........• Bradford,
Bradford Old Ba 11,937
nk, Bradford, Yorkshire—H.
A. and N. M. Harris and Co
Brecon Old Bank, Brecon—Wilkins and Co 64,045
Bridport Bank, Bridport—S. and W. 8.l l, Gundry
Brighton Union Bank, Brighton—HaWest.
and Borrer ........................................ 26,395
Burlington and Driffield Bank, Burlington—
Harding, Smith, and Co ........ 10,833
Bury St. Edmunds Bank, Bury St. Edmunds—
J. Woriledge and Co. ............................. 2,200
Broovy,To7e Bank and Stourbridg3 and Broms-
grove Bank, l3romsgrove—nufford, Biggs,
10,370
and Co. ................................................
Cambridge •Bank, •Cambridge —Mortlock and
STI4 .................................................. 17,662
Cambridge awl Ca,rabridgeshire Bank, Cam-
bzidge'—Messrs. Forsters ........................ 40,715
Cant :bury Bunk, Canterbury—Hammond and
29,761
............................ . ................. . ......
'en Bank, .Carmarthen—Morris and

5,781

Carmar Lilt
S)ns .................................. 15,526
Chertsey Bank, Chertsey-Messrs. La Costa ..• 2,775
Colaliester Bank, Colchestar-Round, Green,
aid Co.
Colche3ter and Essex Bank, Witham and Essex
Bank, and Hadleigh Bank, Suffolk, Colchester
__Mil's, Bawtree, and C 0............. 32,852
Cornish Bank, Truro-Tweedy and Co
Coventry Bank, Coventry-Little and Wood-
cock ................................. . . 6,080
xeter-Milfor d and Co
City Bank, E
Craven Bank, Settle-Birkbeeks and Co.
Christchurch Bank, Christchurch-Tice, Welsh,
and Co........................................ . -
Cardiff Bank, Cardiff-
Chepstow and Co
Chepstow Old Bank, Chepstow Bank, Mon-
mouth Old flank, Moninc uth Bank, Brecon
Bank, and Rosa and Herefordshire sank,
Chepstow-Bromage, Snead, and Co. .o..••••• 8,424
Derby Bank, Derby--Messrs. Evans 11,197
Derby Bank, Derby-Smith and Co.
Derby Oki Bank and Scarsdale and High Peak
Bank, Derby-Crompton, Newton, and C 0..., 24,098
Devizes and Wiltshire Bank, Devizes-Hughes. 10,0 t 8
Locke, and Co
Diss Bank, Diss-Oakes, inch m,
and Co
Doncaster Bank, Donca,ster-Latham, Taw,
and Co. ................. . ....................... -
Doncaster Bank and Retford Bank, Doncaster -
Cook and Co.
Darlington Bank, Durham Bank, and Stockton-
on-Tees Bank, Darlington-Bakhouse, &..- Co 72,579
Devonport Bank, Devonport-Hodge and Nor-
man ..........................
Dorchester Old Bank and Dorsetshire Bank,
Dorchester-Williams and Co.
East Cornwall Bank, Liskeard-Robins, Foster,
and Co.
East Riding Bank, Beverley-Bower, Hall.
and Co. 50,236
Essex Bank and Bishops Stortford Bank,
Chelmsford-Sparrow, and Co. 40,844
Exeter Bank, Exeter-Sanders and Co 26,422
Vakenham Bank, Fakenham -Gurneys, Birk-
beck, and Co.
Farringdon Bank and Bank of Wastage, Far-
4,580
ringdon-Barnes and Medley . ..
Farnham Bank, Farnham-Messrs. Knight 10,897
Faversham Bank, Faversham-Hilton and Co 4,699
Godalming Bank, Godalming-Mellersh and
Keen .......................
Grantham Bank, Grantham-Kewney and King -
Guildford Bank, Guildford-Messrs. Haydon 9,364
Grantham Bank, Grantham-Hardy and Co 27,409
Hastings Old Bank, Hastings-Smith, Hilder,
and Co. 26,801
Hereford City and County Bank, Hereford-
Matthews and Co.
Hertford and Ware Bank, Hertford-S. Adams
15,455
and Co
Hull Bank and Kingston-upon-Hull Bank, Hull
-Smith, Brothers, and Co. 18,615
Huntingdon Town and County Bank, Hunting-
don-Rust and Veasey
Harwich Bank, Harwich-Co Hx, Cobb
Hemold, and Co 4,946
H
Hemel Hempstead Bank, emel pstead-
Smith, and Whittingstall ...... ...
Bonitos Bank, lloniton-Flood and Co. -
Hertfordshire,llitchenßank, Hitchen-Sharples
and Co. ........................... ~ 29,708
Derefurd,Ross, and Archenfield Bank, and Ross
and It rchenfield Bank, Hereford-Morgan,
Hoskins, and Co 19,111
Ipswich Bank, Ipswich-Bacon and Co.
Ipswich and Needham Market Bank, Suffolk,
Hadleigh Bank, Manningtree and Mistley
Bank, and Woodbridge Bank, Ipswich-
Alexanders and Co.
Kentish Bank, Maidstone-Mercer, Randall,
18,923
and Mercer
Kington and Radnorshire Bank, Kington-J.
Davies and Co 22,825
Knighton Bank Knighton-J. Davies ani Ca 7,443
Knaresboroug'n Old Bank and Ripon Old Bank,
Ka.,!esboronh-Terry and Co ...... 20,019
Kendal Bank, ICendai-Waketield, Crewdson,
39,965
and Co. ...............tt.............
Kettering Bank, Keerina:-Gotah and Sons 8,550
Lane End Staffordshire Bank, Lane End-C
Harvey and Son
Leeds Bank, Leeds-Beckett and Co 58,005
Leeds 'Union Bank, Leeds-W.Williams, Brown,
and Ca. ......... . .................. 36,145
Leek and Staffordshire Bank and Leek and
Congletonßank,Leek-Fowier,Gatint,andCo. -
Leiuester Bank, Leicester-Pagets and Kirby... 27,323
Lewes Old Bank, Levves-Molineux and C 0.... 29.529
Lichfield Bank, Lichfield-Palmer and Green... 20,441
Lincoln Bank, Lincoln-Smith and Co 81,855
Lampeter Bank and Llandilo Bank, Llando-
28,300
very-David Jones and Co.
Loughborough Bank, Loughborough-Middle-
tons and Cradock
Lymington Bank, Lymington-C. and S. St
Barbe
Lynn Regis and Lincolnshire Bank, Lynn Regis
-Gurneys and Co.
Lynn Regis and Norfolk Bank, Lynn Regis-
12,835
Jarvis and Co.
Macclesfield Bank, Macclesfield-Brooklehurst
and Co
Manningtree Bank,Manningtree-Nunn and Co.
Marlborough Bank, Marlborough and Wilts
Old Bank, Marlborough Old Bank, Marl-
borough Old Bank and Hungerford Bank,
and Hunsferforcl Bank, Marlborough-Tanner
and Pinckney 16,990
Marlborough and North Wiltshire New Bank
Marlborough-Ward, Merriman, and Millet 3,293
Dif erionethshire Bank, Dolgelly-Jones and
Williams ••••••• ..
Miners' Bank, Truro-Willyams and Co 11,575
Monmouthshire Agricultural and Commercial
Bank, Abergavenny-Baileys and Co 24,724
Monmouth Old Bank, Monmouth Bank, Brecon
Bank, Chepstow Bank, Chepstow Old Bank,
and Ross and Herefordshire Bank, Monmouth
-Bromage and Snead 11,834
Monmouthshire Newport Old Bank, Newport
-W. Williams and Sons 7.902
Newark Bank, Newark-Godfreys and Hutton 24,301
Newark and Sleaford Bank, and Sleaford and
Newark Bank, Sleaford-Handley, Peacock,
and Co 47,469

6,855

8,93

95,490

5I 605
•

7,316

2,904

13,077
5,126

Newbury Bank, Newbury—Bunny and Slocock. 18,957
Islewrwket Bank, Newmarket—Eaton, Ham-
mond, and Son
Norfolk and Suffolk Bank, Diss—Taylor and 21,515
Dyson .................................
Forwich Crown Bank, Norwich-1i .... ,;;-••••••a
ititasons ..................................... Y. 3 . an
Norwich and Norfolk Bank, Norwich— ......
neys and Birkbeck .................................
Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Bank, Not-
tingham—Hart, Fellows, and Co
Nuneaton Bank, Nuneaton—Craddock and
Co
Naval Bank, Plymouth—Harris, Mudge, and
Co.— ..................................................
New Strum Bank, Sarum Everett, and
Co ...
()awiatryNottngham Bank, Nottingham—Smith and Co
e Bank and Oswestry Old Bank, Os-
svestry - Uroxon and Co
Ox fora ftf ,
P-4. and R. Morrell ....
.
o.sfor an zioldiartiebinson, Parsons,
end. 01•••..: - • ... .J . • . %,. •• • •
01.4.11VT0P . Vi e--
irmi4 Pete f,
B ' Afar' taftkeiatlk ,
B rr a ' Soist;:a..ig.-:
Oxfo sitiri Vi Sy. 13.r.fl!i_
At
*ad ft- *4l a

47,378

64,280

32,509

and Tonbridge
and Tonbridge
Tonbridge—

itney—Clinch,

; ,

11 s