The Sun.
London, England, 1849-11-16 00:00:00

Olatning

LONDON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 1849.

Yesterday was published in our columns one of
those noble and eloquent documents which are des-
tined to survive in the recollection of posterity—the
voice of patriotism resounding through the trumpet
of history. It was impossible to read without brim-
ming eyes and a thrilling heart that most touching
address, in which Louis Kossumi bade farewell
to his countrymen. He who has been lifted up so
high in expectation, and been hurled down so low in
despondency; he who has suffered so much sorrow;
and passed through so many privations to effect the
emancipation of the land of his nativity,
he who has toiled as a journalist, debated as
an orator, schemed as a statesman, laboured as an
administrator, and fought as a common soldier after
having voluntarily resigned the supreme dictatorship;
and who has nevertheless lived to see the futility of
all his gigantic exertions, his heroic deeds, and untir-
ing perseverance in the blood and the flames, the
betrayal and the desolation of his country—could not
fail to speak in tones of such subduing sadness that
their very echo should vibrate throughout Europe
with the sound of an almost despairing lamentation.
Listening to the voice of KOSSUTH in this his last and
most impassioned manifesto, we are reminded of
that most touching sentence in Holy Writ—"
RA-
CHEL weeping for her children, and would not
be comforted, because they were not !" The fare-
well address, dated from Orsova, by that illustrious
man whose memory will live for ever in the annals
of Europe as having been, at least for a brief but
glorious interval, the Liberator of Hungary, calls
irresistibly to our remembrance the opening of that
majestic prayer pronounced over the graves of his
compatriots, " LORD GOD of the warriors of Arpad 1"
or that renowned proclamation beginning, " Arise,
my mighty, my gigantic people ! " Each syllable is
the effusion of a heart almost bursting with anguish,
each sentence rings with the pathetic intonations of
suffering. " Farewell, my beloved country 1" he ex-
claims in accents of ardour, broken with iteration,
" Farewell, land of the Magyar 1 Farewell, thou
land of sorrow ! I shall never more behold the sum-
mit of thy mountains. I shall never again give the
name of my country to that cherished soil where I
drank from my mother's bosom the milks of justice
and liberty !" Uttered in the mere anticipation of
exile, now that his doom of banishment is accom-
plished those words have a touching significance.
" How many grateful hearts have sent their prayers
to the throne of the ALMIGHTY 1" he ejaculates;
How many tears have gushed from their very depth
to implore pity ! How much blood has been shed to
testify that the Magyar idolizes his country, and that
he knows how to die for it. And yet, land of my /one,
thou art in slavery ! I speak to thee my country
thus from the abyss of my despair, and whilst yet
lingering on the threshold of thy soil." After be-
seeching the forgiveness of his country for the blood
ineffectually squandered for her defence, he reminds
the nation very grandly of the daring path upon
which he had adventured. "I pleaded for thee, I
hoped for thee, even in the dark moment when on
thy brow was written the withering word 'Despair !'
1 lifted up my voice in thy behalf when men said Be
thou a slave.' I girt the sword about my loins, and
I grasped the bloody plume, even when they said
' Thou art no longer a nation on the soil of the
Magyar.'" " Magyars!" he cries out in continuation,
" Magyars ! turn not aside your looks from me, for
at this moment mine eyes flow with tears for you, for
the soil on which my tottering steps still wander is
named Hungary." To the subsequent portions of
the document we would especially direct the attention
of the people of England, corroborating as they do
most forcibly all the statements we have hitherto
made, all the conclusions we have hitherto drawn as
to the dastardly and infamous treason of ARTHUR
GEORGEY—a miserable renegade, whose career of
infamy has been crowned by the degrading panegyrics
of the apologists of Austria, and by the
eulogiums of the reactionary newspapers of Lon-
don. KossuTu reminds his country that it is not
the iron of the stranger that bas dug out her grave;
that it i 3 not the thunder of fourteen nations all ar-
rayed against her that has led to her destruction ;
that it is not the fifteenth nation traversing the Car-
pathians that has forced her to drop her arms. "No!"
he exclaims with mingled anguish and indignation,
No I 'thou hast been betrayed; thou hast been sold,
my country ; thy death-sentence hath been written,
beloved of my heart, by him whose virtues, whose
love for thee I never dared to doubt." Yes ! he
continues to proclaim to the Hungarians, that
in the fervour of his boldest thoughts he
should almost as soon have questioned the
existence of the Omnipotent GOD as have believed
that he could be guilty of treason to the cause of the
Mi.gyars Ywt this man, upon whose fidelity he had
counted with an implicit reliance, who had sworn,
indeed, to shed the last drop of his heart's blood in
vindication of the rights of Hungary, this man whose
loyalty he regarded with such supreme confidence,
that he resigned to him the dictatorship, in conside-
ration of his popularity with the army and the nation
—this man had betrayed his trust, had done treason
to his mother, had sold the liberties of his native land
for a wretched bribe, " for the glitter of gold hath
been more seductive than that of the blood
shed to save"bis eountry." And now, says the exiled
Liberator, still in allusion to the abhorred GEORGBY,
" his GOD has abandoned him, as he had abandoned I

his GOD for his allies of hell." " Magyars !" he
resumes in extenuation of his own unfortunate trust-
fulness ; "Beloved companions, blame me not for
having cast mine eyes on this man and for having
given to him my place." Then, after explaining the
reasons of his own abdication to make way for this
miserable recreant, because of his momentary popula-
rity and his solemn assurances of patriotism, he
cries out, in a voice of withering scorn and ungovern-
able indignation, " Curse him, people of the Magyars !
Curse the breast which did not first dry up before it
gave him its milk !" But reverting to his own
ruined aspirations, he suddenly calls to mind the
great national calamity, saying—" And thou art
fallen ; faded as the lily." Still, although bewildered
by the dissipation of so many golden and beloved
visions, he cannot say farewell without leaving his
people some testament of the wisdom and gentleness
of his patriotism. This is the final advice of KossuTu
to the Hungarians :—" Be faithful as thou hast been
even to the present. Conform to the holy counsels
of the Bible. Lift up thy heart in prayer for the
departed ; but do not raise thine own hymn until
thou hearest the thunder of the liberating people
echo along the mountains, and bellow in the depth
of the valleys." " Farewell," he says, in conclusion—
"Farewell, beloved ;companions ! Farewell, com-
rades ! countrymen ! May the thought of Gen, and
may the angels of liberty for ever be with you.
Farewell thou land, dyed with the blood of the brave I
May the ALMIGHTY bless thee my beloved country.
Believe, hope, and love !" And so the sound of the
Farewell dies away " like a tale that is told," and
KOSSUTH mourns in exile over the woes of Hungary.

Among those patriotic and philanthropic individuals
who have laboured for the amelioration of Ireland, and
the elevation of that much afflicted land in the social
scale, there have been few, if any, who have exerted
themselves more zealously, consistently, or efficiently,
than the Hon. Member for Rochdale, who, in his
place in Parliament, and by his published writings,
has unceasingly directed the public attention to the
wrongs and sufferings of his native land, and who
has suggested remedies which, if fully and fairly
carried out, would at last have afforded a reasonable
prospect of an improved state of affairs. Thoroughly
acquainted with the true condition of the country, Mr.
CRAWFORD has traced the acknowledged evils to their
very foundations, and laid bare the hidden sources
from whence they had their origin. No person possessed
better opportunities for performing the self-imposed
task, and no person has turned his opportunities to a
better account. The proprietor of an extensive and
well-cultivated estate, situated in one of the most
densely inhabited, and, at the same time, one of the
most prosperous localities in Ireland, he was enabled
to investigate closely the causes that led to that com-
parative prosperity, to discover how it was that his
district presented so great a contrast to the condition
of other less favoured localities. He heard the com-
plaints of the landlords of the South and West of
Ireland ascribing their own pecuniary difficulties, and
the wretchedness and misery of their tenants and
dependants, to " over population," and the subdivision
of lands in their vicinities ; but he found that their
assertions could not be correct, for with a
more dense population, and a more minute
subdivision of farms, he beheld a soil, naturally
less productive than that of Munster or parts of Con-
naught, cultivated to the hi6hest degree, the people
fully employed, and enjoying comforts unknown to
their brethren in the South and West ; he sawslandlord
and tenant residing together in peace, friendship, and
harmony, and naturally co-operating for the improve-
ment of the holdings. Oppression and cruelty by the
one, or fraud and deceit by the other, were equally
unknown—the occupier was Lot evicted, nor the
proprietor shot—there were neither wholesale clear-
ances of estates, nor abductions of crops—no undue
increase of rents, nor agrarian outrages !
To what, then, were these blessings fairly
attributable ? What was the charm, more
potent than the wand of the magician, that
united the apparently conflicting elements and pro-
duced harmonious and most propitious results ? The
problem was not very abstruse, or its solution hard to
be discovered. The charm was " tenant right,"
which prevailed in certain districts of the northern
province in which, happily for himself, Mr. CWT..
TORD's property was situate. Under that salutary
custom the tenant, whether holding under lease or
not, was permitted to acquire a certain " right of
property in the occupation" of the land, which was
looked upon as being as sacred and inalienable as the
title of the landlord himself. The most perfect
security of tenure was afforded to the occupier, so
long as he discharged his part of the contract into
which he had entered. He knew that he himself, or
his children, would be permitted to enjoy the fruits
of his industry, to reap the benefit of the improve-
ments he might effect ; that he had, as Mr. CRAWFORD
well expresses it, " entered into a partnership with
his landlord, for their mutual benefit," which
partnership could not be dissolved by the landlord
without paying to him the full marketable value of
his interest therein. The necessary stimulus to exer-
tion was thus supplied. The humblest farmer on
the estates on which the principle was recognised
was well aware that he would receive full justice and
protection ; that he was securely placed in the per-
manent occupation of his holding, and with that
confidence,:with or without a lease, "he proceeded
with improvements and applied his industry in every
form by which his comforts or his profits could be
increased." He had a feeling of " property" that in-
duced him to spare no pains in the cultivation of his
tenement, and thus arose the production of superior
crops from inferior lands.

Beholding such auspicious results from the opera- I
tion of " tenant right" in the districts in which
it was fully established, Mr. CRAWFORD has
endeavoured zealously and indefatigably to extend
its blessings throughout the entire kingdom. lie
maturely and attentively considered the effects of the
landlord and tenant law as administered in the other
province!, and he found that the system as directly
and palpably led to the manifold evils that are so
manifest to the most superficial observer. " Middle-
men" sprung up in rank luxuriance, whose only
object was to extort the highest possible amount of
rent from the miserable occupiers; a ruinous com- '
petition for land was excited, from the dearth of other
employment. To obtain a piece of land on any
terms was the aim of the starving peasant, and for
that purpose he readily promiJed a rent which it
was impossible for him to liquidate. In abundant
seasons he might contrive to pay a large instalment,
and to retain a scanty subsistence of the coarsest and
meanest food for the support of himself and family ;
but even with average crops he speedily fell into
arrears which he could never hope to satisfy.
The moment the harvest was gathered in,
or any stock was placed upon the holding,
it was immediately distrained, and heavy costs were
suporadded to the enormous amount of rent. No
improvement could be attempted, no evidence of
superiority to his fellows exhibited, for such would
be the signal for his eviction, the griping middle-
man supposing that a higher rent could be obtained
for a tenement where the holder could achieve such
unusual success. It is by no means surprising that,
under such a system, sloth and negligence should
take the place of activity and forethought ; that energy
and industry should be altogether wanting, where
all the benefits thereof would be enjoyed by others,
who were regarded as natural enemies. But the
peasant did not relinquish the struggle ; he was
contented to live in 'poverty and misery, provided
he could only live, and of that he had at least
a chalice, so long as he could retain pos-
session. Craft and cunning were opposed to
legalised tyranny and oppression ; the middle-man
was humoured and cajoled so long as it was possible,
and ultimately set at defiance; crops were frau-
dulently removed to avoid distraint, and illegal
organizations and confederacies were entered into,
in order to obtain the protection which the law did
not afford. A reign of terror was established—an
agrarian'. code enacted, under which many victims
wtseperiirraeint
t: awc res ificre murderede d— l a ndl o rwdist,h
oaugte it
remorse.
011, 0
rained incoming.Theb a
bad
got abroad, and the bestdlispos:,ith dlandlords,
who would have treated their tenantry
and consideration, were dealt with in the same
os eg'
t cruel and unrelenting. kindness
man-
most
ner as the m
seed had been sown by the wayside and an abundant
crop of weeds and thorns sprung up. The evil
Society be-
came disorganized, the entire people demoralize and
we have witnessed the result in the destitution and

misery, the fraud and violence, the insecurity of
tenure, and the insecurity of life in Ireland.
Such a state of things cannot be remedied in a mo-
ment. It has been the work of ages, and years at
least must elapse before we can attain a sound and
prosperous condition. Confidence is a plant of slow
growth, and that must be fully established between
landlord and tenant before we can even hope for the
regeneration of Ireland. But the attempt must be
made, and that speedily, for every day's delay will
only increase the difficulty of the task, and a per-
sistance in the present course will only lead to the
destruction of the Irish people—the depopulation of
the country.
Under such circumstances, Mr. Cua.wroan has
addressed an appeal to his brother legislators
against the extermination of his unfortu-
nate countrymen,* in which he offers many
valuable suggestions for the amelioration of
Ireland and the improvement of the condition of
its inhabitants. We cannot now enter into a consi-
deration of his propositions, further than to say that
they appear to be practicable, and surely the experi-
ment would be well worthy of a trial that afforded
any reasonable prospect of the solution of the Irish
difficulty. On English legislators rests the responsi-
bility of providing suitable remedies for the existing
state of things, and surely they will not hesitate to
avail themselves of Mr. CRAWFORD'S great experience;
or at least they will bestow a calm and attentive
perusal on his propositions, and reflect maturely before
they despise or neglect his warnings.

• " Depopulation not Necessary.", By William Shar-
man Crawford, Esq.. M.P.

THE FRENCH REPUBLIC.

We have received the Paris papers of yesterday.
The proceedings in the National Assembly of
Wednesday were of an interesting character, and
show that the new Ministry has, as we stated yester-
day, secured the support of a working majority ; as a
proof of which we need merely announce the fact that
the Finance Minister has carried his budget by a
majority of 392 to 236 ; showing that the Ministerial
majority on this, which is pre eminently a question
of confidence, amounts to 156.
_ .

The proceedings commenced with the presentation
of a Bill by the Minister of War for a vote of
38,000,000 f. not provided for in the: budget ; after a
short discussion the Bill was agreed to. It is under-
stood that the sum is demanded to defray the addi-
tional expenses of the Roman expedition.
M. FOULD, the Minister of Finance, then ascended
the tribune, and read the following financial state-
ment :

" The Assembly and the country expect that the new
Cabinet should explain its thoughts on the situation of
the finances, and on the system which it proposes to
follow for the administration of that important part of
the public service. It is a duty for us not to delay
making that statement. That duty I come here to fulfil.
If good political conduct brings forth good finances,
these latter also have at certain periods an incontestable
action on the policy of the Government. In these latter
days considerable efforts have been made to modify and
destroy the regime of our taxes; attacking by turns all
our indirect taxes, the parties so acting did not con-
ceal their object, to repair a pretended inequality
in the public charges. They aimed at displacing the
general burden, and throwing it on capital and landed
property. These efforts soon produced their effects;
they alarmed the country, destroyed confidence, checked
business, and gave a dreadful blow to public and private
property. Such a line of policy cannot be ours. The
new Government repudiate such insensate theories. In
its opinion the organization of the finances, which goes
back to the first republic, owes its firm constitution to
the immortal author of our code, being in harmony with
the institutions and wants of our society, such as it has
issued from the Revolution of 1789. In that system,
property being accessible to all, and being divided
equally amongst the members of families, a fair balance
is established in the general taxation. The landed pro•
prietors are not freed from the indirect taxes ; and these
latter, in weighing on the generality of the nation, cause
all the citizens to contribute to the expense of the Ad-
ministration. We desire to maintain these fundamental
principles, at the same time that we introduce such amelio-
rations as experience points out. We hope, by certain mo-
difications in our indirect taxes, to obtain better receipts;
that result will enable us to alleviate certain sufferings,
and to give satisfaction to well-founded complaints. In
pursuing that object, which is at present the object of
our studies and efforts, we shall not lose sighf of the
fact, that it is the interest of all to diminish the charges
which, weighing too heavily on land, keep down the in-
crease of agricultural produce: by it also wo procure
calm to the country, profoundly disturbed for nearly
two years by the violent attacks in the streets, and by
the subversive ideas which have endeavoured to penetrate
into our institutions. We are now about to expose to
you the situation of the budget, the wants of the Trea-
sury, and the means by which wo shall propose to you
I to provide for them. Tho decouveris of the budget are,
as you are aware, the principal cause of the floating
debt, and ought to principally call for your attention.
The old decouverts of 1846 and 1847, put down in
the last tables of the finance at 257,850,000 E,
have not been varied since the publication of
that document. It is different for 1848. The situa-
tion has improved since my honourable predecessor
put down the deficiency at 72 millions. On the one side,
an increase of 20 millions realised in the receipts, and
on the other a diminution of 33 millions iu the expenses,
permit us to value the deficit of this year at the reduced
amount of 19,129,941 f. The provisions relative to the
budget of 1849 are, on the contrary, fax below the results
known. The supplementary credits voted and to be
voted make the difference between the surplus and ex-
penditure 287,617,4131. The whole of the decouverts for
which the Treasury has to provide for the interior service
of 1849 amount to 534,148,000 f. The year 1850 modi-
fies that situation. We are about to examine this in a
few words. In the exposé des motifs for the budget of
that year my predecessor gave as his provisions an ex-
cess of 7,543,000 f. To arrive at that result he had re-
course to the following expedients :—The accumulation of
the rentes purchased by the sinking fund, or coming from
the consolidation of the annual reserves; the mainte-
nance of the duty on potable liquors; the appointment
of certain new taxes; and, above all, a new income-
tax; the separation of the budget of extraordinary works,
and the constitution, to meet them, of a special service.
The Act relative to rente for the sinking fund has our
full approbation. Whatever may be the desire of the
new Government to take off charges from the tax-payers,
we are obliged to demand, like our predecessors, from
the intelligent patriotism of the Assembly and country,
the re-imposition of the duty on potable liquors for 1850.
—(Loud disapprobation on the Left.) But by a Bill
which we are about to present to you, we shall propose
to you to name a special committee of inquiry, charged
to examine the question, and the vices which it is re-
proached with in the mode of collection.—(Renewed
disapprobation on the Left.) That is one of the diffi-
culties, to remove which the co-operation of all opinions
and talents is indispensable. The task falls alike
within your duties and your attributions, and
we trust will put an end to the present imperfec-
tions of the system. We withdraw the Bill to establish
an income-tax.—(Some movement on the Left.) Thi!t
tax, the extreme resource of distressed Governments,
is
in its nature vexatious, and partakes of the inquisition,
which always causes discontent. The Council-General
opposed this measure, and we trust that the same feeling
here will justify our withdrawal of the Bill. Theincome-
tax was down in the previsions of my predecessor for 60
millions. That resource must bo replaced, if we do not
desire to see 1850 marked by a new deficiency. We shall
be happy to bo able to effect it by certain economies and
certain changes of taxation. The Minister of War has
conceived a plan by which the supplementary credits,
which might have amounted to 30 or 40 millions, shall be
suppressed. That plan, laid before the committee of
the budget, shows that there will bo a diminution of ex-
penses of 8,500,0001., and of 16,000,000 E, if circum
stances permit it. The speedy return of our army from
Rome will give a reduction of 8,000,0001. The Minister
of Marine proposes a reduction of 6,000,0001., and the
e ntl
m thea n
thenGovernmentbe ewentffectoe ofdn
n toea mMinister of the Interior for the reduction of the Guard
Mobile 2,500,000 f., and in the fund to foreign re-
-10
dues,
which
Go
re-
fugees 300,0001., indepently of other reductions
which
m effect.ehlaito ra there
registrationit ohnes.
d Io
A oi al
sd modifi-
cationu
wbr e a n
b le
loan, i
nw
consequenceoul would
would produce an increase of receipts of 21 millions
The post-office receipts would bo increased by an aug-
mentation for un-prepaid letters, giving nearly seven
hs may
the
ya
millions more. The Government hoped that if the loan
of 100 millions from the Bank was not paid back during
the year 1850, the expenditure and receipts would be
balanced. But nothing could be effected if peace were
not kept abroad and order at home. The receipts at
present were gradually improving, and nothing seemed
to lead to the idea that the increasing prosperity of the
country would be checked. All these things being con-
sidered, the Government', thought with confidence that
the d•couvert would not be increased during the year
1850. The Honourable Gentleman concluded by pro-
posing, in the name of the President of the Republic,
Bills to withdraw the duty on potable liquors, to with-
draw the Bill on the income-tax, to increase the postage
of letters in certain cases, and an increase of oc. on the
four contributions.—(Movement.)
From the above statement it appears that the new
Ministry have abandoned the idea of imposing an
income-tax, which was entertained by the former
Ministry, and that there will be no loan, the Minister
trusting to the continuance of the duty on potable
liquors, to the increase on the furniture and other
taxes, and to an increase of five centimes on the
postage of letters, to carry him through 1850.
A proposition was made by the Opposition to refer
the budget to a special committee, which was re-
jected, as we have before stated, by a majority of 156,
consequently the statement is referred directly to the
standing committee on the budget.
The funds rose to 90f. 50c. at the Bourse when the
contents of the budget were known, and closed at
90f. 40c. ; they had fallen on the advent of the
present Ministry to office to 86f. 80c.
M. DROWN DE L'Huys has arrived in Paris. There
is no truth in the report of his recal from the English
Embassy, although it is considered not improbable
that he may be offered the portfolio of Foreign

Affairs, should M. DE RATNETAL refuse to join the
Ministry.
General PETE arrived in Paris on Wednesday.
The state prisoners who were condemned at Ver-
sailles, have been removed to Doullins.

The following paragraph appears in the Evene-
ment :

" Austria, Russia, and Prussia have addressed a de-
mand to the French Government to cooperate in im-
posing on the Swiss Confederation the expulsion of all
political refugees who have fixed their residence there."
The PRESIDENT of the Republic gave an audience,
on Wednesday afternoon, to several Italian Cardinals
who have lately arrived in Paris.
" We are assured," says La Presse, "that this morn-
ing in the committee on petitions there was for a moment
a majority of 10 to 5 in favour of referring to the Council
of Ministers a petition which demanded an appeal to the
people on the question of the form of government. It
appears, however, that the minority at length succeeded
in impressing the majority with some common sense,
and that they divided equally on the subject."
The Debats says :—" M. VALLET Consul of France
at Mogador, has just arrived in Paris. It appears
certain that before leaving Morocco he had obtained
all the satisfaction which he had demanded, and that
the customary salutes had been exchanged between
the forts and the French ships."
"It is positively stated," says the Dibats, " that
the Minister of War, when present before the com-
mittee on the budget, the day before yesterday, said that
the French fleet, which had left Malta for Smyrna,
had received orders to return to Toulon in conse-
quence of the pacific conclusion of the differences be-
tween Turkey and Russia."
The Allniteur Algerien of the 10th, states that
General HERBELLON was actively engaged in preparing
for the attack on Zaatcha. It was expected that by
the 12th or 13th inst, he would have assembled a
force of 11,000 men, and would have his batteries
and approaches ready. The cholera, which had not
made its appearance beyond Constantine, had
attacked some of the columns advancing to reinforce
General HERBELLON. The division of Colonel
CAUROBERT, when marching from Amaule, had lost
60 men.

A private letter of the same date states that M.
PIERRE BONAPARTE, at the head of a battalion of the
Foreign Legion, had made an attack on a small ksour
to the south-west of Zaatcha, but that he had been
obliged to return without accomplishing his mission.
The Toulonnais says :—" The steam-corvette the
Veloce has arrived in Toulon from Civita Vecchia,
which it left on the 6th of November with dispatches
of pressing importance for the Governlaent. We
are assured that General ROSTOLAN earnestly begs
the Ministry to hasten the departure of the general
officer who is to replace him at the head of the expe-
ditionary army in Italy. The little Spanish corps
stationed in the Roman states is in absolute want of
everything; recently a French battalion, on passing
through one of the places occupied by the Spaniards
were so touched with compassion at the distress
of the poor wretches, that they gave them their pro-
visions."

The Constitutionnel of yesterday says :—" We can
confidently announce that the affair with Morocco is
terminated, and that every satisfaction has been given
to France."