The Sun.
London, England, 1849-09-04 00:00:00

THE PEACE CONGRESS.
(From the Derby Reporter.)
The Peace Congress has completed its short session
in Path, and though its result is not very great, its
abours will not be lost on the world. That a consi-
derable number of grave, earnest men should meet
together, and hold counsel for the welfare of the
world, is not of itself a fact of much significance.
They might demonstrate ever so clearly that the
practice of war inflicts miseries unspeakable, and that
in the words of our great captain the features of
victory are only less hideous than those of defeat,
and that a monarch's greatness and an army's glory
are but shadows of a people's ruin. They might
exhibit in plain characters the need societies have
that all their superfluous means should be expended
in supporting institutions which render their mem-
bers content, and elevate their character; and that
the warlike attitude and warlike preparations pre-
clude as many social benefits as war itself entails
afflictions and vices. They might prove that a na-
tion's quarrels, like those of individual citizens, are
capable of being advantageously submitted to the
arbitrement of an ordained law, or the conscience and
judgment of an impartial thirdsman. Or they might
tell us that the unrestrained intercourse of nations, the
interchange of commerce, of letters, thought, and good
offices, would help to bring nations to be ;of one ac-
cord. in manners, principles, and politics. This is
what the Peace Congress has done ; but that which
gives weight to its proceedings, is not the opinions its
arguments vindicate and its resolutions embody, but
the community of desire and opinion with its mem.
bers of vast numbers of men in every nation from
which delegates have wended their way to the Con-
gress. The voice of thousands repeats the sentiments
and approves the resolutions of this little Parliament
of the world ; and if that be not proof of its weight
and dignity, we know not that any assembly has a
title to assume an authoritative air.
For ages the saint has sighed for, and the sage
has foretold, and the poet has sung of a Parliament
of man—a federation of nations—a delegation of the
wisest citizens to a council held for the general good,
and a high court of justice to administer its behests.
It will be long ere a consummation so devoutly to be
wished is seen ; but in proportion as public opinion
grows strong in the strength of wisdom and humanity,
and, disdaining the crooked paths of selfish policy, re-
cognizes the accord between the welfare of each
nation and the common rights of all, it is certain
that the world will gather beforehand a greater mea-
sure of the benefits which would flow from the insti-
tution
of a general council of the world.
"There is a divinity that shapes our ends rough-
hew them how we will." We need not trouble our-
selvqa much about the schemes which may fit future
circAnstances ; for of the circumstances we know
nothing. All our duty is comprised in the one
maxim which teaches us to labour while it is yet day,
and to leave the things of the morrow to higher
guidance. Our business is to strive as we can to
preserve the peace of to-day by opposing to the force
of barbarism the force of civilization. But in good
time we cannot doubt that the same causes which
have operated to ally together under one rule, first
the neighbouring towns, then contiguous countries,
and which have leaguered various nations for pur-
poses of commerce or war, will extend their influence
over the whole world.
It would be folly, however, to hope that the reign
of opinion can be universal in the outward relations
of kingdoms, until it has become the predominant
power in the internal affairs of each. Armies are
maintained to keep in order the rebellious instincts
• of people, who are taught by the instincts of nature
to resist authority which is not exercised for their
benefit. It is but another step to use these ready
instruments to aid any neighbour whose policy, like
that of Austria, proves too weak to repress the desire
of self-government. In preaching the duty of
humanity, mercy, and justice, it is not wise to aban-
don the right of appeal to arms against whomsoever
persists in doing injustice. We know very well that
the force of opinion must ever rest on the force of
arms as its ultimate resort. Many people are apt to
say, "Ah see how vain and specious is this cry for
peace and diminished armaments ! no sooner does a
far-off trumpet sound on the plains of Hungary than
these very peacemakers prepare for the battle !" But
is there really inconsistency between the gentle and
just spirit which exhorts to peace, and the generous
courage which would resist oppression ? We would
advise Russia td be peaceful, and encourage Hungary
to heroism at the same time, without doing violence
to any rational love of peace—for the difference be
tween peace and submission is great indeed !

BANK OF FRANCE.
The following is a return of the situation of the Bank
of France up to Aug. 30:—

ASSETS.

... £245,207,611 98
... 133,387,897 00
78,706 05

Cash and ingots
•• •
Ditto in branch banks •••
Bills past due ••. ••• •••
Bills falling duo in Paris, of which
15,373,514 f. are from the branch
banks 46,053,169 59
Bills in the branch banks ~. 79,735,383 00
Advances on coins and ingots... ... 8,310,000 00
Ditto by the branch banks ... 565,793 00
Ditto on French public securities ... 20,626,235 25
Ditto by branch banks... ... 1,331,715 00
Ditto to the State on Bons du Trilsor... 50,000,000 00
Ditto on the loan of 150 millions ... 50,000,000 00
Relates of the reserve fund ... 10,000,000 00
Relates, disposable funds ... 42,581,488 13
Investments of the new branch banks in
the public funds
Hotel and furniture of the Bank
Real property of the branch banks ...
Interest in National Discount Bank ...
Ditto branch banks ...
Bills protested at Paris ••• ••.
Ditto at the branches ...
Expenses of administration of the Bank
Ditto of the branches
Miscellaneous ...
Advance to the department of the

... 12,779,541 39
4,000,000 00
2,396,225 00

230,000 00
3,973,963 72
2,662,397 00
155,448 81
158,194 00
161,643 50

Seine ••• ..• • •
Loan of 3,000,000 f. to tho city of Mar-
seilles

3,000,000 00

... 1,075,000 00

f. 720,670,412 42

LIABILITIES.

Capital f. 67,900,000 00
Ditto of the Branch Banks 28,350,000 00
Reserve fund ... 10,000,000 00
Ditto of the branch banks ... ... 2,980,750 00
Reserve-immobilii:re 4,000,000 00
Notes to bearer, in circulation ... ... 363,501,600 00
Ditto of the branch banks ... 45,519,400 CO
Ditto to order (post-hills) ... 774,617 20
Account-current with Treasury creditor 66,895,035 41
Various accounts current ... 84,397,427 11
Ditto in branches ... 25,435,757 00
Bills payable at sight ... 9,356,500 00
Ditto at branches 1,621,228 co
Bills of the branch banks payable by
the Bank ... 6,730,250 46
Ditto of the Bank payable by branches,. 3,464,034 CO
Dividends payable 1584,493 25
Liquidation of the Algiers Bank ... 169,312 44
Discounts, interest, and expenses ... 1,298,923 79
Ditto branch banks ... ... 809,323 00

Re-discou.nts of the last six months
Ditto in branch banks ..
Miscellaneous ... ... ... ...

143,693 49
321,562 00
416,470 27

f. 720,670,412 42
Certified by the Governor of the Bank of France,
D'ARGOUT.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.

During the past week Dr. Bachhoffner, in conti-
nuing his lectures on Domestic Chemistry, has chosen
the subject of aerated fluids and beverages of such
like description. The professor confined himself almost
entirely to the preparation of soda water, lemonade,
&c., which be, in his experiments, manufactured for
the benefit of his audience, both in an intellectual as
well as practical understanding. The apparatus
chosen for illustration was that lately patented by
Mr. Masters, and certainly from the experiments
performed at the lecture proved itself one of the most
perfect inventions of any yet extant; in size and
appearance it might be taken to represent a small
vase or dessert jug, forming altogether an elegant
ornament for the table and sideboard. After pointing
out the principles upon which these aerated drinks have
been previously prepared, the lecturer proceeded to ex-
plain the modus operandi of this new vessel. It may
be briefly described as follows :—Two glass receivers
are disposed one above the other, the upper one
having a descending pipe leading from about midway
in its interior to the bottom of the lower receiver.
The upper one contains the material for producing
the gas necessary for aeration, the lower one the
compound to be aerated. When it is required to set
the apparatus in action, a small quantity of water is
poured into that receiver containing the chemical
salts for liberation of the gas—the whole apparatus
being firmly screwed together. The gas having
no means of exit save the descending pipe previously
mentioned, is forced to descend that channel, and
bubbling the contents of the loweri chamber, strongly
impregnates them, giving them and agreeable
flavour. After the process hasa scontinuedlarrP for a few
offt at the
minutes, the aerated drink may bed
convenience of the operator, an ingenious tap
arrangad for that purpose. The Learned Doctor being
eluded his lecture amid loud and continued applauseeo
from a highly respectable audience.

STRANGE STORY.—Donald Alacgillivray, a native
of the parish of Duthill, joined the Cameron High-
landers at an early age, and being distinguished for
military prowess, was lately discharged with is. 6d. a
day. He returned home to pass the remainder of his
days in the land of his birth, and as he approached
Aviemore he was not a little surprised to find an old
acquaintance of his, named A. Cameron, engaged in the
same work, with the same horse, and in the very same
place where he left him twenty-one years ago! Donald
saluted him with—" Übh. übb, Alaster, s' fada a gabhbil
i blirdhna harfichead." (The yoke is a very long one,
Sandy—twenty-one years.) Alaster kom recognised
his old friend, and returned his salutativa with cquAl
warcath.—Perthshire Advertiser.

LAW INTELLIGENCE.

INSOLVENT DEBTORS' COURT, Sept. 3.
(Before the CHIEF COMMISSIONER.)
IN RE CHAELES TIIROSBY.
The insolvent is an under graduate of Oxford Uni-
versity. It will be recollected that the insolvent's
debts were 764/. ; that he is the son of a gentleman
residing in Australia ; that his father had written to
his solicitors, Messrs. Young and Vallings, of St.
Mildred's-court, Poultry, authorising them to apply
to Mr. Ellis for the sum of 3001., and to apply the
same to the liquidation of his son's debts, provided
that the snm would suffice to pay them in full. His
Honour ultimately ordered the insolvent to be dis-
charged, conditionally upon the payment of a sum of
2501. into court.
Mr. COOKE, on behalf of the insolvent, now in-
formed the Court that Messrs. Young and Vallings
had, after mature deliberation, and a re-perusal of
Mr. Throsby, senior's, letter, with every desire to
arrive at a different interpretation, arrived at the con-
clusion that they were not authorised to pay the
sum on any other condition than that the payment
should give the insolvent a full release. They were
willing thus to apply the entire sum of 3001. (and
not 2501. as his Honour had named) in this manner,
and Mr. Nichols, the insolvent's solicitor, had com-
municated accordingly with the creditors. The result
was, that creditors to the amount of 5461., including
Messrs. Spiers and Son, 25/. ; Mr. Prior, 1201. • Mr.
Blackwell, 16/. ; Mr. Symonds, 30/. ; Mr. Slater,
101. ; Mr. Richardson, 16/.; Messrs. Herbert and
Co., 10/. ; Mr. Simpson, 211. ; Mr. Fowke, 15/. ; Mr.
Warner, 16/.; Mr. Totty, 401.; Mr. Fletcher, GO/. ;
Mr. Sandilands, 40/. ; Miss Maye, 25/. • Dr. Price,
201.; and Mr. Hill, 601., had iatimated their willing-
ness to accept the same, and give the desired release.
A few other creditors, of whom Mr. Randall, hatter
and draper, was the principal one, had not acceded to I
the proposal. He (Mr. Cooke) had therefore to re-
quest his Honour would give judgment upon the
case. It was much to be regretted that the whole of
the creditors had not accepted the offer that had been
made; they would have been paid 7s. in the pound at
once, and they would have had a claim upon the
insolvent, as a man of honour, to pay the remaining
13s. in the pound, should he hereafter be in possession
of means to do so.
The COMMISSIONER suggested whether Messrs.
Young and Vallings might not reconsider their de-
cision. The discharge which he (the Commissioner)
would pronounce, would give a full release to the in-
solvent, with the exception that the creditors might
hereafter apply to the Commissioners of that court in
the event of the insolvent becoming poisessed of pro-
perty. The discretion whether the insolvent should
then be required to pay the remaining part of the
debt would then rest with the Court.
Mr. CooKE explained how the debtor would
remain subject to annoyance, and be virtually at the
mercy of any creditor, by obtaining such a conditional
release.

The COMMISSIONER inquired of Mr. Randall what
course he now felt called upon to pursue ?
Mr. RANDALL said he would place himself in his
Honour's hands. He had suffered a great deal by
imputations that had been cast upon him for his con-
duct. The insolvent, in his schedule, had made a
statement which was untrue. He had attributed his
insolvency to him (Mr. Randall), saying that it was
owing to his suing him, and not waiting the receipt
of a communication from his father, that he had been
compelled to petition that court.
Mr. COOKE explained the remark, and said the in•
solvent was willing to correct it.
After some further discussion, Mr. Randall said he
was willing to accept 7s. in the pound, provided he
had a claim for the remaining 13s. in the pound,
should the insolvent become possessed of property
some ten or fifteen years hence. He had been in-
formed that the insolvent's father was a very wealthy
man. The insolvent's expenditure with the Oxford
tradesmen had been such that it could not with pro-
priety be said that they had encouraged him in habits
of extravagance. His expenditure with them had not
exceeded 1351. a year.
The COMMISSIONER said that on this subject he had
made some remarks on the occasion of former hear-
ings. He did not at the time wish them to be severe ;
but he saw no reason to retract anything that he had
then said.

After some further discussion, the Learned Coss•
MISSIONER reminded Mr. Randall of what he had
said respecting his willingness to leave his case in his
hands, and suggested that the best course for all
parties would be to accede to the offer that had been
made.
Mr. Randall intimated that he could not accede to
any proposal that would give the insolvent an unqua-
lified release.
His HONOUR said that cases had occurred in that
court whore debtors, after a lapse of twenty or thirty
years, had honourably placed the means of paying
their creditors in full in the hands of the Court, and
obtained the dismissal of their petitions, and appealed
to Mr. Randall whether it might not be the best
course to trust to the honour of the insolvent and his
friend 6 ?

Mr. RANDALL said he had others to consult, and
could not at present adopt the suggestion of the Court.
The Learned COMMISSIONER then said that he
would defer giving his judgment until the 17th inst.
He had thrown out to Mr. Randall his opinion of
what he should do, and he was willing to hope that
the pain consequent upon a judgment might yet be
spared.
Adjourned to 17th inst. accordingly.

POLICE INTELLIGENCE.
GUILDHALL.

Yesterday Eliza Stillman, aged 14, of No. 7,
Holborn-buildings, and Margaret Gray, the mother,
were charged before Alderman Challis, the former
with having a gown and shawl in her possession which
had been stolen on the 21st of June, and the latter
with receiving the same knowing them to be stolen.
Mr. Robinson defended the prisoners.
Mr. James Cole, of 92, Shoe-lane, Fleet-street,
_

coffee-housekeeper, stated, that while passing over
Blackfriars Bridge the previous evening, he met Eliza
-Stillman with two other girls, who passed him, when
he instantly recognised that the younger prisoner had
on his wife's gown and shawl, which had been stolen,
with other things, on the 21st of June. He accord-
ingly followed her until a policeman came up, when
she was given into custody, and taken to the station,
house, when she at first said she bought the gown at
Mr. leeking's' in Holborn, some months back, but
afterwards said that her mother gave it to her.
Alderman CHALLIS—What do you charge the
mother with ?
Mr. Cole—As a receiver, knowing it to be stolen.
Alderman CHALLIS—HOW do you prove that ?
Mr. Cole—Why, the mother confesses that she
bought them of a man in the street.
Alderman Cii.u.Lis—Did you ever see them before?
Mr. Cole—l recollect their faces, but cannot say
positively. The shawl I value at 10s., although it cost
31., and the gown at li.
Alderman CHALLIS—How do you identify them?
Mr. Cole—Because there is a stain left when my

slipped down one day in Battersea-fields.
Cross-examined by Mr. ROBINSON—There is a side
door in a court, and any one besides the lodgers could
go up stairs. I might not take particular notice if I
heard any one going up. I don't know either of the
prisoners, but recollect their faces. The mother said
she would go to the station with me and the officer,
and went accordingly.
, Mrs. Cole identified the gown and shawl as her
property, and said that she saw it safe at ten o'clock
in the morning, and found at a few minutes before one
o'clock that one of the rooms had been stripped of a
great number of things.
, Henry Mills, 352, said he took the prisoner Still-
, man to the station, when she said her mother had
given them to her. He afterwards went to Mrs.
Gray's, and was immediately admitted, and on
searching the place could find nothing which the pro-
secutor could identify. The mother said she had
purchased them from a man who stopped her in
Chancery-lane. and asked her if she wished to buy
them, and said they might fit her daughter. She
gave him 75., and 4d. to get a pot of beer.
Mr. ROBINSON addressed the Alderman, and said
that nothing was more likely than that the elder pri-
soner had spoken the truth, as nothing was more
common than for Jews or low hawkers to stop people
in the streets and ask them to buy. There could be
no doubt the gown and shawl were stolen from Mr.
Cole's house, but there was such ready access to it
that the man who sold the articles to Mrs. Gray
might have been there for aught they knew.
Alderman CHALLIS—Why does the mother bear a
different name to the daughter?
Mr. ROBINSON said that the daughter was a second
child by her first husband.
Alderman CHALLIS asked if there were any wit-
nesses to character ?
Mr. ROBINSON said there were, and called a num-
ber of them, who stated that they had known the
mother for more than eleven years, and some of them
thirty, as a most hard-working, industrious woman,
carrying on the trade of a laundress, and that the
daughter was in the service of a house in the Old
Bailey, as a bookfolder, and nothing like an imputa-
tion had been thrown upon their characters for
honesty. It was also proved, as a sign of innocence,
that the daughter had been constaaly wearing the
gown and shawl, which would not have been likely
‘,
hail they a guilty knowledge.
eAr letter
should
ra was n ahelxs,
handed up from the girl's employ
cellent character, and saying that ...
back again into his service, so convincedoti,a s
heta ecef
her
innocence.
Alderman CHALLIS said, that he could not help
thinking that the prisoners had spoken the truth, and
the excellent characters they had received went to
confirm that opinion, and therefore he would dis-
charge them ; but at the same time he hoped this would
be a warning to them not to suchme second-hand