The Sun.
London, England, 1836-04-21 00:00:00

in violation of all existing treaties. He begged, for a moment,
to call the attention of the House to' the opinions of Mr.
Baring, now Lord Ashburton, in relation to the Polish revo-

lutions: Mr. Baring said—
" It must be admitted that a more righteous rebellion never
manifested itself in any country, or that this unhappy people
were, if any ever were, justified in opposing the Government
which was established over them. For, what was that Govern-
ment? The Empire had rejected Constantine, the legitimate
heir to the throne of Russia, from his unfitness to reign over
any body of men ; and yet this miserable and incapable being
was sent to reign over the unfortunate Poles. I most firmly
believe, that if ever there was in the whole history of mankind
a justification for raising the standard of rebellion, it was in
this case."

The Emperor Nicholas, too, had given the most solemn con-
firmation of the promises made by the Emperor Alexander,
and had sworn to preserve the constitution of Poland as settled
by the treaty of Vienna. The Hon. Gentleman then adverted
to the manner in which Poland had been treated by the Em-
peror Nicholas, and to the celebrated speech at Warsaw. Was
it possible that such a triumphing in wrong could be endura-
ble ? The question of Poland was a question of the mainte-
nance of treaties. The Treaty of Vienna secured, or rather
was intended to secure, the constitutional existence of the
Duchy of Warsaw as the new kingdom of Poland, with its
4,000,000 of inhabitants, the nationality of the old kingdom
of Poland of 1772, with its 20,000,000 of inhabitants, and the
independent existence of Cracow, with its University, its
laws, &c. This was the contract which was then entered
into, and which was guaranteed by all the Powers of
Europe. There was, perhaps, scarcely in the history of the
world a precedent for conduct such as that of Russia ; and it
would seem that, not content with political aggrandisement,
she was now attacking our commercial power and interest in
Turkey. Would the English Government stand by and per-
mit this system to be pursued without interference ? In June,
1832, when the attention of his Noble Friend the Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs was called to this same subject,
he remembered that he said—
" As to the idea which seems to be entertained by several
gentlemen of its being intended to exterminate a large king-
dom, either morally or politically, if it be seriously entertained
any where, it is so perfectly impracticable, that I think there
need be no apprehension of its being attempted."
And, again, in July, 1833, in answer to a motion of the Hon.
and Learned Member for Tipperary, the Noble Lord said—
" The Hon. Member complains that Russia is about to play
the same, game at Constantinople as she did in Poland ; but I
am convinced that the Russian troops will shortl3 evacuate
Turkey, if they have not already done so ; and that she will
fulfil the pledge she has given on this subject, not only to Eng-
land, but to the whole of Europe. Ido not think that it enters
into the policy of Russia to make an attempt at a partition of
Turkey ; but if she should make the attempt, it is impossible
she could be successful."
Now, here, he should like to ask the Noble Lord had his pro-
phecies been fulfilled ? Were not the Russian troops still in
possession of Turkey ? was not the influence of Russia pre-
dominant there? and was not that influence directed, contrary
to the practice and wish of the Turkish Government, to restrict
the progress of British commerce and the advancement of Bri-
tish interests? Those acquainted with the nature of the trade
with Turkey were perfectly aware that the trade was a most
valuable one to this country, and one that was capable of
almost an indefinite extension. In 1827 he found there were
exported to Turkey 11,560,172 yards of cotton cloth, and
647,0941b5. of cotton twist. In 1828, which was a year of
war with Turkey, the exports were only 4,719,000 yards of
cotton cloth, and 156,8601b5. of cotton twist. In 1829, after
the establishment of peace, the exports rose to 15,566,351
yards, and 662,5321bm. ; and in 1834, to 28,621,498 yards, and
1,989,8511b5., and this in spite of all the machinations of
Russia which had been described in the petitions that had
been presented to the House. In point of value, the exports
to Turkey, in 1827, amounted to 531,704/. ; in 1828, the year of
war,t0185,842/.; in 1829 to 568,684/.; andin 1834 t 01,207,941/.
The comparative value of the shipments of British manu-
factures to Russia and Turkey was as follows : but before
he stated them he should beg to observe that two indivi-
duals in the mercantile community, having nearly two-
thirds of the export trade to Russia in their hands, one of
whom was h constituent of the Right Hon. the President
of the Board of Trade, bad been gradually withdrawing
from the trade to Russia, and was about to relinquish it alto-
gether, in consequence of the preparations for war everywhere
visible in that country. The comparative value of the expor'
trade from Great Britain was :
In 1827—T0 Russia .£1,408,970
To Turkey 531,704
Of this trade there was cotton twist—.
To Russia
To Turkey
In 1834 the value exported was—
To Russia £1,382,309
To Turkey 1,207,941

1,400,000 lbs.
900,000

being within a fraction of equality. In other words, in the
intervenient period the export trade to Russia had declined
13 per cent., while that to Turkey had increased 100 per
cent. Besides this the trade to Turkey was peculiarly valu-
able, inasmuch as it was carried on chiefly in British bottoms,
while that to Russia was the contrary, and comparatively of
little moment. Vessels from this country went out to Russia
empty and came back half full, while they went from hence
to Turkey freighted with the richest merchandize, and re-
turned laden with valuable raw produce. He would state the
tonnage employed out of this country to Russia:—
In 1821 it amounted to 28,000 Tons
1832 28,800
1883 28,730

showing a stationary point in a long period of time ; whereas
the trade to Turkey was on the increase, and at present
equalled, in the quantity of tonnage employed, the trade to
China from this country. The Turkish manufactures had
given way before the superiority of English produce. Of
600 muslin looms employed in Scutari in 1812 there were in
1831 only 40 in operation ; and out of 2,000 silk manufactories
which then existed at Tournovo there were in 1831 only 200
employed. There was another point on which there was
such an increase in the trade of the country that it would be
madness to shut our eyes to the danger which menaced it—he
meant the transit trade from the Black Sea to Persia. In
1830 the transit trade through Trebizond consisted of about
5,000 bales, valued at 250,0001. ; in 1834 it had increased to
12,000 bales, valued at 600,000/. ; and in 1835 to 19,300
bales, valued at 965,0001., notwithstanding the cholera and
plague both raged there, and in the ports of Persia commer-
cially connected with it, during 1835. Thus, in five years
(1830 to 1835) trade increased 140 per cent. ; in the sixth
year, as compared with the last year, 300 per cent. ; and, as
compared with the preceding year, 60 per cent., consisting
of European manufactures, nine-tenths being British.
The other point to which he should call the attention of the
House was the trade of the Danube. That trade had
been rendered free and unrestrained by the sanction of the
Treaty of Vienna. The Danube was the inlet to Wallachia
and Moldavia, both provinces objects of jealousy to Russia in
a political, as well as a commercial point of view. In 1833
the British shipping in the Danube was nothing. In 1834
the trade of this country with that quarter began, and in 1835
there were 3,000 tons employed in rt. In 1836 the amount had
doubled; there were 6,000 tons employed in it. There was a
place 135 miles beyond Trebizond, called Erzeroum, where a
trade with this country was carried on to a great extent. Eng-
land had no consul there, but Russia had; and the Russian
consul bullied the Pacha to such a degree that British interests
were tortured, and British traders were so teazed as to be
absolutely unable to carry on their business. Such was the
state of our trade with Russia. None but a Russian in prin-
ciple, and a Russian in interest, would deny that it was worthy
the utmost attention of this country.—( Hear.) None but a
Russian in principle and interest would deny that it was in the
greatest jeopardy. Every nation within the *sphere of Russian
influence—even Turkey itself—was beckoning England to
their release from a policy and a dominion which was death and
destruction to everything liberal. With regard to the subject
of treaties, he would take his stand on the fatal treaty of
Adrianople. That treaty saddled the Turkish Government
with a debt of four millions, for which it took as security the
fortress of Silistria, and secured to Russian proteges—under
the name of merchants—privileges greater than those enjoyed
by the natives, namely, exemption from one-half of the duties
imposed upon all imported articles, and liberty to live under
their own laws alone, with exemption from those of that king-
dom. It gave up 200 miles of coast on the Black Sea, the
pretensions of Turkey itself to which was at best doubtful,
and it conceded that fatal point, the Delta of the Danube, with
the stipulation that six miles opposite should be uninhabited.
England bad the power of preventing this by refusing her
sanction to that treaty, but that power she did not choose
to exercise. At that time Russia had at Adrianople but
15,000 men. She had landed at a place between the Bos-
phorus and the Balkan 12,000 men, and she had another small
force of 5,000 in another place contiguous, making in all
but 32,000 men beyond the Danube. The Turkish Alba-
nian army, on the contrary, was in full force and unabated
vigour, and bad only the day before the treaty was signed cut
off a detachment of the Russian army. Gen. Diebitsch had
even been reconnoitering to make good his retreat under the
guns of the fleet commanded by Sir P. Malcolm at the very
time, should the negotiation prove unsuccessful. The terror of
the Russians was such, until England had given her assent to
the treaty, that she was quite paralysed, and it was quite noto-
rious that if that assent had been refused, the safety of every
Russian soldier beyond the Balkan would have been compro-
mised, arid the retreat of the army completely cut off. What
was, then, the state of Austria ?—( Hear, hear.) It had arms in
its hands, and Europe was roused to indignation, and ready to
be up in defence of the integrity of Turkey. Yet, notwith-
standing this, England sanctioned the treaty ; and it was now
the cause of all the disasters to our trade in Turkey arid these
countries. A ludicrous proof of the importance which the
Russians attached to the sanction of England was the fact,
that Admiral Heyden jumped half naked from his cot, and, in
that condition, embraced the British officer who brought the
intelligence of its ratification. The next treaty was that of
Unkiar Skelessi, which was so injurious to England, and so
insulting to Europe genet:ally, that it was reduced, as the
Right Hon. Secretary for Foreign Affairs had said on a for-
mer occasion, to a dead letter, by means of a diplomatic cor-
respondence. If the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi was a dead
letter, then was the Black Sea open to our ships of war as
well as to our merchant ships ? The treaty of St. Petersburgh
followed in 1834. The House was not made acquainted
with its existence till it was four months old. That treaty was
an apparent act of magnanimity on the part of Russia, be-
cause Europe had been so disgusted with her conduct in the
former treaty. It was intended to serve as a hollow peace-
offering to the offended Powers. By that treaty the provinces
of Wallachia and Moldavia were evacuated, and the remainder
of the debt remitted ; but Russia still retained the fortress of
Silistria, which had been pledged for its payment, and a force
of 40,000 men was kept up in Bessarabia. This abdication
of the power to nominate the Hospodars was only temporary.
In Trebizond wo were not represented by a consul, therefore

r ~_c

1 our interests were neglected, and our rights violated.
.''.7,,,
last Saturday he (Mr. S.) had letters from that place, stating
~.. such
that unless some active interference speedily tookplac
was the influence of the Russian Consul there, that
Persia,
goods would be proscribed, in the name of the Shah of t'..07..
He would next cross to the Danube. He would tell the ff?tise,
in plain language, that Russia had ventured to lay
on
British ships entering there, and presumed to exercise
right of seach, and to visee the passports of British subjects.
The eject of Russia was to stop the Danube trade to (i ~..rt
Britain—to. shut up from her all access to central Euro v.,
, 1 Ptehey
that great inlet. To effect this the more comp
°f ~_a,.
were dredging the northern branch of the embouchure t tha
t
were _
er'
river, so that in a short time it would—like the southet
atil
branch, be deep enough for ships of war, which it was ns .
present. At Sebastopol, Russia had ten line of battle hip__
fit for sea at a few hours' notice, eight fricsates, twenty Tri
a tr.ibutea
vettes and brigs, eight large steam-vessels British built,
_T:
5,000 men in Goritza. At Kiow, she had an army of 50,ao_T;
men in encampment, ready to take the field: in forceßessarbi.
she had 40,000 men, until 25,000 were drafted from that.
0,
and sent elsewhere ; and in Silistria there was a Silistriagarrift
7,000 men. The last act of Russia was to evacuate
in the
but for the purpose of fortifying the Dardanelles. Why, red
time of peace, was all this preparation ? Russia had ventured
to a
to arrest British ships in time of, peace ; she
tribute on them. The ships whicn were bound thither -11., tie
received directions not to submit to search, or to py unless
tribute imposed on them. Their fate was inevitable
_h..
the House came to some expression of opinion on the, sub-
the
ject ; and they would infallibly be marched off to Oc!" if
there to stay in durance until they should
TreP„,eirlUr'
some prompt interference was not intended. Lend
an-
swer
am had remonstrated on these proceedings, but tll
than
had impos na .
he received was, if possible, a greater insult
ate,
the provocation itself.—( Hear, bear.) He renaonstr
I:
with Nesselrode, but Nesselrode referred him to the theGove r
of South Russia, and from thence he was referred to
It:
Consul of Goritza, and from thence to the British Cons I
L.
but the result was, that no redress was afforded, and vesselsat
sever returned, except that those British masters of k,
who had been aggrieved might come to Odessa, arid mind
out their own case. Such was the position which Fag with
had placed herself in. He had refrained from interfering ty'...d
the question of the conduct of Russia elsewhere, in SYriabravado
Asia Minor, and especially in Sweden, where in
they fortified a place which did not require it, a ~_
the execution of it those unfortunate Poles who had been I)i'
nished from Warsaw. He had been accused of a desire for_,
war. If a wish to protect the honour and the interestcos o:
England, at whatever price it might cost, could be so r!,,
strued, he would not deny or extenuate the charge, other;
he had no wish on the subject. It was impossible to reraever
Ver the words of Mr. Canning in that House, that " wheraeorn
the British flag was unfurled there was protection from foreign
•rof
aggression," without painfully feeling the present posittri.,
this country. The Hon. Member concluded by moving
" That an humble address be presented to his Majesty, Praaleot,
that he will be graciously pleased to order a diplomatic_st_„..
apdressed Tte
to be sent forthwith to the free and independent State of i"ta
cow; and that his Majesty will also be graciously pleasen
ed to
take such steps as to his Majesty may seem best adaPt.tain,
protect and extend the commercial interests of Great Dr'
in Turkey and the Euxine." don
of
hSiisr
HEo.n.CFOriDenßd,lNwoGuTidOcaNli,
thein raitstienngtieteo
esfatchoieldntehase:° lie
to; i.
tpiomsietiopnewwehri,chaeßdutshseiay wwaeseladt taheeis
tmheomeeenete:asistyuming as a w' the
of meeting,' 8t
facts of the case by more active proceedings_ than aPPeanreussia
present to be in the contemplation of the Executive. r the
had twenty-five sail of the line in the Baltic and tee 111, in
Black Sea, and appeared to be ready for demonstrationtime
either the north or south of Europe. The British ma: hie.
force, on the contrary, were neither concentrated or avaledi,
All the ships in commission were liable to be sent to the or,
terranean or elsewhere; and without some degree ef as to
thought was exercised, the consequences might be se,„ to
the peace of Europe. He was convinced that if we we" bad
forth our maritime force as we had done on form she-lot
sions, Russia would not have dared to have acted as o, not
done. He believed the Emperor of Russia had rag"' bira
been guilty of such evil designs as had becu ascribed t° best
inl his proceedings against Turkey, and be was sorry. to ne,
him spoken so badly of as he had been in that affair. trtati
fore the battle of Navarino, Nicholas had asked the SI: sc-
to agree to the treaty of London. This. however,_ v`nt't if
fused by Turkey, and then Nicholas had declared tha 'if
they persisted in their refusal, war should be declard,:breo
lie had been supported as he ought in this demand by the "" At
Powers concerned, Turkey would have acceded to it., re,
that period Russia had agreed that the allied fleets shoal°, 5;
tire, and that none should profit by their previous allecf—,:tY,
and had Turkey had the wisdom to accede to the l'r-wer•
Russia would have had no pretence to get her into her P:ji it)
At that period some unfortunate change (he must c hich
took place in this country, which introduced measures It to
led to a breach in the alliance, and to the offer of an insu IV
Russia, who thereupon declared war against Turke' and
held in his hand the Greek papers proving these facts'socot
would read them to the House if they wished. With re `sad
to the aggressions now feared on the part of Russia, wretaing
the means in our power to stop them completely, bY °at tlia
and fitting out a fleet, and holding it in readiness to att ccorY
moment we might need it. At present we were ind Oua;
danger of seeing our commerce with the East destroYe.'e 01
natio
god
allies lost, and our honour as a powerful and leading
Europe compromised and degraded: It was an old and absoia
maxim of British policy that where our trade was there 51. oily
be our ships. The trade we carried on in the Baltic Vrash"aLltlY
worth our protection, while that in the Black Sea wasv.:rsi'''
increasing with Turkey and the provinces bordering 01%001
The House should recollect that in all our dealings with 't oals'
and Persia, everything was carried thither in British lif-trtines
Our ships went loaded with our most profitable raaria`a;f the
instead of money, in exchange for the richeat fabric' fOr
East. There were no difficulties thrown in the ivfie of
in-
commace with the East by Turkey—no Custom eduction
terposed its duties and regulations to retard the intr%taill a
of British goods—no Prussian league existed to Inttionfac-
systematic monopoly and an exclusion of foreign Illa oleo
tures—no Autocrat like the Emperor of Russia to seifney was
back again, or confiscate them at his pleasure. In,r:creouslY,
of all countries, that with which we could most adrailtiicalt)
carry on a commercial intercourse. The great l_ootrY
which existed in the way of our intercourse with thaticie os,
arose from the conduct of the Viceroy of EgyPt• fal feet
however, entirely at our mercy. With our power se hor
contiguous to his arsenal, if we said that be must Theeea 'Oct!:
tilities with the Porte that moment he must stop. on tu-
roy had of old felt the strength of our representations sir F.
subject of the evacuation of the Morea, where be, tc,a vsitinj
Codrington) had the honour of becoming 20113°11171es i'
Lim. The Viceroy at that period had received °role rislt
resist all applications to induce him to evacuate it at (sir
of his head, and he did resist it accordingly ; but he Vern
Codrington) was as pressing on the other side, so th.c.: nieces;
was sadly puzzled; but at last prudently yielded tu
that tb
sky and evacuated the Morea. He bad no doubt so r
same means employed with this Potentate would agstosbicc
duce similar effects ; and if we prevented him front di be sal,
d P!'y rf
against Russia. But it might be asked, how con l e t
Turkey, he was confident she would be able to defend Aiwa
interfere effectually without entering into hostility ?it soigba
easily. Russia had a fleet in the Black Sea, and pglsar
easily be arranged that, at the instance of Turkel'ali °pee:
also should send a fleet there, and thus put an end to with
_,
tunity of Russia carrying on a war in that quarter:.o ~sestiqo
spect to operations in the Baltic, he looked on the' fist,'" to tl%.
which Russia was erecting in the island of Aland, cL° sties'
coast of Sweden—he looked on them as evidences ofa:tbe es;
intention on the part of Russia to aggrandise herseilaf,ady le
pense of her neighbours in the north as she htid ,lleside t_a
in the south. She had a numerous flotilla anchorea 1„' so&
island, and every thing prepared to enable her to ari'
into submission whenever she might think proper. able or iii
Lord PALMERSTON in rising to answer the
say a
tbe
of the Hon. Member, wished to be permitted to av Ore
words on a. misapprehension which had found its vr OP f
smi
oi nn dtof fa htis Hon. i
eFerti ewn da
a,
dwihvoidesedeimneodptinoiocntrtbi_anohjee.
on te.ether on Ea,
antßussi policy. He could assure him that 0 lip the by)
question nor on any other was there any division,,a Lords we
binet. We all maintain the same views (said his
awed• pied
to maintain peace as iong as peace can be Maintlo 5 10°,011
are deeply sensible of the importance oft e cl,neitrilanlea,t ablo
in the motion now before the House. ; but it he fulliustri
place its confidence in us we fancy that we may the co
_des
to protect the interests and uphold the honour I.'..o4hsdi;;;Pst
without going to war to effect it. His Hon. Fri,chis motors of
his review of Russian policy and the subjects
0.0;
aver y remote period, and pursued them throup ire° -Cont.i.gre:,°.
Poland, Turkey, and the East, beginning witia, of Cr!;joses
of Vienna, and bringing it down to the occupatn", this r!goect
He did not feel it necessary to follow him throit'icith r.uo,rs, II
or to go into the views of the British Governiof nit did 'pees'
to Poland. It might be sufficient to state that was 10 whiCh
lively interest in the affairs of that country. It_use for _ that
sary for him to enter into the justice of the cause tjltasyde that
Poland contended, or into the way in which rya had etaLdtoP
Sovereign substituted for it had worked. .fiea the ontoabll°
he did not think the revolt of the Poles jußussia tba .t alv
nig to'. to tbenolic
of that Constitution, and it was stated to ....._ Filen tate
the opinion of his Cabinet.—( Hear.)
1 opfoscedratocowsen um-0.500a
ooliwght 2;
of Russia in that quarter. When 1, 1 „,„a
thitherth,.°o
tod watch aCtco
Friend that he agreed with him so jar' agent %0100
would be very desirable to send a consular
art of hi
00 oa
trusted he would consent to withdraw that questi°l2de outgo
without taking the sense of the House. di bed 1115, .°I go
hnseuvlearr athgeenpteafcroemef this countarYo iniapi:
elecuti viiis flone•notoFl9
the present occasion whether his UOll. Frie;._ foctio sfrica_.,
necessity for interference with the
(Lord Palmerston) thought that be had rict:_jeg otic_euatr,!eo
had stated the great importcnce of maintaialio , tbe t, f to
cial and political relations with TurkeY,,,,o4, both :to de;
lying beyond, and preserving the indepeil"
for the Housed
Fee,
nation and of Persia. The real question_, Tootelicaotagra
tide on was, not whether the independence Tereial a,.° Di. tb!„,
sia should be maintained, with all the corabilt vilie,tf:d in .'„*.?
that would naturally ensue to England° eat was biliglis"di'
were any dangers to which this Govern:the
POWer°oo .- Ills
ference to their situation with respect t. „
_1
evo 00.001. was
He felt it was necessary to keep a
assistantwatcntu':if 0,70401 Tis,
tion of Turkey, and to render her
ae with
ahe (
to
Hon. Friend had shown that the a
s verY netper wa this
count Palmerston) believed that it ait by Edi p„.l, year..ablo
yearly increasing, and was of great tpronlise;linserY f°ee°'
country to watch over it, and P
His Hon. Friend had shown that within 0 Ono of ,
.riog rho
a" SP' e
trade had risen from next to nothing ti,nrkey,.t. its _
able
extent. Now, he would ask, was
_Aence, wlns, socinuite
the last wconsid°7oso
years, in a state of complete indePe"`;ra rcsouru'ie? ;t.
exercising full authority to develope Iv khe pFoplie oc Vr
, ropertY 1 ' as 10 '
rote?t
to protect its rights and toe p. Tar seas
the reverse. Part of that period ...