The Sun.
London, England, 1849-08-17 00:00:00

FRIDAY EVENING. AUGUST 17 1849

Braemar, and a final change would conduct the Queen
to Balmoral.
The morning was beautiful, and the atmosphere
without a cloud.

COURT CIRCULAR.
PERTH, AUG. 14.

Her Majesty arrived at the George Hotel, at Perth, at
four o'clock this afternoon, by railway, from Glasgow.
Her Majesty will leave Perth to-morrow morning for
Balmoral.

Her Majesty and the Prince, attended by. Viscountess
Joeelyn, the Hon. Miss Dawson, the Right Hon. Sir
George Grey, and Lieutenant Colonel the Hon. A.
Gordon, took a drive this evening in the neighbourhood
of Perth.

His Royal Flighnees Prince Albert, accompanied by
the Right Hon. Sir George Grey, and attended by Mr.
Anson and Sir James Clark, visited the General Prison
at Perth, and was shown over the establishment by the
Governor.

Their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Cambridge
and the Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburgh
Strelitz returned to Kew yesterday afternoon, from
Portsmouth.

Dispatches were received yesterday, at the Colonial-
office, from the Governors of the Cape of Good Hope
and of West Australia.
Dispatches were sent off yesterday evening from the
Colonial• office for the Governors of the West India
Colonies, and also for the Governors of St. Helena, the
Gambia, and Gibraltar.

PRESENTATION of the FREEDOM
OF THE CITY OF EDINBURGH TO SIR
J. DUKE.
EDINBURGH, WEDNESDAT.—A special meeting of
the Town Council of Edinburgh was held this day,
at twelve o'clock, for the purpose of presenting Sir
James Duke, the Lord Mayor, and one of the repre-
sentatives of the city of London, with the freedom of
the city of Edinburgh. The presentation took plsce
in the Council-chamber, which was crowded to ex-
cess by an audience who were not less desirous to
witness such an interesting ceremonial than anxious
to pay their respects to a native of Scotland, who, by
his own exertions, has amassed great opulence, as
well as raised himself to a position of the highest civic
honour "in the land. The members of the Town
Conncil were attired in their scarlet robes ; Sir James
Duke, on entering the hall, was loudly cheered. He
wore across his breast a green scarf or ribbon, sus-
pended to which was the magnificent medal or in-
signia of the Lord Mayor of London.
The proceedings commenced by the Town Clerk
reading the minutes of the meeting of council that
had been held on the previous day, and which set
forth that in testimony of respect for the private
worth and public character of Sir James Duke, and
in admiration of those qualities which had raised him
from the position of a humble native of Montrose to
the distinguished one of Lord Mayor of the metropo-
lis of England, the magistrates and council had re-
solved to present him with the freedom of the city.
The LORD PROVOST then rose, and addressing Sir
James Duke, who was seated in an elevated chair at
the other side of the table, said • My L
• or 011
have now heard read the minute of this corporation
by which we do ourselves the honour to confer on
your Lordship the freedom of this ancient city, the
capital of Scotland. I may inform your Lcrdship,
that our proceedings of yesterday are of rare occur-
rence, and it is now nearly three years since a similar
honour was conferred. 1 may mention, that amongst
the latest names inscribed in our burgess roll are
those of Dickens, Prince Albert, the Duke of Buc-
cleuch, Sir Robert Peel, Mr. Joseph Hume, the
Earl of Aberdeen, Mr. Cobden, Mr. Talbot,
Lord John Russell, Professor Liebig, Sir Henry
Pottinger, and Sir Charles Napier, and I am most
delighted to have this opportunity of adding to this
honourable list the distinguished name of Sir James
Duke, the Lord Mayor of London.—(Applause.)
Your honourable conduct has placed you amongst
the nobles of the land ; and it is a bright page in the
history of Scotland to find a Scotchman—the son of
a humble merchant, of one of its humble burghs--
the Lord Mayor of the greatest city of the earth.—
(Great applause.) I am delighted to inform my
fellow-citizens (who, as you have seen from their
anxious attendance here to• day, highly appreciate
the honour you intend to do us) that your labours
have not been for yourself alone. I know that, whilst
one of the sheriffs of London, you had your attention,
your anxiety, and your csre directed to the best means
for rendering comfortable the unhappy inmates of
Newgate. I that your exertions in this matter
must have been great ; for I know something of the
anxiety connected with devising any plan for success-
fully carrying out this great object ; and I am
delighted to say that your services were not only
recognised by the corporation of which you were a
member, and who voted you a piece of plate of the
value of 150 guineas, but that your Sovereign conferred
on you the honour of knighthood on account of them.
—(Applause.) This I think, and the country thinks,
was well bestowed.—(Hear.) I find that in the next
period of your history you became a Member of Par-
liament for the borough of Boston, and that you have
honourably fulfilled your duties in the British Senate,
in connexion with that borough, for a period of
twelve years. I am aware of their unwillingness to
have parted with your services; but yielding—as we
ought always to do on such occasions—yielding to
the preference of the great metropolis—they relin-
quished their claims to you ; and hence we now re-
cognise in you not only the Lord Mayor of London,
but one of the Members of Parliament for that great
city.—(Applause.) In your Lordship's history, allow
me to say that we trace one of the brightest examples
of the liberty of the institutions under which we live.
We see that the path to honour and eminence is open
to individuals of every class, that there is no royal road
here to eminence—for we find that a humble Scotch-
man, leaving his native shores, and settling in the
great city of London, may have, not only a seat in
the British Senate, but be placed at the head of the
greatest corporation in this country. Your history
offers a bright example, and should act as an
inducement to all to follow in your footsteps. I shall
not detain you longer, but shall now present you with
the freedom of this ancient city, and in placing it in
your hands (which the Lord Provost here did, the
burgess ticket being enclosed in a neat case), I trust
you will long be spared to enjoy the honour which
you have so well earned; and I am sure that,
amongst the many eminent men who grace our bur-
gess roll, there will be none we shall have more oc-
casion to be proud of than your Lordship.—(Great
applause.)
Sir JAMES Deals said—My Lord Provost and
magistrates of Edinburgh and gentlemen of the Town
Council, there are occasions and times when it is very
difficult to convey the feelings of one's heart; and I
fear this is one of those occasions on which I shall be
ill able to express the grateful feelings which I enter-
tain of the honour which I have now had so unex-
pectedly conferred on me. Had I been aware of the
honour which the municipal authorities of this great
and ancient city have been pleased to confer on me,
it would not only have been gratifying to my own
feelings, but respectful to your Lordship, your brother
magistrates, and the members of the Town Council,
to have appeared here in my official costume,
in order to show the respect which I owe to
you.—(Hear, hear.) But you will ascribe this
neglect, I have no doubt, to the accidental circum-
stance that I happened to be passing through your
town, when I received notice of the distinguished
honour that was about to be conferred on me. I am
sure you will believe, however, as I believe, that no
costume that I can appear in will add to the gratitude
which I feel for the honour you have conferred on
me.—(Applause.) I cannot be ignorant, my Lord,
that Edinburgh has long been, and is, renowned as
a seat of learning and science. It has produced many
men eminent in the various walks of science and lite-
rature; and when I consider that you have been
pleased to take this opportunity of enrolling my name
on the burgess list of this great city, I confess to you
that it is one of those honours of which I have reason
to feel proud, and which I shall value to the latest
hour of my hee._-(Cheers.) You have, my Lord
Provost, been pleased to refer to the names of many
eminent individuals who have had the privilege of
receiving that honour ; and while I feel myself highly
honoured at being associated with such men, I must
take leave to mention that in one of them I recog-
nize a townsman of my own, with whom I think it a
pride to be associated; fur it adds very much, in my
estimation, to the honour conferred on me, that I find
on the roll of your citizens the name of Joseph Hume.
I cannot forget, either, my Lord, that amongst the
list of names I see enrolled on the burgess list of
this ancient and distinguished city, there is the name
of a distinguished nobleman (Lord John Russell)
whom I have now the privilege to call my colleague
in Parliament, who is ably conducting the affairs of
this great empire, and who bas preserved to us the
blessings of peace, of order, and of tranquillity, at a
time when almost every country on the continent of
Europe is convulsed by anarchy.—
(Applause.) I
can well feel, my Lord, that I ought to be grateful
when I think of my name being associated with such
men, many of whom have greatly distinguished them-
selves in various ways ; some whose brows have be en
crowned with laurels for their heroic deeds by sea and
land—some who have distinguished themselves in the
Senate—and some who have adorned the bench of
justice. Although I feel that I have no claim to have
my humble name placed where others so noble are
enrolled, yet I trust I shall do nothing that shall
bring discredit on the partiality and willingness
which you have shown to encourage an bumble
Scotchman in the difficult and onerous position in
which he is placed.—(Applause.) My Lord, you have
been pleased to refer to my early entrance upon life,
and I am never, I can assure you, ashamed to con-
fess, in the most distinguished company, that I
sprung from the humblest condition of life—that
rec„iese but fl.O I 110.1),e "belt 1 left toy native
town.—(Great applause.) Sir James was here tvi-
. dently much affected.) If I referred, my Lord, at all to
the circumstance to which you adverted of my early

services in the navy, it would not be from any feeling
of pride on account of any such services, but rather as
an encouragement to young men to think that there
is no difficulty to which they may be exposed that
they may not, by industry and perseverance, sur-
mount.—(Cheers.) When I tell you that the circum-
stance of my having been in the navy militated
greatly against my entrance into commercial life,
from the prejudice entertained to gentlemen who have
been in the navy undertaking the laborious duties of
the counting house, you will readily understand that
I experienced no small difficulty in my early com-
mercial career. But having been initiated in the
commerce of the city of London, I have been blessed
by Providence in a most eminent degree; and I feel
that whilst I acknowledge my gratitude to Providence
for having blessed me with the means of maintaining
the position which I have subsequently filled, I
hope I have secured the independence by a course
of untarnished honour.—(Great applause.) You
have referred to the circumstance of my being
totally unacquainted in London; and as you
have already said, I was not only totally
unacquainted, but I went there exposed to difficulties
which nothing but the greatest perseverance could
surmount. I continued, from 1819 up to the peri,d
of my taking office as chief magistrate, to carry on
one of the largest businesses of that particular branch
of trade with which I am connected that was ever
carried on by any house in the world ; and I have to
tell you that, in regard to that particular branch of
business with which I was associated, I was an entire
stranger, while I had to contend with those whose
local influence was great. Yet, notwithstanding all
this, I ultimately gained the esteem and confidence of
those who placed in my hands, for many years, the
most extensive mercantile system ever carried on by
any house in the same branch of business.—(Hear,
hear.) I mention this, as I said before, to show that,
in this happy country, whatever differences of opinion
may sometimes irritate public men, the young man
who perseveres in a course of integrity, of sobriety,
and, let me add, economy, cannot fail to make himself
respected and encouraged.—(Applause). I feel,tt
however, that it is not to any services of my own that I
owe this honour which you have now conferred on
me, but to the circumstance that the city of
London, to which I owe so much, has always
appreciated what humble services I could render to
uphold the privileges of my fellow-citizens, and to
render myself useful on all occasions. I owe much
to the city of London ; and I feel that, amongst
other things, I owe the additional honour of being
enrolled amongst the burgesses of the capital of my
native country. I beg your Lordship to believe that,
in my future course of public as well as of private
life, it will be a stimulus to me to bear in mind the
address which you have now given ; and that in
placing in my hands this valuable testimony of the
approbation of the city of Edinburgh, I feel that you
have imposed on me an injunction not to tarnish the
illustrious name of this city in my future life, or to
do anything that will bring discredit on the capital
of my native country.—(Applause.) I again beg to
return you my heartfelt thanks for the honour which
you have conferred on me by enrolling me on the list
of your citizens.

Sir James resumed his seat amidst great applause.
In retiring from the Council-chamber Sir James
Duke cordially shook hands with all the ,gentlemen
present.

AN ENGLISHMAN'S FIRST VIEW
OF NEW YORK.
The following paragraphs are taken from a private
letter, received by the last packet from America. As
the expressions of an English gentleman on the occa-
sion of his first visit to the United States, they may
he found interesting. The letter is dated New York,
July 29, and the remarks upon the engineering
achievements of Brother Jonathan are the more
worthy of attention as coming from one who has
long since acquired a high scientific reputation :
"I arrived in this magnificent port by the Europa,
Captain Lott, on Friday morning the 27th instant, in a
passage of 12i days, the first six days rough and bois-
terous, the rest of the period most agreeable. We ex-
perienced of the captain and the officers of that gallant
ship all that could be desired, and had a very pleasant
party (117 cabin passengers), who enjoyed the voyage,
and all the excellent fare and accommodation with which
that excellent ship abounds.
"I acknowledge I have been completely taken by sur-
prise on entering this beautiful harbour, and steaming
up between four cities, New York, Brooklin, Jersey
City, and Williamsburg, in the magnificent waters of the
Hudson River and East River, forming several pictu•
resque islands—Statin, Long Island, &c.—well wooded
and studded with very pretty and tastefully erected
villas. On the bosom of these inviting waters are seen
numerous shipping, steam-boats, and coasters, and such
a busy scene of constant interchange of ferries, plying
with teeming multitudes, New York in the hick
ground, like Venice seated on her waters. I went yes-
terday to see and inspect the New World, a most stu-
pendous steam-ship, which plies daily on the Hudson
between New York and Albany, distant 145 miles.
This majestic ship is 368 feet long, 36 feet wide.' Her
engines are the largest ever yet made, 15 feet stroke ;
her paddle-boxes, 40 feet diameter, 18 strokes to the
minute, equal to 2,160 feet or 720 yards.* This floating
palace is fitted up in the most gorgeous style, her nu-
merous saloons carpetted with extraordinary beauty,
with highly-painted ceilings, chandeliers, sofas, arm
chairs, pianos, harps, &c., exquisitely arranged ; awn-
ings on deck, and every luxurious accommodation for
1,000 passengers. She is a little town afloat. I never
saw any thing so brilliant, so sumptuous, and so cheap.
I am much pleased with New York, and shall endeavour
to give you an idea of its hotels, by an account of the one
that lam at. The " Irving House," situated in the
Broadway, corner of Heade-street, is kept by D. D.
Howard, Esq., cost about six hundred thousand dollars,
and about one hundred and ten thousand dollars to fur.
nish it. It is five stories high, and built of granite. Its
frontage is one hundred and five feet on Broadway, one
hundred and twenty-five feet on Reade-street, and two
hundred and twenty- five feet on Chamber-street, con-
tains three hundred and fifty rooms, and can accomo-
date four hundred and fifty persons There are 40 white
and 100 black servants, the latter dressed in the occi-
dental costume; and the precision and regularity of the
waiters, with their polite manners and attentions, are
surprising and gratifying, they anticipate your wants."
* The following are the dimensions of the four great
steam-ships built by Mr. Collins:—
Steamer Empire States. 1,000 Tons.
Length ... 330 feet.
Breadth ... 31 feet.
Depth ... 10 feet.

Two cylinders 48 inches each, 12 feet stroke.
Steamer Hendrick Hudson. 1,200 tons.
Length ... 340 feet.
Breadth ••• ••• ••• 36 feet.
Depth ... 10 feet.
Cylinder 72 inches, 11 feet stroke.
Steamer Isaac Newton. 1,400 tons.
Length ... 335 feet.
Breadth ... 41 feet.
Depth ... 10 feet.
Cylinder 80 inches, 12 feet stroke.
Steam-boat New World. 1,600 tone.
Length ... 367 feet.
Breadth ••• ••• . . 36 feet.
Depth ... 10 feet.
Cylinder 76 inches, 15 feet stroke.
The measure of these four boats in length is a quarter
of a mile, and will carry from 1,500 to 2,000 passengers.
Certified by W. H. Brown, Esq.

COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS'
SCHOOLS.

By the liberality of the council of the Zoological
Society, the scholars of the Commercial Travellers'
Schools for orphan and necessitous children, were
admitted on Wednesday afternoon to an inspection of
the extensive collection of animals in the Regent's
Park. After the children were within the gardens
they were divided into several knots, each of which
was confided to a separate guardian, whose task it
was to impart instruction, and preserve from a too
near approach to the,savage animals, as occasion might
require. The almost countless variety of specimens
of living objects, from the great to the minute, in-
cluding the most docile with the most ferocious, the
most beauteous with the most forbidding, afforded
untiring gratification, and elicited continuous excla-
mations of wonder and delight. To children the
study of natural history is of all pursuits the most
attractive, and this most pleasing page of the great
book of nature was thus agreeably laid open to the
children's contemplation.
After the gardens had been explored, the different
bands anti groups were congregated en the lawn,
where they were put through their drill; they also
sang several pieces of music, after which they were
marched to their vehicles, and were driven to the
warehouse of the treasurer in Bow Church-yard
City, where a feast of a different character was pre-
pared for them; less intellectual, it is true, but, if we
may judge by the alacrity with which it was com-
menced, not less welcome. For a while there was a
struggle between the keenness of the children's ap-
petites on the one side, and the celerity of the
numerous servitors on the other, but all things human
are finite, and the issue of the contest proved that even
children's appetites have an end. Several ladies
and gentlemen were present to see the children enjoy
themselves. Mr. Moore and his partners busied
themselves in giving directions to ensure the comfort
of the scholars. Several pieces of music were sung
in parts with great effect, and, after a good hearty
" God save the Queen," the children were again
got under weigh, and were driven home to Wanstead
right full of glee. The weather was most delightofui.,
and the jaunt altogether was a very happy_nosnt%
cction
bining, as it did, health with recreation, i
with relaxation, and furnishing many
future thought, and supplying lessons for enlarge
men* and elucidation hereafter. a theme fur

A. deep and profound knowledge of ourselves will
never fail to curb the emotions we may feel at the foibles
of others. We shall have learnt the difficulty of correct.
iog our own irkits too vtli to sitilike
and inAead of making them the oujects ut. our 6'4leasu.)••
they will become the objects of our pity and our prayers.
Cook'o Journal.

TESTIMONIAL
TO THE HUNGARIAN REFUGEES

THE HUNGARIAN NATION COUNTS ON THE SYMPATHY
OF EVERY NATION WHICH LOVES RIGHT AND Ll-
BERTY."—Kossuth's Protest against Russian Interval-
tion.

Subscriptions may be sent to the following bankers:—
Messrs. Coutts and Co.
Messrs. Drummand.
Messrs, Smith, Payne, and Smith ;
or to any one of the members of the committee recently
formed to carry out the Testimonial.
4.*A1l further Post-office orders to he made payable to Mud°
Young, Eeq., at the Mont'• Order Office, Strand.

Subscriptions already received ... .• ...817 9
Subscription raised at the Duke of York, Upper
Rathbone-place, per Thomas Rogers ... 1 1 10
Death to the Enemies of Freedom, Hull ... 0 1 6
A Few Friends to the Cause, in Frome, Somerset 1 2 0
Bern the Younger • ••• ••• 017 0
Proceeds of a Raffle for-a small Painting (the Gift
of A Daughter of Britannia), held at the Bell
Tavern, Gracechurch-street ..• ... 2 7 6
Subscriptions Collected at a Meeting at Carlisle
(not yet received) ... ... 4 3 9
A Few Friends of Freedom, third subscription,
per F. R. B. ... ... 014 0
John Adams
Joseph Parfait ... • 01 6
.
An English Republican ... •0 3 0
J. 11. Hutchinson, Little Pulteney• stree▪
t, fourth
'collection
J. Atkins, draper, Reading ... • I 0 0
Four Contributions, per Julian Harney:—
The Locomotive Carriage and Waggon-makers,
Siuth-Eastern Railway, Bricklayers' Arens
Station, Old Kent-road ... ..• ... 1 2 9
A Few Democrats, Sheffield ..• 0 3 4
A Few Nailmakers, Merthyr Tydvil ..• 0 2 6
Three Democrats, Lynn
From Barnstaple, per Lord Nugent •.. 010 0

Total

••• ••• £B3l 12 4i

THE WAR IN HUNGARY.
(From the Derby Reporter of this day.)
A man must indeed be in love with despotism who
does not feel his heart stirred with anger as he con-
templates the conduct of Russia towards Hungary ;
arid he must be dead to the glorious memories of
England, and to all fellow feeling with the martyrs
and champions of our liberty, who does not give his
earnest prayer for the triumph of the Hungarians
who are fighting and dying in the same sacred cause
as our fathers, and with the same heroic fortitude and
self-devotion. One by one the large towns of Eng-
land are declaring their sympathies for the brave
people surrounded by foes on every side, their scorn
of the meanness of Austria, their hatred and fear of
the ambition of Russia. We • should have been sur-
prised as well as grieved if Derby had not lent its
voice to swe 1 the general tide of opinion ; and the
nieetii.g of which we give a report in our columns
proves that we did not misjudge our townsmen. We
are all united, without much respect to party feelings,
in wishing tyranny may meet with ill luck.
For a time those organs of public opinion which
seek every safe occasion of inculcating servile prin•
ciples, and of reprobating the noblest efforts of the
oppressed while lauding every ignominious subterfuge
or inhuman barbarism in the oppressor, denounced the
Hungarians as rebels, and traduced them as the stupid
opponents of an advanced civilization. But if a proof
were wanting that the press has little power to in-
fluence the nation against the common feelings of our
nature and the dictates of good sense, that proof has
been given within the last three months. Half the
press were determined that the public should think
one way ; but the public persisted in thinking—or
rather gradually formed its opinion—the other; and
as Mahomet would go to the mountain when the
mountain rejected his mandate to move from its
primeval base, so the Times and other journals
began to approach in opinion to the public when
the latter would not move whither its blind self-
constituted guides would have led it. The per-
fidy of the Austrian Emperor, led by the cania-
rilla against his own weak but honest nature
—his oath to preserve the ancient right of Hungary
in the spring of 1848, and his faithless withdrawal
of it in the autumn—the stirring up one section of
Hungarians against another (all his own subjects)
by what the Roman Catholic clergy in their address
to him call " infernal intrigues,"—the marching of
armies to coerce an independent people from the
exercise of rights himself had guaranteed them—.
the cruelties perpetrated in the conduct of the war
—the cold-blooded murder of the men who de-
fended, and the scourging of women whose only
crime was to weep for their native land;—all this
was disregarded by a part of the free press of a free
and just country. But a change has now come over
the Times; it is overshadowed by the form of public
opinion while deluding itself with the belief that
itself was that form, arid the public opinion its ob-
sequious shadow. And that public opinion has
power to conquer mightier foes than daily journals.
Lord Palmerston rightly said it was of more force
than the bayonet's thrust, and louder voiced than the
thunder of cannon ; and Dr. Vaughan, in his admi-
rable speech at the Manchester meeting, claimed
for it the power to make afraid the barbarism
of Russia, to quell the pride of Austria, and to cut
deeply into the vanity of the recreant professors of
generous principles—the French. It certainly has
such power that no deed can prosper long which has
the contempt and execration of the good and the just.
Every nation is jealous of its estimation in the world;
and the nobles, the generals, the public men of
France, of Russia and Austria, will feel the reproaches
of Englishmen, and armies will lose heart and relax
exertion in a cause which is not sanctioned by the
voice of Europe.
Could we give the Hungarians therefore nothing
but our sympathy, and the aid of our reprobation of
their enemies, it would avail them much. But that
is not all we give when we meet together and declare
our sentiments. We are a peaceful people. We are
well aware of the cost and the calamity of war. But
we are aware, too, that there are evils worse than
war, and that to surrender any of our just rights, is
to invite those evils—for as Lord Palmerston said,
" the events which in their immediate consequences
affect only other countries come back on us with
disastrous effect in those consequences which are
more remote but equally certain." When we sav,
therefore, to our Minister that we would have hiin
protest against the unjust invasion of a nation's rights
by Russia, we indirectly say that should the dread-
ful duty of war he cast upon us we are ready to
abide it.

If there be a situation more painful than another,
it is to stand helpless while the bad agents of the
world do their permitted work on those who are
struggling onwards towards what is good. To feel
within us the power of help, but to be constrained
by the sense of duty and by the commands of reason
to withhold it, is only less painful because the feeling
of energy strives against the dejection of sorrow.
But we may not claim the privilege of ass
cause our hearts approve, until that onlyt either lsmg
warrant of
war—the duty of defending ourselves—is
it.ve War must be
s
s
di-
rectly or indirectly
posiend on us
i
us by necessity. Until
that time, whatever evils happen in the world, it is
our part to do no more than encourage the struggles
of those who are wronged, and to discourage the
insolence of ill-used power.
Who, however, can doubt that our Government
sees reason to distrust the motives of Russia, and to
fear that they have their origin in schemes which
may hereafter embroil us with her ? The peace and
integrity of the Austrian dominions are not objects
of such paramount regard to Russia that she would
spend her treasure or risk her armies to obtain them.
Nor is the quarrel between Austria and Hungary
one which of itself would awaken her anxieties or
repay her service. Hungary is in her way to the
East ; to secure possession of that way she believes
to be her interest, and her whole policy is and has
been to weaken the power of both Hungary and
Austria. It was no doubt with the liveliest interest
she watched the progress of the dissension between
the two kingdoms, and held out the promise of
assistance to Austria lest peradventure the doubt of
her own ability to contend successfully with the
roused spirit of Hungary might have tempted that
power to settle the difference on a basis of mutual
compromise. That forms one reason for the inter-
ference of Russia; but there is another which con-
cerns the wellbeing of Europe as much as does the
prevention of her progress to Constantinople. Alongr
the line of boundary which separates We!stteircnmfom
orai
Eastern Europe, meet the two an
principles which are and have been at workg°ni for many
centuries. Nations entirely feudal or barbarous
must needs retain sonie
portion of liberty, because,
there is as yetno constant
f
- central power capable of
controlling the _eedom
of one district or people by
bringing
on it the force of the others. But as civi-
lization advanced the practice of keeping up large
standing armies grew up, and a controlling power
was thus given. But in most of the Western States
of Europe there grew up, too, a stronger civil sys-
tem. As nations became more thickly peopled and
the light of intelligence and science was more diff-
fused, the civil became more able to contend with
the military power, and indeed the spirit of the for-
mer was caught by and diffused among the latter.
But in Russia there exists, along with the utmost
ignorance and weakness of the civil system and re-
lations, the utmost strength of the military element.
' That indeed is the only civilization, rightly consi-
dered, which exists there ; and Russia may be re-
garded in the same aspect as the ancient Republics
tl,c inc-,2lve, our vi ow—a. conUiniog a :,a-
perior order of soldiers and civilians among a horde of
slaves. The question for this age is, whether from
the West shall flow,onward to the East the great tide

of intelligence, and v.-ith it the doctrines and practice
lof self-g( v-rnment; or whether the hoof of the Cos•
sack horse shall tread out the vestiges of a better
civilization elong the border of Russia's vast do-
minions, and a larger Poland be made of the countries
which stretch from the Baltic to the Black Sea.
Whoever has read the report presented to the Em-
peror of Russia by one of the statesmen of that country
—part of which was published in a masterly article
on the llungarian question in 131achwood's Magazine
for June—will attain some insight into
the designs of Russia, nor will doubt
that she believes herself to have a mission to recon-
struct Europe on a new political basis. Austria weak-
ened—France bereft of her moral force by her dis-
reputable conduct at Rome, and deaf to all calls of
honour and prudence through poor and mean conten-
tions of political parties—only England left to
threaten with her arm or remonstrate with her voice—
the opportunity is favourable to Russia. But men
who will die for their country, as the Hungarians are
willing, are not easily conquered; and it is only for
a time, let us hope, that France is mute under the
sense of conscious disgrace. A better time is coming
when she will prefer her honour and her interests to
the schemes of a Thiers, or the rivalries of Louis
Napoleon or Henri the Fifth.
Meanwhile, in the words of the patriot and states.
man Louis Kossuth, we say—" To the Magyars
freedom, renown, well-being, and happiness !"