The Sun.
London, England, 1849-09-25 00:00:00

MAZZINI AND THE FRENCH
GOVERNMENT.
TO MESSIEURS DE TOCQUEVILLE AND DE FALLOUX,
MINISTERS OF FRANCE.
Gentlemen,—lf in your speeches in the Assembly,
on the 6th and 7th of August, you had restricted
yourselves to calumniating me, I should have been
silent. Throughout my life I have never felt any-
thing but indifference to calumny and contempt for
the calumniators. But you have calumniated an en-
tire revolution, holy in its right, and pure from all
excess in its career; a whole people, good, brave, and
remarkable for the attachment to order, and for the
capability of discipline which it has inherited from
its ancestors. You have, to serve your own ends—
you men of study and of calm philosophy—repeated
at the tribune the same co-nmonplacta, of "anarchy,"
" foreign faction," and " terror," with which the
journalists, hired to prepare the way for an ini-
quitous expedition, systematically fed the public
mind for the space of two months. You have de-
liberately, with the smile of irony on your lips, cast
the slanders of reaction upon those who have died
for their awakening country. It is necessary, for
the honour of humanity, that some one should
protest. It is necessary, not for you, not for a par-
liamentary majority from which, under the influence
of egotism and brute force, all moral sense has de•
parted, but for those amongst you who suffer as we
suffer, for their lost liberty, and for the future of
France, that the voice of one honest man should be
heard, and should say to you :—" Gentlemen, your
eloquence is artifice, your faith hypocrisy ; through-
out the whole series of your declarations you have
done nothing but lie to France and to Europe. If
there is anything viler than the executioner, it is he
who insults the corpse, who deals a blow, like that of
her valet upon the pale cheek of Charlotte Corday."
I come forward, therefore, to retest in the name of
Rome. I know men who, for the honour of France,
ought now to do what I am doing; they are the
employes of your chancellerie at Rome,* whom I
have seen blush at the conduct of their Government,
and who thanked me for the protection afforded them,
and for the admirable conduct of the Roman
people ; but they feared dismissal from their
posts. I know others—these belong to us—
who from Rome itself, in the face of sacerdotal yen-
geance, would now willingly protest against your
calumnies ; but your foreseeing administration has
deprived them of the only means of so doing, by sup-
pressing every journal in Rome except your own.t
Rome was without a Sovereign. The Pope had
deserted and fled, and fled to Gaeta. A Governmental
Commisson, which he had instituted, had refused to
act. Two deputations, sent one after the other,
entreating Pius IX. to return, were repulsed. It was
necessary to put an end to a state of things which
was inevitably leading to anarchy and civil war. It
was at one o'clock, on the morning of the 9th of
February, that the downfal of the temporal power,
and, as a consequence, the inauguration of the
republic were proclaimed. By whom ? By the
Constituent Assembly of the Roman States. In
what manner had that assembly been elected ? By
universal suffrage. Had there been—l speak not of
terror—but even any agitation, any influence illegally
exercised ? No, all had taken place calmly, quietly,
without corruption, without threats. Was the
minority imposing? Out of one hundred and forty-
four members present eleven voices declared against
the proclamation of the Republic as inopportune ' • five
against the abolition of the temporal power. How
many amongst those whom you now stigmatise as
foreigners, how many Italians born out of the Roman
States were then seated upon the benches of the
assembly? Two—Garibaldi and General Ferara. I
deceive myself—Garibaldi had already set out for
Rieti. It was not until some time later that Saliceti,
Cernuschi, Cannonieri, Dalt Ongaro, and myself,
were elected. In what manner was the double pro-
clamation received by the populations ? Was there
through all the extent of the Roman territory a single
attempt at resistance, a single mark of dissent, a
single protestation in favour of the fallen power ?
No, not one. A few carabiniers on the fror.tiers of
Naples deserted, perhaps imagining themselves com-
promised by the arrests that they had been obliged to
make under Gregory. And this was all. The towns
and the country saluted the Republic with a
common joy. The old municipalities, elected
under the Papal regime, sent in their adhesion, since
renewed by those elected by universal suffrage on the
11 th of March. Pius IX. had still some personal
friends ; the Papal Government could not boast of
one. And later on, after the 30th, when the Govern-
ment on the eve of the quadruple invasion was obliged
to concentrate its forces, and could therefore retain
only a moral influence in the provinces—in the midst
of the financial crisis, and in spite of the efforts of
some few reactionaries, this, the conservative ele-
ment of the state, renewed again the testimony of a
spontaneous adhesion to the Republic. Bologna,
Ancona, Perugia, Civita Vecchia, Ferrara, Ascoli,
Cesena, Fano, Faenza, Forli, Foligno, Macerate,
Narni, Pesaro, Orvieto, Ravenna, Rieti, Viterbo,
Spoleto, Urbino, Terni ; two hundred and sixty-
three municipalities sent addresses declaring in the
name of the populations that the abolition of the
temporal power and the existence of the Republic
formed henceforth a double condition of life for the
Roman States.
The Constituent Assembly, consisting of 150 mem-
bers, the elite of the country, by the instincts of the
heart, if not by the force of intelligence, and of whom
seven only did not belong to the Roman States,
kept their seats without interruption until the moment
when brute force in violating the duties and the pro-
mises of France, dissolved them. It had dictated or
sanctioned everything that had been done from the
9th of February till the 2,1 of July.
And by whom did it govern ? First by an execu-
tive committee; two Romans, Armellini and Mon-
tecchi ; one Nepolitan, Saliceti ; afterwards by the
Triumvirate—the same proportion. But below the
supreme executive, all that vivified and embodied
the principle of government, all that represented
or that affected the country in administration, in
the distribution of offices, in the every-day affairs of
State, was purely Roman. The President of the
Council under the Executive Committee, Muzzarelli ;
the Minister of Grace and Justice, Sazzarini ; that
of Foreign Affairs, Rusconi ; of the Interior, Saffi
and Mayer; of Finance, Guillioli and Manzoni , of
Public Works, Sterbini and Montecchi ; of War, Cam-
polio and Calandrelli—all belonged to the Roman
States. The Police (sicurizza pubblica) was succes-
sively directed by Mariani, Meucci, Meloni, and
Galvagni, all Roman subjects. The Ministry of
Public Instruction was entrusted tc a Roman, Sturbi-
netti; other Romans were charged with the direction
of the public debt, and of the statistical department,
and with the presidency of the high Court of Justice,
the direction of the hospitals, the Mint, &c. A com-
mission of seven, all Romans, Sturbinetti, Piacentini,
Salvati, Meucci, Allocatelli, Spada, Castellani, was
named to examine all applicatioas for employment.
Not a single president, not a single employe or
Government officer in the provinces, who was not born
a subject of the Roman State. Amongst all the
superior officers successively appointed from the first
to the last day of the Republic, I find but two men
who were not born Romans—Avezzana, Minister of
War, and Brambilla, a member of the financial com-
mittee—the latter of whom, however, had two fellow-
officers who were Romans, Valentini and Constabili.
And the army :—The small army concentrated in
Rome at the time of the siege was composed of the
Ist of the line, Colonel De Pasqualis ; 2d ditto,
Colonel Gaucci Molari • 31 ditto, Colonel Marchetti ;
all these Romans, soldiers and officers. Two light
regiments :—The first commanded by Masi, the very
man whom M. de Corcelles, in his dispatch of the
12th June, puts down as a foreigner, entirely Ro-
mans ; the second, commanded by Pasi, the same.
The Roman Legion, commanded by Galletti. The
Riflemen, commanded by Mellen, since dead of his
wounds, all Romans. The small body of the
Rcduci, Romans. The battalion Bignami, Romans.
The regiment called the Union, Romans. The
body of Carabiniers, General Galletti, Romans.
The Dragoons, Romans. The body of Engineers,
Romans ; the Artillery, Romans. All these, all the
chiefs I have already named, the Colonels Piana,
Amadei, Berti•Pichat, the General-in• Chief Roselli,
the Chief Intendants, first Gaggiotti, and afterwards
Salvati, the principal employes at the Ministry of
War, all Romans, represented the indigenous element.
Where, then, were the foreigners? Garibaldi and
his legion, 800 men ; Arcioni and his legion, 300
men ; Manara, dead for liberty, and his Lombard rifle-
men, 500 men • 200 Poles; the foreign legion, 100
men ; the handful of brave men who defended the
Vasiello under Medici. Altogether, 2,000 men ; but
not really so many, because Arcioni's legion contained
at least'one-third of Romagnoli, because the little knot
of cavalry which formed part of Garibaldi's legion,
and which was commanded by Misina of Bologna,
dead on the field, were almost all Roman citizens,
and because half even of the foot soldiers of Garibaldi
belonged to the country.
The number of " foreigners" who assisted in the
defence of Rome was from 1,400 to 1,500 men ; from
1,400 to 1,500 men amongst a total of 14,000; for it
is well that Italy should know that 14,000 men, a
young army without traditions, and improvised under
the very fire of the enemy, held in check for two

BEAUMONT, in the parish of CHESHUNT, HERTS.
A delightfully situated Modern Gothic VILLA, with the Manor of
Beaumont. beautiful Grounds, and a valuable FARM and Orna-
mental WOOD LANDS, the whole freehold and in perfect re-
pair, with immediate possession ; also some detached Fields
and other Property in Cheshunt-street, one heir's ride from

London.
MESSRS. DANIEL SMITH and SON will
SELL by AUCTION. at the Auction Mart, on FRIDAY,
October 19, at Twelve (unless an acceptable offer shall be previously
mane by Private Treaty), together or in lots,
The above beautiful ESTATE, comprising an elegant small Villa,
erected about eighteen years since, replete with every appendage
for a moderate establishment, particularly as to its domestic
offices, and very superior stabling and out-buildings, walled
garden, dairy, &c. ; the whole well supplied with excellent
water. It stands upon a tine sheltered eminence and a gravel
soil, with a beautiful and extensive lawn, and its park•like
paddocks spread in bold undulations in full view of the house, which
faces the south, and is embellished by an ornamental conservatory
and Gothie arcade. T e pleasure grounds and gravelled walks,
with a handsome carriage drive, encircle the house. The lands
are in large enclosures, the greater part sound pasture land, btu dded
with fine elm and oak timber, and intersected by fine springs aid
streamiets. There are two neat cottages for gardener and laundry,
and various farm buildings. The neighbourhood is richly wooded,
and within the meets of two packs of hounds, and the estate is well
supplied with game, being surrounded by some large preserves. Also,
in separat~ lots, some detached fields ; a house and shop, with large
garden, &c., and two cottages, with gardens, in the High-street of
C heshunt.
Particulars and plans may be bad on the premises ; at the Aue-
tion Mart; of E. Taverner, Esq., Solicitor, 9, New Broad-street,
City ; at Messrs. Crawler's Offices,Cheshunt ; and of Messrs. Daniel
Smith and Son, Land Agents, in Waterloo-place, Pall-mall.

The beautiful ESTATE and RESIDENCE of WOODSIDE, at OLD
WINDSOR, BERKS.
31[ESSRS. DANIEL - SMITH - and SON will
OFFER by AUCTION, at the Auction Mart, Bartholomew-
lane, on FRIDAY, the 19th of October next, at twelve (unless an ac-
ceptable offer should be previously made by Private Treaty),
The above most delightfully situated and capital FREEHOLD
RESIDENCE, comprising a substantial mansion of the Elizabethan
style of architecture, standinglin a small park, studded with venera-
ble old oaks and other line timber, and commanding splendid views
of the Castle ; also a valuable farm adjoining, altogether about 109
acres, in a ring-fence, with walled gardens, beautiful pleasure-
grounds, conservatory, an ornamental cottage residence, and farm-
house buildings. It is delightfully secluded, though within two miles
of Windsor and one of the Thames, upon the ascent to Eriglefleld-
green, skirted by a richly wooded portion of the Great Park.
Cards to view may be had of John Seeker, Esq., solicitor, Wind-
sor ; and of Messrs. Daniel Smith and Son, surveyors, Waterloo-
place, Pall •mall ; and of their ag,nts at Windsor.

TV ELL GWYNNE TAVERN and CHOP-
1. 19 HOUSE, Bull Inn-court, Strand, Three Doors East of the
Adelphi Theatre, and opposite Adam-street. Luncheons, Diluters,
and Suppers.
Table d'Hote at Half-past Five precisely (Sundays excepted), Fish
and Joints, 2s. Hot Joints until Eight, and Suppers until One o'clock.
The Nell Gwynne Tavern which is situated in the very centre of
the metropolis, is sear to the principal Theatres, and the Table
d'ilote has been fixed at an hour that will be found convenient for
Citizens, the Legal Profession, and Gentlemen connected with the
Public Offices and Banking Houses, also Visitors to London who are
frequenters of the Theatres. Private Rooms for the accommodation
of small parties. Good Beds. Wines and Spirits of superior quality.
Barclay and Perkins's Stout, and Salt's celebrated Pale Ales.
JOHN ARCHER and THOMAS HOLT, Proprietors.

THE ROYAL POLYTECHNIC
INSTITUTION, REGENT-STREET.
Dissolving Views, of Rome.—Lecture and Experiments, with tho
Hydro-Electric Machine.—Lectures Chemistry—Exhibition of the
Oxy-hydrogen Microscope.—Diver and Diving-bell.—The Chroms-
trope.—Explanations of Models and Machinery.
Open daily 11rom Eleven to Five ; and iz the Evenings (except
,aturday) Prom Seven till Ilalf-past Ten.
Admission, Is,—Sehools, half-price.—The New Catalogue. U.
_ _

'jam O THE L ADIE S.
The powerful influence of the sun on the skin at this period
of the year calls for Increased attention in preserring its delicacy and
beauty. The most pleasing and effectual specific for this desirable
object is
ROWL ANDS' X ALYDOR,
so deservedly established in Royal and Public favour and estimation.
Its application neutralizes the effects of atmosphere, and induces
that healthy action of the microscopic vessels of the skin, by which
its delicacy and beauty are so essentially promoted. Freckles, Tan,
Spots, Pimples, and Discolorations fly before the application of the
KALYDOR, and give place is a healthy smoothness and transpa-
rency of complexion. Ladies travelling or taking out-door exercise
will find it to diffuse a grateful and refreshing feeling. In cases of
Sunburn, or Stings of Insects, its virtues have long been acknow-
ledged. Price 4s. 6d. and Ss 6d. per Bottle.
ROWLANDS MACASSAR OIL,
delightfully fragrant and transparent preparation ; and as an invi-
gorator and beautifier beyond all precedent. Price is. 6d.-7s.
Family Bottles (equal to four small), 10s. 6d., and double that size,
21s. per Bottle.
ROWLANDS' ODONTO,
OR PEARL DENTIFRICE,
A WHITE POWDER, composed of the rarest and most fragrant
exotics. It bestows on the teeth a Pearl-like Whiteness, frees them
from Tartar, and imparts to the Gums a healthy firmness, and to
the Breath a delightful fragrance,
Price 2s. 9d, per box.
BEWARE OF SPURIOUS IMITATIONS.
The only Genuine of each bears the name of " ROWLANDS' "
preceding that of the Article on the Wrapper or Label. Sold by
them at 20, Hatton-Garden, London, and by Chemists and Per-
fumers,

RAILWAY SHARE MARKETS.
BRISTOL, SEPT. 24.
STOCK EXCIIANGE.—The transactions to-day were as fol-
low :—Great Western, Quarters, 10% dis.—Bristol end Ex-
eter, Thirds, 10% dis.
LIVERPOOL, SETT. 24.
STOCK EKCHANGE.—The share market was much better
to-day, and a good business was transacted at higher prices.
We close hardly so well as in the early part of the day. The
sales are—Lancaster and York, Consol. (M. and L.), 37 dis:
—Ditto, Fifths, 61/g dis.— London and North-Western, 112
Ditto, New Quarters, 13/, p.—Midland, 52—Ditto, Halves,
181 dis.— North British, New Preference, ls. 3d. dis.—Shrewa.
bury and Chester (N. W. M.), Preference, guaranteed 8 per
cent, 1514—South-Eastern and Dover, (No. 4), 614—York,
Newcastle, and Berwick (Original N. and B.), G. N. E. ,
Purchase, 6 per cent. till 1850, 434 dis.
/lIANCEIESTER, SEPT. 24.
Sinn& EKCHANGE.—The transactions to-day were as fel-
low North tallOrllsuirr, uls. Du.Gl (IL,. a),
Scrip, 6 1-16 Ditto (Registered), s%—Manchester and
Birmingham (C), Quarters. 1% p.—York and North Mid-
land, 211/B—West Riding Union, 614 dis.—Manchester and
Leeds, Fifths, 6% dis. Clitheroe (A), 251. Shares, 4
Old Grimsby, 121 A.
BIRMINGHAM, SEPT. 24.
STOCK EXCHANOE.—The prices of all descriptions of rail-
way shares remain firm at last quotations. Holders are dis-
inclined to sell at the present market prices, and there are few
speculators inclined to advance upon them.
YORK, Sam 22.
STOCK EXCIIANGE.—The transactions to-day were as
follow :—Great Northern, 71,4—North Staffordshire, 9%
North-Western, Preference, 314—York and North Mid-
land, 21.

SERIOUS ACCIDENT.—The Falmouth horse-race
and steeple-chase came off on Friday the 14th instant.
The pleasure of the day's sport was interrupted by the
falling of the grand stand, whereby many persons have
been seriously injured. One gentleman had his thigh
broken, another his arm, and many others have sustained
injuries more or less serious. The wonder is that more
serious consequences have not resulted. It appears that
a stage, or stand, for the accommodation of persons,
was raised to the height of from twenty-five to thirty
feet, to enable the spectators to witness the whole of the
ground. As the horses were returning fromg,the steeple-
chase, a rush was made on the stage to catch a sight of
the winning horse, when the stage suddenly gave way,
tumbling the persons it contained over each other.
•Fortunately for those who had booths under the stage,
with the company usually occupying such places on a
race-course, who had as great a desire to witness the
winning horse as those above, they rushed out to catch
a glimpse also, which was but a moment; before the
stage gave way, burying everything beneath it, other-
wise the loss of life must have been immense. As it
was, the loss of property was considerable ; one pub-
lican bad every glass, bottle, and cup broken, and all the
contents of the bottles and jars wasted.—Devonport
Telegraph.
The result of the. investigation of the Crown
authorities into the fall of the bridge at Roxburgh, on
the line of the North British Railway, by which several
persons were killed and injured, is the indictment for
trial at the next assizes of the contractor and resident
engineer.—Newcastle Journal.
Dispatches were sent off yesterday evening, from the
Colonial-office, for the Governors of Hong-Song, Cey-
loPlod

7" Messrs. Defierando, Lorne, Astier,
t I.e Gimale di Roam

months 30,000 soldiers of France. You know all this,
gentlemen, or you could have known it, and therefore
you ought to have done so ; and nevertheless you
shamelessly gave out to the Assembly the number of
" foreigners" as 20,000, as a proof that after all it
was not the Roman idea that you had endeavoured to
stifle in blool; and upon this cipher of your own in•
vention depends the greater part of your argument.
Foreigners ! I entreat pardon of my country for
having inscribed the word, after you, upon my page.
What ! Lombards, Tuscans, Italians, foreigners at
Rome ! And it is by you, Frenchmen, by you who,
in re-establishing the Pontifical throne, have been
supported by Austrians and Spaniards, that this re-
proach is made. A year ago our provinces sent the
Elite of their youth to fight upon the plains :of Lom-
bardy as to a convention of honour • but Ido not
remember that Radetzky ever called them in his pro-
clamations foreigners. The absolute denial of Italian
nationality has been reserved for the nephew of him
who, at St. Helena, uttered these words :—" Unity of
manners, of language, of literature, show that Italy is
destined to form a single country."
The accusation of violence, of a reign of terror,
directed against the Republican Government, is an
accusation to which the lie is now solemnly given by
the facts of our defence. The armed enthusiasm of a
whole people is not to be commanded by terror ;* and
you are compelled, gentlemen, either to calumniate
the valour of the French arms, or to confute your own
statements—to declare that a few factious individuals
were not only able to restrain a population of 160,000
souls, but also, for two months, to contend with and
often to conquer your army ; or, in order to preserve
yourselves from the stain of imbecility and cowardice,
to confess that the Government, the people, the Na-
tional Guard, and the army of Rome were all united
together as brothers in the common idea of liberty, and
of war to the enemies of the Republic. It is necessary
to speak of this, so that, at least, you cannot repeat
the absurd accusation without others being able to
reply, yours is a premeditated lie.
Pass by the assassination of Rossi, which has been
so often and so hypocritically cited. The Republic
inaugurated on the 9th of February, 1849, has no
occasion to exculpate itself from a deed which occurred
on the 16th of November, 1848, when the princely
party, the Moderates, the partisans of Charles Albert,
possessed the field, and drove away, or condemned to
absolute silence, the men of the Republican faith. No
one in Italy accuses your revolutions of having had
their rise in assassination, because the Duke of Berry
fell by the dagger, and five or six attempts at regicide
succeeded each other in the space of two years in
Paris. Mark the facts which, in every time, and in
every place, accompany every system supported by
violence. During nearly five months of Republican
government can you, gentlemen, point out a single
condemnation to death for a political offence ? A
single exile, founded upon political suspicions ? A
single exceptional tribunal instituted in Rome to
judge political offences ? A single newspaper sus
pended by order of the Government ? A single de-
cree directed to restrain the liberty of the press ante-
rior to the siege ? If so, point them out. Point out
the laws originating in a system of terror ; point out
the ferocious bands of whom you speak ; point out the
victims of our rule—or resign your.selves to be
branded as liars.
In one of our declarations we said, " The Repub-
lican banner raised in Rome by the representatives of
the people does not represent the triumph of one frac-
tion of citizens over another; it represents a common
triumph, a victory gained by the many, accepted by
the immense majority, of the principle of good over
that of evil, of the common right over the arbitrary
rule of the few, of the sacred equality which God has de-
creed to all over privilege and despotism. We can-
not be Republicans without being and proving our-
selves better than the overthrown powers. . . We
are not the government of a party, but the govern-
ment of the nation. . . Neither intolerance nor
weakness. The Republic is conciliating and ener-
getic. The Government of the Republic is strong,
therefore fearless." In these lines were summed up
the Republican programme; nor was it ever violated
by the men who ruled our Republic, as yours has been.
O Ministers of France !
And we were strong, strong in the love of the good
—the bad amongst us are but few ; strong in the
common consent of the citizens, and with a strength
differing widely from yours, gentlemen. We had no
necessity, in order to maintain ourselves in power, to
place the capital in a state of siege, to dissolve the
National Guard, to fill the prisions, to exile (amongst
others) the representatives of the people, to condemn
to transportation hundreds of working men, and to
surround ourselves by cannon and soldiers. Our ca-
pital was cheerful and happy under the weight of
sacrifice which sudden changes must always impose
upon a state, tranquil and serene when the presence
of your army under its walls might have provoked
the malcontents, if malcontents were to be found in
Rome, to acts of rashness. Our National Guards
furnished upwards of 7,000 men for active service
within the city and on the walls. Our prisons were
all but empty of political offenders. Two or three
individuals strongly suspected of intercourse with
your camp, two or three cardinals taken in the very
act of conspiracy, and an official, Zamboni, guilty of
desertion, were all who were under trial when M. de
Corcelles visited the prisons. The five or six
prisoners, Freddi, Alai, and the rest found by him in
the Castle of St. Angelo, were there by order of Pius
IX., and for plots against his Government. The men
most averse to the Republic, a Mamiani, a Pantaleoni,
walked free through the streets of Rome. We
reminded the people who mistrusted them that the
Republic, superior to the dethroned power, held
opinions to be inviolable, unless manifested
in dangerous acts; and the people, generous
by nature, and from a consciousness of
power, understood and respected this: nor
was there any danger for such men, until we could
no longer interpose, and the spectacle of your brute
force irritated the multitude to reaction. Owing to
the impossibility of keeping guard round the whole
circuit of the city, several of our cannons often re-
mained accessible to any one, and without a single
soldier to guard them. And thus it happened on the
16th of May, when our troops moved on the side of
Villetri against the army of the King of Naples—
when from 5 a.m. until midnight the city remained
without a single soldier, and entrusted solely to the
people.
The French troops were at a little distance from the
walls. The few guards left at the palace gates were
withdrawn, as they were wanted elsewhere. The
affection of the people was our safeguard. Neither
then, nor at any other time, amidst the evils of an
inevitable financial crisis, in the midst of physical
privations inseparable from the semi-blockade which
your forces extended around us, alike under your
bombs as under the corruption which your agents and
those from Gaeta endeavoured to excite —not an
attempt at insurrection was made by those whom M.
Drouyn de Lhuys insolently calls the honest ones ;
not a single voice arose to say to us, Descend. Fee.
tion ! terror ! Ab, if you, Ministers of France, re-
tained a shadow of shame, you would, on looking
around and thinking of the fears and violence by
which you rule in Paris, have studiously avoided
those words, from the fear that others would read
there your own condemnation. And if the Assembly
before which you spoke had not been irreparably cor-
e 'Apt and innoepazihlP to the love of truth—if the
Members who supported by their votes your linciEn
policy, instead of servilely following in the tract of
the power of the moment whatever it might be, had
had any system in their minds, however different
from ours, or had been actuated by any faith—a
hundred voices would have arisen to say to you,
"Be silent, nor dishonour our aims by open false-
hood. What I your first decree in Rome is to
establish the council of war for political offences ; on
the sth of July you dissolve the clubs, you forbid
all meetings, you threaten exemplary punishments
to protect persons having friendly relations with
your troops; on the 6th, you dissolve the civic
guard ; on the 7th, you command the com-
plete disarming of the citizens—on the 14th you
suppress the journals—on the 18th you fulminate
threats against any meeting composed of more than
five persons ;—all these your acts in the midst of a
population which you declare to be favourable to
you, and which comes officially announced to us
by your journal, are exactly those which we, upon
your word, believed to have taken place as part of
a system of terror in Rome under the Republican
Government, and of which we do not discover a
trace in their decrees ; and yet you impudently
persist in throwing out an accusation against
them, which must recoil upon yourselves, and you
boast yourselves the restorers of liberty in peace and
order.
And this state of things still exists; exists two
months after your triumph. The prisons are choked
with men, for the most part guilty only of having
obeyed the ruling power, and pointed out by spies to
priestly vengeance. Upwards of fifty priests are con-
fined in the Castle of St. Angelo, guilty of having
lent their services in our Republican hospitals. Even
the subaltern officialsf in the police are not spared in
Rome, amd are ferociously condemned to the galleys

"` Letter of the, Ist of June to Gen. Roselli t—" Only
I defer the attack of the place until Monday morning, at
least."
fi Besides the absolute right of all the Italian states to
choose that form of government which they may judge
fitting in all the fulness of their independence, and the
formal declaration of Franco that she intend. to main-
tain that independence, there is another question—the
negthiity iudepend•nat 9f Italy.

The National Guard numbered about 13,000 men,
and in virtue of the organization anterior to the Repub-
lican Goverument, which excluded from active service
the poorest class, it represented the middle class in Rome.
t Copann►, Fetralis.

of your liberal intentions—in all the conferences
held with us by your agents in the projects of agree-
ment • drawn up by M. Lesseps and General
idinot, the 16th and 18th of May. In the letter of
M. de Corcelles, on the 13th June, " France has but
one object ; the liberty of the Pontiff, the liberty of
the Roman States, and the peace of the world." Your
Government has always directly or indirectly pointed
to the will of the populations as the source of every
right, and promised to them the free vote. The Piti.
ful honour was reserved for you alone, M. de Falloux,
of having been the first to declare to Europe, in your
speech on the 7th of August, that France had lied
for life. In Terni, in Bologna, in Ancona, in Rimini, up to that day. The victim was then overthrown
young men guilty of having a musket in their pos- with the dagger at its throat. But even your tardy
session have been shot. There is not, perhaps, in the declaration of the real object of the expedition, gen.
Roman States one family in five, one of whose mem- tlemen, does not cancel the repeated promises of your
bers is not either an exile or a prisoner. The men of government. The Roman people has a right to call
the self called Moderate party—the men whom, when upon you and say, Fulfil them ; and we who know
entering Rome, you declared to be rightfully there, you of old—we who are aware of your designs and
are through you in exile. Mamiani, Galeotti, Father of the necessity that they should be made clear, in
Ventura are exiles. Your work is one of destruction, order that the good, hitherto deluded, may abandon
equal to that accomplished by the Monarchy in,Spain you and seek safety elsewhere—we hold it as a duty
in the year 1823. Would that you had at least the to say to you, and we will say it to you daily what-
brutal courage of the Monarchy! But false inter- ever you may do, "Fulfil them; what pretext now
preters of an idea which is not your own ; secret remains to you for not fulfilling them ? Rome
enemies to the banner which you have publicly is free now from every foreigner, from all the
factions.';' Some of them have died on the field under
sworn to serve ; conspirators rather than ministers,
you are condemned to wrap yourselves round the carbines of Vincennes—the rest wander in exile.
with hypocritical and premeditated falsehood. The honest men are reassured and reinstated : they
Falshood in your fundamental assertions; falsehood
know that all the Cabinets, even the Republican Ca-
in the particulars; falsehood in yourselves; false- binet of France, are ready to labour in their defence,
hood in your agents; falsehood—l blush in saying it and the people know how many dangers the expres-
sion of their dearest wish involves for the future.
for France, which you have at length brought so low
as to soil her traditionary honour—falsehood in the Take courage, then : make the trial once again.
generals of your army. You have conquered by Give the people a free vote. Withdraw ; and let the
falsehood, and by falsehood you endeavonr to justify armies of your allies, now that the mission assigned
yourselves. General Oudinot lied when, in order to to you in the capital is fulfilled by them in the pro-
deceive the populations, and to smooth for himself vinces, withdraw themselves also; and call upon the
the road to Rome, he vilely trafficked in our affection citizens through a provisional government to declare
for France, by keeping the Italian tricolor, which he their will concerning the temporal power of the Pope
knew himself. about to overthrow, entwined with the and the institutions which ought to govern the nation.
French flag at Civita Vecchia' until the 15th July. We from afar, exiles through you, accept the experi-
He lied impudently by affirming in his proclamation went. Accept it you then—or again resign your-
that the greater part of the Roman army had frater- selves to be marked out as liars."
nised with the French, when the whole staff of the You will not, you dare not do it ; you know that
army protested and resigned, when only 800 men (at the result of the experiment would be the condema-
the present time even they are dissolved) accepted the tion and the ruin of your designs. Endeavouring to
proposed conditions of service. He lied as a cower(' I destroy the Republic in France, and anxious to edu-
when, after having given his solemn promise cate your soldiers to fire upon its flag, you cannot
writing not to assault the city before Monday :Omit yourselves to the risk of seeing it raised again
4th of June, he assaulted it on the night of the igst us by the choice of the people. Weak even to
bath. The envoy Lesseps lied when, induced dice in your diplomacy, transfixed with shame for
culpable weakness, partly redeemed by the he part you have played in Europe, uneasy about the
remedying the evil, he re-assured ns by con nions of your fellow citizens, you thought to con-
promises of s conclusive treaty, and conjuri, Aliate your fears and your aims by the appearance
not to attach importance to the movements of the of strength, proving your vigour inaction by
French troops, dictated solely by the necessity of attacking a weak new-born Republic , and now you
satisfying the soldiers, who were impatient of repose, would lain deceive yourselves into thinking that a
whilst in the meantime you basely took advantage of few orders of the day dated from Rome will flatter the
our good faith to study unmolested our defences, to pride and the warlike tendencies of your people.
strengthen yourselves, and to occupy unexpectedly, Your President needed the votes of the Catholic
during an armistice, the strategetical point of party ; and you have need, for your views, that the
Monte St. Mario. M. de Corcelles lied when, principle of authority, founded upon privilege, should
in contradiction to the declaration of the be re-established by the aid of the example of a great
Roman municipality, to that of the foreign religious institution. Therefore you remain at Rome.
Consuls, and to the testimony of a whole And you will remain as long as you are able, for
city, he declared that Rome had never been born- you know that nothing but a foreign force can
barded. The bombs fell for many nights, and par- prevent a second revolution. Yost will remain
ticularly from the 23d to the 24th, and from the odious to both parties, going from subterfuge to
29th to the 30th, most frequently and injuriously subterfuge, from protocol to protocol, powerless to
upon the Corso, upon the Piazza di Spagna, upon prevent priestly reaction on the one side, and the
the Babuino, upon the Colonna Palace, upon the popular discontent on the other, rendering the
hospital of Santo Spirito, upon that of the Pel- situation worse, not modifying it, still turther
legrini, and in other places. You lied, M. de Toqueville, complicating the diplomatic question, leaving
when, relying upon the ignorance of your majority, undecided the political, and exciting the religious
' you boasted a solitary fact in history, of the choice question. Europe will see that you are not only
'of the point towards the Porta San Pancrazio, for wicked but incapable, that you have sullied the
assaulting the city as if fur the greater safety of the glorious name of France and the honour of your
people and their habitations. Rome offers at the gate arms, yet failed to fulfil either your public or secret
of San Paolo and at the gate of San Giovanni an programme ; and that you have gained the curses of
open country, whilst the gate of San Pancrazio is the people without having won back the confidence
surrounded by the people and their houses; the gate of their oppressors.
of San Pancrazio was chosen because from there a For the name and honour of France are sullied
communication with Civita Vecchia could be kept not only by the deed of iniquity itself, but by the
with less risk, and because whilst from the other mode in which it has been accomplished—not only by
points it would be necessary to descend to a battle the shameless violation of the programme of non-
with the people and their barricades, which you intervention and of international independence
rightly feared, from that of San Pancrazio, the inscribed upon her national flag, and subscribed to by
Janiculum dominating Rome offered the opportunity all the Ministers of her Government—not only by the
of conquering it, not by a war of men, but of bombs cowardly oppression exercised by the French arms in
and cannons. You have all lied, from him who is the conjunction with the Neapolitan, Austrian, and
first amongst you to the lowest of your agents, to us, Spanish forces, against a state almost unarmed, and
to the Assembly, to France and to Europe, when, from with a population greatly inferior to that of the
the first day of the nefarious undertaking to the last, smallest of the invading states—not only by all the
you gave repeated promises of protection, of brother- repeated promises of liberty, peace, and order, sue-
hood, and of liberty, that you had already determined cessively betrayed ; but even by the smallest particu-
to betray. lan of the undertaking. Ido not know of any period
Having resolved, in conjunction with Gaeta, in modern history, that of the dismemberment of
Spain, and Austria, to overturn Republican liberty in Poland only excepted, in which so brief a space such
Rome, and after having so long conspired as to de- an amount of infamy has been accumulated upon the
ceive yourselves with the idea that reaction amongst head of a nation daring to breathe the name of
us would second your designs, you demanded assist- liberty. As if the consciousness of crime might make
arm from the Assembly; deceiving it, as was unan- those committing it lose all sense of dignity,
awerably shown by the after discussions, as to the and the corruption of the promoters infect their
object of the expedition. You deceived the commis- instruments, every act, from the first day of the
sion charged with questioning you; the soldiers occupation to that upon which I write, has been
whom, at Toulon, you persuaded you were leading to marked by immorality. And whilst on the one hand
fight against the Austrians ; the inhabitants of Civita a Government Minister could descend so low as to
Vecchia, amongst whom you descended, like a insert in the copy l- of the instructions given to M.
masked thief, with two proclamations, one of which Lesseps (recently communicated to the State Council)
destroyed the other ; then, when the day of the 30th an expression which entirely altered its meaning, I
moved men to indignation, again deceiving the myself was compelled to order the imprisonment of
Assembly, by sending Lesseps to follow out two officials who had come to us for the purposes
the decree of the 7th, and writing the same day of parley, and who abusing our generous confidence,
to General Oudinot to remain firm, and promising abstracted the plans of our city works; whilst Gen.
reinforcements ; then the same messenger giving Oudinot, before any act of hostility had taken place,
instructions authorising him to act according to and whilst the two banners joined by the French
the will of the Assembly, and enjoining him themselves waved together upon the tree of liberty,
nevertheless to maintain himself in agreement with disarmed and retained as prisoners in Civita Vecchia
Ray neval, who had instructions directly opposite : the corps of Mellen ; a little later a French superior
then us ; then all—to- day most likely deceiving the official degraded himself by snatching with his own
Pope,; to whom you have promised to restore his hand, from the breast of their dead colonel, in the
authority unconditionally, and whom now finding it church, and during the funeral service, the Italian
difficult to make France pardon you for having dis- cockade. Ah, we may forgive you Ministers of France
honoured her you would wish to reduce to a consti- the incalculable and unprovoked evil that you have
tutional Pro-Consul dependent upon your policy. done us, our sorrows, our fallen or dispersed brethren,
Nevertheless you have not lied so skilfully, but that even the postponement of our future emancipation ;
even in your own words we find the right to perpe- but one thing we cannot forgive that of
tual revolt and the absolute condemnation of all that having dishonoured, for many years to come, the
you have done, or may do without legally consulting name of a nation to which we all turned as to an
the will of the people ill-used by you. emancipating nation ; that of having by falsehood, by
The preamble of your Constitution in Article S de: the materialism of promotions and by the example
dares :—France respects foreign nationalities. She of their chiefs, corrupted the soldiers of France,
never employs her forces against the liberty of any making them executioners of their brothers, in the
people. And strangled by that article, which you name of the Pope, whom they despise, and by the side
would fain, but dare not, tear; without the conscious- of Austria, which they abhor. Of having degraded
ness of virtue or the strength of crime, you have let to a meaningless symbol, to a material idol to be
fall words which Europe has gathered up, and which blindly followed wherever it may lead, a banner
are now torture to your soul. Odilon Barrot, the man which is the sign of an idea, of a faith ; of having
who, on the 31st of Jan., 1841, declared the absolute sown the seeds of a hatred which will be slow and diffi-
right of every Italianstate to liberty andindependence,t cult to uproot between two nations which everything
declared to the Commission of the Assembly," that the tended to unite in the bonds of affection; between the
idea of the Government was to make (France co- sons of fathers who had taken together the sacrament of
operate in the destruction of the Roman Republic, glory and suffering upon all the fields of Europe ; of
. . . . and that it would act independently of every having brutally given the lie to the holy dream of the
solidarity with the other powers.' And when, on brotherhood of the peoples, and given to the enemies
the 16th of April, the reporter of the commission re- of progress and humanity the ferocious joy of seeing
ferred these declarations to the Assembly, the Presi- France degraded to be the bully and the executioner
dent of the Council said : " I do not deny a single of their designs, a blow upon the front of our Italian
word' uttered by see before the Commission, and re- nationality, at the same time that she strikes that of
ferred to this Assembly." And, he added, "We Hungary in the rear for the good will and pleasure
are not going to Italy to impose a government, of Austria and the Czar.
neither that of the Republic nor any other. . . . Men without heart and without faith, the last dis-
We do not wish to employ the forces of France to ciples of a school which, beginning with the atheis-
defend in Rome one form of government or another. tical doctrine of art for art's sake, concluded ultS.
No ; our intention is to be present at the events mately with the formula of power for power's sake,
which may occur in the double interest of our own you have lost all understanding of past history, all
influence and of liberty, which may be jeopardised?' presentiment of a future. Your minds are steeped
The declaration of the French corps of occupation in egotism and in the fear of that European move-
to the President of Civita Vocchia, dated the 24th of ment which no human power can arrest, which, ac-
April, declared that the French Government " would cepted and directed, would develop itself peacefully,
respect the voice of the majority of the Roman popu- and which your culpable resistance may succeed too
lations . . . . and that it would never impose well in changing into the elements of a fearful war.
upon them any form of government." You were incapable of understanding the grandeur
On the 26th General Oudinot repeated that " the and beauty of the new life of Italy which was
object of the French was not to exercise any oppres- dawning in Rome, in the Rome of the people.
sing influence, nor to impose any government upon But what were your hopes when you decreed frater-
the Romans against their will." nal war? To destroy, by wounding it to the heart,
On the 7th of May the President of the Council the national revolution ? You ought to have seen
declared to the Assembly that " those; proclamations, that every resistance opposed to your arms by Rome,
the work of the Minister for Foreign Affairs, in- the mere fact of your leaguing yourselves with three
volved the whole objects of the expedition." Governments to suppress her movements, would give
"We ought only to march upon Rome," said the an everlasting consecration to the dogma of
reporter of the Commission, " in order to protect her
against foreign intervention and against the excesses our unity, and make of that one word, Rome, a
religion to all Italy. Remake a throne for the Pope ?
of a counter-revolution. . . . as protectors," or, For the Pope, and by bayonets? A constitutional
quoting the expression used by the President of the throne for the Pope ? A temporal throne may be
Council to the Commission, 'if called in as arbi- re-established for a time by bayonets, but not that of
trators." the head of believers. And the simplest logic might
Odilon Barrot repeated on the same day, that " the have taught you that the Pope can be nothing if not
Assembly was unwilling that under the direct pressure an absolute monarch. Two months from this time
of Austria the contra-revolutionary spirit should will show you that you have in all respects failed in
triumph in Rome." your purposes. You wished, you said so at least, to
And the Minister for Foreign Affairs confirmed this prevent the re-establishment of the old abuses in the
by saying : " the object of the expedition was to Romad states, and yet those old abuses will inevita-
assure to the Roman populations the conditions of a bly re-appear one after the other, and all the stronger
good government, of a full liberty, conditions that for having been cancelled by the Republican Govern-
would have been compromised by, reaction or by ment for five months, and threatened for the future.
foreign intervention." And he denied that General You cannot change the habits, the tendencies, the
Oudinot had received orders to assault the Roman wants of the aristocracy of the clergy ; you cannot
Republic; he denied that the General had intimated destroy the people's abhorrence for it; and you can-
to the Roman Government that they must yield up not support yourselves on a moderate intermediate
their powers. Then came the solemn vote of the party, which does not exist in Rome. You may dic-
Assembly "The National Assembly invites the tate conditions, but the non-observance of such
Government to make the necessary preparations regulations has always been, and will always be, a
without delay in order that the Italian expedition fatal consequence in the Roman states.
may no longer be diverted from the object assigned
to it."
And from that time forwards have you, Ministers
of France, at every instant, in all the steps that you
have taken towards your secret intention—in the
words dictated by you to your envoy, the choice of
whom ought to have been to the Assembly a proof

* A provisional government shall be added to the
present executive power, and chosen by the Roman Na-
tional Assembly, until the moment when the populations
called upon to manifest their wishes shall have deter-
mined the form of government which shall rule them,
and the gurantees of security which shall be afforded to
Catholicism and the papacy.—Projee of May 6. Art. 3.
The Roman populations have the right of freely pro-
nouncing upon the form of their government.—Project
of May 18. Art. 2.
f Everything which, by checking the course of inter-
tervention on the part of other powers animated by less
moderate sentiments, will leave a greater field for our in-
fluence; oil that which shall haste>. the full of a r.vinie
condemned to perish, &C.--Thu phrase in italics wis gactog
, in 02e copy,