The Sun.
London, England, 1849-08-25 00:00:00

PRICE OF SUGAR.

The average price of Brown—or Muscovado Sugar, com-
puted from the returns made in the week ending August 21,
1849, is 265. o,,vd. per cwt.

THE PEACE CONGRESS AT PARIS.
THURSDAY, AUG. 23.—The President took the
chair at 12 o'cloek, and communicated to the Congress
six addresses from Berlin, Dan'zic, Cassel, and other
places in Germany, containing expressions of sympathy
with the objects of the Congress, and thanks having been
voted to those cities,
M. COQUEREL gave notice that all the public places
would be open to the members of the Congress by order
of the Minister of Public Works.
A vote of thanks by acclamation was voted to the
Minister, which appeared much to interest the French
visitors present.
The PRFSIDENT announced that the discussion on the
second article of the programme, " general disarma-
ment," would then be taken, when
The Rev. M. COQUEREL said, we have here 600 or
800 American and English, whose end is to establish
principles of universal peace, in a capital where there
are erected the greatest monuments existing in the world
to the honour of armies. It is here the English and
Americans come and say, " You do wrong to make
war." It is an act of courage, for they speak to a people
who love war. Let us endeavour to complete the work
we have begun—let us endeavour to spread out the
flag of universal peace until its shadow covers all the
nations of the earth. We now have before us the
question of disarmament; let France set the example.
The speaker then went into a history of the foundation
of standing armies, nd traced the military condition of
t people previous that epoch. He said that the este-
t
blishmeut of stein 'IT armies was a partial disarmament.
It was necessaPy to supply reasons for this general dis-
armament. lle had studied a little strategy. and asked,
what is a soldier ? Not a man with a musket, or on a
horse, but a man who had received military instruction.
Henceforth, instead of instructing men as soldiers, let
them be instructed as citizens. Frenchmen, of all people,
were most apt to military inclination and capability,
and it wus they who should first change this disposition,
and France should first set the example of disarmament.
But if he should be answered that under present circum •
stances it was impossible, he would recur to the events
of times gone by, and show that what was formerly con-
eidered as impossible had been effected. lie then traced
the course of past events, and demonstrated what he had
steed by varieue examples. Let us not then doubt—let
us not set up this obstacle of impossibility. There is
nothing impossible but what is false, wieked,or unchris.
tian; all else is possible, and all within our means of cc-
compliehmente The speaker then resumed his seat amidst
immense epplause.
M SURINGAR, of Holland, then advocated the neces-
sity and practicability of disarmament, adverted to the
expediency of arbitration in suostitution of appeal to
military force, and observed that this, like all other great
reforms, would rt quire time.
M. 14'RANCISQUE BOUVET, representative, said his
character of representative of the sovereign people would
not altogether allow him to abstain from political dis-
cussion. He then adverted to the recent news from
Hungary, and went into some history of standing ar-
mies, observing that they had commenced in France.
lie did not agree with M. Cosauerel that France should
set the example of disarmament, but that it should be
simultaneous with all nations. It was said that there
were insurmountable obstacles; but, in his judgment,
no such obstacles existed. Inopportunity had been
urged, but he considered that the proper time to propose
universal peace was during a period of war. He thought
circumstances were favourable to universal peace, and
having gone at some length into the political position of
France and Europe, as resulting from wars and revolu-
tions, urged that general disarmament should go hand
iu hand with general advancement.
Mr. VINCENT supported the general disarmament, be-
cause he considered that the giving effect to the moral
force in opposition to physical was the great object of
this society; but we had to encounter the most deep-
rooted prejudices. In the spread of Christianity and
its morality, of intelligence and education, was to be
found the advent of universal peace. By keeping on
foot armies we not only charge heavily our finances, but
we indoctrinate our people with the love of military dis-
play and aggression, and in this we also enlist the feel
ings and imaginations of the fairest and loveliest of the
human race, until a nation becomes impregnated with
the insanity of military glory. Are we Utopian in pro-
posing disarmament? No! We are in accordance with
that religion which says, " Love one another." We are
only proposing to substitute mind for matter, reason for
force, and to attain that time when an ounce of intellect
shall be better than a pound of shot. We should reduce
our armies for the sake of our finances, to bring back
into practical industry the hosts of men who are now
uselessly engaged in military life, to disseminate the
great principles of Christianity, and to bring hap-
piness to the human race. Let France and England,
for the sake of liberty, for the sake of humanity,
for the sake of commerce, for every interest_
dear to humanity, associate in the great work
we k
we now endeavour to promote; let theta/
agree
direction
disarmament, and a step will be taken in that
which shall
embrace the welfare of the whole human
race. Let
.us not suppose that this lies with the Govern-
ments—it is with the people. When Governments are
wrong it is when the people are not right. Let us not
be stayed by statements of Utopian absurdity or impos-
sibility. With us, aided by the book, the pen. the
tongue, and moral reason, our only weapons, all is
possible.—(The speaker was greeted with unanimous and
prolenced applause on his leaving the tribune.)
M. VICTOR, of Nice, followed in support of the prin-
ciple of disarmament.
M. EMILE DE GIRARDIN—There is little difference
between the soldier of war and of peace—l am a soldier
of peace. I shall lay before you some figures. What
are you, gentlemen? The crusaders of peace. I will
prove to you by figures the imperious necessity of dis-
armament. But France cannot take the initiative, it
may be said ; but if no country take the initiative,
nothing can in this sense be accomplished. When you show
countries that is their interest you will have made much
progress. It is said on all sides, armies cannot be re-
duced ; and wherefore? The speaker then went into
an inquiry as to the creation and increase of standing
armies, and the former and present state of the army in
France. It is said that F, ante eannot reduce her army
unless the whole of Europe shall reduce its armament. If
this were true it would equally apply to all reforms, for
reform must commence somewhere. I wish liberty for
France—that liberty that liberates man—that liberty
that developes talent—that liberty that benefits the.
human race ; and this is to be found in disarmansfit,l nt
all nations excepting two—England and the United
States. The speaker then considerednthleanstdatefeorf
the
armies in the United States and in
purpose of showing that their number' England,
not so great
as to endanger liberty, but thatil rilln France the amount
and fetter liberty.
was so large as to lead to bankruptcy
On the completion of the means of transport by rail-
way, one reason
aguallines
at
rtrahyo
v,d,acesrenaoste a omf
et
all
no s 1,0i.r ept
rcoh.
army would cease.
venting revolution, but the means were to be found in a
moral Government.
As to the reasons, external if
France would lay aside her insatiable love of conquest,
the necessity for so large a force would cease. Who
(said he) are the Revolutionists ? It is the Govern-
inents.—(Tnis produced an immense uproar, a porion of
the auditory approving, and others disapproving the as-
sertion.) What are the consequences of conscrit•tion ?
The taking men from their families, from their industry,
and from peacealde employments—and for what? To
make them useless members of society. The speaker
(ken went into a financial investigation to show the in-
jury to the State of so large an armed force in France,
and that it affected not only that but all the best interests
of society. Let us not appeal (said the speaker) to the
passions, but the reason, and we shall have made con-
situ( ruble progress in the course this society proposes to
itself.
Mr. EVIART, al', (who spoke in French), said that

be hid the /1011611 P to represent the friends of eellee of
Liverp )01, and it was as their deputy he addressed the
Congress. The time is come, said he, when peace will
no: b ) maintained by dirlemacv, but by the people. Te
hat end his peace coati:me-I for thirty-three years, if
se a es. not to reduce one armies ? Au army and navy
are not the real power of a nation. What", country
could attack America with ouly 18,000 men ? Let,
_France develop her eaturel resources, and she would
be more powerful than with an army of half a million
of raen. It is commerce, labour, capital that are the
sources of power. England is dependent for its steam
navy on the contracts A hich its Government forms with
the mercantile steam navy of England. Let France
consider this. She should make these resources of
power available, and she would find her interests inv.
measely benefited. In following a p-acsful policy she
would become every day more pswerful than with h
armies. On the part of his countrymen in England, he
hailed the intercommunication of the two peoples. ll*
had la presented during twen•y years in the _House of
Commons successively a commercial, a manufactining,
aad an agricultural conitnunite. Ile could assure tiea
meeting tiler in all those cornmualties the Most arnica( Is
feelings existed with regard to France. The lines i 4
Virgil, which once might have been applied, are uppli-
csble no longer—
•' Liters litoiibus contraria, undre,
Arms armis."
Mr. Ewart then quoted the words of Mr. Pitt on intro•
diming the treaty with France in the Houle cf Com-
mon e in 1787, against the supposed feeling of heredi-
tary animosity b- tween Franco aril England. 11-nee-
forth diplemacy would not bind us together with treaties
of paper. The populations wool Ibe bound together by
treaties of the heart. Yet it was not to France merely
that these questions referred, but to all the human race.
It was almost too trite a citation to make, but he found
the words on their billets of admission. Ile meant the
familiar words, now European worde of their celebrated
French poet, Beranger--
" Peuples, tormez une sainte alliance
Et etorinez veus la main."
I will give you, said Mr. Ewart, a like quotation from
our Scotch poet, Barns, who wrote them more than half
a century before Bermiger wrote his—
" Then come the day, and come it must,
For battles, wars, and a'l that;
When man to man the wide world o'er,
Shall brothers be for all that."
Let this sentiment be echoed alike whether it arise in
this-capital of civilization or on the more distant moun-
tains of Scotland; and let us all say of it, in the words
of Paul Serpi, as applied to his country—" Esto per-
petua." The Hon. Speaker retired amidst loud and
continued cheers.
M. BASTIA, representative, delivered an address in
support of the principle under discussion.
Mr. Coppers, M.P., who was received with loud
cheers, then ascended the tribune, and spoke, in French,
as follows:—I join with all my heart in the wish ex-
pressed by one of the ape .kers, that we could have ono
universal language. Nevertheless, I urn a little afraid
that there might be a dispute, even among the friends of
peace, as to which of the thousand dialects of the world
ought to prevail, and that oceans of ink, at least, would
be shed before it was decided. In the mean time, let
every country enjoy in peace its own dictionary and
grammar; and it is on this principle, recollecting that I
am in the metropolis of France, that I prefer to throw
myself up in the well-known politeness of a French mi-
di-me, whilst I address them a few words in broken
French, rather than be guilty of an act of foreign inter-
vention, even in the matter of language. So much has
been said, and so well said, by the eliiquent speakers who
have preceded me, that I do not feel it necessary to add
a word to the general argument, but I should wish to
draw your attention for a moment to the manner in
which the Governments of your country and mine
have augmented their standing armaments, in mutual
rivalry and defiance of each other. I speak only of our
navies and coast defences, for we do not pretend to enter
into competition with you in respect to your army. Do
not be alarmed, Mr. President, I am not going to infringe
upon the wise regulations of the Congress, which forbid
our alluding to the politics of the day. Unfortunately,
my grievance extends buck for many years, and im-
plicates several Ministries in both countries, for
your present Government must certainly be ex-
empted from all responsibility in the matter.
During the last 13 years you and we have been con-
stantly increasing our navies, adding to our coast de-
fences, enlarging our arsenals, building new basins for
steam-vessels, and constructing fresh harbours. No
sooner is the keel of another line.of- battle ship laid
down in your dockyards than forthwith fresh hammers
begin to resound at Portsmouth. A new forgo has
scarcely begun to work at Cherbourg when immediately
the sparks are seen to fly from fresh anvils at Plymouth,
and vice versa. The consequence has been that the cost
of our navies has been increased 50 per cent. in a time of
peace. My first objection to this is its supreme folly, for
as both countries increase their naval strength in equal
proportions, neither party has gained anything by the
change, the only result being a pure waste to the amount
of the augmentation. My next objection is to the ex-
treme hypocrisy of this system, for at the very time that
,
all this increase of armament has ben going on our re-
spective GovMainenes have been exchanging assurances
of mutual feelings of friendship and goodwill. If these
professions were made in sincerity and truth, where was
the necessity for more ships of war and more coast de-
fences? An individual does net cover himself with
armour in the presence of his friends, unless indeed
he happen to be mad. But my greatest objecti n
to tthese vast armaments is, that they tend to excite
dangerous animosities between the two meiote, and
to perpetuate fear, hatred, aroi suspici,in—pas-
sions which find their gratification iestinctively
in war. And here is the great reason why this
Congress desire s, in the terms of the motion now before
it, to bring the nations into a system of disarmament.
Now, how shall this be accomplished? Why, by teach-
ing our respective Governments this little arithmetical
problem, of which in tie), s past they seem to have been
ignorant—namely, that if two nations are both armed in
a time of peace up to a certain point, say six, they are
not relatively stronger thaw if their armaments stood at
three, and that they wituld bo equally strong relatively
if thy disarmed altogether. But you, the tax payers of
France, will see that there is an immense diffsrence to
your pockets. Do not, however. let us deceive oer:elves
with the idea that we shall easily succeed in teaching
this little arithmetical lesson to our Governments. I
speak from long expi rienco when I say that no men are
so difficult to teach as professional statesmen. They are
so devoted to routine, and so fortified in self sufficiency,
that they do not easily believe that any wisdom exists in
the world excepting that which radiates from their
bureaus. Do you suppose, then, that they will listen
readily to the advise of this Congress? On the contrary,
they are at this moment laughing at us as Utopists, theo-
rists, and dreamers; and yet I think the result of their
system, in a financial point of view, ought to make them
more modest. I ask the Governments of Europe,
" Can you continue your present financial system for
ten years longer?" With scarcely one exception they
must answer, "No." Is it, then, Utopian on the part of
this Congress to arouse their attention to the subject—
to point to the great gulf which yawns before them—to
show that the danger of financial ruin, which they lose
sight of, is far more imminent than the risk of foreign
attack, which they as constantly dread, and so diligently
provide against ? Even in this, the lowest point of
view, as a question merely of finance, you stand justified
before the world fur holding this congress of nations. It
is time that the people interfered, end the Governments
of the world ought to tender you their thanks for having
by this fraternal shaking of hands across the Atlantic
and the Channel facilitated that process of disarmament,
which is called for alike upon every principle of huma-
nity and sound policy.
The Hon. Speaker was constantly interrupted during
this speech by applause, and at the close was most enthu-
siastically cheered for several minutes. lie was then
called on to give the substance of his address in English,
which was equally well received.
The PRESIDENT then put the second resolution to the
meeting, which was carried enthusiastically. The Pre-
sident then stated that he would propose to defer until
to-morrow the 3d and eth resolutions, and that ho would
propose to take the sth, 6th, and 7th resolutions, which
would not appear to involve any discussion.
The resolutions were then put seriatim, and carried.

FRIGHTFUL OCCURRENCE AT THE NEW COAL
EXCHANGE.—Yesterday an accident of a frightful cha-
racter took place at the New Coal Exchange, Lower
Thames street, City, to a man named Joseph Ramsey,
aged 28 years. The unfortunate man was in the service
of Mes rs. Robinson and Co., the extensive plate-glass
and Lad merchants, of Swan Wharf, Upper Thames-
stre, t, who had recenly secured the contract to supply
the plate-glass for the tower on the summit of the New
Coal Exchange, facing the fish market, Billingsgate.
He proceeded to the upper part of the building, and
ascended the tower, for the purpose of taking the mea-
surement for the glass, and while so engaged he lost his
equilibrium, and fill from the platform on to the stone
lauding-place below (a distance of nearly 50 feet), sus-
Ttanitefinugnfoi
rr'jtuunriaetse mofana wdreadful
velhearir s ewt;
trh faroilmaatrhee fa.
speed to the accident ward of St. Thomas's Hospital,
where Mr. Macmurdo and Mr. Bird, the surgeons,
but last night ho
promptly rendered every aid,possible
was sinking fast.
MELazscuoLv- DEATH OF COI,. WARNER, LATE OF
TUE CAMERoNIANS,
IN TM: QUERN'S PRlSON.—Yester-
day evening an inquest was taken by Mr. J. 11. Payne,
Prison,
roner n the Queen s on view of the
bdoecPlyut3'o—fe°Colon;, in
Edward Warner, aged seventy-fcur,
there undertheiateof the foli
2 5h
Foot
CArneronians), who died
Aing melancholy circumstances,
having been an inmate of the
received riioena on accountsincethe2 of 2dol
February,di
he
yya
tin said that when the deceased
debt. sr. 1848, when heninr
was attended by him he had a severe attack of bilious
diarrherl
.Ile rallied under the treatment and his
health seemed improved, till Tuesday nigh last, when
he got considerably worse. Witness attributedd dn,eats bhr -
to
bilious diarrhees. Mr. James Matitig
ther-in law, stated that he last saw tnhe, deceased on the
Saturday previous. Deceased had seen a great deal of
service and was a full Colonel in the army, as also half-
pay of the Cameronians. He was secretary to Sir Adam
Williamson vrh-n he took possession of the island of
St. Domingo from the French. He afterwards entered
the 10th Regime nt—was Aide-de-camp to the Earl of
liarrimaiin. Ile assisted at the capture of other West
India Islands, and had several medals for distinguished
services in various parts of Vie world. Verdict—" Na-
tural death."
EXTRAORDINARY F FAT IN ANG LlNG.—"Fpbernera,"
author of " A Handbook of Angling," who has been, by
permission • from the Duke of Sutherland, on a tour
during the last fortnight among the riv(rs and lakes in
the count) of Sutherland, angled in the river Shin for
ttli'meesphe aceof fifty:five /4e,urs, told to the course of that
killed 52 salmon and grilse, and two sea trout.
Twice during that time he bagged to fish in six hours.
Ross•shire Advertiser.