The Sun.
London, England, 1831-12-29 00:00:00

UNITED STATES

BOTH HOUSES OF COAGRESS,
AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FIRST SESSION
OF THE TWENTY-SECOND CONGRESS,

FELLOW-CITIZENS OF THE SENATE, AND
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
The representation of the people has been renewed
for the twenty-second time since the Constitution
they formed has been in force. For near half a cen-
tury, the Chief Magistrates, who have been suceee-
sively chosen, have made their annual communica-
tions of the state of the nation to its representa-
tives. Generally these communications have been
Of the most gratifying nature, testifying an advance
in all the improvements of social, and all the secu-
rities of a political, life. But frequently, and justly
as you have been c.dled on to be grateful for the
bounties of Providence, at few periods have they
been more abundantly or extensively bestowed than
rt the present. Rarely, if ever, have we had greater
reason to congratulate each other on the continued
and increasing prosperity of our beloved country.
Agriculture, the first and most important occur.z
lion of man, has compensated the I:Omni's of the
husbandman with plentiful crops of all the varied
products of our extensive country. Mannfeetures
have been established, in which the funds of the
capitalist find a profitable investment, and %%hie) give
employment and subsistence to a numerous increas-
ing body of industrious and dexterous mechanic, g
The labourer is rewarded by high wages, in the
construction of works of internal improvement,
which are extending with unprecedented rapidity.
Sr.erice is steadily penetrating the recesses of na-
etre and disclosing her secrets, while the ingenuity
of free minds is subjecting the elements to the
power of man, and making each new conquest
luminary to his comfort. By our mails, whose speed
regularly increased, and whose routes are every
year extended, the communication of public intelli-
4ence and private business is rendered ft., vent and
safe—the intercourse between distant cities, which
formerly required weeks to accomplish, is now
ffected in a few days; and in the construction of
ail-roads, and the application of steam-power, we
have a reasonable prospect that the extreme parts of
nir country will be so much approximated, and
hose most isolated by the obstacles of nature, ter:-
lered so accessible, as to remove an apprehension
.ometimes entertained, that the great extent of the
Union would endanger its permanent existence.
If, from the satisfactory view of our agriculture,
•nanufactures, and internal improvements, we turn
to the state of our navigation and trade with fr-
i-eign nations arid between the States, we shall
scarcely find less cause for gratulation. A boleti-
°cot Providence has provided, for their exercise and
•ncouragement, an extensive coast, indented by

dacious bays, tvkle rivers, inland seas, with a
,!outitry productive of every material for ship-bul '.
Ong and every commodity for gainful commerce, and
filled with a population active, intelligent, well-in-
formed, and fearless of danger. These advantages
ire not neglected ; and an impulse has lately been

siven to commercial eaterprise, which rills our ship-
y erds with new constructions, encourages till the
arts arid branches of industry connected with them,
crowds the wharfs of our cities with vessels, and
covets the most distant seas with our canvas. Let
,Is be grateful for these blessings to the benefieent
Being who has conferred them, and who suffers
rs to indulge a reasonable hope for their con-
nuaece and extension, while we neglect trot
he means by which they may be preserved.
If we may dare to judge of his future designs,
ry the manner in which his past favours hive
teen bestowed, he has made our national pros.
rerity to depend on the preservation of our
iberties ; our national force on our federal union,
'lid our individual happiness on the maim,- •
lance of our State rights arid wise institutions. If
ve are prosperous at home and respected &eerie!, it
c because we are free, united, industrious, arid ob:-
bent to the laws. While we continue so, we shall,
,y the blessing of Heaven, go on in the happy ca-
eer we have begun, and which has breught tic, io
he short period of our political existence, from a
ropulation of three to thirteen million's; from thrr-
eett separate colonies to twenty-four United States :
*rom weakness to strength ; from a rank scarce!,
narked in the scale of natiene to a high place in
heir respect. This last advantage is one that has
vaulted in a great degree, from the princip'es which
rave guided our brercourse with foreign Po., ers,
.ince we have assumed au equal station
-.hem ; and hence, the annual account which the Exe-
•utive renders to the contrtry of the maim, r in
cinch that branch of its dirties has been fulfilled,
)1-oyes instructive and salutary.
The pacific and wise policy of our Government
'sept us in a state of neutrality during the ware that
'rave, at different periods since our political existence,
ieen carried on by other Powers ; bat this peaky,
chile it gave activity and extent to our commence,
txposed it in tile same proportion to injuries from the
•relligerent nations. Hence have risen claims of in-
emnity for those injuries. England, France, SpAin,
Stveden, Denmark, Naples, arid Lee!),
Portugal, had all, in a greater or less degree, in-
.ringed our neutral rights. Demands for rspsration
.were made upon all. They have had in all, and
tonlinue to have, in some cases, a leading influence
tie the nature of our relations with the Powers on
ivhom they were made.
Of the clams upon England it is unnecessary to
•peak, further than to say, that the stare of things
to which their persecution and denial gave rise has;
wen succeeded by arrangements productive of mu-
.rtal good feeling and amicable relations between the
•wo countries, which, it is hoped, will not be inter-
,iupted. One of these arrangements is that relating
to the colonial trade, which was communicated to
the Congress at the last session; and, although the
-hole period during which it has been in force will
not enable me to form an accurate judgment of its
,peration, there is every reason to believe it will
prove highly beneficial. The trade thereby audio-
esed has employed, to the 30th of September last,
upwards of 30,000 tons of American, and 15,000
tens of foreign shipping in the outward voyages
ind, in the inward, nearly an equal amount of Ame-
iean ; and '20,000 only of fotetign tonnage. Ad-
"antage, too, have resulted to our agricultural int-
erests from the state of the trade between Canada
ied our territories and states bordering on the S-.
Lawrence and the Lakes, which may prove more
Ilan equivalent to the loss sustained by the discri-
mination made to favour the trade of the northern
tolonies with the West Indies.
After our transition front the state of colonies
no that of an independent nation, many points were
found necessary to be settled between us and Great
Britain. Among them was the demarcation of
mundaries not described with sufficient precision in
he treaty of peace. Some of the lines that divided
he states and territories of ;he United Sates from
ire British provinces have been definitely fixed.
Chat, however, which separates us from the pro-
iinces of Canada and New Brunswick to the north
aid the ease, Wes still in dispute when I came into
'lice. But 1 found ar rune men made for their
etdement over ehich I Tied no controul. Tire
Commissioners who had been appointed under the
,rovisions of the Treaty of Ghent, fleeing been
triable to agree, a convention was made with Great:
Britain by my immediate predecessor le effice, with
he advice and corr.-eta of the Senate, by which it
erns agreed, " that the pubes of difference which
rave arisen in the settlement of the boundary line
etween the American arid British dominions, as
!escrihed in the Stir article of the 'l're:it). of Ghent,
tall be referred, as therein provided, to sore,
ttendly Sovereign or State, who shall he invited to
rreestigare, and make a decision upon such points of
fference." . . •5
Arid the King of the Netherlands having, by' the I
ire President arid his Breatieie Majesty, Leitig NN
4nuted as such friendly Sovereign, it beceme my
nay to curry with good faith the agreement co niket
• is •

into full effect. To this end I caused all the mea-
sures to he taken which a ere necessary to a full ex-
position of our case to the sovereign arbiter, and
nominated, as Minister Plenipotentiary to his Court,
a d stinguiehed citizen of the State most interested
in the question, and who had been one of the agents
previously employed for settling the controversy. On
the 10th day of January last his Majesty the King
of the Netherlands delivered to the Plenipotentiaries
of the United States and of 'Great Britain, his
written opinion on the case referred to him. The
papers in relation to the subject will be communi-
cated by a special message to the proper branch of
the Government, with the perfect confidence that
its wisdom will adopt such measures as will secure
an amicable settlement of the controversy, without
infringing any constitutional right of the State im-
mediately interested. It affords me much satisfaction
to inform you that suggestions, made by my direc-
tion, to the Charge d'Affaires of his Britannic Ma-
jesty to this Government, have had their desired
effect in producing the release of certain American
citizens, who were imprisoned for setting up the au-
thority of the State of Maine, at a place in the dis-
puted territory under the actual jurisdiction of his
Britannic Majesty. From this, and the assurances I
have received, of the desire of the local authorities
to avoid any cause of collision, I have the best hopes
that a good understanding will be kept up until it
is confirmed by the final disposition of the subject.
The amicable relations which now subsist between
the United States and Great Britain, the increasing
intercourse between their citizens, and the rapid
obliteration of unfriendly prejudices to which former
events naturally gave rise, concurred to present this
as a fit period for renewing our endeavours to pro-
vide against the recurrence of causes of irritation,
which, in the event of war between Great Britain
and any other Power, would inevitably endanger
our peace. Animated by the sincerest desire to
avoid such state of things, and peacefully to secure
under all possible circumstances the rights and
honour of the country, I have given such instruc-
tions to the Minister lately sent to the Court of
London, as will evince that desire; and if met by a
corresponding disposition, which we cannot doubt,
will put an end to causes of collision, which, with-
out advantage to either, tend to estrange from each
other two nations who have every motive to pre-
serve, not only peace, but an intercourse of the
most amicable nature.
In my Message at the opening of the last session
of Congress, I expressed a confident hope that the
justice of our claims upon France, urged as they
were with perseverance and signal ability by our
Ministers there, would finally be acknowledged.
This hope has been realized. A treaty has been
signed which will immediately be laid before the
Senate far its approbation; and which, containing
stipulations that require legislative acts, must have
the concurrence of both Houses before it can go
into effect. By it the French Government engage
to pay a sum which, if not quite equal to that which
may be found due to our citizens, will yet, it is be-
lieved, under all circumstances, be deemed satisfac-
tory to those interested. The offer of a gross sum
instead of the satisfaction of each individual claim,
was accepted, because the only alternatives were a
vigorous exaction of the whole amount stated to be
due on each claim, which might, in some instances,
be exaggerated by designs, in others overrated through
error, and which, therefore, it would have been both
ungracious and unjust to have insisted on; or a
settlement by a mixed commission, to which the
French neeociatora were very averse, and which
experience in other cases had shown to be dilatory,
and often wholly inadequate to the end. A com-
paratively small sum is stipulated on our part to go
to the extinction of all claims by French citizens
on our Government ; and a reduction of duties on
our cotton and their wines has been agreed on, as a
consideration for the renunciation of an important
c'aim for commercial privileges, under the construc-
tion they gave to the treaty for the cession of
Louisiana. Should this treaty receive the proper
sanction, a source of irritation will be stopped, that
has for so many years in some degree alienated from
each other two nations, who, from interest, as well
as the remembrance of early associations, ought to
cherish the most friendly relations, an encourage-
ment will be given for perseverance in the demands
of justice, by this new proof that, if steadily pur-
st.ed, they will be listened to ; and admonition will
he afforded to those Powers, if any, which may be
inclined to evade them, that they will never be aban-
doned. Above all, a just confidence will be in-
spired in our fellow-citizens, that their Government
will exert all the powers with which they have in-
vested it, in support of theirjust claims upon foreign
nations ; at tl.e same time that that frank acknow-
ledgment and provision for the payment of those
which were addressed to our equity, although un-
supported by legal proof, affords a practical illustia
Outs of our submission to the divine rule of doing to
others what we desire they should do unto us.
Sweden and Derunark having made compensation
for the irregularities committed by their vessels, or
in their ports, to the perfect satisfaction of the par-
ties concerned, and having renewed the Treaties of
Commerce entered into with them, our political and
commercial relations with those Powers continue to
be on the most friendly footing.
With Spain our differences up to the 22d of
February, 1819, were settled by the treaty of 'Wash-
ington of that date; but at a subsequent period, our
commerce with the states, formerly colonies of Spain,
on the continent of America, was annoyed and fre-
quently interrupted by her public and private armed
ships. They captured many of our vessels prose-
cuting a lawful commerce, and sold them arid their
cargoes ; and, at one time, to our demands for resto-
ration and indemnity, opposed the allegation that
they were taken in the violation of a blockade of all
the ports of those states. The blockade was decla-
ratory only, and the inadequacy of the force to main-
tain it was so manifes', that this allegation was
varied to a charge of trade in contraband of war.
This, in its turn, was also found untenable ; and the
Minister whom I sent, with instructions to press for
the reparation that was due to our injured fellow
citizens has transmitted an answer to his demand,
by which the captures are declared to have been lewd
and are justified, because the independence of the
States of America never having been acknowledged
by Spain, she had a right to prohibit trade with
them under her old colonial laws. This ground of
defence was contradictory, not only to those which
had been formerly alleged, but to the uniform prac-
tice and established laws of nations, and had been
abandoned by Spain herself in the convention which
granted indemnity to British subjects for cap-
tures, made at the same time, under the same cir-
cumstances, and (or the same allegations with
those of which we complain. 1, however, indulge
the hope that further reflection will lead to
other views, and feel confident that when his Ca-
tholic Majesty shall be convinced of the justice of
the claims, his desire to preserve friendly relations
between the two countries, which it is my earnest
endeavour to maintain, will induce him to accede to
our demand. I have therefore despatched a special
messenger with instructions to our Minister to bring
the case once more to his consideration; to the end
that if, which I cannot bt.ing myself to believe, the
same decision, that cannot but be deemed an un-
friendly denial of justice, should be persisted in, the
matter may, before your adjournment, be laid before
you, the constitutional judges of what is proper to be
done when negociation for redress of injury fails.
The conclusion of a treaty for indemnity with
France seemed to present a favourable opportunity
to renew our claims of a similar character on other
Powers; and particularly in the case of those upon
Naples, more especially as in the comae of former
tiegociations with that Power, our failure to induce
France to render us justice was used as an argument
{;against us. The desires of the merchants who were
ithe principal sufferers have therefore been acceded
*/"
~ to, and a mission lies been instituted for the special
e‘.; purpake-of obtaining ler them a reparation already
top,ibillAelayed, This measure having been re-
k• te4Wiestott,est was put in execution without waiting
41'34ieinOtieg of Corgress, because tile state of

Europe created an apprehension of events that might
have rendered our application ineffectual.
Our demands upon the Government of the Two
Sicilies are of a peculiar nature. The injuries on
which they are founded are not denied, nor are the
atrocity and perfidy tinder which those injuries were
perpetrated attempted to be extenuated. The sole
ground on which indemnity has been refused is the
alleged illegality of the tenure by which the Monarch
who made the seizures held his crown. This de-

fence—always unfounded in any principle of the
law of nations—now universally abandoned, even
by those Powers upon whom the responsibility for
acts of past rulers bore the most heavily—will un-
questionably be given up by his Sicilian Majesty,
whose counsels will receive an impulse from that
high sense of honour and regard to justice which
are said to characterize him; and I feel the fullest

confidence that the talents of the citizen commis-

sioned for that purpose will place before him the just
claims of our injured citizens in such a light as will
enable' me, before your adjournments, to announce
that they have been adjusted and secured. Precise
instructions, to the effect of bringing the negotia-
tions to a speedy issue, have been given, and will
be obeyed.
In the blockade of Terceira, some of the Portu-
guese fleet captured several of our vessels, and com-
mitted other excesses for which reparation was de-
manded ; and I was on the point of despatching an
armed force, to prevent any recurrence of a similar
violence, and protect our citizens in the prosecution
of their lawful commerce, when official assurances,
on which I relied, made the sailing of the ships un-
necessary. Since that period, frequent promises
have been made that full indemnity shall be given
for the injuries inflicted and the losses sustained.
In the performance there has been some, perhaps
unavoidable, delay; but I have the fullest confidence
that an earnest desire that this business may at
once be closed, which our Minister has been in-
structed strongly to express, will very soon be
gratified. I have the better ground for this hope,
from the evidence of a friendly disposition which
that Government has shown by an actual reduction
in the duty on rice, the produce of our Southern
States, authorizing the anticipation that this im-
portant article of our export will soon be admitted
on the same footing with that produced by the most

favoured nation.
With the other Powers of Europe we have for-
tunately had no cause of discussion for the redress
of injuries. With the Empire of the Russians our
political connection is of; the most liberal kind. We
enjoy the advantages of navigation and trade given
to the most favoured nation ; but it has not yet
suited their policy, or perhaps, has not been found
convenient from other considerations, to give stabi-

lity and reciprocity to those privileges by a com-
mercial treaty. The ill-health of the Minister last
year charged with making a proposition for that ar-
rangement did not permit him to remain at St.
Petersburgh ; and the attention of that Government,
during the whole of the period since his departure,
having been occupied by the war in which it was en-
gaged, we have been assured that nothing could have
been effected by his presence. A Minister will soon
be nominated, as well to effect this important object,
as to keep up the relations of amity and good under-
standing of which we have received so many assu-
rances and proofs from his Imperial Majesty and the
Emperor his predecessor.
The treaty with Austria opens to us an impor-
tant trade with the hereditary dominions of the
Emperor, the value of which has been hitherto little
known, and, of course, not sufficiently appreciated.
While our commerce finds an entrance into the south
of Germany by means of this treaty, those we have
formed with the Hanseatic Towns and Prussia, and

others now in negociation, will open that vas
country to the enterprising spirit of our merchants,
on the north a country abounding in all the ma-
terials of a mutually beneficial commerce, filled with
enlightened and industrious inhabitants, holding an
important place in the politics of Europe, anti to
which we owe so many valuable citizens. The rati•
fication of the treaty with the Porte was sent to be
exchanged by the gentleman appointed our Charge
d'Affaires to that Court. Some difficulties have
I occurred on" his arrival ; but at the date of his last
official despatch, he supposed they had been ob-
viated, and that there was every prospect of the ex-
change being speedily effected,
This finishes the connected view I have thought
it proper to give of our political and commercial re-
lations in Europe. Every effort in my power shall
be continued to strengthen and extend them by
treaties founded on principles of the most perfect
reciprocity of interest, neither asking nor conced-
ing any exclusive advantage, but liberating as far
as it lies in my power, the activity and industry of our
fellow-citizens from the shackles which foreign re-
strictions may impose.
To China and the East Indies our commerce con-
tinues in its usual extent and with increased facilities,
which the credit and capital of our merchants
affords, by substituting bills for payments in specie.
A daring outrage having been committed in those
seas by the plunder of one of our merchantmen en-
gaged in the pepper trade at a port in Sumatra, and
the piratical perpetrators belonging to tribes in such
a state of society that the usual course of proceeding
between civilised nations could not be pursued, I
forthwith despatched a frigate, with orders to re-
quire immediate satisfaction for the injury and in-
demnity to the sufferers.
Few changes have taken place in our connections
with the Independent States of America since my
last communication to Congress. The ratification of
a Commercial Treaty with the United Republics of
Mexico has been for some time under deliberation
in their Congress, but was still undecided at the
date of our last despatches. The unhappy civil
commotions that have prevailed there, were un-
doubtedly the cause of the delay; but as the Go-
vernment is now said to be tranquillised, we may
hope soon to receive the ratification of the treaty,
and an arrangement for the demarcation of the
boundaries between us. In the mean time an im-
portant trade has been opened, with mutual benefit
from Sr. Louis, in the State of Missouri,by caravans,
to the interior provinces of Mexico. This commerce
is protected in its progress through the Indian
countries by the troops of the United States, which
have been permitted to escort the caravans beyond
our boundaries to the settled parts of the Mexican
territory.
From Central America I have received assurances
of the most friendly kind, and u gratifying applica-
tion for our good offices to remove a supposed in-
disposition towards that Government in a neigh-
bouring State ; this application was immediately and
successfully complied with. They gave us also the
pleasing intelligence that differences which had pre-
vailed in their internal affairs had been peaceably
adjusted. Our treaty with this Republic continues
to be faithfully observed, and promises a great arid
beneficial commerce between the two countries—a
commerce of the greatest importance, if the magni-
ficent project of a ship canal through the dominions
of that State, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean,
now in a serious contemplation, shall be executed.
I have great satisfaction in communicating the
success which has attended the exertions of our
Minister in Colombia to procure a very considerable
reduction in the ditties on our flour in that Republic.
Indemnity also has been stipulated for injuries re-
ceived by our merchants from illegal seizures, and
renewed assurances are given that the treaty between
the two countries shall be faithfully observed.
Chili and Peru seem to be still threatened with
civil commotions ; tool until they shall be settled,
disorders may naturally be apprehended, requiring
the constant presence of a naval force in the Pacific
Ocean, to protect our fisheries and guard our
commerce.
The disturbances that took place in the empire
of Brazil previously to, and immediately subsequent
upon, the abdication of the late Emperor, neces-
sarily suspended any effectual application for the re-
dress of some past injuries suffered by our citizens
from that Government, while they have been the
cause of others, in which all foreigners seem to have

participated. Instructions have been given to our
Minister there to press for indemnity due for losses
occasioned by these irregularities; and to take care
that our fellow-citizens shall enjoy all the privileged
stipulated in their favour by the treaty lately made
between the two Powers, all which the good intel-
ligence that prevails between our Minister at Rio
Janeiro and the Regency gives us the best reason

to expect.
I should have placed Buenos Ayres in the list of
South American Powers in respect to which nothing
of importance affecting us was to be communicated,
but for occurrences which have lately taken place at
the Falkland islands, in which the name of that
Republic has been used to cover, with a show of
authority, acts injurious to our commerce, and to
the prosperity and liberty of our fellow-citizens.
In the course of the present year one of our vessels
engaged in the pursuit of a trade which we have
always enjoyed without molestation, has been
captured by a band acting, acting, as they pretend,
under the authority of the Government of Buenos
Ayres. I have therefore given orders for the despatch
of an armed vessel, to join our squadron in those
seas, and aid in affording all lawful protection to our
trade which shall be necessary, and shall without

delay send a Minister to inquire into the nature of
the circumstances and also of the claim, if any, that
is set up by that Government to those islands. In
the mean time I submit the case to the consideration
of Congress, to the end that they may clothe the
Executive with such authority and meana as they
may deem necessary for providing a force adequate
to the complete protection of our fellow-citizens
fishing and trading to those seas.
This rapid sketch of our foreign relations, it is
hoped, fellow-citizens, may be of some use in so
much of your legislation as may bear on that im-
portant subject; while it affords to the country at
large a source of high gratification in the contem-
plation of our political and commercial connexion with
the rest of the world. At peace with all—having
subjects of future difference with few, and those sus-
ceptible of easy adjustment—extending our com-
merce gradually on all sides, and on none by any
but the most liberal and mutually beneficial means
—we may, by the blessing of Providence, hope for
all national prosperity which can be derived from an
intercourse with foreign nations, guided by those
eternal principles of justice mid reciprocal good
will which are binding as well upon States as the
'individuals of whom they are composed.

I have great satisfaction in making this statement
of our affairs, because the cause of our nationa
policy enables me to do it without any indiscreet ex.
posure of what in other governments is usually con
cealed from the people. Having none but a straight.
forward course to pursue—guided by a single prig
ciple that will bear the strongest light—we have
happily no political combinations to form, no 'al-
liance to entangle us, no complicated interests to
consult ; and in subjecting all we have done to the
consideration of our citizens, and to the inspection
of the world, we give no advantage to other na-
tions, and lay ourselves open to no injury. It may
not be improper to add, that to preserve this state
of things, and give confidence to the world in the
integrity of our designs, all our consular and diplo-
matic agents are strictly enjoined to examine well
every cause of complaint preferred by our citizens;
and, while they urge with proper earnestness those
that are well-founded, to countenance none that are
unreasonable or unjust, and to enjoin on our
merchants and navigators the rrictest obedience to
the laws of the country to which they resort, and a
course of conduct in their dealings that may support
the character of our nation, and render us respected
abroad. Connected with this subject, I must re-
commend a revisal of our consular laws. Defects
and omissions have been discovered in their opera-
tion that ought to be remedied and supplied. For
your further information on this subject, I have di-
rected a report to be made by the Secretary of State,
which I shall hereafter submit to your consideration.
The internal peace and security of our confede-
rated States is the next principal object of the Ge-
neral Government. Time and experience have
proved that the abode of the native Indian within
their limits is dangerous to their peace and injurious
to himself. In accordance with my recommendation
at a former session of Congress, an appropriation of
half a million of dollars was made to aid the volun-
tary removal of the various tribes beyond the limits
of the States. At the last session I had the hap-
piness to announce that the Chickasaws and Choc-
taws had accepted the generous offers of Govern-
ment, and agreed to remove beyond the Mississippi
river—by which the whole of the state of Mississippi
and the western part of Alabama will be freed from
Indian occupancy, and opened to a civilized popu-
lation. The treaties with these tribes are in a course
of execution, and their removal, it is hoped, will be
completed in the course of 1832.
At the request of the authorities of Georgia, the
registration of the Cherokee Indians for emigration
has been resumed, and it is confidently expected
that one-half, if not two-thirds, of that tr,be, will
follow the wise example of their more westerly
brethren. Those who prefer remaining at their pre-
sent homes will hereafter be governed by the laws
of Georgia, as all her citizens are, an cease to be
the object of peculiar care on the part of the Ge-
neral Government.
During the present year the attention of the Go-
vernment has been particularly directed to those
tribes in the powerful and growing State of Ohio,
where considerable tracts of the finest lands were
still occupied by the aboriginal proprietors. Treaties,
either absolute or conditional, have been made, ex-
tinguishing the whole Indian title to the reservations
of that State; and the time is not distant, it is
hoped, when Ohio will be no longer embarrassed
with the Indian population. The same measure will
be extended to Indiana, as soon as there is reason to
anticipate success. But the removal of the Indians
beyond the limits and jurisdiction of the States does
not place them beyond the reach of philanthropic
aid and Christian instruction. On the contrary,
those whom philanthropy may induce to live among
them in their new abode, will be more free in the
exercise of their benevolent functions than if they
had remained within the limits of the States, em-
barrassed by their internal regulations. Now, sub-
ject to no controul but the superintending agency of
the general Government, exercised with the sole
view of preserving peace, they may proceed unmo-
lested in the interesting experiment of gradually ad-
vancing a community of American Indians from bar-
baristn to the habits and enjoyments of civilized life.
It is confidently believed that perseverance for a
few years in the present policy of the Government
will extinguish the Indian title to all lands lying
within the States composing our Federal Union,
and remove beyond their limits every Indian who
was not willing to submit to their laws. Thus will
all conflicting claims to jurisdiction between the
States and the Indian tribes be put to rest. It is
pleasing to reflect that results so beneficial not only
to the States immediately concerned, but to the
harmony of the Union, will have been accomplished
by measures equally advantageous to the Indians.
What the native savages become when surrounded
by a dense population, and by mixing with the
whites, may be seen in the miserable remnants of a
few eastern tribes, deprived of political and civil
rights, forbidden to make contracts and subjected
to guardians, dragged out a wretched existence,
without excitement, without hope, and almost with-
out thought.
Among the happiest effects of the improved rela-
tions of our Republic, has been an increase of trade,
producing a corresponding increase of Revenue, be-
yond the most sanguine anticipations of the Treasury
Department. The state of the public finances will
be fully shown by the Secretary of the Treasury, in
the report which he will presently lay before you.
I will here, howl ver, congratulate you upon their
prosperous condition.
The revenue received in the present year will not
fall short of 27,700,000 dollars, and the expenditure,
for all objects other than the public debt, will not
exceed 14,700,000. The payment on account of
the principal and interest of the debt, during the

year, will exceed sixteen millitins rind a half or dol-
lars, a greater sum than has been applied to that
object, out of the revenue, in any year since the en-
largement of the sinking fund, except the two yeas
following immediately thereafter. The amount
which will have been applied to the public debt
from the 4th of March, 1829, to the Ist of January
next, which is less than three years since the Ad-
ministration has been placed in my hands, will ex-
ceed 40,000,000 of dollars. From the large impor-
tations of the present rear, it may be safely esti-
mated that the revenue which will be received into
the Treasury from that source during the next year,
with the aid of that received from the public lands,
will considerably exceed the amount of the receipts
of the present year; and it is believed that, with
the means which the Government will have at its
disposal from the various sources, which will be
fully stated by the proper department, the whole of
the public debt may be extinguished, either by re-
demption or purchase, within four years of my Ad-
ministration. We shall then exhibit the rare example

.......
of a great nation, abounding in all the means of hap-
piness and security, altogether free from debt.
The confidence with which the extinguishment of
the public debt may be anticipated, presents an op-
portunity for carrying into effect more fully the policy
in relation to import duties, which has been recotn-
mended in my former messages. A modification of
the tariff, which shall produce a reduction of our
revenue to the wants of our Government, and an
adjustment of the duties on imports with a view to
equal justice its relation to all our national interests
and to the counteraction of foreign policy, so far as
it may be injurious to those interests, is deemed to
be one of the principal objects which demand the
consideration of the present Congress. Justice to
the interests of the merchant as well as the manu-
facturer requires that material reductions in the im-
port duties be prospective; and unless the present
Congress shall dispose of the subject, the proposed
reductions cannot properly be made to take effect at
the period when the necessity for the revenue arising
from the present rates shall cease. It is, therefore,
desirable that arrangements be adopted at your pre-
sent session to relieve the people from unnecessary
taxation after the extinguishment of the public debt.
In the exercise of that spirit of concession and con-
ciliation which has distinguished the friends of our
Union in all great emergencies, it is believed that
this object may be effected without injury to any
national interest.

In my annual message of December, 1829, I had
the honour to recommend a more liberal policy than
that which then prevailed towards unfortunate
debtors to the Government; and I deem it my duty
again to invite your attention to this subject. Ac-
tuated by similar views, Congress at their last ses-
sion passed an Act for the relief of certain insolvent
debtors of the United States; but the provisions of
that law have not been deemed such as were ade-
quate to that relief to this unfortunate class of our
fellow-citizens which may be safely extended to
them. The points in which the law appears to be
defective will be particularly communicated by the
Secretary of the Treasury, and I take pleasure in
recommending such an extension of its provisions as
will unfetter the enterprise of a valuable portion of
our citizens, and restore to them the means of use-
fulness to themselves and the community. While
deliberating upon this subject, I weuld also recom-
mend to your consideration the propriety of so rate
difying the laws for enforcing the payment of the
debts due either to the public or to individuals
suing in the Courts of the United States, as to re-
strict the imprisonment of the person to cases of
fraudulent concealment of property. The personal
liberty of the citizen seems too sacred to be held, as
in many cases it now is, at the will of a creditor to
whom he is willing to surrender all the means he
has of discharging his debt.
The reports from the Secretaries of War and Navy
Departments and from the Postmaster-General,
which accompany this message, present satisfactory
views of the operations of the Departments respec-
tively under their charge, and suggest improvements
which are worthy of, and to which I invite the se-
rious attention of the Congress. Certain defects
and omissions having been discovered in the opera-
tion of the laws respecting Parliaments, they are
pointed out in the accompanying report from the
Secretary of State. I have heretofore recommended
amendments of the Federal Constitution giving the
election of President and Vice-President to the
people, and limiting the service of the former to a
single term. So important do I consider these
changes in our fundamental law, that I cannot, in
accordance with my sense of duty, omit to press
them upon the consideration of a new Congress.
For my views mere at large, as well in relation to
these points as to the disqual;fication of Members of
Congress to receive art office from a President in
whose election they had an official agency, which I
proposed as s substitute, I refer you to my former
messages. Our system of public accounts is ex-
tremely complicated, and, it is believed, may be
much improved. Much of the present machinery,
and a considerable portion of the expenditure of
public money may be dispensed with, while greater
facilities can be afforded to the liquidation of claims
upon the Government, and an examination into their
justice and legality, quite as efficient as the present,
secured. With a view to a general reform in the
system, I recommend the subject to the attention of
the Congress.
I deem it my duty again to call your attention to
the condition of the district of Colombia. It was
doubtless wise in the framers of our Constitution to
place the people of this district under the jurisdiction
of the general Government ; but, to i;ccornplish the
objects they had in view, it is not necessary that this
people should be deprived of all the privileges of self-
government. Independent of the difficulty of induc-
ing the representatives of distant States to turn their
attention to projects of laws, which are not of the
highest interest to their constituents, they are not
individually, nor, in Congress, collectively, well
qualified to legislate over the local concerns of this
district. Consequently its interests are much neg-
lected, and the people are almost afraid to present
their grievances, lest a body, in which they are not
represented, and which feels little sympathy in their
local relations, should, in its attempt to make laws
for them, do more harm than good. Governed by
the laws of the State whence they were severed,
the two shores of the Potomac, within ten miles
square, have different penal codes ; not the present
codes of Virginia and Maryland, but such as existed
in those States at the time of the cession to the
United States. As Congress will not form a new
code, and as the people of the district cannot make
one for themselves, they are virtually under two
Governments. Is it not just to allow them at least
a delegate in Congress, if not a local Legislature, to
make laws for the district, subject to the approval
or rejection of Congress ? I earnestly recommend
the extension to them of every political right which
their interests require, and which may be compatible
with the Constitution.
The extension of the Judiciary system of the
United States is deemed to be one of the duties of
Government. One fourth of the States in the
Union do not participate in the benefits of a Circuit
Court. To the states of Indiana, Illinois, Mi,souri,
Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, admitted into
the Union since the present judicial system was or-
ganized, only a District Court has been allowed.
If this be sufficient, then the Circuit Courts already
existing in eighteen states ought to be abolished, if
it be not sufficient the defect ought to be abolished,
and these states placed on the same footing with the
other members of the Union. It was on this con-
dition, and en this footing, that they entertained
the Union; and they may demand Circuit Courts
as a matter, not of concession, but of right. I trust
that Congress will not adjourn, leaving the anomaly
in our system.
Entertaining the opinions heretofore expressed in
relation to the Bank of the United States, as at pre-
sent organized, I felt it my duty, in my former mes-
sages, frankly to disclose them in order that the at-
tention of the Legislature and the people should be
seasonably directed to that important subject, and

Out it tniWit be considered and filially disposed of in
a manner best calculated to promote the ends of the I
Constitution and subserve the public interest. Having
thus conscientiously discharged a constitutional duty,
deem it proper, on this occasion, without a more
particular reference to the views of the subject then
expressed, to leave it for the present to the investiga-
tion of an enlightened people and their representatives.
In conclusion, permit me to invoke that Power
which superintends all Governments, to infuse into
your deliberations, at this important crisis of our
history, a spirit of mutual forbearance and concilia-
tion. In that spirit was our Union formed, and in
that spirit must it be preserved.
Washington, Dec. 6. ANDREW JACKSON.

CHRISTENINGS AND BURIALS
WITHIN THE CITY OF LONDON AND

BILLS OF MORTALITY,
FROM DEC. 15, 1830, TO DEC. 13, 1831.

Christened in the 97 parishes within the walls, 968 ; buried, 1187.
Christened in the 17 parishes without thewalls, 4660; buried, 4331.
Christened in the 24 out-parishes in Middlesex and Surrey, in-
cluding the district or additional churches thereto belonging,
18,179; buried, 14,765.
Christened in the 10 parishes in the city and liberties of West-
minster, 4490; buried, 054.

ALTIES THIS YEAR
Mortification 307
Ossification of the Heart 29
Paralytic 246
Pleurisy l6
Rheumatism 57
Scrofula 49

Small Pox 563

Sore Throat, or Quinsey 3
Spasm . 3
Stillborn 693

Stone
Stricture l4
Thrübh
Tumour 3
Unknown Causes 7
Venereal: '2

Total of Diseases.. .24,9'26