The Sun.
London, England, 1849-08-29 00:00:00

einning

I (WDON, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 1849.

O Hungary, how art thou fallen ! Such at least
might be our justifiable exclamation—speaking in the
pathetic and reproachful language applied to the
loftiest of the archangels—in the first flush of the
disastrous intelligence received from the heroic
country irrigated by the waters of the Waag, the
Drave, and the Danube. Our profound dejection at
the calamities which have succeeded the glorious
achievements of the Magyars—and succeeded them,
too, with such appalling rapidity—must not, how-
ever, be permitted to cloud our judgment with the
darkness of indignation. We must estimate at their
due importance the perils by which the Generals of the
armies of liberation were surrounded—the extremities
to which they were driven—the losses to which they
were subjected. We must remember that those perils
were the more enormous, that those extremities were
the more imminent, and that those losses were the
more frightful, in proportion as the bravery of the
Hungarians extorted from the AUTOCRAT the evidence
of his fury, of his cruelty, and of his ambition. For
ourselves, it is consolatory to bear in recollection that
from the very commencement of this atrocious war
upon the rights and independence of the Hungarians
we have protested against the apathy of our own Go-
vernment, while we have exulted in that magnificent
display of valour, civism, and unanimity, which
enabled those Hungarians to rout the veteran legions
of Austria, and to drive them beyond the frontiers of
their fatherland with every circumstance of ignominy
and confusion. Yes ! if we are overwhelmed with
sorrow at the events which have recently transpired,
we can revert without any sentiments of remorse to
all the preceding occurrences. We can remember,
with pardonable satisfaction, how we remained almost
isolated in our appreciation of the noble qualities
which characterised the Provisional Government at
Debreczin, ,e hen those patriotic statesmen were else-
where assailed by every ribald vituperation, by every
anonymous slander, and by every dark and damna-
tory aspersion. At the eleventh hour the genius and
the disinterestedness of those illustrious chieftains are
recognised—and not only recognised, but absolutely
eulogised—by the lips of their assailants and by the
pens of their calumniators. Even the panegyrists of
the monster HAYNAU and of the execrable FAME-
wrroa have been forced to bow the head in homage
to those deeds of heroism and those revelations of
generalship which they themselves have acknowledged
to be without a parallel. If the annalist, sympa-
thising with that holy cause with which the name
of the immortal KOSSUTH has become for
ever identified—if the annalist, in recording
the details of the recent capitulation has reason to
weep for the destruction of the golden hopes of four-
teen millions—he has also cause for unutterable ex-
ultation in narrating the memorable and sublime
antecedents of that dismal and abrupt downfal. He
will recount, for the admiration of posterity, the
grandeur of that simultaneous movement of the Mag-
yars which led to the degradation of the bombardier
of Vienna, and, subsequently, to that of his vaunted
successor, and which ultimately conduced to the
expulsion of the legions of despotism beyond the
limits of a violated dominion. It will be
declared in history that the first campaign of
BEM in Transylvania was only comparable to the
finest achievements of MONTECUCULI. It will be said,
and said with truth, that the defence of Comorn in
its prolonged success—that success being the more
remarkable from the contiguity of the fortress to the
Austrian capital, and from the numerical preponder-
ance of the German artillery—is more - --thy of
consideration and astonishment than the ~caned
defence of Saragossa. After ma ars have elapsed
the peasants of Hungary will narr.ce to their children
how the savage horsemen of JELLACHICH were all but
annihilated by the followers of GUYON, when the
English captain, on the borders of Sclavonia, crossed
swords with the BAN of the Croatians. Poets will
sing of the military skill of DEMBINSKI, of the daring
of KLAPRA, of the resolution of Amami, of the assi-
duous devotion of BATH/ANY, and of the glorious
incorruptibility of KOSSUTH, as long as there is a
heart to feel, or a brain to think, within the circum-
ference of Hungary. And in after generations, the
demagogues will strive to rouse the dormant patriotism
of the Magyars by a reference to the glory won by their
ancestors, in the great wars of forty-eight and forty
nine. Yea ! and the memory of those great men who.
are now overwhelmed by their misfortunes will be a
nobler security for the nationality of the Hungarians
than ever were to the Gre,,ks and the Romans the
ancyle of the Capitol or the palladium of the Acro-
polis.
Circumstances which at present appear enigmatical
will in a few days be unravelled—and then, but not
till then, shall we be enabled to form an accurate
opinion as to the necessity or the culpability of the
recent submission of GEORGEY to PASICEWITCH.
What appears to be incontrovertible already may be
briefly enumerated. To DEMBINSKI had been
entrusted by the Hungarian Dictator the re-
spovsibility of the supreme command of the
Oa of liberation. His mind it was which con-

ceived that masterly plan of the campaign which
opened so auspiciously, and terminated so suddenly
and deplorably. Under DEMBINSKI were those
generals and their followers whose names were already
covered with an enduring celebrity—there was a
division under BEM in the east, a division under
GEORGEY in the north, a division under GUYON in
the south, and another division in the west under the
orders of Mural. and Aulam The central army
changed its position, of course, with the head-
quarters of DEMBINSKI ; and from those head-
quarters emanated, in unison with the policy
of KOSSUTH and his Government, the commands
which regulated the manoeuvres and directed the
combinations of the campaign. So long as those
commands were followed with implicit obedience, so
long were the Magyar councils prosperous and the
Magyar soldiers victorious. Assailed simultaneously
by two gigantic empires,the defenders of Hungary, at
first surrounded, in turn surrounded their assailants.
Absolutism was completely checkmated. Comorn
still held out; Peterwardein was relieved;
Raab was captured, and the conquerors
pressed forward even to the suburbs of Presburg.
In a preliminary conflict among the mountains of
Transylvania, BEM had discomfitted the corps led
on by LUDERS. In the vicinity of the Donavitza
GUYON had broken the courage and avenged the
cruelties of the Croats under JELLACHICH.
Along the banks of the Neytra and the
Rabnitz, the troops under liLarice. and
AULICH advanced with such undeviating
success that the evidences of panic were already
visible in the environs of Vienna. HAYNAU mean-
while, having marched southwards apparently for
the purpose of carrying assistance to the
BAN, completed his arrangements and prepared
to try the strength of his arms against
the " insurgents" under DEMBINSKI. Then it was
that while BEM hastened from Transylvania to
strengthen the forces under the Commander-in-Chief
of the Hungarians, General ARTHUR. GEORGET,
(whose first duty it had been from the very outset of
the campaign to unite his soldiers with the soldiers
of DRHRiNssi) did not effect that junction, that junc-
tion which was, under the circumstances, then im-
peratively necessary, but, instead of so doing, ob-
tained a reversion of the supreme power to himself
from the hands of KOSSUTH, and inaugurated his
accession to the Dictatorship by an uncon-
ditional surrender to Prince PASKEWITCH.
Those are the facts as far as they have yet transpired,
and upon them history will ultimately pronounce her
irrevocable judgment. We pray GOD that no testi-
monies of treason so black and horrible as those
which are surmised may be brought home
to the youthful hero, the originator of
this capitulation. For we remember that
while GEORGEY has laid down his arms at the foot-
stool of the AUTOCRAT, BEM has remained faithful to
the cause for which he has a hundred times jeopardized
his existence. And BEM is a Pole, and GEORGEY is a
Hungarian ! Our whole soul revolts so utterly from
the mere supposition of such stupendous
treason, that while we bow to the conviction that
such a heart as that of NELSON would have broken
rather than yield when at the head of 40,000 fighting
men, we shall shut our eyes to suspicion, and
honour GEORGET the Brave, until proofs of his guilt
arise such as are altogether incontrovertible. Until
indisputable facts shall demonstrate to the contrary,
we shall regard Hungary as the victim of misfor-
une rather than the holocaust of treachery.

A number of individual deaths by violent means is
just now, very naturally, occupying general attention
and exciting general horror ; and at the same time
the Peace Society is endeavouring to preserve life by
putting an end to the system of war. Simultaneously
with the existence of these various feelings, having
for their object the preservation of human life, an
enemy more destructive than murder and more im-
placable than war is daily sweeping away tens and
hundreds of our countrymen. Much has been said
about the cholera ; we are aware it has excited in
some instances unnecessary apprehension, and is
many exaggerated alarm ; still, whatever may have
been said, not sufficient has been done to impede the
progress of the pestilence and to prevent its future
recurrence. A murder is committed, and imme-
diately every circumstance connected with it is inves-
tigated end the, primo agent subjected to a tellible
punishment, chiefly as a preventive against similar
calamities. Many of the deaths which appearin the bills
of mortality as cholera are, in fact, legalised murders,
which in all human probability might have been pre-
vented by ordinary precautions. Not only, however,
were such precautions omitted in past cases, but
there seems little hope of improvement for the future.
A striking instance of this criminal neglect is fur-
nished by the recent deaths in the Wandsworth-road.
At the inquest held on the Rev. Mr. HARRISON, one
of the late inhabitants of that locality, whose house
had been fearfully visited by the pestilence, the jury
returned as their verdict—
" That the deceased died of Asiatic cholera, and that
the disease broke out only in one place where the drain.
age,was very defective; also that a large quantity of filth
was allowed to accumulate at one or more of the houses;
also that the tanks and the water in them were impure
from their close proximity to the cesspools; and the jury
c uld not separate without expressing a hope that the
owners of the property would take immediate and effec-
tive means, by improved drainage and a different supply
of water, ao prevent for the future, as far as human
means can go, the recurrence of so terrible a calamity."

Samples of the water found in the tanks of these
houses were produced at the inquest. It was said
that in some of the tanks there was a sediment seven
or eight inches deep, and the assistant-surveyor of the
Commissioners of Sewers said he considered that,
from some overflowing of the sewer or from bad
drainage, the soil had got into the well from which
the houses were supplied. Thus, the unfortunate
victims of the so-called pestilence have been literally
drinking poison! In this case culpable neglect is
very obvious, and without doubt in innumerable
other instances similarly faulty, although, perhaps,
not similarly apparent negligence, has been productive
of equally murderous consequences. Public prayers
are put up in the churches for the abatement
of the pestilence, but it is mockery to
raise the hands in supplication while instead
of doing our best to rid ourselves of the evil
we encourage it and cherish it by our apathy and our
negligence. Another fertile source of poison, another
legalised system of murder, to which we have again '
and again alluded in terms of the strongest repre-
hension—namely, the system of intramural burial,
whereby death and the seeds of death, in their foulest
and most infectious form, are treasured up in the
midst;of the living—has been again brought before
public notice by a letter from the eminent publisher,
Mr. CnARLEs KNIGHT. Mr. KNIGHT complains
that he has the misfortune to carry on his business in
a house the back of which overlooks St. Bride's
Churchyard. This churchyard is, it appears,
crowded to repletion, and from the open graves fearful
exhalations are continually arising. We will not
further recapitulate these nauseous particulars. The
question must suggest itself to every thinking mind
—ought not some immediate steps to be taken to put
an end to these fruitful sources of disease and death ?
13 not the neglect or indifference of public authorities
in such matters somewhat synonymous to connivance
with a system of wholesale murder?

Three weeks have scarcely elapsed since we directed
the public attention to the melancholy results of the
temptations to which young and inexperienced under-
graduates are exposed at our English Universities.
It is our painful duty this day to notice another case
in which a young man, in the very beginning of his
career, about to become a member of an arduous
and honourable profession, has been com-
pelled to avail himself of the provisions of
the Act for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors,
in order to obtain his liberation from the imprison-
ment to which his ov% n thoughtless extravagance and
the undue facilities afforded for plunging into debt,
while he was supposed to be completing his educa-
tion, had subjected him. Such a course, however
revolting to the feelings of a high-spirited youth,
was essential, unless he would be contented to linger
out his existence in a gaol, exposed to the demorali-
zation consequent upon such a habitation.
There were some peculiar features about the pre-
sent case that distinguish it from those to which we
formerly alluded. The first series of debts had
been fully satisfied by the afflicted father, and the
accommodating tradesmen had been duly cautioned
that " he would be responsible for no further claims
—that his son was then of age, and that if they

again trusted him they should look to him alone for
payment." And yet, despite this salutary warning
the unfortunate young man was again involved to
the extent of 9001. sterling, 650/. of which was due
to the very persons whose former demands had been
liquidated. The creditors too, exhibited a greater
degree of modesty than on former occasions.
There was an unwillingnes to come pro-
minently forward to complain of the insol-
vent for yielding to the temptations by which
he had been surrounded, or to attempt a
justification of the system. Four only had the
hardihood to oppose the discharge. The literary
proprietor of " the ruination shop" was absent. Indeed
we know not whether be figured among the creditors,
although the list could scarcely he complete without
the name of the liberal and obliging Mr. THOMAS
RANDALL, who placed implicit confidence "in the
honour of that portion of the chivalry of England,
who pass for purposes of education the period between
raw (yes, very raw,) youth and matured manhood in
the University ;" who never refused " whatever might
be necessary for a gentleman," and who, according to
his own statement, did not set himself up for that
rara avis in :terris, a commercial angel
without wings, selling no more to his customers
than he could possible avoid, by persuading them
that they might possibly wear their dirty gloves a
little' longer, give their old hats a temporary gloss by
the application of a damp brush, or trim the edges of
their worn out shirt-collars, to prevent the rags show-
ing, and avert thus, for a time, the necessity of a new
" set." We therefore incline to the supposition, that the
name of the insolvent must have been recorded in the
trade ledger of Mr. RANDALL, but that the latter
person entertained a wholesome dislike of " the at-
mosphere of the Insolvent Court." The admirable
decision of the Learned Gentleman (Mr. J. B.
PARILY, Q.C.) 'who presided on the occasion merits
the most unqualified approbation. It is deserving of
the highest praise, not only as being in strict accord-
ance with both the letter and the spirit of the law
which Mr. PARRY was called upon to administer
but as inflicting " a heavy blow and great discourage-
ment" upon the pernicious system which it is so
'desirable to check by any lawful means.
It appears from the proceedings, that the insolvent
had entered the University in the year 1842, and
that he received the usual allowance of 2501. per
annum until he attained his full age of 21 years. His
father, who had twelve children, had paid his debts in
1847, about which time he had obtained his degree as
a Bachelor of Arts. His debts at present amounted
to 9201., the debts contracted in Oxford being 6501.
and those out of Oxford being 270/. Among the
former there were—for hire of horses, dogs, and
saddler's bills, 1991. 16s. 4d. ; for tavern bills, 105/.
1 ls. 11d.; cigars and billiards, 119/. ss. 10c1. ; con-
fectionary, jewellery, pictures, and fancy articles,
163/. 14s. Id. ; tailor and hatters, 226/. 13s. 9d. ;
money borrowed, 882. 175.; furniture Si. 10s.;
and books, 8/. the food for the mind
bearing about the same proportion to the
hire of horses and dogs, to saddlers, and tavern
bills, to bills for cigars, billiards, confectionary,

. _
jewellery, pictures, and fancy articles, that FALSTAFF'S
halfpennyworth of bre,xcl did to his account for sack.
The above list affords some slight illustration of the
pursuits most in favour at the ancient seats of learn-
ing, and the nature of the "necessaries" furnished to
the students who, teste Mr. Thomas RANDALL, "in a
large proportion of cases have their bills paid after
they leave the University instead of the money pass•
ing through their hands, having only a certain sum
allowed for necessary purposes." It must be a great
consolation to the father of twelve children, who had
restricted his own expenditure and curtailed the
wants of the remainder of his numerous offspring, to
be enabled to afford a favourite son the advan-
tages of a University education, to think
that the " hope of the family," in place
of wasting his time ovs'r musty folios, has been re-
creating himself with horses and dogs.; that he had
enjoyed "the fragrance of a mild Havanna," " taken
i his ease in his inn," solaced himself with hot break-
fasts, exhibited his taste in jewellery, pictures, and
fancy articles, and become a proficient in the use of
the " cue"—an adept io the noble science of billiards.
Above all, it must be satisfactory to the:parent's heart
to know that his child cannot be inconvenienced by
any temporary want of cash ; that although a loan of
money may be hard to 1341 obtained, there can be no dif-
ficulty in procuring jewellery to any extent. Several
gold watches in a few months clearly come under the
head of necessaries, and. they can easily be converted
into cash through the obliging aid of " Purbrick," the
`" boots " at the Star. Seriously speaking,
what father can subject his child to so fearful an
ordeal unless possessed of means that will enable him
to sacrifice a " loose thousand" when his son has
concluded his course, and also contented to see him a
slave to a variety of idle, expensive, and mischievous
habits, that must materially prejudice his future
prospects. We again emphatically caution the
University authorities to adopt the measures necessary
to abate the nuisance, or they will too late learn that
they themselves will eventually become the sufferers.

ME FRENCH REPUBLIC.

We have received the Paris papers of yesterday.
A note had been received by M. KissiELorr, the
Russian charge d'affaires in Paris, from Count bTES
SELRODE, directing hint to communicate to the French
Government that it is the intention of the Emperor
of Russia to withdraw the whole of his troops now in
Hungary within his own territories, so soon as the
llungarians shall have laid down their arms, and
have delivered up the fortresses at present in their
possession to the Austrian forces ; the note further
tates that the greater number of the Russian troops
at present in Moldavia and Wallachia will also be
withdrawn, and only a small number will remain in
the principalities to ensure the preservation of tran-
quillity.
seLheetareileesetoiofntheofcoPuln•ecsiildse-nGtse,neirraiel,e-Pharesstidakenetns, dplaanee
in the departments. The successful candidates are
almost all Monarchists.

andMG. Genaetair
GlTEoßnueEoutfmtuh,ebrreopthreesre-ninta-ltaivwestootfh Re
Douuek%
of MONTEBELLO, have fallen victims to the cholera.
They died on Monday.
111. DE PERSIGNY has been dispatched by the PRE-
SIDENT of the Republic on a secret mission to Ger-
many. M. ()DILLON BARROT has gone to Laon, to
attend the meeting of the Council-General of the
department, and M. LANOCJINAIS, the Minister of
Commerce, to Brussels, to witness some experiments
in the refining of sugar.
The grands eaux of Versailles played on Monday,
at five o'clock, in honour of the visit of the members
of the Peace Congress, and those of St. Cloud at
eight in the evening. The fountains of St. Cloud
were illuminated.

La Presse publishes the model of a petition having
for its object the carrying out the views of the Peace
Congress. It demands the abolition of the conscrip-
t e reduction
for
every o f
200 the e
conscrip-
tion, the establishment of a voluntary system, and
h
armyitizens. to 180,000 The petitionmen,is
orr e
aodnye
soldier
for signature at the office of La
Presse and in the
provinces.
Some alarmists pretend that fears are entertained
of the occurrence of fresh commotions in Paris. We
entirely disbelieve the report, although no doubt
the reactionary party will endeavour by their agens
provocateurs to get up a sham emente, under cover of
which they may perpetrate their long contemplated
coup di etat whensoever they may deem a favourable
opportunity to have arisen.
The Bourse was well attended to-day, and a further
improvement took place in the price of Government
stock, particularly the Three per Cents. The Five per
Cents. closed at 89f. 85c.; the Three per Cents. at 55f.
30c.; Orleans Railroad Satires, 762 f. 50c.; Rouen, 530 f. •
Great Northern, 425 f.; Avignon, 227 f. 50c.; Basle, 102 e.
50c.; Bordeaux, 400 f.; Puns and Strasburg, 353 f. 75c.;
Tours and Nantes, 303 f. 75c.

BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
LONDON STOCK-EXCHANGE, AUGUST 28.
Anglo Italian (late Italian and Austrian), I—Boulogne
and Amiens, 64—Great radian Peninsula, 54—Ditto,
—Rouen and Havre, 91,4.

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