The Sun.
London, England, 1849-05-07 00:00:00

LITERATURE. BS
TIISTORY 0 61.:El.:(
Thomax Swinbarne Carr, .2,1
Aft, ti,e compositiot, ..n,:
celebrated works recently published by Grote and
hirlwall, it may appear rather a matter of superero-
gation, not to say of temerity and presumption, for
any one to attempt a volume of this character. It
must be premised at once, however, not merely in
extenuation, but in commendation of the labours of
Mr. Carr, that his production is an endeavour to
make up for the deficiencies of Dr. Goldsmith's
abridgement, not to compete with the voluminous
pages of his more ambitious predecessors. As the
title-page indicates, the volume is intended " for the
use of schools and colleges." It recounts the narra-
tive of the rise and development of those famous
classic democracies whose citizens were the authors
of the first civilization, and it does so within the com-
pass of 600 pages, without being either too diffuse or too
abbreviated, without encumbering the memory of the
youthful student with unnecessary particulars, and,
at the i-ame time, without omitting anything which
could tend to bring more vividly before the dawning
imagination the genius and the valour of the ancient
Grecians. Remote as is the age which coin-
menced with the rise of Codrus and terminated
with the fall of Dilithridates, the fact is patent to
every educated man that, in regard to the principal
incidents of that epoch, there is no lack whatever of
authentic materials. From Herodotus, whom Cicero
happily designated the Father of History, we learn
all the most interesting details of the struggles
between the Greeks and Persians, dating from the
appearance of Cyrus to that of Xerxes. And in the
nine eloquent books written by him, each of which
has been elegantly called after one of the Nine
Muses, we possess not merely the record of many
extraordinary occurrences, but a perfect model of
all that is lucid, oratorical, and poetically ornate in his-
torical composition. Thucydides, again, in his record
of the Peloponnesian war has supplied posterity as
well with the circumstances of that prolonged struggle
as with a noble example of the fidelity, the concise-
ness, and the vigour which are requisite in an an-
nalist. The bold and compact beauty of his Attic
dialect affords ample compensation for the absence of
that rhetorical splendour which characterised the
lonic dialect of his great contemporary Herodotus.
Xenophon completed the glorious triumvirate of the
Greek historians—adding a supplement to Thucydides,
under the name of the Hellenica, besides penning the
biography of the Great Cyrus, and describing the
manner in which he himself conducted the famous
Retreat of the Ten Thousand. These narratives he
accomplished, moreover, in a style, of which it can
never be forgotten that Quinctilian remarked it was
formed by the Graces. From such works and
from the fragmentary effusions of such men as Poly-
bins, as Diodorus Siculus, as Dionysius of Halli-
carnassus, as Appian, as .Arian, as Dion Cassius,
and as Herodian, all subsequent authors have derived
their authority. Their renowned volumes have been
the mines worked by modern scholars, by Heeren
and by Muller, by Bisckh and by Hermann, by
Wacksmuth and by Schomann. They have called
into existence the eminent English annalists of
Greece already mentioned—Alitford, Grote, and
Thirlwall. They have prompted other gifted minds
to delve into the buried treasures of antiquity. And
in this way Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton was induced
to forsake for a time the fascinating regions
of romance, and to tell of the glories of old
Athens in a strain which causes every intelligent
reader to lament that he has left so noble an effusion
unfinished. Mr. Carr—with a caution which we
cannot sufficiently commend—has availed himself of
the labours of all his distingushed predecessors both
ancient and modern. He has carefully condensed
into one substantial volume the history of classic
Greece from the birth of the Pelasgi as a nation,
down to the death of Alexander and the destruction
of the vast empire conquered by the sword of the
wonderful Macedonian. The book is no superficial
gleaning from a library. It is the ripened produc-
tion of a clever and industrious scholar; and the mar-
ginal notes and references are of themselves a suffi-
cient indication that his aim has been that of affording
the soundest instruction. The whole is written in a
style remarkably pure and vigorous ; and it is not
difficult to recognise that the learned historian,
besides acquiring a perfect familiarity with the
records of ancient Greece, has obtained a laudable
:mastery over the English language.

surprisibg as it 15
`,,IvA

ALISOIV'S HISTORY OF EUROPE. Eighth
Edition. Illustrated with Portraits. Vol. 11.
This remarkable edition of the great historical
masterpiece of Archibald Alison is continued—the
second volume being embellished with three very
striking engravings of three very hideous mortals,
Mirabeau, Danton, and Marat. The two latter
appear to us to be the most characteristic, the head
of Mirabeau scarcely conveying that impression of
grandeur which has made Hugo liken him to a Titan,
and Cbateaubriand depict him, in one of his sublime
figures of speech, as the impersonation of Chaos. Marat,
on the contrary, is evidently life-like. In the insolent
ugliness of his features, you recognise the ruffian
who emerged from the filth of his sub-
terranean haunts to thrust his loathsome dogmas upon
the Legislature. Through all that squalor and de-
formity, however, it is impossible not to perceive the
intellectuality that dazzled the millions in the columns
of his famous Ami du Peuple. In the coarse and
contorted countenance of Danton, a countenance
seamed with the small-pox and illumined by the
daring of his undaunted genius, you look, and not in
vain, for those evidences of courage, of self-reliance,
of capacity, of good nature, and yet of ruthless and
inexorable resolution, which made up the incongruous
temperament of the man who, after organizing and
carrying out with a pitiless will the mas-
sacres of September, retired to his native
place with his young and beautiful bride to
smother remorse in the midst of voluptuous pleasures.
We are fain to hope that the next volume may—
though somewhat after date—contain a portrait of
the young, the loving, the eccentric, the witty, the
eloquent, the bold, the fanatical, the unhappy author
of the Yieux Cordelier, poor Camille Desmoulins.
We must not omit to mention that the second
volume is accompanied with the second part of the
re-issue of the masterly Atlas, illustrative of the
history. Every student of the wars of the Revolution
and of the Empire will find the plates in this Atlas
inestimable treasures. •

successful.
these

Such is the character
ea voIuUIP They

s,L.
za:: gl‘,L',.y

BARNABY BUDGE. By Charles Dickens.
We have already spoken in terms of eulogium of
the cheap edition of tbeworks of "Boz," issued by
Messrs. Chapman and Hall. It is unnecessary, now,
that it is so well-known and well appreciated,
to speak of the clear typography, or elegant appear-
ance of this highly valuable work.essen-
tially, a " people's favourite," and the publication of
his works in this cheap and attractive form is, indeed,
a popular boon; The new volume of the series con-
tains "Barnaby Budge."

THE
NEW CHANCERY PRACTICE, with
Practical Directions, and an Appendix of Forms. ,
Third Edition.
A third edition of this practical work has just is-
By Thomas Ayckbourne and Herbert Ayckbourne.
sued from the press. The acuteness, accuracy and
industry of the compilers deserve the encouragement
of the profession. The work is divided into four
parts. The first comprises all the ordinary proceed-
ings in a suit, from the commencement to the decree,
inclusive ; the second part, various particular pro-
ceedings, either of an incidental or secondary nature ;
the third treats of proceedings in the Masters of-
fices ; and the fourth part, of proceedings connected
with particular parties in a suit. The practical di
rections as to the mode of carrying out the several
proceedings, after the manner of " Archbold's Prac-
tice," will be found of incalculable utility to the prac-
titioner. The present edition contains much new
matter, particularly with respect to restraining and
stop orders; the investment of money,
and the pay-
ment of trust-funds into court.; the practice
in the Masters' offices upon sales ; the
production of documents ; and upon inquiries
as to heirs of law and next of kin. Numerous addi-
tions have been made to the Appendix of Forms, the
index has been newly arranged and made more copi-
ous ; all modern cases of importance bearing upon the
recent orders have been carefully collected. It con-
tains the orders of the several Chancellors, Master of
the Rolls, and Vice-Chancellors, from March, 1844,
to the present time. Also an account of the Chan-
cery public offices, their locality and hours of busi-
ness, both in and out of vacation. This very conve-
nient treatise is comprehensive in design, though
l 4 not swelled to an inconvenient bulk:' It is easy
of reference, simple in arrangement, and contains all
the necessary forms and principles for the conduct of
a suit in equity. The solicitor and Chancery lawyer
will find it essentially useful as a book of practice.

COURT CIRCULAR.
Royal Highness Prince Albert, attended by Lieu
Colonel the Hon. Alexander Gordon, went to the Hoe
cultural meeting at Chiswick on Saturday.
The Queen and Prince Albert, attended by the Mar
chioness of Douro, the Hon. Flora Macdonald, the Ear
of Morley, General Wemyss, and Lieut.-Colonel the
Hon. Alexander Gordon, honoured her Majesty's
Theatre with their presence on Saturday evening. Her
Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent, attended by Lady
Augusta
.Bruce, also honoured her Majesty's Theatre
with her presence on Saturday evening.
The Royal children took their usual exercise on Sa-
turday.
the
and Gentlemen of the Court, and the domestic
chapel of
Buckingham Palace. The lion. and
house-
hold, attended Divine service in the privateße C.eslie
theuafrodl,-
Albert,
Ladies
Yesterday her Majesty and Prince Alb
Courtenay officiated.
The band of the Royal Re
performed (under the direction of
tt
lowing pieces during dinner in Buckingham Palace on
Regiment m )
t f
T Hors
Friday evening:—
Overture, Domino Noir
Selection, Matilde de Schabran Rossini.
Waltz, Comte de Esse Labitaky.
Quadrille, Fete de Cbasseurs Schubert.
Polka, " La Coquette" D'Albert.
Her Majesty's private band attended after dinner in
Buckingham Palace on Friday evening, and played the
following pieces:—
Overture, "Les Monsquetaires de la Reine" Halevy.
Selection, " Figaro"
March," Die Weilae Der Tone" Spohr.
Marien Walzer Strauss.
Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of
Cambridge went from their residence at Kew on Satur.
day to the Horticultural Show at Chiswick.
A Cabinet Council was held on Saturday at the Fo-
reign-office. It was attended by Lord John Russell,
the Lord Chancellor, the Marquis of Lansdowne, the
Earl of Minto, Sir George Grey, Viscount Palmerston,
Earl Grey, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir Francis
Baring, Sir John Hobhouse, Lord Campbell, the Right
Hon. H. Labouchere, the Earl of Carlisle, and the Mar-
quis of Clanricarde.
The Council sat two hours and a half.
The Duke of Wellington and the Marquis and Mar-
chioness of Salisbury attended the early service, and re-
ceived the Sacrament, yesterday, in the Chapel Royal,
St. James's. The sermon was preached by the Rev. T,
Mills, and the Sacrament was administered by the Rev,
Dr. Wesley. At the daily service the prayers were read
by the Rev. T. Helmore ; the lessons by the Rev. G. Rep-
ton; and the communion service by the Rev. Dr. Wes-
ley. The sermon was preached by the Rev. T. Mills.
,he

MARYLEBONE VESTRY.--Saturday, at a very nu-
merously-attended meeting of the vestry of St. Mary-
lebone, the rector, the Rev. Dr. Spry, i❑ the chair, on
the minute passed on the previous Saturday, declaring
the expenditure of the sum of 64, by the Baths and
Washhouse Commissioners in refreshments for the work-
men on the occasion of laying the foundation-stone of
the parish baths and washhouses, and calling on the
commissioners to refund the same,.being read for confir-
mation,—Mr. H. C. Wilson rose to move that that
minute be non-confirmed. He observed that he felt
justified in this course from the fact that, at the time
the division was come to the vestry was exhausted by
public business, and many members had left the board.
Mr. Nicholay seconded the non-confirmation, and de-
clared his conviction that the feelings of the great ma-
jority of the parish was adverse to the resolution. After
some discussion, on the question being put to a show of
hands, the chairman declared the motion carried by a
majority of 32 to 19. A division being called for, the
numbers were,—For non-confirmation of the minute,
33; for confirmation, 19; majority for retcinding the reso-
lution, 14. The vestry then broke up.

THY, SUN. LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, MAY 7, 1849;

idealised; but let him beware-of, confounding the TO THE SECRETARY -.OF THE
supcn,atural with the unnatural. It is here that we "METROPOLITAN REFORM ASSOCIATION.
- rdtbor of -Lady _ !;- T. u.1„,11
' to .i.e n(
bigh:y we reverence tpe ideal, we feel more ibterest in cared that tile Governmentgoing to leave what
heroes and heroines somewhat idealised, perhaps, yet may be called the giving of the Royal assent to the
not altogether " too bright and good for human na- Act of the Canadian Parliament now exciting great
ture's daily food." " Lady Alice" happens to Le violence on the part of the minority in that assembly,
neither one thing nor the other—neither an ideal ex- to the discretion of the Governor as in ordinary course
cellence nor a real woman, as a slight sketch of her mar- of law.
yellow adventures will testify. Lady Alice Stuart is This leads to grave reflections. If the plot for
the daughter of a Duke and Duchess of the present day, turning out the present Ministers by the Protectionists
greatly beloved by her parents, and allowed consider- should succeed, one instant consequence is a struggle
able exercise of her own free-will. The first instance in Canada, of the same nature as would have taken
in which she displays her charater is in rejecting place in England or in Ireland, if after the Reform
her lover Clifford, because he is a Roman Catholic. Bill or the Catholic Emancipation Act had passed
This, of course, is an act of principle which no one can both Houses, the Orangemen could have laid tern-
tehdes
dangers no pretence
are t o
which proph
weecnyl, dto accompany fores ee how a
find fault with, but the difficulty is soon overcome porary hands on the powers of government, and in-
by Clifford's conversion. The marriage-day is fixed, terposed the refusal of the Royal assent.
when Lady Alice, who is a great heiress, iscainrrtoieda
grave It
ve needs
off by some parties desirous of compelling her
marriage which shall give them possession of her months possession of power by the Protectionist and
fortune. Now the real interest and the egregious Absolutist party. A struggle for the Corn Laws
irnpoLsibility of the story commence. The vessel in here, with a general war on the Continent and
which the New Una" is captive is shipwrecked, another in Canada for an agreeable e
natural diversi
results
on to the
one of the villains escapes and saves the life of Alice, public mind, would be among th.
on her solemnly swearing to obey his instructions in The opportunity of preventing all this was in the
good faith (unless they should be against her hands of the Free Traders in Parliament. But as the
conscience). This incident opens a field of proverb says, there are two bad paymasters, Pay
legitimate interest, we admit. A master of never, and Pay beforehand. So when the Free
his art might here depict the struggles of a Traders had exhausted the glories and advantages of
tender cconscience bound by such a vow. Legally, one campaign, they sat down under their laurels and
perhaps, the obligation might be dispensed with, but left the enemy to get back as fast as he could to his
a " Una" woula be expected scrupulously to adhere old positions.
to her vow, and Lady Alice fulfils it in a manner that On the same day the Clergy Relief Bill was got
is positively ludicrous. Afcer her abduction, a new into Committee. An unadvised attempt was made to
" book" leads us to Italy ; a year or two has passed get up a show of resistance on the part of the Dis-
away, and Clifford, still melancholy at the extraordi- senters, to a Bill which, if there be any substantial
nary loss of his promised bride (who is supposed to prospect of its passing, does a century's work at once,
have been drowned in the shipwreck), and the parents or sweeps away what the last century might have
of Alice and other friends are trying to solace their been spent in struggling for without effect. This
troubles by travel. In Italy they meet with a young, having gone over without much damage, a serious
English artist, Fitzallan, whose pictures attract their attack was made upon the Clause which on examina-
notice—they form his acquaintance. This artist, who tion appeared to contain the poison-bag to the sar-
is a regular fop in his appearance, with his little pent's tooth, and it was summarily ejected by a
cane, and his coloured cravat, and his paletot majority of 118 against 57. It was quite clear, from
of the finest black cloth, is no other than the the naive admissions of Members on the other
" New Una"—Alice herself ! The young lady side, that the plot and plan was, though carefully
had always displayed a talent and a taste for drawing, kept under in the wording of the Clause, to put the
and now her persecutors having ordered her, in com- seceding clergyman into the position of one excom-
pliance with her vow, to remain incognita and to municate, which, as was said in the House, was the
keep her family unaware of her existence, she next thing to putting him into a white sheet. Well
has set up for an artist. It is not 'so much the matter meaning gentlemen on the other side, could not see
as the manner of this incident that positively revolts any difference between this, and the natural enjoy-
us. The conscientious girl might have consented to merit of the power of an established church.
a disguise and concealment of her existence from On Thursday was moved the second reading of the
those who loved her, but is it probable, to say the Bill for legalizing marriage with a deceased wife's
least of it, that she would have gone to such an sister. Without wishing to trench on the right of
extreme, assumed such a costume, and adopted such private judgment, it may be stated that to those who
an air and manner ? Her conduct seems rather in- took a view favourable to the Bill, the case seemed
spired by a carnival frolic than a conscientious own- little more than a repetition of the same claims to
pulsion. But the wonder increases. She actually ecclesiastical tyranny as in the preceding. Loud
joins her own domestic circle, talks carelessly with were the complaints uttered in the name of the poor
her mother and father, and still scrupulously persecuted Church of England, if it should be refused
preserves her secret. It is true that on the liberty—not of taking its own course with respect
the first meeting with Clifford, who Is ishes to purchase to what it would direct or prohibit to its own mem-
a picture, Fitzallan (we do not then know it is Alice) bers—but of seizing on the law of the land and
turns away abruptly, but after the first interview her making it the organ of its dictation on the whole
woman's nature is quite annihilated by her con- community. The opposition was ably replied to, by
science. When Clifford calls at her lodgings to pay the Member for Southampton (Mr. Cockburn, Q.C.).
for the picture she talks with him gaily, and takes him The Catholics took different sides, one being repre-
to the restaurant to breakfast with her, where we sented by Lord Arundel, and the other by Mr.
are led to believe that Alice does full justice to the O'Connell; of whom, none seemed to doubt, that the
skill of the cuisinier. What do you think of this, first was strongest. After a rather heavy debate
dainty ladies ? If her vow steeled the heart of Alice, upon the whole, the question was adjourned to the
and she forbore discovering herself to her lover—if a morrow.
forced gaiety was, perhaps, less difficult than a quiet As proof of public interest, the strangers' gallery
conversation—could her conscience, think you, go so was crowded; and it was the report of the House,
far as to rule her appetite, and enable the loving that it had been collected in a quarter best calculated
woman, in one of the most cruel trials to which her for information, that there never were so many ap-
heart could be exposed, to carry out to the very letter plications for places in the pigeon-holes through
the character of beau garcon and bon vivant ? Are we which ladies are allowed to peer into the proceed-
very wrong in saying that the author of " Lady Alice" ings of their legislators.
i
has mistaken the unnatural for the ideal ? On Friday it was resolved in Committee without
a division, to grant " 300,000/. out of the Consoli-
dated Fund of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, for the purposes and under the provi-
sions of any Act in force to facilitate the improve-
ment of landed property in Ireland by owners
thereof;" and" 200,0001. out of the said Consolidated
Fund, to be applied by the Commissioners of Public
Works in Ireland, for making loans under the provi-
sions of any Acts authorising the said Commissioners
to make advances for the extension and promotion
of 'drainage and other works. of public utility in
Ireland." In return for this there will be no end of
violent language on English cruelty, and augmenta-
tion rather than the contrary, of half-threatening
demands for more. Of course the Government has
acted on the principle so long impressed with regard
to Ireland, that statesmen must exercise their talent
if they have it, and do the needful irrespectively of
how it may be met.
After some further speeches, the Marriage question
was adjourned to Tuesday.
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
AN OLD REFORMER.

London, May 7, 1849.

THE DANISH. BLOCKADE,
The following letter has been uddressed by Lord Ed-
disbury, Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
to Mr. Sanders, M.F. :

" Foreign-office, May 4
" Sir,—l am directed by Viscount Palmerston to no
knowlesige the receipt of your letter of the Ist instant,
requesting his Lordship to take the opinion of her Ma-
jesty's Advocate-General upon certain points connected
with the Danish blockade of the German ports.
" The first question put by you is to this effect :
" Supposing an English or neutral ship laden with
grain at one of the blockaded ports (Stettin for in-
stance), finding no obstruction, leave that port, but on
arriving at the Sound it is discovered by her papers she
has left one of the (nominally) blockaded ports after the
time she had a right to do so, according to the terms of
such blockade, then is it lawful for the blockading
country to seize such vessel and cargo, as if she had cap-
tured her in the very act of breaking the blockade?
" In reply, I am directed to inform you that the nature
of the answer to be given to that question would very
much depend upon the fact of the existence or non-
existeace of a legal blockade of the port in question.
The formal notification by the Danish Government fur.
niches a strong presumption that an adequate force
would be applied for the maintenance of the blockade;
and if this were the case—that is to say, if an adequate
force was applied to that purpose—an English or other
neutral vessel coming out of a blockaded port with a
cargo after the end of the time during which she had a
right to do so would be liable to seizure at tho Sound, or
anywhere else during her voyage, until her arrival at
her port of destination. The circumstance of her hav-
ing succeeded in leaving the port without obstruction is
no conclusive evidence of the non-existence of a legal
blockade. It is not an accidental absence of the block-
ading force, nor the circumstance of its being blown off
elilsl l be
s o f
the night or to a fog, or to other accidental circum-
stances, escape of more
ne fma vo ov
vesselsueraaob
bl,nowgc ekatatodh
eet ,entohdraa that
darkness
Enylnw
onelan orwds
sufficientby stor
stances, have that effect.
On the other hand, if there was no legal blockade
existing—if there was no Danish force sent to form and
maintain the blockade, or if the same, after having been
so sent, was driven off by a superior force of the enemy,
then an English or other neutral ship leaving a port that
was thus only nominally and not really blockaded, ought
not to be seized at the Sound or elsewhere; and if wrong-
- .

fully so seized, the owners would be entitled to claim,
and it is to be presumed will receive restitution of their
property, and not improbably with costs and damages.
"I am further directed to inform you that her
Majesty's Minister at Copenhagen has already been in-
structed to demand explanations from the Danish
Government with respect to the alleged inefficiency of
the Danish blockade of the Baltic ports, and that her
Majesty's Government will take other measures for
ascertaining the accuracy or inaccuracy of the state-
ments made by the Stettin merchants.
" Your second question is to the following effect :
"If it be not according to international law that a
nation proclaiming any port or ports blockaded is bound,
as far as weather will permit, to keep au efficient power
at all times present to enforce the observance of such
blockade?
" In reply, I am to inform you that, subject to the
observation before made, it is undoubtedly the duty of
a blockading power so to do. A declaration of blockade
unsupported by fact will not be sufficient to constitute a
legal and valid blockade; and any person whose vessel
or cargo has been seized for a breach of blockade when
in fact there was no, blockade, would be entitled to a
'decree of restitution.—l am, Sir,. your moats obedient
humble servant, " EDDBUBY.
" George Sandars, Esq., M.P., Sze."

ELECTION OF VESTRYMEN FOR ST. PANCRAS.—
On Saturday night a crowded meeting of the ratepayers
of St. Pancras was held at the Victoria Tavern, Morn-
ington-road, for the purpose of adopting measures to se-
cure the return of a list of vestrysnen proposed by the
Colville-place Parochial Committee. Donald Fraser,
Esq., churchwarden, presided, and having explained the
objects of
.the meeting, observed that they were all agreed
upon one point, namely, that the infliction. of church-
rates was an injustice upon all men who conscientiously
differed from the doctrines of the Church. The next
point was, that there ought to be a more equal assess-
ment made for the benefit of the ratepayers generally;
end that the strictest economy ought to be enforced in
every department. The gentlemen selected-by this Com-
ame
mittee to be the vestrymen were actuated by
the s
motives as Mr. Brettingham, and were determine
andd wane
troduce and maintain the strictest economy,
well deservieg of the support of the" ate aver
s.
meet-
Mr.
Dyke proposed the first resolution— That t
ing most cordially approves of the fair and open measures
taken to secure good and prop6r Daman {r every lo-
cality in this parish; and, believing that they fairly re-
present the feelings of the ratepayers at large, pledge
themselves to support such, list not only at the nomina-
tion on Monday, but at the poll." Mr. Batterbury se-
conded the resolution, which was carried.
LIVERPOOL, SATERDAY.—The steam. ship Canada,
p
Captain Judkins, sailed from the Mersey this afternoon,
for Halifax and New York, taking out thea passengers.
usualgers mails,.
23,0001. specie on freight; and about 90
en
mails and dispatches are in charge of Lieutenant Ray_
mond, Bast,-.4dmiralty agent.