The Sun.
London, England, 1849-04-26 00:00:00

Upon this farm of about 4CO acres, and upon many
others of a similar extent in this county, it has been
e,timated that, at scaree'y any period of the year, is
there fewer than five hundred head of four-footed game
to be found, besides birds, and at particular seasons
many more.
Look at this picture again, gentle reader I Eighty old
strop g hares feeding altege:her upon about twelve acres
of cicrer seeds, and the tenant of this land—the man by
whose sweat and toil, and the application of whose haro.-
earned capital the crop has been raised, compelled to
stand by and dare not so much as clap his hands—or
fling up his hat—or give them an halloo, to drive them
away, in order to make room for his ewes and lambs,
without incurrine, his landlord's displeasure—or, may hap,
subjecting himself to the costs of an infraction of the
game-laws.

0—
Why—was there ever anything equal to this rural
despotism, in a state of .ociety like ours, i❑ any
country, or, at any period of the world's history ! And
what adds to the enormity of the tyranny is, that, in
numerous instances, as in the case under considtra-

tion—the proprietor, after all, is not a man who takes
pleasure in field-sports— one who has a peculiar taste
for this description of butchery himself, and lives
jollily and cheerfully among his tentntry—dispensing to
those who have fed the animals the proceeds of his days
of slaughter—but, one who, after having drawn
from the occupiers of his lands the last shilling for
their use, which aristocratical cupidity can extort from
patient industry—either re-lets, as it were, the land
to some amateur game-butcher ; or else, employs
a little army of ignorant, and oftentimes brutal watchers
and keepers under him to commit trespass upon his
tenant's occupation and sell the game, fed at their ex•
pense, in the public market of some m ighboui ing town
for his own exclusive benefit; and these are theacts, for-
sooth, of farmers' friends! and it is to uphold, in all its
odious integrity, a system like to this, that the cry for
Protection to Native Industry'—or, in other words to
enhance the price of bread by a penny a pound to the
labouring population, by shutting out the competition
of the foreign grower— is raised by the mass of landed
proprietors, and their retainers in all parts of the
country.
But is it passible to suppose that such hollow pro-
fessions of friendship shall not be seen through—or
such profligate invasions of the rights of property as
are involved in game preserves, by those who are
ostensibly the peculiar conservators of property,
should be much longer tolerated in a nation where
the bulk of the people possess such an innate love of
justice—such a correct appreciation of the natural
claims of industry as in this country ? Certainly not !
The day for the entire overthrow of this debating, de-
moralising system of feudal plundering of the cultivators
of the soil may not have fully arrived—but it is on the
way, and certainly near at hand. We will resume the
consideration of this subject next week, when we will
endeavour to piece the irjurious operation of these
laws under another aspect to our readers.—Nottinghani
Mercury.

THE EMBEZZLEMENT at LEEDS.
On Monday, Mr. Peter Mann, chief clerk of the Leeds
Waterworks Company, was further examined before
the sitting magistrates at the Court-house, Leeds,
on a charge of having embezzled a sum of
nearly 5,0001., the property of his employers,
the Waterworks Company. The investigation, which
was taken before Mr. Garbutt, Mr. Monkland, and other
justices, occupied a considerable time, in consequence
of the necessary reference to the books in which the ac-
counts of the company kept by the prisoner were entered,
but the facts lay within a very narrow compass. Mr. N.
Freston, a clerk iu the service of the company, produced
a number of "rent cash-books," each being made fur a
separate half-year, which purported to contain the parti-
culars of the various sums received on account of water
rents by the collectors, and paid to the prisoner. The
entries of these sums in the rent cash-books, as
well as in the general cash book, into which the
sums purporting to have been so received were, or
should have been, correctly entered, were in the hand-
writing of the prisoner during the year 1847, but during
the whole of that year the entries in the general cash
book do nut correspond with the entries of the receipts
from the collectors of the water rents. There is an
entry of the accounts for the year 1847, having been
audited by two directors on the 6th of May, 1848, but
witness was not present. Tho " rent cash-books" were
at hand for audit if they had been required, as well as
the general cash-bcok. In 1848, during the ab-
sence of Mr. Mann, Mr. Preston was in the habit of
receiving the rents from the collectors, and handing
the cash-box and the key to Mr. Mann, on the follow-
ing morning, or the morning of the second day, but
he made no entry in the " rent cash-book," leaving that
to be done by the prisoner. The sums paid in by the
collectors were entered in their collecting books
by themselves or other clerks. During Mr. Mann's
absence for three months of that
year (1848) Mr.
Preston received the rents from the collectors, and
made payment thereof to the treasurers, Messrs. Beckett
and Co. The accounts for 1848 have net yet been audited,
in consequence of the Michaelmas survey of erniny pro.
perty not having been completed, and other charges for
water supplied under special circumstances, not having
been adjusted. Mr. Robert Bird, who had been a col-
lector, of the company since February, 1816, states that
his duty was to go to the cffice of the company every
night, and there to enter the water rents he had collected
during the day in a book called the collector's water rent
book. When he had so entered them in detail, he had
to make out an account on a piece of paper specifying
each portion of the year to which the accounts received
relan d, as sometimes there were arrears received. The
accounts of water rents were formerly presented half-
yearly, but now quarterly. Mr. Mann signed a receipt
in the book in red ink for the sums the c .11( ctors paid
him, and it was his duty to enter those sums in the " rent
cash-book." All the entries made by Mr. Mann in his
presence were correctly made in the collector's water-
rent book; but sometimes it happened that Mr. Mann
was not at the office in the evening, and then he left the
money with another clerk, who locked it up in a cash
box and gave it to Mr. Mann when he came, and wit
ness frequently found when he went to the office next
morning that Mr. Mann had correctly entered the money
he bad left over night before his arrival. All the pay.
meats he made to Mr. Mann were in that manner cor-
rectly entered.—Mr. Richard Newton, another collector,
gave similar evidence as to the course of business, and
said that the prisoner bad always correctly receipted at
the foot of the daily accounts the moneys he paid him or
left for him.—Mr. Preston, on being recalled, said that
for the last three or four years the arrears of rents re-
ceived are partly in the handwriting of other clerks, anti
for the last three or four quarters the entries in the rent
cash book are principally in the handwriting of other
clerks —Mr. Mallinson, a ledger clerk in the bank of
Messrs. Beckett and Co., the treasurers to the Water-
works Company, referred to a pass hook showing the
account between the bank and the company from
slyer.:l,he
January 1, 1841, to December 31, 1847, and a sub-
sequent book bringing down the account to the present
paid
moneyin hwy.,
was generally
el an ;
oticincaes'ioTnahlely
drawn out by cheques signed by directors, aid re-
cently they have been countersigned by the chief clerk.
The first-mentioned pass book was signed at the red by
-the three gentlemen who were auditors of the borough
fund accounts in 1848, and dated October 18; there
were also the initials of two of the directors.—
Mr. J. R. Bywater said that he had been
employed during the whole of last week in investi•
gating the accounts of the Leeds Waterworks Corn.
pany. He had looked into the rent c ish-boolts par-
tially, but more particularly into those from Feb. 28,
1847, to Dec. 31, 1847, and those from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31,
1848, and from the latter period to March 31, 1849.
Witness produced an account which he had drawn
out of the sums received by Mr. Mann from the col-
lectors, as shown by the rent cash-books, and also
the amounts paid by him to Messrs. B_ckett and
Co., during the ten months from February 28, 1847,
to December 31, 1847, which showed a balance against
him during that period of 1,310/. lls. 5(1. The
rent cash becks from which this account was made up,
do not appear on the face of them to have been before
the auditors, though there aas an audit of the accounts
for that period, by the company's auditors on the 6th of
May, 1948, and on the 18th of October by the auditors
of the town council.' 'The general cash-book, which ap-
pears to have been before the auditors, agrees, so far
as relates to the payments made by Mr. Mann to the
treasurers during those ten months, with the pass-
' book of Messrs. Beckett and Co. He was not able
to mention any particular sum which Mr. Mann had
received from the collectors, and had withheld, as he paid
in several days' receipts at one time, or at least a sum on
account of those receipts. The cash account for 1848 had
not yet been balanced and cone. quently not audited ;
but a " rest " was taken of the receipts to Dec. 31, 1848,
and that showed that the prisoner bad paid to the trea-
surer 3,050/.45. ld. less than he appeared, by the rent-
cash .book kept by him, to have received from the collector
during that year. In the three months ending 31st
March, 1849, there was a similar deficiency of 342/. ls. 2(1.,
making an aggregate deficiency of 4,783/. 16s. Bd. As
the witness was unable to state any particular sums
which the prisoner had received and not paid over, the
further examination was adjourned until Monday next,
for that to be ascertained.

GRAND MASONIC FESTIVAL.—Last evening the
annual grand festival of the iSlasons of England took
place at Freemasons'-hall, Great Queen street, to cele.
brate the election of officers for the year ensuing. The
Earl of Zetland, Most Worshipful Grand Master, pre-
sided, supported by Lord Suffield, R. Alston, Esq., W.
F. Beadou, Esq., &c., who, with about 400 brothers,
attired in full masonic costume, sat down to a most ex-
cellent repast. The hall was most appropriately deco-
rated, the centre ornament of the tables being the mag-
nificent solid silver temple, with candelabra of the weight
of nearly 200 ounces, originally presented to the late
Grand Master, his Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex,
and since re-presented to the Grand Lodge by her Grace
the Duchess of Inverness. The Right Hon. the Earl of
Yarborough had ,been unanimously elected a Deputy.
Grand Master. The evening was enlivened by vocal and
instrumental music, under the direction of Mr. J. W.
Hobbs, aided by the Misses Pyne, and Messrs. Francis,
Genge, Young, and Lee. The Countess of Zetland and
about 100 ladies were in the gallery. The festivities
generally were of a highly satisfactory character, and
did not conclude till a late hour.
CLYDE, Aran. 24.—Arrd. Eliza Ann, Savannah; Rob
the Ranter, Patk, Rouen. Sid. Queen, Calcutta ;
Sprirghill, Quebec;
MILFORD, APRIL 24.—Wind W.S.W.—Arrd. Gentoo,
Moulmein.

COWES, APRIL 25.—Wind S.W.—Arrd. Experiment,
Alinger, Buenos Aires; Julius New Orleans.
POWEr, APRIL 2-I.—Wind NI thick.—Arrd.Ana,
Autzen, Valparaiso.
OFF DOVER; APRIL 25.—Ida, Halleghan, Rio Grande,
for Gothenburg.
BRISTOL, APRIL 23.—Wind N.E.— Arrd, Pomona
WatkißS. Trinidad.

EMILY SANDFORD.
TO THE EDITOR OF SUN.

n. ill b an act of justice On 3 our part to ad-
mi.; :he reply of a subsilibcr to the fund for Emily Sand-
ford to the animadversions on that suf,j,•et in your
paper of the 23J. I shell consider the case on its own
merits, setting aside the comparison with that of Eliza
Chestney, as not a fair argument against the contribution
fur Emily Sandford,
I regret that this sub7cription was not prefaced by a
full statement of the grounds on which it was raised ;
for the destitution of its object was the weakest of them.
The strongest was, that she had ‘• turned from the error
of her ways." with feelings still manifestly ur.der the
fluence of her tyrant. One who heard her evidence in
court, and sympathised with a woman's h( art, perceived
that htr totes became tremulous from tenderness in
addresiing Rush. Was it less an effort to decree his
doom because his guilt was of so deep a dye? No; the
very fact of the peril in which he stocd, appealed more
than all, to htr love. She could not so have acted from
any motive but a revivt d sense of duty. llad she made
use of certain cant phrases, she would have been placed
in the favcured class of Magdalcus', anointing the Sa-
viour's feet—but, like Mary Magdalen she did, and
said not.

In conquering herself to bear witness to the truth,
she gave you, Sir, a right which, accor,deg to the judge,
you would not otherwise have hod, to stigmatize her as
tne paramour of a murderer.
For these reasons I ctfer her my steal , subscription,
with more even of respect, than of pity—and I will here vdd
to it my earnest wish, th,tt in her future retirement the
mother's sins and sorrows may, through the Providence
which is always bringing good out of evil, Ih-come bless -
ings to the child by the lessons they will have left (n-
-gr tsen on her own mind.
These are not the sentimentalities of youth ;'you may
10,,k upon them as the puurilities of one from whom
youth has long passed away. I am, Sir, &e.,
AN OLD READER.

ENGLAND AND IRELAND.— SIR
ROBERT PEEL'S PLAN.
No. I.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.

SlR,—The student of history grieves over the pre-
sent condition of Sicily, Egypt, and Barbary, once
the granaries of the vast Roman empire; the
partisan politician looks to the corn-covered plains of
rambov and South Russia as the future granary of
our teeming population, and he descants on the
exchange of Manchester spring patterns and Spital-
fields silks with the Cossacks and Tartars of that
region; or, if his predilections so lead him, over the
number of acres of English wheat which are to be
thrown out of cultivation by foreign corn.
The granaries of the Romans were in their own
keeping, ours are in the hands of the brutal Cossacks
and jealous New Englanders, having in time of war
the sea for our road, a rood which can only be kept
open by fighting for its mastery, and which when
gone over may lead to disappointment; beset by
enemies on our way, we reach the corn stores to find
them slut against us by the fear of a famine, or by
political hatred. Free•traders and Protectionists
look with like distrust on this possible contingency,
and all that can be said to soothe us is, " Hope fur
the best."

These are days in which nothing can strike us
with wonder; herds of crownless kings wander as
beggars, the beggar and prisoner becomes a king;
the golden sands of California have realised all the
wealth and all the dangers that the ancients dreamed
of in the Golden Fleece of Colchis. If, therefore,
we were told of some new Sicily, we are ready to
believe it. Suppose an island yielding fifteen or s'x-
teen millions quarters of grain, and which might be
made to yield five and twenty millions. What if this
island were lying at our doors ? What an extension
of our political power, what a resource for our social
wants ! Then all we want to fill up the measure of
our national wealth would be given to us, and we
must wait for years before our wants could press
upon us to ask for more. What if this country were
Ireland ?

What if this country were Ireland—pair, beggared,
starving Ireland ? And yet it is so. We have vast
resources at our doors, and we neglect them. Ireland
has a better soil than this island; and had our fathers,
in their settlements among the Celts, chosen a field
for husbandry instead of a Feat of empire, Ireland
would have become the thriving English island, and
this the abode of miserable, pauperized Celts, and
e should have been told the poorness of
the soil was the cause of misery, and
not the poorness of soul of the people. From the
soil of Ireland a husbandry, the more back ward be-
cause improvident, raises sixteen millions of quarters
of grain. This is the field for Protectionists and
Free-traders; yet such is the political incapacity of
our Legislature, for so we fear we must term it, that
not one measure is taken to make the resources of
Ireland more available to us. Measures for the so-
called improvement of Ireland have, it is true, been
carried train time to time, but when not political they
have been expedients for perpetuating beggary by
temporising with it. Seldom is it, however, that any
measure other than political is attempted. In 1800
the Union was carried, in 1829 Roman Catholic
Emancipation, in 1832 the Reform Bill, in 1838 the
Poor-Law and the Tithe Commutation Act, in 1845
the Godless Colleges Act, while many political mea-
sures, as Coercion Acts for instance, have been only
temporary in their operation. Of these measures the
most important undoubtedly is the Poor-law Act,
yet how little is it compared with what is to be done
to stimulate improvement in Ireland. The railway
and drainage Bills hove been only partial in their
operation, and the poor-law is rather directed to pre-
vent starvation than to increase the resources of the
population.
Part of the mischief is to be traced to legislating for
Ireland on what are called English principles, but in
the greater part to legislating on no principle at all.
in England it is of less importance to legislate for
the promotion of the industry of the country, as the
people are better able to take care of themselves
than the Legislature is able to take care of them;
hut in Ireland industry cannot be so left to itself.
There every part of the social system is faulty,
and works badly ; its constitution is so unhealthy
that every scratch becomes a wound, and every sore
a chronic cancer. A notice to quit figures as an
ejectment and a clearance, and perhaps nothing is
mere illustrative than this of the perverse condition
of the country. It' in a country without charity and
without resources an enemy's army laid waste
a wide tract, burned the houses and carried off the
crops, if, in fact, another nation of Palatines were
cast adrift on the world, we could uaderstaud the
tale of an Irish ejectment. Ejectments take place in
London and throughout England, but no parish
priest tells us of old men, bearing women and suck.
ling children, turned into the road, making their
homes, or rather their graves, in the ditches, and
lying down to die. Our sentimentalists keep their
high flown words and overdrawn tales for bone-
grinders in the workhouse and hard-hearted
overseers without. With an open road to England,
there can at the worst be no need for the
homeless Irish to die in the ditches. Neither do they,
though from a dishonest and idle likirg to keep
anything that corms in their way, they cling to their
holdings to the last, and when the landlord has long
ceased to get any rent, and is tired of offering the
abandonment of his claims, the unroofing of the hut
becomes the only means of getting rid of the tenant.
Every part of the social system is faulty, but no
measures are carried for its remedy, not for want of
good ones, as many are proposed by practical men,
and the question is seldom as to their efficiency, but
as to which is the best. Under such circumstances,
though it is necessary that a well combined course
of legislative measures should be carried out, it is
not necessary to discuss them here, for they would
take too many words and it will be enough to take
up those measures which are the immediate subject of
this letter.

The object of any measures in reference to the
agriculture of Ireland may be twofold, first, in re-
ference to Ireland, and next to England. On other
questions the connexion of the interests of the two
islands may not be so readily seen, but on that of agri-
culture the connexion is so close, that if the lot
of the sister island lay in our hands alone,
if we were indeed the Saxon taskmasters the Irish
tell us we are, and not helpmates and brethren, sel-
fishness would be enough to spur us on to do all we
could for her. By whatever measure the agriculture
of Ireland has been bettered, by so much has our
share in her exports been increased. Adam Smith,
writing in 1776, only seventy years ago, doubted
(" Wealth of Nations," Book iv., chap. 2), whether
Irish cattle could be imported to any great extent,
and lie gives many reasons for it, whereas we now
know, that through Glasgow, Fleetwood,., Liverpool,
and Bristol, we get large supplies; through Liver-
pool alone to the value of 3,000,0001. yearly, of Irish
cattle. Of corn the import here has grown
from a trifle, to more than the average of
our foreign imports. In 1804 the import of Irish
grain into England was 316,958 quarters ; in 1816,
821,192 quarters; in 1821, 1,822,816 quarters; in
1828, 2,r26,135 quarters; in 1836, 2,929,322 quar-
ters; in 1840, 2,324,204 quarters ; and io 1844,
3,251,901 quarters. Thus the quantity of grain ex-
ported from Ireland has grown eight or tenfold.
It is of no use to say that this is a further proof of
the evils of absenteeism; and of the growing misery
of Ireland. The number of absentee landlords
would not be so much greater in 1844 and
1849 than in 1804 and 1816. It would not
he tenfold. If anything, absenteeism has of
late years lessened in Ireland, end the
strong expression of public opinion here has
tended materially to oheck it. Indeed, 'what
can be so utterly foolish as to put down to ab-
senteeism the increasing exports of Irish food, and to
lose sight of the growing imports into Ireland of
English coals, iron, clothes, and other manufactures.
Above a million tons of coals are yearly taken from
this country to Ireland, yielding greatly to the
comforts of the people. A s too the husbandry of
Ircland•has improved, so has the demand for Lng.

lish implements increased. As the condition of the
people has improved, so has the consumption v.}
English goods been extended. Therefore the in-
creased agricultural exports of Ireland are a true
measure of the increased advantages to the peoide
of both countries, nay, further, are they the most
truthful reisens for promoting the agriculture of
Ireland.

The average yearly consumption of foreign corn in
these islands, from 1842 to 1846, was 3,000,000 quar-
ters, which is fur beneath the average of the exports
from Ireland. It is true in 1847 the imports from
abroad were 9,437,034 quarters, but that was the
year of the great dearth. In every year, therefore,
our great resource for corn is from Ireland.

Taking our yearly consumption of foreign corn at
two millions, or even three millions of quarters, it is
worth asking whether the bounds of production have
being already reached in Ireland, or whether it is
still possible to extend production there, so as to get
a fur her surplus of three million quarters. If that
can be done, the solution of the corn-law difficulty
has been reached, so far as touches provision for the
chances of war.

No one will think that the bounds of production
have been reached, and the quektion can only be as
to the three million quarters. The yield of grain in
Ireland was in 1847 reckoned by the Government
authorities at sixteen million quarters. The whole
surface of Ireland is 20,808,271 acres, of which, i❑
1847, 5,000,000 acres, or one quarter only, under
crop, and of this two-thirds under corn-crops, and
the rest under crops of potatoes, turnips, beans, flax,
clover, grass seeds, &c.
The live stock of Ireland in 1847 is likewise worth
referring to, as a proof of the growth of prosperity
even in a year of difficulty, as compared with 1841:-
1841. 1847. Increase.
Horses 552,569 ... 557,917 ... 5,348
- Asses
Cattle
Sheep
S nine
_—
Poultry

The tvi-'o latter heads show a falling off of 730,642
swine and 6,643,372 poultry, which, however great in
themselves, are of little agricultural importance, and by
this time have been nearly made up. There is, how-
ever, a great increase in horned stock, showing that the
manure of 750,590 more beasts is available for corn
crops. _ _

The ways of getting a greater quantity of corn
from Ireland are threefold ; first, by saving on the
present crop ; next, by a greater yield from the land
now sown ; third, by bringing more land under crop.
The crop is now, it is true, sixteen million quar-
ters, but it is badly gathered and badly threshed, the
threshing machine not being fully used in Ireland.
Little care is shown in sowing the crops, so that, ao
far from the best way of sowing the seed being followed,
much corn is wasted. A saving of five per cent.
under these heads would give yearly, say, eight hun-
dred thousand quarters more, or nearly as much as
the foreign corn taken into consumption in 1844
(982,287 quarters). The crop not being carefully
grown, the corn is not so good in weight and quality
as it might be.
That a greater yield can be got from the ground
now sown, all will say who know how badly the land
in Ireland is drained, and how much it wants the
help of lime and other manures. A better husbandry
under these heads would, perhaps, of itself give the
whole quantity of corn wanted.

There is, however, much more land which can yet
be brought under crop. Of 20,808,271 acres in
Ireland 13,464,300 were in 1841 reckoned as tillable,
being either then tilled, or in meadow or pasture ;
6,295,735 acres were untilled and waste, and
1,048,236 acres were in woodland, covered with
towns and buildings, or under water. Of the wastes
4,600 000 acres are reclaimable. The hills of Ire-
land, it must be remembered, do not rise much above
3,000 feet high, and, instead of being bare like those
of Scotland and Wales, can commonly be ploughed
to their tops.

Twelve hundred thousand acres more under crop
in Ireland will give three millions of quarters of
grain yearly, and this does not touch the ques-
tion of what are the ultimate resources of Ireland.
The whole average under tillage in New South
\Vales is only 163,331 acres, and yet it ships corn.
Here, again, we may turn back and ask what be-
yond the drainage loans has been done to make the
agricultural resources of Ireland available to herself,
and England, and the answer must be "nothing."
There is enough to be done and many ways of
doing it. Sir Robert Peel's plan is one way, but
whatever is tried, it must not he paltry, partial, tin-
kering, and Whiggish, but must be on some great
scale. We may try as many plans as we like, but
each must be great and comprehensive in itself. No
totality of tinkering jobs will constitute a satisfactory
aggregate.

—The— plan about to be proposed complies with the
required conditions, while it does not claim to be a
panacea, nor to hinder other plans from being car
ried out at the same time ; indeed, the more the

better will he the success of each. If railways are
promoted, so much the more successful will be an)
outlay for drainage. If a settlement of Connaught
is to be made, so much the better for raik ays and
drainage, but there must be enough of each. We
must not make a plantation in the far west of Con-
naught, drain a bog in Munster, make a canal in
Leinster, and open a railway in Uls!er, and sit down
contented. The plantation must have draining,
roads, canals, and railways ; the lines of conveyance
must have traffic.
Sir R. Peel's plan undoubtedly touches a great
but the machinery of a government commission can
never carry out the detail ; the evil remains to be dealt
with. The complication of interests and titles in land
constitutes, it must be owned, a monstrous difficulty
in the way of agricultural improvement in Ireland,
but no adequate means of remedying it have been pro
vided by the Legislature. Their acts fail in this;

they are permissive, they give the power to sell, but
do not provide the buyers; they send an article into
the market, no doubt, but not in a marketable con-

dition.

Not only must the title be cleared, but the land
must be drained, farm-buildings be put up, and a
good tenantry be found, It is of no use to bring
land into the market to the present class of buyers ;
they are overdone, they have not the means of doing
what is wanted, other classes of buyers are to be
sought, and their requirements must be complied
with. Those Irish capitalists who now invest in
mortgages, stock, and shares, those English capitalists
vat) bold Irish mortgages, those English egricul.

turists who seek a wider field of enterprise, are the
classes who must be catered fur. 'this must be done
in the way pointed out, and on a large scale ; Go-
vernment cannot do it, single capitalists cannot
cope with it, and a great corportion only
seems available. This latter resource des not seem
to have come under inquiry ; but it is worthy of it,
and seems that which has the best sanction from ex-
perience, and the best working powers.
Sir Robert Peel ha=, indeed, made ready the way
for it, fur the experience he has invoked is that im•
rnediately applicable to a corporation. The Govern-
ment of James did little directly for the plan-
tations of Ulster, neither was individual en-
terprise alone effective ; companies of undertakers
were formed, and all the corporations of England
were invited to take part in the enterprise. The
Merchant Adventurers, the East India Company, the
Russia Company had barely capital enough for their
own purposes, there was no Bank of England, but
the great monetary corporations of the day were
appealed to. Not only was this appeal directed to the
Corporation of London, but to the several City com-
panies, from the rich Goldsmiths, the bankers of the
day, to the wardens of the poorest mystery. In that
time were obtained the large estates of the Irish cor-
poration, of the Drapers' Company, and others. This
worked well enough then, and why not now that we
are better acquainted with such transactions and
have all the appliances?
How easy would it be to get together a corpora-
tion for the purchase and sale of lands in Ireland,
not a Waste Land Improvement Company, but a
buying and selling corporation. Companies for the
improvement of waste land in Ireland do not so
readily invite capital, because the operation of re-
covering waste land requires many years, whereas
dealing in land gives a quicker return, is more
suitable to the capitalists, and has the advantage of
being more easily kept under control by the Legisla-
ture. Corporations for the improvement of waste
land must be perpetual, but a land-selling corporation
may be limited at the discretion of the Legislature,
as are the Banks of England and Ireland, and the
East India Company.
This Irish Land Corporation should have power to
purchase lands sold by Chancery, or sold for rates,
&c., and to purchase by consent waste lands, or lands
requiring heavy drainage, &c. The Corporation to
provide the lands with buildings, drains, fences,
&c. ; to let them and to sell them.
The mode of carrying this out shall be shown in
another letter; mean 5% bile it may be said that this
measure w,uld give the best direction to the resources
of Ireland, and would be a great boon to resident Irish
landlords, as well as to the working classes, for the
new farms would want bricks, stone, lime, sand,
manure, stock, machines, &c. The amount of food
would be increased, the national wealth placed on a
sounder basis, the rich and the poor of both iflands
would benefit, while the common revenues would be
improved. To du this, however, the operations must
be directed, first, to meet the wants of the present
generation, and then to provide resources for after
ages.

HUMPHREY BROWN.
Tewkesbury, April 20, 1849•

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