The Sun.
London, England, 1838-10-20 00:00:00

ONE GUINEA REWARD.

OST between Soho and Mecklenburgh-squares,
. THIS MORNING, a nearly new SURGEON'S
POCKET INSTRUMENT CASE, complete, and made of Red
Maroon Morocco, Maker, Weiss, 62, Strand.
Any one who will bring the above to Mr. Joseph Tovnbee, 58,
Frith-street, Soho-square, shall reeeive the above reward.

every nation, is the fund which originally and at all '
times, supplies it with all the necessaries and conve-
niences of life." Nature exacted for corn nothing but
labour in times past ; she demands only labour at pre-
sent, and she will require only labour in future. Thus
the sole element of the cost of growing corn here, and
in other countries, is labour, and the real question to
be decided is, whether it requires more labour
to produce corn here or on the Continent. On
this question, too, we are the more justified in
confining our view to labour as the sole element of
the price of growing corn, because the whole gist of
competition betwixt us and other countries depends on
the circumstance whether it require more labour to
produce food here or there. Moreover, the question
concerns the labourers chiefly, who are stinted in their
food, and starved out of existence, on the pretext that
their labour does not produce food enough to sustain them.
We maintain, then, that the only element of cost which
we are required to consider, is the quantity of labour
necessary to produce corn here and in other
countries, and we shall show in our next article,
that the quantity required here is less than in
other countries ; or, corn is grown at a less
real cost here than in those lands of which the
advocates of the Corn-laws most dread the competition.
If this can be proved, it will follow that the labourers
of this Empire are more unjustly treated, in being
stinted and starved by the brutal Corn-laws, than any
race of long-suffering and toiling men in any part of
Europe.

Preparing for publication, in Bvo., with Portraits.
WASHINGTON'S MEMOIRS
AND CORRESPONDENCE.
By JARED SPARKS.
Condensed from the American Edition.
Henry Colburn, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, No.CXXIV.,
Will be Published on SATURDAY, Oct. 27.

CONTENTS.
I. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF HORACE.
11. LOUDON'S TREES AND SHRUBS OF BRITAIN.
111. MILMAN'S EDITION OF GIBBON.
IV. SPANISH BULL-FIGHTS.
V. LIFE OF EARL ST. VINCENT.
VI. QUEEN BTIZABETH AND HER TIMES.
VII. STATE OF CRIME IN NEW SOUTH WALES.
VIII. LIFE OF LORD CLARENDON.
Nos. CXI K. and CX X., containing the Index of the Nineteen
previous Volumes, will be published soon.
John Murray, Albemarle-street.

The following case is reported under the head o
Thames Police :

Captain Edward Grayson, the master of the ship James
Ray, appeared before Mr. BALLANTINI, to answer an infor-
mation, laid under the Merchant Seaman's Act, for having car-
ried out to sea one Thomas Culliban (not being an apprentice),
as one of his crew, without having first entered into an agree-
ment in writing with him, specifying what wages he was to
receive, in what capacity he was to serve, and to what place
the ship was bound, as required by the Act, whereby he had for-
feited a penalty not exceeding 101.
The Captain said, the fact was, he was short of apprentices,
and just before the ship was being hauled out of dock, the boy
Culliban, with his mother, came on board, and entreated him
to take him on the voyage on trial, which he agreed to do
without any stipulation as to wages, and, if the boy suited, he
was to be articled on his return on certain understood terms,
but he turned out to be a useless fellow, and he had refused an
insolent application made by him for wages : hence he sup-
posed this vexatious proceeding.
The boy, who stood at the bar, appeared to be about thirteen
or fourteen years old, and anything but sprightly, gave evi-
dence of his going on board and performing the voyage.
A Solicitor was heard in support of the information, who
insisted on the law being enforced.
Mr. BALLANFINE, having referred to the interpretation
clause, the 52d, and also ascertained there was no appeal, said,
" I regret that you have been brought here. I consider your
conduct has been praiseworthy, but I am compelled by the
words of this Act to fine you for having done an act of kind-
ness. However, it shall be the lowest the law allows me to
inflict, that is 51., but I will not order costs.

The publication of THE SUN NEWSPAPER commenced this day

at 10 minutes past Three o' Clock

WITH WHICH
THE di TRUE SUN " IS NOW
INCORPORATED.

LONDON :
SATURDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 20, 1238.

We have nothing fresh to communicate about
Canada, and shall only observe that the Chronicle,
after considering the language used by Lord DURHAM,
has abated somewhat of the sanguine hopes it yester-
day expressed, that the Noble Lord will be induced to
remain in the government of Canada.

In considering the elements of the cost of growing
corn in this country, it is necessary to distinguish se-
veral kinds of price.
First—there is the money price. Now, this is no
criterion of the cost of growing corn, because the
money price is determined by the quantity of money,
paper, and gold, in circulation, which depends on the
policy, the interest, or the tricks of the Bank of Eng-
land. But it is worthy of remark, that our standard
being gold, which is generally about four per cent.
higher than the silver standard in use amongst other
nations, the price of corn, measured by money, ought
to be about four per cent. lower here than in France
or Germany. That it is higher is to be accounted for
by other circumstances.
But the money price of corn was also enhanced by
the tithe system, as long as tithes were not commuted
into a rent-charge, for the farmer was obliged to raise
the price to the consumer of all the corn he grew, in
order to enable him to give the tenth part of it to the
priest, without depriving himself of the ordinary and
average profits of capital. The money price of corn
is also enhanced by the Corn-laws, which restrict
the supply, and levy a large tax, for the benefit of the
landlords, on every loaf of bread. The money price
of corn, then, is the cost of growing it, increased by the
cost of maintaining one of the most arrogant and least
efficient bodies of priests that ever afflicted a Christian
people, and enhanced by the cost of sustaining in fac-
titious and corrupting splendour a do-nothing, useless
body of land-owners. When it is said that corn cannot
be grown in this country, as has been said by witnesses
before the Committees of the Houses of Parliament,
and is continually said by the advocates of the Corn-
laws in the public press, at less than 60s. per quarter,
let it be well understood that what they mean is not
the cost of growing corn merely, but that cost, toge-
ther with the enormous cost of paying tithes to the
priesthood, and rent to the aristocracy. Those persons
who can be gulled by a statement of the present money
price of corn into a belief that corn cannot be grown as
cheaply here as on the Continent, are the proper com-
plement of the knaves who propound the statement
One could not exist without the other. In fact, it
amounts to this. The Corn-laws enhance the price
of corn here far above its price in the other countries,
and render it impossible for us to compete with them ;
and, therefore, in order to continue the growth of corn
we must keep up the Corn-laws.
Next there is what may be called the social price—
that is the cost of growing corn enhanced by
restrictions and regulations. For example, the
law of primogeniture, which prevents land
from being divided into the most convenient portions
for cultivation ; and the laws concerning conveyancing,
which impede the sale and distribution of land ; and
the taxes, on timber for example, which prevent the
cultivator of land from obtaining his necessary build-
ings and instruments at as cheap a rate as possible.
All such taxes, restrictions, and regulations enhance
the cost of producing here the necessary supply of
food ; and till it be demonstrated that every one of
them—and we have only quoted one or two speci-
mens—cannot be done away, that they are
all indispensable to our existence, they must
be considered, like the Corn-laws themselves,
as improperly enhancing the cost of growing corn.
They are evils inflicted on us by the law-making
aristocracy, and to allege the dearness of food caused
by them as a reason for keeping up the Corn-laws, is
just as absurd as to allege, for the same object, the
dearness of food caused by the Corn-last s themselves.
There is thirdly the real or natural price, or cost of
growing corn, to arrive at which we must discard
all the enhancement of price caused by juggling
with the money, and by taxes, restrictions, and regu_
lations. The real or natural price, however, is the only
just criterion for deciding whether corn can or cannot be
grown as cheaply here as in Poland. If we admit any
other, we at once admit that one evil inflicted on us by
the Legislature is the justification for inflicting another;
and that the enhancement of price caused by tithes and
caused by the Corn-laws is a sufficient reason for con-
tinuing those laws. We cannot argue in that fashion,
ascertain what is the natural
cost of growing corn in Eng-
and not the money cost—before
iparison between the cost here

The Act under which the Magistrate was thus
constrained to fine a ship-master five pounds for
doing an act of kindness, and behaving in a praise-
worthy manner, was framed, we believe, by Sir JAMES
GRAHAM, when he was First Lord of the Admiralty,
and is generally considered a useful, well-drawn Act.
Under it, however, the Magistrate is compelled to
punish a man for virtuous conduct. Such a palpable
violation of justice, and such a perversion of right,
need no comment. Those, however, will be much
mistaken who imagine that this is an exception to the
general course of law. On the contrary, it is the rule.
`What is legal is rarely or never what is just, and the law
may in a great majority of cases be defined to be, as in
this instance, an instrument by which cunning over-
reaches honesty, and villany secures its triumph over
virtue.

We learn from Wolverhampton, that the contest
which has been carrying on in that town about Church-
rates, was decided yesterday against the rate, and -that
Church-rates at Wolverhampton are abolished for
ever. So be it through all England I and so it would
be if the priest-ridden people saw with their own
eyes and heard with their own ears, and had sense and
courage to act according to the dictates of the under-
standing which GOD has given them.

We called attention on Thursday to the enormous
extravagance of the City functionaries. It seems pro-
per now to remind our readers that one part of their
ways and means is derived from a tax on the poor
man's coals. We have on several occasions exposed
the enormous evils of that tax, and of the mono-
poly of which it is in part the cause. Certainly
the patience of the people, as they shiver over
an insufficient fire in the next winter, will not be
increased by learning that they are deprived
of fuel, in order that the extravagant functionaries of
the City of London may waste nearly half a million
a-year. To what men may be reduced if they submit to
one political oppression after another—now consent-
ing to be plundered to keep up the state of the land-
owners, and again humbly allowing planters and citi-
zens to tax their drink and to tax their fuel, is pretty
evident by the wretched condition of the Irish pea-
sants, whose patience under almost unheard-of priva-
tions is, by their masters, praised as a virtue.

" Bread," says the Report of the Railway Commissioners,
speaking of the peasantry of the South of Ireland, "bread
was never an article of common use amongst the labouring
poor, but it is now less known by them than it was at the
time when a sum exceeding 50,0001. per annum was paid
in ' bounties,' to induce the landholders to grow a sufficiency
of grain for the supply of the city of Dublin. Milk is be-
come almost a luxury to many of them, and the quality of
their potatoe diet is generally much inferior to what it was
at the commencement of the present century. A species of
potatoe called the dumper' has been brought into general
cultivation, on account of its great productiveness and the
facility with which it can be raised from an inferior soil,
and with a comparatively small portion of manure. This
root, at its first introduction, was scarcely considered food
good enough for swine ; it neither possesses the farinaceous
qualities of the better varieties of the plant, nor is it as
palatable as any other, being wet and tasteless, and, in
point of substantial nutriment, little better, as an article of
human food, than a Swedish turnip.' In many counties of
Leinster, and throughout the provinces of Munster and Con-
naught, the lumper now constitutes the principal food of the
labouring peasantry; a fact which is the more striking when
we consider the great increase of produce, together with its
manifest improvement in quality, which is annually raised in
Ireland for exportation, and for consumption by the superior
classes."

To the same, or to a similar condition, will the peo-
ple of England be reduced, if they go on tolerating the
gigantic system of plunder which is now organized by
landowners, planters, and London citizens.

The Correspondent of a Morning Contemporary
thus describes the way in which the Carlist General
disposed of his prisoners after the victory over PAR-
DINA S. That officer had only a choice of evils—death
in the field of battle, or murder by the hands of ruf-
fians, and he wisely preferred the former :—" All the
cavalry who were taken prisoners were massacred. The
wounded were shot at Morella the first day, as well as
the wounded infantry. The next day the remainder of
the cavalry, amounting, I am informed, to between 80
and 90, were stripped naked, taken to a hzterta, or gar-
den, near Mailla, and being placed in rows, were
rode at by CABRERA'S Lancers, and trampled and
lanced to death." The heart sickens at the recital.
of such atrocities, committed, too, by men calling them-
selves the friends of the Throne and the Church. Hu-
manity is dishonoured by the conduct of these mon-
sters, and Europe is indeed guilty of a great crime in
permitting her name to be stained by such deeds of
blood. We wonder not at Louis PHILIPPE, for his
conduct in the Spanish question has long ceased to
excite wonder ; but it is astonishing that men of kind
feelings, like the Emperor of AUSTRIA, the King of
PRUSSIA, and the King of HOLLAND, should be
found the abettors of a man that has solemnly pro-
claimed his determination to murder his prisoners,
and now daily permits his followers t• carry their
bloody decrees into effect with the most refined

discarded all consideration of
!nt soils, and putting that out
: element of the cost of growing
to labour, says Dr. SMITII, "of

THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 20, 1838.

cruelty. The King of the FRENCH, from his blind
devotion to the Holy Alliance, in place of checking
the career of this infamous man, has just given an-
other proof that he favours his success, by permitting
his betrothed wife, the sister of the hopeful Dor,
MIGUEL, and his eldest son, with a retinue of fol-
lowers, to pass through the kingdom to the camp of
the Pretender. His escape from this country through
France, considering the strict discipline of the French
police, was considered wonderful ; but the wonder almost
ceases, when we reflect on this event, and the conduct
of the French Government ever since the commence-
ment of the contest. It is evident, however, that
affairs are approaching a crisis. The only remaining
good officer that the QUEEN had to depend on will be
forced to resign, and she will then have to choose be-
tween the dictation of ESPARTERO and his army,
and the clamours, and possibly the insurrection, of the
Liberal party in every part of Spain. We wish Lours
PHILIPPE joy of the results.

Madrid Papers of the 11th inst. have reached us,
together with advices from Saragossa of a date two
days later. Want of confidence in the wisdom and
the stability of the Cabinet was then universally
prevalent. General VAN ITALIEN has addressed
proclamations to the people of Aragon, Valencia,
and Murcia, on assuming the office of Captain-
General of these Provinces ; but on looking over
them we find that they differ in no respect from
the imaginative rhapsodies of CoRDOVA, SAN
MIGUEL, ORAA, and ESPARTERO. The in-
nocence of the QUEEN is much dwelt upon, just as
if there were any peculiar merit in the absence of cri-
minality in the conduct of a babe. The Spanish
political horizon was never much gloomier than it is
at present.

The Paris Journals of Thursday have all been re-
ceived ; and though their contents are not of much
political importance, they possess considerable inte-
rest. There is no longer a doubt as to the appearance
of the Princess of BEIRA, the eldest son of Don
CARLOS, and their travelling attendants, in Spain,
notwithstanding the boasted vigilance of the French
Police.

On Wednesday the King and Queen of the Bin-
GIANS arrived at Paris from Brussels.

Prince Louts NAPOLEON, accompanied by a
suite of eight persons, left Nuremberg on the 14th
inst. His route is prescribed, and instructions given
that he make no unnecessary delay in any of the chits
through which he is to pass.
The Courrier de Bordeaux has the following sin-
gular article. We need not premise that letters
direct from Constantinople assure us that there is
not a syllable of truth in the statement, that our
Ambassador has been assassinated. It is very pos-
sible, however, that such an announcement did appear
in the Delhi Gazette :

,‘ We have received intelligence from India, entitled to some
attention. The Delhi Gazette of the 27th June last publishes
the annexed :

" It is a fact of public notoriety that tile British Envoy in
Persia has been murdered by orders of the Schah, and, as the
Government does not think proper to deny it, we must consider
it as being but too well-founded. It is also notorious (so far
all those who have friends or correspondents in Persia affirm)
that Mahomed Schah declared, when he undertook the siege
of Herat, that it was a mere preliminary to his invasion of
Cabul, Candahar, Punjaub, and India? The Schah is a vain,
ignorant, and infatuated Monarch, beset by Russian intriguers,
who urge him to invade the territory of our western allies,
because they imagine that the extension of Persian domination
to the banks of the Suttledge would insure to Russia the free
passage of her troops as far as the advanced posts of the Indo-
British army."
The Delegates of the French Beet-root sugar
growers are most indefatigable in their endeavours to
support the views of their constituents. The follow-
ing report of their interviews with the Minister of
Finance and the KING, on Wednesday, is taken from
one of the Paris Journals of Thursday :

The Delegates of the Beet-root Sugar Growers and Ma-
nufacturers had, yesterday morning, an audience of the Minis-
ter of Finance, at which they made a statement of the griev-
ances under which they laboured, and which they declared
were not less in importance than those complained of by the
colonial manufacturers. They represented to the Minister
that the proposed reduction of duties in favour of the latter
would be an act of injustice towards the home growers, be-
cause the tax imposed on the sugar thus produced was under-
stood to be good for two years at least, and that, upon the
faith of this, they had planted their lands, and otherwise
invested their capital. They declared that a change in the
law as it at present stood in favour of the colonies would be
the ruin of the home producers. To this the Minister re-
plied that, while he acknowledged the justice of their repre-
sentations, he could not forget that the condition of the co-
lonies required all the solicitude of Government, and that his
desire was to conciliate both interests. The delegates then
added, that the best method of relieving the colonial, with-
out too much depressing the home, interests, would be to
facilitate the re-exportaton of sugar by lowering the
amount of "rendement," which was now fixed at 75 per cent.
The Minister assured the delegates that he would take their
opinion into consideration, and that the measure indicated by
them had in fact already occupied the attention of the
Council. On quitting the hotel of the Minister, the dele-
gates went to the Tuileries, where they had the honour of
being admitted to an audience of the King. They presented
on this occasion a long address to his Majesty, in which they
pointed out in strong but respectful terms that the manufac-
ture of beet-root sugar was reduced to the last degree of depres-
sion, and that the least aggravation of the disadvantages un-
der which they laboured would cause all the petty manufac-
tories to be closed, and would in the end destroy that manufac-
ture altogether. They protested against the injustice
of Ling sacrificed to the colonial interests; they remon-
strated against the vexatious collection of the duties, and
showed that the glut of the market was so great, that, the
high prices of corn being also taken into consideration, as
hindering small consumers from purchasing so much sugar as
they otherwise would, there was no chance of things mending
by a generally increased consumption throughout the country.
They represented that more than 1,000,000 fr. were invested
in nearly 600 beet-root sugar manufactories, and concluded by
expressing their conviction that his Majesty would not allow
them to be oppressed, nor would permit such a commercial re-
volution as it would infallibly produceototonhfatatthkeheeppt place. The King
replied to the delegates in the most encouraging terms,
that he was far from desirous of seeing the petty manufac-
tories closed • that, no doubt, the great dissemination of this
branch of industry presented some difficulties for the col-
lection of the duties, but that the objection was not extremely
serious ; that the mode of collection was a simple matter
of execution, and would be brought to perfection in time ;
that he by no means despaired of soon seeing every person
in France make his own sugar, as in England people
rup
np mty
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effectshaferr
parts;
rsm;oo
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thnhaetbet
collectinghe sugarre ,
impossibilitywt
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et h
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e preventings;
brewedreoea
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ytseohdef
exact
returns the increase of consumption of which this branch of
industry was the source, and by which all the other branches
of trade benefited, was owing to the impracticability of proving
the exact state of the French home-trade, whereas the move-
ments of re-exportation could be ascertained through the
Custom-house; but that, nevertheless, such increase in the
consumption was real and extremely important. His Majesty
concluded by remarking his anxiety to favour the native sugar
t
produce by every expedient in his power, but, he added, that
he must also take into consideration the interest of the acolo-
nies, which was, in reality, a French interest ; and, finally,
that the duty, intentions, and wish of his Government, were to
protect and satisfy both branches of industry. The King
afterwards parted with the delegates in the most affable and
cordial manner.
The Moniteur of Wednesday publishes a despatch
from Marshal VALLEE to the Minister of War, dated
the Bth inst., giving an account of the occupation of
the Gulf of Stora, from which we make an interesting
extract :

On the 7th of October the expedition corps commenced its
movement, and cleared, without meeting obstacles, the dis-
tance between the camp of Arrouch and the ancient Russi-
cada. The Kabyles had abandoned their douars, but had not
set them on fire—a circumstance which indicated that their
intentions were not hostile, and that they had merely with-
drawn from motives of prudence. I forbade the men enter-
ing the villages, and the column quietly proceeded on its
march. Some shots were fired upon it, without wounding
anybody, and were not returned. At four o'clock in the after-
noon we arrived on the sea-coast, and took a position on the
site, where, I intend establishing a permanent camp, which
will secure to us the possession of the harbour, and will pro-
bably become hereafter the centre of a numerous and active
population, as was formerly the town of Russicada, if we are
to judge from the noble ruins which are yet to be seen on that
point.

The position which I occupy is excellent. The head-
quarters are established on the site of the ancient Roman cita-
del, the stones of which are yet in their places. They will be
used in constructing a work to which I have given the name
of Fort de France.
This hill commands the landing-place, and the tricoloured
flag which I have just placed upon the most elevated point of

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