The Sun.
London, England, 1836-11-22 00:00:00

BRAZILS.

RIO DE JANEIRO.—(From the Carrico Official, Sept.
16.)—In the month of August 206 ships arrived in this
port, 147 were Brazilian, and 59 foreign—the total ton-
nage was 24,455 tons, and the crews about 2,000 men.
The tonnage of the foreign ships was 15,185 tons, and the
crews 827 men—of these 15 were English, 4,391 tons, and
166 men, and 14 Portuguese, 3,193 tons, and 268 men.
Among the vessels that sailed were twelve (all Portuguese),
for the coast of Africa.

SErr. 27.—The Regent, in the name of the Emperor,
or Pedro 11., considering the representation of Freeland,
Ker, Collings, and Co., has thought fit to authorise them
to form a Company, under the name of the " Mining Com-
pany of the Province of Minas Gerous," for the purpose of
mining for gold, silver, and all other metals, and also of
precious stones (with the exception of diamonds), in that
province. The decree is dated 15th September, 1836.
Szrr. 28.—The Novo Accordo Patache, in eight days
from Rio Grande (do Sul) brings the very agreeable news
of the taking of Itapsom by the Government troops. We
hear from Porto Alegio, that Colonel BertoManuel marched
from that place on the sth of this month, with a respect.
able force, to attack Binto. Goncalez, who, after the tak-
ing of Itapoani, retreated to Capella dc Viamao. Many of
his followers had already presented themselves to the lawful
authorities. It was reported at Porto Alegio that the.
chief of the rebels had proclaimed the Republic at Capella,
and that there had been fetes on the occasion ; but this
news needs confirmation.

Major Liona and Captain Crescentio were at Pelotas,
where they had fortified themselves. A body of cavalry,
iufantry, and artillery has marched from Rio Grande to at-
tack them, and Commodore Grenfell was ready at St. G.
briel to support the movement of our forces, and take part
in the attack.

Every thing indicates the speedy and happy termination
of the terrible conflict which has so long distracted one of
our finest provinces. _

OCT. 3.--On the Ist of this month a fire broke out near

the Treasury, which destroyed one wing of the building.
The chests, books, and papers were saved ; and the great
exertions of the firemen and others who came to assist,
prevented the flames from extending to the other parts of
the building.
OCT. 7.—A notice from the Minister of Finance to the
President of Bahia, recommends that by the English packet
which is to sail for Falmouth, and is to touch at that place,
the largest possible remittance of funds shall be made to
London for the payment of the foreign debt. His Excel-
lency hopes the Treasury will do its utmost that those re-
mittances may arrive in time, and the credit of the Govern-
ment not suffer any injury.
The following numbers of the Correia contain various
accounts of the fire at the Treasury, which broke out in one
of the chimneys of the Mint, and letters of thanks to vari-
ous persons and bodies who rendered valuable assistance ;
one of them i.► addressed to the officers and men of the
English and French men•of--war in the Harbour.
The accounts from the Governors of the several pro-
vinces state that they enjoy tranquillity.--Correio (Wick?
to 13th October inclusive.

BOLIVIA.

THE VICE-PRESIDENT'S SPEECH TO THE EX-

TRAORDINARY CONGRESS OF 1836.

Gentlemen—lt is not a twelvemonth since, convoked in
the city of La Paz, you signalised your wisdom air,/ patrio-
tism. The hostile position of Peru, its disordered state,
the military despotism strengthened by the anarchy that
already touched our frontiers, our independence, peace, and
security—all imperiously required the meeting of the Depu-
ties of the people. Your wisdom, your confidence in the
Government, and your political tact, gave peace to the un-
fortunate country that had asked our assistance, and assured
the fortunes of Boliria.
Six months have sufficed for all this. Within that pe-
riod have disappeared the Gamarras, the Salaverrys, and the
whole race of liherticides, and from the chaos that threat-
ened the Peruvian nation, has emanated the new State of
South Peru. The Peruvian nation is divided into two po-

litieal bodies. The Assembly of the Southern State, which
is the only one as yet called together, has accepted thc ar-
rangement, and Bolivia cannot belie her promises, nor re-
trog-rade from her offers.
The Government has expressed these sentiments to the
Deputies sent by the Assembly of Sicuani to Bolivia to
manifest their gratitude for our assistance. With the same
object it has unhesitatingly bestowed the constitutional per-
mission for the President of Bolivia to undertake the Pro-
tectorate conferred on him by the said Assembly, as the
most effectual means of finally establishing the eonfedera-

tion desired.
Although the Congress of the Northern State has not
yet met, the unity of interests, circumstances, and position,
afford ample security that their votes will be conformable
to those of the Assembly of Sicuani, already solemnly ap-
proved by the Government of the North. In the interval,
however, it only rests for ourselves to assimilate our re-
solves with those of South Peru. That Government has,
of course, hitherto confined itself to enabling the Execu-
tive to nominate Plenipotentiaries for formalising the Fede-
ral Compact in concert with the other States.
Nevertheless, Bolivia has not needed this new arrange-
ment to present to the world an example of moral admi-
nistration, of submission to the laws, and of perfect order
and tranquillity. But every page of history teaches that
the happiness of nations does not exclusively depend upon
their internal prosperity, but is powerfully affected by the
condition of its neizhbours.also. Happy in ourselves, yet
we should in vain have surmounted all previous difficulties,
if beyond the limits of our own frontier were suffered to
continue those machinations and invidious attacks which

the most pow erful nations have failed to withstand. The
reciprocal guarantees and mutual responsibility established
by the Federation altogether obviate this possibility. Inde-
pendent as we are, the ties of fraternity, common wants
and interests, bind us to our ancient brethren and allies.
The Federal Compact at once respects those feelings, and
maintains each State in the enjoyment of a separate sove-

-
reignty, but meeting in a common centre, in order to give
promptitude and energy to their action.
You feel these objects and advantages ; and it now re-
mains for you, in conformity with your proceedings of last
year, to authorise the nomination of Ministers Plenipoten-
tiary, who, in conjunction with those appointed by the
Southern and Northern States of Peru, shall arrange the
Federal Compact for the three States.
I should be wanting in my duties could I pass over the
merits of our army, and the sagacity, skill, profound com-
bination, and triumphant valour of our supreme Chi.af, the
restorer of the nation. Bolivia, previously remarkable for
moderation and prudence, has, under his conduct, distin-
guished herself in arms, and as the powerful protectress of
order and political justice.
The praise of this is due to our gallant army, which, by
its painful marches, and the rapidity of its movements and
manoeuvres, by its constancy under privations and the se-
verities of the seasons, has added to the admiration inspired
by its bravery in the exploits of the Pampas and Ucho-
mayo—in the memorable days of Yanacochas and Soca-
baya.
The merits of the army and the Captain-General,
therefore, require public mention and ample recompense ;
but this grateful step the Government reserves for the Le-
gislative body, the organs of the public will. I conse-
quently present for your consideration the project of a
decree of rewards in proof of our gratitude.
Tapacari, June, 1836. MAIIIANO HENRIQUE CALVO.

THE PATENT RETARDER, OR IM-

PROVED DRAG.

(From the Morning Advertiser.)

We have taken the above descriptive line as the most
ready indication of that which we are' about to describe,
and still it is scarcely sufficient to convey all the merit to
which the invention is entitled. It is generally the case
that a beautiful, a plausible theory demonstrated in lan-
guage, loses much in practical application ; but the reverse
was the case in this instance : when put into practice, it far
exceeded our most sanguine expectations. The invention
was intended, as it would seem at first sight, to check
horses in their descent of a hill, or where horses had started
off to run away, that the vehicle should oppose their pro-
gibess. This point is most efficiently accomplished by the
invention—the hind wheels in a moment can be locked,
and the horses must use their utmost strength to drag
it with them. Thus is one great object attained ; but the
same principle is extended to one more valuable. When the
horses are ascending a hill it may happen that by excessive
exertion they become exhausted ; under ordinary circum-
stances they must persevere, and if they do stop, they
must still suspend the entire weight of the burden,
while they rest, and then use the additional power to com-
mence the motion. By this invention all this is obviated.
A carriage, on descending a hill, instead of the wheel•horses
being left to restrain the too rapid descent of the vehicle,
the power can be let on the drag, so as to keep all the
horses at work in draught, and at any time that the driver
or guard chooses he can stop the coach in such a way as it
cannot back ; upon which principle it is in the power of the
guard or driver to relieve the horses either in the ascent or
descent of a bill. In addition to all the other recommen-
dations of the invention, there is one fact peculiarly de-
serving of notice, namely, that the power of retarding can
be modified, so as to amount to an impediment or to an
absolute stop : all of which is effected by the driver treading
on a lever, or by the guard working a lever with his hand,
and then the coach or vehicle, be it as it may, is controlled
at will. It would be useless to attempt a description of the
machinery ; it may be sufficient for our readers to tell them
that we were astonished at the completeness of the con-
trivance. It did not reflect much credit upon the coach
proprietors and others, that ought to have been interested
in the affair, that so few of them were present. We will
give a more particular notice of this invaluable invention
to-morrow. The exhibition will be continued for two or
three days at Holloway. _ _

[From the description of this very userid invention, wo
are of opinion that the principle can be applied to railway
carriages, so as to stop them in a much shorter time than is
at present practicable in caws of emergency.—En. SUN.]

(From the Morning Chronicle.)

The object that the projectors of this contrivance have
in view is to obviate the danger and risk that passengers are
exposed to, whether travelling by stage coaches or other
vehicles, when descending hills, or in case of the horses of
their carriage becoming unmanageable, restive, or running
away. Yesterday afternoon a number of trials were made
with a view to test the efficacy of this invention, by running
a stage coach, with the retarder attached to it (with and
without horses), up and down Highgate-hill, and the resul
was most satisfactory. To a casual observer there is no
essential alteration in the appearance of a coach to which the
retarder is attached, and certainly it adds no ()Teat weight
to it : but by its construction either the coachman or the
guard, and indeed any person in the rear of the coach, by
the pressure of the foot on the spring rising from this ma-
chine, and without alighting, can retard or stop the progress
of it at pleasure. The principle of this machine, as we un-
derstand it, is that by increasing the pressure on the boxes of
each of the h'nder wheels the friction is increased to suck
an extent as to stop the progress of the vehicle. This is
managed by means of a lever with springs acting above and
below the box of each of the hind wheels, and, as we before
observed, can be applied by any person on the top of the
coach. As far as we were enabled to judge of the merits
of this .nvcntion from the trial of yesterday, we were per-
fectly satisfied of its utility. Every person who has tra-
velled to any extent must be aware of the inconvenience
nad danger that results from the pressure of a heavily laden
coach on the horses in descending a steep hill ; but by means
of the retarder the coach can be stopped, or its progress
regulated at pleasure, almost imperceptibly to the passengers,
or the machine can be applied in a manner to operate as an
additional draft of several tons. Again, on ascending a hill,.
a coach can be stopped at pleasure by means of this inven-
tion, so as to prevent its running back. At the same
time the recurrence of those accidents can be prevented
which so often arise from the coachman, on leaving his box,
placing the reins in charge of a passenger or horsekeeper.
The proprietors of the machine contend that the adoption
of it by coach proprietors would be attended with conside-
rable pecuniary advantages to the latter ; of this, however,
we are unable to express an opinion ; but we have no hesi-
tation in stating that the general application of it to stage
torches would he attended with considerable advantage to
the public, both as regards the safety and convenience of
travellers, and at the same time much time would be saved
in a long journey, which is now lost in stopping the coach
to apply the drag. The experiments are to be repeated
this day and to-morrow, at the hours of 11, 1, and 3 o'clock,
at which times the coach, with the retarder attached to it,
wig leave the Archway Tavern, at Holloway, to asrend
Highgate-hill. The patentees of this most useful machine
are Messrs. Makepeace and Pearson, of Mitcham, Surrey,
and the merit of the invention is due to the former of these
gentlemen.