The Sun.
London, England, 1849-09-10 00:00:00

EXPENSES.

S r 9 SEPTEMBER 10, 1849.

the water acts the: part both of a recipient and a
transmitter of heat ; and, as a safety-valve is attached
to the tubes, it may be raised to 400 or 500 deg.
Fahrenheit, withcut forming into steam. There is
also another advaaatt ge derived from this arrange-
ment ; the gases in the furnace become more readily
ignited by passing through the holes, or interstices,
and the surface of ,the boiler is more equally
.heated.
In the experiment on Saturday, sGlbs of coal evapo-
rated 7201bs of water in 1 hour and 12 minutes,
being, more than 12,11). of water evaporated for every
11b. of coal. The average evaporation of water by
11b. of fuel being Inrely 81b., there is an advantage
gained of at least 50 per cent. If the patent should
succeed as well in practical working, of course its ap-
plication to marine engines would effect a considerable
saving. The patentee, taking for example one of the
West India Mail Packets, says that in the 45 days it
would occupy in its outward and homeward voyage,
the saving under his system in coal would be 6001.,
and in additional fceig ht 1,200/ , making altogether
au actual sum realised of 1,8001.

THE APPROACHING LITERARY

F7ESTIVAL.

We do not rementb.there ever to have been
brought -together, on one occasion, in the West
Riding cf Yorkshire, such, an amount of literary and
public talent, as may be expected to gather round the
standard of the North-West Sub-Union of Institutes,
on the twenty-serenth of the. present month.
Never was Harrogate so honoured--so far lifted
above its ordinary retiring clrracter, as it will be at
the approaching festival, when so many splendid
specimens of the genius and spirit of the age—
brought together from London, Birmingham, Man-
chester, Leeds, and advocate the claims
and invest with a halo, a glory the Gauze of mechanics'
institutions.

One good result ought to follow—and we hope it
may—from this goodly gathering—wherein Genius,
and representatives of the Church, House of Com-
mons, the political world, and the Press, meeting
together for the accomplishment of one grand object,
will reflect the aspect of the times and the necessi-
ties of society— we mean, a further breaking down
of that ancient harrier of distinctions -which, until
now, has sundered the hearts and interests, as well
as the mere position of the two greet classes. Why,
we ask, should men, simply because—like the rich
man in the parable--they can clothe themselves
in fine linen and fare sumptuously every day—
withhold their countenance and support from a
movement which, if rightly understood, affects
themselves much more nearly than they are wont
to suppose. We know very well the notion has for
for some time prevailed that mechanics' institutions
and dissent were one and the same thing—that
mechanics' institutions and violent politics or rebel-
lion were the same thAng differently expressed. But
—thanks to the few holy and great men who have
risen above the prejuifices of faction, and come out
boldly into the open arena of public opinion—these
and all other such like estimates of mechanics' insti-
tutions, are dying out with the ignorance from which
they sprung. Whatever may be said for or against
such institutions in other respects—one thing must
be conceded, that the ilatelligence, genius, zeal, philan-
thropy, and energy of the age are with them, and that
amongst their best anal most constant supporters are
those who are doing- more for the advancement of
human nature—more for thegood of society as it now
is, and for all time -to come, than attaches itself to
the bigotry of those who cavil at an agency they lack
the spirit and good will to approve.
As has already been stated, the arrangements in-
clude a very sumptuous dejeuner, which will take
place at two o'clock, at the Queen's Hotel, and a
grand soiree, at seven o'clock. The band of the
Yorkshire Ilussars it is expected will be obtained
for both occasions. The chair will be occupied by
the inimitable and celebrated George Cruikshank ;
and amongst the distinguished literary and other
gentlemen who will take part in the proceedings,
may be fosses' the names of Lord Viscount Goderich ;
the Hon. and Very Rev. H. D. Erskine, Dean of
Ripon • Charles Mackay, Esq., L.L.D., of London ;
Edward Baines, Esq., President of the " Yorkshire
Union of Mechanics Institutes ;" George Dawson,
Esq., M.A., of Birmingham; Charles Swain, Esq.,
of anchester; SVilhiam Scholefield, Esq, M.P. for
Birmingham ; the \V orshipful the Mayor of Ripon,
&c. Letters have also been received from the under-
mentioned eminent characters, all of whom regret
their inability to be present :—the Right Hon. the
Earl of Carlisle ' • Lord Ashley ; Elihu Burritt;
Messrs. Robert and William Chambers ; Hon. W.
S. Lascelles, M.P. ; Charles Dickens, Esq. (" Box ");
Mark Lemon, Esq., editor of Punch; the Very Rev.
George Waddington, Dean of Durham; Andrew
Lawson, Esq., &c. The list of stewards, now com-
pleted, includes—John James Harrison, sq , Doctors
Bennett and Kennion, and John Richardson, Esq., of
Harrogate ; William Williamson and James Norman,
Esqs., of Ripon; Henry Myers, Esq, of Golds-
borough ; Robert Pollock, Esq., of Leeds ; William
Melville Lomas, Esq., of Wetherby ; and T. M.
Beaumont, Esq., of Knaresborough. Delegates, we
are gratified to learn, are being appointed to attend,
not only from institutions in the sub union, but from
some that are not within the district through which
its operations extend. By many persons the day
fixed is eagerly anticipated, and we doubt not but it
will prove a glorious harvest for mechanics' institu-
tions. Tickets for the dejeuner cannot be had after
the 20th inst., nor for the soiree after the 25th inst.

We would observe that it is only two months
since the sub•urrion was established, and two very
promising institutions, through its agency, have
already been established in Thorp Arch and Masham.
On Monday next the foundation of a third will be
laid in Tadcaster ; and in addition to these, Topcliffe,
Bedale, and other places, are marked out to share the
benefits of the secretary's missionary labours.—
Harrogate Advertiser.

COURT CIRCULAR.

BALMORAL, SEPT. 6.

Lady Portman and the lion. Miss Portman had the
honour of joining the Royal party at dinner yesterday
evening.
The Earl of Aberdeen took his departure. _

SEPT. 7.

Her Majesty and the Prince, accompanied by the
Princess Royal, the Princess Alice, the Prince of Wales,
and Prince Alfred, went yesterday in a pony carriage to
the Braemar meeting, to witness the Highland games.
In the Royal suite were the Marchioness of Douro, the
Hon. Miss Dawson, Miss Ilillyard, Lord John Russell,
Mr. Charles Greville, and Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon.
Alexander Gordon.
Lord John Russell and Mr. Charles Greville left Bal-
moral to day.
Earl Grey is expected to arrive this afternoon, as
Secretary of State in attendance upon the Qtteen.
Lord Portman will have the honour of dining with the
Queen this evening.
Lord John Russell returned to Pembroke Lodge,
Richmond Park, on Saturday evening, from Balmoral.

THE 1311/EIVIAR GATHERING.
BaLLATua, FBIDAY.—This highland fete, which
takes piece annually, under the patronage of the Duke
of Leeds, General Sir A. Duff, and Mr. Farquharson,
of Invercauld, came off at Braemar Castle, on Thura•
day, with great eclat. Her Majesty was present.
No sooner had the royal party arrived than the games
were begun. The throwing of the heavy hammer
commenced the proceedings. The first man who
stepped forward succeeded in making an extraordinary
cast, which none of the other competitors managed
to equal. He was, of course, declared the victor.
The hill race came next, and was the most exciting
spectacle of the day, at least it had most attention
bestowed on it. The total distance ran over was
between 700 and 800 yards. A part of this was
over the level holm, where an amazing degree of
celerity was shown ; but the winning-post was a
flag placed on the summit of a hill that overlooks the
castle at an elevation of some 300 feet, the only
accessible path being right up the side of the emi-
nence, which seems next thing to perpendicular, part
of it being wooded as well. here there was no
running—the competitors seemed content to crawl on
all fours. Donald M‘Donald, a carpenter, was the
first to reach the top. The time spent in getting
there was 6i minutes. The knowledge of that cir-
cumstance has to be ascribed to Lord John Russell.
After the start there was some disappointment ex-
pressed that no one had attended to noting the time.
The Noble Premier relieved the prevalent uneasiness
by communicating the information that he was looking
at his watch for that purpose—an announcement
which caused some hilarity and surprise. Dancing
came next. Her Majesty, and those around her,
repaired to the interior of the castle, where a number
of light-heeled end nimble individuals exhibited their
powers to the evident gratification of the party around.l

GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY.—It is worthy of men-
tion that the late Mr. Justice Coltman, at the time of
his death, held 20,000/. of stock in the Great Northern
line, 16,0001. of which was paid up. In his will he ex-
pressed a wish that this investment should be continued,
and that the remaining 4,0001. should:be paid up. This
circumstance strongly indicates that the lamented gen-
tleman had great confidence in the ultimate success of
the undertalcing.—Herapath's Journal.
LIVERPOOL, SEPT. s.—At noon to day the steam-
ship Cambria, Captain Shannon, departed from the
Mersey for Halifax and New York, with the usual mails
for North America and about 100 passengers.

[PRICE

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.

HERALD.—The weak President of the French
Republic, and the wicked majority of the French
Cabinet by whom he was supported, are now begin-
ning to find the real difficulties and dangers of the
Roman question. It is not with any desire to vaunt
our own foresight, that we recur to this question.
But it arises now, and will constantly arise for pub-
lic discussion; and we cannot choose but remind our
readers that when the French troops were about to
enter Rome we predicted that the difficulties of the
Roman question were but really and truly com-
mencing. The spirit of the Papacy is a subtle, a
tricky, ;Ind a lying spirit; and they who depend on
its promise4.or performaoes Will, now and henct forth
—like all vehohave ever given heed to or placed re-
liance on it—find themselves mistaken, if nut deceived
or delt nied: Even among the votaries of the Roman
Catholic faith,in times long past, there were found
men honest and bold enough to denounce
this spirit. If Paul Serpi, Bellarfnine, Baro-
r.itts, Machiavelli,Savanarot a, and Bossuet,
found occasion to impeech the policy of Rome as false
and fraudulent, how much more likely is that policy
to appear in a hundi elfold worse light to men of a
different faith, whose minds are neither enervated,
debased, nor perverted by the cobweb casuistry of
the Romish e,choolmen ? The Roman system of go-
vernment, ever since the Popes began to reign, when
not the most imbecile and idiotic, has been the most
iniquitous, the most flagrantly corrupt and soul- de-
basing, that the world has ever yet seen. Sometimes,
indeed often, it has been imbecile, corrupt, and im-
moral, at one and the same time; and as the Papacy
is in itself a. Government uncharged and unchange-
able—as it is a Government of a settled hierarchy,
and of traditions handed down from ages long past—
as it is a Government of routine and forms settled
on the basis of the old Popish systems—we need not
say it is not merely a Government opposed to common
sense and ordinary reason, but opposed to Holy Writ
itself. To suppose that a Government like this, which
lives and moves by fraud and superstition—which
props itself up by placing a padlock on the Book of
Life—which traffics in sacred things—and which has
for ages succeeded in placing a net-work of darkness
over a large portion of the habitable globe, would
reform itself by letting in the smallest ray of truth—
would reform itself by admitting laymen to any real
share in the administration of the Government, is one
of the pious delusions of the devout M. Falloux, and
one.of the day-dreams of the ambitious, aspiring, but
empty President of the French Republic. The mo-
ment the Papacy lets in one ray of light on its exe-
crable system the moment the smallest brick of
Babylon is removed from its place—that instant
comes down toppling the whole fabric of Pope and
Papacy—of Cardinals, Canzerlingos, and Sagra
Consulta —of Segnatura di Gimctizia and Seg-
natura di Grazia —of Auditor of the Chambers
and of the Rota—of Prefect of the Annova,
Major-domo of the Pontifical Palace, and of
the Congregation del Rion Governo. With all his
blindness, bigotry, and narrowness, Gregory XVI.
well saw this, and accordingly he refused, even at the
solicitation of the great powers, to alter one particle
of the oil system. But Pius IX., who is a weak,
vain, and short-sighted man, thought he might run
with the hare and hold with the hounds at the close of
the nineteenth century. When, however, he found
that the effect of even his very small modicum of
reform must ultimately, and at no distant day, upset
the Papacy, this popularity-loving Pazzo of a Pope
was scared, and renouncing all he had heretofore done,
fled from Rome on the 24th of November. Since
then his course has been purely and altogether re-
actionary. On the Neapolitan territory he listened to
every scheme of absolute and irresponsible Govern-
ment. On and from the Neapolitan territory he
excommunicated the majority of the Roman citizens,
and on and from the same territory he blessed the Nea-
politan army proceeding to slaughter his own subjects.
This was the man whose reign a French army
was dispatched to restore, and now, having restored
him, the President and Cabinet who sent them on
this fool's mission are very much surprised to find
that neither the Pope nor the cardinals will do their
bidding. We confess we cannot very much sym-
pathise either with the silly and thoughtless Presi-
dent or his pompous and ponderous Premier. The
President in a most unconstitutional and illegal letter
—in which he has clearly outstepped his authority—
writes to his aide-de-camp at Rome that there are
four indispensable conditions to a restoration of the
Papal authority :—1 st. A general amnesty. 2dly.
An admissibility of laymen to all Government offices.
311 y. The adoption of the Napoleon Code. 4thly. A
liberal form of government. Now, if these be
indispensable conditions to such restoration, why was
such restoration at all attempted ? The Roman
Triumvirate and Constituente were in course of
realising—in fact, had already nearly, more than six
months ego, realised, all that M. Louis Bonaparte
contends for. The Roman Republic had proclaimed an
amnesty. Under the Roman Republic laymen were ad-
missible to all employments. Under the Roman Repub-
lic a considerable portion of the Code Napoleon would
have become the general law; and a liberal Govern-
ment had been actually already established. Why,
therefore, were Mazzini, Armellini, Saffi, Ruaconi,
and othere, set aside ? Why was the Roman Consti-
' tuente turned into the street—with its President, the
cousin of M. Louis Bonaparte, at its head—by French
dragoons, under the command of Oudinot ? Rome
under the Triumvirs enjoyed tranquillity—under the
Triumvirs justice was impartially administered—
under the Triumvirs the Inquisition and secret
tribunals were abolished—under the Triumvirs em-
ployments were secularised, and the oppressive
power of priests, monks, and inquisitors was at an
end. Why, therefore, did not President Bona-
parte and his Cabinet allow Roman citizens
thus to manage their own affairs, and to carry
their own reforms in their own fashion, more
especially as it now appears both had the same ends in
view ? Partly because a reactionist and parti pretre
majority and a parti pretre Minister desired a restora-
tion of the Pope—partly because the President wished
to curry favour with the army by a foreign expedition
—and partly because a portion of the Cabinet feared
that if France did not interfere at Rome, Austria or
Naples would interfere. These were the mixed
motives that produced the Roman expedition ; and,
looking to its origin, one cannot be the least sur-
prised that it has been- so utterly fruitless in good
results. Instead of increasing French influence, it
has caused the French name to be execrated—instead
of advancing constitutional government and improved
institutions, it has postponed the hopes and trifled
with the wishes of the people of Italy. There is not
in the Italian peninsula, from Turin and Genoa to
Venice, and from Venice to the Abruzzi, a man of
any mind who does not exclaim to his brethren—
.' Trust not for freedom to the Franks;
They have a chief that buys and sells.
In native swords and native ranks
Our only hope of freedom dwells."

We confess ourselves that our hopes of Italy arise
from the unimprovable nature of the Papal Govern-
ment, and from the mad schemes which that shadow
of the shade of a Government is pursuing. 'When we
find in the month of September, 1849 the Inquisition
re-established in a city now within four or five days'
journey from Paris, and within six days' journey of
London—when ,ive find a committee of its familiars
charged to seek out offences against religion and the
authority of the Pope, as though one and the other were
identical—we take hope and comfort, and predict that
such things cannot long continue. When we find
as a consequence of this Papal system that the Arch-
bishop of Naples has asked the King of Naples for
the re-establishment of the Jesuits driven ignomi-
niously from the Neapolitan territories two years ago,
and sheltered by the lay brother, Mr. Moore O'Fer-
rall, Governor of Malta, and that the King has not
only granted his request, but that Padre Fava has
again enterad Napks, we take hope and comfort, for
we proclaim that with roil and steam such monstrosi-
ties cannot long continue. French officers and soldiers
will not under any system of government support
such mummeries; and left to itself, without the support
of French or other foreign soldiers, the Papal system
must soon perish. The people of Rome are quital:
for a religious change. Their minds areorn and if e"
receive the regenerating influence of truth,
a few eloquent and able Englishmen, Americans,
Frenchmen, or Germans were now to appear and to
proclaim that God's Word should no longer be a
sealed book, but ought to be read by. every Italian,
the fabric of the Papacy, with all its half Pagan
abominations, would fall asunder.

DREADFUL DEATH IN STROUD UNION WORK-
ROUSE.—
on Thursday a pauper idiot was scalded to
death at the Stroud Union Workhouse. The surgeon
had ordered him to ho placed in a warm bath, and he
was immediately conducted to one which had been just
before used by a female pauper. In it he was placed,
without the slightest precaution to ascertain the tempe-
rature of the water, and his attendants appear to have
totally disregarded his piercing shrieks. The miserable
creature was at last found in the bath scalded to death.
Those whose duty it was to attend to him plead that
they were at the moment engaged in the care of a cho-
lera patient who had just been brought in, and that he
was in the habit of crying out to alarm the other pau-
pers. The board of guardians met on Friday, and
passed a resolution requesting the Foor•law commis-
sioners to institute an inquiry.