The Sun.
London, England, 1849-11-16 00:00:00

.m./ A 114-
WAIPAIS'It,7IIT,'

T,ONDON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 184°.

Yesterdey was published in our columns one of
those noble and eloquent documents which are des.
tined to survive in the recollection of posterity—the
voice of patriotism resounding through the trumpet
of history. It was impossible to read without brim-
ming eyes and a thrilling heart that most touching
address, in which LOUIS KOSSUTH bade farewell
to his countrymen. He who has been lifted up so
high in expectation, and been hurled down so low in
despondency; he who has suffered so much sorrow;
and passed through so many privations to effect the
emancipation of the land of his nativity,
he who has toiled as a journalist, debated as
an orator, schemed as a statesman, laboured as an
administrator, and fought as a common soldier after
having voluntarily resigned the supreme dictatorship;
and who has nevertheless lived to see the futility of
all his gigantic exertions, his heroic deeds, and untir-
ing perseverance in the blood and the flames, the
betrayal and the desolation of his country—could not
fail to speak in tones of such subduing sadness that
their very echo should vibrate throughout Europe
with the sound of an almost despairing lamentation.
Listening to the voice of KOSSUTH in t'iis his last and
most impassioned manifesto, we are reminded of
that most touching sentence in Holy Writ—" RA-
CHEL weeping for her children, and would not
iJc conoczted, because they were not !" The fare-
well aderess, dated from Orsova, by that illustrious
man whose memory will live for ever in the annals
of Europe as having been, at least for a brief but
glorious interval, the Liberator of Hungary, calls
irresistibly to cur remembrance the opening of that
majestic prayer pronounced over the graves of his
compatriots, " LORD GOD of the warriors of Arpad I'.
or that renowned proclamation beginning, " Arise,
my mighty, my gigantic people ! " Each syllable is
the effusion of a heart almost bursting with anguish,
each sentence rings with the pathetic intonations of
suffering. " Farewell, my beloved country 1" he ex-
claims in accents of ardour, broken with iteration,
" Farewell, land of the Magyar! Farewell, thou
land of sorrow ! I shall never more behold the sum-
mit of thy mountains. I shall never again give the
name of my country to that cherished soil where I
drank from my mother's bosom the milks of justice
and liberty !" Uttered in the mere anticipation of
exile, now that his doom of banishment is accom-
plished those words have a touching significance.
" How many grateful hearts have sent their prayers
to the throne of the ALMIGHTY !" he ejaculates;
4' How many tears have gushed from their very depth
to implore pity ! How much blood has been shed to
testify that the Magyar idolizes his country, and that
he knows how to die for it. And yet, land of my love,
thou art in slavery ! I speak to thee my country
thus from the abyss of my despair, and whilst yet
lingering on the threshold of thy soil." After be-
seeching the forgiveness of his country for the blood
ineffectually squandered for her defence, he reminds
the nation very grandly of the daring path upon
which he had adventured. "I pleaded for thee, I
hoped for thee, even in the dark moment when on
thy brow was written the withering word 'Despair l'
I lifted up my voice in thy behalf when men said 'Be
thou a slave.' I girt the sword about my loins, and
I grasped the bloody plume, even when they said
' Thou art no longer a nation on the soil of the
Magyar.'" " Magyars !" he cries out in continuation,
" Magyars ! turn not aside your looks from me, for
at this moment mine eyes flow with tears for you, for
the soil on which my tottering steps still wander is
named Hungary." To the subsequent portions of
the document we would especially direct the attention
of the people of England, corroborating as they do
most forcibly all the statements we have hitherto
made, all the conclusions we have hitherto drawn as
to the dastardly and infamous treason of ANTBra
GEORGET—a miserable renegade, whose career of
infamy has been crowned by the degrading panegyrics
of the apologists of Austria, and by the
eulogiums of the reactionary newspapers of Lon-
don.
KOSSUTH reminds his country that it is not
the iron of the stranger that bas dug out her grave ;
that it is not the thunder of fourteen nations all ar-
rayed against her that has led to her destruction ;
that it is not the fifteenth nation traversing the Car-
pathians that has forced her to drop her arms. "No!"
he exclaims with mingled anguish and indignation,
44 No 1 Thou hast been betrayed ; thou hast been sold,
my country; thy death-sentence bath been written,
beloved
of my heart, by him whose virtues, whose
love for thee I never dared to doubt." Yes ! he
continues to proclaim to the
boldest Hungarians, that
in the fervour of his
thoughts he
should almost as soon have questioned the
existence of the Omnipotent GOD as have believed
that he could be guilty of treason to the cause of the
Magyars Yet this man, upon whose fidelity he had
counted with an implicit reliance, who had sworn,
indeed, to shed the last drop of his heart's blood in
vindication of the rights of Hungary, this man whose
loyalty he regarded with such supreme confidence,
that he resigned to him the dictatorship, in conside-
ration of his popularity pith the army and the nation
—this man had betrayed his trust, had done treason
to h;s mother, had sold the liberties of his native land
NifffA - " for the gli•ter of gold hath
0 seductive than that of the blood
• d
,47 .;: r-1,1 q, ( 7 itry." And now, says the exiled
uion to the abhorred GEOBGBY,
4 ic.,4946: stied him, as he had abandoned
AI 3 S

his GOD for his allies of hell." " Magyars !" he
resumes in extenuation of his own unfortunate trust-
fulness; "Beloved companions, blame me not for
having cast mine eyes on this man and for having
given to him my place." Then, after explaining the
reasons of his own abdication to make way for this
miserable recreant, because of his momentary popula-
rity and his solemn assurances of patriotism, he
cries out, in a voice of withering scorn and ungovern-
able indignation, " Curse him, people of the Magyars!
Curse the breast which did not first dry up before it
gave him its milk !" But reverting to his own
ruined aspirations, he suddenly calls to mind the
great national calamity, saying—" And thou art
fallen ; faded as the lily." Still, although bewildered
by the dissipation of so many golden and beloved
visions, he cannot say farewell without leaving his
people some testament of the wisdom and gentleness
of his patriotism. This is the final advice of KOSSUTH
to the Hungarians :—" Be faithful as thou bast been
even to the present. Conform to the holy counsels
of the Bible. Lift up thy heart in prayer for the
departed; but do not raise thine own hymn until
thou hearest the thunder of the liberating people
echo along the mountains, and bellow in the depth
of the valleys." " Farewell," he says, in conclusion—
" Farewell, beloved companions ! Farewell, com-
rades ! countrymen ! May the thought of GOD, and
may the angels of liberty for ever be with you.
Farewell thou land, dyed with the blood of the brave !
May the ALMIGHTY bless thee my beloved country.
Believe, hope, and love !" And so the sound of the
Farewell dies away " like a tale that is told," and
KOSSUTH mourns in exile over the woes of Hungary.

Among those patriotic and philanthropic indivi(luals
who have laboured for the amelioration of Ireland, and
the elevation of that much afflicted land in the social
scale, there have been few, if any, who have exerted
themselves more zealously, consistently, or efficiently,
than the Hon. Member for Rochdale, who, in his
place in Parliament, and by his published writings,
has unceasingly directed the public attention to the
wrongs and sufferings of his native land, and who
has suggested remedies which, if fully and fairly
carried out, would at last have afforded a reasonable
prospect of an improved state of affairs. Thoroughly
acquainted with the true condition of the country, Mr.
CRAWFORD has traced the acknowledged evils to their
very foundations, and laid bare the hidden sources
from whence they had their origin. No person possessed
better opportunities for performing the self-imposed
task, and no person has turned his opportunities to a
better account. The proprietor of an extensive and
well-cultivated estate, situated in one of the most
densely inhabited, and, at the same time, one of the
most prosperous localities in Ireland, he was enabled
to investigate closely the causes that led to that com-
parative prosperity, to discover how it was that his
district presented so great a contrast to the condition
of other less favoured lccalities. He heard the com-
plaints of the landlords of the South and West of
Ireland ascribing their own pecuniary difficulties, and
the wretchedness and misery of their tenants and
dependants, to " over population," and the subdivision
of lands in their vicinities ; but he found that their
assertions could not be correct, for with a
more dense population, and a more minute
subdivision of farms, he beheld a soil, naturally
less productive than that of Munster or parts of Con-
naught, cultivated to the highest degree, the people
fully employed, and enjoying comforts unknown to
their brethren in the South and West ; he saw landlord
and tenant residing together in peace, friendship, and
harmony, and naturally co-operating for the improve-
ment of the holdings. Oppression and cruelty by the
one, or fraud and deceit by the other, were equally
unknown—the occupier was not evicted, nor the
proprietor shot—there were neither wholesale clear-
ances of estates, nor abductions of crops—no undue
increase of rents, nor agrarian outrages !
To what, then, were these blessings fairly
attributable ? What was the charm, more
potent than the wand of the magician, that
united the apparently conflicting elements and pro-
duced harmonious and most propitious results ? The
problem was not very abstruse, or its solution hard to
be discovered. The charm was " tenant right,"
which prevailed in certain districts of the northern
province in which, happily for himself, Mr. CRAW-
FORD'S property was situate. Under that salutary
custom the tenant, whether holding under lease or
not, was permitted to acquire a certain " right of
property in the occupation" of the land, which was
looked upon as being as sacred and inaliennhlp AC
ati. or the landlord himself. The most perfect
security of tenure was afforded to the occupier, so
long as he discharged bis part of the contract into
which he had entered. He knew that he himself, or
his children, would be permitted to enjoy the fruits
of his industry, to reap the benefit of the improve-
ments he might effect ; that he had, as Mr. CRAWFORD
well expresses it, " entered into a partnership with
his landlord, for their mutual benefit," which
partnership could not be dissolved by the landlord
without paying to him the full marketable value of
his interest therein. The necessary stimulus to exer-
tion was thus supplied. The humblest farmer on
the estates on which the principle was recognised
was well aware that he would receive full justice and
protection ; that he was securely placed in the per.
manent occupation of his holding, and with that
confidence,:with or without a !ease, "he proceeded
with improvements and applied his industry in every
form by which his comforts or his profits could be
increased." He had a feeling of "property" that in-
duced him to spare no pains in the cultivation of his
tenement, and thus arose the production of superior
crops from inferior lands.
Beholding such auspicious results from the opera-
tion of "tenant right" in the districts in which
it was fully established, Mr. CRAWFORD has
endeavoured zealously and indefatigably to extend
its blessings throughout the entire kingdom. He
maturely and attentively considered the effects of the
landlord and tenant law as administered in the other
provinces, and he found that the system as directly
and palpably led to the manifold evils that are so
manifest to the most superficial observer. " Middle-
men" sprung up in rank luxuriance, whose only
object was to extort the highest possible amount of
rent from the miserable occupiers ; a ruinous com-
petition for land was excited, from the dearth of other
employment. To obtain a piece of land on any
terms was the aim of the starving peasant, and for
that purpose he readily promised a rent which it
was impossible for him to liquidate. In abundant
seasons he might contrive to pay a large instalment,
and to retain a scanty subsistence of the coarsest and
meanest food for the support of himself and family ;
but even with average crops he speedily fell into
arrears which he could never hope to satisfy.
The moment the harvest was gathered in,
or any stock was placed upon the holding,
it was immediately distrained, and heavy costs were
superadded to the enormous amount of rent. No
improvement could be attempted, no evidence of
superiority to his fellows exhibited, for such would
be the signal for his eviction, the griping middle-
man supposing that a higher rent could be obtained
for a tenement where the holder could achieve such
unusual success. It is by no means surprising tha

under such a system, sloth and negligence should
take the place of activity and forethought; that energy
and industry should be altogether wanting, where
all the benefits thereof would be enjoyed by others,
who were regarded as natural enemies. But the
peasant did not relinquish the struggle; he was
contented to live in poverty and misery, provided
he could only live, and of that he had at least

a chance, so long as he could retain pos-
session. Craft and cunning were opposed to
legalised tyranny and oppression; the middleman

was humoured and cajoled so long as it was possible,

and ultimately set at defiance; crops were frau-

dulently removed to avoid distraint, and illega

organizations and confederacies were entered into,
in order to obtain the protection which the law did
not afford. A reign of terror was established—an
agrarian: code enacted, under which many victims
were sacrificed—landlords, agents, and incoming
tenants were murdered without remorse. The bad
spirit got abroad, and the best disposed landlords,
who would have treated their tenantry with kindness
and consideration, were dealt with M the same man-
ner as the most cruel and unrelenting. The evil
seed had been sown by the wayside and an abundant
crop of weeds and thorns sprung up. Society be-
came disorganized, the entire peoplo demoralized, and
we have witnesEed the result in the destitution and

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