The Sun.
London, England, 1849-07-03 00:00:00

hands, fully as many as we have had at any previous period
The advance in wages is by no means an index to the • great
increase in comfort of tha working-classes. The low prices
of provisions enable them to live much more c,,mfortably
with the same moans. I consider the fall in price of commo-
dities equal to an advance of 2.5 per cent. in their wages, more
or less." The same statement would apply to Manchester;
but I will not detain the House with any lengthened details
relative to Manchester, as gentlemen who know that district
much better than I do are likely to address the House and
give all the information that can be derived. I may state,
however, that at a district of the Bury Union four miles

north of Manchester, the relieving officer is now paying 20!.
per week less than he did a year ago, whilst at Bury the
relieving officers is paying 501. a week less than he did a
year before. A gentleman connected with a large house in
Manchester gives this general view of the state of their
operatives. lie says :—" The operative manufacturers are
fully employed and at full wages. Cotton, which in 1847
and 1843 was used only to the extent of about 24,030 bags
weekly, is now used to the extent of 32,000 bags—an in-
crease of nearly 35 per cent. While such is the condition
with respect to the demand for labour, the wages have kept
up. In general terms wages are the same as they were in
1844; and food, taken altogether, bread, beef, groceries, &c.,
were never in recent times, as a whole, so low. These circum-
stances place the mass of the industrious class in a decidedly bet-
ter position, with a greater command of the necessaries and
comforts of life, than they enjoyed even in 1836, which was
the most prosperous year they ever had in my experience."
'The gentleman goes on to allude to the pressure that pre-
vailed sonic years ago, and then goes on to say:—"From all
these harassing difficulties this middle class is now recover-
ing ; has, indeed, in an astonishing degree, actually re-
covered. Industry of every kind is returaing to its regular
channels ; confidence is expanding ; profits in the home
trade are satisfactory, though moderate; while, in some
foreign trades, the East Indian and American, they are un-
questionably good."—( Hear.) The out-door relief has, ac-
cordingly, greatly diminished. In the week ending July 3,
1817, the amount paid was 1,4881. ; on June 17, 1848, it was
9081. ; and in June, 1849, it was 5761.—(Hear.) I lay great
weight on the diminution of crime, and on the good con-
duct of the working classes, as an indication of comfort
and prosperity ; and I rejoice to learn from the report of the
Inspectors of Prisons at Manchester, in which there is a com-
parison of the offences in 1840 and 1848, that in 1840 the
offences against the person were 1,420; in 1848 they were
753. Against property, they were, in 1817, 211 ; in' 1818
they were 110. Offences against property without violence
in 1846, 3,454 ; in 1848, 1,697. Miscellaneous offences, in
1840, 7,064; in 1348, 3,43o.—(Hear, hear.) As to Scotland,
a gentleman in Dundee, speaking f the linen trade, says—
" During the pact 18 months a very extensive and remune-
rative trade has been enjoyed in all departments of the linen
trade; the working classes have been well employed, and
wages of labour have certainly been more than an aver-
age." And from Glasgow a gentleman says—" With one
or two exceptions, and these not of large extent, all our
cotton mills and powerloom factories are in full operation, and
working full time. Calico printers are well employed, and
there is abundance of employment in the different depart-
ments of hand-loom weaving. Other trades are also in a
state of moderate activity, so that there is full employment
for all our operatives. The rate of wages is not generally
higher than it was last year, but the people
are in more comfortable circumstances than they
were, in coasequence of the prices of both pro-
visions and clothing being so moderate," " Note
of River Trust revenue for five months-1848, 21,925/. ;
1849, 23,2661." " The number of applications to the Dean
of Guild Court for authority to execute building operations
has been, up to the 21st of June this year, 103 ; and in the
corresponding period of 1848, only 78." " All the factories
in the (Glasgow) district are in full work at present. The
persons employed are now in a better condition generally
than they have been in for the last two years, as to the
means of obtaining the necessaries of life." "All the mills
in Belfast district, now working, are on full time, and the
position of the manufacturing interest is generally admitted
to be better than it has been for two or three years. The
condition of the people employed, from the cheapness of food
at the present time, is certainly more comfortable than in
1847 or in 1848, and there is work for all." Well,
Sir, I have now gone through all the seats of manu-
facturing industry in the three kingdoms. 1 have read
reports from them all. I have stated facts connected with
the condition of the people, in all of them ; and no
one can deny that those facts show an improved condition
of the working classes; that they show that the people are
employed at increased remunerative wages, and that even
those who receive no increase of wages are improved in their
circumstances of comfort in consequence of the greater
cheapness of the articles of food, clothing, and other things
which constitute the ordinary items of consumption among
the industrious classes. It must necessarily be so; for who
can say that the cheapness of the raw material does not con-
siderably increase employment; or that the taking off the
duty from that raw material does not contribute to increase
the amount of its importation ? I will read to the House a
statement of the increased amount of importation of certain
main articles constituting the raw materials of manufacture
in this country, which has taken place in consequence of
the cheapness which has been brought about by the altera-
tion of the law. I take the comparison between the amount
imported in the year 1841, being a period before this mis-
chievous legislation, so strongly denounced by the Hon.
Gentleman, commenced, and the amount imported in the
year 1846, when that unfortunate law commenced, and the
year 1848:

IMPORTATION OF RAW MATERIALS.
1841. 1846. 1848.
Flax, cwt. ... 1,355,475 1,146,743 1,462,007
Hemp, cwt. ... 643,423 880,810 '832,212
Oil, train, &c., tuns 23,717 17,542 21,959
„ palm, cwt. ... 303,849 367,054 510,129
„ olive, tuns 5,316 8,532 9,995
Tallow, cwt. ... 1,243,112 1,189,685 1,411,944
Cotton wool, cwt.... 3,931,224 4,176,327 5,731,200
Sheep's wool, lb. ... '53,020,067 65,117,668 63,946,373
Silk, raw, lb. ... 3,388,662 4,390,008 4,413,360
Take, then, either of the two years which the lion. Gentle-
man has ken for his period of comparison—take either the
year 1816 or the year 1848, it must be obvious that there
has been a very_ considerable increase of importation of
raw materials. Now, the argument is irresistible that where

there is an increased importation of a raw article of manu-
facture into any country there must necessarily be an in-
creased impetus given to employment. It would be absurd
to contend otherwise, and it would be equally absurd to
argue that when the people were fully employed they
were not in a far better condition than when they were
only partially employed.—(Hear.) The Hon. Gentleman
then referred to the subject of exports, and made use of one
of those ingenious arguments which have been urged by
others on that fertile topic. The Hon. Gentleman admits
that there has been a very considerable increase of the quan-
tity of articles exported—the produce of British industry and
of British skill ; but he says that the value of those ex-
ported articles is diminished ; and he further argues that as
the working men have been employed at higher wages, and
as from the increased demand of the raw material its price
must also be higher, the natural inference is, that from the
reduced pride of the articles of British industry exported the
manufacturers of this country must necessarily be ruined.
But are they ruined ?—(Hear.) I leave the Hon. Gentleman
to settle that argument with the manufacturers ; my opinion
is, that though they may give a higher price for their raw
material, they certainly are not ruined ; and that though
they pay better wages to their labourers, still, in spite of all
that, they look with pleasure at an increased and increasing
export of their manufacturing produce, and rejoice to know
that misfortune has not yet fallen upon them, and that they
are not yet ruined, notwithstanding they have been export-
ing larger quantities of goods since the reduction of duties,
and since prices have been diminished.—(Cheers.) But it is
a most extraordinary thing, that when the Hon. Gentleman
was pointing out the utter ruin of this country in conse-
quence of the increased exports of British manufactures, and
was indulging in those desponding views with regard to our
manufactures, he did not perceive that he might with the
same justice have taken similar views with respect to almost
every other article of British produce. For I find that, as
respects agricultural produce, there has been a very consider-
able increase of exports—of British and Irish manufactures.
The comparison in the following table is between the four
months ending the sth of May, 1848, and the sth of May
1849 :

EXPORTS OF BRITISH AND IRISH MANUFACTURES FOR THE
FOUR MONTHS ENDING THE STH OF MAY.

Butter, cwt.
Candles, lb.

1848. 1849.
7,897 14,483
458,369 887,478

,
Coals, tons ... ... ... .. 886,548 930,835
Cordage, cwt. ... ... ... 17,863 32,128
Cotton manufactures, yds. ... 330,003,028 417,346,084
Lace, yds.... ... ... ... 19,930,517 35,542,263
Cotton yarn, lb. ... .. ... 36,180,024 40,933,700
Herrings, barrels ... ... 19,696 24,329
Bottles, cwt. ... ... ... 68,075 72,428
Leather, wrought, lb. ... ~. 338,230 507,685
Linen, manufactured, yds ... 30,845,052 33,623,128
Linen, thread, lb. ... ... 563,533 706,545
Linen, yarn, lb. ... ... .. 3,270,133 5,557,052
Iron, wrought, tons ... .. 23,302 37,730
Copper, wrought, cwt. ... ... 4,420 5,669
Brass, cwt. ••• ••• ••• 3,245 6,477
Lead, tons ••• ••• • • • 1,672 4,179
Oil, gallons ••• ... ... 888,965 1;055,941
Salt, bushels ... ... ... 4,406,337 6,000,829
Silk, manufactures, lb. ... ... 65,061 90,399
Silk, stockings, doz. pairs ... 3,919 5,q45
Silk, twist, lb. ... ... ••• 61.678 82'551
Wool, lb. ... ... ••• 996,767 3,259,218
Woollen, manufactures, pcs. ... 503,489 652,076
Woollen, manufactures, yds. ... 8,603,254 12,841,952
Woollen, stockings, doz. pre. ... 19,020 31,200
Haberdashery value in the first four months of 1848 was

.•
275,584/., and in the first four months of 1849 was 324,4661.
There was, in fact, hardly a single branch of English manu-
facture of any sort or description, the exports of which,
during the past year, as compared with former years, had
not increased in a very extraordinary degree. The Hon.
Gentleman bad described the manufacturers to be in a state
of distress, notwitstanding the increased amount of export.,
on account of the diminished value of the goods exported.
But even the declared value had not diminished. In the

first four months of 1848 it was 15,239,000/. ; in the same
period of 1849 it was 16,836,000/. And although he had not
the whole particulars of the first five months, he was en-
abled to state that the amount was in 1848 18,914,000/., and
in 1849, 21,191,5431.—(Cheer5.) So that, whether they
compared the first four or the first five months of the
year, the returns showed exports increased in a most
extraordinary degree. The Honourable Gentleman had
somewhat sneered at the idea that investments in railways
had had much effect upon the condition of the capital of
the country. He (the Chancellor of the Exchequer)
did not find it necessary to reiterate the opinions
which he had before expressed upon the effect of invest-
ments in railways. He shoald merely say, as he had said
in 1847, that it had had a great effect in withdrawing capital
from industrial occupations. He thought so then— he
thought so now. But the Honourable Gentleman thought
it very extraordinary that it should not have been felt in
1846 as it was in 1847. Why, the Hon. Gentleman showed
clearly that he did not take the necessary trouble to inform
himself of the facts. No doubt the contributions were
larger in that year than they ever had been before, but the
effects could not be felt until a little time bad elapsed, and
then it was that the weight of the bbligations incurred began
to tell with severity. In 1845 the sums invested in railroads
amounted to 16,129,809/. ; in 1846 they were 37,814,993/. ;
and in 1817, 41,025.487/., in shares paid up and loans made,
being 25,000,0001. more than had been raised two years
before. Why, all the money had to be withdrawn from some
other mode of investment, or some other description of in-
dustry. But the Honourable Gentleman was wholly incon-
sistent with regard to the capital of the country. He said
that nothing could be more certain than the decline of the
wealth of the country, whilst at another period of his speech
he spoke of the abundance of money, and said that mercan-
tile bills could be more easily discounted at the present time
than ever. He (the Chancellor of the Exchequer) did not
know how the Honourable Gentleman could reconcile those
two statements.—(Hear, and laughter.) But if the Hon.
Gentleman would look to the investment of capital last
year he would find that our wealtwas not declining, and
that the resources of this great hunts), o to a
greater degree than, he confessed, he hunzelf was prepared
to find the withdrawal of capit:il. In the year end,ng with
the commencement of 1849 the sum invested in railroads,
partly in shares paid upon and partly advanced upon loan,
was, in this ruined country, no less than 35,0J0,000/.

( Hear, hear.) He believed there were very few of the ma-
nufacturing towns in the kingdom that were not suffering
from the effects of railway speculation.— (Hear, hear.) He
believed there we'e very few of the merchants and traders
who had not dealt in railway shares. 'And of course when
those parties took railroad shares they did so with the belief
that they might as easily deal with them as with any ar-
ticle of ordinary commerce. They dealt in them without
considering the future liability which attached to the holders.
It he wanted proof of this ho might refer to the meeting of the
Great Northern Railway Company, held early in June, at
which he found the fact stated by an Hon. Friend of his
who presided, that the number of shares in arrear due on
the 30th of November, 1848, was 35,076, and that actions
were pending against the proprietors of 6,169 shares. They
actually proceeded to forfeit no less than 26,000 shares, on
whi ch an average of Si. per share had been paid up, thus
showing that the parties holding those shares were willing
to forfeit upwards of 100,0001., as they thought it better to
lose even that sum than ray the remainder, for which tehy
would become liable. Such a state as this could nut exist
to so large an extent, if, throughout a large portion of the
country towns, great numbers of the shopkeepers had not
involved themselves to a greater extent than their means
would have justified, and there could be no doubt but that
the stagnation of trade that had been witnessed in those
towns was owing in a great extent to this cause. He had
stated these matters in auswer to that part of the Hon. Mem-
ber's speech in which he had alluded to the ruined state of
the manufacturing districts, in order to show that the manu-
facturers were not in that ruined state—that the operatives
were, on the contrary, generally speaking, in a state 'of
comfort owing to their having full employment, and owing
also to the diminution that had taken place in the price of
various articles, in the use of which their comfort principally
consisted. He would not refer, tor the present, to the prices
of corn and meat, which were notoriously at this moment
lower than they had been in former years, but he would
take some other articles of general consumption. Taking
the wholesale prices, he found that tea in 1844, was. 55.; in
1846, 4s. 6d. ; and in 1848, it was but 4s. Raw sugar bad
decreased from 7d. to 6d. ; coffee from is. Bd. to Is. 4d.;
cocoa from 10d. to 7d. ; rice from 3d. to 21/.2d. ; currants the
same and raisins the same. Again, taking the price of sugar,
he found it to be as follows: In 1842, 78s. ' • 1843, 76a; 1844,
745.; 1845, 625. ; 1846, 645. ; 1847, 593. ; 1848, 545.; 1849,
545. ; being a falling off of 245., or the difference between 78s.
and 545. in eight years. Again, taking the article of salt
for the same period, the prices were, in 1842, ss. ; 1843, ss. ;
'
1844, 43. 6d. • 1845, 4s. ; 1846, 3s. 9d.; 1847, 3s. 9d. ; 1848,
33. 6i1., and 1849, 3s. 6d. Rice had fallen from 231., in 1842,
to 17s. in 1848 ; and milk, which was is. a gallon in 1843,
1844, and 1845, was now selling at 9d. a gallon, in conse-
quence, he believed, of a contract having been Entered into
with a railway company to convey it from a considerable
distance.

Sir J. TYRELL inquired how many Miles from London
the Ri'ht non. Gentleman meant as a considerable distance?
The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER saidhe
spoke of the distance as being considerable compared with
the district from which milk had been formerly sup-
plied. The effect of the improved condition of the labour-
ing classes, and of the reduction that had taken place in the
duty charged upon articles of general consumption, was
that a considerable increase had taken place in the amount
of those articles entered for home consumption, and when
the amount of articles entered for home consumption ge-
nerally increased in that way, it was in itself one of the
greatest proofs of the improved condition of the people.—
( Hear, hear.) Taking the same three years as before,
namely, 1841, 1846, 1848, the amount of butter entered for
home consumption was respectively 251,000 cwt., 255,000
cwt., and 288,000 cwt. ; cocoa increased from 1,930 to 2,906;
In cheese and currants the increase was equally marked.
Pepper was 2,750,0001b5. in 1841, 3,147,0001b5. in 1846, and
3,189,0001b5. in 1848 ; molasses were 402,000 in 1841,
582,000 in 1846, and 637,000 in 1848 ; tea bad increased
from 36,000,0001b5. in 1841, to 46,000,0001b5. in 1846, and
48,000,0001b5. in 1848. The increase in tobacco
and snuff was equally remarkable ; but this all
showed that though the duty on these articles
was as high as before, the greater demand for labour en-
abled the people •to purchase more largely. He
did not know whether he need trouble the House by fol-
lowing up this comparison between the four first months of
this year and the corresponding period of 1848, but he
might say generally that precisely the same result was to be
seen, and that a very considerable increase had taken place
in favour of the present year.—(Hear, hear.) He came now
to the article of sugar, which was one of the best items for
testing the amount of comfort prevailing among the people,
because it was mixed with almost everything they used--
with their tea in the morning, with their puddings at dinner,
and again with their tea in the evening. Now taking the
five years ending with 1848, he found the amount of sugar
entered for home consumption to be as follows:—" 1844,
206,000 tons; 1845, 242,000 tons; 1846, 261,000 tons ; 1847,
288,000 tons; 1843, 380,131 tons; being an increase, com-
pared with 1344, of 49i per cent. witnin five years." No
doubt that was owing, in a considerable degree, to the effect
of that recent legislation of which the Honourable Gentle-
man complained. He would next take another article,
which, perhaps, did not enter so largely into the consumption
of the poor as those to which he had been alluding, but which
was, notwithstanding, a very important test of the condition
of the population. He alluded to the article of foreign
brandy. The importation of foreign brandy amounted, in
1843, to 1,052,030 gallons; in 1844 to 1,037,000 gallons; in
1845 to 1,076,000 gallons; the importation, during these

three years, immediately preceding the reduction of duty,
being nearly stationary. But the duty being reduced from 225.
there was an immediate increase of nearly 50 per cent.
—(Hear, hear.) In 1846 the quantity imported was 1,561,000
gallons, in 1847 it was 1,538,000 gallons, and in 1848,
1,632,000. And while this increase took place in the quan-
tity there had been no loss to the revenue, because whereas
the amount of duty on foreign brandy in 1841 was 1,201,000 L ;
the amount received for duty in 1845, notwithstanding the
reduction of duty, was no less than 1,233,000/. The altera-
tion was, therefore, a clear gain to the revenue, and at the
same time a clear gain to the consumer.—(Hear, beau) But,
perhaps, it might be supposed that this gain had been ob-
tained at a loss to the native and colonial spirit producer.
Bat was it so? 'raking the three years before the reduc-
tion in duty, and the three years that had since passed,
he found that the average consumption for the three years
ending with 1845, in this country of colonial spirits was
2,257,000 gallons; while for the average of the three years
ending iu 1848, the home• consumption amounted to
2,999,000 gallons.—( Hear.) Again, taking British spirits,
the average home consumption for the former three years was
20,865,000, and fer the latter three years 22,326,000. So
that the increase to which he had alluded in the importation
of foreign brandy had been followed by no injury to either
the home or the colonial distiller any more than to the
revenue.—(Hear, hear.) He wished now to refer to another
return, which was conclusive as to the soundness of the
policy of this tneAsure, which he had the satisfaction of pass-
ing turough the Legislature, and which had been violently
opposed by the party of the Hon. Gentleman opposite, and
which was to have been attended, as they had been threatened,
by the total destruction of the native distiller, especially in
the northern part of the kingdom and in Ireland. Com-
paring the quantity of spirits brought to charge in the
years immediately before and after the passing of this mea-
sure, he found that there had been a diminution in this
country froa 5,298,000 to 5,266,432 gallons, giving a falling
off of 32,481 gallons. But in Scotland, which was the first
place that was to be ruined, on the other hand, the quantity
brought to charge had increased from 8,400,000 gallons to
9,792,000 gallons, being an increase cf 1,392,000 gallons;
and in Ireland the increase had been from 6,518,004
gallons in 1848 to 8,262,00 gallons in 1849 ;
being an increase of 1,743,000 gallons of spirits distilled
and brought to charge within the last year. There had been
an increase of 63,000 gallons in the spirits that had paid
duty on consumption in England in 1848. In Scotland there
had been an increase for the same period of 198,000 gallons,
and in Ireland the increased consumption of spirits in 1848,
as compared with 1847, amounted to no less than 607,000
gallons.—(Hear.) During last session he had brought in a
measure empowering the holders of spirits in Scotland and
Ireland to warehouse their spirits. This had, no doubt, the
effect of diminishing the duty, but it was of great use to the
distillers in those countries, and he found that 3,000 gallons
had been warehoused under it. During the last year, in
consequence of the facilities afforded by another Act which
he had introduced, 117,000 gallons of home spirits had been
exported from this country. Thus, instead of the com-
plaints that used to be made of Dutch spirits being largely
imported into this country for exportation to the colonies,
he now hoped to see a new trade spring up and a large
exportation of native spirits in consequence of the
measure to which he had alluded.—(Cries of "Hear.")
He would now refer to one or two trades that it was said had

been utterly ruined by foreign competition, and one of which
he perceived had been put forward elsewhere in that light.
He would first refer to the articles of gloves. One of the
orators at the Protection meeting recently, said that the
glove trade had been absolutely ruined by competition with
France. But he found that, on comparing 1840 with 1846,
1847, and 1845, there had been an increase from 2,292,000
to 3,039,000 in the last year. He held in his hand a letter
from one of the leading men in the trade—of haberdashery,
as he believed it was called—in London, written in conse-
quence of this statement having been made, and he
would
beg to read an extract from it to the House.[The Light
Honourable Baronet read an extract from the ]suer,
to state of
that the writer had made particular inquiry n
thebl
eg glove trade, ter aldi
be
0, andrai o
and
dat
enlightenedtberesu p
result wZsl'icey latterly pursued,
veir;oway favour-
and that the competition with French gloves bad
tended to produce a !narked improvement in the
manufacture in this country.]—(Hear.) That might,
he thought, be taken as a pretty conclusive
proof that the effect of foreign competition was to improve
the home manufacture instead of to destroy it, by forcing
the native manufacturers to make greater exertions than they
otherwise would have done, and thus ultimately to improve
their trade generally.—(Hear.) Precisely the same result
had taken place from the effect of the competition with
foreign silk. In 1846 the importation of silk manufactures
from Europe for home consumption was 416,2991 b. ; in 1847,
407,3071 b.; and in 1848, 571,0341 b. The same gentleman to
whom he had already referred, said, " Speaking generally of
the silk trade of this country, no prejudicial effect whatever
has been produced by the last reduction of duty on foreign
silks (in 1816); but, on the contrary, a very beneficial one,
by bringing the manufacturers of this country more closely
into competition with the: French, and thereby calling their
skill into more active operation, -by which the manufacture
itself cannot fail to benefit." He might read as many letters
of this character to the House as they pleased to hear. 7—
(A %oice—"No doubt you can get as many letters as you
please.) It seemed to him to be infinitely better to read
letters from persons who were well acquainted with
particular trades than to make a statement without the
slightest foundation whatever.—(Cries of " Hear," and:
" Oh.") He did not mean to say that the Hon. Gentleman'
opposite had no foundation for any of his statements. But he
would proceed with other trades that had been alluded to as
in a depressed state. First, with regard to the iron trade.
It was well known that that trade had been raised to ast
e
of extraordinary prosperity by the enormous demand of that
n
That demand had to a great extent ceased, notonly
article for railways, not only in this country but
abroad.
country, but to a still greater degree abroad;
in this
f but more than
ton a incrneadsebdetthheoirf
atthteh etrapdesemntust;mbee,
depressed, r dered
rhoartk, the s
in whatmanufacturers
was
called had
the enormously
makers
theseit
amatter
circumstanceso
funited,
u r
He found that the make of iron had increased from
1,396,000 tons .in 1840, and 1,315,000 tons in 1843, to
c o se
1,999,000 tons in 1847, and 2,093,000 tons in 1848. Now,
if that increased production went on without a correspond-
ing increase in the demand, bat, on the contrary, the
demand has. been checked both in this country and on the
contienAt,noit t h waserof
theclear tradesthat
that prices
were
must
ffHeeraerd,
hear.) said suffer.—(Hear,
t os uhaeve r
was glass. He found that owing to the great exertions that
the manufacturers had made, after the duty had been taken
off, they had, as not unfrequently happened, overshot the
object, and the consequence was that they were now in the
same state as the iron manufacturers, with a supply greater
than the demand. But he held in his hand a letter from a
very considerable manufacturer, who thus expressed him-
self :—That gentleman stated that the glass trade had been
overdone, and that the admission of foreign glass was cer-
tainly not the cause of the depreciation in prices. On call-
ing for a return he found that the importation by no means
accounted for the falling off in the trade. Of window glass
there was retained for home consumption, in the year end-
ing the sth of January, 1818, 4,694 cwt. ; and in 1849, 6,888
cwt. Of glass exceeding one-ninth of an inch in thickness,