The Sun.
London, England, 1822-01-25 00:00:00

UNIVERSIT Y INTELLIGENCE.

. CAMBRIDGE, JAN. 2,l.—Sutitiday last, being
Bachelors
,of Arts' Commeticeffieut the following'
212 Gentlemen were admitted to that Degree
[Note—The names are arranged alphabetically.]
TRINITY COLLEGE—Messrs. Allan, Ansley, Bennet,
. Bower; Ethelstone, Farley, ..Frampton, Gillichan, God-
frey, Guest, Hall,.Harnilton sen. Hamilton jun. Heneage,
Holgate, Jepson, Kemp, Lloyd, Long, Macaulay, Mal-
den, Marriott, Marten, Matthews, Morton, Norman,
Perry, Rawson, Reynolds, Richards, Robley, Simmons,
Taylor, Thomas, Tkornton, Unthank, Walsh, Ware,
White, Wilmot - . - - • -
ST. Jorm's COLLEGE.— Messrs. B-ackler, Barker, Bate
man, Battersby, Bell, Birkett, BullOck, Calvert, Clay,
Coll ns, Colvile, Fenn,.Folliott, Gage, Gibbon, Giratid,
Gough, Green, Grey, Hawkesley, Hargreaves,
Heberden, flenderson, Hodgson,- Huntley, Hutchinson,
J. Jarratt, R. jarratt,'Jenyns, Kennaway, Kirk, Laycock,
Margetts,
.North, Parr, Payne, Pidcoek, Robinson,
Schneider, Srlvester, Simpson, Smith, Smyth, Spitta, Tay-
lor, Thompson, Trafford, 'ruiner, Vaughan, Villiers, Wil-
kinson, IA inn, Wood -
ST.TETETI'S COLLEGE.--Messrs. Adcock. Alder, Car-
dale, Davenport, Gape, Hogg, Law, Made, Norriran,
Paley, Peters, Scott, Trench .. . . 13
CLARE-HALL.—Me.ssrs. Agar, Browne, 'Cobbold, Col-
lyer, Haggitt, Harris, Heath, Leicester, Nicholls, Thorn-
ton, Ward; Whalley, White, Winthrop . 14
PEMBROKE-HALL.—NICSSTS. G. Alderson, J. Alderson,
Blunt, Brookes, Byde, Cambell, Everest, Head, Palmer,
Trollope, Warburton, Wybergh . 12
CAMS COLLEGE.—Messrs. Arnold, Baker, Burt, (2,:-.TVCI,
Doughty, Fowke, Ilolditch, Jickling, Longe, Paterson,
Perry, Safford, Wight . . . 13.
BENE'T COLLEGE.—MCSSTS. Burroughes, Browne, Cm.-
user, Driver, Gooch, Hughes, Hutchins, King, Peacock,
Philpott, Raven, Roper, Temple, Wallace, Wooil . 15.
QUEEN'S COLLEGE.—Messrs. Parish, Furnival,
Mousley, Sures,- Williams . . . 6
CATHARINE HALL.—Atessrs. Pudding, Ellaby, Fisher,
'Gleadall, Jones, Nussey, Robson, Terrington . . 8
JESUS COLLEGE.—Messrs. Brown, Cornwell, Crompton,
Fendall, Greenwood, Ilinde, Hutchinson, Owen, Rad-
ford, Walters, Wilson, Worship . , .13
CHursT COLLEGE.—Messrs. Baker, Bellas, Blackburn,
Burney, Myth, Gould, Porter, lloyds, Steel, Taylor -10
MAGDA xE COLLEGE.--111CSSTS. Chichester, Fendall,
Turner
EMIANUF.L COLLEGF..—N;cgsrs. Drake, Gore, Hyde,
Mason, Miller, Milner, Salmon, Whitaker - - lj
SIDNEY COLLEGE.—Messrs. Alford, Stone, Williamson 3
At a congregation on Wednesday last, the Rev. Henry God-
frey, B.D. President of Queen's -Colke, was created Doctor
in Divinity by royal mandate.
On the the same day, the Rev. Thomas Burnet, of Christ
College, was admitted Bachelor in Divinity; and John Lewirs
Tedder, Esq. of Trinity Hall, Bacirelor in Civil Law.
' Slt. WILLIAM BROWNE'S Cr OLD MEDALs.-7The
subjects for the present year are—
G REEK OD E . . Pgramides iEganiacce,
LATIN ODE . . XOTS NapOleOiti.Y.
•
G [LEEK Ell GRAM 1, _o7)7a, FOCV.
LATIN EPIC RAM .nicgce seria duethat

- 54

In mak'.
The subject of the Seatonian prize poem for the present year
is, Antiochns Epiphanes, (1 Macc. cap. 1; tk.c.)' • "
The Rev. Samuel -Carr; M.A. Fellow of Queen's College,
was orr Friday last elected (by the parishioners) perpetual curate
of St. Mary Quay Parish, Ipswich.

During Walt water about three weeks ago, a
salmoo was Laken in the river Teme, at Teme-
bridge, in Tenbury, which weighed 1511b5.; it
was out of season, or it would have weighed
much more. The oldest inhabitant does not re-
collect a similar occurrence, although this river"
was a century ago famed for salmon; as recorded
in old deeds.

STATE OF THE NATION.

EXTRACT from " The STATE of the NATION at

the Commencement of the Year 182."
Our first proposition, under the head of the
Finance Administration of his Majesty's Mini-
sters, was, that from the year 1816 up to the
present period, they have successively effected
such reductions in the annual expenditure, as is
consistent with the due efficiency of the public
service. This being, as it is trusted, sufficiently
proved, the order of ,the subject-matter now pro-
ceeds to the second position, namely, That the
main sources of national revenue and public
wealth are, in their actual state, entire and un-
impaired, and most fully justify in his Majesty's
Ministers a confidence for the present, and a
strong expectation for the future. This is the
question for present examination.

In considering the sources Of the country, the most obvious
order appears to be to take the funds of production. The
heads of these funds are the Commerce, the Navigation, the
Manufactures, the Internal Trade, and (so far as respects
the interests of thd revenue, and. as affording proof that
the general means of consuming are unimpaired) the
National Consumption. A very brief and general view of our
national sources in these their main channels will afford the
mast satisfactory, answer to the proposition under considera-

Under the head of Commerce, the first point is—the compa-
rative state of imports throUgh the successive years trom 1817

downwards. Now as regards the bearing of the amount of im-
ports upon the question of our national resources, these nnports.
naturally distribute themselves under the three classes—the
first, the imports connected more immediately with manufac-
tures and foreign trade than with the consumption of the coun-
try ; and therein by their increase or decrease affording an une-
quivocal proof of the growth of that trade and manufacture of
which they form the materials. The second, imports in part
consumed, and in part affording materials of, foreign trade.—
The third, the imports entirely consumed.

The principal imports of the first class are flax, hemp, raw
and thrown silk, and cotton. It is not our purpose to exhaust
the patience of our readers by exhibiting the columns of figures
under these several beads. So far as respects the point in ques-

tion, namely,.the integrity, of all the funds of produce,,the re-
suit of this comparison may be shewn in a few sentences. In
1817, the official value of flax and hemp, the materials of our
lineamanufacture of all kinds, and therefore a more just trite.

rion of the state of these manufactures than the quantity of the
manufactured article, was in round figures 700,0001. In 1821,
the official value of the same articles was one million tw•o
hundred thousand poUnds. In raw silk, (fln article of the first
consequence, inasmuch as it is the material of a illaitufacture
now about to become one of the staples of the kingdom, and to
push.asideits former rivals, the silks of Italy and Lyons) the
state of our imports through the above successive years has been
equally promising. Without going through the minute detail
of figures, it will be sufficient to add, that, from 18th to 1812,
the amount of ritAV and thrown silk imported has increased from
about half a million to nearly a million and a half; that is, to
three times its former amount. This increase of importation is
of so much, the more-consequence, inasmuch, es above said, it

is the increase of a manufacture now rising amongst us Iron
its former subordinate state, to the condition of one of our
• • •
staples. In cotton, the comparative state of our imports is
•equally promising. NI alum the same period of years, our im-
portation of cotton, now the leading al anufacture of • the King-
dom,_ and destined doubtless to• become the --clothing of the
world, has increased from three millions to five, and in 'the
year now about closing, (1821), will exceed six millions. Thus
in these three main articleX of our Manufactures, cur cotton,
silk, and linen staples, the-first has nearly doubled iescif, within
about five years the second has trebled itself, and the last, in
iespite of the competition of the German Manufacturers, and
..hear peculiar facilities of supplying the continent by their in-
ternal navigation, has likewise nearly doubled in amount.
Of the iniports in part consumed, and in part afibrding ar-
ticles of foreign trade, the principal are, sugar, ruin, tea, and
tobacco. Under all these heads there has been an increase in
the importation, except-as compared with those years of ex-
traordinary produce of the revenue, when the war.expenditore
was at such an unexampled height, and the spirit of specula-
tion, bursting forth with the peace, carried the trade of the
country's° far above its ordinary level.- From 1817 to the pre-
sent time, our importation of sugar has increased from three
Millions and ai half ewts. to four. The official value of the im-
portation in 18.21 was five millions end a half, a sum equal to
the best year of the war. The importation of rum exhibits a
still more flattering increase. From 1817 to 1821 the importa-
tion of rum has nearly doubled ; in the former year the value
being 3-18,000, and iu the latter 618,000. In tea, our import
has obtained .a steady augmentation within tile same period by il
nearly the amount of two millions of lbs. in quantity, and ex-
ceeds the average of the war consumption by nearly one million
in efficial value. The import of tobacco has gteatly increased
from 1817 up to the present time. In all these articles, there-
Pre, having this mixed character ofhome•-eorisuniption arid the
materials of foreign trade, there has been this•large increase
within the last five years of the peace. •
Of imports entirely consumed by ourselves, and consisting of
an infinite number of small articles, the -general result will be
best exhibited by the gradual increase in the customs and excise
upon these imports. Suffice it to observe, that, throughout all
these articles, there has been an increata., proportionate to their
several aniounts ; which, though too small upon each article
singly to justify a separate statement, ascends, upon the.Wholea
Zo an increase of at least two millions upon almost any year of
the war.
The principal exports connected with the sources of our na-
tional prosperity are our cotton, woollen, linen, and silk manu-
factures; our iron and steel work; our tin, pewter, and plated
goods ; glass, and refined sugar. To which may be added, our
colOnial exports of coffee, rum, sugar, •indigo, and lndia piece
goods. : •
Under all these heads, it will be seen that our fundS of com-
merce and, industry exist in the same vigour and integrity as.
during the war. From 1817 'to 1821, the value of our cot.:
ton .marnifaetures, exported, rose from sixteen millions to•
twenty-one millions. But in no year of the war had the
value of these ekports exceeded eighteen millions. When
the accounts shall be made. up for the year now, current,
namely, to ./anuary 1822, the value of our cotton exports
will be found to exceed 2*3 •million ; such at least 'is the
promise of the quarter now current. Under this head, there',
fare, 'which in value exceeds one half of the total arnonat
of all our exports of British manufacture, the resources of the
country are not only entire, but exceed, by nearly One-fourth,
the average of the last three years of the war. • . • •
Our next manufacture is our woollen. The average value of
this export during the war was between five and mit
millions
annually. Under the effect of the foreignWool..tax,' the Value
'of the same export, in the year 1821, was reducvl to tour mil-
lions and three quarters. In,the year now closing it will much
exceed five millions. Our linen manufaetures have risen, be-
tween 1817 and 1821,- from one million and a' half to two Mil-
lions, being double the amount of the satire exports during
eitherof the.tbree last years of the war, .11111, in'-, and 1813..... a
Our exports in silk, though as to exports only- an incipient ma-
nufacture, have gradually become in annual real value half a
million, about one-fourth the amount of our linen exports:—
our exports of iron and steel,wrought and unwrought, in the
xear 1821, maintain their 411N:rage produce during the war, anti

PRICE SEVE-NPE:‘;`Ct,

in Jai:nary
,18‘2.2' exceed.the export of any former year.--=
From 1817 to the year 1821 our exports of refined sugar have
increnaed from a million and a half to two millions, and have
nearly daobledetheir amount in any year of the war. If woulil
lead into a detail too, minute to fellow the Comparative preclitei;
through the :rernamina articles in the long list of our exports. .
Suffice it to say, that they all. exhibit the. same aspect of uninie
paired energy, and, from the promise of the current and: c.oin-!
Inc:icing years,_ juatify sa strong; 'expectation, that they are no •
hanger Vilaradininbetweeti a high amount in one year and r .
minishing. rate in the , Allowing. Our tin, pewter, and,pLited
gixids, exceed, togetfir, half a million in annual value; gml
hibit an increase of nearly one half of their total amount aboVe
the war years of 1811, 1812, and 1813. , •
In colonial exports, sugar, ram, coffee, indigo, tobacco, and
Indict piece goods, our exports in almost all cases equal theit"
average amount during the three war years, 1811, 1812; arid
1813, and in many articles exceed double the average amount
of a war year, as in rum and indigo ; the average war export of
rum being in value half a million Only, and in the year 1821'
upwards of eleven hundred thousand pounds. The same of
indigo ; the average wax export, in 1811, 1012, and 1813, being
'of the value of 400,000 only, whilst the exports of le2l ea-
ceeded in value eight hundred thousand. •
Nor has the menage, of our sugar exports declined from its
amount during the war years above stated; a most importaut
fact, when it is considered that, during the war, nearly all the
sugar colonies indite world were our own. Anothee tact, and
of most important bearing. upon the question under considera-
tion, should .be retained in
.memory during. the comparison
of'these .two periods: Under the depreciation of all al-tides
from the conclusion of the War to the present period, it is mania
fest that the same earns no longer .represent the same quail-
tides of goods, and, therefore, that the equality of value in the
averages Of the two periods is necessarily a proof of a great in-
crease in the present time. Suffice it to -add, in conclusion .
of this part of our subject, that our average exports of tobacco
' have neatly doubled their amount since the war ' • and that the
average value of our indialpiece goods, exported, is gradually
advancing from its ,amount of one million during the war, to
a million and a quarter. Such is the present condition of our
national resources as regards the question of our foreian aid!
a •
colonial exports.
Under toe-head of navigation, the entirety of our resources
may be very briefly exhibited in its four usual divisions—of
vessels built, vessels registeted, outward tonnage, and inward
tonnage. Of vessels annually built, the average of the three
last years Hof the war was seven _hundred and sixty vessels-a-.
The average of the years since the peace has been one thou-
sand vessels. Of the total tonnage of vessels registered, the
average, during the war, was two millions and less than a
half. The average of peace very nearly reaches two millions •
and three quarters. The average outward tonnage of ves-
sels was, during the war, about one million and threeinuat-
ters. • The same average, during the last three years, has
exceeded two millions. The average of inward tonnage -was,
(hiring the 'War, about eighteen hundred thousand tons. The
same average, during the last three years, has exceeded tvao
millions end a quarter. Such is the brief exposition of the
state of our national sources as regards our navigation.
Before quitting this
'part of our subject, it is an act of
justice to his Majesty s :Ministers to remind the country,
that under no former administration has so much been con-
ceded to 'the Commercial Interest of the Empire. If Mini-
' stertnhave rot gone the' full speculative length of those Gen,- •
tlemen, who, in pamphlets and reviews out of Parliament, and•
in speechea and essays within it (very commendable from. .
their length and labour), have recommended the general adop-
tion of all the theories of Smith and Turget, they must not oe -
denied, in the, first' instance, the praise of having listened to
these speechas-,avith a patience as commendable as the industry
of the speakers ; and in the next, of having supported, and
personally attended, the appointment of the .parliamentary
canunittees for which they nave asked. If these committees
have, in must instances, had no other termination than is the
publication of a long' report, the 'cause is, doubtless, to be
• sought in the difficulty of the subject, and in the wide differa
epee between theory and practice—.between diagrams of
.navi-
.gation upon dry land, and practical courses rendered necessary
by sea and winds. • It is not requisite to inform As Majesty's
Ministers,. that the first and best principles of commerce would
be a perfect freedom of trade, and that in almost all cases le-
gislators would act wisely in leaving it to find its own way,
The si‘me text-books, and common-places were open for theta .
as for their political adversaries. It was as easy for them, upon
a petition from Manchester or linaidagliani, to give a laborious
summaryOf the three volunies of the Wealth of Nations. It
was as easy for them to refer all national principles to the Lan-
guage of the exchange and the bullion-markets But, having
been educated in- another school, they have- learned that a
nation has other inierits besides those of money-making.—
Tney have learned that the first interest of the empire is in it, •
national defence, and in the maintenance, in their Mil inte-
grity, of those funds of our maritime greatness and revenue,.
unitar which we have attained our actual condition. Titty-
perccive, moreover, than an absolate-liherty of trade can exist
beneficially for us, only by becoming a general system ; for. if
dile nation sliculd.abonsh ail its duties and restraints,
all other nations' should retain 'them, the for Mer will only sa-
I orifice revenue, and reduce all the sources of its nanoual
poWer, in order to strengthen and enrich the latter. Under
these two controlling principles, his Majesty's Ministers have •
indeed deemed it prudent to retain the navigation-laws age
kingdom, and to touch with great caution and delicacy a cam.-
mercial system, under Which the general commerce of Great
Britain exceeds the collective amount of the trade of all the
nations in the world.
But will it be asserted for a moment that nothing has been
done by Ministers, and by the system upon which they act,
when it is recollected, that to this system the country is in-
debted for the opening of the trade to India ? Has nothing
been done' for the colonial trade, and for British commerce in
general, by the several acts of the 32,53, 54, and 67th of George
the Third ?. Is it no relaxation from the ancient errors, as
they are 'termed,, of our 'colonial system, that, through the
medium of free ports, nearly the whole exports of our colonies •
are, open for the supply of the United States? Is it no de-
parture from our ancient rigid monopoly, that American ves-
sels, • and the vessels of European powers, may now trade di-
rectly with India, and that by ea very recent act, the British
private trade to the East Indies may now seek a general
market? • Is it'nothing, that of all the ancient monopolies 'by
companies, the most iMpolitic, doubtless, of all monopolies,
one only now exists, and that. company so divested of its ex-
clusive. powers, as nearly to reduce it, as respects general com-
merce, to an open trade 9. •
‘V ill the political economists Themselves refuse praise to his
Majesty's Ministers upon their own principles, when it shall
be brought to their recollection, that in a time of much diffi-
culty they bought up the monopoly of the'South tea Company,
and opened that large portion of the sea to general trade? • Is
it. necessary to inform the patient and laborious lawyers Of that
party, how much litigation, and, in many instances, how many
hardships to merchants were occasioned by these exclusive pia- •
viteges of the South Sea Company, which were all abolistad
by the 55th of George the Third ? And, to conclude this'part.
of ouraeubjeet 'upon the present occasion, has nothing beets •
done hy 4.41,e abolition in many cases, and the reduction in ttill
more,' of the system of bounties, which, in the last century,
pressed so uselessly on the .produce of the customs ?" Assuredly,
the.merchants and traders of Great Britain will not. refuse their
tribute of gratitude to his Majesty's Ministers, when they shall
be reminded of those two most bcaeficial statutes, the tilst and
the.s4th of George the Thiid,by which the ancient fiscal rigour,
respecting the seizure and forfeiture of ships for breaches of
'the revenue and navigation laws, has been so etnisiderablyi re-
laxed; and a prompt and efficient remedy afforded to those ,
hard circumstances so frequently occurring under them.
(inc further observation before this division closes. Looking
to our navigation, trade, and commerce, under the two main
-heads ef imports and exports, it hall above been made menifest,
that the average of the years of peace, reckoning from 18,11 to
1821, he- exceed those of the three last years of Me
.1811, 1812, and 1813. In 11;12 'and 1013, beat years of con-
aideiriblettade,' the value of "otir iniporta did not r.lich.thirty
millions ; whilst the exports of those yealsitompriaing British
manufactures and fiseeign merehaindize, did nut exceed, in the
most favourable Of the three, forty-six millionS. Now, in the
year ending January sth, 1821, die value of our imports ‘•
ceedal thirty-six milliona and- a half, and our exponalell
' short of 52 millions. In this account, the year tuaing Ja-
nuary Mh, 1814, is omitted, as the documents ha'ae been de-
stroyed by the fire at the CustemZodae ; and the years 1015
and 1816 ought not to-be taken asstainclarda„ They were years
-oflateraperate mid unparalleled speculation in•irnkris and ex-
' ports, arising f.coi the ,catkin opening of the markets of
world, and thetein ,f!arrited an extraordinary state of ciacuin-
seartoeia., sof: eiairse disqualify them from henoniing exs
aranies of tht,ozedinary. poerests