The Sun.
London, England, 1831-05-16 00:00:00

no cause not founded in justice, and which did not
appeal by the most irresis ible arguments to the un-
derstanding, the reason, and the conscience of au
enlightened community, could have received, in the
counties where the power and infleence of the Aristo-
cracy is greatest, such general, enthusiastic, and tri-
umphant support. Truly the King's apnea! to the
sentiments of the country on the Reform Bill
has been well and decisively answered by
the gently and commons of England. Then,
as to the opinion of the commercial, the
moneyed, the trading and manufacturing classes, upon
the same great question, it is sufficient to state the:
24 cities, including the metropolis, returning, in all,
50 Members, have allowed but eight opponents of
the Reform Bill to find their way into the Legis-
lature ; so that the repr-sentation of 32 counties
and 24 cities, returning altogether 116 Members,
includes but eleven Members hostile to Reform !
We say hostile to Reform, because although every
one of the eleven has declared himself a " moderate
Reformer," we know that what those gentlemen
mean by moderate Reform is but a mock Reform ;
a concession extorted from them by the force of
cireumstances, which would still leave the master
evil—the supremacy of Me borozighatongers, which
has brought on the country such signal c ilamities—
undisturbed and ureouched. The political Babel
totters to its fall, and never did any structure, which
a vicious power had raised for the purposes of a bad
ambition, tremble beneath the shock of fate with
more joyous and general acclamations of the com-
munity, whose destinies it bad long overshadowed.
To the bornughmongers personally we have no hos-
tile feeling; many of them in their private capacity
are inestimable men ; but it is necessary for the sal-
vation of the country that their usurped suptet
macy should be destroyed, and it shall be destroyed.
—Morning Herald.
We have most satisfactory accounts from Lisbon,
which will be found in our private correspondence.
Et appears that the present British Government,
with a proper regard for our national honour, and a
humane attention to the remonstrances of British
subjects in Portugal against the revolting atrocities
practised upon their persons and property by Don
Miguel—remonstrances which were wholly un•
heeded by their predecessors—have despatched a
fleet to the Tagus, for the purpose of exac•ing, by
the only means intelligible to a tyrant, redress of
these complaints. The armament, consisting of
the Windsor Castle, 78 guns ; Alarm, 28, Ariadne,
28, Dispatch, 18, Savage, 10, Nautilus, 10, toge-
ther with the Briton frigate, of 46 guns, and
Childers, 18 guns, already in the Tagus, appeared
off the bar on the 25th, and is reported to have
caused no small sensation in the councils of Don
M guel. Upon the 26th the Consul called a meet-
ing of the British residents in Lisbon, arid commu-
nicated to them the terms which he was intructed
to exact from the Portuguese Government. These
conditions it is not necessary to set out here, be-
cause it will be seen that they have been complied
with to the letter, for the monster who proved as
unsparing and unyielding in the days of his se-
curity, had now shown himself in an equal degree
cowardly and contemptible in his season of trial.
Ten days, counting from the 24th, were allowed
him for consideration; but st the first summons his
dastard spirit sunk within him; all the efforts of
Count Bassos, a Minister of his guilty pleasures,
and the empty parade of a few additional guns
upon the Castle of Lisbon, could not re-a-sure
him, and, before the expiration of the allotted time,
Don Miguel surrendered at discretion. This is a
great triumph for English interests in Portugal, but,
unfortunately, nothing for the general cause of hu-
manity and liberty. Had the tni-creant been more
strongly advised to resist, his obstinacy and his
usurpation might have met with a common punish-
ment ; but, as the matter now stands, there is too
much reason to fear that his cowardly temporizing
will screen him a little time longer from a well-
merited retribution, and subject Portugal still to his
domination. Something may, however, be expected
from the American and French squadrons, which have
still their accounts to settle with him, and which are
hovering about the mouth of the Tagus. With re-
! spect to ourselves, this victory cannot excite any
exultation, for there is no honour in triumphing over
a coward, but it necessarily provokes feelings of sur-
prise, indignation, and disgust, that an abominable
rule, which is shaken thus easily, should be suffered
by the tortuous politics of an Administration to ac-
quire such a consistence as that of Don Miguel has
-lone. Great, indeed, is the responsibility of the late
Ministry, for having so long permitted and fostered,
and, at the moment of its decease, intended legally
to recognise it, when it now appears that with a
single breath Don Migael might have been brought
to reason, and his Administration made merciful and
equitable. Then, indeed, might the blood have
been saved which has been since shed in the most
barbarous manner upon the scaffold. We shall look
forward to the next advices with great anxiety.-
Morning Herald.

We may consider the game as up with Old Bankes.
The gross poll stood on Saturday at four o'clock
thus:—
Portman
Calcraft I 209
llankes
On the gross poll Mr Calcraft had a majority of
218 over Mr. Bankes. The next account will pro-
bably be the resignation of the latter. In Cornwall
Sir Richard Vytyan has not a shadow of a chance.
The clo,e of the fourth day's poll left the candidates
thus :

Penclams 1,542
Lemon 1,525
Vyvyan 795
Valletort

Since we last addressed our readers, Worcester
has returned two Reformers. In Ireland the Re-
formers are generally successful. Saturday's post
brought us an account of two for the county of
Cavan. Even in Scotland, the elections turn out
much more favourable than had been anticipated. In
Northamptonshire the Refurm candidates are by no
means yet out of danger. GrFat exertions have been
made by Mr. Cartwright. We trust the Reformers
will see the necessity of not relaxing i■ their exer-
'ions at this critical period. Lord Milton did not
,Ifer himself to the people of Northampton as a
candidate, though he expressed himself willing, if
ieturned, to sit for the county. He still refuses to
come forward as a candidate; but for this, of course,
the Reformers of Northamptonshire are pre-
pared. The election is their affair, and they
would incur no small disgrace, were they, by
their remissness, to fail to he true to themselves.--
A foolish attempt is made to represent Lord
Althorp as having been deficient in candour towards
Mr. Cartwright. There is not a man in England
who stands higher than his Lordship for straight-
forward and ingenuous conduct in all the relations of
life. The accusation is utterly unsupported by
f .cts, as our readers will see from a statement in an-

- -
.ther column, which contains a plain unvarnished
narrative of the transactions. The idea of an intrigue
between Lord Thorp and Lord Milton is too ridi-
culous to be urged on the spot ; but it has been
thrown out for effect at a distance. We entreat
again and again all those who have any influence in
Northamptonshire to exert it in time. Let us not
have a second edition of the unavailing lamentions
of the Buckinghamshire Reformers.
" We are (says an Olney Correspondent of the Wind-
sor Express) and shall be a laughing stock to the whole
country. The canvass of the Marquis of Chandes pro-
mised anything but a successful result for him in a contest
gainet Reformers. In the neighbourhood where I reside,
Olney, Fenny, and Stony Stratford, and the villages ,ibout
there, refusals were in about the proportion of three to
iine promises. The inhabitants of Buckinghamshire pro-
tested against his Parliamentary conduct, treated him with
contempt on his canvas, burnt his effigy in most of their
principal towns, and, to crown the whole, elected him."
But what avail opinions, if men will not not act
,riopromnetrhsemha.
d ;:oWt ahcilaerritalkee (wßhuereekwinigthhatmo sthakiree)thßeeir-
voters to the poll, their adversaries came with their
coaches and four, and swept out the villages."
Strange that the Reformers should have seen

all this going ou ‘sithout being inclined to
bestir themselves. There are in every market town
and village some individuals possessed of influ-
ence. These men ought to urge those within the
strhere of their influence to do their duty, to act on
their opinions, and to supply, when necessary, the
means of conveyance to the poll. In the comities
in which the Anti-Reform candidates were either
frightened at the appearances against them, or were
heat with great odds, the Reformers fairly put their
shoulders to the wheel. The honour of the Re-
f,riners of Northamptonshire demands from them
that they should be equal to the emergency. The
poll for Northamptonshire stood on Saturday, at
four o'clock, thus :
Lord Althorp ...........................2,162
Lord Milton ........... 1,848
Cartwrigist ............................. 1,703
Knightley ............................... 1,221
We trust that the next acconnt will show that
Lord Milton is out of danger. At the Edinburgh
election it was stated by Sir John Dalrymple, that
the Lord Advocate disclaimed having ever stated
that any alterations of the qualification were
contemplated by Ministers. On that head, there-
fore, no further uneasiness need be entertained.
The majority of Members in favour of Reform is
now immense. The battle has, on the whole,
been nobly fought by the people ; and they may
calculate with confidence on the success of the Bill.
—Morning Chronicle.
The cause of Reform still triumphs. The people
girded themselves to the combat like men, and
wherever they have had an opportunity of acting
they have beat their opponents with ease. To-day
we have to add another to the already splendid list
of victories achieved by them in the return at Wor-
cester of the Reform candidates, the H.in. Mr.
Foley and Captain Spencer, and the utter discom-
fiture of the Anti-Reform pretender, in the person
of Colonel Lygon. The battle was gallantly fought
by the latter, and money, it is confidently a aced from
all quarters, sass never more freely expended; but all
that could be done was of no avail—the freeholders
rushed forward to the poll with a determination which
lift no doubt of success, and after a severe contest the
gallant Colonel was ob.ieed to strike his colours, anti
con,'ess that the sense of the county was against him.
In Northampton Lords Althorp arid Milton still
keep at the head of the poll, though in the last two
days' polling Mr. Cartwright appears to have
gained a trifle upon the latter nobleman. There
can be as little doubt, however, of the ultimate re.
sult, as of the comparative merits of the two candi-
dates ; for while Mr. Cartwright is a comparatively
unknown, and untried man, Lord Milton is advan-
tageously known both as the son of a nobleman for
whom the country entertains very great respect,
and also as a staunch Reformer during the whole of
his political life. We trust, therefore, that those
freeholders in town, who have not hitherto tendered
their votes, will lose no time in repairing to the
scene of action, and placing the election of Lord
Milton beyond all doubt. In Dublin the tide has
partially turned against the Reform candidates, and
doubts are entertained of their success; but even if
Dublin should return two Anti-Reformers, the cause
can dispense with them. In every other part of
Ireland Reform is in the ascendant. From
the northern part of the kingdom also, the
accounts are most favourable; and from a calcula-
tion which has been submitted to us, we have rea-
sod to believe, that there will be no fewer than
thirteen returns for counties, and twelve for burghs,
in favour of Reform, with only twelve against, and
eight douhtful,—leaving a certain majority of five
for Reform ! This will be pretty well for a system of
representation, than which there never existed any-
thing more close or rotten. In Dor-er, Bankes
tumbles lower and lower. Indeed, he has no chance,
and the wonder with every one, even his own sup-
porters, is, that he does not resign. Such, also, is
the case in Cornwall, where 6ir R. Vyvyan is corn-
plenly hors de combat. We think he must have
had a presentiment of his fate, when, on the last
day of the Session, he thundered forth his denun-
ciations against the King's Nlunisters, and the Re-
, form Morning Advertiser.
The leading NlinisterialJournal--thatJournal which
rejoices in the special protection and flourishes by
means of the powerful aid of a learned and eminent
individual, equally ready and adroit in all services,
whether it be is legal and constitutional privilege that
is to he assailed, or an effective and seasonable para-
graph that is to he manulartured—intimates to the
public that in its judgment (whether in that of its
distinguished patron and collaborateur it does riot
distinctly inform us) the concurrence of the House
of Lords to the projected change in the British Con-
stitution, is by no means an indispensable requisite.
The Reformers, it seems, had rather for form's sake
have the consent of this dignified although now use-
less and obsolete Assembly to the change they have
in view; but if the House of Peers should presume
to exercie an independent judgment upon
i the sub-
!vet, and hesitate to pass the measure as t may be
sent up to them from the House of Commons, why
then the Reformers must do without them, and
" the Bill may find its way into. the Constitution
without much importunity to their Lordships,"
This doctrine is somewhat startling even for the
present times, and we therefore, to avoid the sus-
picion of misrepresenting our contemporary, insert
t he paragraph in which it is proclaimed :
" People inquire o f us, how the House of Lords are
likely to receiv the Bill when sent up to them from the
Commons. Why, they will pass it, to he sure. The Bill
will pass into a law through their Lordships' favour ; or
it way be, we fear (and the anticipation is fearful), find
its way ata the Constitution without much importunity to
t heirLordshins. In short, the people will have the Bill ;
and the people, let it he understood, does not with us
mean the mob,—it means the mind of England."
In the opinion, then, of the Times, or of those
who prompt it, the " mind of England " may be
authoritatively arid conclusively made up and pro-
nounced, not only without the concurrence, but in
opposition to the recorded opinions of all the great
seats of learning, of the Church, and of the House
of Peers; and being so made up and pronounced,
the House of Peers ceases from that moment ipso
facto to be one of the Estates of the Realm. We
do riot suspect our contemporary of writing
without some definite meaning, and if he does
not mean this, we should be exceedingly glad to
know what he does mean. It has often been
our duty to warn our countrymen that revolu-
tionary sentiments and movements are essentially
progressive. In how striking and solemn a man-
ner is this warning enforced by the present aspect
of society and the tone of popular language 111
the two greatest nations of the world, England
and France. On the very day on which the Times
promulgates the notion that a most important change
of the Constitution of England may be effected by
" the mind of England"—of the people of England,
exclusive of and contradistinguished from the House
of Peers, and in defiance even of any opposition that
can possibly be offered by that proscribed branch of
the Legislature—on the very day on which it thus
speaks the language, not of a noviciate, but of a
ripened and consummate revolutionist, and speaks
this language without the least apparent apprehen-
sion that any loss will ensue, either of popular
favour or of ministerial patronage and support—ore
that same day the same Journal announces to the
British public that in France, where the people
have erected a Revolutionary Throne, arid placed
upon it an idol for the worship of all the Revolu•
tionists of Europe—that there, where Revolution
has created for itself a Citizen King, and has
made him the obedient slave of every whim, ex-
travagance, and caprice of the leaders of Revo-
lution—this submissive, obedient, condescending
Citizen King has just become the subject of a new
and very popular toast—that now, at the end of ten
months from the elevation of Louis Philip to hie
Revolutionary Throne, the favourite toast at the
banquets and carousals of the men who built up than
throne, is " death to Louis Philip." We appeal to
the present language of the leading organ of the re-
forming Ministers of the King of England—We ap-
peal with the . same and not greater confidence to
the popular toast of the Reformers, who lass titan

ten months ago pretended to be the loyal, the most
loyal ,übjeuts of the King of the French; and we
ask if we have not been right in admonishing our
readers that revolutionary sentiments and move-
ments are essentially progressive ? We cannot orm
to remark that the Revolutionary Press, which no:,
unfortunately in England, as it was in France at tht
• nd of last July, is al.o the Ministerial Press, treats
the King of England with much less ceremony that
was observed towards Louis Philip at the period
to which we have adverted. The British House or
Ps-era is proscribed, annulled, treated as a piece of
mere idle and useless pageantry in the business of
' legislation, by the revolutionary Ministerial Press of
this country, at the very moment—as if the denun•
ciation and the insult had been reserved for the pur-
pose—when the King of England, in addition to
hid constant and necessary sympathy with the as-
sembly as a Constitutional Monarch, has acquired a
personal and paternal interest in its dignity, its cha-
racter, and its fate.—Morning Post.

CHOLERA MORBUS.

The Indian cholera—the new plague—its symp-
toms, its cause, and its cure, have been to Euro-
peans, for some time, a mere subject of speculation
and conjecture; but the announcement, now placed
beyond question, that the disease has infected the
Pities as well as the Russians, and that, unchanged
by the severity of the winter months, it is rapid ,y
making its way to the centre of Europe, will pr'o-
behly arouse the attention of the people of the
South to the calamity which threatens them.
Already we perceive that the Prussians and the
Austrians are, independent of all political motives,
preparing their cordon .ranitaire. We ourselves
have, by an order of the 19th of April, placed all
vessels arriving from Russian ports under the qua-
rantine laws; but we apprehend, unless we are to
yield to the opinions of those who assert this
disease, like the Gibraltar fever, not to be conta-
g'oua, that we have not yet used sufficient precau-
tions, and that these laws should be enforced with
respect to all vessels arriving from places situated in
the vicinity of those affected. We are the more
inclined to say this, because we observe, in do-pile
of all experience and numberless facts, that there
are many- able, experienced, and scientific men in
this country disposed to favour the opinion of cho-
lera not being contagious, and to lead us to try the
dangerous experiment of resisting its influence ba
the means of that eupi rior cleanliness and diet
which we boast of in comparison with those among
whom the disease is slid to have its origin, arid
with whom it still periodically exercises so fetal an
influence. Without entering into an examination
of the various ingenious theories through which it
has been attempted to prove that the cholera de-
pends on a peculiar state of the atmosphere, we
may observe, that thirteen years have elapsed since
the cholera commenced its ravages under that pecu-
liarly malignant character which it now assumes, and
not a single experiment can be adduced to counte-
nance the existence of that peculiar state of the at-
mosphere to which the extension of the cholera is
ascribed. Cholera has travelled as often against as
with the course of the winds. In the very face of a
strong S.W. wind, which blew in that direction for
some months, it passed from Bengal to the Deccan.
It has prevailed in every kind of weather common
to the climates affected. In the driest weather, and
during the deluge of periodical rains; in storms, arid
in calms; under the scorching sun of Arabia, and
amid the snows of Russia. Opposed as such facts
are to the usual progress of maladies, the extension
of which depend on atmosphere, there are others con-
nected with the progress of the cholera still more
convincing. That disease has in general rigidly fol-
lowed the great highways of human intercourse.
Pursuing the line of navigable waters, and the route
of caravans, it extended through India, alone the
rivers Ganges, flooghly, Jumna, and Nerbudda
Arabia, Persia, and Syria were penetrated by the
Persian Gulph, the Tigris, and the Euphrates.
Moscow received the disease by the route of the
'Volga. China, other parts of Eastern Asia, and the
various islands were infected over sea, as appears
frost) the cholera making its earliest ravages among
the port-towns and the maritime districts Agreeing
with the disposition of contagious diseases, the
cholera has been most virulent wherever human
being., were numerous and concentrated. In densely
peopled cities—in armies encamped—in localities
unfavourable to free ventilation, as low sheltered
grounds, narrow streets, arid dirty houses. The
slow rate at which the epidemic advanced from place
to place in succession:, and the temporary halts which
it occasionally made, perfectly agree with a conta-
gious origin, bet they cannot be reconciled to an at-
mospheric. The cholera travels, on an average, an
a rate varying bet ween ten and eighteen mites u day,
but often in particular cases much less. Within the
Zillah of Nellore it proceeded thirty-two miles in
twelve days, and in the next twenty-seven days
eighty milts.
The Russian Government are of opinion that the
cholera entered the province of Orenburg during the
year 1829, with the caravans trading between Oren-
burg arid Bockhara, the commercial entrepot of cen-
tral Asia. During the summer of 1830, the Tartars
who frequent Moscow for purposes of traffic, pre-
dicted the approach of a pestiferous malady; but the
inhabitants, relying on the local advantages of the
city, would not credit their assertions. Suddenly,
however, the atmosphere was tilled with dense
masses of small green flies, which in Asia are the
forerunners of pestilence, and are called the plague
flies. The streets swarmed with these insects, and
as soon as the inhabitants quitted their houses, they
were covered with them from head to foot. No at-
tention was, however, paid to this phenomenon, nor
any measures of precaution adopted until intelligence
arrived that this formidable disease had appeared in
Nischin-Novgorod : quarantine regulations were im-
mediately enforced, but it was too late. The fugi-
tives from the infected places brought the disease
itself with the tidings of its progress ; consternation
prevailed among all ranks—every one who possessed
the means fled from the city, and even the medical
men were incapacitated by terror from paying atten-
tion to the sick. in the confusion which prevailed
all business was discontinued, and those able to work
were unable to find employment. The consequence
was a rapid increase of robbery and murder. Im-
postors, pretending to be suddenly attacked by
cholera, fell down in apparent convulsions, while
their confederates availed themselves of the panic,
and robbed with impunity those who were flying
from the fancied contagion, and in one instance, a
house was entered by a band of ruffians who mur-
dered all the inmates, and carried away their property.
The number of persons attacked did riot exceed 8,000,
and it was observed that the least timid, and those
who pursued their out-door occupations as usual,
generally escaped, with rare exceptions: the nurses
and physicians, and the soldiers who conveyed the
dead to the piece of interment, continued in per-
fect health. The symptoms of the disease were
precisely
the same as those of the spasmodic cholera
a p Mechanics
of India. The attack is usually most insidious and
sudden. In the history of the epidemic, instances
are numerous of soldiers falling in the line of march,
and dying instantly, as if seared by lightning, with-
outr having uttered previousaeieds%h
complaint,which
had been
applied
perished with their working implements in their
hands—the Brahmin at his beads, and the Ryot at
his plough. The
e
em
in Southern Asia were, however, found fatally in-
• • at Moscow. While bleeding resorted
in-
jurious was to
as in Asia, the majority of the cases proved fatal;
but an d une_ucated citizen of Smolensko having tried
fonientatiozis to promote perspiration, with success,
the physicians adopted the suggestion, and the re-
coveries were afterwards much more numerous than
the deaths. The disease was, however, as mortal
in Russia as elsewhere, comparing the number of
deaths with the diseased, but it is remarkable that
ewer were attacked there than in the southern
countries. Whether this partial immunity resulted
from the climate and the stronger corbtitutions of
he Russians, or the rigid quarantine it is inippssible
to decide; but the strongest evidence in support of