The Sun.
London, England, 1849-09-25 00:00:00

And this non-observance resulting from the nature
of the elements which constitute the supreme power,
and which divest it of all real responsibility, will in-
crease so much the more as through your work the
illegal war of secret associations will be substitu'ed
for legal and public agitation; and—may. God forbid
it I—the daggers of an incensed population, despair-
ing of all legal protection, may seek to assert those
rights which the law is unable to defend. Physical
misery, financial ruin, and the anarchy inseparable
from the contempt in which their rulers are held,
will aggravate the contest amongst the different ele-
ments which compose the state. In the meantime
you have the old Government unconditionally restored
and the spy system returning into use with the
men—not of Pius IX., but of Pope Gregory—
masters at Rome and in the Provinces. You wished
to maintain, to increase French influence in Italy ;
and you have destroyed it ; destroyed it with the
people whom you have iniquitously and ungrate-
fully robbed of their liberty and independence ; de-
stroyed it with the people's oppressors, because, by
condescending to ally yourselves with them, you have
liberated them from the fears with which you had
inspired them ; you have lost it with the satellites of
the Papacy, because your situation in the face of
France obliges you to annoy them with suggestions
of concessions which they neither will nor can; admit,
without denying the principle which sustains them,
and digging their own grave. Your influence in
Italy consisted in the hopes which the people per-
sisted in nourishing on your account, and in the
sword of Damocles which you held suspended over
the heads of the princes. Now you are despised by
one party and abhorred as traitors by the other.
The French name is a mark of scorn from one end
of Italy to the other, and will remain so until unmis-
takeable facts convince the world that France is re-
awakened to the consciousness of her mission.
You wished to rebuild a throne, and give new
lustre to the papacy; I will tell you in what you
have succeeded. You have raised the religious ques-
tion, and given the finishing blow to a falling institu-
tion. You aimed at saving the sovereign, and you
have killed the Pope : destroying the moral prestige
which surrounded him, by the aid of your arms—
degrading in the eyes of Italy him who is the sole
arbiter of the religious question, by foreign support ;
and separating him from his people by a torrent of
blood. In that blood the papacy was stifled. The
only means of saving it—the only means of with-
drawing it from the foreign influence which is -
ruin, was to snatch it from the sphere of polit
ii fluences to the more pure and independent one
the soul. You have now closed for ever the last
road to safety. The papacy is extinct. Rome and
Italy will never forgive the Pope for having, as in the
middle ages, called in foreign bayonets to transfix
Italian breasts. You are beginning now, gentlemen,
to understand these things. Your cabinet conceals
secrets of discomfiture, and dissipated illusions of a
system of policy wavering between Paris and Gaeta,
which will soon be revealed. You hear the low mur-
murs of Rome's vengeance.
The Roman Republic has fallen; but:its right lives
immortal, a phantom that will often rise to disturb
your dreams. And it shall be our care to evoke it.
The political question is intact. The Roman Consti-
tuent Assembly, by declaring that it yielded solely to
force, without entering into any condition, or becom-
ing a party to any unworthy compromise, took
from you every basis of legal action. We have not
capitulated. Rome's right exists as strong as on the
day when the Republic was first inaugurated. Defeat
has left it unchanged. The vote of the populations,
legally and freely expressed, remains a normal con-
dition of life, from which no one can now retreat.
Yuu dare not deny that right ; in all that has passed,
you have but sought to weaken and to render
doubtful its expressions. And the defeat of those
whom you falsely denominated as factioug, removing,
even in the opinions of those who believed in you,
every obstacle to the free voting of the populations,
has rendered the right of voting only more urgent and
more sacred.

For us, for those who feel with us, the right of
Rome has deeper root and other hopes than those
which are merely local. The roots of Rome's right
embrace in their ramifications the whole of Italy; the
hopes of Rome are the hopes of the Italian nation,
whose re-awakening neither your nor any other's
veto can prevent. God decreed that, awakening on
the day when all monarchical delusions overcome one
by one, when all false ideas of leagues and federations
which an erroneous doctrine had tried to implant
amongst us had been expiated by martyrdom, the
Italian national instinct raised within the ancient
capital the banner of national unity, and declared
that God and the people should hence(orth be the
only masters in Italy. Rome is the centre of Italy :
the palladium of the Italiam mission ; and the city
in which broods the secret of our future religious
life can patiently endure the brief delay which your
arais have unexpectedly caused to the development of
its destinies.

You are Ministers of France, gentlemen—l am
only an exile ; you have power, gold, armies, and
multitudes of men dependent on your nod. I have
only consolation in a few affections, and in the breath
of. heaven, which speaks to me from the Alps of my
country, and of which you, inexorable in persecution,
as are all those who fear, may yet deprive me. Yet I
would not exchange my fate with yours. I bear with
me in exile the calm inspired by a pure conscience.
I can fearlessly raise my eyes to meet those of other
men, without the dread of meeting any one who can
siy to me, " You have deliberately lied." I have
combated, and will combat again, without pause as
without fear, wherever I may be, the wicked oppres-
sors of my country—falsehood, in whatever shape she
may clothe herself; and the powers which, like yours,
rely upon maintaining or reinstituting the reign of
privilege, upon corruption, upon blind force, and upon
the negation of the progress of the peoples; but I
have fought with loyal arms ; never have I sullied
myself by calumny, or degraded myself by using the
word assassin against one unknown to me, and who
was perhaps better than myself. God save you, gen-
tlemen, from dying in exile, because you have no such
consciousness with which to console yourselves.
September, 1849. GUISEPPE MAZZINI.

CHEAPENING D WELLINGS POE THE POOR.—It is
supposed that one-fourth of the cost of a dwelling
which lets for half-a-crown or three shillings a week, is
caused by the expense of the title-deeds and the tax on
wood and bricks used in its construction. Of course the
owner of such property must be remunerated, and he
therefore charges 7a 1, or 9d. a week to cover these
burdens. Government affect to regret that the working
classes are crowded together, which looks very like
he pecrisy, as it is in their power to prevent it by re-
ducing the price of buildings, and, consequently, lessen.
ing
SHOCKING CASE Os' RAPS AND Al UnDelt.—At
Aberdeen, on Wednesday, the trial of James Robb, aged
19, a I ebourcr, indicted for the aggravated crimes of rape
and murder, took place in the High Court of Justiciary,
before the judges Lord Moncrieff and Lord Cockburn.
On the right of the 9th of April last the prisoner feloni-
ously entered the house of a woman namf_d Mary Smith,
being in a lonely situation in the parish of Auchterlen,
Aberdeenshire. It appeared he obtained admission by
descending the chimney, and, seizing her, perpetrated
with great violence the outrage described in the libel.
She struggled violently to free beraelf from the prisoner,
who struck her with an iron instrument over her head
and other parts of her body, and eventually suffocate d
her by forcing articles into her mouth and up her nos-
trels, death immediately ensuing. The jury, after half-
an hour's consultation, returned an unanimous verdict
of " Guilty of rape and rani ' der " but with a recommen-
dation to mercy, on account of the prisoner having no
intention to commit the crime of murder. Mr. Shand,
on the part of the prisoner, instanced a case which was
tried at Glasgow in 18e6, when a boy 12 years of age,
who caused the death of a woman by a stroke of a ham-
mer, was sentenced to transportation for life, on the plea
of having had no intent to commit murder. Mr. Mait-
land, in reply, stated that there had been specialities in
the case referred to which did not exist in the present,
and though the jury in this instance saw no specific in-
tention to cause death, yet the libel was proved. Lord
Moncrieff told the prisoner that, as he had been found
guilty of two capital offences, there could be no sentence
but death passed upon him. Lord Cockburn then rose,
amidst the most breathless silence, and in the usual form
sentenced the prisoner to be executed at Aberdeen on the
16th of October next.
ACCIDENT TO THE DUKE OF HAMILTON.—Near
Wishaw, on Tuesday last, an accident happened to this
venerable nobleman, which might have been attended
with very serious consequences, but happily his Grace
escaped with only a few slight cuts and bruises. On the
afternoon of that day, as his Grace was returning from a
visit to Wishaw-house, shortly after he left the house
the horse on which he was riding stumbled and fell, and
the Duke was pitched forward upon his head in the road.
With such force was he thrown, that his head was sent
completely through his bat, the crown of which was
driven out to some distance. His Grace was raised by
two men who happened to be passing, and who, with the
groom in attendance, rendered every necessary assist-
ance. His Grace received some severe cuts on the face,
which bled considerably, but beyond that he was little
hurt. Lord and Lady Belhaven were immediately in-
formed of the accident, and in a fe
occurrence were with the Duke, and dlnalsus9tstteesd fhtiewmreirttees
return to Wishaw-house, where his injuries
dresSed, and he was shortly afterwards enabled to return
to llama con-pulace in Lord 13elhaven's carriage.—Glas-
gow Sot lathy Pest.
ILLNESS OF THE BISHOP OF LLANDAFF.--It is with
deep regret we have to acquaint the diocese, and the
public generally, that our respected Bishop has be ea
compelled to postpone his ordination, in consequence of
severe illness; and we are sorry to add, the malady con-
tinues of so painful and depressing a character that his
Lordship is necessitated to give up all episcopal duty for
the present. Our correspondent, writing under the date
of yesterday morning, says:—" The Bishop of Li anci ff
still continues seriously ill, often suffering severe pain,
passing restless nights; but, though extremely weak, we
are floppy to learn that his Lordship is not considered to
be in a dangerous condition."--Monmouthshire
SOUTH AMSRICA.—LIVERPOOL, MONDAY.—The
Emilia, Captain Dadaoin, has brought one day later from
Rio Janeiro (July 27). Exchange was somewhat firmer,
food freights had an Upward tendency.