The Sun.
London, England, 1849-09-25 00:00:00

MAZZINI AND THE FRENCH
GOVERNMENT.

DEVON.
OXTON HOUSE, one of the choicest and most delightful demesnes
• and seats in the beautiful vicinity of Exeter, n ar Starcross,
and Chudiegh, only five or six hours' journey from Londor
comprking an elegant. sub tantial, and most comprtable Mansion.
in the midst of richly dressed park like Grounds and wildly varied
Woodlands, through which are romantic secluded Rides and Walks
of several miles in extent, opening to surmising scenery.
1/lESSRS. DANIEL. SMITH. and -SON are
commis.s'oned by the Pro:)rietor to announce that the above
well-known delightful FREEHOLD ESTATE .will be OFFEREI
for SALE liY AUCTION at the New Lonlon Hotel, in Exeter,
On TUESDAX, October 16, at Two (unless all acceptable offer should
be made by Private Treaty).
It c'.>mprises nearly 700 acres of rich pasture, meadow, fine or-
chard, and arable land, in a ring fence, adjoining, the domains of
Powderham Castle and Mamhoad, overlooking the magnificent estu-
ary of the Exe, with splendid marine and inlan 1 scenery, embracing
Exeter, Powderhata Cantle, Exmoudi, and other Interesting objects.
The mansion is a handsome modern structure, with south and east
fronts, replete with every comfort for a large family, pllced
on 'a gentle elevation, in a s: eluded and romantic valley, re-
freshed by springs and rivulets, irrigating some of the
incadoVrs, mid falling irio a small lake abounding with trout,
below the house. The demesne is well stocked with all kinds
of game, and extends to and embraces a portion of the bold
slopes and overhanging wooded brows of the surrounding hills,
which form a grand boundary and shelter, with the snore
bracing air from the sea. It has all the appendages and em-
blishments of a gentleman's residence—walled gardens, conservato-
ries, fiower'gardens, capital stabling, rustic cottage, ledges, and.tbe
whole in perfect order. There are three approaches by handsome
carriage roads, partly through the beautiful woodlands and highly-
dressed plantations. The farm is in high condition, and consists of
a gOod proportion of pasture and meadow land, with' a newly-built
farmhouse and homestead of a superior description, and other
fartn-buildings. Possession may be had on completion of the
purchase.

The mansion can only be viewed with cards, which may be had of
Messrs. Daniel Smith and Son, land agents, in Waterloo-place,
Pall-mall, who are authorised to treat for the sale of the property.
Particulars and orders to view may also be had of Messrs. Every
and Son, solicitors, Exeter.

TIIE PARK, CHELTF.NHAIif.
A madam detached FREEHOLD RESIDENCE, distinguished as
OAKLEY, with extensive PLEASURE GROUNDS and other
valuable LANDS, with possession.
1 ESSRS. DANIEL SMITH and SON are
. .. directed by the Proprietor (who has removed to his estate
in Herefordshire) to SELL BY AUCTION, at the Mar', on FRIDAY,
October 19, at Twelve, in lots (unless previously disposed of by pri-
vate contract),

The above very valuable FREEHOLD ESTATE, in the parish of
Lcakhampton, though essentially part of Cheltenham, free of tithes
and land-tax ; comprising a Modern Villa on a moderate scale, with
Coach-house, Stabling, and all suitable offices, walled Garden and
Pleasure Grounds commanding pleasing and cheerio' views, with an
Ornamental Paddock of about ten acres, embellished with Planta-
tions in belts and clumps, extending to the high Bath-road, upon
which it has an important frontage. Also detached Parcels of Free-
hold Land in the park, offering most eligible sacs for the erection of
villas.

The estate may be viewed, and printed descriptive particulars,
with plans, may be had of Messrs. Newman, Gwinnett, and Tice-
burst, solicitors, Cheltenham; or Messrs. Daniel Smith and Sc n,
Land Agents, Waterloo-place, Pall-mall.

BEAUMONT, in the parish of CHESHUNT, HERTS.
A delightfully situated Modern Gothic VILLA, with the Manor of
Beaumont. beautiful Grounds, and a valuable FARM and Orna-
mental WOOD LANDS, the whole freehold and in perfect re-
pa;r, with immediate possession ; also some detached Fields
and other Property in Cheshunt-street, one hear's ride from
London.
MESSRS. DANIEL SMITH and SON will
SELL by .SUCTION. at the Auction
Mart, on FRIDAY,
October 19, at T..elve (unless an acceptable offer shall be previously
ma,e by Private Treaty), together or in lots,
The above beautiful ESTATE, comprising an elegant small Villa,
erected about eighteen years since, replete wills every appendage
for a moderate establishment, particularly as to its domestic
offices, and ve•y superior stabling and out-buildings, walled
garden, dairy, &c. ; the whole well supplied with excellent
water. It stands upon a floe sheltered eminence and a gravel
soil, with a beautiful and extensive lawn, and its park-like
paddocks spread in bold undulations in full view of the house, which
faces the south, and is embellished by an ornamental conservatory
and Gothic arcade. T e pleasure grounds ana gravelled walks,
with a handsome carriage drive, encircle the house. The lands
arc In large enclosures, the greater part sound pasture land, studded
with fl,e elm and oak timber, and intersected by fine springs at d
streamlets. There are two neat cottages for. gardener and laundry,
anti various farm buildings. The neighbourhood Is richly wooded,
and within the meets of two packs of hounds, and the estate is well
supplied with game, being surrounded by some large preserves. Also,
in separat lots, some detached fields ; a house and shop, with large
garden, &c., and two cottages, with gardens, in the High-street of
Cheshunt.

Particulars and plans may be had on the premises ; at the Aue.
time Mart; of E. Taverner, Esq., Solicitor, 9, New Uroad-street,
City ; at Messrs. Crawter's oMces,Cheshunt ; and.of Messrs. Daniel
Smith and Son, Land Agents, In Waterloo-place, Pall-mall.

' The beautiful ESTATE and RESIDENCE of WOODSIDE, at OLD
WINDSOR, BERMS.
MESSRS. DANIEL SMITE and SON will
OFFER by AUCTION, at the Auction Mart, Bartholomew-
lane, on FRIDAY, the 19th of October next, at Twelve (unless an ac-
ceptable offer should be previously-made by Private Treaty),
The above most delightfully situated and capital FREEHOLD
RESIDENCE, comprising a substantial mansion of the Elizabethan
style of architecture, standing:in a small park, studded with venera-
ble old oaks and other fine timber, and commanding splendid views
of the Castle ; also a valuable farm adjoining, altogether about 109
acres, in a ring-fence, with walled gardens, beautiful pleasure-
grounds, conservatory, an ornamental cottage residence, and farm-
house buildings. It is delightfully secluded, though within two miles
of Windsor and one of the Thames, upon the ascent to Euglefield-
green, skirted by a richly wooded portion of the Great Park.
Cards to view may be had of John Seeker, Esq., solicitor, Wind-
sor ; and of Messrs. Daniel Smith and Son, surveyors, Waterloo-
place, Pall ; and of their agents at Windsor.

IVELL GWYNNE TAVERN and CHOP-
HOUSE, Bull inn-court, etrana, Three Doors Last of the
Adelphi Theatre, and opposite Adam-street. Luncheons, Dinuers,
I.slB.lmpers.

Tabled'llote at Half-past Five precisely (Sundays excepted), Fish
and Joints, 2s. Hot Joints until Light, and Suppers until One o'clock.
The Nell Gwynne Tavern which is situated in the very centre of
the metropolis, is near to the principal Theatres, and the Table
d'Hote has been fixed at an hour that will be found convenient for
Citizens, the Legal Profession, and Gentlemen connected with the
Public Offices and Banking Houses, also Visitors to London who are
frequenters of the Theatres. Private Booms for the accommodation
of small parties. Good Beds. Wines and Spirits of superior quality.
Barclay and Perkins's Stout, and Salt's celebrated Pale Ales.
JOHN ARCHER and THOMAS HOLT, Proprietors.

1-IHE ROYAL POLYTECHNIC
INSTITUTION, REGENT-STREET.
Dissolving Views, of Rome.—Lecture and Experiments, with the
Hydro-Electric Machine.—Lectures ou Chemistry—Exhibition of the
Oxy-hydrogen Microscope.—Diver and Diving-hell.—The Chroma-
trope.—Explanations of Models and Machinery.
Open daily from Eleven to Five ; and ix the Evenings (except
•ftturday) from Seven till Half-past Ten.
Admission, ie.—Schools, Half-price.---The New Catalogue. ls.

TO MESSIEURS DE TOCQUEVILLE AND DE FALLOUX,
MINISTERS OF FRANCE.
Gentlemen,—lf in your speeches in the Assembly,
on the 6th and 7th of- August, you had restricted
yourselves to calumniating me, I should have been
silent. Throughout my life I have never felt any-
thing but indifference to ca ninny and contempt for
the calumniators. But you have calumniated an en-
tire revolution, holy in its right, and pure from all
excess in its career; a whole people, good, brave, and
remarkable for the attachment to order, and for the
capability of discipline whch it has inherited from
its ancestors. You have, fo serve your own ends—
you men of study and •or calm philosophy—repeated
at the tribune the same commonplaces, of" anarchy,'
" foreign faction," and "terror," with which the
journalists, hired to prepare the way for an ini-
quitous expedition, systematically fed the public
mind for the space of tvve months. You have de-
liberately, with the smile of irony on your lips, cast
the slanders of reaction upon those who have died
for their awakening country. It is necessary, for
the honour of humanity, that some one should
protest. It is necessary, not for you, not for a par-
liamentary majority from which, under the influence
of egotism and brute force, all moral sense has de-
parted, but for those amongst you who suffer as we
suffer, for their lost liberty, and for the future of
France, that the voice of one honest man should be
heard, and should say to you :—" Gentlemen, your
eloquence is artifice, your faith hypocrisy ; through-
out the whole series of your declarations you have
done nothing but lie to France and to Europe. If
there is anything viler than the executioner, it is he
who insults the corpse, who deals a blow, like that of
her valet upon the pale cheek of Charlotte Corday."
I come forward, therefore, to protest in the name of
Rome. I know men who, for the honour of France,
ought now to do what I am doing; they are the
employes of your chancellerie at Rome,' whom I
have seen blush at the conduct of their Government,
and who thanked me for the protection afforded them,
and for the admirable conduct of the Roman
people ; but they feared dismissal from their
posts. I know others—these belong to us—
who from Rome itself, in the face of sacerdotal ven-
geance, would now willingly protest against your
calumnies ; but your foreseeing administration has
deprived them of the only means of so doing, by sup-
pressing every journal in Rome except your own.f
Rome was without a Sovereign. The Pope had
deserted and fled, and fled to Gaeta. A Governmental
Commisson, which he had instituted, had refused to
act. Two deputations, sent one after the other,
entreating Pius IX. to return, were repulsed. It WAS
necessary to put an end to a state of things which
was inevitably leading to anarchy and civil war. It
was at one o'clock, on the morning of the 9th of
February, that the downfal of the temporal power,
and, as a consequence, the inauguration of the
republic were proclaimed. By whom ? By the
Constituent Assembly of the Roman States. In
what manner had that assembly been elected ? By
universal suffrage. Had there been—l speak not of
terror—but even any agitation, any influence illegally
exercised ? No, all had taken place calmly, quietly,
without corruption, without threats. Was the
minority imposing ? Out of one hundred and forty-
four members present eleven voices declared against
the proclamation of the Republic as inopportune ' • five
against the abolition of the temporal power. How
many amongst those whom you now stigmatise as
foreigners, how many Italians born out of the Roman
States were then seated upon the benches of the
assembly ? Two—Garibaldi and General Ferara. I
deceive myself—Garibaldi had already set out for
Rieti. It was not until some time later that Saliceti,
Cernuschi, Cannonieri, Dall Ongaro, and myself,
were elected. In what manner was the double pro-
clamation received by the populations ? Was there
through all the extent of the Roman territory a single
attempt at resistance, a single mark of dissent, a
single protestation in favour of the fallen power ?
No, not ore. A few carabiniers on the frontiers of
Naples deserted, perhaps imagining themselves com-
promised by the arrests that they had been obliged to
make under Gregory. And this was all. The towns
and the country saluted the Republic with a
common joy. The old municipalities, elected
under the Papal regime, sent in their adhesion, since
renewed by those elected by universal suffrage on the
11th of March. Pius TX. had still some personal
friends ; the Papal Government e,.,1.3 not of
one. And later on, after the 30th, when the Govern.
relent on the eve of the quadruple invasion was obliged
to concentrate its forces, and could therefore retain
only a moral influence in the provinces—in the midst
of the financial crisis, and in spite of the efforts of
some few reactionaries, this, the conservative ele-
ment of the state, renewed again the testimony of a
spontaneous adhesion to the Republic. Bologna,
Ancona, Perugia, Civita Vecchia, Ferrara, Ascoli,
Cesena, Fano, Faenza, Porli, Foligno, Macerate,
Narni, Pesaro, Orvieto, Ravenna, Rieti, Viterbo,
Spoleto, Urbino, Terni; two hundred and sixty-
three municipalities sent addresses declaring in the
name of the populations that the abolition of the
temporal power and the existence of the Republic
formed henceforth a double condition of life for the
Roman States.
The Constituent Assembly, consisting of 150 mem-
bers, the elite of the country, by the instincts of .the
heart, if not by the force of intelligence, and of whom
seven only did not belong to the Roman States,
kept their seats without interruption until the moment
when brute force in violating the duties and the pro-
mises of France, dissolved them. It had dictated or
sanctioned everything that had been done from the
9th of February till the 2d of July.
And by whom did it govern ? First by an execu-
tive committee; two Romans, Armellini and Mon-
tecchi ; one Nepolitan, Saliceti; afterwards by the
Triumvirate—the same proportion. But below the
supreme executive, all that vivified and embodied
the principle of government, all that represented
or that affected the country in administration, in
the distribution of offices, in the every-day affairs of
State, was purely Roman. The President of the
Council under the Executive Committee, Muzzaralli;
the Minister of Grace and Justice, Sazzarini ; that
of Foreign Affairs, Rusconi • of the Interior, Saffi
and Mayer; of Finance, Guillioli and Manzoni , of
Public Works, Sterbini and Montecchi ; of War, Cam-
pello and Calandrelli—all belonged to the Roman
States. The Police (sicurizza pubblica) was succes-
sively directed by Mariani, Meucci, Meloni, and
Galvagni, all Roman subjects. The Ministry of
Public Instruction was entrusted to a Roman, Sturbi-
netti; other Romans were charged with the direction
of the public debt, and of the statistical department,
and with.the presidency of the High Court of Justice,
the direction of the hospitals, the Mint, &c. A com-
mission of seven, all Romans, Sturbinetti, Piacentini,
Salvati, Meucci, Allocatelli, Spada, Castellani, was
named to examine all applicatioas for employment
Not a single president, not a single employe or
Government officer in the provinces, who was not born
a subject of the Roman State. Amongst all the
superior officers successively appointed from the first
to the last day of the Republic, I find but two men
who were not born Romans—Avezzana, Minister of
War, and Brambilla, a member of the financial com-
mittee—the latter of whem, however, had two fellow-
officers who were Romans, Valentini and Constabili.
And the army :—The small army concentrated in
Rome at the time of the siege was composed of the
Ist of the line, Colonel De Pasqualis ' • 2d ditto,
Colonel Gaucci Molari ; id ditto, Colonel Marchetti ;
all these Romans, soldiers and officers. Two light
regiments :—The first commanded by Masi, the very
man whom M. de Corcelles, in his dispatch of the
12th June, puts down as a foreigner, entirely eßo-
mans ; the second, commanded by Psi, the same.
The Roman Legion, commanded by Galletti. The
Riflemen, commanded by Mellara, since dead of his
wounds, all Romans. The small body of the
I?cduci, Romans. The battalion Bignami, Romans.
The regiment called the Union, Romans. The
body of Carabiniers, General Galletti, Romans.
The Dragoons, Romans. The body of Engineers,
Romans ; the Artillery, Romans. All these, all the
chiefs I have already named, the Colonels Piens,
Amadei, Berti-Pichat, the General-in. Chief Roselli,
the Chief Intendants, first Gaggiotti, and afterwards
I Salvati, the principal employes at the Ministry of
War, all Romans, represented the indigenous element.
Where,i then, were the foreigners? Garibaldi and
his legion, 800 men ; Arcioni and his legion, 300
men ; Manara, dead for liberty, and his Lombard rifle-
men, 500 men • 200 Poles ; the foreign legion, 100
men ; the handful of brave men who defended the
Vasiello under Medici. Altogether, 2,000 men ; but
not really so many, because Arcioni's legion contained
at least'one-third of Romagnoli, because the little knot
of cavalry which formed part of Garibaldi's legion,
and which was commanded by Misina of Bologna,
dead on the field, were almost all Roman citizens,
and because half even of the foot soldiers of Garibaldi
belonged to the country.
The number of " foreigners" who assisted in the
defence of Rome was from 1,400 to 1,500 men; from
1,400 to 1,500 men amongst a total of 14,000; for it
is well that Italy should know that 14,000 men, a
young army without traditions, and improvised under
the very fire of the enemy, held in check for two

* Messrs. Degerando, Lerne, Astier,
t Ire Giornale di, Boma,

The French troops were at a little distance from the
walls. The few guards left at the palace gates were
withdrawn, as they were wanted elsewhere. The
affection of the people was our safeguard. Neither
then, nor at any other time, amidst the evils of an
inevitable financial crisis, in the midst of physical
privations inseparable from the semi•blockade which
your forces extended around us, alike under your
bombs as under the corruption which your agents and
those from Gaeta endeavoured to excite—not an
attempt at insurrection was made by those whom M.
Drouyn de ',buys insolently calls the honest ones ;
not a single voice arose to say to us, Descend. Fac-
tion ! terror! Ah, if you, Ministers of France, re-
tained a shadow of shame, you would, on looking
around and thinking of the fears and violence by
which you rule in Paris, have studiously avoided
those words, from the fear that others would read
there your own condemnation. And if the Assembly
before which you spoke had not been irreparably cor-
rupt and inaccessible to the love of truth—if the
Members who supported by their votes your foreign
policy, instead of servilely following in the tract of
the power of the moment whatever it might be, had
had any system in their minds, however different
from ours, or had been actuated by any faith—a
hundred voices would have arisen to say to you,
"Be silent, nor dishonour our aims by open false-
hood. What I your first decree in Rome is to
establish the council of war for political offences ; on
the oth of July you dissolve the clubs, you forbid
all meetings, you threaten exemplary punishments
to protect persons having friendly relations with
your troops; on the 6th, you dissolve the civic
guard ; on the 7th, you command the com-
plete disarming of the citizens—on the 14th you
suppress the journals—on the 18th you fulminate
threats against any meeting compo:sed of more than
five persons ;—all these your acts in the midst of a
population which you declare to be favourable to
you, and which comes officially announced to us
by your journal, are exactly those which we, upon
your word, believed to have taken place as part of
a system of terror in Rome under the Republican
Government, and of which we do not discover a
trace in their decrees ; and yet you impudently
persist in throwing out an accusation against
them, which must recoil upon yourselves, and you
boast yourselves the restorers of liberty in peace and
order."
And this state of things still exists; exists two
months after your triumph. The prisons are choked
with men, for the most part guilty only of having
obeyed the ruling power, and pointed out by spies to
priestly vengeance. Upwards of fifty priests aro con-
tined in the Castle of St. Angelo, guilty of having
lent their services in our Republican hospitals. Even
the subaltern officialst in the police are not spared in
Rome, aad are ferociously condemned to the galleys

* The National Guard numbered about 13,000 men,
and in virtue of the organization anterior to the Repub-
,ican Government, which excluded from active service
the poorest class, it represented the middle class in Rome.
Capanna, Petralia.