The Sun.
London, England, 1831-11-11 00:00:00

London

Middlesex
Monmouthshire
Norfolk ...

Northampton
Northumberland
Nottinghamshire

Oxfordshire

Shropshire
Somersetshire
Staffordshire
Suffolk

Surrey
Sussex
Wamiekshire

Westmoreland
Worcestershire
Yorkshire

Charitable Societies
NVales Friendly Societies
Ireland
—Times.

4,.17
1,787
161
171

.£655,899
136,760
11,966

We insert a letter from the Board of Customs,
disavowing all knowledge that the introduction of
the cholera into Sunderlaud has been caused by a
neglect of Custom-house regulations. In our article
of yesterday, we were moved as much by tenderness
towards the Board of Customs, as by respect for
our intelligence from the North of England, in ap-
pearing to take for granted that the disregard of the
rules of quarantine, which had permitted the passage
of suspected vessels above the bridge of Sunderland,
was in violation of Custom-house orders, not in
observance of them. Are we to infer from this
official letter that the edifying callousness of the
public safety exhibited iu the instance alluded to was
not forbidden or guarded against by the foresight
of the Board of Customs ? Let, then, the necessary
consequences follow, and the blame be transferred
from the shoulders of the underling at the outport,
to those of his principals in London, for of heavy
and grievous blame it is impossible to acquit them
both At the same time we know nothing of the facts
beyond what appeared in the various communica-
tions from Sunderland and Newcastle, published in
the Times on Saturday last, which communications
were sent to different newspapers, by persons un-
known to each other. If these facts are incorrec,,
of course the imputation founded on them falls to the
ground, but hitherto they remain uncontradicted.
It is plain that the scheme of policy now is to
preach up the lion contagion of the disease just im-
ported. Is it meant to excuse the want of all pre-
caution—all useful precaution at least—in official
persons? That smells of the old spirit of Downing-
street and Whitehall too sorely to be sanctioned
by any of the present Administration above the
level of some fixture clerk. The truth is, that on
any and every hypothesis, precautions in the nature
of ventilation, cleanliness, separation, as much as
practicable, of the persons inhabiting crowded alleys
and dwellings, should be adopted. For if the
malady be contagious, as to us is quite evident, if it
were only from the able report of Drs. Russell and
Barry, given in this day's Times, the communication
by personal means is mitigated in some measure
through separation ; and if non-contagious and seated
in the atmosphere, the general condition of that
medium is purified by a free circulation of air, and a
full supply of water, " The risk of infection," says
the above report, " incurred by the healthy suscep-
tible, who approached the sick of that disease
(viz. the cholera at St. Petersburgh), was in direct
proportion to the want of ventilation, cleanliness,
and space around the latter." Some new cases had
appeared at Sunderland by the accounts of yester-
day, but there was no intelligence that the disorder
had yet extended to any of the neighbouring too ns.
We are decidedly of opinion, and we must repeat it,
that the regulation, or the breach of regulation, be
that as it may, which admitted the infected ship to
Sunderland, ought to draw down upon the guilty
functionaries, whoever they may be, some most
severe and exemplary punishment. With regard to
cutting off of intercourse by land, it is obvious that
the habits of this country are extremely averse to
any such restrictions; and in the case of Sunderland
it is 1,6 ssihle that the time may have gone by. But,
nevertheless, the question may well be asked, whe-
ther for the sake of the whole community, a strong
measure might not have been taken by the Crown,
and a joint ssiilitary and municipal police been em-
ployed to isolate the town arid port of Sunderland
from any other part of the empire. The proceedings
at the Mansion-house yesterday on the subject of
cholera will he read with satisfaction.—Times,
We refer with much satisfaction to the proceed-
iegs of the National Political Union, last night, at
the Crown and Anchor Tavern. Sir Francis
Burdett opened the business in an excellent
speech, in which he condemned the attempts made
of late years to divide the people of this country
into separate ca,tes, and strongly enforced the ne-
cessity of the union of all. " He wished (he said)
that they should all unite to destroy the vile sys-
tem of boroughmongering, which was insolently
attempting to hold up its head against the King and
the Government, and the representatives of the
people. That system was too vile to be put down
but by the united strength of the people, whom he,
therefore, called upon not to allow that strength to
he divided in the support of different projects of
Reform." fle wished the Declaration of the Union

to be such that all might join it, and he earnestly
deprecated all attempts to form separate associa-
tions. "To all other Reformers who thought that
the Union went too far, or did not go far enough,
he would say--' Do not make any declaration that
would clash with us, and by producing disunion,
occasion the triumph of the common enemy.—
(Cheers.)' He did not mean to forestal any
thing—sufficient for the day was the evil—
but he would say, that the people might be
defeated. It required all their strength to op-
pose the boroughmongering faction." After the
Council had been appointed, and resolutions were
passed directing the Council to report to the Union,
Mr. Sheil delivered an eloquent speech, in which,
from the experience he had acquired in the working
of the Catholic Association, he was enabled to give
the Union some excellent advice. "By union (said
Mr. S.), by singleness of purpose, and by the stre-
nuous enforcement of the peace, the Catholics had
attained their freedom. By similar means should
Englishmen prosecute Reform.—(Applause.) He
thought that they should look to Reform, and to
nothing else. Reform would lead to the reformation
of abuses, but it was preposterous to discuss those
abuses before the means of remedying them had
been attained.—(Hear, hear.)—The energ►es of the
people would be dispersed and weakened by indulg-
ing in any multifarious and indefinite pursuits."
Mr. Sheil pointed out ♦ery forcibly the manner by
which alone the I3ill could be carried.

" Lord Grey," said he, " had been uniformly faithful
to the popular cause—(Cheers)—he had been the cham-
pion of the national rights from the outset of his political
career; his political life was without a blemish ; and now
his fame was interwoven with his fidelity to his country.
—(Cheers.) But while they ought to place confidence
even in the Minister, they should also tell the Minister
tbat they expected boldness and decision on his part.—
They should tell him that he must create Peers ; for since
the Lords would not reform the Commons, the Commons
must reform the Lords.--(Vehement rounds of cheering.)
How ?—By turbulence?—No ! By tumult ?—No ! By
mad excesses—by midnight conflagration—lry base atro-
city ?—No ! But by the same means that the Lords
threw out the Bill. How did they throw it out? By the
constitutional power vested in their hands. How was it
to be carried ? By the constitutional power vested in the
King.—(Loud cheering.) If ever an exercise of that pre-
rogative was justifiable, it was now.—(Cheers.) How
was Lord Grey expected to carry on the Government with
such a majority in the Lords against him ?"
It is quite true, as Mr. Sheil added, the majority
is only to be baffled by the creation of fresh Peers.
They who oppose such a creation do not wish Re-
form ; for he who wishes the end must wish the
means. The Bishops will never be Reformers,—
the Peers of the Pitt creation will never be Re-
formers. Therefore, a fresh infusion of pure blood
into the system must take place. This is not a time
for trifling. All is now at stake. 'We hail the
meeting of last night as a favourable omen. We
know that weak and timid men carp at the idea of
an Union. But it is by such means alone that we
shall be able to command Reform.-2ilorning Chron.
At the meeting of the rich and populous county
of Lanark, at Hamilton, on Monday last, upwards
of ten thousand persons were present. The speakers,
from the highest to the lowest, expressed a serious
and even stern determination to obtain a measure of
Reform as efficient as that which was rejected by
the House of Lords. We are now paying the pe-
nalty of the Machiavelian system, which condemned
the mass of the people of England to ignorance, and
consequently brutality. Superficial persons hold up
their hands in astonishment at the reception Mr.
Hunt has everywhere met with in his progress
through the North of England. And yet there is
nothing at which any reasonable man ought to be
surprised. To those who have access to the usual
channels of information, the conduct of Mr. Hunt
roust appear that of a man utterly without prin-
ciple, who would deprive the people of the greatest
of all blessings, merely because he can only attract
notice by such means. But the hearers of Mr.
Hunt in the manufacturing towus of the North cannot
see the reports of the debates in Parliament. In vain
Mr. Baines,of Leeds, furnished them with an expo-
sure of his endless inconsistencies since the Reform
Bill was first submitted to Parliament. Mr. Hunt
had only to term the exposure a lie, and the au-
dience were then reduced to the necessity of be-
lieving upon trust either Mr. Baines or Mr. Hunt.
We are not to infer from this that the working classes
are worse informed in the manufacturing districts
than elsewhere. They are, on the contrary, much
more intelligent than the same classes in other dis-
tricts; but they are less influenced by the middle
classes. The peculiarity of the manufacturing towns
is, that the proportion of the middle classes to the
labouring classes, is much smaller than elsewhere.
In the remaining parts of England, the middle
classes are followed by the labouring classes,
so that the ignorance of the latter is less mis-
chievously felt. In simple agricultural dis-
tricts, habits of deference to rank and authority are
all-powerful ; and nothing but such abominable
treatment as the labourers of the South of England
have, for some time, been subjected to, through the
working of the Poor Laws, could have shaken these
habits. But it is quite otherwise with a manufac-
turing population. As they defer to no authority,
their ignorance and their prejudices discover them-
selves without restraint. In such a state of things,
it is of the utmost importance that the people should
think correctly. But, as if some demon guided our
Councils, at the very time when society began to
take this new shape among us, and whsn, of conse-
quence, it began to be more than ever necessary to fa-
vour the diffusion of correct political information, we
began to throw additional impediments in the way of it.
We have now a Government really anxious to bene-
fit all classes of the country ; and we have, at the
same time, large masses of men, throughout the
country, so brutally ignorant, in consequence of
former misgovernment, that they are unable to ap-
preciate the good intentions of the Government.
The consequence is, that in all the manufacturing
towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire, even in Leeds,
which contains the greatest relative number of well-
informed men, the population, not hostile to Reform
from interested motives, is divided into Huntites
and supporters of the Bill. The Anti-Reformers
display a fiendish exultation at this; and there can
be no doubt that these divisions will have most mis-
chievous effects. We are ❑ot astonished at them.
Our astonishment was that all classes of the people
should so long have united in supporting the Reform
Bill. The Anti-Reformers were equally astonished
that all their artifices should so long have been un-
successful. But as miracles cannot continue for
ever, they were still buoyed up with the hope that
delay would some time or other lead to dissensions.
And the Devil, in the shape of Hunt, has at length
done their work in the North. We have always
had the best opinion of the intentions of Ministers,
but it grieves us to say that a e cannot add that we
have an equally high opinion of their sagacity.
They could only hope to carry Reform through the
supp at of the people. But, " there is a tide in
the affairs of men, which, taken at the flood, leads
on to fortune." If a measure of the magnitude of
Reform, to the success of which the full tide of
popular support is necessary, is to be carried at all,
it must be carried quickly. Delay, as we have a
hundred times said, is the parent of accidents. A
whole nation cannot be kept on the stretch for
years. We shall, no doubt, obtain Reform ; but we
shall not obtain it so easily as we might have ob-
tained it some time ago. The dissentients in the
manufacturing districts are numerous enough to pa-
ralyze the respectable and well-informed part of the
population. This, of course, feeds the hopes of
the refractory Peers. The county meetings through-
out England and Scotland, which continue without
intermission, show that the respectable and we►l-
informed classes are more fervent than ever in their
approbation of the Bill. There can be no ques-
tion that if England were now polled, the number
of Reformers of all grades, from the supporters
of the present Bill to the partisans of universal
suffrage, is greater than ever. But there can also be
no question that the success of Hunt in detaching a
portion of the labouring classes from the rest, and
placing the Reformers in angry collision with each

other, must be of the most injurious tendency. The
House of Lords must be incorrigible foes to Reform
in their hearts ; and whatever diminishes the strength
of the impulse from without, must add immensely
to the difficulty of influencing that body. We speak
our sentiments without reserve at this moment, be-
cause we deem it of the first importance that Re-
formers should see the difficulties that are rising up
to thwart them. Nothing but the most determined
conduct on the part of the Reformers will obtain
success. It is, therefore, the duty of every well-
informed Reformer to endeavour to conciliate his
more humble neighbours—to use all the means of
persuasion at his command—in order to satisfy them
of the importance of unanimity at this crisis. Let
us destroy, if possible, the guilty hopes of the Anti-
Reformers—let us show them that a great nation is
not to be insulted with impunity. Do not let them
imagine that they have less cause now to fear the
people than they had a month ago. The evils occa-
sioned by delay, evils which might easily have been
foreseen, and which we foresaw but too clearly,ma)
still be obviated, if we now make a long pull, a
strong pull, and a pull all together. The conduct
of Mr. Attwood at the Birmingham Union is in this
respect beyond all praise. Would that the people
in the other manufacturing districts would take an
example from the men of Warwickshire and Staf-
fordshire.—Aforaing Chronicle.
We have devoted more space to the subject of
the cholera morbus, in our impression of this day,
than it was our wish to have done. But the subject
has become truly important ; and though we would
be the last to give encouragement to unreasonable
apprehensions at such a moment as the present, we
think it right that the public should now be as fully
informed as possible upon all facts connected with
this dreadful epidemic. It is not knowledge, but
ignorance, that is the real alarmist. The greatest
calamities, when ascertained to their fullest extent,
invariably fall short of the picture given of them by
the imagination, which never works so powerfully
as when it works in the dark. Besides, it would
betray an unwarrantable distrust in the moral cou-
rage of the people of England to suppose them in-
capable of looking danger in the face when it is
their duty to provide against it, like men and women,
instead of shutting their eyes against it, like chil-
dren. But with all our inclination to be as distinct
as possible respecting the exact state of the disease
in Sunderland, we cannot yet boast that our intel-
ligence is very exact from that quarter. Indeed
the two letters which will be found under the
head of " Cholera," and which, with the ex-
ception of the report of the Medical Board, con-
tain every thing that is yet known upon the
subject, come not front Sunderland, but from New-
castle, which was the place, as will be recollected,
from whence the report reached us in the first in-
stance. One of those letters throws some light on
the disinclination of the inhabitants to be very com-
municative. It seems they are more afraid of the in.
terruption of their intercourse than of the progress of
the cholera. But they will defeat their own object
by such a course, for the fact being now generally
admitted that it is the Indian cholera which has got
amongst them, concealment cannot answer the
purpose they have in view. As an instance of the
manner in which concealment leads to exaggeration,
we may mention the report communicated in one of
the letters, that out of twenty cases, supposed to be
the whole number of the persons seized with
cholera since the first appearance of the disease,
fifteen or sixteen had died. Now we cannot help
thinking that, if the facts were thoroughly known, it
would appear that more persons had been deceased,
and consequently that the mortality was less exten-
sive in proportion to that number. We hope, there-
fore, that all mystification will be avoided in future, and
that the wish for concealment, which is ascribed to
the medical men themselves, if true, will be
discontinued. To show them how little it has an-
swered their purpose as yet, we can tell them that
we have received letters from more than one corres-
pondent, recommending what would amount to a
total prohib;tion of intercourse with their town.
We have no idea that any such course will be
adopted; nor could we wish it, seeing the certain
misery it would produce;—but that is no reason
why we should disapprove of the other measures
resorted to, even if we thought them less efficacious.
Amongst other interesting matter contained under
the general head will be found two documents on
the nature of cholera, differing from each other lobo
ccelo, and yet both proceeding from authorities en-
titled to attention. One is the report of Doctors
Russell and Barry, who have watched the progress
of the disease in St. Petersburgh. They maintain
that it is communicable by contvion, and was in-
troduced by that means into St. Petersburgh
The other is a notice from the Prussian Government,
relaxing the preventive regulations for the very con-
trary reason—viz., " because no instance could
be adduced of the communication of the disease
by sending goods, letters," &c. With two such
documents before our eyes, both emanating
from quarters well experienced in the disease
about which they think so differently, we may surely
recommend the mere theorists to concede something
to each other in a point upon which even practical
and experienced men cannot agree. But the most
important feature in the communications to which
we have referred our readers on the subject of
cholera is, the active zeal with which the Board of
Health in the city are now exerting themselves. At
their instance a public meeting is to take place en
Monday next, for the purpose of warding off infec-
tion, and extending preventive measures to the des-
titute poor. No doubt the example will be followed
in other places. One of the facts promulgated yes-
terday is calculated to place in the strongest light
the necessity of free ventilation. It seems that a
believema pof otthi ea
to f the great
o f Berlin) cities es of
been
the
marked Continent
rked by o (we
neof
the resident physicians, to show the course of the
disease; and according to this map the wide streets
i‘is:efereetieoxrei.mpTt,i‘ise•hirle rule applied
close ones
inees;y were vcaslse.lted with
But
is time that we should conclude our remarks, and
refer for further particulars to the details themselves,
which will be found in another eolumn.—Morning
Herald.

Though the sanguinary struggle for the liberties of
Poland is at an end, yet the future fate of that
country involves a question of great importance,
both as regards the interests of humanity and the
policy of E .ropean nations. Poland has fallen, but
the treaty of 1815, to which England and France,
with the other great Powers, were parties, and
which guarantees the independence of that kingdom,
still exists in the archives of the Congress of Vienna.
It has, indeed, been hitherto little more than waste
paper, because a pusillanimous acquiescence in the
arrogant pretensions of Russia by the Cabinets of
the other great Powers has had the same practical
effect upon the fortunes of Poland as if that treaty
were cancelled. The sycophants of Russian de-
spotism have gone the length of saying that the
Polish insurrection annulled that treaty, and that
Poland can now have no hope but from the modera-
tion of the conqueror. To support this position,
they say, that the Poles, if they felt themselves ag-
grieved, and could establish their charges of oppres.
sion against the Russian Government, ought to have
appealed to the other Powers who were parties to
the treaty ; but, having had recourse to force, they
" estopped" themselves, as lawyers say, from taking
the benefit of peaceful mediation. Let us see what
strength there is in this sort of argument. The
very grievances to which the Poles were subjected
by the Russian Government, in violation of the treaty
which guaranteed their independence, and in contra.
vention of the charter of their rights, prevented
them from making their wrongs known in any other
way than by an appeal to arms. The Press was
enslaved—the publication of the debates of the Diet
was prohibited—the public sentiment was kept
down by a system of espionage and terror, which
made it certain ruin for a Pole to breathe a word of
the political wrongs and sufferings of his country.
If, under this system, an individual dared to appeal
for redress to foreign Powers, he must have first
made himself as exile from his native land, or a

dungeon or Siberia would have been his portion.
There were, indeed, many exiles, who, in foreign
lands, told the tale of Poland's miseries ; but how
could the dignity of diplomacy stoop to the com-
plaints of persecuted men, or condescend to listen
to the statements of any individuals who were not
invested with the authority off some official cha-
racter ? Who could expect the Metternichs, the
Bulows, the Palmerstons, and the Talleyrands, of
protocol celebrity, to step down from their diplo-
matic desks—to turn aside for a moment from the
ponderous volumes where common-sense lay buried
under mountains of lofty verbiage--to give ear to a
Pole, who was neither a Plenipotentiary, Ambassador,
Minister, or Envoy, relating in the simp'e language of
truth the sufferings of his country, and demanding the
fulfilment of the treaty of Vienna? Well, but why
did not the Government of Poland complain to the
other Powers, and demand the observances of the
treaty ? For this plain reason, that the Govern-
ment of Poland, from the time that the treaty and
the charter were set aside, became, to all intents
and purposes, a Russian Government, and it was
not to be expected that the chosen myrmidons of
the tyrant Constantine would complain against the
system by which their vices were pampered and
their passion for rapine and persecution was so
abundantly gratified. Even Judges were impri-
soned or banished if they dared to listen to the
suggestions of conscience or justice when political
victims were demanded. How, then, could the
wrongs and injuries of Poland be made known au-
thentically to all Europe but by an appeal to arms ?
By the insurrection of Warsaw the Poles may be
said to have served notice of the violation of the
charter of their independence upon all the Powers
who were parties to the treaty. An insurrection
which in the course of a few hours swept away the
Russian power must have been national—and a na-
tional insurrection could not have arisen but from
national wrong. This was therefore a case for the
intervention of the great Powers, who had consti-
tuted themselves, in the first instance, protectors of
the independence of the Polish nation. It is true that
while the contest was going on in Poland, the Em.
peror Nicholas declared that it was all the work of
some hot-headed men, and that the nation had
no concern in it. This opinion received countenance
in some degree at our Foreign-office, as Lord Pal-
merston thought it a plausible excuse for non-inter-
ference. But, now that the brave Poles have been
overwhelmed by numbers, and crushed by treachery,
the Emperor Nicholas declares that the nation has
committed a crime against his sovereignty, for it is
his object that the " delinquency" should now be
thought as general as possible, because it affords a
pretext for a more general measure of punishment.
But 50,000 Poles have scorned to appeal to his
clemency. The) have adopted an address to their
countrymen, which we have published, and by
which they banish themselves from their native soil
as lon, as it shall be ruled by a tyrant. In the gene-
rous indignation of that manly virtue which misfor-
tune may overpower, but cannot subdue, they say,
" Poles,—let us leave that wretched country, now
no more our own, though soaked with the best
blood of her defenders ;—let us leave Europe a
heartless spectator of our struggles and of our de-
spair. America is the only country worthy of
affording an asylum to men who have sacrificed
every thing for freedom. There Poland will be
enshrined in our hearts, and Heaven will, perhaps,
bless our devotion." This is the language of men
who have suffered in a righteous cause, and whose
patriotism burns the more brightly through the
gloom of adversity. But there is a Providence that
will not forger the recorded wrongs of such a people.
—lllorning Herald.

POLICE INTELLIGENCE.

BOW STREET.

Two ragged, miserable, but red-faced, elderly
women, Mary Holland and Maria Freeman, reeled
(rather than walked) into this office yesterday, and
on being placed in front of the bench on which the
Magistrate sat, were charged with having broken a
pane of glass in the window of Mrs. Smith, a shop-
keeper, residing in Clare-street, Clare-market. Mrs.
Smith's son stated that the defendants, a short time
before, were passing his mother's shop, when they
staggered against and broke the pane of glass.
Mr. MINSHULL—WeII, but one only can be
charged with the offence, and that one must be the
party who did the mischief.
The witness observed, that the defendants were
walking arm-in-arm, and that the outside one it was
who pushed the other against the window.
Mr. MINSHULL—Then they seem to have been
both guilty.

" No, please your Worship," sa'd Mary Holland,
" I alone am to blame ; my friend is free from blame,
and I am ready to bear all the punishment. You
will, I hope, your Worship, let my poor dear friend
go,and be content with enforcing the law against me."
" Oh, no," exclaimed Maria Freeman, " take my
word, your Worship, that I was the person who broke
the glass. Send me to prison, and do whatever else
you please with me, hut let my dear friend Mary go."
Mr. Missitur.L—Upon my word, you are a most
extraordinary pair of friends as ever I heard of. So
You would suffer punishment for each other, would
you ?—" V, e would willingly," replied Mary and
Maria in a breath " that we would, your Worship ;
we'd do any thing for each other."
Mr. Mussituu,—Can you pay half-a-crown for
the window you have broken ?—" No, your Wor-
ship, we cannot," said they, " we've only got one
sixpence in the world."
Mr. MiNsituLL—Well, then, I must send you to
prison.—" I pray your Worship," cried Mary," send
me; I'll go for any length of time, provided you
don't send my friend. Ah, do, dear Sir, let her go."
—" No, indeed," quoth Maria," his Worship will
send me ; you must be let go; I alone shall be sent
to prison., '

Mr. 7.lllssuLL—Upon my word, you are a sin-
gular pair of gin-drinkers, and your feelings are not
less extraordinary.
The witness was so moved by the women's con-
duct that he declined pressing the case, and ac-
cepted their promise to pay for the broken glass when
they could. The Magistrate accordingly told them
they were discharged. They asked if they were to
pay their only sixpence, and on being told that they
were not, they joined arms and proceeded, in the
true spirit of friendship, to a neighbouring public-
house, where they expended it in