The Sun.
London, England, 1836-09-01 00:00:00

_V, SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1536.

letting farms on a long lease (19 or 21 years), end at a corn
rent, has tended very much to encourage agricultural im-
provement in that country; and a corn rent must be particu-
larly favourable to tenants in those seasons, when crops are
sufficiently abundant to lower the market price of corn. In
years of scarcity, on the other hand, they cannot be of equal
advantage to the farmer ; and, perhaps, the most perfect sys-
tem would be, to allow a portion of the rent to vary with the
price of that description of corn which forms the ordinary pro-
duce of the farm, and the remainder to be a fixed money
payment."

This system of a corn rent, combined with a money
rent, has, if we are not mistaken, been long acted upon
in Scotland. It was recommended to the agriculturists
of England in 1815, in a very able pamphlet on the
Corn Laws by Dr. CROMBIE, of Greenwich ; and to
it, no doubt, in part, may be attributed the prosperity
of the Scotch agriculturists. The chief elements of
this prosperity, however, we take to be a better rota-
tion of crops and long leases. These improvements,
particularly the latter, we heartily wish to see intro-
duced into England. Without long leases there is no
sufficient inducement for agricultural enterprise. Were
they to become general, every other improvement would
follow in their train, and the greatest of all those im-
provements would be the political independence of the
English farmer. Lie would not then be, as he
now is, the degraded bondsman, the slave, the born,
thrall of his landlord ?

Mr. LEFEVRE next notices with great and seemingly
well-deserved approbation, the sub-soil plough in-
vented by Mr. SMITH of Deenster, near Stirling,
which has been in use in Scotland for the last twelve
years. By means of this ingenious implement, sub-
soils are made to receive, without interfering with the
crop growing on the surface, all the beneficial influ-
ences derived from fallowing. In the management of
clay lands, on which it is now so difficult to raise
wheat to advantage, such an improvement as the in-
troduction of the sub-soil plough can hardly be too
highly estimated by agriculturists. Mr. LEFEVRE con-
siders it of as great importance as the introduction of
the turnip system on lighter soils.
The author then discusses the subject of Poor Laws
in Ireland, with reference to the interest of the Eng-
lish agriculturist, and seems to think that the esta-
blishment of a Poor-Law system in that country would
not be for his benefit, however desirable it might be on
other accounts. This, we think, cannot admit of a
doubt, if it be disadvantageous to the agriculture of
England to have an additional supply of grain poured
into the English market. That, we take it, must be
the inevitable consequence of any system that gives
constant and adequate employment to the vast popu-
lation of 'lreland, upon its own fertile soil. Mr.
LEFEVRE, therefore, very properly dismisses all
hope of relief to the English farmer from this source,
and proceeds to the consideration of the other sugges-
tions offered to the Committee—namely, " the allow-
ing Farmers permission to malt their own barley for
consumption on their farms, free of duty, and a reduc-
tion of the Malt Tax."
To the first of these modes of relief he is adverse,

and after an elaborate, clear, and able examination of
the second, he comes to the conclusion, that it would
lie advantageous to the agricultural interest to repeal
the present Corn Laws, substituting a small fixed duty
on importation, and conjointly with this measure to
take off half the duty on malt.
Among the suggestions for relieving the agricultu-
rists offered to the Legislature, was one from Liver-
nool and Plymouth, which we think well worth the
attention of Parliament. It was proposed, in pea-
',ion; from those towns,. that a certificate should be
granted to the exporter of British flour fOr every. bar-
rel he exposits, " authorising himhim to liberate, at any
futur.: time, as much foreign grain as could have been
liberated by the amount of duty payable on the import
of a barrel of foreign flour at the time when the export
was !wick." When it is considered that very large
quantities of flour are sent annually from America to
the West Indies, by way of Liverpool, we cannot
help thinking that a good opening is here presented for
getting rid of surplus produce, and laying the foun-
dation of an export trade in corn, to which, in spite of
all our Corn Laws, we are fast hastening.
Some of the witnesses examined by the Committee
having attributed the distress experienced in certain
districts to the resumption of cash payments, Mr.
LEFEVRE bestcws a passing notice on that question.
The currency-mongers receive no encouragement from
him. As, however, his opinions on this subject coin-
cide exactly with those so often expressed by this jour-
nal, we shall not trouble our readers with any extract
from this part of the pamphlet.
At page 38, we find the following sensible observa-
tions, with which we conclude our notice, of a pamphlet
which ought to be in the hands of every agriculturist
in the three kingdoms :
" In conclusion, I would recommend those persons who feel
disposed to question the utility of an Enquiry whichis said to
have been productive of such barren results, to read with care
and attention the evidence which has been collected. It is true
that it contains nothing to flatter with delusive hope the farmer
who has neither skill, energy, nor capital. But to one who
takes the conduct of a farm, with a determination to apply to
it those improvements, which the progress of science has ex-
. tended to agriculture ; and who, possessing industry and intel-
ligence, has also the means by which alone they can be made
e.vailable to him, the perusal of this evidence will afford abun-
dant encouragement. Still greater benefit be derived from
the enquiry, if it does but convince any numerous class of agri-
culturists, that the best thing which the legislature can do for
them is to free their trade from the shackles imposed upon it
by impolitic la:ls—that the relief, afforded by the new Poor
Laws, and the Tithe Commutation Act, is the principal benefit
which can be derived from Parliamentary interference—that
any attempt to keep up artificially the prices of agricultural
produce, for any length of time, must lead to delusion and dis-
appointment ; that looking forward in future years to a mode-
rate price of wheat, the farmer must regulate all his contracts
accordingly, and instead of constantly appealing to the legisla-
ture for succour, he must rely upon his own industry, which,
under Providence, will not fail him."

CLIFTON ►SUSPENSION BRIDGE.—In the after-
noon of Saturday several persons were attracted to the spot
where the bar crosses the Avon, in consequence of some gen-
tlemen being observed taking a car over to the Leigh-wood
side of the river. In a short time it was perceived that this
car was being affixed to the iron bar, and in a few minutes two
young gentlemen entered it, and it was drawn about midway,
hanging ever the river ; here it stopped, owing, it is supposed,
to there being an obstruction in the bar caused by its fall ; the
rope by which the car was being drawn was then slackened to,
a very considerable degree. The Benledi steam-vessel at this
time approached, and the mast just caught the rope ; a cry of
horror was uttered on both shores; the parties on board the
steamer, not being aware of the circumstance, did not stop the
vessel, which proceeded, drawing with it the rope, the bar,
and the car. The people on the shore covered their eyes with
their hands, and expected every instant to hear the report of
the bar breaking ; for, if this had been the case, the young
gentlemen would have been precipitated into the river below.
Fortunately, however, at this awful crisis one man had suffi-
cient fortitude and presence of mind to cut the end of the rope,
and thus let the voyagers free from the steamer, but the car
then swung to and fro with the most fearful rapidity, and a
gentleman who was present states that the sight was so dread-
ful, that it is impossible to give a description of it. After a
lapse of some time the car became steady, and the young gen-
tlemen were drawn to the rock in safety. A gentleman then
got into it, and was drawn to the same spot. He ascended
from the car to the bar, and was apparently engaged in en-
deavouring to remove the obstruction ; but our informant had
seen enough and left the spot, assuring us that what he had
witnessed had made such an impression on his mind that it was
some time before he recovered his self-possession.
In the township of Leeds alone there have been
lodged 1,101 Liberal, and 1,355 Tory objections. The claims
are 101 Liberal, and 95 Tory.
Amongst the sufferers by the recent fire at London
Bridge no one can have been more unfortunate than M. Luiz
Autunes de Carvalho, a Portuguese gentleman, who arrived
at Falmouth last week in the Goldfinch packet from the Bra-
zils, and arrived in this city on Monday morning by land, hav-
ing forwarded his baggage by the William Fawcett, steam-
boat. On inquiring for it at the office in John-street, to his
astonishment and chagrin he found they had been landed, all
but one box, the evening before at Fenning's wharf, and had
been totally consumed.
Some of the soldiers who took part in the attempt
at insurrection which was made at St. Petersburgh immedi-
ately after the death of Alexander, were asked by an officer
what they understood by the word " Constitution," which they
were vociferating. ".Oh, Sir." they replied, " Constitution
means the wife of the Grand Duke Constantine."

BANK OF ENGLAND.

NTERVIEW BETWEEN A DEPUTATION FROM THE BANK OF
LIVERPOOL AND THE GOVERNOR, &C. OF THE BANK OF

ENGLAND.
We learn that the measures pursued by the Bank of
England, in throwing out the paper of some leading Ame-
rican houses, was beginning to excite alarm in Lanca-
shire in consequence of which the Bank of Liverpool
deemed it necessary to send a deputation to wait on the
Governor and Directors, to confer with them on a mea-
sure of so much importance to the commercial interest of
the country, particulary as the Bank of Liverpool deemed
the steps taken by the Bank of England now unnecessary,
inasmuch as specie had ceased to be exported to the United
States, which was the alleged cause of declining to dis-
count American Bills.

vV
The deputation arrived on Tuesday at the Bank, about
twelve o'clock, where they remained about two hours in
conference with the Governor, Deputy-Governor, and Mr.
Horsley Palmer, and after a very full discussion on all
points bearing on the question at issue, it was understood
that now no obstacle would be thrown in the way of dis-
counting American bills arising out of fair business transac-
tions ; but there was a wish on the part of the Bank to
check such foreign State negotiations as would have a ten-
dency to drain the country of specie.
We understand there was the most distinct assurance
on the part of the Bank, that the bills which they declined
discounting did not arise from the least doubt of their re-
spectability, but on the other baud, they confined their
rejections to the paper houses of known wealth, respecta-
bility, and resources, to prevent inconvenience and alarm.

'SHIPPING.-(THIS DAY.)
(FROM LLOYD'S.)
DEAL, AUG. 31. —Wind W. S. W.—Arrived from the river
and remains the Bolton, —, for Calcutta ; Narcissus, —,
for the Cape of Good Hope; Dryad, Godby, for St. Helena ;
and Emulous, Wellbank, for Rio Janeiro. Arrived and sailed
for the river the Zephyr, Spiers, for Exeter. Six p.m.--
Sailed the Dryad, for St. Helena ; and Bolton, for Calcutta.
PORTSMOUTH; AUG. 31.—Wind W. to S.—Arrived from
London the President, Chadwick, for New York. Sailed the
Eden, Walker, for Van Diemen's Land.

PLYMOUTH, AUG' 30. —Wind S. W. to S. S. W.—There are
no arrivals. Sailed his Majesty's ship Malabar, for Lisbon ;
and his Majesty's steamer Phcenix. for the Westward.
FALMOUTH, AUG. 30.-Wind S.W. to W. S. W.—Arrived
the Nightingale Packet, from the West Indies—sailed from
St. Thomas's the 27th of July. Off port the Louisa, M' Cu-
tinson, from Mauritius ; and Brandt, Georgius, from Bahia.
No sailings.
COWES, Ave. 31.—Arrived the Ullab, Hultman, from New
Bedford. _

ISLE OF WIGHT, AUG. 31.—Arrived off port the Emerald,
Hall, from Antigua.
SCILLY, AUG. 30.—Arrived off port the Hannah, Camp-
bell, from Matanzas.
BRISTOL, Ave. 31.-,-Arrived the James Daley, Potter,
from Bonny.
SHARPNESS, Ave. 30.—Arrived the Zero, Stevenson, from
Quebec. _ _

CLYDE, Aun. 30.—Arrived the Christian, Poulson, from
Jamaica ; Clydesdale, Campbell, from Antigua ; Czar, Se-
ville, from Bay Chaleur ; Corsair, Henderson, from Naples.
DUNDALK, Auo. 31.—Part of a wreck of a vessel of about
500 or 600 tons was fallen in with yesterday about fifteen miles
S. E. of - Wexford. The Margaret arrived here from Swan-
sea, which picked up the foreyard, standing rigging, and part
of a new foresail marked " Robinson, sail-maker, Liverpool."
The Duke of Wellington also arrived here from Swansea,
when off Arklow Light-house, distant twelve miles, fell in
with the top mast and top-gallant mast, sails, &c. ; the
doublins of the mast painted white, supposed to belong to a
vessel of 500 or 600 tons.

The Braganza, Stilson, from Cadiz to Bath, foundered July
11, in lat. 29. long. 64. The crew saved.
The F. A. Russell, from Grenada to Newfoundland, was
totally lost in the Bay of Bulls on the sth ult.