The Sun.
London, England, 1849-10-09 00:00:00

11'
EVENING OCTOBER 9= 1849.

" to whose united exertions, talents, and public spirit
the British people are under deep obligations for the
greater part of the civil and religious privileges they
now enjoy ;" yet, in the above-mentioned chapter,
" on the influence of the Papacy," he attributes due
honour to that institution which has elicited the en-
thusiasm of Mr. Macaulay. Here again Mr. Blakey
quotes the Protestant Guizot in support of his enco-
miums on the beneficial influence of the Papacy in
the troublous times of barbarism. "I think, then,
humanly speaking," says Guizot, " that it is not too
much to aver, that in the fourth and fifth centuries it
was the Christian Church that saved Christianity;
that it was the Christian Church, with its institutions,
its magistrates, its authority—the Christian Church
which struggled so vigorously to prevent the interior
dissolution of the empire, which struggled against the
barbarian, and which in fact overcame the barbarian.
It was this Church, I say, that became the great
connecting link, the principle of civilization between
the Roman and barbarian world." Again, on this
subject, Mr. Blakey observes :
" Unquestionably the Papacy was a fierce and
uncompromising power to the rulers of mankit,d—those
whose maxims are based on absolute right, and enforced
and supported by reckless ambition, cruelty, and rapine.
But, viewing it as a whole during many ages, its general
policy was evidently to tighten the reins on querulous
and unprincipled usurpers, and to weaken the ties
which bound the multitude to their iron sway. Its
maxims of authority were arrogant and despotic, but its
practical influence was salutary and remedial. To the
rulers of the earth it preached the doctrine of absolute
submission • but its practice was to strike off the fetters
of the bondsmen and the slave, and to extend the
liberties and privileges of the community at large. The
voice of the Vatican shook the firmest throne, and made
the hearts of the most redoubtable princes sink within
them, but to the merchant and the trader, the farmer
and the vassal, the parish priest and his flock, its tones
of thunder were little heeded, because their fulmination
had no especial reference to themselves and their ordinary
pursuits."
Mr. Blakey has acted both justly and judiciously
in speaking out thus boldly. Truth can never be
forwarded by the weapons of calumny or misrepre-
sentation, and those Protestant writers who denounce
in one sweeping condemnation all things connected
with Romanism, simply because so connected, are far
from forwarding the principles of the Reformation.
As another evidence of Mr. Blakey's impartiality, we
quote the following paragraph in reference to the
scholastic philosophy in the. dark ages, which will
astonish many of our readers -(be 'it observed, also,
that Mr. Blakey always writes the term " dark ages"
either in italics or with inverted commas, as if to
show that he at least does not consider them especially
dark) :
" When we consider that ninety.nine parts out of a
hundred of all the political and social legislation of mo-
dern Europe came under the direct cognizance of those
scholastic divines—were made. especial topics of eager
and passionate discussion—placed side by side in all their
remote bearings and ramifications, with the declarations
and truths of the Scriptures—admitted as canons of truth
and fitness only as they squared with the direct Word
of God—when we consider these matters we are con-
strained to acknowledge that what goes under the deno-
mination of scholastic philosophy comprehends within
itself a vast body of sound knowledge. * • There
was a more open and direct communication with the sacred
volume than at the present day, even though this volume
is now multiplied to an almost indefinite extent, and
circulated among all classes of the people. • • *
There is leas known of the nature and import of Scrip-
ture, in connexion with man's duty and interest as a
member of civil society, than there was in what are pro-
verbially termed the Dark ages."
The subject of this work is one of universal inte-
rest, and the manner of its treatment fits it for
universal perusal. The young and unlearned
will comprehend and derive information from
it, for its style is remarkable for simplicity,
and its explanations for explicitness ; and, at
the same time, even those who are not ignorant of
the various matters to which it relates will find, in
the admirable summary which it gives of so many
complicated topics, at once a refreshment of their
memory and a source of interesting meditation. Let
no one suppose from the name that this work is serious
as a homily or dry as an abstract history ; on the
contrary, if one epithet describes its character more
particularly than any other, it is the epithet of inte-
resting. Some of the chapters are as enthralling as
the pages of a novel. Cordially we commend the
work to general perusal; it is calculated to make its
readers wiser, and happier, and better—and few are
the volumes of which we can say so much.

HAYMARKET THEATRE.
Never do we remember to have seen a theatre
more crowded than was the Haymarket Theatre last
evening, and the occasion was one which called in
a most especial manner for an expression of sym-
pathy on the part of the British public with one who
has by his example done more to elevate and dignify
the histrionic profession than any other man now
living ; who has shown that it is possible to be at the
same time a leading actor, a ripe scholar, a finished
gentleman, and a good man; but who had been bilk
tally outraged by an ignorant and an excited mob
halloo'd on to mischief by a man who was as inca-
pable of appreciating the high and gentleman!)
feeling of him he outraged as be was of
rivalling him as an actor or as a scholar.
It was the first appearance in the metropolis of Mr.
Macready since his return from America, and the
audience with which the Haymarket Theatre was
crammed last evening was gathered together
as much t..) express sympathy with the man
as admiration for the actor. Never bad actor
such a reception as that which r eeted Mr.
Macready last evening ; his reception a' en he made
his first appearance at the Princess's aft. his return
from America five years ago, grand is it was, was
tame in comparison with his receptia last evening.
The whole house, which was crowded, from the
orchestra stalls to the gallery ceiling, rose at him and
cheered:; the, ladies in the boxes were waiving their
handkerchiefs, and the men were waiving their hats,
cheering the whole time. This continued for several
minutes, and the cheering died away as it would/seem
from the sheer exhaustion of the cheerers ; they had,
however, only paused to; take breath, again was the
cheering renewed, and again and again, before the
play was suffered to proceed. That play was Mac-
beth, and the play-geing,public are so well acquainted
with Mr. Macready's reading of, the character, that.
it would;be work of supererogation to indulgein any
lengthened commentary: Ile has come back to us
the same Macready that he ever was, with energies
undiminished, and with mannerisms uncorrected. It
is announced that at the conclusion of the present
season it is his intention to retire from the stage ;
we hope, however, that he will be induced to recon-
sider his determination. There is no failing in either
his mental, or his physical powers; he owes a debt of
duty to the art which has made him what he is, and
he ought not to retire at the moment when the in-
terests of that art most require his presence. At the
conclusion of the tragedy he was again called for-
ward, and his reception was to the full as enthu-
siastic as it bad been on his first appearance.
The, play was strongly cast. Mrs. Warner was the
Lady Macbeth, and albeit her performance is by no
means faultless, yet taken as a whole, hers is by far
the best Lady Macbeth on the stage. That most
accomplished of artists, James Wallack, acted Mac-
duff beautifully; and Stuart, James Bland, arid C.
Selby, were the best witches we have ever seen.
There was a fiend-like energy and hellish malignity
about the acting of Stuart tbat
.was admirably in
keeping with the character. Miss P. Horton; was
the Hecate, and, with the exception of the introduc-
tion of some ornaments of rather doubtful
character into the air. " Now I'm 'furnished
for my flight,", she sang and acted admirably.
The music altogether was very well performed.
A slight incident occurred during the course of the
performance; which at one time threatened to mar
the harmony of the evening. The house, ay we
before stated, was crowded to suffocation at the
commencement of the evening, and when some per-
sons, who, gained admission at half-price, sought
for accommodation, of course there was none to
be found; whereupon the new corners set up
a loud call for " Webster," and would not
be pacified. At length Wallack came forward, and
informed them that Mr. Webster was not in the
house, but that if they were at all incommoded
they should, if they would leave the theatre, have
tickets given them for another night, when the per-
formances would be repeated. This assurance
satisfied the dissentients, and the performances pro-
ceeded triumphantly to their close.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.
FHOM THE MORNING PAPERS OF THIS Day.
TlMES.—There is good in evil. If the policy of
the Court of St. Petersburgh has raised apprehension
in the Councils of the Porte, or inspired the refugees
of Hungary with dismay, there are men in this
country to whom it has been a perfect godsend. It
has supplied the enemies of Austria and the ad-
mirers of Hungary with fresh recruits and a fresh
subject. The declamation about the horrors of the
Hungarian war had become stale, and the statement
of Austrian oppression doubtful, when, fortunately
for the oratory of the speakers and the ears of the
audiences, the Emperor of Russia embarked in a
course repugnant at once to the law and the sentiment
of nations. A new topic was added to the exhausted
machinery of former harangues • and men who were
tired listening Ito suspicious details of Hungarian
liberty warmed with enthusiasm as the arrogant
demand of the Czar, the humiliation of the Porte, or
the prospective interference of England were substi-
tuted for the trite fabrications of the platform. Mr.
Cobden has availed himself of the opportunity thus
offered, though not in the happiest way. In fact, he
is involved in a mesh of contradictions, and has only
himself (and the platform system, of which he is a
victim) to thank for it. There never was so strange
a multitude of conflicting claims as those to which he
has lately pledged himself all round. The champion
of free trade, he takes upon himself the task
of dictating to the merchants of London in a
tone which the Czar would not venture to use at St.
Petersburgh. The champion of peace, he is, in-
veigled into flattering the sentiment of those whom
he addresses, and that sentiment is one of unmis-
takable and animated hostility towards the 'most
powerful sovereign of Europe. With one cause good
enough for his purpose, he takes up another, which
is not only less good, but absolutely bad ; and by his
mode of assault he succeeds in depriving himself of that
support which a more consistent championship would
have secured for him. It is impossible to over-rate
the mischiefs which are produced by the habits of the
platform when we observe their development at such
meetings as that which was held yesterday at the City
of London Tavern. First of all a man of some cele-
brity—and that celebrity, too, founded entirely on his
advocacy of free trade—undertakes, of all things in
the world, to convoke a public meeting for the purpose
of deterring mercantile men from lending money as
they think fit ! A more monstrous scheme—notwith-
standing Mr. Cobden's attempt at an excuse—was
never before attempted by any one man, nor tole-
rated by any body of men. It is neither more nor
less than an effort to bring the force of numbers—
physical force, in fact—to bear upon men's private
interests and projects. Disguise it as he may, it
amounts to this—Any man is to be bullied by an
array of numbers or a battery of speeches from exer-
cising the ordinary freedom of trade. If it be not
this, what is it? Mr. Cobden professes to feel a
tender solicitude for the pockets of the poor. Are the
poor money-lenders ? Is it from the drudging clerks
or mechanics of the city that Austrian loans will be
raised ? Mr. Cobden has a story about a poor porter
who starved on 2,0001. in the Spanish Bonds. He
might just as well have cited the story of " Jack
and the Beanstalk." The object of the meeting was
not to warn the poor, but to deter the capitalists. The
investigation of the resources of Austria was a mere
pretence. Does Mr. Cobden imagine that people will
not be able to ascertain the capabilities of that em-
pire without his assistance ? Does he think that the
conditions of the loan will not explain themselves ? If
Jr.: Cobden's justification be accepted, then the whole
mercantile body of London is condemned.
For, on his showing, they are all either
dolts or knaves ; they either are wholly
ignorant of the country with which they are invited
to negotiate, or they are playing into each other's
hands for the purpose of duping the unwary and the
poor. We leave it to Mr. Cobden to settke his ex-
:deflation with the class which he has libelled. And
then fur his laboured plea of consistency. Where does
he find loans denounced in the abstract without re-
ference to their occasion ? He will find in all the
authors whom he so ostentatiously quotes many pas-
sages condemnatory of wars, their expense, and the
loans which they necessitate. No one ever questioned
that war was a bad thing; that, if it were possible, it
would be better to eschew them altogether. All these
are truisms familiar to men, women, and children.
But it is no less true—or rather it is only another
form of expressing the same truth—that it is better
to close the wounds of war soon than to leave them
gaping open ; that it is better to consolidate and con-
summate a partial triumph than to leave oppor-
tunities and temptations to fresh and desperate
ruptures. The Government of Austria has
neaten the men who took up arms against
it. 'Were the conflict to begin again, it
would beat them more easily than before. Is it not
better, then—more humane, more merciful—to give
it the means of discharging the more urgent claims to
which the contest has made it liable, than, by denying
this, to expose the vanquished foe to all the varieties of
pillage and all the devices of extortion ? The
Croatian and Sclave soldiers are not very fastidious as
to the means by which they maintain themselves.
The -spirit which animated the roving volunteer of
Wallenstein's camp may still be found in the motley
corps which compose an Austrian army ; and there
are soldiers in it not a few, to whom—if their Govern-
ment had no money—half-a-year's run over Magyar
Farms and homes would be a pleasant indemnity for
'he loss of regular pay. So much for the humanity
is well as the political economy of the question. The
matter is as clear as daylight. Mr. Cobden neither
wishes to enlighten the ignorant, nor ware the poor,
nor save Hungary • but simply to spite Austria, by be-
ginning a system of which the end and scope would be
CO subject every rich man's fortune and every banker's
transaction to the caprice of mobs who have no money
to lend and no credit to boast of. And what will be
the upshot of his success? 'Why, that Austria will
be devoted, hand, heart, and soul to Russia. The
influence which the latter exercises over the former
Power will become dominion. The great Imperial
barrier of Eastern Europe will subside into part and
parcel of the great Cossack empire. One-half of
Europe will become Cossack in sympathies and in-
terests. Hungary, so far from being near her salva-
tion, will be irretrievably crushed, despite Mr. Cob-
den's private and particular knowledge respecting the
finances of an Emperor, whose wholepeople would rush
to battle for him if he called them. It is a pity Mr.
Cobden and Lord Dudley Stuart should mar a good
cause. Russia has acted wrongly and arrogantly—
not in assisting an allied Government, for that is
sanctioned by the law of nations—but in dictating
terms to an inferior which she would not have
proposed to an equal power. her design is detected.
She aspires to give laws from the seat of the
Byzantine Emperors, and to restore to the Mosque
of St. Sophia its ancient worship. Happily,
both the object which she has at heart, and the pre-
text by which she masks it, are odious and offensive
to the English people. Our countrymen will neither
connive at a double breach of hospitality and law, nor
will they tamely see the Indian route of Alexander
the Great opened to the Russian Caesar. Our sym-
pathies and our interests go together. We will not
suffer even refugees whom we despise to be wrenched
from the protecting arms of a feeble ally. We will
not peril the glory and the fortunes of England by
opening the path from Constantinople to Candahar to
a new and barbarous ambition. Nor will we, as a
people, content ourselves with words. Notwith-
standing the unpatriotic parsimony which would have
robbed us of our armies and ,our ships, we still have
a fleet which could blockade the whole Russian
coast, and we have allies that will not leave us
to fight the battle of the Sultan single-handed.
Mr. Cobden may denounce loans as long as he
likes. Such denunciations go for nothing. The
people of England know that the moral sin of lend-
ing money to an ally is not greater than that of sel-
ling uniforms and weapons to a foe—a practice not
rebuked by greater economists than Mr. Cobden.
They know, too, how to measure the wisdom or the
folly of taking shares in such a loan without asking
Mr. Cobden's advice; and they repudiate the med-
dling policy which, under the mask of a high
morality, interferes with the legal exercise of per-
sonal liberty, and contravenes the first principles of
common justice. They know, too, how to prize
the sympathy which contents itself with words, but
shrinks from action ; which pities the brave, but will
not assist them; and, therefore, the only part of Mr.
Cobden's address which will elicit universal assent is
that in which he virtually recants all the favourite
doctrines of the Peace Congress, and calls upon that
noble service which he has so often vilified and
aspersed to resist the aggressions of a powerful
ambition, and maintain by its traditionary valour
the glory of England and the independence of her
threatened ally.
CHRONICLE.—Tuesday, the 11th of September,
was a memorable day for London; for then the tide
of death, which had risen till the black funereal
streams poured from every court and alley, and
flooded every graveyard in the metropolis, first began
to ebb. The number of daily victims, which on the
10th of that month had reached 432, sank on the 11th
to 316, and the glad tidings went forth that the
deadly pestilence was stayed. Those who before had
sat trembling in their homes, lest their hearths should
be the next to be desolated, felt as if they had been
suddenly reprieved, and ate their food no longer in
fear. And yet the well-housed and well-fed knew
little of the real terrors of the disease. In their well-
drained and well-ventilated mansions they saw none
of the miseries which the pestilence brought or left
behind it; and it was not until they heard that it
had carried off one of the Judges of the land—.
that an eminent surgeon had been stricken down
by it—or that some remote acquaintance of their
own had fallen a prey to it, that they began
to feel how fearful an affliction had come upon the
country. Even when the infection did force its way
into the snug, dry, and warm home, death was robbed
of half its horrors. There the life taken involved not

the living of a whole family—to slay one was not to
starve the rest. The recent affliction has been ren-
dered doubly severe by the fact, that it has Visited
those chiefly who could the least afford to meet it.
The pestilnc-, has ravaged, not our parks, squares,
and terraces, but the narrow courts and pent-up
alleys of the metropolis. Had not the official reports
assured us of this fact, the poverty-stricken character
of the funerals, which for the last three months have I
crowded and saddened our streets, would have told
us that those whom it smote were among the poorest
of the poor ; for the motley garb of the mourners, with
the hired black cloaks thrown over their coloured
clothes, showed that the friends of the wretched vic-
tims were generally too needy even to buy mourning.
Who, then, shall be able to sum up the fearful
amount of misery involved in the 13,000 deaths that
have occurred in London, or the 20,000 in the
country, within the last quarter of a year ? As yet,
we have no authentic returns telling us how many,
in a given number of cases, have fallen among the
working classes ; but assuredly the proportion must
have been so large, that we may safely say the epi-
demic has made almost as many paupers as it has
made widows and orphans. If it has added upwards of
thirty-three-thousand to our graveyards, it must have
consigned nearly double that number to our work-
houses. Theory after theory has been put forward
to explain the cause of this the most fearful of all
epidemics, whose only symptom, in its most aggra-
vated form, it has been truly said is—death. Some
have told us that cholera is
,due to the presence of a
eymotic poison in the atmosphere—others have attri-
buted it to the prevalence of microscopic insects,
similar to those which produce blight and smut in the
vegetable kingdom. By the telluric theorists we are
assured that it arises from some peculiar poisonous
emanation from the earth, while chemical philoso,
phers affirm that it proceeds from a want of electri-
city in the atmosphere. A few ascribe it to a defi-
ciency in the normal amount of ozone, while the latest
discoveries would lead us to believe that its proximate
cause lies in the germination of the sporules of some
cryptogamous plant within the intestines. Be the
proximate cause of the disease, however, what
it may, it is an indisputable fact that the primary
cause of the pestilence is to be found in the filth and
squalor of the poor. However much some philoso-
phers may differ as to the peculiar nature of the
influence directly producing the infection, at least all
are agreed that, in the wretched, damp, and foetid
homes of the lower orders, it is both developed and
propagated. It is probable that the epidemic pro-
ceeds from the prevalence of certain annular bodies
or organisms in the atmosphere ; but it is positively
certain that the nidus of the disease is a deficiency of
proper food and shelter, a want of pure air and of
pure water. The cholera may be eccentric in its
course : it may ravage only one bank of a river;
and, as in the instance mentioned by Colonel Rowles,
attack only one side of a ship. It may in its pro-
gress leave whole countries almost unscathed—as in
the case of Hanover, Carinthia, and the Tyrol. Its
spread at one time may be promoted by the heat of a
tropical summer, and at another by the icy rigours
of a Russian winter. Now it may rage, as at
Delhi, during the rainy season, and now during
the dry hot months, as at Bundelcund. It may
spare isolated mountains in one country, and in
another, as at Landour, attack places 8,000 feet
above the sea. Here it may travel rapidly against
the wind, and there spread as fast during a calm. In
one capital, thunderstorms may accompany its out-
break, as at St. Petersburgh—in another they may
attend its departure, as at Paris. Sometimes it may
be ushered in by earthquakes, as at Madras—some-
times by inundations, as at Dacca. Still, notwith-
standing all its eccentricities and irregularities--
though it has raged in almost every variety of cli-
mate, and under every variety of atmospheric in-
fluence, and during every month of the year, from
January to December--in one circumstance it has
been unerring and invariable. Wheresoever want
and filth have prevailed, there it has first manifested
itself—wheresoever the people have been badly
housed and badly fed, there it has ravaged with a
tenfold virulence. The hard-worked and the poorly
paid have been its certain victims. Many, looking to
the final rather than to the proximate remote
cause of the disease, have told us that the pestilence
from which we are now escaping has been
sent among us as a chastisement for our
sins. But be our other national offences
whatsoever they may, assuredly the one great point
in which we, as a people, have transgressed, and
for which we have lately suffered so severely, has
been our gross and wanton neglect of the comforts
of the poor. We have shut our eyes to the abomina-
tion and filth in which they live, and avoided, rather
than sought to purify, the foetid atmosphere of their
dwellings. The Designer of the Universe has or-
dained that not only our own health, but the health
of those about us, should depend upon the cleanliness
of our bodies and our homes—that the first condition
of our lives should be the purity of the air which we
imbibe and of the water which we drink. The ema-
nations from our persons have been made most offen•
sive to our senses and imagination, as if to induce us
to remove them from the immediate vicinity of our
houses, while, in order to force us to do this, they
have been further made to act as po'itive poisons to
our systems. So wonderfully and beneficently, too, has
this law been arranged, that those who, despite
these injunctions, still continue to live amidst the
pollution of their own bodies, are the first to fall
victims to the poisonous ekluvium, and the disease,
thus engendered, spreads from house to house, and so
makes it the common interest of all to see that none
infringe this the first law of our physical nature. And
yet we, the richest nation on the face of the earth,
have allowed our fellow-creatures to " fust" in styes,
reeking with filth, such as farmers, now-a-days,
know that swine would pine and dwindle in. We
have allowed them, unheeded, to quench their thirst
and cook their food with water poisoned with their own
excretions. We have permitted them, uncared for, to
be the prey of each petty capitalist who might think
fit to wring a paltry independence out of their cruel
necessities, and to give them roofless, floorless
tenements, without drains, without water, without
privies, and that for the self•satne sum which—it has
been proved—would furnish them with well-built,
well-aired, well-warmed, and well-drained dwellings.
May it not have been wisely ordained that want and
filth should be made a source of pestilence and death,
lest we, lapping ourselves in the greedy and callous
selfishness of our natures, should forget or spurn the
miseries of our less fortunate brethren, and leave
them to pine and rot unnoticed and uncared for ? As
there is no evil without its concomitant good, so do
we devoutly believe that the late dreadful pestilence,
though it has snatched 30,000 of our fellow-creatures
from us, has nevertheless been attended with one
great benefit. It has made us alive to our duty to
our needy neighbours—speaking to to through the
selfishness of our fears, if not through the nobler
channel of our sympathies.

BANK OF FRANCE.
The following is a return of the situation of the Bank
of France up to Oct. 4:—

ASSETS.

Cash and ingots ...
Ditto in branch banks ...
Bills past due ••• ••• •••
Bills falling due in Paris, of which
16,308,4721. are from the branch
banks ... .. ... ... 43,209,055 8
Bills in the branch banks ..• ••• 78,418,057 00
Advances on coins and ingots... ... 6,600,600 00
Ditto by the branch banks ... ... 283.126 00
Ditto on French public securities ... 20,432,036 10
Ditto by branch banks... ... ... 1,327,605 00
Ditto to tho State on Bons du Tresor... 50,000,000 00
Ditto on the loan of 150 millions ... 50,000,000 00
Rentes of the reserve fund ... ... 10,000,000 00
Rentes, disposable funds ... ... 42,581,488 13
Investments of the new branch banks in
' the public funds ..-

... f. 2136,178,870 97
. . 137,807,905 00
218,895 70

... 12,779,541 39
4,000,000 00
2,587,000 00
200,000 00

Hotel and furniture of the Bank
Real property of the branch banks ...
Interest in National Discount Bank ...
Ditto branch banks ...
Bills protested at Paris
Ditto at the branches ...
Expenses of administration of the Bank
Ditto of the branches ...
Miscellaneous
Advance to the department of the
Seine ... ... •• • ...

... 230,000 00
..„ 3,414,301 27
2,390,437 00
318,061 72
276,574 00
284,718 70

3,000,000 00

Loan of 3,000,000 f. to the city of Mar-
seilles

... 1,075,000 00

f. 737,613,273 6

TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
SlR,—Considerable attention of late years has been
directed, by scientific men, to the phrenological deve-
lopments of great criminals; some very just and im-
portant remarks have been made on the subject, and
some striking manifestations certainly have been
occasionally furnished—though we unquestionably
think that many of the representations made in so
positive and absolute a manner should be received with
great caution, and with considerable limitation.
his
il.s, tl t
Wilson,
headon appears,wvaas executedthat,
t o k taken,
n h
"w en
and
at
that
hhLae
ti atrociousvplearrtepesoeonlied only
som onee strikingcast
developments.
It is stated that he had, according to Spurzheim's
technical, or as many deem it, scientific phraseology,
" amativeness, combativeness, destructiveness, secre-
tiveness, self-esteem, and firmness, very large ; acqui-
sitiveness large, and love of approbation full."
The region of the moral sentiments was both low
and narrow. The organ of ideality was most strik-
ingly deficient, thus leaving the character utterly
unrelieved in its grossness. The cincipital part of the
head was in the form which an idiot's head might be
expected to assume. The organs of the perceptive
faculties were tolerably well developed ; but those of
the reflective powers were very small. The tempera-
ment is represented as having been a combination of
"the sanguineous and the bilious"—a most unfavour-
able one, as giving the greatest activity, permanency,
and strength, to the manifestations of the predomi-
nating animal propensities.
Now, granting that all this is phrenologically cor-
rect, and admitting, as we ingenuously do, that phre-
nology has made some singular disclosures, and that it
is, by no means, as many tell us, to be disregarded
and despised, ought not its representations to be care-
fully weighed, and to be received with great caution,
in connexion with moral tendencies, and positively
necessary tendencies, arising out of physical confor-
mation, and particularly the structure and appearances
of the skull? We would not ridicule, nor would we
idly disbelieve, still we consider that, in reference to
these points, very great caution is requisite.
We have examined the casts of more than one
atrocious criminal, and hare not found the develop-
ments which we expected ; sometimes very different
have been presented.
If the statements of phrenologists be absolutely
credited, it was necessary for Wilson to be a murderer,
and one certainly of the vilest and most atrocious
character; that in consequence of the phrenological
developments, there would necessarily be " the cun-
ning of the fox, and the violent, savage, and ruthless
passion of the hyena."
But is it, we ask, really, necessarily, invariably so ?
Is a man, because he has similar structural develop-
ments, compelled to commit murder, and murder of
the vilest kind ?
Would such a combination of phrenological mani-
festations necessarily, and in every instance, lead to
the perpetration of foul crime ? Have early training,
the omission of early moral discipline, the abandon-
ment or the forgetfulness of religion, nothing what-
ever to do with it ? We would not indulge, as many
superior men do, in unqualified remarks opposed to
phrenology as a science, or pour forth any raillery.,
because ',e consider that there is much truth and
force in tome of its representations ; still we cannot
help thinking that they are carried very often, in the
case of criminals, a great deal too far. Phrenological
developments may often communicate much, or pre-
dict much ; sill, in regarding these, we would not
lose sight if moral causes—the want of early atten-
tion, early education, early discipline and restraint--
the neglect of inculcating those sentiments of morality
and Christianity, by regarding which all crime would
be avoided, whatever its comparative insignificance,
as well as those enormous offences whose penalty is
the gibbet.

We oft consider that these points are much lost
sight of by able phrenologists. They are so unqua-
lified in their a•smrtions, and so enthusiastic in their
devotion to their favourite science, that everything
must be made to square with it—everything must be
subservient to it, and even moral and religious consi-
derations are passed by, as matter comparatively un-
deserving of attention and regard.
We would, in conclusion, observe that phrenology
cannot be utterly disbelieved, still it cannot be abso-
lutely credited. Its statements on moral &velop-
ments, particularly, often demand great caution.
I remain, Sir, yours, &c.,
Bridport.

T. W.

TESTIMONIAL
TO THE HUNGARIAN REFUGEES.

" THE HUNGARIAN NATION COUNTS ON THE SYMPATHY
OF EVERY NATION WHICH LoWEs RIGHT AND Ll-
BERTT."—Kossuth's Protest against Russian interven-

Subscriptions may be sent to the following bankers:—
Messrs. Coutts and Co.
Messrs. Drummond.
Messrs. Smith, Payne, and Smith ;
or to any one of the members of the committee formed
to carry out the Testinsoriat.
***All further Post-office orders to be made payable to Muni()
Young, Esq., at the Money Order Office, Strand.

Subscriptions already received ...

£1,106 19 14

ROYAL SAPPERS AND .MINERS.—WOOLWICII, OCT.
B.—lntelligtnco was received at head-quarters here this
morning of a serious accident which occurred at Sand-
hurst on Saturday last, by which Sergeant Cameron, of
the Royal Sappers and Miners, was severely hurt, and a
private of the same corps much injured. Sergeant
Cameron, in the performance of his duty as an instructor
of the cadets studying at the Royal Artillery College at
Sandhurst, in order to illustrate the manner in which
stockades are destroyed, had a small one constructed.
While in the act of approaching the spot where the pow-
der was placed, to ignite the slow match with the port-
fire which he had previously lighted and was carrying
i i his hand, the explosion of the whole charge, 1( lb.
weight of powder, took place, and he 12,d his right alai
blown off, his eyes driven out of his bead, and his lower
jaw so shattered, that it fell down on his breast; and he
was altogether so dreadfully injured, that no hope was
held out that ho could survive, although he was not dead
when the bearer of the intelligence left Sandhurst. The
private, who was at a short distance from him, escaped
with less injury
nicht.,iansheo, rotlyld-astfrteeret,eisgth.tLou'kcleo,sc,k,wtehree
FIRE AT THE CHARTERED GAS WORKS, ST.
Lux
greatly inhabitants
alarmofedß, Brick-lane,
to the sudden outbreak of a fire
upon the above extensive premises. The flames origi
nated from an escape of gas in what is termed the
purifying-house, a building not more than twenty-seven
yards square. It was happily confined to that portion
of the works where it began.
ROBBERY OF THE COMMUNION SERVICE OF ALL
SAINTS, PADDINGTON. —On Sunday evening some
thieves got possession of the communion se,vicebelong-
ing to the church of All Saints, Paddington, and at
present no clue has been obtained by the police of the
valuable property.
SUICIDE THROUGH A SMASHER —For some time
past a poor, but respectable, man, named James Horatio
Nelson Miles, aged torty-three, endeavoured to procure
for himself and family a subsistence by basket making.
One day last week he came across a smasher, who passed
off upon him a bad half-crown, which greatly affected
his spirits, for, trifling as it was, it was to him a severe
loss. Speaking of the occurrence, and of his poverty, he
said, " That when be died his body would be carried to
the grave in one of Mr. Darke's dust carts." On Monday
he was found dead in his workshop, with his throat cut,
and a razor, the blade of which was secured to the h; nte
by a string, firmly rrasped in his hand. A coroner s
jury returned a verdict of Insanity.
SAIINDERSFOOT, OCT. 6.—The Princess Royal, Car-
digan, for earniff, has put in here leaky, and must dis-
charge.
YARMOUTH. OCT. 6.—The Grace, London to Leith,
got on the Gunfieet Sand this morning, came off very
leaky, and was abandoned; crow saved.