The Sun.
London, England, 1825-11-02 00:00:00

part of this loan
of Bothman, on
interest is paid.

[MO RNING POST.]
French Papers to the 31st instant, and the
Elate of Monday, reached us last night by EX-
press. The latter, we regret to state,'contains a
telegraphic dispatch, announcing that M. Zea
Bermudez, the most liberal and enlightened Mi-
nister in Spain, has at length been overturned by
his enemies, and that the Duke de l'lnfantado
has been appointed his successor. Though the
Noble Duke has served nearly all sides since
Napoleon's first intrigues in the Peninsula, he has
for a considerable time appeared as the leader of
the Ultras. His appointment -may therefore be
considered as a proof of their regained ascend-.

ancy. over the unfortunate Ferdinand, who,
after having for a short period followed a
course of policy which, held out hopes of
a brighter era for Spain, will probably now
revert to his former system of despotism and
unbridled violence. It is likely that the fall of
the discarded Minister may have been hastened,
if not occasioned, by the exertions which he and

his colleagues lately made to persuade the King
to issue a Decree of general and real amnesty ;
exertions, which .according to previous accounts,
seemed on the eve of being crowned with complete
success. The demand made by Commodore
Rogers in the name of his Government, of a free
passage for American vessels into the Black Sea,
i►s now said to have been rejected by the Porte,
ott the ground that it had been refused to
other Powers. This is certainly a fair and sa-
tisfactory reason ; but- as it is one which the
United States must have anticipated, it is strong-
ly suspected, and even feared, by the Turks,
that the demand was only made in order to pro-
cure a denial, and to draw from that denial a cause
for offence, and a pretence for openly taking part
with the Greeks. This possibility struck us when
we heard that such- a claim was to be put forth
by the Americans, and we mentioned it at-the

time. It is.confirtned,by the.apprehensions of the
Divan, and in some degree by -the public recog-
nition Of 'the Greek Government, made de facto
by Commodore._ Rodgers, when he brought his
squadron to Napoli di Romania. The Porte,
however, consoles itself with the idea that he
would not proceed agiinst the Turkish or Egyp-
tian fleets without haviNg previously sent for or-
ders to -the United States. • But when a Com-
mander is dispatched
.by a Government for the
avowed purpose of urging a particular claim, he.
is always furnished with instructions how to act
in :either case of the demand being allowed or re.
jected. There is no doubt therefore, that if Com.
Modore Rodgers came to the Levant with the
views ascribed to-him by the Turks, he is also
armed with full authority to give them imme-
diate execution; That hostilities will take place
between
,the United States and the Porte, is- as
yet no more than a surmise, -which however bears
strong features' of probability. Much alarm is
also felt at Constantinople at.-the visit paid by
the ,Emperor of Russia to his armies on the
Turkish frontiers, and it is said to require all the
faith which is- placed in the repeated assurances
of the Atistrian Nuncio, to prevent Russia from
being regarded at this moment as the Ally of
Greece.

[THE PUBLIC LEDGER.]

: . The Paris Papers, which arrived last night,
contain as striking an illustration of the debili-
tatingeffects of arbitrary power, as we gave in
an article of the vivifying influence of rational
liberty. The Spanish Government, whose peat,
Diary necessities increase in the ratio of it's vexa-
tious proceedings, has failed in another negocia-
Lion to relieve itself by means of a loan. The
perversity of that power is become proverbial.:'
sooner than act honestly, there is no mortifica-
tion that it is not prepared to endure; and it ex-
poses itself' to frightful embarrassments rather
than practically admit the .principle that subjects
ought to be protected in• their persons and pro-
perty against the invasions of lawless authority.
Ferdinand, in following a contrary rule, is per-
haps as miserable as any of the victims of his
perverse policy, though it is impossible to pity
one who never feels any commisseration
for the sufferings he inflicts upon others,
and these the most enlightened and deserving
portion of his subjects. Such is the aversion
too in which he holds all, that is estimable for
talents and moral worth in his kingdom, that he
has thrown himself again into the arms of the
Apostolic Junta, notwithstanding their recent
treasonable plots; and it is to their influence
that the failure of the new negociations for a loan
is ascribed. It probably contained some clause,
which it did not suit the views of these fanatics,
who are evidently preparing , the overthrow of
their system, by the furious zeal they display in
maintaining it. What a contrast is there between
the present situation of Spain and that of her
late Colonies ! and all this arising solely from the
'difference of their political institutions. There
is no other intelligence in these Papers, except
on the affairs of Greece, and this is of so vague a
character as usual, as to merit very little atten-
tion. However, one. fact is mentioned, as con-
nected with this subject, which is probably en-
titled to some regard—we allude to the state-
ment that an active correspondence is carried on
between our Cabinet and that of the Tuileries,
relative to the future lot of the Greek Nation.
We easily credit the assertion that our Govern-
ment displays great atociety to render it as con-
formable to the. humane and enlarged notions of
the age as possible. It appears certain, from a
great number. ,of concurring accounts, that the
siege of Missolonghi has been raised ; and that
the Turkish Seraskier, who directed the opera-
tions, has:retreated in the direction of Arta. The
state of, the war in the Morea is still, however,
the subject of conflicting statements.,

LMORNING HERALD.]
A plan, we hear, has been submitted to Mr.
Peel,-under the sanction of some of the Magis-
trates,for the county of Surrey, for doing away
altogether with the, present Licensing System,
,and. opening the trade,, under proper regula-
,tions, in a way that would at once defeat the

,

is destined to replace the bonds baneful monopoly of the brewers, and confine
which four and a half per cent. the powers of the Magistracy to keeping good
order in victualling houses, whether they be
eating or drinking houses. This latter arrange-
ment is much wanted ; as it is quite notorious
that while severe laws are passed to regulate ale-
houses, eating houses and coffee shops are the
resort of the worst characters, and, are under
little or no restraint. We believe the present
Licensing System to be the most vicious, ar-
bitrary, and tyrannical of almost any power
which is exercised in this country ; and the way
in which this duty is performed by a part of the
Magistracy, both in town and country, is such as
makes it quite unfit that they should be any
longer intrusted with it. In the metropolis this
evil has now become in some measure inCorpo-
i rated with the Vestry System (its twin-brother
in iniquity), the evils of which it, of course,
cannot fail considerably to enhance. But so it
is, that Parliament has incautiously suffered some
of the large parishes to be formed into sepa-
rate licensing divisions, where a few paro-
chial Magistrates (most of them persons who
ought never to have been such at all) assume to
themselves the sole disposal of property to an
immense amount in a way most harsh and arbi-
trary towards individuals, most inconvenient to
the public, and detrimental to the Revenue:—
That favourite brewers or favourite publicans
may enjoy a monopoly of trade, new neighbour-
hoods are often left without a single public-house
to afford them the necessary supply of beer; or
else the supply is confined perhaps to one, who
having no competition to contend with, vends
whatever trash he or his superior thinks fit to
furnish, the latter sending it bad enough at first,
and the former re-adulterating it for his own ad-
vantage. The consequence is, that many of
the inhabitants of these disticts are deprived
of beverage, and the lower classes are forced to
consume spirits, much of the wretched stuff
called porter being only fit to furnish work
for the apothecary and undertaker. In the
country, especially in borough towns, the evil is
still greater. In the latter, the local Magistrates
are generally themselves the owners of, or,
through their connections interested in, the
greater part of the public-houses, and due care is
taken that no interloper finds his way into the
hallowed ground. And where this is not the
case, the brewer generally contrives to be the
client of the Magistrates' clerk, who manages
their Worships in the way most conducive to his
own and his employers' interests. These are
only slight specimens of the mischiefs which
flow from this accursed system. Were we to
extend our view to the scenes and seminaries
of vice, of crime, and of depravity, which are
formed, are nurtured and maintained under the
sanction of those who are the sworn guardians of
public morals, the minds of our readers would
shrink with disgust from the details. And ought
then such a system to continue ? ' For its conti-
nuance, we confess, we see no plausible excuse.
We are sure that the landed in terest ought not,
for their own sakes, to countenance it ; and mer-
cantile men who adopt so warmly a system of
free trade in other respects, cannot pos-
sibly justify to themselves the support of
an exclusive system in this. We readily admit
that places of public resort, which are neces-
sarily liable to produce insubordination, should
be under severe regulations—indeed, the pre-
sent laws do not seem to be wanting on that
head ; but we see no reason to suppose that if the
trade were thrown open, these disorders would
increase ;. while it would tend greatly to promote
a spirit of competition in articles of universal de-
mand, from which the public at large and the
revenue could not fail to be considerable gainers.
Many of the Magistrates, we dare say, would
dislike to be shorn of their power : and the
brewers might feel alarm at the consequences of
its undermining their monopoly; but on the other
hand, a good Magistrate will be happy to be rid
of a power which he knows he ought not to pos-
sess ; and an honest brewer, who makes good
and wholesome beer, would soon find his trade
increased where the retailer is at liberty to deal
with whom he pleases..

[BRITISH PRESS.
Mr. Hume has, we think, acted very judiciously
in declining to receive the piece of plate prepared
for him by the Glasgow Operatives, and by the
Colliers of Lanark, Renfrew, and Dumbarton.—
His exertions to obtain the repeal of the Com-
bination Laws were made on principles that
were truly liberal, and he met the effective sup-
port of Parliament from the conviction, very ge-
nerally felt, that those laws were unjust in their
origin, and pernicious in their effect. An earnest

wish accordingly prevailed on the part of Go-
vernment to relieve the working classes from their
operation, and to leave them free to act for the
protection of their own interests in all cases
where, under the Combination Laws, any at-
tempt hostile to them might be made on the part
of their employers. But subsequent events have
shewn how fatally the best endeavours may be
perverted by the criminal misconduct of those
for whose benefit they were intended. For this
unforeseen result, however, neither Parliament
nor Mr. Hume can stand responsible. The best
regulations which can be framed involve no se.
curity against treachery and faction. This is a
consequence which must be met, and put down,
like any other evil, with that firmness and deter.
mination necessary to suppress it. When we
speak of suppression, we advert only to such ille-
gal proceedings as require the interference of the
judicial power ; for, with respect to the existing
system of combination among the workmen, if
left to its own course, it must wear itself out;
and perhaps, after all, the best and truest policy
will be for Government to stand aloof. If the neces-
sities of the refractory leaders are left to work their
own way, they will be willing enough, not only to
permit the well-disposed workmen to accept em-
ployment, but to come themselves to a fair and
amicable adjustment. It is a subject to which le-
gislation cannot be applied with any permanent
good effect. When the out-goings of the different
Union Committees begin to exceed their income,
they will come to terms without the aid of Par-
liament; this is the thread on which alone
their existence hangs, and you must wait
till it is spun out; conciliation will then come
of itself, and not till then.—To refer the dis-
putes between the employers and their men to
Magistrates--to empower the latter to adjust the
disputed prices—is, of all measures of remedy
the most unwise. The patients, herein, must
minister unto themselves. The law—when it has
applied its protective regulations equally to the
masters and tollityworkmen—lias done all it can do
with benefit o'd:frier:All beyond must be left to the
reciprocal interest of the parties, forbere the minor
details are every thing, and of these the Legislature
can know nothing, and its enactments must, of
necessity, be mischievous and misplaced. If the
operatives imagine that they owe the repeal of the
Combination Laws chiefly to the exertions of Mr.
Hume, they can Tikeive no reproof so severe or
so salutary as his:very proper refusal to accept
from them any reward for his service in a cause
which their conduct had made impossible for him
hereafter to advocate.

DIVING 13ELL2-1A ,patent has been obtained
by THOMAS STE£LE, Esq. A.M. of Magdalen
College, Cambridge, for some very important
improvements in the construction and apparatus
of the diving-bell. The improved bell will en-
able a directing engineer to descend and remain
at any depth at which diving-bells can be worked
without being subjected to endure the pressure of
condensed air, and the working itself is rendered
much more safe and effective, by means which
Mr. Steele has invented for communicating by.
conversation with those above, which will super-
sede the present imperfect and insecure system
of signals by strokes of the hammer. He has
further invented, by the application of optical.
principles, an instrument for the stronger illumi-
nation of objects under water, and improved the
means of detaching men .from the bell.

[MORNING CHRONICLE.]
The audacity with which the names of men of
rank and respectability have been inserted in the
Lists of Directors of Joint Stock Companies,
without their knowledge or consent, as a lure to
decoy the unwary, almost surpasses belief. It
was thought more than usually daring to name
Lord Grosvenor on the Exchange as having been
deeply concerned in one of the. Companies, when,
as the Noble Earl stated in his place in the
House of Lords, he had never held a single share
in any one of the Companies. The. thing was
altogether a stock-jobbing manoeuvre. A still
bolder attempt on the public has, however, been
made in the affair of the Gwennappe Mining
Company. In the printed prospectuses which
appeared in the Chronicle of yesterday, Lord
Nugent is entered as President of the Directors.
It was stated at the Mansion-house on Saturday,
that his Lordship had been au extensive share
holder, that he had poured his shares into the
market while they were at a premium, and it was
even insinuated, that having made a profit of the
shares, he had Withdrawn his name from the
direction to escape responsibility. Now so far
from this being the case, it is stated on authority,
by The Times, that Lord Nugent never had any
connection with 'the Gwennappe Mining Com-
pany, and that his name had been used with-
out his authority or knowledge. This assuredly
conveys a very lieavy accusation against the Se-
cretary of the Company, the personage who, ac-
cording to the account of the Shareholders at the
Mansion House, had the management of the busi-
ness. The name,of that gentleman, according to
the prospectus, is Mr. J. P. Noden. As no
Nobleman stands higher with the public than
Lord Nugent, this declaration of his utter igno-
rance that his name had• been used in the pro•
spectus,consequentlyofhiineverhavingsanctioued ' A French Journal says--" Messieurs VAlG-
any such insertion, will afford very general satis- NEAu and VANNIER, Natives of France, who
faction. We . rejoice that the point has been have resided for some time in. Cochin=China, and
cleared up, for it is 'painful to think that a No- who had attained to the rank of Mandarins of the
bleman, against whose purity of principle and First Class, are about' to return to their native
disinterestedness not even d whisper was ever :country with their families. It is Understood
before heard, could, as stated by the shareholders that'they bring With them immense wealth."

ANTIQUITIES.—Last week, the workmen, in
levelling the ground near the new infirmary, at
Chichester, in Sussex, discovered a stone coffin,
deposited in the common mould of the field, about

18 inches below the surface. It is formed out
of the coarse sandstone rock, common to the
north of our Downs, and consists only of two
pieces, the body and lid. It is about six feet in
length, and somewhat more than two feet at its
widest part, measuring from the exterior. In-
ternally it slopes towards the bottom and end ;
being about 21 inches wide at the top and 15 at

the bottom, in the widest part ; and 16 at the
top and 12 at the bottom in its ❑arrowest part. It
is 14 inches deep at. the wider end, and 12 at the
narrower end. It is roughly hewn. The lid fits
it very perfectly, and is let in with a small rab-
bet at the edge. When opened it emitted a very
bad odour, and was found to contain mould about
two inches deep, intermixed with minute portions
of nearly decayed bone, and a few fragments of
iron, like corroded nails, together with a perfect
earthen jug, capable of holding about half a pint.
This small vessel-lay on its side, near the larger
extremity of the coffin.. It is of a very elegant
shape like some of those discovered at Avisford
Bill, in 1817. It resembles a small pitcher or
old fashioned milk pot, having a handle and nar-
row neck, with a lip or beak, for the convenience
of pouring on one side. The surface of it is of
a dark brown colour, generally, but the whole
of the wider part of it is overlaid and surrounded
by a band two inches deep-consisting of white
prominent lines, crossing each other diagonally,
and forming a net work with diamond shaped
openings.

at the Mansion•house, barter the authority of his
name for shares, and afterwards withdraw, when
these shares had been disposed of. Those who
have made thus free with his Lordship's name
will, if we are not mistaken, find, before all is
over, their speculation a very costly one.