The Sun.
London, England, 1849-04-13 00:00:00

NING SUN 7 APRIL 13, 1849.

,„,
In folio, half-bound russia or morocco,Flap Au'• ,n.
THE PHYSICAL' ATLAS;
A it eries of Maps and Illustratlonsi Of the
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF IkIATURAL
PH EN OME NA ;
Embracing
I. Geology. I 111. Meteorology.
11. Hydrography. IV Natural HaitorY.
By ALEXANDER KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.G.S..
Geographer at Edinburgh in Ordinary to her Majesty:
With the co-operation and assistance of men eminent in the different

departments of i.'cience.
The publishers beg to refer to the reviews of this work contained
in the last numbers of the Edinburgh Review and Blackwood's Ma-
gar ne, giving a fun-and-daunted account of the valuable contents of
the volume, and the opinion expressed of its mertls in the Quarterly
Review for September last.
William Blackwood and Sons, 45, George-street, Edinburgh ; and 37,

Paternoster-row, London.

in twenty-one volumes quarts, Illustrated by 506 Engraving's on
Steel, and many Thousands on Wood, The
F.NC YCLOPAD IA BRITANNICA.
Seventh Edition. Edited by Professor ICAPIER.
" That best pablic instructor, the ' Encyclops3dis, Britannica.' "
Quarterly Review.
Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh ; and sold by all Booksellers.

TEM EMIGRATION NOVEL.
Just published, and may be had at all the Libraries, in 3 vols.

pest lye.
THE EMIGRANT FAMILY;
Or the
STORY OF AN AUSTRALIAN SETTLER.
By the Author of "Settlers and Convicts."
" This is what Milton called a real book—a book calculated to af-
ford solid information and lively entertainment. The author's know-
ledge of Australian life is extensive and exact, and he has turned it
to profitable account. The whole scene and business of the colony
is placed before you, breathing with life. Those who are speculating
on a trip to Australia will find it full of valuable hints and sugges-
timu."—Dally News. .

London: Smith, Elder, ani Co., 65, Cornhill.

CATHEDRALS of COLOGNE and ROUEN.
Now Exhibiting, the inimitable and colossal Model of the
CATHEDRAL of COLOGNE, which has beetrigimured with the
unqualified approbatlin sr her Majesty an .P d Albert. The di-
mensions are 8 feet long, feet high, and 4 feet Inches broad. Mo-
delled by C. Schropp, in wood and iron. The above splendid piece of
workmanship was oompleted in 8 years and 17 days.

Ala., a magnificent Model of ibe CATHEDRAL of ROUEN, at
the COSMORAMA, Regent-street, from Ten in tke Morning till Dusk-
Admission, 2s. 6d.—Childran, is.

DARKNESS REIGNS NO MORE.
The LIGHT of ALBERT gladdens the midnight scene
Darkness now wears a diadem of Light. A beautiful little Light.
decidedly the best Night Lamp known. All should use them.
?rice. for the best, 9d. each. The Lights are 64. per box. The
Albert Lamps, with the genuloo Lights for them, can be had at the
Establishment of the Metropolitan Light Company, RICHARD
CLARK, Resident Manager, 447, West Strand, next door to the
Electric Telegraph Company.

CLARK'S ROYAL WAX CANDLES.-
PIIFF.—(OnIy 1134 d, per lb.)—Luxuriant Light ; mil-
lions will adinire. The chief of Candles, a Royal title bears.—A
silvery flame—Transparent as Wax.—They snuff themselves.—Are
hard as alabaster.—Glossy as glass, and cheap as common Tallow
Candles is their true character. The Public will know the Candles,
for every 41b. packet bears a gold label, "CLARK'S ROYAL
WAX CANDLES, 447, WEST STRAND." AU not bearing this
label are base deceptions.—Other Candles and Soap are reduced in
price, and may they long continuo so 1 1 'the Eight New Lights
can b. seen at the Establishment of the METROPOLITAN LIGHT
COMPANY, 447, West Strand, next door to the Electric Telegraph
Company.

AVIES'S CANDLES, sd. and 51d. per lb. ;
Waxed-wick Moulds, 6%d.; Composite, 8% d., 10d., and 10%d;
Wax Candles, Is.; German Wax, Is. 2d.; Fine Wax, 18.
Transparent Wax, Is. 9d. ; Best Wax, 2s. Id. ; Sperm Candles,
is. sd. mid Is. 7d. Metallic, 734 d. and B%d. ; Mottled Soap, 60s. and
G4s. per 112Ibs. ; Yellow, 485., 545., and 60$. ; Windsor Soap, 15. 4d.
per packet ; Brown Windsor, Is. 9d. ; Rose, 25.; Almond, 2s. 6d. ;
Sealing Wax, 4s. 6d. per lb. ; Sperm Oil, 71. 6d. per gallon; Solar
35.3 d., Seal, 4s. ; Argand, or Vegetable, 4s. 6d.
For Cash—At DAVIES'S Old Established Warehouse, 64, St.
Martin's-lane. Export or Grocers' and Oil-shop Goods at lower
prices.

TO LADIES.
The high and universal celebrity which
I/OWL AN DS" KALYDOR
continues to maintain as an active, yet mild and soothing ex-
tirpator of all impurities of the skin, is during the period of spring,
most pleasingly evinced. This preparation, eminently balsamic,
restorative, and invigorating, is equally distinguished for safety in
application, as for unfailing efficacy in eradicating all redness, tan,
pimples, spots, freckles, discolourations, and other cutaneous visita-
tions. The radiant bloom it imparts to the cheek, and the softness
and delicacy which it induces in the hands and arms, render it indis-
pensable to every toilet.
Gentlemen, after shaving, will ind it allay all irritation and ten-
derness obtained its exclu.sive
the Court, and the Royal
purifyingsel eeliono f
btayhnedhs
ekrriei
refreshing
tgrye npdtrheoerp
eiQrt
tui
ese ofie ftn
Family of Great Britain, and the several Courts of Europe.
see Beware of spurious " ICALYDORS" for sale, containing
mineral astringents utterly ruinous to the complexion, and by their
repellent action endangering health. The words .` ROWLANDS'
KALTOOR" are en the wrapper of the genuine article. Price
4s. 6d. and Bs. 6d. bottle.
Sold by A. ROWLAND and SONS, So, Hatton-garden, London,
and oy Chemists and pgrfumers.

----I:A it
A R 1 A G E.
"1
single,kplposizgOleemhallintarhiisiewd,oriqudesartioeiadbesiyoleoatnetelynted.
iaamddetnheee
,00threar
sense of right determine the former, and miscalculated hopes em-
s,:tter the latter. The solitary one may shield himself under the plea
of caution and worldly prudence, and the indissoluble, regret un-
somprosing; harry ; but the truth lies deeper. Physical Incapacity,
sod
sbortc;ikaiencohneatelthnu, areTh
et the
dowryg; e great
shool s
Cement. Honour andjusticedentand that health shouldform *aliens
T dd raa:tc eb
se
theto de°
nlmyesraticarlaagppeinseset:
In the compact ; it alone dignities the alliance. slighted hopes or
neglect wesmd more sorely thag poverty or misfortune. Reader, if
mese surmises concern yea, procure Dr. CITLVICRWELL'S little
siEIdOIRS "Ox Single and Married Life," pub. in 2 vols., Is.
each (by post, in stamps, Is. 64. each). Let no imaginativelymaned, or prudish feeling deter you, by
their titles, nor be hiadered
to
oy misinterpretation of their supposed contents, from obtaining
them. They are not intended certainly fbr mere idle cariosity, but
bfr the closet perusal of those mere deeply interested, to whom
Ploy are offered as antagonistic the ensrie,al trash put forth on
the above subjects, by ooqualified authors, which aloe* or
p
• ogethor, are a disgrace to the age. Furthermore, two other
Attie publications claim your attention (same price is. each,
by post Is. 6d.) called ---".. " What to Eat, Dealt, and
kivoid," and " How to be sappy." They are not merely
p•unphlets, but equal in quantity a
library volume, nor are they the
=ere ephemeral scribblings of the hour, but the study of the author's
life, who owes his present existence,health, and position to this ob-
servance of the maxims he would inculcate—to do unto others as he
would be done unto—to live after nature's laws—and to keep always
.)n the "sunny
iberwood, 23, Paterncster-rew ; C
alho, 14T, Fleet-street • liana,
side of the way." The above works may be had of
39, Coruhill; Nelson, 457, West Strand ; or direct (by post or other-
wise) from the author (who may
itooss.ai 1,. Je conferred with personally,
inorgiags and evenings), i Cl,. Argyli..phsoe Regent-street: aim all

METROPOLITAN PARLIAMEN-
TARY REFORM ASSOCIATION.
On Wednesday a most numerous meeting of the repro
sentatives of the metropolitan parishes, convened at the in-
stance of the Council of the General Metropolitan Finan-
cial and Parliamentary Reform Association, was held at
the Queen's Head Tavern, Poultry, to adopt measures to
carry out the objects of the association.
Sir J. WALMSLEY,
M.P., president, presided, and en-
tered into a full explanation of the means by which the
council recommended the carrying out of the great ob-
ject of the association, a full and comprehensive financial
and Parliamentary reform, as set forth in the House of
Commons by Mr. Cobden and Mr. Hume; household
suffrage (including lodgers), vote by ballot, and triennial
Parliaments; and urging the various gentlemen present
to be stirring in their respective parishes, by getting up
local meetings to support the council in the great objects
which they sought to obtain.
Mr. GEESIN could assure the meeting that the ma-
jority of the inhabitants of Westminster wet.' most
anxious to give their full and entire support to the as-
sociation.

Mr. PRouT said, as one of the most active membera
of the Westminster Reform Association, he should take
care that at their next meeting a proposition should be
brought forward for an effectual agitation, by the form.
ation of associations in every parish within the city of
Westminster.
Mr. LE BRAN strongly urged the necessity for a great
demonstration being made by a public meeting,
sitioa in the
sup-
ported by persons of standing and o
that
world, which would give support to
P the associa-
•
tion which was so much reljuire
d and as soon as that
was done the various parishes would be ready to co-
operate.
Mr. M‘Donald, from Clerkenwell and Islington; Mr.
M•Farline, from Notting Hill; Mr. Shillibeer, from St.
Luke's; Mr. Michie, from Marylebone; Mr. Hethering-
ton, from St. Pancras. Mr. Howard, from Southwark;
Mr. Bungay, from St. Margaret's; as also gentlemen
from Stepney, the Tower Hamlets, Chelsea, and other
metropolitan districts, having addressed the meeting,
Mr. Jostri WILLIAMS, M.P., stated that he bad been
a Reformer for , the last thirty years, and the meeting
should recollect that the anxiety of the Council was to
carry out to the fullest extent the great principle of a
full Parliamentary reform; but it was not wise for the
Council to act rashly; they ought to be supported by
the public, whose cause it was; and he called upon the
representatives of the various parishes present to form
associations in every parish throughout the metropolis.
Mr. PETER TAYLOR moved the following resolution:
—" That this meeting is of opinion that the time has ar-
rived when it became necessary, in order to avoid the
dangers which lurked in the rising political discontents
of the country, and for the purpose of fairly and ho-
nestly meeting the reasonable demands of the majority
of the people for good and cheap government, to com-
mence such a comprehensive movement as would enlist
general sympathy in the direction of Parliamentary and
fiscal reform." _

.._..,........
Mr. SHILLIBEER seconded the resolution; which was
carried unanimously.
Mr. J. T. SERLE moved, " That this meeting pledges
itself individually and collectively to use its utmost ex-
ertions to establish locAl, Parliamentary, and financial
reform societies in the various districts of the metropolis,
to co-operate with the central association."
The resolution was adopted; and after an explanation
from the Chairman, and a lengthened discussion in en-
tire accordance with the objects of the association, the
meeting broke up.

Tun NEW NOVEL "Roc KING usm."—The Quarterly
_Review, just published, thus notices this work, which is
at present exciting so much attention :—" A new book
which, from internal evidence, must have been written by
a person constantly mingling in the highest English
society, reaches us when this sheet is in the press, other-
wise, on many accounts, we should have much wished to
make it the subject of a separate article in this number.
That is now impossible, but we beg to call our readers'
attention, in case the novel has not come in their way,
to Rockingham; or the Younger Brother.' The work
abounds in interest; and, indeed, we should be at a loss
to name another recent novel that shows anything like
the same power of painting strong passion—or rather
we should say, the strong passion of gentle natures, and
this, too, under all the habitual restraints of education,
principle, and self-control."
It is said that Sir Archibald Galloway has gene-
rously given a cadetship to the son of Major-General
Whish, in.reeognition of his distinguished services. The
youth was in his father's camp during the late siege
operations.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.
TIMES.—It was commonly anticipated that certain
pages of the Quarte'ly Review would be devoted to such
a notice of Mr. Macaulay's " History of England" as
.the recollections of literary and political antagonism
rather than the rigorous canons of critical justice might
be presumed to dictate. On Saturday last this notice
appo :red, and it certainly cannot be alleged that the ap-
pointed work has been negligently done. The style of
our respected contemporary this quarter has been alto-
gether somewhat trenchant, and we can only regret that
on this particular subject we must withhold that concur-
rence of opinion which we have been enabled to express
upon others. Perhaps Mr. Macaulay's turn for a little
blame has fairly arrived, but whether the corrective has
been honestly administered or wisely compounded, is, a
question of another kind. We ate in nowise called upon
to fight the battles of a writer so competent to conduct
his own, nor have we any inclination to forestall
the arguments of a more direct reply, but our
own readers may not unreasonably look for
some guidance at our hands on a subject so
conspicuously popular, and we subjoin, there-
fore, a few suggestions to facilitate their private inqui-
ries. If the reviewer, with four months and eighty
pages at his command, is driven to appeal largely to the
faith of his readers, and to bespeak their acquiescence in
his conclusions after'a scanty production of proofs, it
may readily be imagined how compulsory is the same
method of proceeding upon ourselves, who have to deal
with both parties together in the space of a column.
Three prominent accusations, however, will be observed
in the article referred to. The most striking of these
consists in a direct charge against Mr. Macaulay of hiv-
ing utterly ignored the existence of a previous history
of the same period by Sir James Mackintosh—of hav-
ing " borrowed largely—prodigally—helpedlimself with
both hands not merely without acknowledging
his obligations, but without so much as Alluding
to the existence of any such work." (P. 603.) IsT4y.
more, Mr. Macaulay is accused of employing in one
of his notes (to Vol. I. 391) an expression " which
would naturally lead an uninformed reader to con-
clude that Sir James Mackintosh, though he had medi-
tated such work, had never even begun writing it." '(lb.)
So surprising do these facts appear to the reviewer that
he " is curious to see what explanation can be given of
this, to him, extraordinary enigma." (P. 608.) An at-
tack of so unexpected a character as this may possibly
elicit some notice; but in the meantime we think we can
satisfy our own readers by a very simple reference to
' the facts of the case. The English histories here spoken
of were all mainly suggested by the discoveries which
towards the close of the last century had been made in
the Foreign Office at Paris. First Macpherson, then
Dalrymple, then Fox, and then Mackintosh took them-
selves to this new source of knowledge. Macpherson's
inquiries were interrupted at an early stage, but Dal-
rymple returned with specimens well calculated to
insure successors in his researches. Mr. Fox
repaired to Paris on this errand after the peace
of Amiens, and Sir James Mackintosh after the peace
of G bent. Both these writers projected the compo-
sition of a history based upon the information thus
newly acquired; both commenced the work, but both
died leaving behind them imperfect fragments. which
were subsequently published by their friends. The ma-
terials which they had collected were placed unreservedly
by their respective families at the command of Mr. Ma-
caulay, who, after completing by his personal inquiries
such deficiencies as yet remained, applied himself again
to the selfsame task which had thus been twice attempted
and twice left undone. We presume that after this
statement few persons will misconceive Mr. Macaulay's
allusion to the materials amassed by Sir J. Mackintosh
" at a time when he meditated a work similar to that
which I have undertaken," a work which had pre-
viously been defined as " the history of England from
the accession of King James 11. down to a time
within the memory of men still living." " Sir J.
Mackintosh," says his own editor in the preface to the
fragment in question, " long meditated a history of
England, beginning with the Revolution of 1688."
There seemed almost a fate against the undertaking.
Neither Fox nor Mackintosh have been permitted to
carry it through. Mr. Macaulay has now renewed the
attempt, with the hope in which few persons bat his re-
viewer will refuse to join, that he ma), be spared for
better success. Whether the parallels ingeniously con-
structed by the reviewer in p. 604 disclose obligations
which demanded more special acknowledgment, the
reader will readily determine for himself; but to con-
ceive that Mr. Macaulay was wilfully and deliberately
concealing the existence of an author with whom he had
lived on terms of the most honourable friendship, whose
collections he himself was conspicuously quoting as the
best vouchers for his statements, and whose vacant
place he had thus stepped forward to fill, is, in our
opinion, a conclusion not to be reached by any ordi•
nary process of reasoning. As for Mr. Macaulay's
audacity, with which the reviewer (p. 550) is so startled,
in rewriting that portion which had been written before,
we would only observe that there are two accepted
grounds for publishing a history: one, the power of tell-
ing that which has not yet been told; and the other, the
power of telling it as it has not been told hitherto. To
the first title Mr. Macaulay laid but moderate claims ;
his pretensions to the second might be accurately ascer-
tained, we should think, from Messrs. Longman's led-
gers. The next charge is that Mr. Macaulay, in his fa-
mous third chapter, has obscured, distorted, and per-
verted facts in obedience to the " powerful motive which
pervades the whole work—a wish to exhibit England
prior to the Revolution as in a mean and even barbarous
and despicable condition." (P. 586.) We must again
plead our inability to follow out the details by which
this proposition is attempted to be proved; but surely
the gravamen of the charge—namely, the motive which
has caused the alleged errors—is refuted by the state-
ments of the chapter itself, nor is it easy to imagine an
obliquity of vision so great as that which could convey
the impression hero recorded. The single and mani-
fest aim of Mr. Macaulay's episodical chapter is to
correct those notions by which the prosperity of this
country and the social :advantages of its
population are represented as having been
grievously degenerating ever since some golden
age of wealth and happiness. His emphatic
proposition is that, on the contrary, we have been ever
advancing by sure and rapid steps in the right direction,
and that all lamentations or misgivings on this score are
unfounded and misplaced. This is indeed no new theory.
It is no more than must have occurred to every attentive
reader of English history. Sharon Turner asserted the
same not only of this country but of almost every other,
and avowed his belief that there was scarcely any people
to be found whose history, properly contemplated, woul,l
not exhibit a course of continuous improvement. What
Mr. Macaulay has done is to illustrate this truth after
his own peculiar fashion, and to show that even as
regarded those social evils presumed to have bean
generated, in latter days, by our very prosperity it-
self there is no reason whatever for considering our-
selves less fortunate than our forefathers. That the
Revolution in its ultimate effects did most mate-
rially aid our progress is only a point on which the his-
torian and his reviewer are of ono accord; but though Mr.
Macaulay naturally compares the times in which he writes
to the times of which he is writing, yet he draws no con•
crest whatever between the times immediately preceding
and following the Revolution itself. Indeed, he has
scarcely arrived at a period of his history where such a
contrast was practicable. What light he may throw
apon this point remains to be seen, but it must be well
known to all persons conversant with the subject that
those writers in whose political sentiments Mr. Ma-
caulay participates, and whose support he would most
readily claim, admit without any hesitation that the reign
of William 111. included, as far as material prosperity
was concerned, one of the most gloomy and unpromising
periods in English annals. The third charge levelled
against Mr. Macaulay by his reviewer alludes to this
method of citing and using his authorities, which is even
characterized (p. 561) as a " habitual and really inju-
rious perversion of them." This is a topic pertaining
to other pens than ours. The rveiewer him-
self is compelled to appeal to " specimens" which, unless
anything is to be argued from their poverty, leave the
case only where they found it; but we would just refer
to two examples in pp. 192, 593, and ask the reader to
decide for himself, whether the statements of the his-
torian or the accusations of the reviewer are best made
out by the passages there paraded. Let him turn, too,
to the charges of undue force of language, as attempted
to be substautiated in p. 559; of misquotations, in pp.
561 and 586; and of misplaced circumstantiality, in pp.
580 and 621. We cannot entertain much doubt about
the decision which will be thus arrived at. The reviewer,
it must be acknowledged had no easy task, nor was his
work lightened by the fact that the instinctive verdict
of the English people had anticipated his own judgment
and decision. He takes refuge, however, after tardily
admitting this disagreeable truth, in the conclusion that
" the work will hardly find a permanent place on the his-
toric shelf"—a safe and serviceable trick :of fence, us
there can be no argument against a prophecy.
HERALD.—We are no disciples, as our readers are
well aware, of Mr. Urquhart or Mr. Anstey. Wo en-
tertain no unreasoning blind hatred against parti-
cular Sovereigns or particular races of men. We are
not prone unnecessarily to sound the tocsin of alarm, or
given to exciting jealousy and distrust among nations or
among great bodies of men. Against the Russian na-
tion, taken in the aggregate mass, we have no preju-
dices whatever. We believe that portion of the Scla-
vonic tribe under the sway of the Czar to be distin-
guished by many good and by many amiable attributes,
and to be instinct with that patriotic love of country,
without which more showy qualities are valueless in our
eyes. eyes. The Russian peasants are brave, they
aren
kindly
duti-
ful, they are obedient, they are grateful_
treated; and, under a better and aree rss-steTmatoafrGaroe
vernment, the Russian Mujik and his brotherwhen
not merely docile and teachable,
high,bu if not the very
but very capable of
being moulded and adapted to a
highest state or standard of
h civilization. But the
nature of the Russians, and te destiny of that
portion of the Sclavonic race under the sway of the Czar,
is, the one frequently debased, and the other often con-
trolled and interfered with by the system of the Russian
Government. .Between the Russian state system—as the
Germans call it—and the people subjected to that sys.
tern, we would, however, draw a wide distinction. While
the people are distinguished by many primitive virtues,
the Russian political and diplomatic system, on the other
hand, is marked by all the vices of semi-barbarism and
of semi-civilization. There is ruse and double dealing—

there is sembling and dissembling—there is fraud and
chicane—there is special pleading and equivocation—
there is tyranny towards the weak, and craft, cunning,
and subdolous intrigue, with a view to the circumvention
of the strong—in a word, there is inherent in the official
and government system all the vices of the Greeks
of the Lower Empire. Yet it is towards a sys•
tem so discreditably distinguished as this that our Fo-
reign Secretary exhibits a favour and a forbearance
which he extends to no other Sovereign or no other Mi-
nister whatever. Is the Czar attacked in Parliament,
the pathetic Palmerston is moved to pity—is Nesselrode
denounced in the Commons by men of all parties as
tricky and faithless, the juvenile Whig thinks, however
appearances may run against the Russian Chancellor,
things are, after all, not half so bad as they seam. These
were the Tiverton tactics in 1847—in 1848, and these
are again the tactics in 1849. Indeed, no later than a
fortnight ago, when Lord Dudley Stuart brought for-
ward his motion touching the occupation of the Moldo-
Wallachian provinces by Russian troops, the simple
shepherd who manages our foreign affairs ex-
pressed his belief that Russian assurances of with-
drawal were given in perfect good faith. Nay, he
went further, and stated that those dear lambs—
the Russian troops, so cherished and caressed wherever
they go—would not further hibernate in Wallachia or
Moldavia, but would go back at once to their own genial,
and by no means hyperborean climate. That intelligent
man, who knows the Russian system well—who has ob-
served for years its influences and intrigues at Constan-
tinople—who is in communication with all parts of the
Turkish empire, and who is well and promptly informed
as to what is passing in the Danubian provinces, writes
to us from Constantinople no later than Lady-day, to
state that on the previous evening—namely, March the
24th—an express had arrived at the Porte with the im-
portant intelligence that, so far from the Russians hav-
ing evacuated the Principalties, and marched in a direc-
tion homeward, on the contrary, General Mouravieff (a
relative, we presume, of the Mouravieff, engaged
in the conspiracy of Peatel and Apostol) had made
his appearance at the head of an army of 24,000
men, while another Russian general, whose name
is not given by oar correspondent, had advanced on
Brailrof (printed Ibralia in our correspondent's letter),
and had commenced building barracks for his troops in
the environs of that city. When an army is about to
move from any particular spot by a givers day or time,
we never heard of its quatermaster-general, or head of
the staff, giving directions, just previously to its evacua-
tion of a particular town or country, for the erection of
barracks. On the contrary, we have always—probably
most ignorantly—been led to conclude that the building
of barracks in any country disclosed a fixed intention to
occupy the country, and to hold it in military possession.
On this point Viscount Palmerston ought to be a great
authority. If this juvenile Whig, who was in 1807 a
rank Tory, can on its meeting induce the House of Com-
mons to think, on any re-discussion of the Wallachian
question, that the erection of barracks by the Russians
affords a further proof of the desire of the Muscovite to
quit the Danubian provinces, it will, of course, be vain to
argue the question. But until the House unmistakeably
pronounce such an opinion, we shall hold to our first im-
pressions. The fortress of Brailof, it should be remem-
bered, is situated in Central Wallachia, not far from the
Wallachian town of Slobodzic, tari the Jalomnitsa, and
about 100 miles south-east of Tergovist. The further
Russian contingent of Mouravieff, added to the armies
of General Luders and Duhamel, is by no means the
most important fact stated by our correspondent. It
appears the Russians have towed into the Danube, by
one of their Government steamers, five-gun boats. These
our correspondent states, it is intended, if possible, to
tow up as far as Orsova, a town and fort of Hungary, on
the confines of Servia and Wallachia, subject to the
Turks. That the gun-boats cannot, from the natural
impediments of the river, reach Orsova, we believe to be
certain. But the moral effect of this Russian demon-
stration will be felt, as our correspondent remarks, just as
much as though the gun-boats had reached their destina-
tion. Our correspondent contends—and properly con-
tends—that all this is done in contravention of the treaty
of Adrianople, by which Russia enjoys the free naviga-
tion of the Danube, including both shores, from the en-
trance of that " dark, rolling" river to the mouth of the
Pruth. But this navigation was clearly intended for
merchant vessels, and for merchant vessels only. Our
correspondent intimates that he has only seen the
Turkish version of the treaty, and that it may bear a
different interpretation in the French. But we have
seen the treaty both in Turkish and in French, and we
undertake to say it bears no meaning different from his
version, either in French or in English. That our
readers may be enabled to pronounce, we give the fol-
lowing short abstract of the reel provisions of this in-
strument. By the 2d article of the treaty Russia restored
to the Porte the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia,
Bulgaria, and all the places occupied by the Russian
arms in Roumelia. By the 3d article the Pruth is to con-
tinue to form the boundary between the two empires, from
the point where that river touches the territory of Mol-
davia to its confluence with the Danube. From this
point the line of frontier is to follow the course of the
Danube to the mouth of St. George, leaving all the
islands formed by the different branches of the river in
possession of Russia, and the right bank under the do-
minion of the Ottoman Porte. It was, nevertheless,
agreed that the right bank, from the pcint where the
branch of St. George :separates from that of Soulineh,
should remain uninhabited for the space of two hours
from the river; that there should not be formed within
that distance any kind of establishment; and that no
fortification or establishment, except quarantine build-
ings, should be formed upon the islands remaining in
possession of Russia. The merchant vessels of the two
Powers to be at liberty to navigate the Danube, in its
whole course; those under the Ottoman flag to enter
freely the mouths of Keli and Soulineh, and the mouth of
St. George to remain common to the merchant vessels
and vessels of war of the two contracting parties.
But the Russian vessels of war, in ascending the
Danube, cannot pass beyond the point of its junction
with the Pruth. This, we presume, being a fair abstract
of the two articles of the treaty bearing on the question,
is decisive of the moot point raised by our correspon-
dent. But what avails the spirit or even the letter of
treaties, if Russia be disposed to proceed to the ultima
.
ratio with the 120,000 men she has concentrated the
Danubian provinces? To this we answer, that if the
Porte be properly supported, as she ought to be, by the
moral influence of England and France, and if two
ships, or even one ship of war of each nation be sent to
the Dardanelles, there is no fear for Turkey. Probably
Viscount Palmerston—as usual where Russian interests
are concerned—may contend that his dearly-beloved
Muscovite means no harm, and is a gentleman of the
blandest manners and most benevolent intentions. But
this cuckoo-note of the singing bird of Tiverton has
been repeated so often, that the most complaisant
claqueurs of the Treasury bench must feel sick and
tired of it at this time of day. It is as hackneyed—to
use an illustration borrowed from the Noble Viscount's
own county, Sligo—as " the tune the old cow died of."

- •
CHRONICLE.—The changes in the seasons are not
more uniform in their recurrence than the alternate fits
of extravagance and economy that periodically influence
the representative body. At one moment they are wil-
ling to lavish money upon every conceivable folly, and
at another they button up their pockets with savage
determination. A few years ago it was necessary for
the Minister to find " ways and means" to spend, as well
as to obtain, his revenue; and a hundred public burdens
were forthwith undertaken to get rid of our surplus
wealth. Some were fortunately arrested in their pro.
gress, but others survived. At this moment Trafalgar-
square bears testimony to our utter disregard of expense
in pursuit of the beautiful, and the Thames Tunnel will
be a lasting memorial of the utility of our public works;
but the tide has since turned, and where we once voted
millions for the asking, we now squabble over farthings.
Committees of investigation pry into estimates, and de-
mand explanations. State luxuries are fiercely assailed
on every side, and its necessities only supplied grudg-
ingly. The error is perpetuated by the violence of the
reaction, and we shall bo told, at some future period, and
told with truth, that in the year 1849, as in the year
1835, we had passed the bounds of prudence in our zeal
for reduction. These fluctuations of opinion are un-
doubtedly inconvenient, but they are a necessary part of
the penalties we have to pay for the advantages of self-
government. Nor are they altogether to be despised
because of their inconsistency, for there is generally
some foundation for a moderate movement in either di-
rection; nor are they to be relied upon as indicating the
sober judgment of the country, for the most popular
theories of the day are often the most easily disproved
by the process of reasoning. They are, no doubt, satis-
factory to those who consider that the perfection of le-
gislation consists in its instant adaptation to the opinions
.te
of the hour, without reference to the future,
forrele.
elastic subservience to the noisy advocates
mentary convenience; but, however indicatibroeetwtheeryn
may be of a satisfactory state of relationship
eee cannot
constituencies and their representatives,
w.t. nthebe
nied that these oscillations are at.tend n
pusb.l
serious consequences to the
charge s e ry
ei cfe , a
folly,nd t
at
mostan-
other
at one period we are hablasetroious
imitation of a breach
we incur the n
leodietossmake these remarks in eonse-
ug recently
about
ourgo of
efauicteh. of /17,neowarieng that at this moment there are not
thousand able-sbodied
,sweaanmdeenri
less than six thou
dis-
charged from her Majesty
outporis in a state nearly approaching to destitution, and
that within another week this number will be augmented
by the crews of the St. Vincent and Penelope, making
in all a total amount of unemployed and disposable
fought force larger than that with which Nelson the
battle of the Nile. This is a reduction which ought to
satisfy the most ardent Reformer ; but, unfortunately,
it is in the wrong direction. It must strike every un-
prejudiced observer that we are beginning at theswewrosng
end—that we are casting away our thews and in
our practised, hardy, well-trained, and disciplined sea-
men, and wilfully depriving ourselves of the services of
those whom we have taught with years of labour, and
at the expense of thousands of pounds, to qualify for a
profession that is now shut in their face, and all to per-
petuate some existing absurdities, bolster up a faulty
system, and indulge a few favoured individuals in the
prosecution of various crotchets, interesting only in,
the eyes of the inventors, and to the failure or suc-
cess of which the public will ever remain totally in-
different. The snm required to defray the expense
of wages and food to each man is 401. per annum.
So that the total amount of saving consequent upon