The Sun.
London, England, 1849-02-28 00:00:00

CALDER'S ARITHMETIC.

The title-page describes this little book as " a
familiar explanation of the higher parts of arithmetic
comprising fractions, decimals, practice, proportion,
and its application, &c., with an appendix designed as
an introduction to algebra, by the Rev. F. Calder,B.A.,
Head Master of the Grammar School, Chesterfield. Mr.
Calder thus explains the object of his work, which ex-
planation will be better than any comment we can
give :

" My object in printing this work is to supply a want
which I, as a teacher, have experienced, of a school-book
which would explain the more difficult parts of arith-
metic in a manner sufficiently familiar for the compre-
hension of youth, and yet sufficiently accurate and at-
tentive to principles to be worthy of being considered
an explanation.
"It is well known to teachers that pupils, in going
through all the operations of Fractions, are generally
taught to perform the mechanical process which the rule
tells them will bring out the desired answer ; but not a
particle of demonstration is given by which that pro-
cess is shown to be correct. Consequently, boys make
the grossest mistakes whenever the smallest knowledge
of the principles of Fractions is required ; and when
any who have so learned arithmetic advance to algebra,
they find all the operations required in the treatment of
Fractions perfectly new to them ; whereas I think that
it it will be found, that if young people of both sexes
are taught according to the rational method laid down
in this book, such learners will not only obtain a portion
of that mental training which is derived from mathe-
matical study, but will, if they pursue that study, find
the path thereto smoothed to a very considerable extent.
" I have no doubt that some readers, who may be well
acquainted with the suljects here treated of, will say
that this book is too diffuse in its explanation ; but I
think that this complaint will not come from those for
whose use it is mainly designed, viz., youth, and teachers
of youth ; nor from those who, later in life, may think
it worth their while to try and learn the meaning of
those rules and operations which they never compre-
hended while at school. If such persons can, without
any assistance, understand what is here contained, I
shall feel well satisfied with the success of my attempt."
One of the chief advantages of the study of figures is
the exercise which it gives to the mental faculties.
Mr. Calder, by enabling his scholars thoroughly to
understand what they learn, will greatly contribute to
this desirable object—the improvement of their think-
ing capacities.

CURIOSITIES OF THE LONDON DIRECTORY.—The
Directory points out a division of labour in, or belonging
to, the hat-trade that few persons dream of : it records
hat-band makers, hat-block makers, hat box makers, hat-
case makers, hat dyers, hat-lining and leather cutters,
hat-shag makers, hut-tip makers, hat-varnish makers,
hat-bowstring makers, hatters' furriers, and hatters'
trimming makers. Those who have a taste for such de-
tails, would also be amused by turning to the pages
which set down the ten distinct varieties of handicrafts-
men which seem indispensable to the making of a piano-
forte, and to the twenty nine necessary to make the works
of a watch and to put it together. As instauces of the
extremely minute division of labour, we may add that
there are tea-pot handle makers and ear-ring joint
•ma-
kers And here, as we have mentioned one of what
may be culled the curiosities of the Loudon Directory,
we may as well digress to mark a few more. Scarcely a
year pusses but the trade classification will notify a new
trade, originating in the introduction of some Lovel ar-
ticle of commerce or in some improvement in science or
the useful arts. Of such trades we find in the Directory
f"r 18-i that there are 15- dealers in gutty percha,
owe thtir livelihood to the recent discoveries of Sir J.
Brooke, the Rajah of Sarawak. The railway mania has
placed upon the record 11 " average staters and adjus-
ters," and 3 railway statists. The tide of emigration
has, it seems, AO strongly set in of late, that it occasion-
ally sweeps away to the antipodes entire habitations.
Hence we find that there are two firms solely employed
in building portable houses " for exportation."—Notice
of the Post-qllice Directory in the Daily News.
MERCHANT SEAMEN'S ORPHAN ASYLUM.—Yes.
tei day morning a general meeting of the subscribers to
this institution was held at the London Tavern; Alder-
man Finnic in the chair. The annual report stated that
the subscriptions of masters, pilots, &c., had of late fallen
off to some extent, but that the funds had received a
great addition by the bequest of the late R. Lowrey,
Esq., amounting in all to more than 3,0001. The report
also acknowledged donations of various amounts from
different individuals. The report having been received,
the meeting proceeded to the election of six boys and
four girls from a list of thirty-two candidates, being an
addition of ten to the 100 orphans already in the asylum.
The meeting separated after a vote of thanks to the
chairman.

STATE OF TRADE—MANCHESTER.—There has not
been much change in this market since last week. There
was considerable inquiry for goods suited to the Indian
market, and the rates of last week have been fully main-
tained for all such goods. The feeling generally was
good, and the impression general that a good amount of
business may be expected to be done.
FIRE IN THE COLLEGE SCHOOL-ROOM AT GLOU-
CESTER.—The inhabitants of Gloucester were alarmed
shortly after ten o'clock on Saturday night last, by the
breaking out of a fire in the College school-room, which
it was feared would spread to the venerable cathedral.
The school-room is over the chapter-room of the cathe-
dral, and the chapter-room adjoins the library, which
opens into the cloisters and into a room communicating
with the treasury and with the body of the cathedral.
The fire is supposed to have originated from one of the
tour stoves by which the school-room is warmed having
set fire to the floor, which was much burnt; some of the
flaming books fell through the floor, and, but for the
di,covery of the fire, must have communicated the com-
bustion to the room beneath. The papers, documents,
&c., kept in the closets below were rescued, and by the
vigorous exertions of the inhabitants of the city and
those who had the direction of the engines, the flames
were subdued before any damage was done to the
cathedral.

A statement having been very generally circulated
through the press, that Lord and Lady Blantyre have
boen excommunicated by the Lord Bishop of Glasgow,
for attending a schismatical place of worship, we are re-
quested to state that there is no kind of foundatio❑ for
this report. The correspondence which has recently
passed between the Bishop and his Grace the Duke of
Argyll has been published by Messrs. Rivingtons. It
may be relied on as an accurate account of the part
which the Bishop felt it his duty to take; and it will be
seen that no allusion to Lord and Lady Blantyre occurs
in any of his letters.—Post.

AWFUL OCCURRENCE : WOMAN WORRIED DT A
Doc.—On Tuesday evening a frightful occurrence took
place in Clifford-street, a small street leading out of
Islington, in this town. A dog of the bull and
terrier species, and of enormous size, was_
kept chained up in the cellar of a house in Clifford
street. On Tuesday, however, it snapped its chain
broke through the cellar window, and ran in an infu-
riated state into the.atreet. Mrs. Brown, the wife of a
labourer, residing in a court-house in the street,
her
ran to
to
protect one of her children who had been bitten
the animal, when the dog flew at her, threwe most
down, and proceeded to worry
hervei!jely the
in the
savage manner. It bit her
calves of the legs and then
seized
to have been wit.
'beer by the chin.
Three or four men who are id
flosses of the occurrence were dast3trbaied
da,,gfi,rsatntdo ibnrteorkfe'erea.
One of them at length a
poker over iti back ; Wtt
it was not till after the most
violent means had been used that the brute could be in-
duced to relinquish its hold. The poor woman with up-
w.•ounds, vvas removed
wards of a dozen
Furious
in a state of ironutsib,illeitlya
sorry to say,y into her house, and
procured. We are
medical aid
"h
however, that yesterday, so great are the
injuries she has suffered, and so serious has been the
shock to her
system,
.she v; as not considered out of
dog,
which said to have bitten another
danger. The
and child, ran off after its attack upon Mrs.
Liarcrne
owli, and has not been seen in the neighbourhood
since. It is the general opinion that the animal was not
mad, but simply infuriated by long confinement, and the
unfortunate victim has so far exhibited no symptom of
hydr,phtibia.—Liverpool Albion.
GENERAL STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY.—The
half-yearly meeting of this corporation was held yester-
day, at their offices, 71, Lombardy-strt et ; John Wilkin,
Esq ,in the chair. The directors' report, and a state-
ment of the accounts for the halt year ending 31st De-
cember last, were read to the meeting. The report hav-
ing been unanimously adopted by the proprietors, the
usual dividend and bonus were declared, when the meet-
ing broke up, highly satisfied with the continuing pros-
perity of the company.

I MO-NE -COMMERCIAL NEWS.
CiTY. QUARTER 10 ?URI:I:.
The e...ea (.1 Cotton at Liverpool yesterday were
m sti-
eted at 5.000 talcs. including 2,000 for export and on
speculation, ftt full price:. The market was steady, but
nut active.—Railway Shares were in but limited demand.
The letters and papers by the West India mail have
been delivered since our yesterday's report, and are still
of an unfavourable character, although in some respects
a shade better than the last.
The accounts received from Paris have excited much
attention. A fall in the French fundsofl pertocent.,
even after such a continuous rise, is something
agi-
tate the speculators, and accordingly, there is a feeling of
apprehension and excitement. Many disbelieve the
statements about Transylvania, the march of. the
Russian troops to the frontier, &c., but there are
ninny elements to excite distrust, and Austria,
Italy, and Denmark aro naturally looked to
with solicitude. The caution exhibited by the Bank of
England in not reducing the minimum rate of discount
may, should these political complications continue, be
maintained yet for a time, and the public a ho have been
selling stock, are for the present on the right side, 'al-
though we must make some allowance for exaggeration.
In a publication by Mr. John Wade, entitled " Unre-
formed Abuses in Church and State," there are some
rows( ks of special interest to capitalists, and men of
business. We will not affirm that we concur in all of
them, because we know how much easier it is to find
fault than to remedy abuses; but that there is an urgent
neces;ity for some change no one can gainsay. As Mr.
Wade remarks of the French war:—
" Aft( r the enormous loans raised towards the ter-
mination of hostilities, the annual int, rest arose to
nearly thirty-one millions, exclusive of an enormous
unfunded debt. At present the annual charge, as be-
fore mentioned, is a little below twenty-eight millions.
Now this reduction of about three millions per annum,
has not been the result of economy or political
wisdom in the Government, but of the natural
progress of the country in wealth and indus-
try. The people have done it all, not their
rulers. Commercial enterprise and unparalleled labour
have greatly augmented internal riches, of which the
results have frequently been much abundance of money,
and consequent low rate of interest. Under these favour.
able conditions the Navy Fives and the Four per Cent.
Stock rose above par, affording opportunities for tender-
ing to the holders either the payment of the principal of
their annuities or the acceptance of a lower rate of in-
terest.
" Additional savings in the annual charge of the debt
have been Effected by the falling in of tetmitiial annui-
ties and the lowering of the interest of Exchequer-bills.
It is probable that the process of the conversion o! stocks
from a higher to a lower denomination would have con-
tinued had it not been interrupted by the ab-
sorption of capital in rails% aye. In 1843 the
average price of Three per Cent. Consols
was 95: it 1844, it was 98; and, in 1845, it had risen
to 99. Bet the inordinate spirit of speculation in rail-
ways having then set in, opened an entirely new channel
for the employment of the accumulated wealth of the
country, and diverted it from investment in the national
securities. Without this diversion of capital, it is likely
the Three per Cent. Consols would have risen penile-
fleetly above par, thereby affording an opportunity to
the Chancellor of the Exchequer to tender to the holders
the usual alternatives of the payment of their principal,
or the acceptance of less interest.
The English Funds have been extremely heavy on
account of the French news, and Money Stock is rather
plentiful. Consols realise 92i to 91i for Transfer, and
for Account 921 to 92. Bank Stock is 194 to 1951;
Exchequer-bills are 40e. to 455. premium.
Spanish Five per Cents. have been quoted 16j- to
; Portuguese Four per Cents. are 251 ; Mexican,
264 4. Venezuela, 27; and Dutch Two-and-a-Half per
Cents. 494 to 50i.
Shares are affected by the heaviness of Consols.
ONE CLOSING
eItICES OF BRITISH FUNDS. O'CLOCK. FRICI S.
Bank Stock 194 195' 195%
I.er Cent. Reduced Alan ...... 9214 92 91-54
3 per Cent. Consols Annuities 92tei 41% 91%. 91%
Nrsv 314 per Cent. . 93A 1,8 % 927 i 93 ley' 92N
L mg Anns. to expire J an. 1860
India Bonds, 1,0001.
Ditto under 1,000/.........- — , b 8 p
South Sea Stock
Consols for Account 92;0/s% 92 814
exchequer Bills. 24d. & 2d.
1,000/. June 4O p
5001. June
Small. June:
Ditto Advertised, June 3B p
FBICES OF FOREIGN FUNDS. ONE
O'CLOCK.
Brazilian Bonds ... 83
Cuba Bonds, 6 per Cent .....
Danish Bonds, 1825, 3 per Cent...
FRICES OF PAID. BUSINESS DONE CLOSING
RAILWAY SHARES. AT ONE O'CLOCK. PRICES.
Aberdeen
Do. Preference
Caledonian
Do. New 101. Pr0f..... 10 ..... 11%
Chester and Holyhead... 50
Ditto, Preference.— 15
Dublinand Belfast June. 35
East Anglia, 251., L &

S 9 p
43p
41 p

83 i
CLOSIRe
PRICES.
83
86

E. and L. and D...... 25 ..... 3%14
Do., 3/. 103.
..... 9 % ... 2%
Eastern Counties...... 201 1...... 10%N% .... 10%
Ditto, 5 per cent. Scrip, 1849.. 66% p 7 p
Equador Bonds
Grenada Bonds, 1 per Cent. -
Ditto Deferred' 3% 3%
M.e.xican, 5 per Cent. 1846 2614% 26%
Ditto, Account 26% 26
Ditto, Small 26% 26%
Spanish 5 per Cent. 1840.
Ditto. Account 17% 16%
Ditto. I'as6ive . 3% 3%
Ditto 3 per Cent..
Venezuela Bonds. 23,1 per Cent 27 26
Ditto. Deferred 8 8
Diro..tots 01, the above pay, hle in Vonder,
French, 3 per Cent
Exchange 2.V. 20e. 251. 20e.
Dutch 2% per Cent.. 12 Guild -
Ditto. per Cent. Certificates 7914
Eastern Union, class A
(late E. U. Shares) 25 -
Do. Scrip (6 percent.) 20 ...... 19 ........
East Laucat+'re
East Linco;ilviire
Great Northern
Do., !ri.A. a ferred ... 12%...... 5 .... . 5
Do., %B 6 per Cent.. 6%..... 6% 6%
' - rest South. and West.
(Ireland)
Great Western 100 ...... 97% x.d ....... 97x.d
Ditto, 14 Shares
Ditto, New 171 l5 ... .. 13% x.d l3%x.d.
I.ancaster and Carlisle... 50 ...... -
Ditto, Thirds -
Lancashire & Yorkshire 93 - -
Ditto, ditto -
Do. Fifths..
soh
Do. Thirds
London & Blackwall...l3/. 6s. 8d.... 53a % :.d 5% x.d.
Do. Extension ........ 22%...... 14% x.i 14%x.1
London, Brighton, and
South Coact 5O
..... 35% 14
Ditto, New 51., guar. .
6 per cent. -
London and N. Western 100 ...137... 1391% x.d....1381,.Qx.d
Ditto, New
thtto, Fifths ..... ..
Lon'. &S. Western 5O ...... 39 39 x.d. ... 39 x.d.
Midland lOO ...... 85 86 id.
Do., do., 50L Shares,- 25 ..... 18%..• lB%
Do. Consol. Bristol and
Birming., 6 per ct.... 100 ......1.25% 125%
Norfolk . ..... . 100 -............-
Ditto. Extension 2O ..... 17% .. 17%
North British - ...... .......„ --... •
Ditto, Halves ..
North Staffordshire
Oxford, Worcester, and
Wolverhampton ...... 50
Shrewsbury and Birra... 10 ...... 5% 514
Ditto ditto. Class B. 6
Shrewsbury & Chester
(Nor. W. Min.) lB - •••
Ditto Oswestry
Shropshire Union
south Staffordshire 71% 4%
South Eastern
Do., N 0.2. -
Do., No. 3 ............ 30 ...... -
Do., Scrip No 4
South Wales ...... 33
South Yorkshire, Don-
caster, and Goole 6
Sheffield, Rotherham, &
Goole (N. Div.)
oGitutsaricrs
RAILWnit..6.,
......-1214-4
Gua-
ranteed 5 per cent ...... 10
Do. do (Sou. Div.) ... 5
fork, Newcastle, and
Berwick. .... .. ...... ... 25 •• ••• - "• *"' ...... 20 x d
Do. Newcastle Exton. 20 - .......... -8%
Do. Gr.N.E.Preterence 8 518%4
e!‘x4.cii. ..... :::: ..... i.d
Yolk ond North Midland 50 .......
Do. East and West Rid-
... 25 x 4
25 •••••• 25
ing Extension
Aniiganlo
alntadlijainuZlen).
...... Ili.
..............
114
Boulogne and Amiens 2O ..... . 9 % 51 ,1.• ......... 9x4
Luxembourg le a Centralnsaonfd l.V'.r.ia,..enr. France
no
oStOo .o.ro :. I
; •
. . . . -- ..
. ...... ... ..... -
Ditto .............. ....... 10 ~.... 17',34.4 2
Liege
Nlsloairitihuerrnanodr
France.........
e.....: 210 .. 2
..: .
. .:
9,7,:xt
Isiovi.
67;:::
:2;4
Orleans and Bordeaux._ 7
3% 3ii O%
Paris and Orleans ...... 20 ..... 34 321 .
Pars and boner, ... ..... 20
Paris and Strasbourg ... 9 ..
....
.. 24111501_..'" fif3ll
Rouen and Havre ...... 20 ...
13 t 12. k.;•••• 12%
Sambre and Meuse...... 20 514%
Tours and Nar.t..-t . 9 ::::: 294 Til;...
..... ..

704

35%

TIMBER STEALING IN NEW FOREST.—Three of
the principal keepers in the New Forest have been dis-
missed tr(rn their situations in consequence of the
timber stealing which has recently been brought to light.
Colonel 1 hurnhill's situation is not yet filled up. The
Government have received nearly 300 applications for it.
SournFORELAND.—SIIIPPING SIGNAL,--W 9 lately
announced that preparations were making, under the
Trinity Corporation, for the erection of Well's PatAint
Railway and Shipping Signal, at the South Foreland
Light-ht,uses, as a warning to vessels to stand from the
shore in dense foggy weather, when the lights are in-
visible. The machine is portable, and consists of t!
cylinder fitted with piston rod, fly and cog-wheels, afia
handle for raising the piston, by which air is instantly
g. aerated and expelled, the sound being given off bitri,d
turning of the handle. Last week the signal.
at the Foreland in another position, to ftscsrtsiathateestbistts
i spot to place it before it was finally
pow( r, a party went out in the coast gfixedchb"t'
the South Sand Head light-ship, 1'
the shore, that being considered
the sound to be heard. The party-aatrfour miles from
ss far as
''',lriticient distance for
awent on board the
to sound the whistle, and,
i light-ship, the signal was g
a burst of applause from the
on the apparatus being se-tivtoenwork, the sound was dis-
tinctly heard, and elicited 1
judges,—Canterbury Journal.

THE LEGAL TITLE ASSURANCE
COMPANY.
(Provisionally Registered, January 17, 1849.)
Capital, 2,000,0001., in 80,000 Shares, of 251. each.
Preliminary Deposit, 2s. 6d. per Share
Prospectuses and full information may be obtained at the Tempo-
r!ary Offices of the Company, 13a, Cannon-row, Westminster, on ap-
plication to

G. F. HOWE, Hon. Sec., pro tern

Now ready at all the Libraries, in 3 vols.,
THE NEW NOVEL.
R OCKINGII A M;
Or,
THE YOUNGER BROTHER.
Henry Colburn, Publisher, I_3l Great Marlborough-street.

Now ready at all the Libraries, in 3 vols.,
ADVENTURES of CROMWELL DOOLAN;
Oa,
LIFE IN THE ARMY.
By the Author of " Echoes from the ISackwoods."
" One of the pleasantest and most spirited novels that have lately
appeared. The sketches of Life in the Army are full of point aid
tharacter."Morning Herald.
" A very clever, entertaining, and instructive work—full of in
Piety and incident, and highly amusing."—Jerrold's Paper.
Full of life, frolic, fun, and humour."—Naval and Military Gazette.
Henry Colburn, Publisher, 13, Great Marlborough-street.
QT.

JAAIES'S TIIE A T RE.

Season 1849.
FRENCH PLAYS and OPERA COMIQUE.
THIS EVENING,

The Performances will commence at Half-past Seven o'clock, with
Boleldieu's popular Opera,
LE NOUVEAU SEIGNEUR DE VILLAGE.
To conclude with the popular Opera Comique, entitled
L'A NIBASSADRICE. _ .

Mr. Mitchell begs also to announce that, notwithstanding the in-
Greased expenses of the present entertaimnent, the prices of admis-
sion are determined as follows :
Boxes .• •• •• •• •5s Od.
Pit .. .. 3s. Sd.
Amphitheatre .. • • .. 2s. Od.
Subscriptions for the season may be arranged at Mr. Mitchell's
Royal Library, 33, Old Bond-street ; Mr. Sams', St. James's-street ;
kr. Andrews', New Bond-street ; and at the Boa-office of the
Theatre, which is open daily from eleven till five.

THEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET.
Mr. B. Webster, Sale Lessee and Manager. Old Rrompton.
The public is respectfully informed that this Theatre has, during
the recess, undergone very extensive repairs and alterations and the
Whole redecorated.

THIS EVENING,
Will be peformed OTHELLO. Othello, Mr. J. Wallack ; Tam
Mr. Charles Kean ; Desdemona, Miss Laura Addison ; Emilia, Mrs.
Charles Kean.
To conclude with an Arabian Nights' Entertainment, entitled
CAMARALZAMAN AND BADOURA ; or, The Pert who Loved
the Frince. Characters by Messrs. Bland, Keeley, Mrs. Keeley, Miss
Horton, and Miss Reynolds.

TREATRX ROYAL, ADELPIIL
l'nder the direction of Madame Celeste,

During the Rece; this Theatre lras been entirely re-decorated, the
originil designs by Digby Wyatt, Es 4 , executed by Mr. Sang. A
new Step°, Curtain, Act Drop, and Chandelier. An approved sys-
tem of Ventilation, &c., &c. The Private Boxes enlarged, Backs
added to the Seats, and Stalls rendered mere comfortable.

THIS EVENIN (,
Will be performed COCKNEYS IN CALIFORNIA.
After which, the original Drama, called HARVEST
HOME. Principal characters by Messrs. H. Hughes, Lambert,
Wright, P. Bedford, 0. Smith, Madams Celeste, Miss Woolgar, Dirs.
Frank Matthews. Miss Turner, &c.

To conclude with JOHN JONES. Guy Geedluck, Mr. Lambert
Eliza Melton, Miss E. Chaplin.

ROYAL LYCL UM THEATRE.
Under the Management of Madame Vestris.
Sole Lessee. Mr. Charles Mahe as.
THIS EVEN uga

Will be performed SHAVE YOU DIRECTLY.
After which, a new Fairy Extravaganza, entitled THE KING OF
rHE PEACOCKS. Characters by Messrs. Harley, John Reeve,
Selby, H. Hall, Marshall, and H. Marshall ; Miss Kathleen Fitzwil-
%tin, Miss L. Howarl, Mrs. Macnamara, Miss Marshall, Miss L.
Marshall, Miss Coleman, and Madame Vestris.
To conclude with I.TED UP.
Dress Boxes, bs.; Upper Boxes, 43. ; Pit, 2s. ; Gallery, Is. No
half-priee to any part of the house.

PRINCESS'S THEATL:A.
Mr. J. M. Maddox, Sole Lessee and Manager.

During the Recess this Theatre has been re-decorated and embel-
lished in a superb and costly manner ty Hurwitz. A new Chan-
delier has teen fitted, and the best atranze men ts have been made for
the due Ventilation of the Theatre, and the couu.ort and convenience
of the audience.