The Sun.
London, England, 1849-09-11 00:00:00

N°.l7 773 1 LONDON TUESDAY l'- *.
r. T •-4
• ,
a + SEA rtiAiBER 11, 1849.

TL A S ASSURANCE COMPANY,
92, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON.
Established 1808.
DIRECTORS.
JOHN OLIVER HANSON, Esq., Chairman

WILLIAM GEORGE PRESCOTT, Esq., Deputy Chairman.
Sir William Baynes, Bart. Moses Mocatta, Esq.
Arthur Edward Campbell, Esq. James William Ogle, Esq.
Thomas Chapman, Esc; , F.R.S. Emanuel Pacifico, M.D.
Donald Maclean, Esq. Joseph Pulley, Esq.
Samuel Eustace Magan, Esq.

AUDITORS—Francis Bligh Ifookey, Esq., and Arthur Augustus
Rnsch, Esq.
ACTUARY—CharIes Ansell, Esq., F.R.S.
SOLICITOR—Thomas Browning, Esq.
SURVEYOR—Thomas Hopper, Esq.
FIRE DEPARTMENT.

RETURNS.—Pulleies tbr 3001. and upwards which may have been
n force for one year prior to the date to which the Account is
made up. will be periodically entitled to participate in the return of
Surplus Premium.
Distilierie,, Sugar Houses ; and Mercantile Property, in the Docks;
in Private or Public Warehouses; also Shipping in Harbour; assured
for the Year, or for any shorter period on advantageous terms.
Farming Stock is now exempt from Duty, and may be assured
without the average clause.

On Assurances for Seven Years by one payment, a deduction of
one-seventh part of the Premium and Duty will be made.
RENEWALS.—PoIicies due on Midsummer-day should be renewed
within fifteen days thereafter.
LIFE ISEPARTMENT.
The attention of the public has, in the advertisements and pro-
posals of this Company of late years, been called to a Table of
Additions applicable to and expectant on Policies of particular
dates and ages ; the Directors now beg to submit tha following
statement of Claims actually paid, showing the sums re-pectiv,ly
assured and the Bonuses thereon, and they request, in order to
exemplify the advantageous plan of Assurance proposed by this
Company, that persons desirous of effecting Assur:nces on their •wn
lives or on the lives of others, will compare the statement now sub-
mitted, with the addition or bonus of any of the other offices which
may apply to a Policy issued by them since 1816, when the Atlas
Company adopted the Bonus System.

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Persons assured for the whole term of Life for 1001. and upwards,
in Great Britain or Ireland respectively, will be entitled at the end
of every filth year (instead of every seventh year as heretofore) to
participate in the Surplus Premiums, either by Addition to their Po-
licies, or an equivalent Reduction will be made in the future pay-
ments of Premium, at the option of the Assured.
Policies may also be effected for the whole term of Life by a limited
number of y early payments. -
ASSURANCES for SHORT PERIODS may new be effected in this
Office at considerably reduced rates of Premium.
The NEXT VALUATION will be made at Christmas, 1849, and
Policies effected before that date will participate in proportion to the
time they may then have been in force.
The Company's Rates and Proposals may be had at the Office in
London, or of any of the Agents in the Country, who are authorised
to report on the appearance of Lives proposed for Assurance
HENRY DESBOROUGII, Secretary.
92, Cheapside, June, 1849.

THE LONDON INDISPUTABLE LIFE
POLICY COMPANY
INCORPORATED BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT.
No. 31, LO3IBARD-S MEET, LONDON.
TRUSTEES.
J. Campbell Renton, Esq., M.P. I Richard Spooner, Esq., M.P.
Richard Malins, Esq., Q.C. James Fuller Madox, Esq.
William Wilberforce, Esq.
DIRECTORS.
Robert Henry Forman, Esq.
John Hamilton, Esq.
James Fuller Madox, Esq.
John Matthews, Esq.
Charles 0. Parnell, Esq.
AUDITORS.

William Adams, Esq.
John Atkins, Esq•
Henry Augustus Beyan, Esq.
John Thompson Bramwell, Esq.
John Dangerfleld, Esq.

George Cumming, Esq.
James Turner, Esq.

Samuel Field, Esq.
I William Ghrimes Kell, Esq.
MEDICAL ADVISER.
Benjamin Phillips, Esq., F.R.S.
BANKERS.
Messrs. Spooner, Attwood, and CO.
SECRETARY.
David Alison, Esq.
SOLICITORS.
Messrs. Atkinson and Andrew.
MANAGER.
Alexander Robertson, Esq.
The POLICIES are INDEFEASIBLE and INDISPUTABLE,
he Company being prohibited, by the 54th clause of their Deed of
Constitution, which is duly registered iu terms of the Act, from dis
puting a Policy upon any ground whatever.
The Rates of Premium are calculated upon Carlisle mortality, and
are as low as a due regard to complete security will justify.
HALF PREMIUM SYSTEM. —By this plan only one-half of the
premiums. with interest of the retained halves, is required to be p Aid
for the first five years—the retained halves, being payable at the
convenience of the assured. or allowed to continue, to form
a deduction from the claim on the Policy ; and as the As-
surance may be relinquished at any time without payment
of the retained premiums, this scheme enables a party to
assure for the first five years at little more than half the usual rate,
and to discontinue a Policy at about one-half the usual sacrifice.
WHOLE WORLD POLICIES are granted, whereby the security
of a creditor, holder of a Policy, continues unimpaired, although the
assured life should go beyond the prescribed limits.
Sums are assured payable to the parties themselves on attaining a
specified age, or at their death, whichever shall first occur.
PARTNER -4 HIP POLICIES are granted, whereby ajoint assurance
effected by partners, at the charge of the firm, secures the capital in-
vested. On the death of either, the survivor is benefited by retain-
ing the whole capital, and the representatives of the deceased obtain
their share without having to wait until it can be recovered from
outstanding debts.
There is no extra charge for residence beyond 35 degrees of the
equator.
No Admission er Entrance Fees are required, nor is any charge
made for the Policy beyond the amount of the Stamp.
Claims are payable within three months after proof of the death of
the assured life
The usual Commission allowed to Solicitors, and also to persons,
approved by the Board, who extend the business of Life Assurance in
connexion with this Company.

T° L 0
How shall my muse thy praise rehearse, 0 N.
Great City of the Universe?
Thou art the glory of the world,
And Justly is thy fame unfurled.
Where'er we travel, far or near,
We cannot meet with thy compeer.
Thy name is chronicled in story,
And many a bard has sung thy glory.
Thy towers gp d temples proudly stand
The admiratT6n of the land.
At every turn in every street
With vast attractions do we meet.
Thy trading warehouses arise,
And fill the stranger with surprise;
And here does Moses' far-famed Mart
Enjoy a proud conspicuous part.
How fit is such a Mart as this
For such a vast metropolis.
This famed Depot may justly claim
The highest niche in trading fame.
Here may the choicest dress be had,
And here are thousands daily clad.
Moses and Son, from this famed Mart,
Distribute clothes to every part ;
And wheresoever we may be,
Moses and Son's attire we see.
And thus my hmnble tribute closes,
A compliment for thee and Moses.
LIST OF PRICES.

Men' Spring, and Summer Wrappers— from £0 8 6
The Bulwer, Pacha, Paletot, ani every descrip-
tion of light Over-coats •••• • • • • ••• • • .... I 2 6
Cloth Over Coats, of a light texture, and hand-
somely trimmed
Do. do. lined with silk ...• ••.. •• 1 8 0

Do. do. superior quality .... •••• • • • • 1 IS 0
Jean and Holland Blouses ••••••••• • •• • • .. • • 0 2 9
Fancy Victoria do. • •
0 4 6
Tweed d 0... .•• • • • •••••••••• " " '' • • '• "
0 17 0
Dress Coat •• .• •• •••• • ***** "•• •"• 1 0 0
Frock Coat . *
0 4 0
Spring and Summer Trousers .• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Doeskin and Buckskin d 0................... 0 7 6
Spring and Summer Vests in every variety• • 0 1 6
Black and Figured Satin Vests...... •••• • • • • 0 4 6
Black de., superior quality ... ............ 0 9 6
White Marcella Vests „, 0 4 6
Men's Black C•oth Vests 0 a 6
FiSpurlgr and. Summer esr
i6Vtess
00
150 100
BBooyys's•
Men's Fishing Coats in great variety 0 4 0
WADI TO ICELIIIMIC.
paletots made from a variety of material, fitted
for Summer wear.... 1 1
Do. very elegantly trimmed
Superior Cloth of a light texture.......• •• • • 1 15 0
Ditto ditto lined with silk.— ••
Ditto Dress Coat...
•
Superfine Frock do. •••••• • • • • .• •• •• 115 0
Best do. •••••••••••••••• • • • • •• •• •• •• •• •• 3 a o
Fancy Doeskin Trousers. .• • • ...... •••• • • • 016 6
Black do. .• .• .• •••• • • • ..... 016 0
Best d 0....... ..... •• • • 10
60
Black Cloth Vests • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Splendido
B"
Best
do.•
satin•.V. •e s t .•• :•: :::: : : ••
••• : :: ••
11:4
Hussar and Tunic suits .• .• .••• • • • .. •• . . 1 5 0
•
Superfine do. .. •••• • • • .
Men's White Marcell Vests • ...... • .••• • • • u
Fishing Coats in endless variety from 0 10 6to 1 16 0
Elegant Dressing Robes in great
variety •....... ............ from 0 16 oto 5 0 0
Mourning to any extent at Five Minutes notice.
A Suit of Clothes complete for IL 10s.
The new book, entitled the " Great Fact," with full directions
(hr Self-measurement, can be had en application, or forwarded, post
free, to any part of the kingdom.
Notice— rhe Shawl and Parasol Department are now replete with
every novelty of the season.
Observe—Any article purchased, either ready made, or made to
measure,if not approved of will be exchanged, or the money returned.
E. MOSES and SON, Tailors, Woollendrapers, Clothiers, Hatters,
Hosiers, Farriers, Boot and Shoemakers, and General Outfitters, 154,
155, 156, anti 157 Minories, and 82,'44, 85, and 86 Aligate, City,
London ; all communicating with each other, and forming one vast
Establishment.

Caution.—E. Moses and Son regret having to guard the public
against imposition; but having; heard that the untradesman-like
alsehood of being connected with them, or " It is the same concern,"
s been resorted to in many instances, and for obvious reasons,
hey beg to state that they have no connexion with any other house
In or out of London, except their Branch Establishments, 36, Far-
gate, Sheffield; and 19, Thornton's-buildings, Bradford, Yorkshire;
‘nsi hose who require cheap and genuine clothing, gce., should call
at or send to the Itinories and Aldgate, City, London ; or either of
the Branch Establishments, as above.

Tate Notiee.—This Establishment is closed from sunset Friday,
to sunset liiiiturdayLwben business is resumed WI twelve o'clock.

ISLAY TONTINE LIFE ASSOCIATION.
Provisionally Registered

Capital, 600,000/., In 12,00 J Shares, at 501. each.
DIRECTORS.
John Bain, Esq., of Morriston, Glasgow.
Archibald Murdoch Burrell, Esq., banker, Provost of Port Glasgow
Alexander Campbell, Esq., of Bedlay
Robert C. Cumming, Eeq., of Barremm in, Dumbartonshire
Henry Dunlop, Esq., of Craigton, Glasg.,w
Archibald Falconer, Esq., of Glen Park, Port Glasgow
James Hay, Esq., merchant. Leith, Director of the Royal Bank of
Scotland
Archibald .forne, Esq., accountant, Edinburgh, ditto
Eagle Henderson, Esq., Director of the National Bank of Scotland
William Emrie, Esq., Dean of Guild, Perth
John Burn Murdock, E,q., of Gartencaber, Edinburgh
David Murray, Esq., Provost of Paisley.

THE ISLINGTON • CATTLE MARKET
AND ABATTOIR COMPANY.
Empowered by special Act of Parliament, 5 and G William IV., cap.
cal. Provisionally registered, 7 and 8 Vic., cap. cx.
Offices, Wellington-street North, Strand. . .

Capital 200,0001. Shares ICeach, to be paid in full on allotment,
thereby avoiding any calls, and unless the Company complete the
purchase of the property, the whole amount will be returned to
the shareho:ders.

The responsibility limited to the amount o' the shares.
The rental of the houses, &c., on the Islington Market Estate ensures
interest on the subscribed capital, independent of the removal of
Smithfield Market.

TRUSTEES.

Geo. Stone, Esq. (Messrs. Martin, Stone, and Co.), Lombard-street.
John Twells, Esq. (Messrs. Spooner, Attwoods, and Co.), Grace•

_ . . .
church-street
Wm. Shaw, Esq. (Member of the Council of the Royal Agricultural
Society), Strand.
BANKERS—Messrs. Spooner, Attwoods, and Co., Gracechurch-street .
SOLICITORS —Messrs. Armstrong and Westbrook, 2, Great James-

street, Bedford-row.

To the Shareholders this Company offers an investment totally free
from risk, with a valuable property and increasing source of divi-
dend, such as few undertakings have ever been able to command ;
whilst the small amount of the shares, wholly paid ttp, will enable
persons in every grade of society to participate in the advantages,
without the annoyance of any future call. The cattle market at lA-
verpool, which was formerly held in the centre of the town, has been
removed to the suburbs, and the 251. shares pay a dividend of 21. lts.
per share per annum, exclusive of the abattoirs, which are now pay-
ing in addition twenty per cent. to the shareholders.
Applications for Prospectuses and Shares may be made to the Soli-
citors of the Company ; to the Secretary, at the Offices of the Com-
pany, Wellington-street North, Strand ; to Thomas Allsop, Esq ,
Royal Exchange-buildings ; and Henry Druitt, Esq., 23, Tokenhouse-
yard; and at the Market-house, Islington.

ELL GWYNNE TAVERN and CHOP-
L. 11 HOUSE, Bull Inn-court, Strand, Three Doors East of the
Adelphi Theatre, and opposite Adam-street. Luncheons, Dinners,
and Suppers.
Table d'Hote at Balf-past Five precisely (Sundays excepted), Fish
and Joints, 2s. Hot Joints until Eight, and Suppers until One o'clock.
The Nell Gwynne Tavern which is situated In the very centre or
the metropolis, is near to the principal Theatres, and the Tale
d'Hote has been fixed at an hour that will be found convenient for
Citizens, the Legal Profession, and Gentlemen connected with the
Public Offices and Banking Houses, also Visitors to London who are
frequenters of the Theatres. Private Rooms for the accommodation
of-mall parties. Good Beds. Wines and Spirits of superior quality.
Barclay and Perkins's Stout, and Salt's celebrated Pale Ales.
JOHN ARCHER and THONIAS BOLT, Proprietors.

THE REVOLUTION IN ITALY.
Just published, and may be had at all the Libraries, in 3 vols.

8
ERNESTOpost Dv0.,1 RIPALTA;
A TALE of the ITALIAN REVOLUTION.

....
Ily the Author of " Notes of a Two Years' Residence in Italy."

"An interesting book. A true and pitil;sOphical view of politics,
and the great classes of political opinion in Italy, presented in the
form of a tale, which is always readable and well sustained, often
powerful and interesting."—Spectator.
"The work will prove highly attractive to persons who wish to ob-
tain an interesting and well-writtm narrative of the affairs of Italy
during the past two years."—Britannia.
London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 65, Cornhill. Dublin: James
3l`Glashan, 21, D'Olier •street.

THE NICOLL PALETOT (Regd. 6 and 7
Viet., cap. 65) WAREROOIIS, 114, 116, 120, REGENT-
STREET, and 22, CORNIIILL.
Also for Nicoll's Morning Coat, now in almost universal request
for the Country, Riding, Walking, Seaside, &c. Shooting Jackets
adapted for the Moors, &c.
Many have assumed the use of the word PALETOT, but Messrs.
NICOLL are the sole Patentees of the design and material.

VIESSRS. NICOLL'S Wholesale and Counting
•V Pf House Departments for the London Branches in the Ship-
ping and Woollen Trades are in CHANGE-ALLEY, CORNHILu,
and 120, REGENT-STREET.

THE MOST DURABLE OUT-DOOR PAINT EVER INVENTED
rARSON'S ORIGINAL ANTI-CORROSION
PAINT, specially patronised by the British and other Go-
vernments, the Hon. East India Company, the Principal Deck Com-
panies, and other public bodies, Sec., is particularly recommended to
the Nobility, Gentry, Agriculturists, Manufacturers, West India Pro-
prietors, and others, it having been proved by the practical test of
more than sixty years to surpass all other paints as an out-door pre-
servative. It is extensively used for the protection of wooden houses,
farm and other out-buildings, farming implements, conservatories,
park-paling, gates, iron railings, iron hurdles, copier, zinc, lead, brick,
stone, old compo, and stucco fronts, and tiles to represent sating.
The superiority of the Anti-Corrosion to every ether paint for out-
door purposes may be easily inferred from the simple fact, that its
use has been always most strenuously apposed by colour manufac-
turers, painters, oil and colourmen, and others interested in the sale
of common paints. It is also very economical, any labourer being
able to .ay it on.
Colours—White stone, light stone, drab or Portland stone, Bath
stte, light and dark yellow stone, light and dark oak, light and
dark lead, light and dark chocolate, bright and dark red, black, and
brown, 345. per cwt.; invisible green, 50s. , bright green, 605.; deep
green, GO>. ; and blue, 60s. per cwt. ; in casks 28 lbs., 56 lbs , and
112 lbs. each. Oil and Brushes.

The Or:ginal Anti-Corrosion Paint is only to be obtained of
WALTER CARSON (Successor to the Inventor;), 15, TOKEJT-
HOUSE-YARD (back of the Bank of England), who will show be-
tween 400 and 500 Testimonials received from the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, who have used the Anti-Corrosion for many years at
their country seats.

A Copy of the Testimonials will be sent on application.

No Agents:—All orders are particularly requested to be sent direct

TIIIR rY-FIRST EDITION.
Illustrated by 2ti ...knatorruciu Coiour,a Engravings on Steel.

ON PHYSICAL-DISQUALICATIONS, GENERATIVE INCAPA.

- - -
CITY, AND IMPEDIMENTS TO MARRIAGE.

N'ew Edition, enlarged to 196 pages. Just published, price 2s. 6d., or
by cost, direct from the Establishment, 3s. 6d. in postage stamps,
THE SILENT FRIEND, a Medical Work on
the infirmities and decay of the generative system, from ex-
cessive indulgence, Infection, and the inordinate use of mercury,
with remarks on Marriage, and the means of obviating certain dis-
qualifications. Illustrated by 26 Coloured Engravings. By R. and
L. PERRY and CO., Consulting Surgeons, IS, Berners-street, Ox-
ord-street, London. Published by the Authors : sold by Strange,
21. Paternoster-row ; Hannay, 63, and Sanger, 150, Oxford-street ;
3tarie, 23, Titchborne-street, Haymarket ; and Gordon, 146, Leaden-
ball-street.

PART I. treats of the anatomy and physiology of the re-productive
~rgans, and is illustrated by Six Coloured Engravings.
PART 11. treats of the consequences resulting from excessiveindul-
cence, and their lamentable effects OA the system, producing mental
and bodily weakness, nervous excitement, and generative ncapacity.
illuttrated by Three Explanatory Engravings.
PAILT 111. treats of the diseases resulting from infection, either in
the primary or secondary form, and contain explicit directions for
their treatment. This section is illustrated by Seventeen Coloured
Engravings.

Pear IV. contains a Prescription for the Prevention of Disease
by a simple application, by which the danger of infection is ob-
viated. This important part of the Work should not escape the
reader's notice.
PART Y. is devoted to the consideration of marriage, and its
duties. The causes of unproductive union are also considered, and
the whale subject critically and philosophically inquired into.
TaReOADIAL BALM OF STRUM:TM is exclusively employed in treat-
,ng nervous and sexual debility, impotence, &c., 11 e. and 235. per
bottle. The Concentrated Detersive Essence, an anti-syphilitic
remedy, f sr purifying the blood in tales of infection, secondary symp-
toms, enotions, and the abuse of mercury, I la. and 335. per battle.
perry'a Purifying Specific Pills, 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and I Is, par box, a
eertain remedy for gonorrhoea, elect, stricture, and chronic inflamma-
tion of the bladder. Consultation fee, if by latter, IL A minute
retail of the case is required : age, habits, and position in society.
51. Packets, with advice, to be had at the Establishment only, by
which the fee,ll., is saved. Messrs. Perry, Surgeons, are in atten-
lance daily at 19, Beroers.street, Oxford-street, London, from Ele-
ven till Twos and Five to Eight; on Soudan troy a Blom to Ott.

THE ROYAL POLYTECHNIC
INSTITUTION, REGENT-STREET.
First Series of Dissolving Views, Illustrating Rome, with a De-
scription embracing the most interesting points connected with the
subject, daily, at Half-past Four, and every Evening at a Quarter to
Ten o'clock.—Lectures on Chemistry, by Mr. J. M. Ashley, daily,
at Half-past Three, and every., Evening, at Nine o'clock.—Lectures,
with Experiments, by Dr. Bachhoffuer on the hydro-Electric Ma-
chine, daily, at Two o'clock. —The Chrornatrope.—Exhibition of the
Oxy-hydrogen Microscope.—Diver and Diving-bell.
upeu daily from Eleven to Five ; and in the Evenings (except
~iturday) from Seven till Half-past Ten.
Admission. Is„—Schools, Half-price.—The New Catalogue. Is.

THE GOLD WASHINGS OF CALI

FORNIA.

SAN FRANCISCO, UPPER cALIFORNIA, ;Tom' 2
So much has of late been written about California
that I do not think it necessary to trouble you with
more than a few remarks upon Sin Francisco, its
commercial capital. This town, which, until the dis
covert' of the " gold diggings," consisted of a few huts
and of one good house (a post of the Hudson Bay
Company) is situated on a slope of a range of low,
bleak, sandy hills on Yerha Buena Bay, one of the
numerous bays comprehended in what is generally
known abroad as the " Bay of San Francisco," and
which is one of the most magnificent sheets of inland
water in the world. " San Francisco Bay," as the
name is generally applied, is a misnomer. The waters
known by that name form an inland sea of many
miles in extent, land-locked, the entrance being nar-
row, of less than two miles in width, and compre-
hending the Bays of San Pablo, Sancelito, San Pedro,
Sinsun, &c., besides a great many creeks. The sea is
studded with islands ; that called Angel Island,
standing opposite to San Francisco, is a bold triangular
mountain, skirted round its base with wood, and sup-
porting herds of wild cattle of a very handsome
breed, and chiefly of a white colour. Most of the
other islands are barren. The scenery of the
coast is throughout picturesque, and in many parts
grand, but it wants colouring; the absence of green
for the greater portion of the year imparting to the
entire range a character of sameness that tires the
eye. San Francisco is increasing rapidly by means of
emigration from all parts of Europe and,the Americas,
as well as from China, and all the islands in the Pa-
cific. The buildings are almost all wooden, and are
run up with amazing quickness. The population is
of so shifting a character that it is impossible to com-
pute it. There are constant arrivals from abroad,
and constant departures for the interior to the gold
regions. During the last two months the number of
houses has been doubled.
It is difficult to give a correct report upon trade.
The supply is abundant, but the demand is varied and
uncertain. The trade of this place does not increase
in proportion to the increase of emigration, because a
great many of the emigrants bring goods for sale and
provisions for their own use, besides houses to live in.
The trade of the place is much overdone, and there is
a glut of many goods in the market, the fleet of mer-
chantmen now in the harbour having brought varied
and large cargoes from all parts, so that a vast amount
of money will be lost by shippers generally.
I had wished to have appended to this letter a
general price current, but from the fact that no
general or uniform system of mercantile business
has yet taken root, a general price current could nut
be relied upon. Almost every one here is more or
less of a merchant just at present. The town is
studded with stalls, tents, " shankies," and tables,
where all the heterogeneous articles of human con-
sumption are vended wholesale and retail at every
variety of price. The tendency of prices is down-
ward decidedly, and great caution is necessary in
speculating to this market. Goads sent here from
the old established marts of the South Pacific have
for some time back left a loss, and are now selling
at lower rates than they would command in Chili and
Peru. The consequence is that several invoices
lately arrived from Chili are about to be returned, as
not being worth paying duties and charges on in the
present depressed state of the market.
Then, again, it is difficult to make up an assort-
ment for this market in its present state. Not only
is the population varied, changeable, and uncertain,
but it is to be remembered that it is not the ordinary
and natural exigencies of a community that are to
be provided for. What must be provided for, in a
great measure, are the desires, whims, tastes, and
caprices of men hitherto unused to wealth, suddenly
enriched by gold digging, carried away by sudden
impulses into a vortex of extravagance and all sorts
of wild indulgences; reckless in their expenditure,
and indulging in luxuries that they formerly knew
only by name. Hence the great demand for cham-
pagne and liquors of the first class, and of preserved
meats and fruits, and other delicacies, which has all
along existed, and which still continues, although the
increased supply has lowered the price. For general
information I quote the prices which I know to have
been obtained for some articles within the last few
days, at wholesale and duty paid :
" Lumber—American pine, 375 dolls. per 1,000 feet;
Swedish pine, 250 dolls. to 275 dolls. ; Chilian lumber
(Alerce boards, &c.) assorted, 300 dolls. per 1,000 tret.
" Flour, per sack of two quintals (200 IbP. Spani,b),
9 dolls.; abundant, but demand improving. Lumber
sad a month ago as high as 400 dolls. per 1,000 feet;
and flour, three months ago, sold as high as 18 dolls. per
quintal.
" Potatoes, the produce of California, 12 dolls. per
quintal (of 100 lbs.); scarce and in demand.
"Hams, 36c. per lb.; mess beet, 1 doll. 50c. per barrel;
abundant, no demand.

" Pres.rved Meats-16 dolls. to 20 dolls, per dozen.
"Sardines-22 dolls. per dozen in half-boxes.
" Green Peas (preserved)-14 dolls. per dozen.
" Cheese (Duteb)-35c. per lb.
"French prunes, 5 dolls. 50c. per jar of 111 b.
" French brandy (in case), 16 dolls. per dozen. Eng-
lish brandy preferred, but none in cases in the market.
Martell's (English) brandy in cask, 6 dolls. per gallon,
but difficult of sale, as are all liquors in wood, bottles
being of more convenient carriage to the mines.
" Champagne, 15 cloth. 40. to 25 dolls. and 30 dolls.
per dozen, according to quality.
"Port—No demand.
"Sherry-1 doll. 37c. to 1 doll. 75c.; moderate demand.
" Madeira-2 dolls. per gallon; little demand.
" Madeira in Bottles-3 dolls. 50c. to 4 dolls. 75c. per
dozen.

" Rum (New England)-55c. to 75c. per gallon, ac-
cording to quality.
" Whiskey (Monongahalia)-1 doll. 50c. to 1 doll. 75c.
" Gin (Dutch)—ln cases, 6 dolls, per dozen.
" Ale—Bass's, 7 dolls. 50e. per dozen. Some of
this ale, brought hero lately from China, fetched this
quotation.

" Glasgow Ale—Tennant's and Baird's, 7 dolls. per
dozen."

All classes of " dry goods" and ready-made clothes
are so abundant as to sell only at' and under cost
prices. Prints realize only Manchester prices in
many cases.

All goods for the interior are purchased in San
Francisco, 'and selected to meet the demand in the
Placers or "gold diggins," and the interior market is
rather fluctuating from the wandering habits of the
" diggers," and from its being dependent upon their
" luck" being good or bad.
The American tariff of 1846 is in force, and foreign
vessels pay tonnage dues at the rate of on e doll. per
register ton.
All foreign vessels under the burden of 70 tons are
permitted to engage in the coasting trade, and to run
on the rivers which lead to the gold regions, Foreign
vessels can procure a licence from the Custom-house
to enter any of the rivers, but they are not allowed
to return to San Francisco.

In California there is de facto no Governme pt and
no administration of justice. Those establishments
are in a novel if not in an unprecedented state.
General Riley is Governor of California, and rides
at Monterey, the nominal seat of Government. Com-
modore Jones is Commander-in-Chief of the naval
forces, and has his flag hoisted on board the \Via ren
frigate, at present in San Francisco harbour ; and
General Smith is Commander-in-Chief of the land
forces in California and Oregon, and has his head-
quarters in San Francisco. This array of authorit y
looks well on paper, but from the desertion of soldier s
and sailors (particularly the former), the era/ ()lc.
military power is almost powerless. The military
are posted in different parts of the country—a few At
the Presidio of San Francisco, about three miles and
a half from this, situated near the entrance to the
harbour from the ocean. A small party of men is at
Venicia, and several small parties are posted at diffe-
rent parts of the Sacramento river, the great highway
to the gold region. All the soldiers are allowed in-
dulgences to preserve their fidelity. Those at the.
Presidio are permitted to come into San Francisco to
work at all manner of jobs on their own account, 1
by turns, on leave of absence. They are also
allowed he use of the Government cars and
wag-
gons,
which they let out on job; while the men. .1
in the interior are allowed furloughs to go to the
placeros, to try their hands at "digging," by turns,
the produce of their labours forming a common fund.
In the absence of legislative maasures by the
American Congress for the government of California,.
the Administration of the country is attempted to be-
carried on by a mixed, and necessarily confused, sys-. 1
tem of Spanish law, grafted on American instituti( ms,
which is found impossible to amalgamate and i 0.- i
practicable to work. The only semblance of a co urt 1
I
of justice which exists in Francisco is that vested nn
the office of alcalde. The functions and att ai.•
butes of this magistrate, if fully carried out accord ing
to Spanish (Mexican) law, are incompatible v rith
American notions of civil and criminal jurisprudc Ince
—inconsistent with free institutions, and tot illy

repugnant to the feelings and sentiments of American
citizens. Hence a good deal of bitterness of feeling
has been engendered, and a conflict has arisen between
the alcalde (an American) and many of his fellow-
citizens.

This state of things le l to curious but characteristic
proceedings. I will give a short summary of them.
Some months back a public election took place here
by univ rsal suffrage in the widest sense of the term
(for votes w:re admitted wi: heat rez,trd to qudifica-
lion by chizenship) for the ostensible object of
suppl.)ing the district with a Government. Oat 0,
the members so elected has sprung a body styline•
itself "The Legislative Assembly of the district of
San Francisco." This Assembly completed its
arrangements by appointing a staff of salaried officers,
such as a " Speaker,,' " Clerk," " Sheriffs," &c. One
of its earliest acts was to abolish the office of alcalde
on a charge of malfearemee. preferred or alleged
against the officer filling the ( ince. It then calle I
upon this officer to deliver up the archives of his
office. The alcalde resisted, and rpplied to General
Riley, the Governor. The General remitted the case
to a committee of a few of the citizens to investigate
the charges. This committee, instead of following
the General's instructions, recommended the abolition
of the office. The General, not considering himself
justified in according his concurrence with the
recommendation of the committee, on the ground
that the country must remain under Mexican law
until Congress abolishes it, and substitutes another
constitution, the matt r dropped for a time. By and
bye the Assembly renews its demand on the alcalde,
which he for some time evaded compliance with.
At length the Assembly brought the affair to
an issue by sending its sheriff, with a posse, who took
possession of the records vi et armis. The alcalde
showed fight on the occasion by presenting a loaded
pistol, which, as he told me, he always kept at hand,
" as an auxiliary in the dispensing of justice ' from the
judgment seat, and threatening to fire at any one who
touched his "papers." The sheriff had anticipated
him. He presented a six-barrelled revolver at the
head of the magistrate, when the latter, as he expressed
himself the next day, " seeing his chance of the first
shot to be lost, gave up further resistance." The
sheriff and his satellites possessed themselves of what
books and papers they thought might be the records
of the office, and carried them away to the "Hall of
the Assembly," where they remain locked up and in-
accessible to the public. The dethroned alcalde pre-
ferred a second complaint in person to the Governor at
Monterey, whereupon a proclamation was issued re-
pudiating the conduct of the " Assembly, on the
ground that its members had "usurped powers which
are vested only in the Congress of the United States."
This proclamation and a counter address from the As-
sembly you will see in the Alta California of the 14.11
of June, which I forward by this mail. The alcalde
has, after a short interregnum, resumed his functions.
He has opened a new set of records for land title-
deeds, and for other judicial and notorial proceedings
passed in his office. He expected to have had his re-
cords restored during General Riley's stay here for a
few days last week ; but he told me two days ago
that, on the General's return to the seat of Govern-
ment, the Assembly had become "refractory" and de-
clined to part with them.

The proceedings of the Assembly are naturally the
subject of a good deal of comment. Some persons
remark that its functions, or rather its selfasiumed
functions, are monstrous. They are certainly ann•
malous, to say the least. Some of their edicts are of
an imperial charater —such as we see issue from a
supreme legislature in the old countries of Europe,
while others of their " acts " are of a municipal cha-
racter. They passed a " revenue law," under the
date of the 24th of May last, whereby they impose
duties as follow :—Upon auction sales, a duty of 1
per cent. upon the amount of sales : upon all mer-
chants, traders, and tavernkeepers, 200 dolls.
payable quarterly in advance; upon hawker
pedlars, 600 dolls. a year, payable monthly i
vance ; upon billiard•table keepers, ten-pin
keepers, and other gambling house keepers, 180 d
a year, payable monthly in advance. The mercha
and others above designated were very hostile to this
measui e ; but what with bullying some and cajoling
others, " smartness " enough has been displayed to
collect a very respectable " contribution" out of the
inhabitants, which goes to pay the necessary expenses
of the Assembly in devoting themselves to the interests
of " the people." It is likely that the reign of this
august body, however pleasant it may be, will soon
be at an end.

In the absence of a constitutional and universally
aeknowleiged and respected Government, of an
effective military force, of legally appointed tribunals
of justice, of municipal authorities, of a militia, and
of a police, it would be naturally supposed that this
country was in a state of anarchy, confusion, and
disorder, if not of riot, rapine, and bloodshed. This
is far from being the case, however extraordinary the
assertion may appear. Merchandize of all sorts, fur-
niture and liquors, are exposed in the streets, on the
beach, in open yards—in short, all over the town,
owing to the want of warehouse room for storage, and
remain (except in very few and solitary instances)
untouched by the hands of the robber and the thief.
There are few crimes or misdemeanours of a public
character committed, and until lately the general re-
marks in San Francisco were—" How very quiet the
place is." " Walk were you will of a dark night, and
alone into the most lonely spots, and you are un-
molested." " How peaceable the people." And
" What security is felt with such unprecedented op-
portunities for the commission of all sorts of out-
rages." The Americans unriddle the enigma by the
fact that the American people are well accustomed to
self-government—" they govern themselves, and never
see at home any display of authority over them."

The only exception to the above general character
of good order which is worth citing, is that of the
conduct of about 60 young men, most of them dis-
banded volunteers, the scum of the cities of North
America, and who are known by the generic term of
"Rowdies," and by the more peculiar cognomen of
"Hounds," which they delight in, who, infesting the
taverns and gambling houses all day, where they are
generally drunk or muddled, get up " sprees" at
night, by passing practical jokes upon the inhabitants
which are in most instances ill-natured and brutal.

The value of real property has risen beyond com-
putation in San Francisco, and rents have kept pace
with the advance of real estate as a natural conse-
quence. A lot of land which was offered a year ago
to a friend of mine for 1,000 dolls , and which he re-
fused as being over-valued, sold in three lots within
the last four mouths for 28,745 dulls. cash. Instances
such as this are common.

A house built this year, which cost about 40,000
dolls., was let a few days ago to a tenant for one year
at the rent of 40,000 dolls. ; thus returning the capital
invested in one year ; besides that the owners have oc-
cupied the house for some monthsback themselves. A
year ago the house in which I am now writing was let
for and after the rate of 50 dolls. per annum ; it is now
rented at 1,800 dolls., and will fetch very soon a good
sum over and above the present rent. The value of
houses may be judged from the enormous price of
lumber which I have quoted in the first part of this
letter. _

Labour is very high. A common porter gets
dolls a day wages; a labourer, 5 dolls.; a carpenter
or other workman (tradesman), 8 dolls.; a journey-
man, 12 dolls., and if a competent hand to superintend
a job, as high as 16 dolls. a day ; a cook or steward
gets 150 dolls. a month ; sailors, 6 dolls. a day for
jobbing about the harbour, and 150 dolls. a month
regular pay fora voyage.

_
Provisions, almost all of which consumed in the
place are of foreign growth (except beef and a little
mutton) are high in proportion
Butter, 2 dolls. per lb. ; milk is 50c. a quart, and
scarce ; eggs are very scarce, and worth at a cafe 3
reals each (Is. 2d. sterling). All the vegetables used
are preserved, except a few potatoes, which come
from Bodega and Ross on the coast. Agricultural
op-rations are almost entirely suspended from the la-
bourers having engaged in gold digging.
Towns are springing up all over the country, as
will be seen by the advertisements in the newspapers
which I send by this mail.
There are now in the bay 103 sail of merchantmen,
,of which 39 are American, 22 Chilian, 9 British, 7
:Danish, 6 French, 4 Hawaiian, 4 Otahitian (Protec-
torate flag), 3 Mexican, 3 Peruvian, 2 Harnburgh,
1 Spanish, 1 Bremen, 1 Ecuador, and 1 Portuguese,
besides a fleet of small craft engaged in the navigation
of the rivers San Joaquin and Sacramento and the
inland waters of the bay.
Her Britannic Majesty's ship Inconstant, Captain
Shepperd, returned to this port on the 14th of June,
from a month's cruise to Vancouver's Island. She
brought but little news from that distant quarter.
Coal was being worked on Vancouver's Island to
supply the American steamers plying between this
place and Panama. The Oregon people had suffered
molestation from- the hostile Indians, which led to a
recent encounter, in which several of the latter fell.
The Inconstant did not enter the Columbia River.
While she was lying at Whalers' Harbour, an an-
chorage situated on the opposite side of this bay,
about seven miles west by nor:h of San Francisco, at
which vessels usually take in water, she lost one man
by desertion. The day previous to her making the
bay one of her men died from sickness. On the yes-
ksers anchoring, a Lieutenant's party was sent on
Oore to bury the body in a promontory close by the

anchorage, and while all were intent listening to
the burial service one of the men slipped away from
behind a bush, where he was allowed to go for the

purpose of cutting a couple of twigs to mark the
boundaries of the grave. One of the midshipmen
gave chase, but the sailor outran blin, and he was
sven no more. On the vessel's return the other day,
the men were sent on shore to water the ship, but
none attempd to escape. When on duty, in con-
veying the otri:er to San Francisco some ten days
ago to receive, specie, the boat was guarded by two
officers well armed. Immediately on landing 1112
purser the boat shoved off, and lav some dis-
tance from the shore. By means of these precau-
tions no more men were lost a great novelty, as
all vessels lose their men by desertion in this port.
The Inconstant took in 130,000 dulls. in gold dust,
and sailed direct fur Valparaiso on the 24th of last
month.

Severil merchant vessels have Litely left the port,
and there is now no difficulty in procuring sailors al
150 dolls. a month.

Gold dust, which is at present rather scarce, fetches
15 dolls. 50e.. per ounce troy, and is taken at 16 dolls
per ounce in payment for goods. News from the
" gold diggins" encourage the hope that, during the
present and next mouth an abundant harvest will be
reaped, as the rivers are now getting low, which will
enable the " diggers" to pursue their labours on the
" bars," always the most profitable " locations."
With regard to the gold region, which is now ex-
citing an interest all over the world, I cannot give a
better account than can be gathered from the following
extract, with which a friend has favoured me from his
journal, kept during his journey into and his residence
in the interior. This gentleman .is a scientific and
practical miner, at present engaged with a party of
14 men on the Juba River, and his information may
be relied on :

" Starting from San Francisco, you cross the bay of
the same name to the lseward of Angel Island; enter the
Bay of San Pablo, and proceed up the Straits of Carquen
te the new town of Benecia, where you enter the Bay Of
Susan (shish I think is ' Freshwater Bay of B-echy),
about twenty five miles north-west of San Francisco.
After passing the Bay of Susan (into which the Sacra-
mento empties itselt) the river runs in a northerly direc-
tion for about fifteen miles through a low marshy
country. At this point the river forms two branches—
one the main branch running a little to the eastward;
and another called the Sleugh, or Sluice. This latter is
generally the one taken by beats, as it cuts eff about
eighteen miles of a bend which the main river forms,
the country between the branch and the main stream
forming an island of considerable extent, thickly wooded
and full of lakes and swamps formed by the over-
flowing of the river. The banks, upon entering the
Slough, become bold and woody on both sides, the
principal timber being white_ oak of an inferior kind, the
sycamore, and a kind of bastard beech. The gramens
which I noticed upon this river are the wild tare, the
lichen, and various species of trefoil. The earth is of a
sandy alluvial character, with a sub-strata of black clayey
mud. The banks of the river abound in deer and elk,
hares and rabbits. Of the feline tribe I have noticed only
one, killed by one of my men, of the small panther spe-
cies. Grizzly bears, of a large size, are numerous. The
ornithology of this part of the country is very poor and
of very little variety, with the exception of the aquatic
birds. Ducks, geese, the cormorant, arid the stork are
very numerous. The land birds noticed by me were the
raven, the common crow, the jar falcon, and the white
hawk, besides a species of mocking bird with a blue
plumage. I have also noticed one species of humming
bird of the dwarf kind, with very beautiful red and green
plumage. Rattlesnakes abound on the banks of the river,
although they are said not to be so venomous here as in
the warmer regions. There are also several species of
red and black streaked snakes, but they are perfectly
harmless. Tee water abounds with salmon and trout of
an excellent quality.
" After passing the Sleugh, the river (Sacramento)
makes a bold sweep almost due north, its width being
about a quadra and a half (about 120 yards). Follow-
ing this direction, you reach a place called the Russian
Embsrcadera, where the Russians formerly had an
establishment for trading with the Indians. The fea-
tures of the banks of the river continue the same, with
a flat fertile country in the back ground, covered with
flowers of every description, and amongst the numerous
bulbous plants I noticed some of the lily species, very
large and beautiful. These plains are bounded on each
side of the rive; by a range of mountains at a distance
of abut 26tear 30. miles, those on the west side being
low and apparently wooded. Those on the eastern side
consist of twd distinct rides, one apparently of secon-
dary fotenation, from which the auriferous rivers de-
scend; and beyond this the Grand Snowy Ridge, or
C.,rdilleiria of the Sierra Nevada, which as yet has been
but little explored.
't 011 the eighth day after leaving San Francisco we
arrived at the new town called the Disembarcadera,
situated near the
,junction of the Rio de los Anaericanos
(American River) with the Sacrament.). The bar,ks
here continue to maintain the same teatures as already
described. At this p,,int, leasing the larger vessel (a
launch or barge) I proceeded up the river in a whale
boat, to a di.tance of about 55 m:les, wh. re the river is
j ined b another of its tributaries, called Feather River.
This river, which runs in a direction nearly due east,
from the mountains to the Sacramento, is a broad, deep,
rapid stream, its banks rather bolder than those of the
other river, but presenting the same geological and bo-
tanical features; and it is singular to remark that none
of those rivers, in their coarse towards the ocean, roll
any stones, and I believe but little gravel, along
with them. No stones are to be tound on the banks,
the only thing approaching to them being loses,'
a petrifaction of sand. The only shells found on
the banks are a few bivalvule, or fresh water
mussel. Proceeding up Feather River to a distance
of about 50 miles, you come to the junction of the
Yuba (or Juba'), the banks of which are covered with
wild grapes. At this point I left the boats on account
of the rapidity of the current, finding it too laborious to
pull against the stream. I crossed a valley on horse-
back for about 15 miles, the whole of which is a magni-
ficent country, fertile in the extreme, covered with
clumps of wood which reminded me of a park in Er-g-
-land; the weather, although only the end of April, un-
commonly hot, the thermometer standing at 90 degrees
iu the shade at midday; but the evenings and mornings
remarkably cool and pleasant. After passing the plain
I began to ascend the Alpine region. Here the fine of
nature changed suddenly, the vegetation being confined
principally to the pine and dwarf beech, and a small
shrub of the myrtle species, being a hard iron-wood with
which the Indians point their arrows. The ground here
is of a red marly clay, and contains gold even to the
summit of the hills, which are interspersed with
large crags and rocks. The river to which you de-
scend to get into what is called. the placers,' or gold
washings, is a rapid dangerous mountain torrent,
running between bold banks of cra,ss and rocks, from the
sand accumulated amongst- which the gold is washed out.
As yet mining has been done in a very imperfect manner,
by the adventurers who first flocked to these regions,
and who, finding gold so abundant on the surface, gave
themselves little trouble, and did not care to penetra' e into
the bowels of the earth. The gold runs in a regular strata,
formed, in my opinion, by the alluvial. deposit troth the
neighbouring hill*,-during a lapse ofsgv",'and, as a na•
tural consequence, arising from the 'gravity of. the metal,
the sub-strata is infinitely richer than that upon the
surface. I am at present (June, 1849) working at a
place on the Juba where the gold has already been
taken from the surface, and I find, that the deeper I dig
the richer the earth is. As a proof that this gold is all
alluvial (or brought down by the river), it is found in
greater quantities at a bend where the river forms a bar.
I have also observed that where the hills on the sides of the
river are bold and precipitate, the auriferous deposit is
generally greater than where they run in a gentle slope.
As yet I have seen no veins of gold in these mountains,
but a specimen of gold imbedded in a matrix of white
quartz was shown to me, said to have been brought
from the Snowy Ridge, It was exceediegly rich, the
greatest part of the stone (ore) being pure gold, and
weighing about 41b. Troy.
" That the beds of these rivers contain incredible
riches I have little doubt, because, after the freshets oc-
casioned by the melting of the snow are reduced, and a
part of the course of the. stream is left dry, the earth
dug out is much richer than that found up the banks;
which is easily accounted for, as the principal bed of the
river receives the auriferous deposit from all the hills
which it passes from its source, whereas the higher
banks can only be enriched by the gold washed down
from the nearest mountains.

" Although there has been much exaggeration in the
statements with regard to the gold in Cali,ornia which I
had seen previous to my arrival in this country, never-
theless its riches appear almost incredible, and 1 have
touch hesitation in stating the quantities of gold wbichel.
know persons to have washed out in a very shofelutnindltr
I will confine myself to the fact which has F
my own personal observation, that a
ooden bowl,
id man
with
w
washing-pan, which is merely a, round
bushel of earth, in
t?cornmon
"
containing about the fourth part
six or seven hours' labour obt
of
too;aig a from
thiscn
one to
men
ounces of gold—of pure gold,
under my direction are actually doing. Let toe remark
that this is a sum which
has never been got out of the
Chili or Peru, by a regular routine of '
gold washings of
labour, at their highest pitch of fertility since the Con-
quest."
Here my friend's journal goes into business parti-
culars and calculations, which I omit. His remarks
on the Indians are interesting, and I will, therefore,
give them :
" The Indians (I believe some writers have called
them 'root diggers ') in the district where I am at pre-
sent working are a quiet, peaceable, and timorous race,
and appear to me to be about the rudest and most uncul-
tivated of all human beings. Tneir colour is a dark
copper, they ore small of stature, the formation of the
hz,ad and features evid( tieing them to be of AAatie
origin. They generally go armed with bows and ariow,
but have a great dread of a white man and firearms.
They go perfectly naked, except the women, who wear
a very primitive covering, much like that of our first
mother, and which is merely a small bunch of ru,hes
secured round the middle by a thong of the same frail
material. They are very ill-featured (both sexes),