The Sun.
London, England, 1849-08-31 00:00:00

ROYAL MA MINE ARTILLERY.

This corps was also inppected this morning by the
Lords of the Admiralty.

" The good man struggling with the storms of fate,
And greatly falling with a falling state,"
is nothing to the melancholy spectacle of a Protec-
tionist battling with plenty in all its hideous forms;
for, not merely in the increase of the necessaries and
conveniences of life, but in every imaginable form of
cheapness and abundance, this multitudinous foe
is perpetually starting forth from places
where it was least expected. Indeed there is
no hope fqr the Country Party ; the Philistines are
upon them ; abundance has penetrated into their very
tents ; in front, rear, and flank, a horrid prosperity
assails them. To us, who are habituated to the ordi-
nary phraseology which 'calls abundance a good and
scarcity -an evil, it is not .a little. entertaining to find
,a
Protectionist contemporav orsiplaining, in .the bit-
terest terms, of theedieastrOa consequences of free.
trade, which has produce& he says, not only " an
enormous increase of imports, but a plethora of bullion
in the Bank, and an unnatural height of the Three
per Cents." We remember a caricature of Gilray's,
in which John Bull is exhibited in the act of opening
a salt-box, and, aghast with consternation at seeing
Pitt starting out of it with a tax paper, he ejaculates,
" What here too ! " Now, plenty creates the same
feeling of repugnance and disgust in the mind of the
Protectionist which taxation does in that of an ordi•
nary mortal. We are not, therefore, surprised to find
these gentlemen exclaiming with horror, at seeing
the weekly increase of bullion in the Bank, " What,
here too ! " They had always counted on a deficiency or
"drain" of gold as their little Zoar, to which they might
retreat in their last necessity. But now, when the
tremendous hour of abundance has arrived, and they
are driven from argument to argument by its advance,
they find even their city of refuge occupied by the
enemy. They had always comforted themselves with
saying—" Never mind if imports do increase—we
shall at least be compensated by a scarcity of gold."
But, astounding fact ! imports have enormously in-
creased, and the stock of gold has been not diminishing,
but steadily augmenting. A result natural enough,
however, and perfectly intelligi▪ ble to all who are not,
like the Protectionist writers, utterly ignorant of the
first principles of commerce. The truth is, the
philosophers of t?-e Country Party are dragging out a
miserable existence on the exploded fallacies and
refuted errors of a century back. We have been
occupied lately in the dreary task of endeavouring to
enlighten them on the subject of the balance of
trade. The village schoolmaster's is no doubt a
weary employment, but it is not the less necessary
so long as there are dull boys who will never
learn that twice two makes four. We too must
stick to our toilsome business whilst we con•
tinue to find men so ignorant and so obtuse as to
deny that a trade must be necessarily ruinous which
does not always return a much larger value in the
shape of imports than it sends out in exports. " What,"
say they, "export fifty millions and import ninety
millions ! You must have a national bankruptcy."
It is unnecessary to dwell any longer on the argument
that, if the balance of trade were not "against" us,
there could be no exportation at all, because it would
be worth no one's while to export. But we may al-
lege the case of America (as obvious facts are more
suited to the capacity of our scholars than logical
reasoning), to show them that a country may have
had for a number of years a great preponderance of
imports over exports, and yet not be entirely ruined.
The errors of these writers, in this as in other cases,
arise from a want of apprehension of some most
simple truths with which every well-informed school-
boy is now familiar. They have never divested
themselves of the old fallacy that wealth consists in
hard money. It is nothing to them to get a comfort-
able coat if it has not gilt buttons on it. If they
could once learn that it is labour, and labour
only, that ultimately constitutes wealth, we should
be saved many dull speeches and duller pamphlets.
Taking this simple truth for our guide, the effects of
an extensive importation upon the industry of the
country will be obvious. If we exchange goods
which are worth 1,0001. for goods which are worth
2,0001. when they are brought back to our markets,
what does the difference of price mean but this—that,
in exchange for one hour of labour, we have got that
which it would have cost us two hours or more to
make ourselves ? Now suppose (quod Dii aver-
runcent) that the sages of Protectionism had the
power, as they have the wish, to exclude all importa-
tion—then, in order to obtain the same quantity of
commodities which we at present receive from abroad,
we should require at least twice the quantity of labour
to be expended on them—i.e., the people of this coun-
try would have to do twice as much work in order to
get an equal amount of wealth. Here, then, is the
first benefit of importation—it sets free an enormous
quantity of labour which would otherwise
have been unprofitably wasted, and admits of its
being devoted to employments which will in like
manner purchase the produce of a larger amount of
labour than has been expended. And this would be
true whatever were the nature of the imports
—so long as these are of greater value than
the exports, we have economised by the exchange
so many hours of labour. The least advan-
tageous case would be if the imports were
of such a character as to add nothing to the stock
from which labourers are supported —i. e., if they were
articles of unproductive consumption. But there is
another class of imports which not only economises
labour, but increases the capital stock from which the
labourers are maintained. And it is this class of im-
ports, almost exclusively, which Free-trade has
opened to us. A Protectionist contemporary very
simply exclaims—" We are richer, doubtless, through
this large accumulation of commodities ; but has this
import provided maintenance and support to the popu-
lation ?" Now, what is the meaning of accumulation
of commodities ? Where have they been heaped
up, and where are they kept ? Somebody must
have benefited by them ; or do the Protectionists
imagine that there is some great pit in Manchester
into which they are thrown, without being ever paid
for or consumed ? But look at the items of our 90
millions of imports—and then see whether they can
have merely accumulated, and whether they have not
contributed to the maintenance and support of the
population. First, we have 32,500,0001. of articles of
consumption for the year 1848. Does anybody pre-
tend that the highest protective duties could have
made this country produce, in the year 1848,
32,500,000/. of consumable articles more than it did ?
If not, then here you have a clear addition of
32,500,0001. to the stock by which labour is main-
tained; and, that there may be no doubt that
additional labour actually was maintained by this
stock, we have this other item of imports—viz.,
48,400,0001. of raw materials to be worked up by
that additional labour, and to make the case com-
plete, we have a large increase of imports this year,
which is the payment for the increased
production of last year, and, which will in its turn
maintain a larger number of labourers next year.
Such is the simple and beneficial process by which
an unrestricted commerce provi▪ des for the necessities
of a growing population. Can there be folly more
gross than to assert, in the teeth of such facts, that a
large importation is detrimental to home industry ?
But the benefits of a just and sound commercial
system are as multiform as are the evils of an
erroneous one. The importation of articles of con-
sumption not only directly increases the means
of maintaining labourers, but, by diminishing the
cost of production, it also lowers the price in the
home market of all articles which the consumer
requires ; so that, with the same amount of what is
called the " effective desire of accumulation," each
man can save more than he otherwise could, and a
much larger capital is amassed for the maintenance
of future industry. And, moreover, the abundance
of support for labourers, produced by a large impor-
tation of consumable articles, opens a great many
fields of industry, which would otherwise have
been closed—because, when the food of the labourer
is cheap, it is worth while to employ him in many
trades which, when food is dear, would not be remu-
nerative. This is no doubt the true account of the
large increase in the importation of raw silk. A
low price of provisions enables us to weave silk at such
a price as to compete with the foreigner, which we
could never do while the food of the labourer was
dear. These are but a tithe of the points of view in
which a large import trade may be shown to be
among the chief promoters of domestic industry.
The foolish attempt to create a feeling against it is
a sign either of interested bli▪
ndness, or of hopless
stupidity.
TUES.—The complaints often made respecting
the small encouragement given to literature in this
country are to a great extent founded on truth,

although. it may, we believe, at the same time be said
that, with the exception of ribands, titles, and official
station, the literary 'men of England are not behind
their brethren in general advantage of position. The
fact is that the best patron, in the long run, is the
public. No courtly or ministerial favour could be
half so productive to a deserving suitor as the impar-
tial discernment of Paternoster-row. Nor is this
otherwise than as it should be. Such remunerations
and acknowledgments are infinitely more to the taste
of a man of letters than the gifts of patronage, how-
ever lavish or however graciously bestowed. Still,
there do occur cases in 'which the due hire of the la-
bourer is not forthcoming. Of these the most conspi-
cuous is that in which the subject selected by the writer
for especial study is less popular than useful—more cal-
culated, in short, to benefit posterity.and mankind than
to attract the notice and the tribute of an existing
generation. That such an author should be recom-
pensed for his trials by some national acknowledg-
ment, is what no one would deny. In other cases,
either the misfortunes to which all are liable, or the
calamities peculiarly incidental to the pursuits in
question, may have induced privations and distress. It
is not every author, who, like Prescott, can write
when he is blind, or who, like Walter Scott, can
dauntlessly make head against overwhelming obliga-
tions. In such instances there appears a manifest
propriety in some public acknowledgment of public-ser-
vices ; but for 611Cii occasions the Civil List is the only
resource beyond the tardy justice or capricious gene-
rosity of individuals. It is clear, however, that in
proportion as this fund is circumscribed and
burdened should the assignments upon it be
judicious` and impartial. Our readers are
well aware that literature is not eiclu=
sively privileged in its prescriptive demands upon this
store. Services of all kinds, scientific, commercial,
philanthropic, military, and philosophical, are regis-
tered and rewarded in the pension list, but such
embarrassments should only induce a greater caution
in proportioning the liquidation of claims. We do not
of course overlook the peculiar character of the fund ;
but whatever may be the idea theoretically attached
to the bounty of Royalty, it is commonly understood
among the people of this country that such pensions are
adjudged, like other offices and appointments, upon the
responsible advice of the Minister, and they are accord-
ingly held to betoken the appreciation which has
been set upon the services of the candidate by com-
petent and impartial Judges. In this view, therefore,
they fall legitimately under the scrutiny of the
public, and to this scrutiny we now submit a case
which has been recently brought under our observa-
tion. Mr. Keightley will be known to most of our
readers as the popular and successful author of many
elementary works. He has given an attractive and
serviceable form to the histories of Greece, Rome,
Italy, England, and India; he has condensed and
simplified the most familiar of the ancient mytholos
gies, and has constructed some easy editions of the
classical writers in greatest request. We do not
pretend to ascribe such publications, to the highest
order of intellect, but it would be very erroneous to
suppose that no scholarship or aptitude is required
for the successful compilation of rudimentary treatises.
In point of fact, the performance of such tasks de-
mands the hand of a master, and if the subject can-
not always command such ability it is because the
recompense seldom bears any adequate proportion to
the toil. Mr. Keightley, however, is shown to have
succeeded in his attempts by the reception which
was given to his series of publications. Many of
them have reached their fifth or sixth. edition ;
and their general employment in the junior classes of
well conducted schools is a sufficient testimony to the
author's services in the all-important cause of educa-
tion. Under these circumstances, and with the ad-
ditional claims of advancing years and unexpected
misfortunes, Mr. Keightley preferred his suit to the
Minister, and his representations were seconded by
a due proportion of that personal influence, without
which, in this free and enlightened country, no claims
are permitted to pass current. The result was a
proffer of 801. per annum—a stipend so wholly un-
equal to his necessities, and, as it was conceived, so
disproportioned to his services, that he resolved on
declining it. Without touching on the prudence of
this determination, we are prepared to admit that
a case of injustice is fairly to be made out by _
the only test practically applicable to such questions
a comparison of the treatment experienced by
others. It is an invidious argument, to be driven to,
nor have we any wish in advocating one cause to
depreciate another; but, surely, if Lady Morgan's
literary claims on the consideration of the Govern-
ment are justly represented by an annuity of 3001.
per annum, Mr. Keightley's could not have been
adequately acknowledged by one of 801. We do not
pretend to strike any balance of intellectual merit
between the parties, but if the services respectively
rendered to the country by each are carefully
weighed—and such is surely a proper method of
forming an estimate—it seems to us absolutely
impossible that the decision should not be very
peremptorily in favour of Mr. Keightley. His works
have been numerous and on the most useful subjects.
They have established their own reputation and
footing in the best schools, and one of them, we be.
lieve, was undertaken upon the recommendation o
the late Dr. Arnold, who judged that Mr. Keightley
was the writer best calculated to convey information
on an historical subject very little known. Nearly
100,000 copies of these rudimentary works have
been published in this country alone, and they have
been largely circulated by reprints in America
and translations on the continent. It may
naturally be asked why, with such a demand for
his productions, Mr. Keightley should have been
compelled to solicit the extraordinary consideration
of Government; but we are informed that the
explanation of this circumstance involves no confession
beyond that of misfortune. So much, indeed, is
evident on the first aspect of the case; for if Mr.
Keightley had been in any way disqualified for the
receipt of the Royal bounty, his claims of course
could neither have been recommended by his friends
nor even thus partially recognised by the Minister.
It is not a pleasant necessity to a man of letters
to stoop to any solicitation at all, and still less is it
agreeable to substitute the importunity of a public
protest for the privacy of personal representations.
But Mr. Keightley's duties are, unfortunately, not
limited by considerations for his own maintenance
in impending poverty and advancing age. He has a
large and a helpless family, and is further distressed
by those embarrassing obligations which multiply
themselves with such terrible rapidity after the first
moments of misfortune. It is upon these considera-
tions that he relies for the promotion of claims, of
themselves justly entitled to prompt and favourable
notice. He conceives that he is honourably qualified
by his past services for the receipt of that recompense
which prescription and example have combined to
assure to all who deserve it, and be feels besides, not
unnaturally, that the pressure or undeserved calami-
ties should be taken to add something to the urgency
of his claims.

THE ARMY; —A detachment of the 833 Foot ar-
rived at Bombay on the 26th of Juno, in the ship Ursula.
The detachment consists of 1 captain, 2 subalterns, 3
sergeants, 1 drumnier, 3 corporals, 64 privates, .8 women,
and 14 children; total, '96. The detachment immedi-
ately proceeded to the head-quarters at Poonah. Two
other detachments of the same regiments have also ar-
rived at Bombay in the Earl of Balcarras and Mermaid.
The detachment in the former vessel consisted of 1 lieu•
tenant, 1 ensign, 1 assistant-surgeon, 3 sergeints,- 1
drummer, 79 rank and file, 8 women and 8 children;
total, 94; and in the Mermaid, 1 field officer, 1 captain,
1 lieutenant, 1 ensign, 1 assistant-surgeon, 7 sergeants,
3 drummers, 174 rank and file, 19 women, and 18 chil-
dren; total, 226. A detachment of the 64th arrived in
the Earl of Balcarras with the above, consisting of
.1
field officer, 2 captains, 7 subaltern; 12 sergeants, 2,
drummers, 242 rank, and file, 3Q women, and 44
children; total, 340; all of which have joined the head-
quarters.
The death of Albert Gallatin, in the 89th year of
his age, is announced in the last accounts from New
York. He was a native of Geneva, Switzerland. He
emigrated to the, United States in 1781, repaired to
Maine, and was a volunteer in the American army. For
a short time he taught French in the Harvard Univer-
sity. He removed to Virginia, engaged in business,
acquired property, and was eventually settled in Con-
gress. _ _ .

RAILWAY PARCELS.—One of the longest answers
ever lodged in Chancery since the remarkable case of
"Small v. Attwood," has just been filed, in answer to a
bill of great length filed by a leading railway company
against a carrier in Blackfriars, who had brought actions
against the company to recover for lost parcels, and to
try the validity of the charges made to the extent of
about 2001. The answer occupied seventy-three skins of
parchment of the largest size.
EXCURSION TRAINS.—The railway company con-
tinue their cheap Sunday excursion trains from London.
The number of persons who availed themselves of this
great convenience on Sunday was 1.300. They were
brought in two trains, one of 24, the other of 19 car-
riages. Of excurtionists from Brighton the numbers
were—to Hassock's ate 112; to Burgess-hill, 36; and
to Hayward's Heath,-g
43. The weather was delightfully
fine during the whole day. On Monday .from 150 to 00
availed themselves of the excursion tickets issued' fur
Pevensey and Hertsmonceux Castles. It is incontemplation, we hear, to have an excursion train
shortly, probably the 10th or 11th September, from
Brighton to Portsmouth, thereby giving the opportunity
of visiting the Isle of Wight.—Brighton Guardian.

CULTURE.
PENRITII, THURSDAY MORNING.—The anniversary
of the Cumberland and Westmoreland Agricultural So-
ciety was celebrated here last evening.
After amost excellent show of agricultural stock,
produce, and implements, Lord Brougham presided at
the dinner, which took place in a marquee erected in the
immediate vicinity of the Crown Hotel. Covers were
laid for 350, among whom we observed the Earl of Lons-
dale, patron of the society and Lord-Lieutenant of the
county, Lord Andover, the High-Sheriff for Cumberland,
Mr. J. P. Senhouse, vice-president, Mr. Marshall, M.P.,
the Hon. Colonel Lowther, M,P., Mr. H. Lowther,
M.P., the Hon. C. H. Howard, M.P., Mr. E. Stanley,
M.P., Mr. W. N. Hodgson, M.P., and many other
gentleman of local influence.
In giving the first toast the Noble and Learned
CHAIRMAN said, it was quite unnecessary to preface such
a proposal with any observations for the purpose of re-
commending it; but he could not avoid stating the
infinite gratification he had derived from seeing that
her Majesty, on her late visit to the sister kingdom of
Ireland, had been recived with such unanimous and un-
divided sentiments of loyal affection—(Cheers)—that not
one single word had been mentioned either of Repeal
or :'any other subject which could divide the
people of that very loyal part of the Queen's dominions.
—(Cheers.) The Irish were a most amiable, a most
warm-hearted people. Their habit was to give way to
impulse; but in this case, *pulse had been consistent
with principle and reason," Which made it much more
respectable. He remembered their impulse in 1821, when
the Queen's royal uncle went over, was to carry him on
shore upon their backs and to subscribe a palace fer him.
He was glad they did not practise such foolery now; he
was glad on their own account, because it made their
loyal and respectful demeanour towards her Majesty
more valuable in his eyes, and he had no doubt in hers,
for her Majesty was a person of acute mind, and she was
none the worse, for she never would have got a palace if
they had subscribed.—(A. laugh.) He inquired after-
wards, and found there never had been, a. farthing sub-
scribed for a palace to George IV .—(A laugh.) It was
gratifying to find that all faction and all wrongheaded.
notions were put down, and that her Majesty was re
ceived as she would be in every part of her dominicini,
with the respectful loyalty of faithful subjects, and with
the gratitude which rational men owed to a Sovereign
who upon all occasions acted 'on the true principles of our
Constitution, and whose private life was as bright an
example as her public life was constitutional.
The toast was received with all the honours.
The health of " His Royal Highness Prince Albert,
the Prince of Wales, and the rest of the Royal Family,"
followed, amidst much cheering.
Lord BROUGHAM, in proposing " Our Gallant De-
fenders in the Army and Navy," observed that there was
no person out of the Society of Friends, and not many in
that respectable and excellent body, who had a greater
horror of war than he had. He held it in absolute,
utter, and irreconcilable abhorrence.—(Cheers.) He
regarded it as the greatest of all evils; but, unfortu-
nately, as men were constituted, it was a necessary evil.
They could not help it. It was not necessary that there
should be war; but as long as there was war, it was ab-
solutely necessary that there should be the means of
self.-defence.—(Cheeri.) There were two ways of pre•
venting war—one by preaching in favour of peace, in
great meetings as they were called in this country, or
congresses as they were termed by foreigners.—(A
laugh.) He had the greatest respect for those meetings,
and for the gentlemen who there displayed their love of
peace. Perhaps he should have more respect for some of
them if they had not displayed their love of war at other
meetings in London; but probably they had been con-
verted on their way across the English Channel.
His notion of preserving peace was to be prepared to
defend ourselves in war.—(Loud cheers.) While man
was man they could not settle their disputes by arbitra-
tion. No doubt grave questions were often settled by
arbitration at law ; but there, parties were bound to
submit. Suppose the doctrine were applied to nations,
and instead of defending themselves by gallant officers,
brave soldiers, great admirals, and captains with ex-
cellent ships, they had to rely on arbitration, this would
happen—an arbitrator would be appoined between us
and France, he might decide against France, and then
France would go to war with us—appealing to arms
against the award of the arbitrator.—(Cheers.) Charles
Fox had justly said that no war was worth one-hun-
dredth part of the cost, even if successful ; its only de-
fence was that it might be absolutely necessary in de-
fence of national honour ; but how would he have
looked if he had lived to hear it seriously proposed that
armies should be disbanded, navies broken up, ships
placed in ordinary, the Admiralty and Horse Guards
abolished, and everything left to arbitratif6n?—(Cheers.)
He had been invited to attend the Congress now sitting
in Paris, and he now gave his answer to the invita-
tion. As long as we had a gallant :army and an invin-
cible navy there was no great risk of any nation being rash
enough to attack us, and that was a very good security
for peace.—(Cheers.)
Colonel LOWTHER, for the army, and Captain WARD-
LAW, for the navy, returned thanks.
Lord BROUGHAM then, in a highly complimentary
speech, proposed the health of the Earl of Lonsdale pa-
tron of the society and Lord-Lieutenant of the county.
Tho Earl of LONSDALE returned thanks, drawing a
favourable contrast between the state of farming now
and what it was 30 years ago, indicating the many im-
provements which had been effected, and stating that he
himself had laid down a line of deep draining extending
300 miles. His Lordship was much cheered in the course
of his speech.
Lord BROUGHAM then proposed, " The Health of the
High Sheriffs of the two Counties." The High Sheriff
of Westmoreland was not present, but Mr. Hudleston,
the High-Sheriff for Cumberland, was, and they all
knew and respected him as a neighbour and a country
gentleman. Although ho hoped he should not have to
exercise his functions in respect to any of them—(A
laugh)—lie had no doubt, if required to do so, he would
execute his office with great mildness and discre-
tion.— (Much laughter.)
Mr. HUDLESTON, in returning thanks, observed that
he had not only duties to perform connected with the
execution of the law in extreme cases, as had been hinted
by his Noble Friend; his functions were also brought into
play when county elections took place, and, as his Noble
Friend had made them merry at his expense, he would
be even with him. At one of their former agricultural
meetings in that town an incident occurred which would
no doubt be in the recollection of many present. During
the exhibition of stock two boars which had been placed
in adjoining pens broke down the rail between them
and attacked e.,ch other most ferociously. The one
came from Lowther, and the other was said to have come
from Brougham.—(Roars of laughter.) Great was the
onslaught;—(Laughter)—shrill were the cries of the
combatants;—(Laughter)—loud the exclamations of the
spectators. " Go it, Brougham!" " At him again,
Lowther!"—(Laughter.) And bloody was the field ere
the combatants could be separated.—(Laughter.) He
was sure he spoke the feelings of all members of the
Cumberland and Westmoreland Agricultural Society,
e hen he said he was delighted to see here present, cheek
by jowl, Lord Brougham and the Earl of Lonsdale—
the heads of the two houses of Lowther and Brougham,
harmoniously partaking of their hospitality. They were
much indebted to them for their kindness and support.
The patronage of his Noble Friend, Lord Brougham,
had added most materially to the interest of the occasion,
as ino doubt it did to the joviality of their assemblage.
The next toast proposed by the Noble Chairman was
" The health of the Bishop and Clergy of the diocese, '
which was acknowledged by the Rev. Dr. Bowstead.
Lord BuotronAm then rose, and said he had now to
propose, as the immediate business of the day, " Success
to ; the Cumberland and Westmoreland Agricultural
Salciety," whose great proceedings of the cattle show
had brought them this day together. He ought to ap-
proach such a subject as that, on which he was generally
speaking so id-informed, and of which he had really no
practical experience, with very great distrust of him-
self ; but, nevertheless, he could not help feeling that he
should ill discharge his duty as their president on that
occasion if he were altogether to repudiate the subject.
They were met certainly to avoid all allusion whatever
to political topics, and to unite in that which should
further one of the greatest interests of mankind—the
cultivation of the soil. His Noble Friend, the head of
the society, and Lord-Lieutenant of the county, had
set him the example of abstaining from any refer-
ence to disputed points, such as those connected with
the trade in provisions. H© cheertully adopted the
principle, and would avoid the contested ground
altogether. He would also join him in hold-
ing this opinion—that whatever might be the effect of
the late very important change in the law and policy
of this country with respect to the corn-trade, all men
must admit that its first tendency, whatever might be
its ultimate effects, was rather, upon the whole, he
would not say of a kind to press hard upon the pro-
ducer of food, upon the tiller of the earth, upon the land-
lord or the tenant-farmer, but rather to stimulate him—
for that was the moral he drew from it—to stimulate
him to all measures of improvement whereby he eraon
.hake his trade more profitable and his land P
ductive.—(Cheers.) Ho had the misforstuunbjecttoosreidniffheisr
upon the corn-laws, as upon many other
time, from his Noble Friend near him,and he w
also great numbers of those
.friends and neighboursas afraid
had now the honour of addressing. He did not mean to
renew the discussion of the corn-laws. He heard it
debated till he was sick of the very name of corn—al.
most as much so as a lame man might be of the word.—
(A laugh.) Ii e was as sick of it as ho could be during that
tiresome and never-to- be-sufficiently-deprecated session
of 1846, owing to the labour it took in that House of
Parliament of which he was an unworthy member. God
forbid he should renew the discussion now. But, though
be had tho misfortune to differ with many of them, he
always maintained that in the end it would be no damage
to either landlord or tenant. lie never denied:
that the immediate tendency would be of a kind •
to press somewhat upon them. He never as—
serted, as many foolish and though less people
in the giddiness of the moment did, that repealing the
corn laws would make the loaf larger, or the price of the
loaf smaller. He never maintained such a proposition—
he never could maintain such a proposition; if he had,
the evidence would have been against him every hour of
every day since. What its ultimate effects would be
was a very different question; but he never maintained
that such would be its immediate effect any more than

ime other agitators for rep 1 of the
thea,;lb.yifmait
lisvnitllailnoiwnz.,
...thaagtes,li,t, a.:cih'ilo
,Al.eoar•ker.
:0, " God forbid there should be a reread of the
,s." "But it ail], cheapen bre ad," rejoired the
, ,4 and that will more then compensate for any
nin your wages." "We are not so sure about
-as the reply, and it was a cuaioue fact nothing-
as
said on the idea of lowering wages, and from
am forth they held no public meeting except by
because the working people would have come in
_ erwhelcned them. That was the fast.—(Cheers.)
He mentioned this to show how the wisest of men were
very wrong when they came to speculate on futurity.
God knows we were poor limited beings, not always
seeing what was around and about us, and never at all
what will be in the future. But it always was the
opinion maintained by those with whom he associated
on this, subject—it was the most important lesson that
could he drawn from the result of that controversy,
and whateyer happened to press on the farmer, it was
the more important lesson for him to learn—it
became doubly and trebly important that he should
move all his powers, and put all his energies in force and
action for the purpose of increasing the produce of his
land and diminishing the expense of his cultivation.—
(Cheers.) That was the ground on which they might
all meet, whatever their opinions on local politics or
general politics might be. His friend the High Sheriff,
..
having passed some time in the East, had imported an
oriental apologue, for which he did not believe there was
the slightest foundation in fact.— (A laugh.) In that
excellent Arabian Nights' tale he gave them an account
of a fight between a blue boar and a yellow boar, and as
the time might come when, as the preachers of peace and
arbitration promised, " the lion should lie down with the
lamb"—although that was not likely soot, to happen—
he did not know what progress bad been made in Africa
towards taming the lion, by paring his claws, and mak-
ing him submit with scissors in hand; but long before
that the blue and the yellow boar were certainly at peace
with each other on the present occasion.—(Cheers, and
a laugh.) If they would allow him to make a somewhat
scholastic allegory on the subiect, he .e.ould-say that, as •
the opticians told them that the mixture of the two
colours, yellow and blue, made green, so did their mix-
ture here naturally tend towards the object of their pre-
sent meeting the improvement of the green earth.—
(Cheers.) He must then be permitted to say, that
this improvement, which was -every than's interest—the
interest of the landlord, of the tenant•farmer, of his
workmen, of all the people whether connected with land
or not, as consumers, ought to be strenuously, actively,
and unremittingly pursued. His Noble Friend had justly
adverted to the great importance of draining. It did not
require a man to know much of farming to appreciate
the importance of that matter. For himself, he hardly
knew wore than the difference between an ox and a
sheep—(A laugh)—he scarcely went further in his
knowledge of stock than that. He might be able to dis-
criminate barley from wheat. With barley and rye he
might, perhaps, be taken in.—(A laugh.) In short, he
knew almost as little as the Legislature on the subject.—
(A laugh.) It was utterly impossible to know less.—(A
laugh.) For instance, they passed a measure—a most
important measure, for it was a model Act—the Muni-
cipal Clauses Act, imposing various penalties for over-
driving cattle. They did not know an ox or cow to be
cattle; and, in the interpretation clause, which had been
very carefully framed, they said—putting forth, no doubt,
all the knowledge they possessed—" cattle shall be taken
to mean horses"—not very likely to be overdriven ;
" goats"—not very likely to be overdriven; " mules"
—hardly ever seen—(A laugh)—" swine"—not to be
driven.—(Laughter.) They might as well talk of
driving the Legislature, the :only way of driving them
was to pull them back,—(Laughter continued.) How-
ever, the Legislature left out oxen and cows
as if they were not "cattle," and very likely to be over-
driven.—(A laugh.) He knew almost as little as the
Legislature; but, without knowing much more, he could
easily tell that as long as the earth was a sponge of
water, as in many parts of the country—some, not far
off he was sorry to say it—still remained, it was utterly
useless in ploughing and putting in manure. lie had
actually seen people throwing lime into wet ground
making lime water, very good for a burn, but of no use
to make the ground dry. His Noble Friend near him
had taken the judicious course—deep draining.
(Cheers.) He had drained to an enormous extent, and
he would go on draining until he made his land doubly
valuable. From many practical agriculturists he knew
that the effect of deep draining had been to double the
value of the lend.— (Cheers.) After they had drained
it was of the greatest importance no doubt to attend
to manure; and a friend of his who bad attended very
much to that subject produced a most valuable inven-
tion which had been patented in France, and would
have been patented in this country but for his death.
It would have been a very great accession to the
powers of manure both in respect of cheapness and
efficacy. But a very great step had been made
lately, and approved of by all farmers, not merely specu-
lative but practical, with whom he had the °pp( rtun'ty
or conversing. He alluded to the effect of liquid manure.
This he knew, that Lord Fortescue, himself a very ex-
cellent farmer, stated lately at a meeting of a sanitary
association that manure in a state of liquidity, impreg-
nated with offal, applied to the soil—when the experi-
ment was tried on a moderate scale, raised the value of
the lend from 7s. to 165., and when tried on a most ex-
tensive scale, the value was increased by the liquid flow
in the proportion of 7s. to 285.—(Cheers.) Lord For-
tescue gave the details of these experiments, and he hoped
they would bo printed and circulated. The operation
required no apparatus—no expense of outlay. It only
required that sufficient water should be applied to the
manure—that there should be no sort of hydrophobia,
no fear by diluting of destroying* its force.—(Cheers.)
The amount of water was most material to the success
of the application. Before sitting down he wished to
allude to another matter, which he thought very ma-
terial—relating to machinery. He had been very much
delighted to see so good a show of valuable engines, some
of them most ingenious and very reasonable in price, for
churning, hoeing, threshing, and so forth. A friend of
his, a practical agriculturist, informed him that a very
important step had been taken for the purpose of saving
labour, and thereby economizing the expense of produc-
tion, and object which, with care and judicious mechanical
contrivances, was always in our power, even when we
could not increase the fertility of the soil.—(Cheers.)
The most valuable experiments had been made in the
application of steam on a small scale. People were apt
to suppose that steam could only be employed on a
gigantic scale, for locomotion on railways, or in great
manufactories; of various kinds; and of course, in pro-
portion to the size of the engine was its expense, both in
first cost, and in working it by means of fuel. But in
the town of Glasgow a person had been able to have a
steam-engine not larger than a teakettle—he had seen
such an one himself ; in one instance he had heard of
one not larger than a teapot, which was quite capable
of driving a small turning lathe on which a cutler could
work.—(Cheers.) Still it might be said this power
had only been employed in manufactures ; but it might,
with the greatest possible advantage in saving labour,
be introduced into agriculture as well as manufactures.
—(Cheers.) Thrashing machines, straw.cutting ma-
ch4ies, and various other engines, might be worked most
advantageously by the application of steam; and he had
thb, most confident, sanguine hope that ho should live
tolsee this new and most valuable extension of the eppli-
cation of steam.—(Cheers.) Why not ? His Noble
Friend had asked them to cast their eye back for thirty
years; and most judicious was his reference. Never
had he seen such beautiful cattle, such magnificent horses
anti bulls, as he had seen that day—not to mention their
extraordinary exhibition of poultry. Thirty years ago
no man could have contemplated such a thing north of
the Trent. He ventured to say, that as great progress
had been made during the last twenty or thirty years, in
farming and stock, through Cumberland and Westmore-
land, as in any other part of England.—(Cheers.)
Perhaps one reason was, they hal very great occasion
lei improvement; for, certainly, thirty years ago, they
were not quite in the state they cught to have been.—
(A laugh.) But, with reference to steam, it' any one,
thirty or forty years ago, had said we should go to Lon-
dole and back in twenty-four hours by steam, they would
hate been laughed to scorn, as though the thing were
uterly, absolutely, physically impossible. Dr. Darwin,
indeed, by a most wonderffil gift of prophecy, antici-
pat 3d the day when he said—
" Soon shall thy powers gigantic steam afar
Push the slow bark, drive the reluctant car."
But he was supposed to be a visionary. Mr. Canning
and other wits laughed at him for his poem; but had Dr.
Darwin lived, he might have laughed at them for the
ridicule cast on him; for now steam was the great loco-
motive power in the universe. It travelled over the sea
and over the land—over the sea in spite of tide, current,
and wind—over the land almost in spite of time itself.—
(Cheers.) What reason had they to doubt that the
sate wonderful engine which Watt showed applicablet
to pump up water from the bowels of the earth, split,
rocks in pieces, or manufacture the machinery of
welch, shall be applied to something betweelndtnhoew
only
to some of the agricultural works which could
be exeeuted by dint of well-paid
la
a labour ?
I(C ears,) He could not help thinkinhg
weld worth the attention of farmers,. that
g to economy above
of keeping their accounts, mtahe better suggestion
sy's tem
all' and Co regularity, great
shquld by more gene; y
farmer, on a considerable
a dasat
adopted.
......f wealth
ch e e
risn) itself,
Ile
hardly ever knew a
f,
ru3grtehe
the
goodmoderateo scale,ffi
e e
0 fw
hisho did
own notw to an
tcaeurt-,
regulartsacia°4(l)l;:eneePon'r set of books, as tradesmen were
keeping 5 tdo —(Hear, hear.) It was as neces-
acmed
sary fore,tho olarm.er, the m.anufactu.rer of corn, as it
~,, easethe manufacturer of cotton twist or steel blades,
tow I„ep,aecounts of all the details of his business. He
never could tell exactly what state he was in—what was
his, expenditure, what were his gains or losses, without
regular or systematic bookkeeping. He therefore strongly
reconuneuded his agricultural friends, although they
might not be so well educated as those he now addressed,
and started back from pen and. ink to adopt a good
system of accounts.—.(Cheers.) the Noble and Learned
Lord concluded, amidst loud cheers, by giving " Success
to the Cumberland 'and Westmoreland Agricultural
Society," which was duly honoured.
Mr. SENHOUSE, the Vice-President, proposed " the
health of the Members of the two Counties."
Colonel Lowther, Mr. E. Stanley, the Hon. C. IT.
Howard, Mr. W. Marshall, and Captain Lowther seve-
rally returned thanks.
The awards having been read, and the health of the
judges drunk,'
The. Earl of LONSDALE proposeadchthq
Brougham. He felt utterly unable . .
eu
adequately health
ooexpress
common with ail
the sense of obligation which he, it! Lop .
then present, felt to his Noble Friend orhaving con-
sented thatof occasion.his N o Noble
e( CI
Friend'seet e.)
sTehnetyedaltloknteaNkve
• as well as his great industry and quickness
thethe
great
tr
variety
.
attainments,
in' attaining knowledge of every kind. His acquire-
ments were in truth' thesurprise and admiration of all
who hia,itvatched hil .oareerand who had not?—
~(Cheers.) They must all, therefore, feel, great satisfac-,
I Lion in knowing that the enlightined mind of his Noble

J 1, WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.

Sam Day —`Morning, 13 min. after 12 I Eveninq, 37 min. after 12
3 o-sio.acow— ~3-oing, 59 min. 12 I Evening, 20 after min. after 1