The Sun.
London, England, 1849-03-15 00:00:00

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LONDON, THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1849.

Turkey has now, more than ever, reason to prepare
herself against the aggressions of Russia and
Hungary to struggle against the armed domination
of the Austrians. For if the correspondence, dated
on the 25th ultimo, from Constantinople, and pub-
lished in the National of yesterday, can be credited,
the combined troops of the Austrians and the Rus-
sians have overwhelmed the forces of the gallant
Baia, in Transylvania. According to this melan-
choly statement, the unfortunate Hungarians have
been beaten in a pitched battle by the united efforts
of their two colossal antagonists—the soldiers of the
AUTOCRAT claiming for themselves the credit of the
victory, and (as a rather significant token of the
incompleteness of their success !) calling vociferously
for reinforcements. Should this intelligence prove,
unhappily, to be authentic, the tribe of the Magyars,
and the Sciavic races generally, will have grievous
cause to tremble for the ultimate triumph of their
nationality. They will find themselves pressed upon
in contrary directions by two gigantic oppressors—
to contend against either of whom single-handed
would be a tremendous undertaking, but to oppose
whose coalesced armies appears to be, on the part of the
heroic Hungarians, an act of sublime desperation.
Assuming that the accounts furnished by the
National are strictly accurate, the sinister designs of
the CZAR and of the KAISBR—of NICHOLAS
towards the Ottoman empire through Bucharest
and of FRANCIS JOSEPH towards the whole of his in-
surgent dominions through Pesth—have acquired a
force which threatens to be peculiarly formidable, if
not altogether irresistible. Whatever advantages
they have gained over the Lieutenants of KOSSUTH,
rely upon it will not be frittered away in marching
and counter-marching between the villages of Tran-
sylvania. So soon as the dragoons of the two EMPHROES
shall have trodden the flames of Hungarian confi-
dence into the smouldering embers of hope—so soon
as the allied despots shall have broken the neck
of what seriously appears to be a grand Pansclavic
revolution—their forces will march severally—the
one across the Carpathians into Lombardy, the other
across the Danube into Roumelia.
A little while and the real intentions of the Au.
TOCRAT will be manifest. Pray GOD, England be
not unprepared for that disclosure of his avaricious
and spoliative policy ! When the frozen marshes shall
have thawed, and when the thaw shall have been
followed by the droughts of summer—the Muscovite
battalions will be enabled to proceed boldly
from Bessarabia to Moldavia, from Moldavia
to Wallachia, from Wallachia to Bulgaria,
and onward through the Turkish province
of Roumelia to the very gates of Constantinople.
These conjectures can no longer be regarded as
extravagant, now that the PORTE and the CZAR are
separately preparing themselves for an encounter.
Along the shores of the Bosphorus the activity of the
Divan is already manifesting itself in extraordinary
efforts of preparation. Throughout the country the
Turks are voluntarily arming themselves, encouraged
by the alacrity of the Byzantine Government. Fresh
troops are every day being marched northwards to
strengthen the bands already under the command
of FUAD EFFIMDI. ABBAS PAULA has already
given a signal testimony of his allegiance
to the young CALIPII-SULTAN, by promising to for-
ward supplies of money from the treasuries of Cairo
in
and Alexandria. And,
no
means
disposed to
stlhuembßeru.ssilann
eneisssaries are by
every quarter where intrigue may prove serviceable
—there, be certain, all their spies
aanidn,
it
tipbleocmornateics
agents are on the alert. Wherever, again,
advisable to concentrate additional forces—there the
'subordinates of DUHAmEL are accumulating rein-
forcements. Aides-de-camp from that General have
gone, within the last few weeks, between Bucharest
and sex-via, between Servia and Bulgaria. Both
Turkey and Russia evince a readiness to fight
for the elefence of their opinions—Russia for abso-

lutism, Turkey for liberality, Russia for conquest,
Turkey for independence, Russia for the gratification
of the ambition of her EMPEROR, Turkey for the de-
fence of Moldo-Wallachia, for the preservation of
Constantinople, and for the salvation of the whole of
the European dominions of the Ottoman SOVEREIGN.
On the side of the Porte is justice, on that of the
AUTOCRAT power. Again the struggle will be, on a
gigantic scale, the old struggle between MIGHT and
RIGHT. If we only look to the internal capacities
of the opposing states for the solution of
the problem as to which must prove in
the end victorious, we shall have terrible
cause to despair for the fortunes of the SULTAN.
Taking the relative population of the two countries as
a test of their capability to strive against each other,
the contrast afforded between the vigour of Russia
and the weakness of Turkey is absolutely terrific.
In our exposure of the proceedings of the AUTOCRAT
on Monday evening, we stated, on the authority of
an eminent contributor to the Encyclopedia Brit-
annica (Art. "Turkey," Ed. 1842), that the number
of Turks or Tartars in Europe amounts, at a rough
calculation, to 1,500,000 souls. That estimate is,
nevertheless, manifestly a misprint on the part
of the Encyclopedia Britannica—a misprint of 1 for
3—the real number of Turks or Tartars in Europe
being 3,500,000. Between this 3,500,000 and the
59,000,000 inhabiting Russia, the difference is
clearly enormous. But supposing even that the
heterogeneous states obedient to the Ottoman ruler
were simultaneously to place their population at his
disposal—supposing that to the 3,500,000 Tartars we
add the 2,600,000 Greeks or Hellenists, the 400,000
Moldo-Wallachians (almost impracticable), the
750,000 Arnaut-Albanians, the 45,000 Servians
(more than doubtful), the 250,000 Bosnians
the 800,000 Dalmatians, the 80,000 Rascians,
the 30,000 Croats (very questionable), the 30,000
Jews, and the 500,000 Bulgarians—making in all a
grand total of 9,660,000 souls under the dominion of
the SULTAN as ruler of Turkey in Europe—still, at
this rather sanguine calculation, the inadequacy of
scarcely 10,000,000 of people to oppose the 60,000,000
subservient to the AUTOCRAT, is terribly apparent. Of
herself, even though backed by Egyptian gold, strong
in the enthusiasm of her inhabitants, and
aided by the sympathies of the nations
of Western Europe, Turkey cannot hope . to
contend successfully against that stupendous empire
whose vastness in strength as well as in dimensions is
calculated to inspire awe even in the most powerful
nations on the surface of the globe. England must
go to the aid of that brave empire which is the first
and the most important bulwark against Russian
domination. We have already shown that the pre-
serration of Constantinople from the cupidity of the
AUTOCRAT—that the general defence, in short, of
the Ottoman monarchy from the despot threatening
the integrity of its dominions through the advanced
provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia, is directly to
the interest, not only to Western Europe, but in a
peculiar degree to England, both in her mercantile
and her maritime capacities. Every hour the
necessity for a bold interposition on our part
between the Sublime Porte and the AUTOCRAT
increases. Should the defeat of BEM and the
Hungarians prove correct, for example, Transylvania
will cease to be an object of anxiety to the tyrant of
St. Petersburgh, and his forces will very speedily be
marched in the direction of Constantinople. Before
it becomes too late, therefore, the vessels of England
should sail boldly through the narrow channel of the
Dardanelles.

The desire for emigration which had long prevailed
in all parts of the United Kingdom, more especially
in Ireland, has latterly increased to an extraordinary
degree. Philanthropists look to an extensive and
well-devised system of emigration as one of the
chief remedial measures by which the nation may be
extricated from its present depressed condition, and
elevated in the social scale, while the people them-
selves recognise therein the only mode by which a
reasonable expectation is afforded of permanent
relief from their sufferings, and the attainment of
ultimate prosperity, and the enjoyment of the fair
rewards of industry and good conduct. It is not the
humbler classes alone that cherisn amyb hopes.
anniLaciutao Vi 1.14C1.186.14 Awl wen-educated men, who
could formerly have calculated on obtaining a com-
fortable provision in their native land ; skilful arti-
zans, clever mechanics, and workmen of every class,
find themselves deprived of employment, and, with their
families, enduring privations of the most painful cha-
racter. The demand for land in Ireland, once so uni-
versal, amounting almost to a passion, has practically
subsided. Farms are every day thrown on the hands of
the landlords, and eligible tenants cannot be obtained.
Those who would formerly have eagerly invested their
capital therein now look beyond the Atlantic for
their future home. It is a land of promise, teeming
with plenty, where full occupation may be obtained,
and their chief capital —labour--may be turned to
the best account. The success that has attended the
exertions of the earlier emigrants, the flattering
accounts of their present position and prospects trans-
mitted to their relatives and friends in the mother
country, accompanied by the most substantial proofs
of the accuracy of their statements, in the shape of
handsome remittances, have stimulated and excited
the latent disposition for emigration to the greatest
extent. Those who behold their scanty resources
decreasing day by day, who fear that they may soon
be unable to afford their families the ordinary com-
forts of existence, desire to participate in these bless-
sings, and to share in the prosperity that is
attainable in a new country, where there is room
enough for all, and where labour, instead of being a
drug in the market, undervalued and hardly remune-
rative, is the great desideratum—a sufficiency of
which is most anxiously desired. In such a land,
men with small capitals barely sufficient to stock a
moderate-sized farm at home, may become landed
proprietors, and hope to acquire and bequeath con-
siderable estates to their families, while those who
have only their labour to depend on may anticipate
the period when they, too, may cultivate their own
lands, and become employers of other men's labour
in due course.

With such a spirit abroad, it becomes not
merely a matter of expediency, but almost an impe-
rative necessity, that proper means should be adopted
to direct the intending emigrants to the quarters
where their exertions may be rendered most available ;
to instruct them in the best mode of husbanding their
resources, and applying them in the most beneficial
manner. Hitherto the emigration has been of a de-
sultory and unconnected character. Although no
less than 162,366 English, Scotch, and Irish emi-
grants arrived in the United States of America
during the first ten months of the past year, there
was no organized or systematic plan, no predeter-
mined line of action to be adopted on their arrival.
The great majority trusted to chance, and chance
only, for their future proceedings. The evil conse-
quences of such short-sighted and inconsiderate con-
, duct were never more painfully conspicuous. They
knew nothing either of the direction in which they
should proceed, or the manner of proceeding, or, in
fact, of what they were to do. Their small
stocks of money were rapidly diminishing,
while they were losing valuable time in
thinking of matters that should have been maturely
considered before they left their native shores, so that
at last, when a favourable opportunity for investment
offered itself, they no longer possessed the means of
availing themselves thereof. What would have en-
sured their future comfort had been wasted and dis
sipated, while they were looking about them in stupid
astonishment, and their prospects, if not irretrievably
blasted, were at least retarded by many years. In
place of their entering immediately into the posses-
sion of their own lands, they were compelled to be-
come labourers, and to expend their strength for the
benefit of others. Under such circumstances, they
could only deplore their own want of foresight and
caution, and blame the criminal negligence of those
in the mother country who should have fostered and
aided their enterprise, and taught them the valuable
lessons of experience. It could scarcely be won-
dered at if a spirit of animosity arose, and
that, in place of cherishing fond recollections
of those they had left behind them, and entertaining
the most amicable sentiments towards them, they
should be influenced by feelings of a very different
and less amiable character. It is, therefore, a matter
of sound policy, as well as of genuine philanthropy,
to render- every reasonable assistance to such parties,
to merit and obtain the friendship ars regard of those