The Sun.
London, England, 1849-02-16 00:00:00

SAXONY.

The Second Chamber voted, by a large majority,
on the 9th, the recal of all the Saxon Ambassadors in
foreign countries, and in Germany, with the excep-
tion of the one in Frankfort, and the replacing them
by consuls. The motion was opposed by the Minis-
try, but in vain.

HOLLAND.

OPENING OFTIIEDUTCH CHAMBERS.

THE HAGUE, FEB. 14.—His MAJESTY, accom-
panied by the Princes, quitted the Palace at one
o'clock. A salute of artillery announced the depar-
ture of his MAJESTY. The streets were densely
thronged, and his MAJESTY was everywhere received
with the most lively manifestations of respect and
love. On his arrival at the Palace of the States-
General his MAJESTY was received and introduced to
the Assembly by the Committee appointed for that
purpose by the two united Chambers.
His MAJESTY having ascended the throne pro-
nounced the following speech :
" Gentlemen, Members of the First and Second Cham-
bers of the States-General—
" Conformably with that which is prescribed by the
fundamental law, the mission of the two Chambers of
the States-General, which have existed up to this day, is
at this moment accomplished.
"The two Chambers, since the adoption of the modi-
fied fundamental law, have aided me with the most con-
scientious care, and they deserve our sincere grati-
tude for the assistance which they have always rendered
us up to the new era upon which we this day enter.
" Gentlemen, it gives me much pleasure to see you as-
sembled around me.
e Representatives of the nation, which has proved by
the recent elections its great estimation of the value
of its political rights, and its firm resolve to carry
them out with calmness and in a true spirit of order,
you, gentlemen, will, I am persuaded, act in the same
spirit; animated by ardent zeal, exempt from every pre-
judice, you will act in concert with me for the welfare of
our country.
I rejoice to be able to announce to you that a good
understanding is still maintained with the other Powers,
notwithstanding the revolutions and wars which have
desolated a great part of Europe.
" The relations of the Duchy of Limburg with the
Germanic Confederation have given rise to some dif-
ficulties, which, by adhering to the treaties, I hope to
overcome.
"'Tranquillity and public order have nevertheless been
maintained in the duchy.
"The army has co-operated for the maintaining of this
result in a most praiseworthy manner, and I cannot re-
frain from acknowledging the services which it has ren-
dered there and elsewhere.
" When the serious events which took place last year
rendered it necessary to augment the army, that aug-
mentation, as well as the diminution which was subse-
quently gradually introduced, proved that the Nether-
lands can without difficulty and with promptitude developo
and dismiss its forces.
" In consequence of the measures which were taken, it
is possible to leave untouched a considerable portion of
the sums which had
been accumulated in the budget of
war for 1848.
"This year the diminution which has taken place in
that budget is already considerable. A limited system
of defence will introduce and consolidate new retrench.
ments.
" Our maritime forces continue to be a subject of great
satisfaction by the services which they render.
"A considerable reinforcement of ships of the line has
be H sent to our possessions in the East and West In-
dies, and, in order to give more extensive protection to
commerce, the eastern coast of Africa, along which
commercial undertakings are extending, has been visited
by a ship of the line, and orders have been given to an
other ship of the line to proceed to the north-west coast
of America.
" Our East Indian possessions are in a state of tran-
quillity.
" Measures have been taken to repair the shock which
our arms, notwithstanding the bravery of our troops,
have sustained at 13*li.
" Tranquillity also "reigns in our West Indian posses-
sions; although it was interrupted in some places last
year, it was promptly re-established.
" If we contemplate the internal state of the king-
dom we shall there find more grounds than one for satis-

faction.
" Our dearly beloved fellow-countrymen continue to
distinguish themselves by the attachment to the prin-
ciples of order, by their respect for the law and au-
thority.
" The commotions which have agitated Europe have,
it is true, exercised an unfavourable influence on our
commerce and manufactures also, but scarcely has tran-
quillity been re-established when a favourable reaction
has taken place, and, at the present moment, a bright
prospect opens.

With the exception of the recent disastets which
hive taken place in some parts of our country, we have
not to deplore the destruction of dykes or the visit of
inundations.

" Since the revision of the fundamental law my at-
tention has been nrawn to the expend:turt%, of the state,
on the best int,thod of introducing a reduc!iou without
!nuking violent changes, or intert ring with the regu-
larity of the administration, and to the la.ws which are
requisite for the complete execution of the fundamental
law.

" The report which has been presented to me by the
Provisional Ministry, on the diminution of the expenses
of the state, has already led to the adoption of some of
the suggestions which it contained. Others are sus-
ceptible of modification and of development, and must
be regulated by law.
" I expect from the present National Assembly that,
whenever its advice may be called for, it will comply,
under the conviction that in the present times especially
a strong Government is one of the first moment.
" The laws which are necessary to the execution of
the fundamental law are prepared in that liberal spirit
which has dictated the constitution. They will be laid
before you successively.
I'he perturbation which late events have excited in
international relations have had an unfavourable re-
action on the receipts of the public Treasury. This in-
fluence will be again felt, though in a modified degree,
during the course of this year.
" Measures calculated to spare the labouring classes of
the nation as much as possible will be laid before you to
cover the existing deficit.
" The interest and the credit of the state demand that
the burden of the present moment shall not again be
transmitted to the future, in order that in better times
and amid more favourable results all be not paralyzed
and rendered abortive by the oppression of former
burdens.
" Gentlemen, let us continue in that spirit of union
which is strength, and with ardent zeal and labour, for
the welfare of our country; and may the Most High
bless our efforts!
" I declare the present session of the States General
to be open."
At the conclusion of his speech his MAJESTY de-
scended from the throne, and proceeded to the
Palace in the same order as before, and was again
everywhere received with cries of " Long live the
King!"

ITALY.

FLIGHT OF THE GRAND DUKE.

The Grand Duke of TUSCANY has fled from
Sienna, but not in consequence of any emeute. He
has deserted his dominions solely to aid the reaction-
ary conspiracy now going on throughout Europe,
and to give an excuse to Austria to interfere in the
affairs of Italy. The Florence journals of the Bth
announce the return of the Minister MONTANJLLI
to that city after the flight of LEOPOLD, who gave as
his reason for deserting his people, that the POPE had
in a private letter threatened him with excommunica-
tion in case he should adhere to the Italian Consti-

tuent Assembly. The reason given by the GRAND
DUKE for his flight is too absurd to obtain credence ;
albeit the fact of the excommunication from the POPE
tends to corroborate in some degree the notion so
prevalent at Rome that Pxo NoNo is not a free agent
at Gaeta. _ _ _

The Constituent e Italiana of the Bth gives the fo

[owing account of the events at Florence:—

" FLORENCE, ELEVEN, A.lll.—The Grand Duke has
fled from Sienna. Montanelli has returned to Florence.
The Ministry have assembled, and are in permanence.
Measures have been taken to maintain order and tran-
quillity. The Civic Guard is flying to arms. The town
is quiet, full of confidence, and calmly awaits the pro-
vident resolutions of Ministers.

" TWELVE, A.M.—The Popular Club has met in the
square, to speak to the people abont the situation in
which Tuscany is placed by the flight of the Grand
Duke. Many distinguished citizens harangue the
people, and conclude that it is necessary a Provisional
Government should be formed of the men in whom the
people have placed confidence. A commission of twelve
citizens has proceeded to the Legislative Chambers,
which have assembled to express this desire to the
people. A placard has been posted under the portico
of the Organia, between two tricoloured flags.
It contains in large letters : Long live the Provisional
Government I The People their own Sovereign ! The
Union of theTuFcan People ! The Triumph of Democracy!'
" ONE o'CLocK P.M.—The Popular Club and the
people assembled have declared that the Grank Duke by
his flight has violated the Constitution, and consequently
forfeited the Sovereign power ; and have therefore de-
cided by acclamation that a Bill shall be presented to the
Chamber, instituting a Provisional Comnsission of
Government, composed of the citizens Guerrazzi, Mon-
tanelli, and Mazzoni. The club, while proposing this
commission, reserves to the Constituent Assembly of
Rome the right of deciding upon subsequent measures to
be taken.
" EXTRAORDINARY SITTING OF THE GENERAL
COUNCIL.—The Chamber assembles spontaneously, in
consequence of the intelligence of the flight of the Grand
Duke. Montanelli ascends the tribune, and communi-
cates a letter trona the Grand Duke, announcing that, to
avoid the excommunication the Pope had threatened him
with in a private letter, in case he should adhere to the
Italian Constituent Assembly, he was leaving Tuscany
by the route of the Maremme. While Montanelli was
pronouncing the last words, a deputation from the
Popular Club, which had assembled in the square near
the Logge dui Lanzi, entered, and presented the desire
of the people that a Provisional Government should be
created. Numbers of the deputies of the Centre leave
the Chamber. Guerrazzi ascends the tribune, and
severely reprimands the deputies for leaving
their post at the moment of danger, arid in-
vites the others to remain. Guerrazzi then,
in the name of the Ministry, gives up his powers and
theirs to the Great Council, and all the Ministers take

their places among the Deputies. Deputy Sseci
proposes that in consequence of the absence of an exe
cutive power, and the resignation of the Ministry, a Pro-
visional Government shall be created. Trinci supports
the motion, and proposes Montanelli, Guerrazzi, and
Mazzoni. He wishes that the Chamber may remain as
sembled, in order to aid the Provisional Government.
Corsini Neri proposes to add to the Provisional Govern-
ment the Gonfaloniere of the city, and the Vice-Presi-
dent of the Chamber, Deputy Zannetti. Trinci would
leave it to the Provisional Government to add other
persons. Cioni Fortuna, seeing that, as the other powers
are wanting, the Chamber also no longer represents the
people, proposes that the Provisional Government concen-
trate all authority in itself, and order the election of a
new National Assembly. A Deputy of the Left op
poses the motion; the Chamber should remain, to give,
us it were, the adhesion of the provinces, represented by
the Deputies, to the Provisional Government. Trinci
moves that all be left, to the judgment of the Provisional
Government, who have the confidence of the people.
Corsini withdraws his motion, and seconds Trinci's pro-
position, which is unanimously adopted. Montanelli
then pronounces a speech, in which he accepts the mis-
sion, and concludes with the words, Leopold of Austria
has abandoned us, but God will not abandon us.' "
The Provisional Government, on leaving the
Chamber, proceeded to the Logge dei Lanzi, where
each of the Members briefly harangued the people,
assuring them that they accepted the difficult man-
date solely by the will of the people. They after-
wards proceeded, in the midst of enthusiastic cheers,
to the Palazzo Vecchio, receiving the military salute
from the Civic Guard. All the bells of the city and
those of the Palazzo Vecchio were rung in honour
of the event. The following proclamations were pub-
lished at Florence immediately after:—
" The people of Florence—Considering that the flight
of Leopold of Austria is a violation of the Constitution,
and leaves the State without Government; considering
that the first duty of the people, the only sovereign, is
to provide for the urgency of circumstances; and acting '
as the representatives of the sister provinces, nominates
a Provisional Government in the person of citizens
Joseph Montanelli, F. I). Guerrazzi, and J. Mazzoni,
who shall exercise the Presidency in turns, and the
people confide to them the high direction of political I
affairs, and also, in the name of Italy, Tuscan honour;
subject to the condition that the definitive form of go-
vernment for Tuscany shall be established by the Italian
Constituent at Rome; and that, in the meantime, the
Provisional Government shall unite with and'attach it-
self to that of Rome, in order that the two States, in the
eyes of Italy and of the world, may henceforth form only
one.-Bth of February, from the Place of the People.
For the People,
"A. MORDINI, President of the People's Club;
"G. B. Nrccorates, Vice-President of ditto;
G. B. Crosa, Vice-President of ditto;
" DRAGOMANNI, Secretary of ditto."
The Tuscan Provisional Government has decreed
and decrees what follows :
, " 1. The advocate A. Mordini is nominated Minister
Secretary of State for the department of Foreign Affairs;
Professor F. C. Marmocchi, deputy, is nominated Mi-
nister Secretary of State of the Interior; Dr. L. Roma-
nelli is nominated Minister Secretary of State in the
department of Justice and Worship; Dr. F. Franchini,
deputy, is nominated Minister of Public Instruction; M.
Mariano d'Ayala, deputy, is nominated Minister of War;
' M. P. A. Adami, deputy, is nominated Minister of Fi-
nance and Public Works.
" 2. A member of the Provisional Government shall
preside at the Council of Ministers during a week at a
time, in the order in which they sign the present.
" Done at Florence, the Bth February.
" F. D. GIIERRAZZI, G. MAZZONI, G. MONTANELLI,
" Members of the Provisional Government."
The Corriere Livornese has the following from
Grosseto, to the Bth instant :
" Yesterday the Grand Duke of Tuscany left Sienna,
and went to the villa dell' Abberese, six miles from Gros-
seto. He was with his family and an Englishman. He
seemed to be afraid of being stopped and pursued by the
inhabitants of Sienna. This morning at ten he left for
Porto Santo Stefano, where, it is said, the steamer
Giglio awaited him, to take him to Portoferrajo. M. G.
Pouticelli, of Grosseto, has preceded him. The Popular
Club has sent a deputation to retain him: it is hoped
this deputation will arrive in time."
, The Corriere also states a rumour that the Grand
• Duke has gone to the island of Elba,,on board the
. Bellerophon.
It is said that a republic was proclaimed at Rome
• on the Bth, and the dethronement of the POPE was
' pronounced the same day.
An address has been presented to the King of
L NAPLES by the Chamber, praying the dismissal of
the Minister BOZELLI,