The Sun.
London, England, 1831-06-04 00:00:00

POT.ICE INTELLNIENCF..

HAT ON- GARDEN.
Mr. Peter Vine was charged I,V NI/Si LIII4R
GrillStOn, a straw bonnet-maker, :,t I-Fogton, with
threatening to shoot her.
Mr. Peter Vine had been in London Erni' a shier
time, and accidentally saw Miss Loni,a in the streer.,
who wore a beautiful straw bonnet of own ma:lt:-
facture. -He was determined to know wlio Fhe wa4,
and to lay his fortune at her feet. He walke I be
her side till she arrived at her shop, air! after im-
ploring and promising, he was permitted to visit on
a future day, when he made an open avowal of ever-
lasting love. He courted some time ; but it was
discovered that be was not content with his " Dun.-
stable" lover, for she had found out that he had
gone " a gallivanting," and for 11;s falsehood she dis-
carded him. Hie love returned, and he swore he
he would shoot her unless she forgave him. She
was fearful he would put his threats into execution,
and the Magistrate ordered him to find bail to keep
the peace.

TERMINATION the NIGER in the SEA.

(From the Devonport Telegraph.)

The important problem of the Niger's owlet
is at length • solved. After a waste of much
treasure and the loss of many valuable lives, two
Cornish youths, Richard and John Lander, the
former of whom accompanied the late lamented
Captain Clapperton, in the capacity of a servant,
and whose conduct on that occasion gained him.
general respect, have traced that mighty river to.
the ocean, and thus opened a
.navigation into
the interior of Africa. The Landers left Eng-
land in the early part of last year ; •and it seems
from the brief statement in the Literary
Gazette, which is the only account yet received,
that they took the course followed by Mungo
Park. Descending the Quarra, or Niger, in a
canoe, they were taken prisoners on the. same.
spot where that celebrated traveller lost ,his
Having escaped, by the interference of the King,
of Brasse, they continued their course down the
river, through the Bight of Benin, arriving at
Fernando Po in January last. Thus has a pas-
sage into the heart of Africa been discovered,
which must be attended with incalculable bene-
fits of the human race in that benighted region.
There is now a prospect of the savage and de-.
moralizing traffic in slaves being entirely ex-
tinguished by the Africans themselves, as they
may be brought to learn the value of their
natural productions, and acquire a taste for the
more legitimate and profitable occupations of
civilized life. When the black Kings find that •
their subjects may, be more advantageously em-
ployed than in kidnapping their weaker neigh•
bours, to gratify the rapacity of slave-dealers,
they will not fail to consult their own interest
and keep them at home. Nor is it to a reflect-
ing human being, among the least of their ad-
vantages, that they are about to have
.the bless- .
ing of Christianity revealed to them, for an
access to the heart of Africa, by the Niger,
must cause that vast continent to be laid open to
the labours of our religious societies, as well as
the enterprises of our merchants and traders.
The field is large, and the time will be long ere
these advantages are fully enjoyed ; yet we may
congratulate our country that another world has
. been opened to receive the impression of her
character, and the benefits of her intercourse.

(From the Glasgow Courier.)

From the sickening warfare of party politics,
we are glad for a moment to direct our own at-
tention, and that of our readers, to the important
geographical problem, which has now been
solved in.a manner, which, we believe, must sa-
tisfy the. most credulous, and the staunchest ad-
\'ocates of the Nile of Egypt -theory. Lander
and his brother, who left England about eighteen
months ago, to trace the river from Wawa, the
point -where he left it in his former journey,
flowing to the south, and, as he was informed to
the sea, in the Delta of Benin, have accom-
plished their object, and are now on their way
to Ergland, with positive accounts of the ter-
mination of this majestic and mysterious river, in
the Atlantic Ocean, in the Delta, between Becin
and Biafra.

A letter from a naval officer on that coast,
which has been received and published in a se-
cond edition of the Literary Gazette of Satur-
day last, conveys to the British public this
curious and important fact, and which we have
transferred to our columns with no slight emo-
tion of honest pride. For upon this subject,
the Glasgow Courier may justly take some cre-
dit to itself, as it has, from good authority, been
endeavouring, for the last ten years, to point out
that the Niger must necessarily debouche at the
very place which the result of Lander's expedi-
tion has proved it to do. It is now within a
few weeks of eleven years, since Mr. Macqueen,
the former Editor of this Journal, laid the fact
of the termination of this great river, being in
this part of the western coast of Africa, before
the British Government, accompanied by a large
map of Africa, in which was delineated the whole
course of the Niger, and that of many of its more
important tributary streams. And the same
gentleman, through the medium of Blackzvood's
Magazine, has again and again called the atten-
tion of the Government and of the country to
the same subject, and the immense advantages
Which might be derived from it in a mercantile
point of view. Till lately, however, owing to
the under-plotting of those interested in uphold-
ing the baleful settlement of Sierra Leone, no
rational and practical measures were taken to
solve this grand and important geographical
question.
To Mr. Macqueen it must prove a source of
unalloyed satisfaction, that all his theory respect-
ing the course and termination of this mighty
river, has been confirmed by the subsequent
investigations of these enterprising travellers.—
Youri, where the Landers embarked on the
Nile or Quorra, is about 25 or 30 miles above
Boussa, the place where the intrepid Park lost
his.life. Delighted as we are at the solution of
this grand problem in geographical science, we
cannot help remarking that, with all our industry,
we seem only to be recovering, by slow degrees,
that knowledge of Africa which, at a very remote
period, appears to have been possessed by the
maritime nations of antiquity. Mary concur-
rent circumstances induce us to believe that
Hanno, the Carthaginian, terminated his explo-
ratory voyage at the Bight of Biafra, in place of
Sherbourg Sound, according to Major Reline),
or Cape Three Points, in the Gulf of Guinea,
as contended for by Bougainville. The suppo-
sition of M..Gosselin, that Hanno did not ex-
tend his voyage beyond the confines of Morocco,
to us appears supremely absurd.
The fact now stands confessed that this mag-
nificent river is navigable, and has been navi-
gated for Upwards of two thousand two hundred
miles of its course; and at the point whore
Euritpean discovery has ascertained that navi-
gation to commence, namely, eighty miles to ti e
erraosmt asritel
Sierra
af
Leone,'reetn b a
it frodmia
deep, in ihe d'Y
900 feet broad, and 10 e abosut:e 11214:11 17;v: /I -1
se
.4. o f

season. We wonder what the Quarterly Review
and other journals, which opposed us in our
views respectin, the course and terminatiou
the Niger, will now say to the discovery of the
Landers. They were wrong, and we arc proved
to have been right.

(From the Literary Gazette of this day.)
The discovery of the termination of the course
of the Niger, upon which we promised last
week to offer some geographical remarks, will be
of the greatest importance to geography, to our
political power, and to civilization.
With regard to geography, perhaps the con-
tradiction which was afforded by the various
sources whence we derived our knowledge of
the character of the interior of Africa, and of
the course of, next to the Nile, the most re-
nowned, and, as was considered, from the same
accounts, the greatest river of that country, have
in late times, given unlimited zest in the pursuit
of further information, and has not in the least
detracted from the pleasure with which we find
that we are indebted to our countrymen for the
solution of this all-absorbing problem. It ap-
pears, that among the ancients many facts con.
fleeted with the geography of the interior of
Africa were well known, which have still been
an object of discussion among the moderns ; and
of these, we many enumerate the occurrence of a
large lake or marsh (for it is either, at different
seasons of the year), whose real existence,beyond
the speculations of geographers, was very un-
satisfactorily established, until the journey of
Denham and Clapperton ; and the fact of the
occurrence of a great river in the west, emptying
itself into the ocean, though many were of
opinion that it lost itself in an inland marsh,
or in the desert, while others supported the
opinion of its identity with the Nile of the
Egyptians. The researches of Ptolemy and the
Arabian geographers on the Nile of the Negroes,
and in later times the travels of Leo Africanus,
who was a Moor of Grenada, demonstrated the
absurdity of this opinion ; and how extraor-
dinary that, in the boasted perfection of human
intellect, it should have been broached several
centuries afterwards, and that the barometric
levellings of Bruce should have been necessary
to enforce conviction ! It is not at all impro-
bable that Hanno, the Carthaginian, as ad-
vanced by Macqueen, reached the Bight of
Benin, or of Biafra ; and certainly the geogra-
phical information obtained on these countries
b) flerodotus and Edrisi was more accurate than
the speculations of many modern geographers.
Observation had demonstrated to the moderns
that no large river emptied itself into the ocean
on the north-west coast, though it required a
more accurate acquaintance with the Senegal
and the Gambia before it was fully ascertained
that they were not the outlets of this great
stream. The progress of navigation along the
south-eastern shores of Africa also showed that
no large river emptied itself into the sea along
that coast ; while the settlements of the Portu-
guese on the coast to the south of Cape Lopez,
led them, at an early period, to adopt the opinion
afterwards supported by Mungo Park and Mr.
Barrow, that one or more of the rivers in their
vicinity were the outlets of the great river of the
interior of Africa. Two celebrated geographers,
D' Anville and Major Rennell,however, espoused
the theory of the waters emptying themselves
into the Wangara, or great marsh : which argu-
ment underwent various modifications in the
hands of different geographers ; and though the
probability of its emptying itself into the Gulf' of
Guinea had been pointed out on the continent,
and vigorously supported in this country, an ex-
pedition was fitted out to explore the Congo or
Zaire, which, though unfortunate to the indivi-
duals concerned, was yet satisfactory in a geo-
graphical point of view, and demonstrated that
the rivers south of Cape Lopez were not the
outlets of the waters of the Niger, and gave ori-
gin to a speculation which partook of all the cha-
Tacters of a romance of the desert, beneath the
sands of which its author buried the gigantic
stream, loaded with the waters of the Wangara
or Lake Tchad, to make it flow into the Medi-
terranean at the Syrtis of the ancients.
In the history of geography there are no ex-
amples of greater perseverance and courageous
determination than in the efforts made to tri-
umph over the difficulties presented in the solu-
tion of this important question. Since 1815,
there has scarcely a year passed in which a new
attempt has not been made ; and of these, if we
recede a little farther back, twenty-five were
made by our countrymen, fourteen by French-
men, two by Americans, anti one by a German ;
of which but a small number, since the days of
Houghton, have not fallen victims to their heroic
devotion.
Ailing° Park first observed the direction of
the stream
which had become as much an object
of discussion as its termination; and strange to
say, after the present discovery, it will, in some
parts of its course, still remain so. The un-
fortunate traveller just alluded to, previous to his
descent of the river, obtained some information
from Moors and from negroes, on its course by
Timbuctoo. he Jimmie of Park is synony-
mous with Jenne, Gino, DhjennO, of other
writers, as Jenn 6 has again been confounded
with Kano or Kanno. It may be a figurative
term—for the Jimmie of Park was on an island
as was the Jetin;!, of the Moorish reports, while
the Jenne of some travellers is at a short dis-
tance from the river. This cannot be the case
with regard to Timbuctoo, which is visited by
caravans twice a year from Morocco ; nor is the
name met with any where, except the two first
syllables in the town of Timbo, which cannot be
mistaken for Timbuctoo.
Major Laing had discovered the source of the
Niger to be in the mountains of Loma, in 9
degrees L seconds west latitude, and had ascer-
tained its course for a short distance from its
source. We were also aware of the existence
of one or two streams joining the great river, or
branching from it near Timbuctoo. De Lisle
had marked a river Gambarra, on his maps
drawn up for Loyis XV., and not without good
authority. This is the river n' cold g froni
fioussa ; and the Joliba of modern traiNellers .
a river, we could prove, from the concurring
testimony of a variety of sources,
with,cominr fromtlt
the north-west, and joining its watersis to say flowing into, the Niger, in the imme-
diate" neighbourhood of Timbuctoo ; still at
that point the Kowarra, or Quorra of the Moors,'
or Quolla of the negroes, who always change
the r for /; a name which, according to Laing,
it has at its sources—according to Clapperton it
preserves beyond Timbuctoo, and is pro-
bably still the name of the same stream
as its embouchure in the Bight of Biafra.
The Quarrama is another tributary stream
which passes by Saccatoo, and falls. into the
Quorra above Youri and above the point
.where
Mungo Park was wrecked ; and time line ot

country between this river and the Shashum,
comprising the hills of Doochee, of Naroo, and
of Dull, is the line of water-shed to the rivers
joining the Quorra on the one hand, and those
emptying themselves into the Wangara on the
other. The course given by Sultan Bello, and
the information obtained by Major Denhatu,
both pointed out a river coursing to the east,
which is probably the branch followed by the
Landers ; for its termination in Lake Tchad had

not even an air of probability; though it is not,
on the other hand, at all improbable that other
branches empty themselves into the Bight of
Benin, by the rivers Formosa or Volta, according
to information given to Captain Clapperton and
Major Laing.
'e had intended to embody some remarks
upon the pretended journey of Caillie ; but we
find we have already occupied too much space
in details necessary to make the geographical
nature of the question well understood ; and
we shall content ourselves with remarking, that
the discovery of the termination of the Quorra,
or Niger, tends to throw a degree of improba-
bility upon the narrative of that individual,
which it will require much ingenuity to explain
away. It is certain that the latitude given to
Timbuctoo by the editor of those travels, and
upon which sufficient ridicule has already been
thrown in the Edinburgh Geographical Jour-
nal, may be considered as an error entirely of
the editor's, ho, by taking it upon himself,
will relieve the burden of the mistake from the
traveller, and thus lighten the weighty doubts
which might in consequence bear upon the
remainder of the details ; for the situation of
that city, as given by Jomard, is quite incon-
sistent with the situation it must be in, from
the ascertained source, direction, and termination
of the river. There can be no doubt but that a
portion of the labours presented to the public
as the travels of Caillie are founded upon valid
documents, wherever obtained, and probably
most of the errors are those of the editor. But

though authorities can be found in support of
the division of the Quorra into two branches;
one of which, the Joliba, flows to the north-
west, and the other in an almost opposite di•
rection,—a fact which has no analogy in geo-
graphy, and, what is better, no existence in na-
ture ; yet no authority can be found for placing
Timbuctoo on a river flowing north from the
Niger.
The details which will be given to us by the
results of this successful expedition will then,
not only be of assistance in allaying the existing
condition of things with the knowledge of the
ancients, but it will enable us to reduce to a few

facts the many contradictory statements which '
have originated in the variety of the sources of
information, and the individual and national
rivalry which the interest of the question gave
birth to among the geographers of the present
day. It will also be of importance, as it was
connected with a great question, as to the pos-
sibility of a large river traversing au extensive
continent, or losing itself in a marsh or lake, or
being buried in the extensive sands of the desert.
By laying open the interior of Africa to us, it
will increase our political strength and com-
mercial advantages on those coasts ;—it will en-
able us to put into practice an amelioration long
contemplated by Mr. Barrow, in the choice of
our settlements on those coasts ;—it will place
the greatest and most important vent of the bar-
barous and inhuman traffic of negroes in our
possession ; and it will enable us to diffuse the
benefits of superior intelligence among an igno-
rant and suffering people.

FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.

FRENCH PAPERS.

(From the ~Tlessager des Chambre.i of Thursday.)

PARIS, JuNE I.—Many of the unreflecting part
of the community foolishly cry out about war be-
tween Belgium and France, on account of the coo-
t, nts of Lord Ponsonby's communication relative to
the limits of Belgium, more especially as that com-
munication promises the new State the junction of
the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, in spite of the
King of Holland's determination to maintain his
possession of that country, which he deems a right-
ful appanage of his family.
It is also required of King William to make other
sacrifices which may not merely affect his own
house, but even Holland as a State. Lemburg is
demanded and the Dutch ptor•ince of Zealand, called
Pays de Cadsand, situated upon the left bank of the
Scheldt. It is asked—is this just ; should those
territories form a part of the Austrian Pays Bas
which are now Belgian ? They did not form a part
of it in 1792, at the commencement of the war of
the revolution ; Belgium, as we now consider it,
was united to France after having been conquered
from Austria ; Maestricht and the left bank were
not comprehended in the first union.
It was not until after the war with Holland that
these territories were united to France, by the treaty
of the 27th Flora,al, in the year 3. Holland can
then claim them as belonging to her by anterior
possession previous to its actual connection with

Belgium.
One of the most enlightened members of the
Belgian Congress, M. Nothomb, agreed, in the
last sitting, that the right of Holland to the left
bank of the Scheldt was ineontestible ; and that
elsewhere, this country not having taken any part in
the Belgian revolution, nor having sent any Depu-
ties to the Congress, there were no grounds for
claiming it, either by the right of ancient possession,
by political or conventional agreement.
The Belgian State, without Msestricht and the
left bank of the Scheldt, flanks Holland on two '
sides. But if these two frontiers are given to Bel-
gium, they are taken away from Holland ; one of
these States is exposed for the security of the other;
and Holland, looking to priority of date, would have
more cause to complain of injustice than Belgium.
It appears, then, to be just, that these territories
should be left in the hands of the most ancient pos-
sessor; and this is simply what the letter of Lord
Ponsonby goes to establish.
The left bank of the Scheldt would not otherwise
be sufficient to procure the complete security of the
provinces of Antwerp and Ghent, and the free navi-
gation of that river to the Belgians ; they would
still require Flushing and the Isle of WTalcheren,
for the very keys of the Scheldt are at Flushing.
It would be then to despoil Holland for the conve-
nience of the new Belgian State, which, without
Nlaestricht and its left bank, would be, at least, in
point of population and defensive resources, as
powerful as Holland.
It was the possession of Luxemburg which affected
in a most essential and fundamental manner the limi-
tation of Belgium ; this possession being hencefor-
ward guaranteed by authority, it cannot be seen how
rile honour of Belgium can be now interested in
making a war for that which is to be granted ! and
it could scarcely be wise in them to compromise
their national existence by seeking for other te►ri-
tories, by risking the chances of a war in which
justice would not be on their side, and which would
be acting in violation of treaties now regarded as
the law of nations, as Lord Ponsonby has well said,
whose letter breathes forth the most cordial and

sincere sympathy for the cause of Belgian indepen.
(knee.

The cry of war uttered on this occasion by some
excited individuals, in a hasty moment of self-love,
will soon be calmed, we hope, by an impartial exa-
mination of the question. They will iscover that
by the yielding of Luxemburg the -Belgian State

will be definitively constituted; but if disordered ;
passions precipitate the country into the hazardous
pursuit of conquest, in opposition to the councils of
France and England, and the genuine interests of
Belgium, we are satisfied that the good sense of the
citizens will resist the ill-advised project, and that
the principle of continued peace in Europe will pre-
vail in Belgium over the clamours of a party.
The Augsburgli Gazette gives the following ex-
tract of a letter from Bologna, dated May 19:—
" The Austrian garrison of Ancona are preparing t.,
retire, in order to admit the troops of the Pope, and
oars also will take its departure as Loon as it is sup-
posed it may be withdrawn with safety. Switzer-
land objects to the army of the Holy See being re-
cruited from the Cantons. It is asserted that his
Holiness is endeavouring to induce the Irish to en-
list in his service. Until this be accomplished, the
Austrians are forced to remain, for fear a new corn.
motion should break out. The public mind is still
greatly unsettled, and one agitator would easily create
fresh troubles."
Letters from Lucerne state, that on the 17th ult.
M. de Severine, the Russian Minister, delivered to
the President of the Canton Direction, M. Amrhyn,
note in answer to the Swiss declaration of neutrality,
which is in the same sense and spirit as the answer
of Austria. It appears that both these Cabinets
would have preferred that Switzerland should have
suffered her neutrality to remain dormant, rather than
have asserted
A circular from the Carton Direction of Switzer-
land declares that France renounces the Article of
the Convention which stipulates for the mutual ex-
pulsion of criminalsbetween the two States. Another
circular from the Count de St. Aignau, French Am-
bassador to the Swiss Diet, gives notice that all
persons passing through France, ►with the intention
of emigrating to America, must be furnished with
passports, and sufficient pecuniary means to support
them.

The King of Sweden will visit Norway in the
course of the present month. This excursion will
occupy about six weeks.
A letter from St. Pierre (Martinique), dated
April 15, gives a deplorable account of the stagna-
tion of commerce in that colony. It says," Provi-
sions are at an enormous price. Although we have
had a supply of 2,000 barrels of American flour,
yet we shall soon be in want of it again, unless we
receive supplies from Frame."
The Envoy from the Dey of Tunis to the King
of the French has arrived at Paris. His name is
Sidy Benajet, and he belongs to one of the first fa-
milies in that Regency. Sidy Benajet is Go-
vernor-General of Gerbi, and is respected in the
country for his integrity. The Dey himself is sin-
cerely attached to him. He is about fifty years of
age, and of a handsome personal appearance. He has
several sons, who are Governors of different places,
and who, like their father, are esteemed by the
public. He bas brought with him one of his
grandsons.
Government is engaged in devising precautionary
measures against the introduction of the cholera
rnorbus thrarrgh vesse's arriving from the Baltic, and
orders will be issued to prevent the immediate com-
munication between persons arriving from the in-
fected countries with the inhabitants of the ports at
which they may land. The first measure will, it is
said, be taken at Dieppe and Havre.
M. Victerin Fabre, formerly editor of the Tri-
bune, and one of those who signed the protest in
July, died on Monday.
Yesterday M. Leon Pillet, responsible editor of
the Journal de Paris, appeared before the Court of
Assizes for a I.bel against the Procureur-General,
M. Persil, in his official capacity. M. Persil did
not appear in person, and abandoned his claim for
personal damages. M. Leon Pillet offered his own
defence. The Jury pronounced his acquittal, and
condemned M. Persil personally in costs.
We take the following from the Patriote de
l'Ouest :—" According to a calculation, which we
have every reason to believe correct, the number of
men who have joined the standard of revolt in the
departments of Deux-Sevres, Main et Loire, Mor-
bihan, La Vendee, Finisterre, and Loire Inferieure,
is not less than 5,000, all of whom are completely
armed arid in no want of money. A Nobleman,
o ho resides in the neighbourhood of Bressuire, has,
within the last four months, borrowed upwards of
100,000 francs, which, with good reason, is sup-
posed to be employed in supporting the rebels.
According to a letter from Poitiers, of the 26th ult.,
it appears that a strong band of malcontents having
fallen upon a regiment that was about to cutter the
town of La Fleche, a dreadful contest ensued, in
which many fell on both sides. The advantage,
however, was on the side of the troops, and the
assailants were driven back, and took refuge in a
neighbouring chateau, where they were again a'-
tacked, and put to the sword to a man, but not
without the loss of many brave soldiers."
(From the Moniteur of Wednesday.)
PARIS, MAY 31.—Several Journals published
some weeks ago very circumstantial details relative
to the ill-treatment which P. rI. Poritecoulant, at

the time of his having arrived at Berlin, is alleged to
have experienced from the Charge d'Affaires of
France at the Court of Prussia. Information which
has reached us proves to demonstration, that those
details are wholly fictitious. We will add, that
those who know Prince Mortier never could enter-
tain a doubt on the subject.
(From the 4ifessager des Chambres of Thursday.)

ORAN, MAY 14.---We do not know the fate of
Tremezen. The two Envoys of Colonel Deful have
not yet returned.
'ie town of Musraganim has revolted, and, ac-
criding to the Turkish custom, the Bey Lieutenant
has caused eight tribes of Arabs to be massacred.
It is feared that this act of cruel•y may be fatal to
the new Government, and hinder the arrival of pro-
visions in the town. Hitherto the manner of treat-
ing the Arabs has always been found successful by
the Turks, whose policy consists of spreading terror
among the tribes in order to dispose them to obe-
dience. The Arabs will not be reduced to this
degree of degradation, unless fear be the only senti-
ment which can affect those tribes in the present
state of their civilization.

The deep hatred which these fanatical people
bear to us seems to extend to the Tunisians, merely
because they are our allies. Their contempt for us
is equally visible, and we have daily proofs of it in
the most ordina►y actions of life. Lately the Colonel
was caressing a pretty child four or five years old,
which ran a►vay, crying to him, " Christie!' dog,
may the devil strangle you !"
They often say to us, "Go back to France ;

what business have you here ?" Yet never was
yoke more easy. They pay no tribute ; sell their
commodities to us at a high price, and the strictest
justice is administered.
The following are some particulars of the lament-
able expedition of 128th April last, undertaken by
order of the Bey, in which the aged, the women,
and children of eight tribes were massacred, and
subjected to all the dreadful excesses that the most
licentious soldiery can be guilty of. Among the
great number of heads brought to the Bey, there
was none that could have belonged to a man able to
defend himself.
The expedition, composed of 500 Turks or Tu-
nisians, left Oran at ten o'clock at night; it attacked
the tribes of the Bedouins before day-break. The
armed men had time to mou►►t their horses and
escape, but the old men, the women, and children
fell victims to the rage of their enemie,.
The Turks and Tunisians brought baci; 5,000
head of oxen, sheep, and goats. This was doubtless
the real object of the expedition. Since that day
(28th of April) no Arab has come to the market;
corn does not arrive ; the horsemen of Muatapha
and Mussorti have removed to a distance, for fear of
a similar visit. An inveterate hatted and a resent-
ment, which the Arabs cannot conceal, have suc-
ceeded to the appearances of pacification, and the
Tunisian Government has lost in one day the fruit
of all the advances that it had made in order to co►t-
ciliate the good-will of the country. The day sub-
sequent to this expedition, two inhabitants of Oran

were assassinated on the road from Oran to 'Niers-
eb-Kebir.

An expedition of 600 men is going to be sen•
against the revolted town of Mustaganim.
PARIS, JUNE I.—EXCHANGE OF PARIS, MAY 31.
—None of the alarming news which were circulated
yesterday has ben confirmed. The message of Lord
Ponsonby may, indeed, give occasion to some diffi-
culties, and to some warm debates in the Congres• ;
but it. is not to be supposed that that Assembly will,
in the end, seriously think of contending against the
unanimous will of the five Great Powers; and it is
to be inferred that it will submit to conditions,
which, besides, are founded on justice and reason.
It is thus that the question has been considered on
'Change to-day; and our funds, which were dull at
the opening, have risen more than a franc during the
day.
Letters from London, of 28th May, announce that
the Countess of St. Leu (Hortensia Beaultarnais),
the wife of Louis Buonaparte, has arrived at Lon-
don. It seems that the whole family of Napoleon
is going to England.
Le Constitutionnel—" Lord Ponsonby's letter has
produced its effect; every thing is again involved in
uncertainty for Belgium—consequently for France—
consequently for Europe. The positive promises
which we had made to our neighbours had raised
their hopes ; and now all these promises prove to be
deceptions. The consequence of this odious ma-
noeuvre has been a general indignation throughout
the population and Congress. They even talk of
taking immediate possession of the disputed terri-
tory. The recognition of Belgium is illusory, if its
natural frontiers be not secured to it; and France,
mote than any other State, ought to desire that it
should be so. The interest of the British Cabinet,
on the contrary, is that Belgium should not be able
to exist by itself, but be compelled to seek support
from England. It is very well for the Administra-
tion of Lord Grey to act in accordance with this
view of the case; but we trust that our Govern-
ment will not forget that, for Belgium to be a useful
ally to France, it is necessary that it be strong and
independent." _ _ _

Le National says that the ruling principle of the
diplomacy of the present Government is to sacrifice
the honour and the interests of France, in her ex-
ternal relations, for the sake of consolidating at
home the dynasty of July. It then argues that
France is sufficient for her own protection without
truckling to other Powers, and buying their recog-
nition at the disgraceful price of the abandonment of
Belgium; and concludes, that if Ministers dared, in
the absence of the Chambers, to take any part
against the Belgians, they Nould be guilty of high
treason against the country, for which the new
Chamber would not perhaps think a journey to Ham
sufficient expiation. The right of the Polignac Ad-
ministration to undertake the war against Algiers
was warmly disputed, and that involved only the
question of an army and a few millions; here the
honour of France is at stake.

La Quotidienne accuses the French Cabinet with
being mere puppets, acting under the influence of
the English Government. It remarks that, while
England was uncertain of having a Prince of its
own choice on the throne of Belgium, it objected
to the country being formed into a compact king-
dom by the union of Luxembourg. Then France
objected too. Now, on the contrary, as Leopold is
to be King, the case is altered, and England sees fit
that Belgium should purchase Luxembourg, and
France, as in duty bound, changes its opinion also;
but it concludes that all these concessions for the
sake of peace between France and England will be
of no avail when a continental war breaks out. The
former must turn its eyes on Belgium, and a quarrel
will necessarily ensue.
L'Avenir.—The letter of Lord Ponsonby is a
page added to the barbarous code of our right of
nations. We have trifled with the most legitimate
hopes of the Belgians; and when we can no longer
make their patriotism available for our own advantage
alone, we plot their degradation in concert with the
great Powers, and do not blush to hear an English
Envoy threaten Belgium, the sister of France, with
French bayonets.

NAVAL INTELLIGENCE.

(FRO)[ OUR CORRESPONDENT.)

PORTSMOUTH, JUNE 3.—His Majesty's ships Briton,
46, Captain Markland, and Childers, IS, Commander
Deans, arrived from Lisbon this afternoon, having pirted
company with the Windsor Castle, 76, Captain Bouverie,
who was going into Plymouth, where she has arrived.
They bring no news. His Majesty's sloop Pearl, 20,
Corn. Broughton, went out of harbour and joined the
fleet this day. The Semarang, 28, was paid off yesterday.
The Blonde, 46, will be pa•d off to-morrow. The Brisk,
10, goes out of harbour to-morrow to join the fleet. The
Windsor Castle, Talavera, Revenge, B irliam, and several
smaller vlssels are daily expected.
Now AT SPITHEAD —The Caledonia, 120, Prince
Regent, 120, Asia, 81, Donegal, 78, Wellesley, 74,
Briton, 16, Pearl, 20, and the Childers, 18. They will be
accompanied by a large assemblage of the Ro•ial Yacht
Club vessels.

The fleet is still in want of men, and, from the pre-
judice existing among seamen against entering cert
ships of war at this port, there is no probability of their
crews being completed unless by marines, and there are
not many of them to spare. The men s uy, that on board
every ship carrying 50 guns and upwards there are three
Commanders, viz.—Captain, Commander, and First
Lieutenant, of whom either one or the other renders him-
se:f obnoxious to the ship's company. For instance, the
Captain may be a very good officer, but b!ing very little
on board while on home service, leaves the ship to the
Commander, who is either good or bad; but he, too,
leaves the ship to the First Lieutenant, who is a very
severe, disagreeable officer, and renders the whole ship's
company uncomfortable, aria their duties iiksome. Thus,
among the three Commanders, for such there really are, one
officer may be a very bad one, and cause an immensity of
mischief, while the other two may be very good officers,
but not being acquainted with it (as they ought be) do not
interfere, and thus continues a system, which instils into
the minds of the younger class of the Navy, who aim at
possessing such commands hereafter, a most unfavourable
impression of the duties they would have to perform when
they had been fortunate enough to arrive at the pinnacle
of their ambition. A case in corroboration of the above
nay he cited from the knowledge of a recent Court-martial,
held at this port, when a Captain of a donkey frigate was
tried for ill-treating a boy belonging to his ship. On the
witnesses being examined in support of the:charges, it
was very distinctly proved that the Captain was a very kind
man to his crew, and that he did not know of the punish-
ments to which the boy had been subjected. Also a frigate
lately returned from a long voyage had a Captain- and First
Lieutenant, who are generally forced to run in the same
grain as the Captain, who were strange officers. During
the voyage (not twelve months) each of the remaining
Lieutenants, and nearly every officer belonging to her,
were put under arrests, sonic on more than one occasion.
The consequence was,that on the ship's arrival at this port,
several of the officers obtained their discharge, and
the men being averse to the treatment experienced
at sea as well as in port, as soon as opportu-
nities offered were sure to run. 'i he men complain that
they have not any liberty time on shore, as was formerly,
the custom, and certainly there are none of the sailors be-
longing to the ships ever to be seen about the town. The
reason assigned for this is, that from the treatment of the
men on board, whets once they could get liberty they
run away. They also say, that they are made
would
to do and undo everytLing belonging to the ship every
day in the week, merely because they should have some-
thing to do, and render them efficient seamen. Whether
such is required is not to be decided by landsmen, but re-
port says, that the duties, however light they may be, are
rendered very vexatious for the men by the officers. A
day or two ago, as a boat arrived from S,ithead, three
men addressed the Lieutenant of the boat, and were par-
tially engaged; but on the Lieutenant turning away from
the boat, one of the crew rose and said, " if you
knew what I did, you'd keep out of our Commander's
clutches," to which something was added, and the three
men went away, and would not enter. It is a subject
that demands a serious inquiry, why, among so many men
enter hicking
is
their
Majesty'sieels about,
shi
p thewas
t t t
hs s fport
or ot
lahteenl
apraei tiv.o.iffl
nagtultok

Saturday our garrison, the reserve of the 37th,
fire] a feu•de-joie in honour of his MAJESTY'S birth. The
joy bells were kept ringing during the greater part of the
day. The Independent Club House, in George's-street,
was brilliAntly illutninat,d in the ev2ning.— Waterford
Mirror.

LONDON,
SATURDAY EVENING, JUNE 4, 1831.

The jesuitical conduct of Austria towards the
Poles, however much it may at present militate
against their interests, will not, we suspect, in
the end, he found disadvantageous to them.
When the struggle with Russia is brought to a
close, whether with or without the interference
of the Great Powers, who should have inter-
fered before—when NICHOLAS, after sending
detachment after detachment, General after
General, army after army, for the avowed
purpose of putting down, and exterminating
in case of resistance, the " ungrateful Polish
rebels"—when, after fulminating manifesto after
manifesto, he still finds that Poland remains un-
subdued, and that his hopes of its entire subju-
gation are more a problem than ever—when, in
fact, he finds himself compelled to negociate, and
even to acquiesce in the independence of a country
that once called him master,—then, when these
negociations are concluded in favour of Poland—
and that they will be concluded in its favour we
arc more convinced than ever—then will be the
tune for the victorious Polish patriots to settle
their accounts with Austria. They will have a
fine pretext for joining Galiicia to the new king-
dom, from the circumstance of the perfidious con-
duct of the METTERNICH Cabinet, which, while it
professed an honourable and rigid neutrality,
threw the whole weight of its influence into the
scale of Russia. Had Gallicia remained neutral,
it ►night possibly have been allowed to remain
still in the possession of Austria ; but, as its
Government has violated every principle of
neutrality, it must be content to abide the con-
sequences. Meantime, while the gallant Poles are
still involved in a hazardous war, in the prin-
ciple of which every nation in Europe is
more or less interested, we would strongly re-
commend that a public subscription should be
made in their favour. From the very com-
mencement of the struggle in which they are now
engaged, these lion-hearted patriots have stoutly
contended against the most fearful odds ;
handed have they borne up against, and resisted
the colossal power of NICHOLAS, and have
thereby established a strong claim to the assist-
ance of every lover of freedom.

We have received German Papers this morn-
ing, but their contents are unimportant :
BOLOGNA, MAY. 19.—Letters from Ancona say that
the garrison of that place is preparing to leave it. Papal
troops will take its place. The Austrian garrison of our
city is likewise to leave us as soon as it can be done, with-
out giving reason to apprehend bad consequences. Swit-
zerland has refused to allow recruiting for the Papal ser-
vice in the cantons, and tome persons pretend that his
Holiness intends to take 10,000 Irish into his pay. But
till he does this, the German troops must remain if the
fermentation is not to break out again. People's minds
arc still much excited, and it would be easy for some hot-
headed, inconsiderate persons to inflame them anew. It

might be thought in foreign countries that the Italian,
after the lesson which he has just received, would become
more prudent; but those who have the opportunity of
hearing hint on the spot are astonished at his credulity, at
his simplicity and child,sh conduct in the most serious
things, at the illusions by which he suffers himself to
he led away,—in a word, at the inexperience of this ve-
teran of civilization. Last week a political petit-maitre at
Massa Lombarda (a little town near Lugo), all at once took
it into his head to display the tri-coloured co,kadc again.
The garrison, consisting of seven carabineers, happened to
be about. It was, therefore, easy for him to harangue in
a coffee-house, to find hearers and partisans, and in the
twinkling of an eye the revolution was effected, the gates
were closed, and fetes of liberty held with the greatest enthu-
siasm, as if there were nothing to apprehend. In the
evening the town was illuminated, and the same catabi-
avers appeared outside of the walls like seven evil genii.
However, as they could nut get into the town they with-
drew, but returned next morning with a company of
Germans, who soon put an end to the farce, and (sta-
Wished the authority of the 1?ope among these thoughtless
children.
derSacten:t‘tFternitipAtutsmfE aY, MAY2nots.—agTaihrlie foolish and
inconsi-
st has cot only
failed in its object, but it may be wart antably
.assunned,
n take
ent ofs the
narsti reul
that all the points that might And ground for just com-
plaints, will he settled by the Commissioners of the Diet.
They have already collected all the requisite information,
Ls
itptl)ll.lo:lltalhieyi,teieodilgt,
however
tbiu,
et
well in the city as in those parts of the country, where tl'e
greatest agitation has prevailed, and wit.' respect to the latter
have obtained the most satisfactory assurances front the ma-
gistrates, to whom those scenes are said to have been very
.lisagreeable, and who now, as usual on such occasions, not
only ask indulgence for the individuals who were eon,
aoleslolerdegiumyirevtiohleerpicuenist
re-
peato
the request that in the new Constitution due regard
may be had to the equitable determination of the share of the
city in time representation. The Commissioners of the
Diet have issue:l a very

The St. Asaph, of New York, abandoned and water.
logged, was fallen in with the 2d ult. in lat. 41. Ion;. 47.
The Belvidera, Fletcher, from Alexandria, has arrised
off Scilly.
The Novo, Aurora, from Pernambuco, nal the Ferro
de ZOO, from Bahia, have arrived at Lisbon.

THE MARKETS.-(THIS DAY.)

COVENT-GARI
There was a good supply at t
trade was steady. Horse Radi
bevies, Green Pease, and Asr
this day se'nnight ; prices others
s.d. s.d
Potatoes (cwt.)
New ditto (lb.)
Co,bages (12 heads) 1 3 '2 6
Ditto Red 3 0 6 0
Horse Radish (bundle) 5 0 8 01
Rhubarb 0 6 0 91
Brocoli 1 0 2 0
Celery
Carrots 12 bunches) 6 0 S 0'
Young Turnips 3 0 5 0
Turnip Radishes 1 0 1 6
Colcworts or Greens 2 0 4 0
Young Onions 1 6 '2 6
Leeks 1 0 1 6
Sweet Oranges (100) 5 0 10 0
Seville Oranges 8 0 12 0,
Lemons 8 0 14 th
Asparagus
French Beans 1 0 2 0
Cos Lettuces (score) 1 6 '2 0
Cabbage ditto 0 4 0 9
Cucumbers (brace) 0 4 1 Ii

DEN MARKET.
this morning's market, and the
ish, Turnips, Coleworts, Straw-
paragus, were cheaper than on
ise about stationary.

s.d.
Spinage (half sieve) 0 4100 6
Old onions 2 0 4
Green Pease 2 0 3 0
Gooseberries 1 0 2 6
Currants 4 0 6 0
Apples 4 0 12 0
,Span. Chesnuts (peck) 6 0 10 0
:French ditto
Spanish Hazlenuts
French Walnuts 6 0 10 0
Brazilian Nuts 0 4 0
Eng. Grapes (per lb.) 1 0 3 0
Foreign 0 8 1 0
Cherries 0 0 5 0
Pine Apples (lb.)
Sca-kail (punnnet)
Endive I) 6 0 9
Small Sallad
Radishes (12 hands) Oll 1 6
Apricots (pottle) 0 6 0 8
Strawberries 1 3 1 9
Peaches (dozen) 24 0 30 0

HAY MA RK ETS.—(At per Load of 36 Trusses.)
CUMBERLAND (LATE ST. JAMES'S.)
Coarse heavy Lowland Meadow Hay £2 5 to £2 1 i
New Meadow Hay 0 0 0 it
Useful Old Ditty 2 10 3 15
. ...

Fine Upland Meadow and Rye-grass Hay 4 5 4 10
i lover Hay 3 10 5 10
Oat Straw £1 12 to £1 14 1 Wheat Maw... IIS 2 2
Supply rather limited, and trade somewhat brisk; prius as
last quoted.
SMITHFIELD.
Coarse heavy Lowland Meadow Hay £2 1) to £2 15
New Meadow Hay 0 0 0 0
Useful Old Ditto
__

Fine Upland Mea low and Rye-grass Hay 3 15 4 4
Clover Hay (extra fine)...Xs 10... Generally 3 ►) 4 10
kiat Straw Bto .£1 121 Wheat Straw 1 12 1 It;
A moderate supply, and a steady trade; prices stall mary.

THE WATERING PLACES OF GREAT

BRITAIN.

We have just seen the two first numbers of a work,
to be continued monthly, entitled the " Waterinz
Places of Great Britain and Fashionable Directory."
So far as we may venture to form an opinion at pre-
sent, we have no hesitation in saying that we think
the work likely to become popular; attract.ve it
certainly is; for the embellishments, the chief f mute
of the work, are numerous and well selected, and the
literary explanations short and pertinent.

LORD CHANCELLOR BROUGHAM.--This
truly great man, we underntand, intends to visit Ire'and
during the present summer, and will adynirn at Knock-
lofty, the residence of the Earl DONOUGHMORE, for some
d ys. The presence of this child of Liberty and champion
in Reform will be hailed with delight by every grade and
persuasion of our countrymen, for even the most besotted
admire his splendid talents and acknowledge the benefits he
has conferred on mankind. We may, therefore, use in his
ragird our national phrase, and truly say, " a hundred
thousand welcomes" await him.— Tipperary Free Press
—[The autumn, we apprehend, will be far advanced before
the LORD CHANCELLOR can venture on leaving Londoa
for Ireland.l

The following is the authorized statement of
what took place between the Bishop of LONDON and Dr.
Rice:-The Bishop of LONDON having had his attention
directed to the report of a public meeting in the parish t f
St. Luke, in which Dr. RICE, the curate, told the persons
present that " their politicd Messiah was come," sent f
Dr. RICE, and stated to him, that as he had no right to
interfere with the political opinions of any of his clergy,
so he had no desire to prevent the expression of those
opinions in any manner consistent with the clerical cha •
racter ; but that he felt himself bound to censure an appli-
cation of the most sacred terms, which was little short of
profane. Dr. RICE admitted having used the express on
above quoted, or something equivalent to it, and said tat
he did not see any harm in it. The Bast-toe then said, he
apprehended it would impair the good opinion entertai_e
of Dr. Rice by the more religious of his parishioners, and
asked him whether, if he had heard any person so emp!oy
the equivalent term of CHRIST, and designate any human
being as a " l olitical CHRIST," he would not have • een
shucked? Dr. RICE acknowledged that he would, and said
that he had not seen it in that light, and that allowance
most be made for words uttteied in the warmth of sq-eak-
jog. The Hastier said " Certainly; but that Clerg)men •
would do well not to run the risk of saying such things ;
and that in times of popular excitement, whatever side
they might espouse, it was better for them, with a view
to maintaining their spiritual influence unimpaired, to
avoid taking part in public discussions." After some eon.
versation, no part of which had any reference to the Re.
form Bill, the Bishop added, that he had mentioned the
matter thus privately to Dr. RICE, not intending to take
any further notice of it.— Times.
TRINITY COLLEGE.—A BLEND MAN OB-
TAINING FIRST SIZARSHIP.-The following seven gentle-
men obtained Sizarships yesterday : —HAMILTON, WEIR,
LEAGIIY, WILSON (HUGH), APNULTY, WILSON, (JAMES),
MANN. The most singular feature on the present occa-
sion is, that Mr. HAMILTON who obtained the first place,
has bten blind from his birth. In what manner he ac•
quired his extraordinary classical knowledge we have not
been able to ascertain ; but the fact, as was natural,
excited much astonishment in College. His Latin, we
understand, was beautiful. Mr. LuBY read the English
(a translation front Liss-) to him, and he dictated the
Latin. The other Examiners, in the same manner, nad
to him the various passa;es in which they wished to
examine him ; and when some, to try his memory, read
the taxt wrong, he detected the imposition a;; once, and
cot rected it. _ .

His Grace the Duke of RICHMOND has relin-
quished the greater part of his patronage in tha appoint-
ments connected w ith his office. I-Es Grace has establi,hed
a regulation by which all vacancies of postmasterships
are to be filled up by officers of the department, who from
length of service are entitled to an increase of ray, and
from the superannuated list. A very curious detection of
correspondence in newspapers has been lately discover? (I;
it appears the correspondence was kept up by urr er-
scoring the necessary words in the paper which coma
nicated the sender's intention.