The Sun.
London, England, 1849-09-21 00:00:00

THE SUN,_ LONDON, FRIDAY
_EVENING, SEPTEMBER

MISS PARDOE.
This day is published, in 2 vols.with numerous Portraits,
rrIIE COURT and REIGN of FRANCIS the
FIRST, KING of FRANCE.

By Miss PAIIDOE.
Author of "Louis the Fourteenth and the Court of France,
" The City of the Su:tan," &c.
Richard Bentley, Nov Burlington-street,
(Publisher In Ordinary to her Majesty.)

THEATRE ROYAL. ADELPHI.
Under the direction of Madame Celeste,
Tlll3 EVENING,
Will be performed the popular Drama of MARIE DUCAT GI
Principal characters by Messrs. Boyce, 0. Smith, Wright, Worrel
and Madame Celeste.

After which a new Farce, entitled A BIRD OF PASSAGE. Mr.
Carry Chick, Mr. Wright; Mr. Chaunt Ginger, Mr. Paul Bedford:;
Mr. Charles PusLer, Mr. Boyce; Frnest Hopeful, Mr. Worrell; Mrs.
Waters Rummer, Mrs. Frank Matthews.
To be followed by a Farce, called GOING TO THE DERBY THE
DERBY DAY. Mr. Jeremiah Twiddle, Mr. Wright; Mr. John
James Chucks, Mr. Paul Bedford ; Captain Nobble, Mr. Worrell ;
Mrs. Chucks. Mrs. Matthews ; Mrs. Twiddle, Miss Woolgar.
To conclude with the Farce of THE DANCING BARBER. Lord
Mincifigton, Mr. Boyce ; Lady Flitterly, Miss E. Ilarding.

ASTLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE.
Proprietor, Mr. W. Batty.
Under the Patronage of her Majesty the Queen, his Royal Highness
Prince Albert, &c.
In compliance with nitmcrous requests at the Box-office, the po
puler Spectacle of MAZEPPi; or, the Wild Horse, will be pro
&need with great splendour

THIS EVENING,
To be fe,llowed by an inimitalde display of SCENES IN TIIE
Cr.R.CT,E. in which Marie Macarte will appear, supported by the fist
Elaestrian talent of the lay.
To conclude with a fetv3urite Farce.
Box-otlice open from Eleven till Four.
Mr, W. Writ.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BULDr4E,

THIII Dar —Morning, 32 min. after 4 I Evenine, 51 min. after 4
T 0,40,07— r_ qw, 8 min after 5 I Evening, 21 min. after 5

WEATHER.-SUN OFFICE, SEPT. 21,

THERMOMETER, Lowest, 45; Highest; 57; Noon, 59

BAROMETER, 30.25.
Wind N.N.E.—stormy, with rain, early in the Morning;

Afternoon cloudy:

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! but by the unanimous animadversions of the public
press in every case that may come under their observa-
tion. Above all, we insist that it is an imperative dut.
devolving cn the University authorities to discoun
tenance such proceedings and to adopt such regula
tions as will prevent tradesmen residing within their
jurisdiction from giving unlimited credit_to:persons
in statu pupillari.

It is the duty of the State to protect me against
foreign competition, says the Protectionist. It is the
duty of the State, says the Socialist, carrying out the
argument a step further, to furnish me with the
instruments of labour (meaning thereby capital
and tools), and thus to protect me
against the tyranny of the capitalist. It
is the duty of the State to render the tyranny
of the capitalist impossible, and to give to every indi-
vidual a fair, that is an equal chance, in the race of
life, by confiscating all capital, says the Communist;
and the Communist is the most consistent logician of
the three. Communism is the ultinta ratio of Protec-
tion. Three years ago we should have considered this
reductio ad absurdum sufficient, but now-a-days there
are to be found many Protectionists who, rather than
give up their darling doctrine, would accept it with
all its absurdities—who prefer marching under the
banner of M. PEOUDHON to accepting the common-
sense of Sir Ron SET PEEL. It behoves us, therefore,
to demonstrate the fallacy of the argument which is
common alike to Protectionists, Socialists, and Com-
munists. The State is bound to do so and so, say
they all. What is the State P Not a Prince FOR-
TUNATUS, wandering about the world with an inex-
haustible purse—not a lord and master bound to
maintain all mankind, and authorised to demand
the proceeds of the labour of all mankind in return.
The days of r Etat c'est moi are gone; even Mello-
LAS of Russia would not venture to announce
himself as the Moi if he were to be held responsible
for all the obligations which Protectionists, Socialists,
and Communists would force upon TEtat. The state
is not a person—not an abstraction possessed of
certain rights different from the rights possessed by
individuals, bound to perform certain duties different
from the duties which devolve upon individuals, and
having property distinct and separate from the
property belonging to individuals. The state
th
tate ise
simply the aggregate of the persons composing
statef the ;
properties
it bby noof
tmheeanpserfosollnos wsthat the aggregate
o
composing the state
are the property of the state. M. PEOUDUON himself
does not carry out his principles to this extent. Even
Paounnom contends that he has a right of pro-
perty in his own hat, his own boots, his own coat, his
own waistcoat, his own shirt, his own unmentionables,
therefore we take it ea confesso that the
aggregate of the property of the indi-
viduals composing the state is not the
property of the state. Of what, then, does the
property of the state consist ? Simply of the contri-
butions which are levied by the state from indivi-
duals, and those contributions can be justly levied
only from all the individuals composing the state,
according to their means, for purposes from which
each individual derives a benefit. Thus all the indi-
viduals composing a state are equally interested
in its defence against foreign aggression;
therefore the expenses attending the maintenance of
the army and navy are justly defrayed out of the
I taxes, that is to say, out of the contributions levied
from all the individuals composing the state. Each
individual is equally interested, and therefore each
bears his fair proportion. The same with regard to
the administration of justice, the same with regard to
the preservation of the public peace. These expenses
are all most justly defrayed out of the common con-
tributions of all. But there are certain other ex-
penses which, although large portions of the indivi-
duals composing the state benefit from them, yet as all
do not benefit, are not defrayed out of the taxes, that is
out of the property of the state--(for the state can
possess no property but that which it levies from in-
dividuals) : such are the expenses of lighting. The
citizens of Liverpool are not called upon to defray any
portion of the expenses of lighting the city of London,
but the citizens of London, who alone desire the be-
nefit, are alone called upon to defray the expense.
The Protectionist, however, demands that taxes shall
be levied upon all for his especial
_benefit. He is a
corn-grower, we will suppose, and he asks that every
individual in the community shall be forced to give him,
say two shillings per bushel more for his corn than it
could be purchased for in the open market of the
world, that is to say, he asks that the shoemaker, the
tailor, the cotton-spinner, &c., shall be robbed of
a certain portion of their wages, the pro-
ceeds of which robbery shall be handed over
to him, the corn-grower. This he calls protection.
The Socialist demands an organization of labour. M.
LOUIS BLANC, the head of this sect, proposes to or-
ganize the cabinet-makers in the first place, and he
proceeds to organize them after this fashion. An un •
certain number of cabinet makers associate them-
selves in a workshop, the state is to furnish them
with capital for the purchase of materials, of shop-
room, of tools ; they are to work together, the
idler is to receive the same wages as the industrious
man, the idiot as the clever man, their wages are to
be sufficient for the maintenance of all the men em-
ployed, and the remaining profit, if any, is to go not
to repay the debt to the state, but to the formation
of a fund for the maintenance of broken down cabinet-
makers. Thus all other trades are to be called
on to contribute to the support of the
cabinet makers, for be it remembered that
the state has no property but what it levies
from the individuals composing the state—all
the other individuals composing the state are to be
called on to take shares and pay up on those shares in
this joint stock cabinet-making concern, without any
' hope of a dividend ; and among those so called on to
contribute, be it remembered, are all those cabinet-
makers who are not members of this joint-stock
company, and who are thus called on to pay towards
the support of a concern in opposition to themselves.
The propounders of this scheme call it the organiza-
tion of labour—we call it the organization of robbery ;
and yet, if we admit the doctrines of Protection-
ism, we cannot argue against the doctrines of
Socialism. If you protect the corn-grower
against foreign competition, you are equally bound
to protect the cabinet- maker and every other
producer ; and if you protect the labourer
against foreign competition, you are equally bound
to protect labour itself against the competition ex-
cited in the home market by the capitalist, and you
can do this effectually only by accepting the doctrines
of Communism and destroying capital altogether.
Communism is the logical deduction from Protection.
Free trade, and the rights of property, or Communism,
such is the choice we have to make; there is no
middle term, for Protection fairly carried out, that is
to say, equal protection to all against all is Com-
munism ; if not fairly carried, i. e., if more protection
is given to one than to another, it is robbery. It is
very true that Protectionists, Socialists, and Corn-
munists, alike seek to hide the truth under
the flimsy veil of a pious care for the
interests of the poor, but this hypocritical pretence
has not even the merit of originality. It is now
more than eighteen hundred years since their great
prototype expressed a desire that the offerings of the
faithful should be " sold for thirty pence, and given
to the poor; but this he said, not that he cared for
the poor, but because he was a thief and carried
the bag."

"YI w

HOLLAND.
THE HAGUE, SEPT. 18.—THE STATES GENERAL.
—The sitting of the First Chamber commenced
their labours this day under the Presidency of Coun►
ZIMBURG STIRUM, who addressed the Members
at some length, after which the Chambers went
into Committee to decide upon the Address in
answer to the Speech from the Throne. The
Second Chamber also commenced their labours to-
day under the Members of the highest standing in
Fears. Three candidates were then elected—namely,
Messrs. VAN GOLSTEIN, TBORNDECK, and L. D.
STROM, of whom his MAJESTY will be requested to
lominate one as President of the Second Chamber.

DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES.
The insurgents have kept the fortress of Bihac so
iosely encircled from the 21st to the 25th of
.ugust, that it wag impossible to reach it without
r.k of life. On the 2d of September a very of
tae insurgents retired into the mountains to shut up
t e pssFage against the VIZIER, who has arrived at
r.ukswaa with 30,000 men and 24 cannon. Ditches
Live been dug and trenches cut in the defiles.

RUSSIA.
ST. PETERSDURGII, SEPT. 11.—The journals con•
tin a very flattering letter from the EMPEROR to
Cunt NESSELRODE, accompanied by a portrait of his
MAJESTY, to be worn suspended from his button-hole,
it token of the EMPEROR'S acknowledgment of bis
Elvices.

TURKEY.
EEFUSAL OF THE SULTAN TO DELIVER
UP THE HUNGARIAN REFUGEES TO
lUSTRIA.
-lonour to ABDUL MESHID j honour to the
Ttrkish Ministers! They have nobly done their
duy, and have refused to become the panders to
the vindictive blood-thirstiness of FRANCIS JOSEPH
am of NICHOLAS. The Russian and Austrian Am-
basadors at the Porte demanded the extradition
of the Hungarian chiefs, KOSSUTH, DEMBINSKI
PEEZEL, MESSAROS, and their companions. A
Rusian General arrived in Constantinople in the
I.sti on a special mission, that special mission being
to hilly the SULTAN into a compliance with the de
maids of Austria. A council was held, and the
Tukish Government resolved not to surrender the
Ilutgarian refugees to either the Russian or
the Austrian Government, and on this decision
laing communicated to the SULTAN, he declared in
th most impressive and determined manner that the
re:ugees should not be given up, let the consequences
be,whafthey might. We trust that Lord PALMERS-
TON willdo his duty as nobly as the SULTAN has done
his, and that Russia and Austria will be given dis-
tinctly b understand that war with Turkey for such
a cause means war with England. We are rejoiced
to find fiat KOSSUTH and his companions are fur-
nished with passports from the English Ambassador,
and we lust that every assistance and support will be
afforded )37 England to the SULTAN which he may
require, to defend the independence of his country
against tie attacks of Russia and of her vassal,
Austria.

assault.

4ravity of the occasion ; and those who mistook its
;4tner leniency for weakness, will perhaps believe me
;n future, when I tell them that what I say as her
Majesty's representative, I most assuredly mean to
derfcrm. In the present instance, On re shall be n ,
amnesty until jnstice has been done upon the men
Nhose crimes have disgraced the community to which
hey belong. I call upon all good ciCz-ns to assist
r-.te in this task. I call upon them to r, flect upon the
nischief already done to the material interests of this
island, by the interruption of its trade and industry
at this most critical season. To all who are willing
to aid in putting an end to this miserable insurrection, I
promise protection, encouragement, and reward; and it
is most consolatory to me again to advert to the excel-
lent spirit shown by many large districts, and to the
exertions made by them in support of order and law.
The criminals are now surrounded by her Majesty's
troops, the coast is blockaded, and every boat in the
ports of the island has been sent into the hatb Jur o,
Argostoli, or surk. Their escape, therefore. if they
should succeed in escaping for a few days, will be due
to the smallness of their numbers, and tie nature of the
country in v; hich they are concealed; but all may aid
in bringing the matter to an end, by giving infor-
mation to her Majesty's officers, and by withholding as-
Si-tanCo from the rebels, whose demands for food and
shel:er they must resist, if needful, by force. Those
who furnished assistance of any kind to Vlacco, or
his bard, will do well to recoll-ct that martial law
is no longer a mere word. It is at full force in
Scala, and the adjacent districts of Coronus, VAlte a.
Racli, Leo, and Catoleo. It is in force throughout
Omala, Icossimla, Talamies, Samos, and Pirgi; and
their inhabitants will learn, if the slightest provoca-
tion be given, the terrible powers with which
powers are now armed. It will be most painful
to me to see those powers long, or largely, used, and I
have abstained on that account, from proclaiming any
district that has not been actually visited by the rebels.
But whatever be necessary to crush the insurrection must
be done. The Government feels that it has a sacred
duty to perform towards those who have trusted it, and
who are entitled to its aid, and in the execution of that
duty I shall shrink from nothing that I find requisite for
the complete re-establishment of the authority of the law.
"H: G. WARD, Lord High Commissioner.
"Thursday, One P K.
" An engagement took place last night, at half past
nine P.M., with the whole band of rebels headed by
Theodoro Vlacco, and the Priest Nodaro, who attempted
to pass the detachment commanded by Capt. Coote, in
two lines, firing a volley as they went by. Vlacco's
party was so closely pursued, that nine prisoners were
taken, amongst whom were Spiro Vlacca, his cousin,
and Michaele Cucotroi, upon whom immediate justice
will be done."

BANKRUPTCY.-(THIS DAY.)
(Before Mr. Commissioner SHEPLIERD.)
IN AZ PINKERTON.
IMPORTANT TO BANKRUPTS.—This bankrupt had
carried on business as a dealer in glass, &c., in High-
street, Borough, and to-day applied for his certificate
under very peculiar circumstances.
Mr. Turquand, the official assignee, said, that the
fiat was issued in 1840 under the old Act, but the bank-
rupt did not obtain the necessary number of creditors to
sign, but had gone into business and obtained credit; he
now only had propery to the amount of the new debts,
but as the new Act was coining into operation in a few
days, he sought his certificate at the hands of the Com•
missioner.

The Learned Commrs•roNEf asked the,bankrupt why
h• had not applied before?
Bankrupt said it was neglect on his part, and he had
not been able to engage a solicitor for want of means.
His 11,,Noun said the bankrupt had acted very un-
fairly to his present creditors, for, being an uncertificated
bankrupt, all the property he cow posessed could be
claimed by the creditors under the first. bankruptcy. fie
(his Hoi our) could not certify that the bankrupt bad
conducted himself properly or conformed to the Act.
The solicitor to the asAgnees said he was not in-
structed to oppose.
His HONOUR said he should adjourn the case till Mr.
Commissioner Fane (the Commissioner to the fiat) re-
turned after the vacation. The bankrupt had been with-
out protection which was now granted.

CRIMINAL COURT.—(THIS DAY)
'OLD COURT.
(Before Mr. Baron PLATT and Mr. Justice WILLIAMS.)
MANSLAUGHTER.—James Newton, aged 36, described
as a labourer, was indicted for tho manslaughter of John
Jones, alias Richard Gunner.
The prisoner pleaded " Not guilty."
Mr. lionsem stated the case for the prosecution. The
prisoner, he said, was what was called a dog-whipper,
having the charge of a number of men engaged in the
construction of a railway, and had recently been em-
ployed in that capacity in the East and West India
Docks, and Birmingham Junction Railway. At one
point of the line it crosses over the Great Northern
Railway on an embankment, and the occurrence which
formed the subject of the present inquiry happened at
that spot. A temporary timber bridge had been
erected for the purpose of conveying one line
over the other, which, from some oause or
other, became unsafe for ballast waggons to
cross over it, but, although the attention of the pri-
soner had just previously been directed to that circum-
stance, he ordered one of the men under him to drive a
truck over it, and the consequence was the bridge gave
way, and the truck and its contents falling on the de-
ceased killed bim on the spot. Had the prisoner been
absent from the spot, or ignorant of the dangerous state
of the bridge, no blame could have attached to the pri-
soner; but the fact was, as the truck advanced a man
engage,l upon the Great N-eth l
ern ing oanctl out
gu over, is is nut safe;" and in spite of this
warning the prisoner insisted upon the driver's procee d
ieg, which rerdered him legally responsible for the con
sequences that iollowed.

Mr. CLARKSON, who defended the prisoner, insisted
that the indictment could not be sustained, inasmuch
as the death of the deceased did not r(sult from any act
of the prisoner. There were, however, one or two facts
connected with this case which the Court ought to be
I in possession of before the point of law it involved was
argued and decided upon. The bridge in question, the
Court would remember, was erected in the first instance,
by the contractor who employed the prisoner, in a good
and substantial manner, but the Great Northern con-
tractor finding some of its supporters impeded his pro- 1
gress, had them removed, and thus rendered it unsqfe.
That was the state of facts the case would disclose; but
before the prisoner could be tried on such an indictment
as this, the Court must decide whether or not the order
given by the prisoner could be viewed in the light of an
act.

Mr. Baron PLATT thought it would be much better
for the prisoner that his case should go before the jury
than that it should be decided on the technical ot,jection
raised by his counsel.
Witnesses were accordingly called to prove the facts
mentioned by the Learned Counsel for the prosecution.
On cross-examination the witnesses who were present
when the accident happened admitted that there had
been some squabbling and legal disputes between the
Great Northern and East and West India Dock contractors
about disturbing the bridge., which was perfectly sate,
before the Great Northern men began to meddle with it.
There was a noisy engine at wDrk near the bridge, and
it was doubtful whether or no the prisoner, heard
the voice of the man who warned the driver of the truck
of the insecurity of the bridge. Previous to the acci-
dent waggons had been continually passing and repos-
sing over the bridge, and the deceased during the whole
of this time was employed underneath in raising sup-
porters for the bridge.
Mr. CLAIMOON was about to address the jury for the
defence, but he was interrupted by
The Jury, who said they had made up their minds
upon the case, and were satisfied the prisoner was not
guilty.

He was accordingly acquitted.
Mr. Baron PLATT intimated that he bad felt it would
be more for the benefit of the prisoner that his inno-
cence should be declared by a jury than that he sLould
escape upon a technical point of law, and it was that
ieeling which induced the Court to let the case go on.

NE W COURT.
(Before the RECORDER.)
CUTTING AND WOUNDING.—Ann Murphy was in.
dieted for feloniously cutting and wounding Mary
Hoddy, with intent to do her grievous bodily harm.
ale prosecutrix, a widow, residing in Shadwell, stated
that on the afternoon of the 15th inst., she was standing
in a court near her home, when the prisoner, who keeps
an oyster stall in the same street, came up and spit at
her. Upon asking her the cause of such conduct, she
said, " I'll do for you ;" and taking a knife out of her
pocket stabbed her in the arm. The wound was an inch
deep, but was not of a very serious nature„
The jury found the prisoner Guilty of an, aggravated

It was understood that the prisoner was enceihie.
The FOREMAN, after a pauso, said, on second con-
sideration the jury recommended her to mercy.
The RECORDER sentenced her to one year's imprison-
meat in the House of Correction, care being taken that
tier situation should be taken into consideration.