The Sun.
London, England, 1849-09-11 00:00:00

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OF THE SUN.

" The country people are not very practicable, but they
are still practical. They like a a good princi-
pally because they have not instruments to draw hori-
zontal lines on irregular ground: they well know that to
lay a spot dry on a slope the drain must
be above that spot, their rolion being that
a nearly hosizantal drain cuts off the water,'
and even if th.s should be theoretically inaccurate, they
can demonstrate to any bystander that drains leading
right down the hill as now directed can have scarcely
always that the hilly field
any proper effect: rememberieg
is what requires some sort of relief th 3 most imperiously
as there the washing essay of soil by rain and plough
leaves the insufferable clay almost bare, except
towards the foot of the hill. The labourers
also know that a flat field is more easily laid
dry,' partly because there is less difficulty in setting
out the drains. The axiom—Water finds its level, ap-
plies not only to the course of dreiug but also to the
trenverse motion or filtration of the moisture into the
drains through pores and veins, gradually formed in the
soil—but never in the clay Below. Mr. Smith hopes to
make the subsoil friable, and brings as a sign that cracks
an eigth of an inch wide appear—in summer it mast be
presumed—which cracks are merely a natural pro-
vision for re-admitting rain when winter soaks the
fields,' and again swamping the whole mass. It seems
hard to urge the formation of such deep large drains
ss hich can never ameliorate the clay excluded from sun
and air—if the drains are quite out of reach of the
plough, and if as deep as the surface soil, it is enough.
The lecturer seernell aware that the under clay will not
materially improve, for in addition to expensive drainage,
he recommended yearly subsoil plaughing, with an ap-
paratus, pnventus tt commeatus mere fit for a Cswbool
army than for a small farm—yet by stuell farms Tus-
cany and Belgium are fertilized, and, by large farms the
Roman Campegua was originally desolated.
"Experie Lee shess that drafting fails in some situ-
ations and will not secure a continued percolation under
every part of the ground. For brevity's sake, I suppose
two simple cases.
"Case .—A square field of three acres, each side
measuring about 120 yards—the ground sloping from
the upper side to the lower at a rate of one in seven—
depth of pervious, percolable soil ten inches—below that,
the usual viscid, tenacious clay of e.yery colour, tinged
with iron. Snppose a drain cut horizontally, as it ought
to be, along the top side of the field, and filled Kith
pipes, tiles, stones, alder faggots, or what you please.
Now at the assumed dope of one in seven, which is a
moderate declivity even for roads, the bottom of the
porous, permeable soil will be horizoirally level with a
point, in the field's surface, less than two yards from
the drain;—beyond that point it positively cannot
operate except a foot or two by caeillary suction, so
that to lay dry the sloping field of three acres will re-
quire GO drains, each 120
.yarde, and a larger down
one side to receive their contents—total 7,320 yards.
Cise 2.—A field of three acres, 120 yards square, as in
the first case, but on level ground. Founded on
experience I assert that a level field will be better
drained with a trench (upon or not) round the four
sides and one along the middle total six hundred
yards, than the sloping field of same contents with 7,320.
Every part of the level field is acted on by every part of
each drain; and it' we suppose the shape oblong—say
144 yards by 100—still better, for then no point in the
field will be more than 25 yards from a drain.”—(7lte
Sun, 10;h April, 1843.)
The subject of draining has been confused by
lecturers leaving so much to the discretion of cate-
choumeeoi in laying out drains " properly," or
" according to circumstances," or convenablenzent.
There are at least five species of draining which have
but little affinity to each other, and these distinctions
are necessary to a clear idea of the matter.

1. The arterial or main draining so essential for
Ireland.—These canals receiving the mouths of drains
do more than half the farmer's work, which can-
not fail to be acceptable in reclaiming his bit
o' bog. Here the fallacy meets you again. Sup-
posing the arterial canal a mile long, the " good
fall" cannot well be less than one yard per mile.
Eh Neu! in many cases it is impossible to lower
the embouchure that much, so that the upper end will
be three feet too high—enough to drown the whole
bog paradise. The arterial drains only apply to level
strata, as in Pontine Marshes, and since flat ground
is more ew.ily drained than hills, or indeed almost
drains itself, their utility is immense.
2. The next case is exceptional and the remedy
a curious one. On hilly ground the rain or surface
water in some places trickles down and collects in
a hollow. Where this happens, the drain trenches
drawn as already described, on a dead level, should
be filled with stones up to the top, and the grass will
grow over ; but on arable ground where the plough
would disturb the drains, the hollow must he opened
out or levelled. In this case only, the drain oh-
viouly receives the water from the area above it.

3. Where considerable springs are found in the
land, on which point there i 3 much traditional lore
among the labourers, the best plan is to dig a hole
or short ditch ab3ve the place where the spring comes
out (for these springs are usually on the side of a hill) '
till the workman's head cannot be seen ; then throw
the earth in again, and it is found that the spring
disappears.
4. The ex trelle case of springs in disastrous con-
junction with vi3cid, tenacious clay of every queer
colour protruding through a shallow mould. Such
fields, formed in scalenes and trapezia, rejoice in de-
nominations like "rushy bottom," or " road field."
They must be trenched as well as drained with the
utmost care. So that in general it is better to plant
alder and willow whose prodigious vitality enables
them to live in despite of stagnation ; while they are
reputed to flourish because of that infernal power
. 5. The case which forms the subject of this epistle
—called thorough-drainir.g ; but on ground much
sloped trenching best deserves the name of thorough-
, draining, for it makes the whole field one drain
thoroughly and throughout.
" It was shown ab.,ve in the supposed case of a slop-
ing field, that the upper drain lays dry only two yards of
surface, but the closest hitherto adopted have been five
yards asunder: whet then becomes of the three yards
remaining, on which the lower drain has indisputably
no power?—The rain (w say nothing 01 springs) fills
every hollow of that remaining space, more particularly
the footmarks poached by cow:, not let cut merely by a
but kept out during the
start of baheas corpus in May,
humid autumn and deep into the winter. In all such
cavities the water lies soaking, stagnant, and dead, poi-
soning the ' liberal' plants and nout idling every creature
that can defraud the land, till a storm of rain drives
some of it down the hill beyond the five y ards, when it is
quietly drawn hack into the recond drain. Whenever a
Aleut level transpiration is established in deep soil, we
se far banish the great enemy of all that lives—obstruc-
tiveness— znd substitute a peaceable agitation identical
in souse so: t with vitality itself. Virgil in the Geergics
dwells much on these spiracles, and gives them a living
genial warmth.
Seu plates calor Me vias et creca relaxat
Spiramenta, novas veniat qua mucus in herbas...
Uncle clvas tepido sudant humore

---- —•-- - .
And elsewlit re, ---‘ Exudat inutilis humor.... venas
adatrirgit b harass. . fervet qua frytis spirsmihos Eequor9„.
To effect this internal circulation is tho purpose of all
tillage—from the steam pl,ugh to the garden rake: but
when the shallowness of porous walking soil and the
unctuous clay below keep the surface in a perpetual alter-
nation of rwartip. and baking, carasive means should bo
taken. In the ancient mythus of a father commanding
his sons to dig for treasure, tha original Greek implies,
' Dig, two spits deep'—s^ at least a learned friend in-
forms me. Trexehing eautiou,ly managed is altogether
superior to &wins or subsoil piong4ing, whu ~e,
on hilly.
ground, every other method is either ruinously expen-
sive Cr totally vain. The upper soil rau6t be thrown
into the provisional trench, ti,e sinister, malignant clay
dragged into light, and the whole lid turned wrong side
up to the depth of twenty inches. A year will convert
-all this into very choice humus proviled -a first -crop is
secured by Copious, not extraordinary manure—but then,
the surface soil must be buried—inipito,yablement, to act

TOESI3A EVENIN Cr, S P 141 M B 11 1849.

as a drain throughout-. Let the village• by,
und shakes hi 3 ky.-try I );:lis
mini him-4r onee he is wror.,:r !

aivrac:i::::cd—.l-If.) time cni c

mould into clay, as en the otbcr band no ~absoil pleno
can change clay luta inould—but trenching will."—( The
Sun, April 1513,)

Whs7 thin recon;inzni.l (I:aii!ing when ft-enc..lig 15
better ? &cause. the,latter is much znort: ire :
hut with a great deA:vity so many drains aro riciuired
ai to come near the cost of trenching.—l are the
honour to be, &c ,
Se,A. 10, 1849.

IL C. ARGENT.

P.S.—Sir R. Peel is comparing Mr. Smith of
Deanston with Mr. Josiah Park-8 on his farms at
Tamworth. "To read Jeremy Taylor and to com-
pare him with Cicero" would be as useful. 111e4n-
while, the inutilis humor of Ireland finds its: level,
percolating the foundations of empires ...and rolling
them 'away, as soon as O'Connell dies. A sable fire,
quenched in tears, purifies the nations--dcera
ii vi i-
bile shakes them—a tribula ur threshing car driven
round and round by Messrs. Guizot and L.inurCne
vis a- vis, sifts out the mystic wheat—the deluge in .
yoked by Metternich, "aprs thoi le diluge," ix
come—the haves of whole forests are shaken by
a mighty wind. A very intelligent German observed
in Sir R. Peel "a peculiar douceur when approaching
lords and ladies," and Mr. Disraeli confessed
the same weakness, or pity ; but al s 1 the ege of
douceurs is past, and gratifications of that sort will
become rare. No more protection of rich and patron-
age of nobles! That picturesque sit,,ation, alms-
taking wealth, almsgiving poverty, is placed among
the dissolving views. No more differentialexemption
of turbot and lobster sauce, discriminating admission
of silk and gloves, as in 1824, before HuLhisson
walked the plank. No future bread tax, unless clearly
paid by foreigners, will be jus!ified as "patent
sinecure' or " extending the pension list to the
whole nobility," or " necessary to effect 'mar-
riage settlements and maintain mortgages."
Never more will Sir Robert go so far as to
say that " the majority of Lords" (which may be
two peers or one peer with proxies, and in O'Conneles
case was little more) that " the majority of Lords
king agreed, the constitutional instrument wee
in harmony." The Lords may think themselves
lucky that he has never swerved into treachery, or
corruption, or imprudence, or immorality—never
taken place or party to enhance any species of pro-
perty. For' even Lord Morpeth spoke of " his
tenure of holding offices under the Crown," as if,
like Lord Castleton in " The Coxtons," be must needs
protect his various tenures by legislating a series of
privilegia er bye-laws at Council-board with Tu.-
vanionl—Fiat saerificulusi mum decipiat—populus
cult decipi--decipiatur. But what, 0 Peel, si
Populus cult un-decipi?

Eii

THE BERMONDSEY MURDER.
iHroIUnIN-r P.ARTICULAUS.

Yesterday another important link in the e6leeee
eJnnecii;ig the Meeeiegs with the reur&r.of O'Con-
nor was d:seovered. It is well known that on
S.,turfley, the 11th of August, Mrs. Manning hired a
woman to clean the lower part of the bonne No. 3,
Minver-plece, but although every exertion its been
mei,: by the_ police to discover this person, they were.
unseeceesful until yesterday, when Burton, after con-
siderable diffienity, ascertained that a young girl was.
in the habit of attending several of the houses in, the
vicinity fur the purse of washing the Steps and.
assisting the servants. He also heard from a
neighbour that she was seen to enter Manning's hearse
.at an early hour on Saturday morning. Ile accord-
ingly neole active inquires about her, and yesterday
succeeded in finding her residing with her relatives in
B.:rmondsay. Her name is Hannah Fermor, and she
informed the authorities that about. 'lire o clock on
Saturday morning, the llth of August, Mrs.Maneing
called her into No. 3, Minver-place, and engaged her
to clean the hotie. She cleaned the upper part, aed
found several spots' like blood on the wall of the
passage leading to the kitchens, which she endeavoure•.l
to wash otf. After she had cleaned that portion of
the place she proacuded to the back kitchen, and was-
about to clean it, when Mrs. Manning came up to her
and pulled her away, exclaiming "I cleaned this place
yesterday, and it don't want scrubbing any more."
The girl said that she saw a square basket in the
back kitchen covered with lime, which Mrs. Manning
told her to wash. While she was performing that
office she found there was not water sufficient, conse7.
quently she left it as discovered by Burton. During
the time she was in the house that clay Mrs. Manning
went out two or three times, and about twelve o'clock
at neon Manning came down stairs and stamped with
his foot, as if in a passion. He called out to his
wife, " Give it me directly." Mrs. Manning replied,
" Yes, I will directly," and she went upstairs; but
she could not tell what afterwards passed. Manning
remained in the house while his wife returned to the
back kitchen and fried some beefsteaks for dinner.
The girl said that the back kitchen was extremely
wet, and that the stones in the passage appeared to
have been recently rubbed with a brick or stone. She
also found that the dust-hole was full of mould, dirt,
and some mortar mixed with it. The girl was taken
to the Home•office list, evening by the police, to
make her statement to the solicitor of the Treasury.
lier evidence will be given at the next examination
on Saturday.
The cholera has attacked some of the witnesses since
the last examination. Mr. Bassett, &elk to Messrs.
Killick, sharebrokers, Bank-buildings, to whom Man-
ning disposed of O'Connor's Eastern -Counties shares,
was suddenly attacked on Friday night with cholera,
and expired on Saturday morning. His corpse was
interred on Sunday. Mr. Hammond was also at-
tacked on Sunday, and is not expected to live. Both
were in -good health and spirits on Friday afternoon
when at the Police Court.

ARRIVAL of CAPT. HINRICHSON.
We announced in The Sun of yesterday, the ar-
rival of the ship Duncan, from Calcutta, at Liver-
pool on Sunday morning, but the following particu-
lars respecting Captain Hinrichson will be read with

interest :
Early on Saturday morning the telegraph. revealed
that at six o'clock an the previous night the Duncan
had been off Holyhead; and about noon it was
learned that she had arrived off Point Lynas, and
that a pilot had just been got on board. A steam-
tug was soon afterwards signaled for, and the vessel
entered the river.
Mr. James Aikin, the owner of the Duncan, who
has throughout exhibited the liveliest interest in the
captain's welfare, had a boat waiting to enable his
friends at the first pessible moment to board the
vessel ; lied as goon as the ship had entered the river,
Mr. Parsons, surgeon, of 100,.. Mill-street, a friend
more than professionally. interested, Captain Colkhill
(an old acquaintance of Captain Ilinrichson's), and
Mr. Williams, book keeper, to Messrs. Aikin, em-
bathed and hoarded. the Duncan when between New
Brighton and :Egremont.
The duty of --conveying to the commander of the
Duncan the announcement of his appalling losses,
happily, however, for these gentlemen, did not require
to be fulfilled. The sad catastrophe, it would appear,
had been made known to Captain Hiorichson on touch-
ing for water, &c.. at St. Helena. The messenger of
ill news is ever fleet; and the vessel had scarcely
anchored before. a person, usually the purveyor, made
his way to the ship. Ile told Captain Hinrichson
that he had news, sad news for him. " Well," an-
swered the unfortunate muter, " these are my mates,
I have no secrets; tell me before them." The pur-
veyor, however, beckoned him to his own cabin, and
there acquainted him, perhaps abruptly, that his wife
and two children had fallen by a murderer's hand.
Mr. Hinrichson stared at first incredulously, even
smiled; but staggered by the serious deportment of
his informant, and being assured that the intelligence
was, alas, but too true, fell upon the floor in a fit.
The mournful tidings were conveyed to St. Helena
by the ship Success, from London; and so strong was
the sympathetic feeling evinced towards Captain
llenrichson by the respectable portion of the inhabi-
tants of the island that every means were used to
prevent the sad news becoming known to the unfor-
tunate man during his stoppage at that place. The
Government medical officer, in his official capacity,
was the first person who boarded the Duncan on her
arrival in that harbour, and although asked if there
was any news, on reflection, he hesitated to communi-
cate the harrowing intelligence.
Captain Hinrichson is a man of great physical
vigour, of strong natural feelings,- and it, requires a
delicate pen to add subsequent details. The Duncan
occupied 53, days in coming from St. Helena to
Liverpool, and during the voyage the esteemed cap-
tain was subject to paroxysms of the deepest grief,
inducing close supervision, certainly not restraint.
When the party arrived here and the boat had
come alongeideehis more immediate friends first ad-
vanced to the cabin. On witnessing them, he wrung
his hands and cried, "My wife ! where is my wife ?"
Ile also referred in the most affecting terms to his
children, and exclaimed that their father had
come and would see them wherever they were
laid. "Is there not one left ?" he eagerly in-
quired. " Where is my Ann (his _wife), where my
title Harry, and where my Alfred ?" lie was urged
to go home. The word grated on his ears and aroused
recollection. He cried " I have no home." Only
after much yersuasiou did he leave the ship. We
ought perhaps before to have stated that Mrs. Harri•
son (the mother of Mrs. Hinrichson) and other ime
mediate relatives had engaged suitable accommodation
for him at a house in Upper Pitt street, the number.
of which, for obvious reasons, we do not supply. It
being about high water on ier arrival, the Duncan
was taken direct into the Prince's Dock, and a coach
conveyed the unhappy suffeeer and . his friends to the
lodgings prepared.. On reaching the hotise, Captain
liierichson --threw himself into the arms of his
mother-in-latv, and passionately cried," Where is my
wife ?" He afterwards calmed down and retired to
rest. It is asserted that he scarcely slept Aweety-
fear hotns,on the NTI) Ole voyage 4,9wa, St. Helena, and
i 4.4
that ha kepeecee4ly pacing the deck., That,aman
with such great puff heavy. griefs should -be deeply
affected ,wag a utt:ura 1 consequence ;. but, although
reason had been shaken on her throne, she yet retains
her seat. Tell 21r.-,Aikin," cried the pour sufferer,
in the height-of his sorrow, on seeing Mr. Williams,
" that I have brought the Duncan safe home." He
is rational ; hut the memory of his mournful loss, on
recursing, naturally distracts.
It is, rerlups, worthy of remark, as shoNing his
superior .nature, filet, much as he has htnented the
loss of his dead partner and family, Captain ilin-
richson has never yet referred, vindictively or other-
wise, to their murderer. He did not leave his lodg-
ings yesterday.
It is, perhaps, not generally known that the servant,
Mary Parr, hue a son on _board the Duncan. The
teas at St. Helena bore sadness to him also, for he
had lest a mother, and his only friend.
Yesterday morning the Rev. Mr. Pollock, the
respected incumbent of St. Mark's, referred at the
opening of his sermon to the event of Captain
Ilinrichson's arrival. He -was extremely sorry, he
said, that he had misled his audience on the Sunday
evening previous. He owned that, in common with
the excellent clergyman who was his informant, he
had been deceived, although he had taken every pains
to test the accuracy of the information which they
received. If, however, what he had said had been
the means of inducing some of the audience to pray
on behalf of the afflicted man, he did not regret the
mietake. That afflicted man 'had at length ,
and be was, indeed, in such a state of body and
arrived
both
of mind as to need all their sympathy.

---:scuooLs.—On Sunday,
COMMEUCIAL TIIAVELLr
behalf of the above named
the 9:h instant, r. sermon
so
preached before the Right
eilxocne.litetl;:LtlitMut;o'r was
Sheriffs, in Sr. Mary-le-Bow
The treasurer and other officers of the in:
Cheapsu.e..
Er•ution, with a very large nnmbcr of the members of
thel
board of management, wore in attendarce to receive
his Lordship, who arrived at the church door at a few
minutel before eleven o'clock, and was conducted in
great ceremony to his seat, preceded by one of the
Under-Sheriffs, Mr. Sheiiff Finnis, &c. Amongst the
officers and supporters of the institution who preceded
his Lordship as he entered the church, and was con-
ducted to his pew, we noticed Richard Groucocle, Esq.,
John Mail-, Esq., George Moore, Eeq. (the treasurer),
Robert Clarhe, jun., Esq., R. M. rhillipps, Esq, John
liagnallay, jun., Esq., George Lawrence, Esq., &e. The
['rather for the occasion vvas the Rev. Daniel Moore,
incumbent of Camden Church. The collection at the
close of the service amounted to 601., the largest sum
collected in Bow Church for any purposa for many

Mr. James Farrell,- of the London 'press, died on
Saturdsy evening, at his lodgings in Lambetb;of cholas,
aftur a few bona illness.