The Sun.
London, England, 1849-09-11 00:00:00

856 136

SCOTLAND.
Dundee ... ... ••• --14 0
Auchtnithe (Arbroath) ••• 3 0
Dunbar ••• ••• ••• 8 0
Kerriemuir .. ••• ••• 1 0
Dores ... ... ••• ••• --1 0
Perth ... .., ..• ... 5 0
Arbroath ... ... ..• 1 0
13, ith ... ... ... ... 2 0
Denholm ... .• ••• 4 0
4 0
Hatt, ink •• • •• • •• •

Total ... ... ... 43 0
General total:—
Metropolis ... ... 432 59
Country ••• ••• 856 136
Scotland 43 0

General total ... 1,331 195
Note.—The number of attacks reported 11 the
union officers are—for the metropolis .1,069, and for
the country 1,195; but their returns do not, in general,
comprehend the cases that are treated by medical men
in private practiee.

PLYMOUTH AM) DEVONPORT.—The cholera at
Plymouth and Devonport, we regret to learn, is nothing
better in either town. The total loss in each is—Devon-
port, about 500; Plymouth, about 350; Stonehouse,
about 135. At Stonehouse the mortality is about one
death daily; and in the Royal Naval Hospital there is
not now even one case of cholera, and only about fifteen
of diarrhoea. The total cases with us have been 111 of
cholera and diarrhoea between the 12th of July and the
Sth of September. Of these thirty-five were cases of con-
firmed cholera when they were brought in, and many of
the diarrhoea cases, likewise, advanced to cholera; and
yet only twenty-five altogether have died, twenty-two
of whom were in collapse when they were brought in,
one of whom, most strange to tell, recovered, and is now
nearly well. Out of these 111 cases not any have died
that were brought in within three hours of their being
attacked; thus proving that everything depends on early
application, added, of course, to skilful practice, such as
has been evinced in the Royal Naval Hospital by Dr.
Rae, the inspector, whose indefatigable exertions have
been beyond all praise. Indeed, the medical staff gene-
rally deserve every commendation. The two assistant-
surgeons that have been doing duty at Torpoint, Messrs.
Bowdon and M'Clare—the former of whom had been so
usefully employed at Ness, as well as the two now at
Cawsann—Mcasrs. Gruggen and Harnley, have received
the most grateful acknowledgements of the inhabitants
of these places for their valuable and unceasing labours.
THE SURREY SessioNs.—Yesterday morning, on
the list of tradesmen being called over to serve on the
jury at the adjourned sessions, every other name was
excused on the plea of suffering under attacks of diarrhoea
and cholera. Four cf them had tied sincei Friday.
They were all summoned from the neightourhood of
Kennington-lane and the Kennington-road, where the
disease rages in a frightful manrer.
Dispatches were received yesterday at the Colonial-
, office, tram the Governor of St. Helena.

DPAINS SHOULD BE HORIZo.A

jr.pleca LfetiCA. ciDiaLr4.." ctilet4

117. ,

,-
)//// "77,?%i;,
~'",
--,,,, ,;,
, ; ~,-;-:
~ . -
142:e, ; - -,-,,,, j/,,
,-,-;,- -,.::-..- ---::
std, L, "...-•,,,,7//////77
1.1._/.. //////, M
,
.

_Th,

CI
\I
.
. M
qfl
',14
o
I,
.".".n
1
•••

r'---••
•f,
7;1
,
,
'.t
b 1.,,..i
~,,
.•.:
'),
ti
C

r
:~~'( g~1,!~
,~

►ail

OF THE SUN.

, ,- ~
LI
t .4

" The country people are not very practicable, but theY
are still practical. They like a a good fall,' princi-
pally because they have not instruments to draw hori-
z mtal lines on irregular ground: they well know that to
lay a spot dry on a slope the drain must
be above that spot, their notion being that
a nearly horizontal drain cuts off the water,'
and even if this should be theoretically inaccurate, they
can demonstrate to any bystander that drains leading
right down the hill as now directed can have scarcely
any proper effect : remembering always that the hilly field
is what requires some sort of relief the most imperiously
us there the washing away of roil by rain and plough
leaves the insufferable clay almost bare, except
towards the foot of the hill. The labourers
also know that a flat field is more easily laid
dry,' partly because there is less difficulty in setting
out the drains. The axiom—Water finds its level, ap-
plies not only to the course of drains but also to the
tranverse motion or filtration of the moisture into the
drains through pores and veins, gradually formed in the
soil—but never in the clay below. Mr. Smith hopes to
make the subsoil friable, and brings as a sign that cracks
an eigth of an inch wide appear—in summer it must be
presumed—which cracks are merely a natural pro-
vision for re-admitting rain when winter soaks the
fields,' and again swamping the whole mass. It seems
hard to urge the formation of such deep large drains
which can never ameliorate the clay excluded from sun
and air—if the drains are quite out of reach of the
f lough, and if as deep as the surface soil, it is enough.
The h cturer seemed aware that the under clay will not
materially implove, for in addition to expensive drainage,
he recommended yearly subsoil ploughing, with an ap-
paratus, proventus et commeatus more fit for a Cawbool
army than for a small farm—yet by small farms Tus-
cany and Belgium are fertilized, and, by large farms the
Roman Carnpagna was originally desolated.
"Experience shews that draining fails in some situ-
ations and will not secure a continued percolation under
every part of the ground. For brevity's sake, I suppose
two simple cases.
"Case I.—A square field of three acres, each side
measuring about 120 yards—the ground sloping from
the upper side to the lower at a rate of one in seven—
depth of pervious, percolable soil ten inches—below that,
the usual viscid, tenacious clay of every colour, tinged
with iron. Suppose a drain cut horizontally, as it ought
to be, along the top side of the field, and filled with
pipes, tiles, stones, alder faggots, or what you please.
Now at the assumed slope of one in seven, which is a
moderate declivity even for roads, the bottom of the
porous, permeable soil will be horizontally level with a
point, in the field's surface, less than two yards from
the drain;—'ueyond that point it positively cannot
operate except a foot or two by capillary suction, so
that to lay dry the sloping field of three acres will re-
quire GO drains, each 120 'yards, and a larger down
one side to receive their contents—total 7,320 yards.
Case 2.—A field of three acres, 120 yards square, as in
the first case, but on level ground. Founded on
experience I assert that a level field will be better
drained with a trench (opt n or not) round the four
sides and one along the middle total six hundred
yards, than the sloping field of same contents with 7,320.
Every part of the level field is acted on by every part of
each drain; and if we suppose the shape oblong—say
144 yards by 100 —still better, for then no point in the
field will be more than 25 yards from a drain."—(The
Sun, 10:h April, 1843.)
The subject of draining has been confused by
lecturers leaving so much to the discretion of cate-
choumenoi in laying out drains " properly," or
" according to circumstances," or convenablement.
There are at least five species of draining which have
but little affinity to each other, and these distinctions
are necessary to a clear idea of the matter.
1. The arterial or main draining so essential for
Ireland.—These canals receivins the mouths of drains
do more than half the farmer s work, which can-
not fail to be acceptable in reclaiming his bit
o' bog. Here the fallacy meets you again. Sup-
posing the arterial canal a mile long, the " good
fall" cannot well be less than one yard per mile.
Eh bien! in many cases it is impossible to lower
the embouchure that much, so that the upper end will
he three feet too high—enough to drown the whole
bog-paradise. The arterial drains only apply to level
strata, as in Pontine Marshes, and since flat ground
is more easily drained than hills, or indeed almost
drains itself, their utility is immense.
2. The next case is exceptional and the remedy
a curious one. On hilly ground the rain or surface
water in some places trickles down and collects in
a hollow. Where this happens, the drain trenches
drawn as already described, on a dead level, should
be filled with stones up to the top, and the grass will
grow over ; but on arable ground where the plough
would disturb the drains, the hollow must he opened
out or levelled. In this case only, the drain ob-
viouily receives the water from the area above it.
3. Where considerable springs are found in the
land, on which point there is much traditional lore
among the labourers, the best plan is to dig a hole
or short ditch above the place where the spring comes
I out (for these springs are usually on the side of a hill)
till the workman's head cannot be seen; then throw
the earth in again, and it is found that the spring
disappears.
4. The extreme case of springs in disastrous con-
junction with viscid, tenacious clay of every queer
colour protruding through a shallow mould. Such
fields, formed in scalenes and trapezia, rejoice in de-
nominations like "rushy bottom," or " road field."
They must be trenched as well as drained with the
utmost care. So that in general it is better to plant
alder and willow whose prodigious vitality enables
them to live in despite of stagnation ; while they are
reputed to flourish because of that infernal power !
5. The case which forms the subject of this epistle
—called thorough-draining ; but on ground much
sloped trenching best deserves the name of thorough-
draining, for it makes the whole field one drain
thorougly and throughout.
" It was shown above in the supposed case of a slop-
ing field, that the upper drain lays dry only two yards of
surface, but the closest hitherto adopted have been five
yards asunder: what then becomes of the three yards
remaining, en which the lower drain has indisputably
no power?—The rain (to ray nothing of springs) fills
every hollow of that remaining space, more particularly
the footmarks poached by cows, not let out merely by a
sort of ha/scus corpus in May, but kept out during the
humid autumn and deep into the winter. In all such
cavities the water lies soaking, stagnant, and dead, poi-
soning the liberal' plants and nourishing every creature
that can defraud the land, till a storm of rain drives
some of it down the hill beyond the five yards, when it is
quietly drawn back into the second drain. Whenever a
silent level transpiration is established in deep soil, we
so far banish the great enemy of all that lives—obstruc-
tiveness—and substitute a peaceable agitation identical
in some sort with vitality itself. Virgil in the Georgics
dwells much on these spiracles, and gives them a living
genial warmth.
Sea plures calor ille visa et caeca relaxat
Spiratnenta, TIOVR3 veniat qua succus in herbas...
Uncle caves tepido sudant humore lacunae'...

And elsewhere, —'Exudat inutilis humor... venas
adstrirgit hiantes. . fervetque fretis spirantibus
To effect this internal circulation is the purpose of all
tillage—from the steam plough to the garden rake: but
when the shallowness of porous working soil and the
unctuous clay below keep the surface in a perpetual alter-
nation of swamp and baking, curative means should be
taken. In the ancient mythus of a father commanding
his sons to dig for treasure, the original Greek implies,
Dig two spits deep'—so at least a learned friend in-
forms me. Trenching cautiously managed is altogether
superior to drains or subsoil ploughing, while, ou billy
ground, every other method is either ruinously expen-
sive or totally vain. The upper soil must be thrown
into the provisional trench, the sinister, malignant clay
dragged into light, and the whole field turned wrong side
up to the depth of twenty inches. A year will convert
all this into very choice humus provided a first crop is
secured by copious, not extraordinary manure—but then,
the surface soil must be buried—impito,yablement, to act

LONDON, TUES DAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 11, 1849,

as a drain throughout. Let the village sage stand by,
and shrke his hoary locks and stern kwspeale—raver
mind him—for once he is wrong ! Tile ground is used
up, of ycnomous Aveids and more useful b,tow. Nor
is a rel,p,,e to be apprehended—no time can change
anou!d into clay, as on the other hand no subsoil plough
can chtug. clay into mould—but trenching will."—( ('he
Sun, April lOtb, 1543.)

Why then recommend draining v, hen trenc.aing is
better ? Because the latter is much inure expen-ive
but with a great declivity so many drains are required
as to come near the cost of trenching.—l have the
honour to te, &c ,
Sedt. 10, 1849. 11. C. ARGENT.
P.S.—Sir R. Peel is comparing Mr. Smith of
Deansfon with Mr. Josiah Parkes on his farms at
Tatnworth. "To read Jeremy Taylor and to ccm-
pare him with Cicero" would be as useful. Akan-
while, the inutilis humor of Ireland finds its level,
percolating the foundations of empires and rolling
them away, as soon as O'Connell dies. A subtle fire,
quenched in tears, purifies the nations—destra
bile shakes them—a tribula or threshing car driven
round and round by Messrs. Guizot and Limlrtine
vis ci-vis, sifts out the mystic wheat—the deluge in-
voked by Metternich, "apris woi le deluge," is
come—the leaves of whole forests are shaken by
a mighty wind. A very intelligent German observed
in Sir It. Peel "a peculiar douceur when approlching
lords and ladies," and Mr. Disraeli confessed
the same weakness, or pity ; but alas ! the age of
douceurs is past, and gratifications of that sort will
become rare. No more protection of rich and patron-
age of nobles ! That picturesque situation, alms-
taking wealth, alms-giving poverty, is placed among
the dissolving views. No more differential exemption
of turbot and lobster sauce, diseriminatiog admission
of silk and gloves, as in 1824, before Huskisson
walked the plank. No future bread-tax, sinless clearly
paid by foreigners, will be justified as "patent
sinecure" or " extending the pension-list to the
whole nobility," or " necessary to effect mar-
riage settlements and maintain mortgages."
Never more will Sir Robert go so far as to
say that " the majority of Lords ' (which may be
two peers or one peer with proxies, and in O'Connell's
case was little more) that " the majority of Lords
being agreed, the constitutional instrument was
in harmony." The Lords may think themselves
lucky that he has never swerved into treachery, or
corruption, or imprudence, or immorality—never
taken place or party to enhance any species of pro-
perty. For even Lord Morpeth spoke of " his
tenure of holding offices under the Crown," as if,
like Lord Castleton in " The Caxton," he must needs
protect his various tenures by legislating a serits of
privilegia or bye-laws at Counc I-board with Tn.
vanion !—Fiat sacrificulus, pagum decipiat—populus
vult decipi—decipiatur. But what, 0 Peel, si
Populus vult un-decipi?

THE BERMONDSEY MURDER.

fIIPORTANT PARTICULARS.

Yesterday another important link in the evidence
connecting the Meanings with the murder of O'Con-
nor was discovered. It is well known that on
SaturLy, the 11th of August, Airs. Manning hired a
woman to clean the lower part of the house No. 3,
MinverThue, but although every exertion has been
made by the police to discover this person, they were
unsuccessful until yesterday, when. Burton, after con-
siderable difficulty, ascertained that a young girl was
in the habit of attending several of the houses in the
vicinity for the purpose of washing the steps and
assisting the servants. He also heard from a
neighbour that she was seen to enter Alanning's house
at an early hour on Saturday morning. He accord-
ingly made active inquires about her, and yesterday
succeeded in finding her residing with her relatives in
Bermondsey. Her name is Hannah Former, and she
informed the authorities that about nine o'clock on
Saturday morning, the 11th of August, Mrs. Manning
called her into No. 3, Minver-place, and engaged her
to clean the house. She c!eancl the upper part, and
found several spots like blood on the wall of the
passage leading to the kitchens, which she endeavoured
to wash off. After she had cleaned that portion of
the place she proceeded to the back kitchen, and was
about to clean it, when Mrs. Manning came up to her
and pulled her away, exclaiming " I cleaned this place
yesterday, and it don't want scrubbing any more."
The girl said that she saw a square basket in the
back kitchen covered with lime, which Mrs. Manning
told her to wash. While she was performing that
office she found there was not water sufficient, conse-
quently she left it as discovered by Burton. During
the time she was in the house that day Mrs. Manning
went out two or three times, and about twelve o'clock
at noon Manning came down stairs and stamped with
his foot, as if in a passion. He called out to his
wife, " Give it me directly." Mrs. Manning replied,
" Yes, I will directly," and she went upstairs; but
she could not tell what afterwards passed. Manning
remained in the house while his wife returned to the
back kitchen and fried some beefsteaks for dinner.
The girl said that the back kitchen was extremely
wet, and that the stones in the passage appeared to
have been recently rubbed with a brick or stone. She
also found that the dust-hole was full of mould, dirt,
and some mortar mixed with it. The girl was taken
to the Home-office last evening by the police, to
make her statement to the solicitor of the Treasury.
Her evidence will be given at the next examination
on Saturday.
The cholera has attacked some of the witnesses since
the last examination. Mr. Bassett, eerk to Messrs.
Killick, sharebrokers, Bank-buildings, to whom Man-
ning disposed of O'Connor's Eastern Counties shares,
was suddenly attacked on Friday night with cholera,
and expired on Saturday morning. His corpse was
• interred on Sunday. Mr. Hammond was also at-
tacked on Sunday, and is not expected to live. Both
were in good health and spirits on Friday afternoon
when at the Police Court.

ARRIVAL of CAPT. HINRICIISON.
We announced in The Sun of yesterday, the ar-
rival of the ship Duncan, from Calcutta, at Liver-
pool on Sunday morning, but the following particu-
lars respecting Captain Hinrichson will be read with

interest :
Early on Saturday morning the telegraph revealed
that at six o'clock on the previous night the Duncan
had been off Holyhead ; and about noun it was
learned that she had arrived off Point Lynas, and
that a pilot had just been got on board. A steam-
tug was soon afterwards signaled for, and the vessel
entered the river.
Mr. James Aikin, the owner of the Duncan, who
has throughout exhibited the liveliest interest in the
captain's welfare, had a boat waiting to enable his
friends at the first possible moment to board the
vessel; and as soon as the ship had entered the river,
Mr. Parsons, surgeon, of 100, Mill-street, a friend
more than professionally interested, Captain Coikhill
(an old acquaintance of Captain Ilinrichson's), and
Mr. Williams, book• keeper, to Messrs. Aikin, em-
barked and boarded the Duncan when between Near
Brighton and Egremont.
The duty of conveying to the commander of the
Duncan the announcement of his appalling losses,
happily, however, for these gentlemen, did not require
to be fulfilled. The sad catastrophe, it would appear,
had been made known to Captain Ilinrichson on touch •
ing for water, &c., at St. Helena. The messenger of
ill news is ever fleet; anti the vessel had scarcely
anchored before a person, usually the purveyor, made
his way to the ship. He told Captain Hinrichson
that lie had news, sad news for him. " Well," an-
swered the unfortunate master, " these are my mates,
I have no secrets; tell me before them." The pur-
veyor, however, beckoned him to his own cabin, and
there acquainted him, perhaps abruptly, that his wife
and two children had fallen by a murderer's hand.
Mr. Hinrichson stared at first incredulously, even
smiled; but staggered by the serious deportment of
his informant, and being assured that the intelligence
was, alas, but too true, fell upon the floor in a fit.
The mournful tidings were conveyed to St. Helena
by the ship Success, from London ; and so strong was
the sympathetic feeling evinced towards Captain
Henrichson by the respectable portien of the inhabi-
tants of the island that every means were used to
prevent the sad news becoming known to the unfor-
tunate man during his stoppage at that place. The
Government medical officer, in his official capacity,
was the first person who boarded the Duncan on her
arrival in that harbour, and although asked if there
was any news, on reflection, he hesitated to communi-
cate the harrowing intelligence.
Captain Hinrichson is a man of great physical
vigour, of strong natural feelings, and it requires a
delicate pen to add subsequent details. The Duncan
occupied 53 days in coming from St. Helena to
Liverpool, and during the voyage the esteemed cap-
tain was subject to paroxysms of the deepest grief,
inducing close supervision, certainly not restraint.
When the party arrived here and the boat had
come alongside, his more immediate friends first ad-
vanced to the cabin. On witnessing them, he wrung
his hands and cried, "My wife where is my wife ?"
He also referred in the most affecting terms to his
children, and exclaimed that their father had
come and would see them wherever they were
laid. "Is there not one left ?" he eagerly in-
quired. "Where is my Ann (his wife), where my
little Harry, and where my Alfred ?" He was urged
to go home. The word grated on his ears and aroused
recollection. Ile cried „I have no home." Only
after much persuasion did lie leave the ship. We
ought perhaps before to have stated that Mrs. Harri•
son (the mother of Mrs. Hinrichson) and other
mediate relatives had engaged suitable accoulmodation
for him at a house in Upper Pitt street, the number
of which, for obvious reasons, we do not supply. It
being about high water on her arrival, the Duncan
was taken direct into the Prince's Dock, and a coach
conveyed the unhappy sufferer and his friends to the
lodgings prepared. On reaching the house, Captain
Hinrichson threw himself into the arms of hie
mother-in law, and passionately cried," Where is my
wife ?" He afterwards calmed down and retired to
rest. It is asserted that he scarcely slept twenty-
four hours on the whole voyage from St. HO( na, and
that he kept constantly pacing the deck. That a man
with such great and heavy griefs should be deeply
affected was a natural consequence; but, although ,
reason had been shaken on her throne, she yet retains
her seat. " Tell Mr. Aikin," cried the poor sufferer,
in the height of his sorrow, on seeing Mr. Williams,
" that I have brought the Duncan safe home." He
is rational ; but the memory of his mournful less, on
recurring, naturally distracts.
It is, perhaps, worthy of remark, as shorting his
superior nature, that, much as he has lamented the
loss of his dead partner and family, Captain Hin-
richson has never yet referred, vindictively or other-
wise, to their munlerer. He did not leave his lodg-
ings yesterday.
It is, perhaps, not generally known that the servant,
Mary Parr, he a son on board the Duncan. The
news at St. Helena bore sadness to him also, for he
had lust a mother, and his only friend.
Yesterday morning the Rev. Mr. Pollock, the
respected incumbent of St. Mark's, referred at the
opening of his sermon to the event of Captain
Hinrichson's arrival. He was extremely sorry, he
said, that he had misled his audience on the Sunday
evening previous. He owned that, in common with
the excellent clergyman who was h:s informant, he
had been deceived, although he had taken every pains
to test the accuracy of the information which they
received. If, however, what he had said had been
the means of inducing some of the audience to pray
on behalf of the afflicted man, he did not regret the
mistake. That afflicted man had at length arrived,
and he was, indeed, in such a state both of body and
of mind as to need all their sympathy.

MAGAZINES, &c.—(CONTINUED.)d
ST. JAMES'S MAGAZINE, and Heraldic an
Historical Register. Ea'ited by J. .Thrnard Burke'
Esq. Ko. 1.

At the time that Mr. Bernard Burke in 1011. C.
quence of the death of his father, announcA the dis-
continuance of the Patrician, we, in expressing our
regret, at the same time urged him to start some
ne-w magazine, in which should he embodied the
I.iading features of the Patrician, and here we have
the St. James's Magazine devott=d to the same sub-
jects, got up with the same care and taste, and pub.
fished at the same price. The " Heraldic Register,"
containing engravings and th,scriptions of arms, in
completion of Guillim, Edmondson, and Nisbett, is
so arranged and numbered as to admit of its being
bound at the end of the year as a separate volume,
illustrated with the armorial engravings. The
present number is also illustrated by a beautiful
lithograph of Broughton Castle.

COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS' ooLs • On Sunday,
the 9th instant, a sermon on behalf of the above named
excellent institution,
was preached
before the Right
Hon. the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, in St. Mary-le-Bow,
Cheapside.
The treasurer and other officers of the in-
stitution, with a very large number of the members of
the board of management, were in attendar ce to receive
his Lordship, who arrived at the church door at a few
mintrtea before eleven o'clock, and was conducted in
great ceremony to his seat, preceded by one of the
Under-Sheriffs, Mr. Sheriff Finnic, &c. Amongst the
officers and supporttrs of the institution who preceded
his Lordship as he entered the church, and was con-
ducted to his pew, we noticed Richard Groucock, Esq.,
John Mail., Esq., George Moore, Esq. (the treasurer),
Robert Clarke, jun., Esq., R. M. Phillipps, Esq, John
Baguallay, jun., E-q., George Lawrence, Esq., &c. The
preacher for the occasion was the Rev. Daniel Moore,
incumbent of Camden Church. The collection at the
close of the service amounted to GU, the largest sum
collected in Bow Church for any purpose for many
curs.

Mr. James Farrell, of the London press, died on
Saturday evening, at hi 3 lodginge in Lambeth, of cholera,
after a low hoard' illness.