The Sun.
London, England, 1822-03-26 00:00:00

FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.

LEtestG, MARCH 10.-The passage of couriers
:through this town is again very frequent. Ex-
presses are continually passing between St.ye-
tersburgh and Paris, Berlin and Paris, St. Peters-
--ftnirgh and London. The letters received here
from POland and Russia speak of the breaking
out of war as near at hand. It is thought that
Leipsig will lose by the free. navigation of the
Elbe and Dresden and Meissen gain by it. If
the Elbe could b,e connected with the Elster by
means of the Saale, or with the Pleisse by the
Mtilda, it would be a great advantage to Leipsig.
ITALIAN FRONTIERS, NlAnctelo.—,We have
just received important news front Epirus. Ali
Pacha has really been betrayed by his confidents,
and delivered to Chotirschid Pacha, who imme-
' ditutely .cut off his head, and sent it to Constanti-
nople. The English Government in the lonian
Islands received official notice of this event on
the .9th of Feb. and immediately communicated.
,it to the Foreign Consuls. It was on the 2d of
,February that Ali was delivered up, and on the
following day the Turkish troops took possession
,of the forts of Joannina. Vain, an Albanese,
',,,itherto the bosom friend of Ali, who reposed
bound less confidence in him, has been his betrayer,
having been gained, it is said, by Chourschid
'l36cha. The chief attention of the latter was di-
'rected to Ali's treasu re„ which in ready money and
jewels is immense. The whole has been really de-
' livered up by Vaia to Chourschid Pacha. It is
thought Chourschid will now march against the Su-
li'ots, who have not submitted to the Porte (as was
asserted), but have attacked successively the Ma-
hometan Albanian Beys, who had latterly joined
Chourschid, and laid waste their territory.—
The civil war in Epirus rages with more
,fury-
. than ever.

FRANKFORT, MARCH 13.--It is now certain
that the dispute between Prussia and Anholt
Calthen will not be brought any more before the
Diet ; the negociations that have been on foot
at Berlin since the commencement of this year
having been attended with the desired result, of
which official notice has been given to the Diet.
The Government of Saxe Weimar is negociating
with Hesse Cassel, to take upon itself the con-
tingent which Weimar has to furnish, in artillery
and-cavalry, to the army of the Confederation.
A new regiment of cavalry is said to be forming
in Hesse Cassel. Nothing yet is arranged re-
specting the military affairs of Nassau, which
desires to furnish more infantry than its contin-
,.gent, but fewer cavalry ; nor respecting Luxem-
burgh, which is to furnish half a brigade of in-
fantry, and half a brigade of cavalry, to the army
of the Confederation.

The city of Frankfort is now negociatink with
another South German Court for the furnishing
of its contingent, not having been able to come
to an arrangement with Hesse Darmstadt. There
is at present, at Frankfort a Mr. Von F-, for-
merly Captain of Horse tin the Prussian service,
who served in Moldavia under Cantacuzena, and
is now desirous of proceeding:to Marseilles by
way of Stutgar4 and Strasburg, to embark for
Greece. As he is destitute of pecuniary means
•fac'so long a journey, some persons at Frankfort
are endeavouring to raise a subscription for him.
This Captain, as an eye-witness, gives a descrip-
-don, which is every thing but ,advantageous, of
-the talents, judgment, knowledge, abilities, and
spirit of the persons who were at the head of the
insurrection in Moldavia and Wallachia. There
was no plan in their whole enterprise, and in the
execution they generally were deficient in energy
and resolution. They fancied that every thing
was to be effected by proclainations. As long
,as there was no resistance they maintained
•themselves, and could, every where act the mas-
ters, but as soon as the Turks advanced, all was
lost.

LOWER ELBE, MARCH.6.—It is confirmed. that
a marriage is negociating between the King of
England, and the daughter, of the King:of ;Den-
mark (born 1793.)=-7( Nuremburg Correspondent,
Afttrh 1.6.)

CORF u, FEB. 1.7.—= ( Extract of aprivate Letter.)
--," We have no news here, except that Ali
Pacha was, about ten days ago, betrayed by one
of his own Chiefs. At the time he was taken
he was, sitting on a train 'of gunpowder, ready
to blow himself up,,should any thing unfore-
seen occur. The Chief I mentioned ran on
him, and pinioned his arms. He was in the
first place ordered to be taken to Constantinople,
but the Grand Seignor sent word that if he did
not take the oath of allegiance to him, he should
be beheaded on the spot, and his head brought
td Constantinople. When Ali Pacha' was told
this, he said he would sell his life dearly, upon
which he -attempted to murder his guards, but
was overpowered by their .numbers. He %yds
and his head sent. to Constantinople."

SPAIN.

CORTES.-Sz T TT..}lO- OF MARCH 11

A letter dated yesterday from the Minister of the Home
'Department was read, in which heinformed the Cortes, that
no the evening of the 9th some soldiers of the regiments of
Guards and Fernando VIE., some national militia, and a num-
ber of country people, had a quarrel near the bridge of Toledo,
lei which one of the peasants was seriously wounded, but that
this affair appeared to arise merely from ordinary causes : that
in the evening of Sunday some groupes of people appeared with
cudgels, but they were dispersed between the gate of Valencia
and `the bridge of Toledo by the patroles ; and that several,
being taken into custody, had been placed at the disposal of
the competent Judge: that in the course of yesterday the Go-
vernment had been occupied in adopting the necessary plea,.
sures : 'that haviog received information of some I.,rroupes 'with
cudgels having collected near the bridge of Toledo, the Cap-
taro-General and the Political Chief had proceeded to that
point, to take such measures as they might think proper; and
the Government had just been informed by those authorities,
that immediately on their arrival at the spot, the groupes had
dispersed without thing-any mischief, and that some soldiers
Who had been taken into custody were placed at the disposal of
their commanders.

Senor Saenz dc 3uruaga. thought that the letter haffthe ap-
liea::tancte of a determination on the part of 'the Minister to con-
ceal the truth. 'What ought to engage the attention of the
Cortes was the fact, that cries of "An absolute Xing for
ever !" were heard: :We know very well that the quarrels of
soldiers and country people are ordinary things ; but that such
a cry should be heard was not a matter of indifference.
Senor Castejon was of opinion that the-letter should be re-
ferred to the committee appointed by the Cortes to inquire into
this transaction. , .

A Deputy suggested that the committee should also inquire
into the events which had occurred at Aranjuez, and of which
the Minister had said nothing.
The President.—" I shall take the liberty of stating what I,
at' yesterday with my own eyes.—When the Congress was up,

I went home, mounted my horse, and. rode out by the gate of
La Vega, crossed to the gate of Segovia, and from thence pro-
ceeded to that of Toledo. At the bridge, about 400 persons
were assembled. This was about half-past four, and at that
moment a party of cavalry of the national militia arrived. The
multitude made some detnonstrations which no one could fail
to observe. I followed my course to the quay of the canal, and
afterwards went on towards the gates of Atocha. I met about
eight persons on horseback, who asked. me whether I knew
what that noise was about ? I, told them that I did not ; but
as I observed the glancing of sabres and muskets, I said that
if they pleased we would go together, and see what was the
matter. Qnly- one, however, accompanied me. On approach-
ing the crowd, which -consisted of from 500 to 600 persons,
chiefly young men, when I could make myself heard I inquired
what, was the matter ? To which several wished to reply at
once ; but for the purpose of obtaining information, I singled
out a grenadier' of the Guards, who stated various things to
me, which, from the respect' I owe to this place, 1 shall not
repeat. 1-le concluded with saying,—' Senor, I fear, in conse-
sequence of having spoken so ingenuausly, that my days will
not be long.' I desired them to put their trust in the Govern-
ment and the Cortes ; and'after I had spoken to them, they
went away quietly, as it appeared to me, to their respective
homes."
After a few observations from Senores Conga, Valdes, and
other deputies, on this subject, the letter was referred to the
committee.
The Cortes proceeded to the consideration of the report of the
Special Committee charged to examine the proposition subscrib-
ed by fifty-three Deputies which -is thus expressed :—" We
request that the Cortes will be pleased to determine, that no
Deputy can accept any appointment in the gift of the Crown,
unless it be in the gradation of his profession, until one year
after the period of his deputation."
The Committee, after examining the spirit of this proposition,
and after pointing out its utility by various reflections, and its
conformity with the articlo,l29-130 of the Constitution, were
of opinion that it ought to be approved.
Senor Falco.—" It may appear strange, that having sub-
scribed the proposition, I should rise to speak against it;
but in signing it, I had no other object in view than to renounce
my right of holding any employment This I think we ought
all to do to secure respect. I renounce it with pleasure, but I
object to a decree compelling Deputies to such a renunciation.
My opinion is, that on this subject we should follow the
same course as when we surrendered our allowance as De-
puties."
Senor Adan, in reply to Senor Falco, contended that the pro-
position was a fit subject for a legislative measure. Its object
was to do away the influence of the Executive in the national
Representation. It was to be regretted that such a law should
be necessary, but he thought it right to support it.
Senor Arguelles.—" This question is not a new one. It was
much agitated in the ancient Cortes of Spain, though what was
done upon it has been but obscurely handed down to us. It
was also taken up by the Extraordinary Cortes of the Isle of
Leon. The same proposition was-there made by an eminent
Deputy, Don Antonio Cassmany,, and was approved, but it
produced mischievous effects ; fsir the persons interested in
throwing obstacles in the way of the revolution derived great
advantages from it. I was one of those who approved it, but
lam now convinced of my error. The decree of the Cortes ex-
cluded persons from offices who were disposed to promote re-
form, and opened office to others who cherished contrary opi-
nions. It became necessary to continue many persons in their
situations, who, though they -were not wanting in merit, yet did
not possess the public confidence. I agree that a Deputy may be
corrupted by the hope of office; but it is also true that aDeputy may
give proofs of his ability to promote the public welfare ; 'and
why should he be excluded from employment? In revolutions,
it is of importance that talents should not be depreciated ; and
by this resolution more than Three hundred persons would for a
certain time be excluded from all public offices." Ile agreed
with Senor Falco that every orie had it in his power to give a
public proof of his disinterestedness ; there was nothing to pre-
vent a Deputy from making the renunciation for himself. He
concluded by expressing his respect for the motives which dic-
tated the proposition, but declared he must vote against it.
Senor Romero, Senor Velasco, and Senor Oliver spoke for
the proposition, and Senor Prado and Senor Valdes against it.
The subject was declared to be sufficiently discussed, and the
votes were collected. The result was, that the proposition was
negatived by 67 votes against 64.
SITTING OF MARCH 15.

The Report of the Special Committee charged to inquire into
the events of the 9th and 10th instant was made. The Com-
mittee stated, that they had' neglected no means by which they
could obtain a' exact knowledge of the nature and circum-
'stances of those transactions ; but they abstained from entering
into details, as the events had been so public anti notorious, and
had already been described to the Cortes in the letter of the
cretary to the Home Department. After some further Observa-
tions, the Committee state that the character of those events
had nothing. alarming with respect to their origin, since they
arose merely from disagreements between the different corps of
the garrison ; but that their character varied on the 10th, be-
cause the enemies of liberty availed themselves of that oppor-
tunity to give to the dissentions an importance which they did
not possess in themselves, and to mislead some soldiers belong-
ing to corps attached to the Constitutional system, and whose
conduct has hitherto been unimpeached. In this way, the sub-
versive and alarming cries which were heard are to be accounted
for; but the presumed criminals are consigned to the due
course of law, and the offence will be investigated by the proper
judges.
Such, continued the report, is the result of this affair, which
might be considered as entirely concluded, without any advan-
tage to the evil-disposed who promoted it, if the Committee con-
sidered it as a detached transaction. They cannot, however, view
it in that point of view, but in connexion with other events of
the same kind which have occurred in different parts of the Pe-
.ninsula. The Committee conclude by recommending the ap-
pointment of a Special Committee to examine into the state of
the nation ; and as that Committee ought to possess all
.the
means of obtaining the information necessary in so delicate and
important an inquiry, it is recommended that the Cortes be
pleased to order—" That this report be referred to the said
Committee, in order that it may be before them in drawing up
their report ; or that the two Committees be united."
The first part of this recommendation was approved.
A report was made from the Committee of iiinance, respect-
ing the memorial presented by the Minister of that department,
which states, among other things, that according to the calcu-
lation there is a deficit of 125,000,000 in the'revenue compared
with the expenses of the State. The Committee insist on the
necessity. of establishing certain regulations by which such in-
equality may in future be prevented. A begmning ougitt, to
be made by ascertaining as nearly as possible the actual state
of the nation with respect to its wealth. According_ to this
basis, the extent of the expenditure should be fixed; and the
necessary reforms must, therefore, be made in the public ex-
penses. The Committee conclude by recommending reforms
in various branches of expenditure.
After some observations from Senores Arguelles and Canga,
the report was ordered to be printed.
SITTING OF MARCII 16.
Senores Villanueva, Canga, Infante y Salva, submitted the
following proposition—" The period of the first harvest being
approaching, and it being but 'just that the clergy should not
be allowed to suffer in the —present year the same penury,
which they experienced in the preceding, years, we request
the C,ortes-
- " 1. .That they will be pleased to direct the Ecclesiastical
Committee to propose a.provisional decree, in the month of
April, for mitigating ,the evils to which the clergy are liable,
until a definitive measure be adopted. 2. That they be pleased
to order each curate to collect within his. parish the produce of
the half-tithe, accounting for the same to the diocesan junta,
_and retaining for himself his own share of. the collection."
MIS prOpoSitintrwiee ordered:to be. read a first time.
The President (General Riego) stated, that the second bat-
talion of the Asturias was without, waiting to be admitted.—
Ile thought that, considering his connexion with that battalion;
he ought hot to receive it, and proposed that the Vice-President
should, in the mean' time, take his chair. " This was agreed to,
and General Riego took his seat among the other Deputies.
The diputation was introduced; and the connnandant of the
corps', who was included' in 'it, expressed the gratitude of the
regiment for the honours conferred on it by the Cortes.
. 'The Vice-President, in reply, stated, that the most grateful
task he could have to perform was to salute, in the name of
the national representation, those warriors who, on the memora-
ble dify of the l st of January; 1820, struck the first blow for the
restoration of liberty, and informed the deputation that they
woulctreceive a copy of that book, by which and their heroism
the country had 'been rescued from eternal disgrace.
The Secretaries Salva and Patt then delivered to the Com-
mandant the copy of the Constitution destined for the battalion.
On receiving it, he ungirded the sword which he wore, and
said " On receiving this valuable present from the representa,
tiVes of the nation, nothing could be more grateful to me than
the being able to offer them in return this sword,, which, in the
hand of General Riego, was the first drawn in proclaiming
liberty on the Ist Jan. 1820."
The Vice-President stated, that the Cortes received this gift
with great pleasuie.
. SITTING OF MARCH 17.

A report from the Committee of Finance stated, that having
taken into consideration an exposition of the Junta of Public
Credit, pointing .out the necessity of extending, until the Ist of
June; the term indicated,by article 8 of the Decree of Nov. 9,
for the representation of claims against the State, the Com-
mittee were of opinion that the same should be executed as
agreed to by the Cortes.
The Select Committee appointed to propose to the Cortes the
use which ought to 'be made of the sword which had been de-
livered to the secretaries by the commandant of the second bat.

Tl-1 EA] SUN.

SOLEM QUIS DICERE FALSUM AUDE.IT ?

LONDON,
TUESDAY, MARCH 26, 1822.

Paris Papers of Saturday, Nuremberg and
Frankfort Journals to the 19th, and Spanish
Papers to the 18th, have arrived. The French
Papers do not contain any news of impiortance,
and are almost entirely filled with Friday's De-
bates in the Chamber of Deputies on the Budget

A. grant was voted for improving the breed of
horses, and in the discussion on this article it
was stated that during the late wars France was
obliged to have recourse to foreign countries for'
mounting her cavalry, but that of late the breed
of horses bad been so improved as to hold out the
hope that she will shortly be no longer depen-
dent on foreign supplies. At 'the close of the
market on Saturday, the Five per Cents. were
89 f. 95 c., but they afterwards rose to 90 f.—
We refer, unde'r the head of " FOREIGN INTEL-
LIGENCE," to our extracts from the Madrid Jour-
nals, which give an interesting account of the
proceedings in the Spanish Cortes ; and in the
same place we have inserted the most important
articles in the German Papers.

On the application made to Parliament last
night in behalf of the much talked-of Captain
ROMEO, Mr. llumE exhibited a graciousness,
nay, a laxity on the subject of pecuniary lar-
gesses, which in this Honourable Member was
equally novel and edifying. He spoke. of fifty
pounds h year, the allowance given by Govern-
ment to the foreign Captain, with a contempt
which, in the case of an English Govern-
ment servant or pensioner, -he would, we
are sure, have thought indecently prodigal ;
he believed in the Captain's alleged advance of
2,500/. to the mistress of a French General, with
the most amiable facility in the world, and he
even concluded his speech by appealing to the
liberality of Parliament ! This flash of genero-
sity was, however, quite obscured by the time
the Estimates came under consideration, and Mr.
lltimE atoned for his momentary softness in fa-
vour
.of the Neapolitan Officer, by undauntedly
advancing his pruning-knife against the salary of
the Duke of WELLINGTON as Master-General of
the Ordnance.

The proceedings of the West India Planters
and Merchants at their Meeting on Friday, and
the Petition they have prepared for signature on
the subject of American Intercourse, afford no
additional testimony to the wisdom of those mea-
sures which Government is said to have in con-
templation with respect to the Colonial trade ;
they only prove that a number of persons con-
nected with that trade suppose the plan bene-
ficial to their interests, or at any rate are
willing, under present difficulties,, that the expe-
riment should be tried. It is a matter of course
that this part of the community should come for-
ward to promote a measure adopted in deference
to their complaints, and with a view to their
particular advantage. It is also natural that
these gentlemen should waive any minute or
anxious consideration of the manner in which
other classes, or the state in general may be af-
fected by the proposed line of policy. Their
business, according to the practice of the world,
is to urge the point by all means in their power,
and leave others to find out their own dangers/
land guard their own interests, if they can.
The question to be considered by Parliament
when deliberating on the projected measure will
be, what proportion the benefit to be reaped by
' the West India Planters will bear to the injury
inflicted on other parts of the community, and on
' the nation in general. Now, on these points
it will certainly be prudent to receive, other
representations than those of the West India
Merchants and Planters, who are naturally dis-
posed to entertain tot, sanguine expectations from
the change of policy intended for their relief,
and who will be the last to perceive or assist
the public in discovering the amount of evil
that may be entailed by it upon the 'country
and its dependencies. If the ship-owners
and merchants of Preat Britain, and the people
of her North American colonies are consi-
dered as interested parties, it is at least fit that
their voices should be listened to on this subject.,
in opposition to those of persons not less inte-
rested, and Parliament will strike a balance be-
tween the conflicting statements. But, in form-
ing their conclusion, they will recollect that they
are not merely trying a cause between colony and
colony, between the claims of one trade and of
another ; there is a great and paramount inte-
rest which imperiously demands attention, the
interest of England herself as a maritime State.
Whether Britain, shall Yield up those com-
mercial laws which may almost be deemed
the charter of her naval ascendancy, aban-
doning, at this ,season of peace, one of the
fairest sources of that strength so necessary to
her welfare and independence, is a question
not to be decided solely upon the opposing
`representations of two or more agricultural or
mercantile communities, however important and
respectable. Let the parties be fairly heard ; let
every reasonable allowance be made for zeal, for
interest, - for the workings of hOpe and fear on
either side ; but even. if the claims be in other re-
spects equally balanced, those ought to predo-
minate in the end which shall be found manifest-
ly coinciding with the surest and most approved
national policy.

The West India Petitioners encourage one
another to strengthen the hands of Govern-
ment ; we also are anxious that they should be
strengthened for all purposes which a wise and
considerate Government can be desirous of ac-
complishing, but those who are called upon to
assist in this office should be certain that the hands
are stretched out to save and not to destroy.-
-At all events, if it be a work of charity to
strengthen the hands of our rulers, it is a labour
not less laudable to open their eyes.•

lIATANNAII, FEB. 10.-By the last accounts
from Mexico a Proclamation has been issued by
General ITURBIDE, on the subject of the form of
Government proper for Mexico, which it seems

has begun to be the subject of discussion thee.
The Proclamation announces a limited Mo-

narchy as the form best suited for that country,
and' as in fact already adopted and sworn to,
when the independence of Mexico was pro-
claimed at Iquala. It notices in a similar style,
that in various publications ITURBIDE himself
had been invited to take the Crown, but he .de-
clares himself above all spirit of ambition, and
aspiring to no other glory than the Liberator
of his Country. He intimates, however, that
should the Mexican Nation offer it to him,
nothing less than a miracle would induce him to
accept it, and that he would answer, like NUMA,
that if any recommendable qualities were to be
discovered in his person, they would be abso-
lutely such as ought to disqualify him—the love
of repose and a retired life. It would seem
from this that the General might he persuaded
to accept it, provided he had sufficient encou-
ragement.

IRELAND.—When our last accounts were sent
off, a rumour prevailed in Cork that the Limerick
Insurgents had made a formal offer to surrender'
their arms and take the oath of allegiance: The
Limerick Chronicle, however, is silent upon the
subject, so that the report appears to be ground-
less, or at least premature. The insurrectionary
spirit, we regret to say, has manifested itself
near Clare, in the county of Mayo, an attempt
having been made to assassinate Mr. ROBERT
FAIR, jun. of Fortville, as he was riding over
his farm about five o'clock in the evening. Nine
ruffians subsequently attacked a condential
servant, who had the management of Mr.
FAIR'S farm, and left him nearly in a lifeless
state. A numerous Meeting of the Magistrates
have expressed their conviction that the White-
boy system is spreading in the district, and vi-
gorous measures have been adopted for its repres-
sion.—At Limerick Assizes, on the 19th instant,
William Cagney was convicted of the murder 'of
THOMAS FOLEY: on the 10th January, near
Newcastle. The deceased, it will be recollect-
ed, had been employed to keep cattle out of an
orchard.at Moriddy, and fell a victim to that in-
fernal spirit of vengeance which characterizes
the disturbances in Ireland.—John John
Murnane, and Edward Fitzgerald, a school-
master, and said to be the writer of Captain
Rout's notices, were severally indicted for felo-
niously seizing a gun.—Kelly and Fitzgerald
guilty—Murnane acquitted.—At Philipstown
Assizes, on Wednesday last, six men (four of
them brothers, of the name of Keegan), were
convicted of the burning and murder of the
MURPHYS. The Keegan: were apprehended only
a few days since at Derry, where they had taken
a passage on board a merchantman for America.

The Speech of the Earl of LIVERPOOL, in the
House of Lords, on the 26th of February, on the subject of the
Agricultural Distress of the Country, or more properly, per-
haps, on the State of the Nation, has just been published in
the form of a Pamphlet. We have read this detailed, and we
presume correct, Report of the Noble Earl's Speech, with
that attention which its importance to the interests and
welfare of the State, and its intrinsic excellence, merit.
It is impossible not to , see that, in all the views which
his Lordship has taken of the subject, all the statements
he has made, all the opinions he has advanced, and all
the masterly reasonings by which he supports them, his
Lordship is actuated by a sincere and earnest desire
to pursue such measures as are best calculated, in his judg-
ment, to promote and secure the real welfare of the people.
Under the influence of the best motives, however, particularly ,
in a science so intricate as Political Economy, and in which so
many fallacious and pernicious theories have been introduced,
it is very possible that errors may be committed, the injurious
consequences of which are incalculable. Thus, Lord LIVER-
POOL, after quoting a letter from Switzerland,a country
in which taxes are almost unknown, in which there is
no standing army, and no national debt,—after quoting
a letter from that country, which says, " We are sitfering
greatly from the abundance and low price of all kinds of provi-
sions,"— goes on to state that the fact ought never to be exclud-
ed from their Lordships' minds, that " superabundance, and the
agricultural distress consequent upon it, whatever may be their
causes, are not confined to one country. They exist in all the
countries of Europe. They exist also in the United States of
America. Every country, whether agricultural, or manufac-
turing, or commercial,—whether in the North or in the South,
whether enduring severe taxation, or wholly untaxed,—seems
to be equally exposed to the general evil from'some cause to be
hereafter considered,—l believe in a great degree from the
same cause ; but, be that as it may, it is evident that the ex-
isting distress is universal." . .

NO'w, the fallacy—we may say the incalculably pernicious
error, involved in this reasoning, is, that the superabundance
is considered, not only as the cause of the evil, but as an evil,
in itself ! Instead of inquiring into the causes of the super-
abundance, with the view of effecting a diminution of the
gross amount of annual produce—instead of looking to that
dinzinutiort as the expected remedy for the existing distress—
for the presumed evil—all parties, and the Government, ought
diligently to inquire into those circumstances in the condition
of the people, which are thus acknowledged to render— and
which certainly, under existing circumstances, do render, the
abundance and cheapness of the necessaries of lift, an evil ! !
Tlabun
asdan a be abundance,
benefit—
as
superabundance,
an incalculableerabunclan
ceifthbelyessg. E
please, ought
ende
ht to be
considered _
vour should be used to retain its continuance ; and so to legislate
as to reconcile the interests and %Vell-being. of the producers with
circumstances which are obviously so highly advantageous to the
consumers. This is the more necessary, when it considered
that all descriptions of produce, -whether agricultural or
manufacturing, are similarly situated, as respects either the
abundance of the supply, or the facility and power of
instantaneously creating an abundant or even a superabun-
dant supply ; and it is the more necessary when it is consi-
Ldered that the present supposed superabundance is in fact
not a superabundance, or surplus, remaining after the
wants of every individual are salisfied;, but merely a real or
supposed excess over the actual demand of markets, influenced,
as all markets are, by the unfavourable circumstances which
,
1 act upon every aescription of produce, and upon the great mass
'of the people themselves. It is a -farther, and an important
consideration, whether in a Well-regulated society there ought
not to be, at all times, a large excess of all kinds of agricul-
tural produce, not only over the actual demand of markets, but
even after the real wants of every individual have been abund'
antly satisfied., How otherwise is it possible to guard against
the recurrence of scarcity, or of absolute famine, in unfavour-
able seasons ? We ought to secure the constant possession of
superabundance, as a preventive qf diitress, instead of consid-
ering abundance as the cause qf distress,. or looking for a remedy
to distress in the diminution of that wealth, of any kind, which
we now possess, or are capable of creating.
The Noble Earl falls into another error of the fashionable
Economists, when, speaking of taxation and its effects, he
says,

•
p: 28--" The amount of taxation must always be consi,
dered with reference to the proportion which it bears to the
produce and wealth of a Country. For example : let us com-
pare Great Britain and Ireland in this respect. The revenue
of Great Britain is 50,000,0001., collected from a population of
14,000,0001. The population of Ireland is nearly 7,000,600;
and yet the revenue of Ireland does not exceed 4,600,000 V-
-- The amount of taxation, therefore,,must always be com-
pared with the amount of wealth in a country, before we can
determine how far its operation is injurious."
This is fallacious, though it is in strict conformity with the
opinions and theories of the ruling political economists. ThF,
amount of taxation which a country is capable of bearing, (pro-
vided the taxes be re-expended within the country), depends,
however, not upon the amount of wealth which the country
actually possesses, but upon the amount, or rather the increased
amount, of wealth, which it is capable of annually producing-
Suppose, for example, that all the productive industry of ling-
land were in full employment,--that not an individual of the
working classes was without profitable work,—that the demands
or orders, for goods of all kinds, notwithstanding, were so large,
that all our productive powers, in actual activity, were inade-
quate to furnish the supply. In' this case, though the amount
of wealth in the country would be very great, it is obvious that
every tax, however trifling, would beminjurious, since, being $9

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