The Sun.
London, England, 1849-10-02 00:00:00

ray i:y
N°.17,791.] LONDON, TUESDAY -4,:tt 4 L- Tr
VIC V *. c 4-4, OCTOBER 2, 18490
-

ATLAS ASSURANCE COMPANY,
92, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON.

Esta!)lished 1803.
DIRECTORS.
JOHN OLIVER HANSON, Esq., Chairman

WILLIAM GEORGE NRL•'SCOTT, Esq..: Deputy Chairman.
Sir 'William Baynes, Bart. Moses Mocatta, Esq.
Arthur Edward Campbell, Esq. James William Ogle, Esq.
Thomas Chapman, Esq , Emanuel Pacifico, M.D.
Donald Maclean, Esq. Joseph Pulley, Esq.
Samuel Enstace Mayan, Esq.
• •

AUDITORS—Francis liligh Hookey, Esq., and Arthur Augustus

Basch, Esq.
ACTUARY—CharIes Ansell, Esq., F.R.S.
SOLICITOR—Thomas Browning, Esq.
SuitvEToit--Thomas Hopper, Esq.
FIRE DEPARTMENT.

RETURNS.—Policies-for 3001. and upwards which may have been
in force for ono year prior to the date to which the Account is
made up, will be periodically entitled to participate in the return of
surplus Premium.
Distilierie=, Sugar Houses ; and Mercantile Property, in the Docks;
In Private or Public Warehouses ; also Shipping in llarbour ; assured
for the Year, or for any shorter period on advantageous terms.
Farming stool• is now exempt from Duty, and may be assured
without the average clause.
On Assurances for Seven Tears by one payment, a deduction of
one-seventh part of the Premium and Duty will be made.
RENEWALS.—PoIicies due on Midsummer-day should bo renewed
within fifteen days thereafter.

Persons assured for the whole term of Life for 1001. and upwards,
in Great Britain or Ireland respectively, will be entitled at the end
of every fifth year (instead of every seventh year as heretofore) to
participate in the Surplus Premiums, either by Addition to their Po-
licies, or an equivalent Reduction will be made in the future pay-
ments of Premium, at the option of the Assured.
Policies may also be effected for the whole term of Life by a limited
number of yearly payments.
ASSURANCES for SHORT PERIODS may now be effected in this
Office at considerably reduced rates of Premium.
The NEXT VALUATION will be made at Christmas, 1849, and
Policies effected before that date will participate in proportion to the
time they may then have been in force.
The Company's Rates and Proposals may be had at the Office in
London, or of any of the Agents in the Country, who are authorised
to report on the appearance of Lives proposed for Assurance.
HENRY DESBOROUGII, Secretary.
92, Cheapside, June, 1849.

THE LONDON INDISPUTABLE LIFE
POLICY COMPANY.
INCORPORATED BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT.
No. 31, LOMBARD-S TREET, LONDON.
TRUSTEES.
J. Campbell Renton, Esq., M.P. Richard Spooner, Esq., M.P.
Richard 3lalins, Esq., Q.C. I James Fuller Madox, Esq.
William Wilberforce, Esq.

William Adams, Esq.
John Atkins, Esq•

Robert Henry Forman, Esq.
John Hamilton, Esq.
James Fuller Madox, Esq.
John Matthews, Esq.
Charles 0. Parnell, Esq.

Henry Augustus BeYan, Esq.
John Thompson Bramwell, Esq.
John I►angerfl€hl, Esq.

George Cumminz, Esq.
James Turner, Esq.

Samuel Field, Esq.
William Ghrlmes Kell, Esq.
MEDICAL ADVISER.
Benjamin Phillips, Esq., F.R.S.
RANKERS.
Messrs. Spooner, Attwood, and Co.
SECRETARY.
David Alison, Esq.
SOLICITORS.
Messrs. Atkinson and Andrew.
MANAGER.
Alexander Robertsoo, Esq.
The POLICIES are INDEFEASIBLE and INDISPUTABLE,
.he Company being prohibited, by the iith clause of their Deed of
Constitution, which Is duly registered in terms of the Act, from dig!
pitting a Policy upon any ground whatever.
The Rates of Premium are calculated upon Carlisle mortality, and
arc as low as a due regard to complete security will justify.
HALF PREMIUM SYSTEM.—By this plan only one-half of the
premiums, with interest of the retained halves, is required to be p tid
for th• first five years—the retained halves,•being payable at the
convenience of the assured. or allowed to continue, to form
a deduction from the claim on the Policy ; and as the As-
surance may be relinquished at any time without payment
of the retained premiums, this scheme enables a party to
assure for the first five years at little more than half the usual rate,
and to discontinue a Policy at about one-half the usual sacrifice.
WHOLE WORLD POLICIES are granted. whereby the security
of a creditor, holder of a Policy: continues unimpaired, although the
assured life should go beyond the prescribed limits.
Sums are assured payable to the parties themselves on attaining a
specified age, or at their death, whichever shall first occur.
PARTNER 411IP POLICIES are granted, whereby a joint assurance
effected by partners, at the charge of the firm, secures the capital in-
vested. Os the death of either, the survivor is benefited by retain-
ing the whole capital, and the representativei of the deceased obtain
their share without having to wait until It can be recovered from
outstanding debts.
There is no extra charge for residence beyond 35 degrees of the
equator.
No Admission •r Entrance Fees are required, nor is any charge
made for the Policy beyond the amount of the Stamp.
Claims are payable within three months after proof of the death of
the assured life.
The usual Commission allowed to Solicitors, and also to persons,
approved by the Board, who extend the business of Life Assurance in
connexion with this Company.

OYAL EXCHANGE' ASSURANCE
CORPORATION,
(Established by Royal Charter of his Majesty George 1., A.D. 1720),
For FIRE, LIFE, and MARINE ASSURANCES.
OFFICES—ROYAL EXCHANGE, LONDON.
GOVERNOR—Thomas Tooke, Esq.
SCE-GOVERNOR—WiIIiam Sampson, Esq.
DEM:ITT-GOVERNOR—The Hon. J. T. Leslie Melyille.
DIRECTORS. .

.................
Henry B ..
Bainbridge, Esq. Charles John Manning, Esq.
Geory Pearkes Barclay, Esq. Henry Nelsen, Esq.
Edmond S. P. Calvert, Esq. Edward Howley Palmer, Esq.
Alexander Colvin, Esq. John henry Pelly, Esq.
Ed vard Maxwell Daniell, Esq. Abraham Goore Robarts, Esq.
William Davidson, Esq. Charles Robinson, Esq.
John Deacon. Esq. Sir Samuel Scott, Bart.
Riversdale Wm. Grenfell, Esq. Thomas Smith, Esq.
Robert Amadeus Heath, Esq. William Soltau, Esq.
William Tetlow Hibbert, Eeq. Joseph Soames, Esq.
Lancelot Holland, Esq. Octavins Wigram, Esq.
Sir John Wm. Lubbock, Bart. Charles Baring Young, Esq.
MEDICAL REFEREE—SamueI Solly, Esq., F.R.S.
Notice.—The usual fifteen days allowed for payment of Premiums
talliug due at Michaelmas will expire en the 14th October next.
LIFE AND FIRE ASSURANCES

may be effected on the most advantageous terms with this Corpora-
tion, which has transacted businesa in both departments during a pe-
riod exceeding a Century and a Quarter, and affords unquestionable
security by its capital-stock.
The Reversionary BONUS declared on British Life Policies effected
on the system of participation in profits, has amounted on an average
to rather wore than 2 per Cent, per Annum on the sum assured, or
46 per Cent. on the amount of Premium paid.
Equivalent reductions have been made in the Annual Premiums
payable by those of the Assured who desired that their share of profit
should be so applied
Prospectuses end all information may be obtained, on application,
at the Branch Office, 29, Pall-mall; or at the Royal Exchange, London.
ALEX. GREEN, Secretary.

THE ROYAL POLYTECHNIC
INSTITUTION, REGENT-STREET.
Dissolving 'flews, of Rome.—Lecture and Experiments, with the
hydro-Electrie Machine.—Lectures on Chemistry—Exhibition of the
Oxy•hydrogen Microscope.—Diver and Diving-bell.—The Chroma-
trope.—Explanatlons of Models and Machinery.
Open daily from Eleven to Five ; and in the Evenings (except
iaturday) from Seven till Half-past Ten.
Admission. lc—Schools, Half-price.—The New Catalogue, Is.

EYEBROWS, MOUSTACHIOS, and WHIS-
KERS produced in a few weeks' and Baldness removed and
prevented fry the use of GRIMSTONE'S AROMATIC REGENE-
RATOR, an essential spirit, drawn from aromatic herbs and flowers,
a few drops of which cure headache in a few minutes ; it Is also a
most delightful, fragrant toilet perfume. Sold only in triangular
bottles, protected by the Government stamp, at 4s. ; double the size,
Ts. • and double this size, 11 s. each ; enclosed in a Pamphlet, con-
taining testimonials of undoubted authority, entitled" Three Minutes'
Advice on tke Growth and Preservation of the Human Hair, &c."
By post, 4s. 6d., 7s. 8d„ and 125., for money orders only.
Sold wholesale only at Gemstone's Horbary, Highgate, near
London ; and by Messrs. Barclay and Son, Fartingdon-street ; Sanger,
Oaferd-street; Messrs. Butler and Co.,Cheapside Fisher and Toiler,
Conduit-street; Mr. Johnston, medicine warehouse, 461, Cernhill •
and by all Chemists, Perfumers, and others For Edinburgh, J. and
R. Raimes,Leith-walk ;:for Manchester, ezesehe and Son, Adver
user-office.

TO TIID LADLES.

This lady had the followiiiiiOite7•l;;;;ted in the "Times" news.
paper on Aug. 7, 1346. Reader, remember, this letter was put Int
the paper by the lady herself, as a testimony to me.
" Mrs. Weekley, of No. 3. Swan-street, Borough, takes this oppor-
tunity of publicly thanking Mr. IT. Grimstoie, of the Herbary, High-
gate for the efficacy of his Aromatic Regenerator, in having com-
pletely restored the hair on her head, after using it about four months,
and the whole of her hair is lunch stronger and more luxuriant than
lever was before the baldness appeared.
"Mrs. Weekley inserts this testimony to7the virtues of Mr. 131.'s
Regenator, feeling assured that many ladies would gladly purchase
an 11s. bottle if they were as certain of its virtues as she is, from ex-
perience, not only in the restoration and production of hair in abund-
ance, bat as a cure of nervous headache ; as a toilet perfume iti far
beyond any to her taste. She will feel a pleasure in answering any
Lady of respectability to the above fact •.-3, Swan-street, Borough."

—ln eases of the hair becoming thin, weak, or turning grey, at° w
drops on the crown of the head occasionally, every week, will pre-
vent the hair front coming away with the comb, make it strong, and
prevent it turning grey, rendering the hair luxuriant and curly. A
few drops on your hairbrush before brushing the hair, will give the
hair brilliancy, causing it to curl.
The most delicate ladies may use this delightful product of the
meet aromatic herbs and flowers with confidence ; its refreshing
odour removes headache and makes it a most necessary companion
to the toilet. In cases of nevous headache, pour tea or twelve drops
on the crown of the head; if very bad, repeat it every quarter of an
hour. In most cases relief is certain in ten minutes. It produces
hair on children's heads in a few apoplications. If need on infants'
toads, it has such a peculiar cooling influence on the brain as to pre-
vent convulsions, as well as promoting the growth of hair.—Bee
pamphlet of testimonials.
Mitt Mclnnes:l to VIIIIDA Grimatone, Herb/zit Ipshotra.
_

This Day, with Two Engravings, The
EDINBURGH PHILOSOPHICAL
JOURN AL.
Na. 91. OCTOBER, 1849.
Conducted by Profassor JAMESON.
Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh ; Longman and Co., London.

A K X I A E.
One half the world are desolately single, and the other
,upposing them married, questionably contented. Diffidence, or a
,ense et right determine the former, and miscalculated hopes em-
itter the latter. The solitary one may shield himself under the plea
if caution and worldly prudence, and the indissoluble, regret uu-
,omprosing harry; tut the truth lies deeper. Physical incapacity,
Ind broken health, are the great hindrances to domestic happiness
ml social content. The dowry should not be the only marriage set-
lement. Honour and justice demand that health should form ass item
n the compact ; it alone dignifies the alliance. Blighted hopes er
leglect wound more sorely than poverty or misfortune. Reader, if
:hese surmises concern you, procure Dr. CULVERWELL'S little
UEMOIRS "On Single and Married Life, " pub. In 2 vols., is.
,ach (by post, in stamps, Is. 6d. each). Let no Imaginatively
-dined, or prudish feeling doter you, by their titles, nor be hindered
ay misinterpretation of their supposed contents, from obtaining
them. They are not intended certainly for mere idle curiosity, but
far the closet perusal of those more deeply interested, to whom
they are offered as antagonistic to the empyrical trash put forth on
the above subjects, by unqualified authors, whieh alone er
°Tether, are a disgrace to the ago. Furthermore, two other
ittle publications claim your attention (same price Is. eack,
by r ofit hi. 6d.) called " What to Eat, Drink, and
&veld," and " How to be Happy." They are not merely
pamp:lets, but equal in quantity a library volume, nor are they the
mere ephemeral scribbling. of the hour, but the study of the author's
. . . .

'ife who owes his present existence, health, and position to this ob-
iervanos of the maxims he would inculcate—to do 'into ethers as he
woxkit he done unte—to live after nature's laws—and to keep always
on the "sunny side of the way." The above works may be )ad of
.iherwood, 23, Patemcster-rew ; Carvalho, 14T, Fleet-street • Mann,
39, Cornhill; Nelson, 457, West Strand ; or direct (by post or other-
wi.e) iron the anther (who may be conferred with personally,
mornings and evenincl). 10. Argyll-place Rexent-street; and al
Booksellers.'

THIRTY-FIRST EDITION.
Illustrated by 21, Anatatrucau uoloureo Engravings on Steel.
ON PHYSICAL DISQUALICATIONS, GENERATIVE INCAPA-
CITY, AND IMPEDIMENTS TO MARRIAGE.
sew Edition, enlarged to 196 pages. Just published, price 2s. 6d., or
by nost, direct from the Establishment, 3s. 6d. in postage stamps,
THE SILENT FRIEND, a Medical Work on
the infirmities and decay of the generative system, from ex-
cessive indulgence, infection, and the inordinate use of mercury,
with remarks on Marriage, and the means of obviating certain dis-
malificatiorus. Illustrated by 26 Coloured Engravings. By R. and
b. PERRY and CO., Consulting Surgeons, 19, Berners-street, Ox-
rerd-street, London. Published by the Authors : sold by Strange,
21, Paternoster-row ; Hannay, 63, and Sanger, 150, Oxford-street ;
3tarie, 13, Titchborne-street, Haymarket; and Gordon, 146, Leaden-
hall-street.

Eta? I. treats of the anatomy and physiology of the re-productive
3rganv, and is illustrated by Six Coloured Engravings.
PAAT 11. treats of the consequences resulting from excessiveindtil-
;ence, and their lamentable effects on the system, producing mental
and bodily weakness, nervous excitement, and generative ncapacity.
Illustrated by Three Explanatory Engravings.
PART 111. treats of the diseases resulting from infection, either in
the primary or secondary form, and contains explicit directions for
their treatment. This section is illustrated by Seventeen Coloured
Engravings.
PART IV. contains a Prescription for the Prevention of Disea, e
by a simple application, by which the danger of infection is ob-
viated. This important part of the Work should not escape the
reader's notice.
PAST Y. is devoted to the consideration of marriage, and its
lutes. The causes of unproductive union are also considered, and
the whole subject critically and philosophically inquired into.
TiIECONDIAL BALM or Sys:scrim is exclusively employed in treat-
ng nervous and sexual debility, impotence, &c., II s. and 335. per
blttle. The Concentrated Detersive Essence, an anti-syphilitic
remedy, for purifying the blood in cases of infection, secondary symi -
toms, eruptions, and the abuse of mercury, 1I s. and 335. per bottle.
Perry's eurifying Specific Pills, M. 9d., 4s. 6d., and I Is. per box, a
weruum remedy for gonorrhcea,tleet, stricture, and chronic inflamme-
:lon of the bladder. Consultation fee, if by letter. 11. A minute
^etail of the case is required : ago, habits, and position in society.
SI. Packets, with advice, to be had at the Establishment only, 1 y
which the fee, IL, is saved. Messrs. Perry, Surgeons, are in atter -
lance daily at 19, Somers-street, Oxford-street, London, from Ele-
ven till Tire. and rive to Eicht t oa Sundays from 'eleven to

SATISFACTORY STATE OF THE
PUBLIC HEALTH IN BIRMINGHAM.

On Saturday evening a special meeting of the
Sanitary Committee was held in the Board Room in
Lichfield-street, to consider the propriety of discon-
tinuing the house to house visitation. Mr. Pooltan
was in the chair, and Messrs. Dee, Allday, Waters,
Guest, Wright, Mills, Ilebbert, Johnson and Maiden,
attended. A deputation from the district medical
officers, consisting of Dr. Ilinds, Mr. Simons, and
Mr. Hill, were also present. Mr. Jones likewise
attended.
Mr. CORDER, the clerk to the guardians, reported
that he had transmitted to Colonel Arbuthnot a copy
of the vote of thanks passed on Thursday, and that he
had received the following letter of acknowledgment
from the gallant Colonel
:
"Birmingham, Sept. 29, 1849.
" Sir,—l had the honour yesterday evening to receive
your letter of the 28th instant, transmitting to me a
resolution passed by the Sanitary Committee of the
Board of Guardians of Birmingham.
"I beg you will be so kind as to thank the gentlemen
composing the Sanitary Committee from me, for the
resolution they have passed, and assure them I feel
highly gratified at this mark of attention to me on their
part. "I have the honour to be, sir,
"Your most obedient, humble eervant,
" C. ARBUTHNOT.

"J. Corder, Eq., Secretary to the
Sanitary Committee, Birmingham."
On the motion of Mr. ALLDAY, seconded by Mr.
DEE, it was resolved that Colonel Arbuthnot's letter
be entered on the minutes.
The Committee then proceeded to consider the
propriety of discontinuing the house-to-house visita-
tion; and after carefully examining the various
medical returns made up to Saturday evening, the
Committee, on the motion of Mr. WATERS, unani-
mously came to the following important resolution :
" That the Committee, in taking a retrospective view
of its labours, is satisfied that it was imperatively
called upon, under existing exigencies, to institute
the house-to-house visitation, so strongly recommended
in the 7th notification of the General Board of Health;
but that, from the present highly satisfactory state of the
public health in Birmingham, as is obvious from the me-
dical returns and other evidence before this meeting, this
committee does not deem it necessary any longer to
continue such house-to-house visitation, and hereby
directs that it be discontinued accordingly," Amongst
other returns from the medical gentlemen, the follow-
ing extremely gratifying report from the medical
officer of the 1( district was read :
" September 29, 1849.
" Sir,—This afternoon I visited those parts of my
district where diarrhoea has been most prevalent, viz.,
London 'Prentice street, Lichfield-street, Old Cross-
street, Tanter•street, and Vauxhall-street, and have
found but three cases.
"I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
" J. G. SPROSTON.
" To the Chairman of the Sanitary Committee."
We presume, therefore, that the labours of the
Sanitary Committee, and those acting under them,
which hitherto have been most arduous, will now be
somewhat relaxed, and the nightly meetings dispensed
with ; but we hope the committee will continue to
watch over the health of the town, and adopt all ne-
cessary measures for removing, as far as practicable,
everything prejudicial to it.—Aril' Gazette.

COURT or ALDERMEN.—A discussion, we are given I
to understand, took place with closed doors on Saturday
amotzst the members, upon the subject of certain errors
in the Act recently passed " to amend an Act passed in
the eleventh year of the reign of George I. for regulat-
ing elections within the city of London, and for preserv-
ing the peace, good order, and government of the said
City." Alderman Sidney had given notice of motion to
draw the attention of the Collet to what appeared to be
the objectionable clauses, and to obtain the opinion of
the law officers of the corporation upon the construction
to be placed upon the wording of them; but as the Court
was cleared of strangers, and it was his belief that the
public was deeply interested in the matter, especially as
some of the clauses of the Act had a disfranchising
effect upon the constituency, as well as incapacitated the
aldermen from performing some of their most important
duties, and altogether calculated to produce confusion
and embarrassment, he would :move that the Court be
counted. As he persevered in his motion, the Court, in
which there were at the time no more than ten members
present, was necessarily declared to be no longer a Court.
Previously to the conversation on a subject which has
made so much noise in the City the following business
wv.s transacted. The Sheriffs reported that all the City
prisoners were in a clean and healthy condition, and free
from fever and other infectious diseases. The thanks of
the Court were voted to the Rev. Mr. Catley, the chap-
lain to the Lord Mayor, for his excellent sermon
preached at the church, St. Laurence Jewry, previously
to the election of Lord Mayor for the ensuing year, and
the Reverend Gentleman was requested to cause the
same to be printed, and to send copies to the members of
the Court.

SCIENTIFIC FISIIING.—Great surprise has been
expressed upon the number anti cheapness of red mul-
lets that have been in the Loudon market this season
(1849); it arises from a circumstance which, though
trivial in itself, shows the necessity that exists for some
means of giving instruction to fishermen, so as to en-
able them to prosecute their avocations with more faci-
lity and certainty. A well-known gentleman in the
west of England, noticing that the mackerel and red
mullet arrived on the coast together, and that there was
a large fishery of the former and none of the latter, en-
deavoured to find out the reason; he ascertained that
the red mullet obtained its food from the mackerel, and
consequently they swam lower; he therefore directed the
fishermen to have a deeper Seine net, by which means
they will be enabled to take both kinds at the same time.
—Soyer's Modern Housewife.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.

FROM TIIE MORNING PAPERS OF TIII3 DAY.
TIMES.—The issue of the Hungarian war has
been followed by consequences for which we were
wholly unprepared, and which threaten to disturb, if
not the peace of Europe, at least the amicable rela-
tions of the Western Courts of Europe with that of
St. Petersburgh. There seems to be no reason for
doubting that the Russ;an Ambassador at Constanti-
nople has made a formal demand of the Porte for the
surrender of the Hungarian revolutionists who took
refuge within its territories. There seems to be just
as little reason for doubting that the demand has been
rejected, and that the Russian Ambassador has re-
ceived orders from his own Court to quit Constanti-
nople immediately. Should these reports prove to be
as well founded as we believe them to be, a rupture
between the Porte and the Court of St. Petersburgh
is at hand, which will very possibly terminate in a
general European war. On the course pursued by
Russia on this occasion it is hardly necessary to dilate.
There can be but one opinion upon it, whether it be
regarded in its relation to the comity or the equity
of nations. It transgresses, it tramples on, both. It
violates the established rules by which the inter-
course of civilized countries has been heretofore
guided. It perils the peace of Europe while it
violates its laws. We can the more easily afford to
speak thus of Russian policy, because we have sup-
ported it in the recent Austrian dissensions. We
regarded—as we believe every person at all acquainted
with the state of eastern Europe must regard—the
prospective dismemberment of the Austrian empire
as one of the greatest calamities that could possibly
afflict Christendom. It would have been felt through
the whole length and breadth of the civilized world.
It would have torn up by the roots all order, all law,
all political science—everything in the form of
government or society—in those scattered fragments
whose cohesion forms the united Austrian empire.
Whatsoever may have been the faults and delinquen-
cies of Metternich, or the vices of the Central
Government at Vienna, they were slight and trivial
compared to the terrible calamities which the disso-
lution of that Government must have produced. It
would have given loose to the most absurd jealousies
and the wildest aspirations, to projects of visionary
commonwealths and schemes of impossible na-
tionalities, to intestine dissensions, to tumults,
and almost uninterrupted wars. The pre-
vention of such a catastrophe was a consummation to
be desired as much by other states as it was by
Austria herself; and we thought, in common with
the friends of rational and well-tempered freedom
throughout the world, that even necessary and just
reforms in the details of the Austrian polity would
wisely be postponed until after the destruction of the
anarchy which menaced the existence of the empire.
The intervention of Russia under such circumstances
was not only in accordance with the ordinary privi-
leges of a friendly Power, but was actually demanded
by the security of Europe. But the present aspect
of Russia is a very different affair. She appears in a
character, for which if there be precedent there is no
justification. In the demand which she now makes
upon the Turkish Court Russia asserts a right of
interference which has never yet been accorded to
any nation. She actually seeks to extort from Tur-
key a violation of that which has always been
considered a law binding on all civilized
communities. The very admission of foreigners
into any state whatever be their descrip
tion—is a guarantee that the Sovereign of that
state will extend to them the rights of native subjects.
I'his generally understood law can be neutralized or
modified only by special contract. "The Sovereign,"
says Vattel, " ought not to grant an entrance into his
state for the purpose of drawing foreigners into a
snare ; as soon as he admits them he engages to pro-
tect them as his own subjects, and to afford them
perfect security as far as depends upon himself."
(Book IL chap. 8.) If there has been any clause in
a treaty either secret or avowed by which refugees
are to be mutually given up by each of the contracting
Powers, then this general law is specially abrogated.
But, in the first place, these treaties for the most
part refer to felonious crimes, which it is the interest
of all civil societies to punish, and not to political
misconduct, of which a foreign state can hardly be
supposed to be a judge. In the second place, they
make mutuality a condition of the contract. So that,
supposing a treaty does exist between Russia and
Turkey, by which Turkey is bound to give ur
Russian refugees, the same treaty would compel
Russia to surrender Turkish refugees to the demands
of the Porte, If this be not the state of the case
and Turkey be bound to make concessions which she
is not entitled to exact, then the position in which sh
.tands to Russia is not that of an ally, but of a de
pendent. This would be the case if the refugees vs le
had crossed the Turkish frontier, and domiciled them
selves on Turkish soil, were Russian subjects. Bu
in what relation do the two Powers appear to each
other, when the exiles whose bodies Russia demand-
are aliens, whose subjection she does not pretend to
claim, and whose homage she has no right to enforce?
If any Power has a right to make this claim, it i,
Austria; and Austria could do it only by virtue 01
treaties. The Emperor of Russia has no more right
to do so than the Emperor of China—unless it be on
the faith of some clause in the Treaty of Unkiar Ske-
lessi, or on the faith of the weakness and helplessness
which suggested and dictated that strange compact.
This is the true solution of the problem. Russia
strong and the Porte is weak. Russia exacts with
the view of obtaining a servile concession or provok
ing an unequal conflict. The answer of the Porte
has been worthy of its former greatness. The mo
rality of Moslem shames the profligacy of Christian
morals. The Hungarian refugees are beaten, van
quished men. As such, they are entitled to the pity
of all nations. They are strangers, seeking the hos
pitality of a people with whom hospitality is an article
of religious faith. As such, to abandon them would
be an act of impiety as well as of inhumanity. The
Porte will not surrender the exiles, who have thrown
themselves on her soil, even to the powerful Sovereign
who can bring into the field 700,000 men. Stripped
of nearly all her strength—with little but the tradi-
tions of her past splendour remaining—distracted
from within and menaced from without—Turkey'still
clings firmly to the noblest article of her faith,
and holds it like a shield over the helpless and
the humbled against the Autocrat of the strongest
empire in the world. And the Power which does this
i 3 the ally—the ancient ally of England. True,
we have not always behaved to her with the honesty
or the affection of allies. There have been untoward
events in our relations which we should take an
opportunity of repairing. She is the ally also of
France. France, too, has a reputation to repair.
The two countries have blustered and declaimed much
about upholding the liberties and civilization of the
world. The time has now come when these pro-
mises should be made good and these boastings
justified. The question is, shall we, or shall we not,
abandon an ancient ally and acquiesce in an arrogant
dictation which insults all the states of Europe ?
Having decided what is the proper course to take,
shalt we content ourselves with peddling protests and
peaceful jeremiads ? On our decision and our action
hang the immediate fate of Turkey, and it may be
the prospective destinies of India and of England
herself.
CHRONICLE.—When the last revolutionary
flood swept over Europe, we deprecated the hasty
removal of the old boundaries and landmarks: we
sedulously laboured to impress upon the champions of
innovation that order was essential to real progress ;
and the fear of being called " Absolutist? did not
check the expression of our gratification when (to
borrow Canning's fine image) the spires and turrets of
ancient establishments began to re-appear above the
subsiding wave. History and experience had taught
us that it was impossible to improvise constitutional
governments or free states; and there was one pro-
found remark in M. Lamartine's famous Circular,
which confirmed, instead of revolutionizing, our
views : " Governments are the expression of the dif-
ferent degrees of the maturity of the genius of the
different nations. This is a question of time. A
nation goes astray in outrunning the hour of that
maturity, as it dishonours itself in allowing it
to escape without seizing it." For example, we
were and are strongly impressed with the conviction
that Lombardy outran its hour ; and there is a single
circumstance, placed, by the testimony of Manzini and
other unimpeachable witnesses, beyond a doubt, which
outweighs all the impassioned eloquence ever levelled
against the " iron yoke" of the " heavy handed and
heavy-headed Germans" across the Alps. The grand
object of all social or political institutions is justice;
and justice has been better administered in the Aus-
trian provinces than in any other part of Italy. We,
therefore, regarded the ultimate success of Radetzky
not as the triumph of matter over mind—of brute
force over intellect, hut rather as the restoration of
law, order, and authority, the only sure guarantees
for reason, art, science, commerce, education, industry,
and peace. The merits of the Hungarian contest must
be decided upon somewhat different grounds, although
the future destinies of the House of Hapsburg—
an essential member of the modern continenttasltasys-
tem, as settled and understood by the wre
admire
men—were far more seriously involved.
their chiefs ; but we cannot join
valrous gallantry of
eror for resisting their
thespirit,mcaognystaarra,nitne.ens
in blaming the youthful Enna io"sukrilalgaenodf chi-
insurgentdt re rt
iengg

claim of independence; and we know no code of in-
ternational law which forbade his calling in the assis-
tance of an ally. Neither did we discern any marked
sign of grasping ambition, or unbridled lust of uni-
versal empire, in the readiness with which the Czir
responded to the call ; for the panics cum proximus
(inlet principle will go a long way towards justifying
such a course. But the rights of self-preservation
have their limits ; they do not extend to punish-
ment, much less revenge ; and there are sanctuaries
which the mightiest potentates must respect. No
monarch can be allowed to bestride the narrow
world like a Colossus, to punish an offence of laze
majeste ; and the Czar demanding, in his own name
or in that of his youthful protégé, of a weak neigh-
bour, that Hungarian refugees shall be instantly
handed over to their tender mercies, i 3 a spectacle by
which, the most exalted Absolutist might be shocked.
Before hazarding a definitive judgment, however,
it may be as well to make certain of our facts. Ac-
cording to the most authentic accounts Bern, Dem-
binski, Kossuth, Perzcel, and other Hungarian lead
ers, have taken refuge in the Turkish fortress of
Widdin. Baron Sturmer, the Austrian envoy,
requested the Sublime Porte to surrender them; a
request with which the Sultan, after consulting with
the English Ambassador and the French Envoy,
declined to comply. Baron Sturmer was still quietly
pressing the demand, when Prince Radzivil, an
aide-de-camp of the Emperor of Russia, arrived at
Constantinople. The instant surrender of the re-
fugees was his ultimatum ; the offer of the Sultan to
confine them to the fortress, or to send them into the
interior under strict surveillance, was pronounced
unsatisfactory by ,the Prince; and when the latest
intelligence left Constantinople matters seemed
ripe for a general quarrel—Russia and Aus-
tria, preparing for an unjust aggression, whilst
Great Britain and France stood pledged by
their representatives to maintain the sacred cause of
reason, justice, and humanity. It will be observed
that no distinction is drawn between Poles and Hun-

garians, or between Russian and Austrian subjects.
It is not alleged that the refugees belong to Lord
John Russell's " circulating society of revolutionists,"
nor is any complaint advanced or proof offered that
they have made an undue use of their reception in a
friendly territory, with a view to the renewal of the
war. The treaty on which Russia is said to rely has
consequently no application to the case ; and that
treaty, even as regards subjects of the contracting
powers (Turkey and Russia) gives the alternative of
" driving persons, guilty of treason, &c., out of the
states of the power where they have taken re-
fuge." On this state of facts, the Czar might
just as rationally require Great Britain to deliver
up M. Louis Blanc or M. Ledru Rollin ; and if
Red Republicanism should gain the upper hand in
France or Germany, we might be required to deal in
the same manner with M. Guizot or Prince Metter-

nich • since any recognised Government would be en-
dowed with the same privileges as the Czar. The
civilized world might then witness once again the
state of things which the Roman historian describes
as existing under the Caesars; when every man of
independent mind felt oppressed by the crushing
consciousness that the despot's arm could reach him
in the remotest corner of the globe. Nor let it
he thought a sufficient answer that Great Britain
may laugh unjust demands or foolish menaces to
scorn. It is one thing to interfere officiously ; and
another thing to hold aloof from controversies involv-
ing the progress of society and the permanent inte-
rests of mankind. The manner in which the rule of
international law in question has operated on both
civil and religious liberty was admirably exem-
plified by Mackintosh in his defence of Peltier.
After dwelling on the constant wars in
which great States were engaged, he says :
" Smaller States, exempted from this cruel necessity,
directed themselves to the arts of peace. They
became places of refuge for free and fearless discus-
sion. They were the impartial spectators and judges
of the various contests of ambition which from time
to time disturbed the quiet of the world. They thus
became peculiarly qualified to be the organs of that
public opinion which converted Europe into a great
republic, with laws which mitigated, though they
:ould not extinguish, ambition ; and with moral
-ribunals to which even the most despotic Sovereigns
were amenable." . . . . " These Governments
were, in other respects, one of the most beautiful and
interesting parts of our ancient system. Their weak-
ness was protected only by the habitual reverence for
justice, which, during a long series of ages, had grown
op in Christendom. Consider the situation of Geneva,
rowded with exiles from &Hands Call to mind, if
tges, crowded into years, have not effaced them from
your memory, that happy period when we scarcely
lreamt more of the subjugation of the feeblest
republic of Europe, than of the conquest of her
mightiest empire, and tell me if you can imagine a
,peetacle more beautiful to the moral eye, or a more
striking proof of progress in the noblest principles of
rue civilization. We would fain hope that the facts
may have been mistaken, that some explanation may
yet reach us, or that the offensive ultimatum will be
withdrawn. We cannot believe that Russia and
Austria will make a casus belli of the Sultan's tem-
perate refusal to do what would dishonour him in the
-yes of the whole civilized world. Hospitality to the
listressed wanderer is a virtue which it would be
barbarism to proscribe; and the alleged disinclination
of the Czar to listen to the remonstrances of France
or England, when deprecating a general war for so
inadequate an object, is utterly irreconcilable with
the moderation he has displayed throughout the whole
of the late revolutionary disturbances, or with the
amicable relations he has sedulously maintained
towards both countries.

HERALD.—The news from Constantinople con-
veyed yesterday by our Malta and Constantinople
correspondents, is undoubtedly grave and menacing ;
but we believe it to be infinitely less grave and
menacing in consequence of the manly attitude taken
by our able and excellent Ambassador at the Porte,
Sir Stratford Canning. If England were now repre-
.ented at the Porte by some such nonsensical dandies
tnd fribbles as we have seen abroad in high diploma-
tic places in the service of England, there might be
some danger that the peace of Europe would be dis-
turbed ; but in dealing with such nations as Russia
decision and firmness are real wisdom and real

strength. No diplomatist in our service is better
aware of the tactics and tricks of the Russian
Chanecileric than the able man bearing the name ,and
inheriting with it much of the spirit and vigour, of his
illustrious relative the late George Canning. Fortunate,
indeed, it is for England—fortunate also for Turkey—
that at this peculiar juncture, an able and experienced,
as well as a determined man, is our Ambassador at
the Sublime Porte. In order, however, that our
readers may understand the actual position of affairs,
Tthhee
Congress
, of
it is necessary that we should somewhat recapitulate.
At the close of the Hungarian struggle, in which
be it remembered, the Magyars were combatting for
the literal fulfilment of their ancient constitution, the
Emperor of Austria and his Cabinet, unable to cope
with a dependency which had right and law on its
side—the Emperor of Austria, we say, who had
illegally availed himself of the services of the Croats,
was, after a long straggle, fairly checkmated, when,
in an evil hour, he was counselled to apply for aid to
his Imperial brother the Emperor of Russia. Rus-
sian assistance, after much preparation and some
delay, arrived. After a gallant and glorious contest,
in which the Magyars exhibited—what they always
have exhibited—consummate bravery, and the very
highest strategetical talent—dissension and division
began to prevail in their ranks, and, at length, Georgey,
one of their leading generals--but more conspicu-
ous for commanding the largest and best appointed
corps d'armee,—deserted the national cause, and sur-
rendered on conditions to the Russian army. The
precise nature of these conditions has never been
made public, nor is it necessary that they should be
here set forth. On conditions, however, the largest
and best disciplined portion of the Magyar force
surrendered to the Russians. But another portion of
the Magyar army still continued the war, and though
harassed by two large armies, sustained the Hun-
garian cause even against hope itself, retreating
towards the Transylvanian and Turkish territory.
At length the undaunted and adventurous Bern, so
full of energy, promptitude, and resources—at length
the more patient and calmer, but not less tenacious.
Dembinski—at length the melancholy and enthusi-
astic Kossuth—the quick and fiery Perczel—the
faithful and chivalrous Guyon, with many others toco
numerous to mention, after many hair-boedh
'stapes, crossed the Turkish territory and arrived
rued by the
on neutral ground. They were disarnn
T tier, ur Con-
nlcaunder escort, to
Generals, who commanded
dog had w jtthhe
obstinatelyrron
stantinople, were sent.ntinu'ed for a few days to
Widdin, where they kishandP,achasfterwhocommun I
two polish Genera S 7, r
last maintained in the' ir own
elinheocfeavtlearBb—slo:filt two Polish Gene-
fo
r Poland,l oo
Russia ; and
' country a
asGy -es
rugg e against the Emperor of
excitedeor his
msittYpo sustain the d
treaty and to charter, the
Titow for the delivering of Vienna—was not to be forgiven by the magnani-
mous
made by his. Envoy
accordingly the Czar
brother Emperor, Francis
eternal shame of Austria be it said this Power
defended,Rre anulissowa the—hc)hfrajlwe accordingligtotoait h elsitslieto 1
up of Bern and Dembinski.
4 .NinnlT nationality tscuiehtosphnohEela;

also seconded the demand of Russia by its inter-
nuncio Stunner. But the Porte was firm,and refused
to accede to so unreasonable a request. The rage of
the Czar now knew no bounds. He dispatched on a
special mission to the Porta a Pole by birth, but
whose family are now chiefly domiciliated in Rus-
sian Poland, a Prince Radziwill, who haughtily de-
manded that Bum and Dembinski should be delivered
up within thirty hours to his Imperial master, at the
same time candidly declaring that it was the humane
intention of his Sovereign to hang these Poles, on
possessing himself of their bodies, without an
instant's delay. The well-bred Sultan, in dignified
terms, responded tl the arrogant autograph letter
and to the indecent threat, that he confided this
delicate question to his Ministers, in whom he placed
every confidence. Radziwill, on this, retired and
sought the Grand Vizier, demanding a categorical
answer. The Ministers of the Divan were accord-
ingly convened, and after a discussion it was resolved
not to comply with the Russian request, a determi-
nation that was approved of by the Sheik-ul-Islaem,
and the whole body of the Ulemas. On this state of
facts the two ambassadors presented an ultimatum,
and intimated that diplomatic relations would be
broken off, if the Divan did not yield to the demands
of the two Governments. The Turkish Govern-
ment holding to its firm and honourable
resolve, the Russian Ambassador announced
the suspension of intercourse between the two coun-
tries, and Prince Radziwill, it is said, immediately
took his departure for St. Petersburgh. It remains
now to consider whether there was the shadow of a
pretence for requiring the delivering up of these fu-
gitives • and it is our deliberate opinion that there is
not and cannot be the least shadow for requiring
such a monstrous perversion of all international law,
justice, and hospitality. A stranger flying into any
country, though a criminal, is entitled to hospitality.
Even though he has offended the municipal or cri-
minal laws of the country to which he belongs, still
no proceedings can be taken against him (if not
made the condition of special treaty or convention)
unless with the consent of the Sovereign in whose
territory he is momentarily abiding. Thus, the de-
livering up of forgers and murderers by the English,
French, and American Governments, respectively, is
made the subject of special convention, and is, more-
over, regulated in France by the " ode d'lnstruc-
tion Criminelle." But the delivering up of political
refugees is a principle repudiated by all civilized
Governments. Such a demand could only be made
by a Government so hyperborean as that represented
by the Czar of Muscovy. It is a proof of advancing
civilization that the demand is indignantly scouted
by the Grand Turk, the Divan, and all the Ulemas.
Neither the treaty of Kutschuk Kamaradji nor the

treaty of Belgrade have any bearing on the subject,
or are in the least in point. The conduct of Bern and
Demsbinski in 1831, 1832, and 1833, in Poland is
dehors the Hungarian question, and cannot be im-
ported into it. But even though it might be prayed in
aid, one would think with a magnanimous Prince
there was an international Statute of Limitations.
Any efforts of Beni or Dembinski in 1848 or 1849
were not against the Emperor of Russia or his
Government, but in support of the Hungarian con-
stitution. The Czar, therefore, cannot call these
efforts lam nzajestatis against his Imperial crown and
authority, and with no show of right or reason
can he persist in his demand of what the French
call (the word is not English) extradition. The
demand, however, is probably made, not with
a view to immediate war, but with a view,
for the present, to the occupation of some portion
of Turkish territory. Should the design not be gra-
dually to make aggression en the Turkish territory—
should the desire of the Czar really be to throw down
the gauntlet to Western Europe—why, then, every
civilized power in the world will aid with its good
wishes and hopes the Porte, and the two greatest
Powers in the world will not suffer either a just prin-
ciple or an independent nationality to perish without
a struggle. We are well aware that Russia has thirty
sail of the line in the Baltic—fifteen sail in the Black
Sea, with as many frigates, and troops enough dis-
posable in Transylvania, Wallachia, Poland, and the
southern provinces of her empire. But though she
is proximate to the scene of action, and England far
removed, with only five or six sail in the Mediterra-
nean (one of which is detached to Gibraltar), yet the
Czar must be conscious that the people of England
will not, even under the imbecility of a Whig Go-
..

vernment, permit an ancient ally to be spoliated, or
the balance of power in Europe to be destroyed,
either by him or by the Emperor of Austria, or by
both Emperors united. In reference to this subject
we may, in conclusion, remark that that very Russell,
whoso feebly sneered at Mazzini a few days ago, will
within four months be driven from office, unless the

navy of England be now speedily put on a footing
commensurate with the exigencies and the fame of
this great empire.

POST.—Very considerable alarm is felt or affected
by some of our contemporaries on the subject of the
existing relations between Russia and Turkey. The
Czar, it is said, has demanded in terms the most
peremptory and offensive the extradition of the Polish
and Hungarian, refugees. The Prince Radzivil is
reported by the Times to have "openly declared the
intention of the Emperor to hang every one of these
persons the instant they fall into his hands." In one
part of the statement of the sapient contemporary this
marvellously judicious and persuasive argument, with
all that belongs to the alleged requirement, is assigned
to the Russian Embassy. "As to Austria," he says,
"she has sunk into complete insignificance, her name
is not even mentioned in the present negotiations." In
proof of this we are told that the Porte communicated
to the Russian and Austrian Embassies its final deter-
mination of rejecting the demand." We are elsewhere
informed that the Russian and Austrian Ambassadors
(the latter, of course, having sunk into com-
plete insignificance, and never having been even
named in these negotiations) forwarded to the
Divan on the MCI their ultimatum, which inti-
mated that relations would be broken off in
thirty hours unless the Divan should consent to
deliver up the refugees. The Austrian note demand-
ing the fugitive Hungarians, we further read, was
based on the treaty of Belgrade of 1739, though that
treaty provides for no such case, while the Emperor
of Russia is alleged to have relied on the second
article of the treaty of Kutschuk Kahnardji of 1774.
The article in question is as follows, and can have no
application at least to the Hungarians as demanded
by the Czar
" Art 2. If, after the conclusion of this peace, and the
exchange of ratifications, any subjects of the two em-
pires who may have committed: capital crimes, or
have been guilty of disobedience or treason, shall seek
an asylum with one of the two Powers, they shall not be
received by it under any pretext whatever, but shall be
delivered up on the instant, or at least driven out of the
states of the power where they have taken refuge, in
order that such malefactors may not occasion any cool-
ness of friendship or any useless disputes between the
two empires, excepting only those persons who shall
embrace the Christian religion in the empire of Russia
or the Mahometan religion in the Ottoman empire. In
like manner, if any of the subjects of the two empires, as
well Christian as Mahometan, having committed any
crime or misdemeanour for any motive whatever, should
pass from one empire to the other, they shall be at once
delivered up when claimed."
The proceedings, therefore, of Russia, which are
declared to be real, and those of Austria, which are
said to be and not to be at the same time, are not
more devoid of humanity and of justice than of policy
and of common sense. We have no doubt, then, that
there is egregious misrepresentation of the facts f this
important case, and that the "imminent danger" of
a European war exists in the prolific and haply not
unprofitable imaginations of the self-elected curators
of European peace. is it probable that the Nicholas
who, on receiving the submission of Georgey, made
it his first care to intercede with the Emperor of
Austria for the merciful use of victory, should pursue
a course at once so repulsive to his well-known;
"io
senti-
ments and so contrary to the authority oc, ay or
tional law ? The Coar has often be
wbiut
ours
imbecility. It
mien has until now charged Koff
contemporaries,
our
is easier to believe that thesd Tiraes, which, but by
malignantly accused of cruelty,
who are often wrong:,
accident,
is never right, should have
some unforeseen aFcl
than that a story so full of
erred in this particular,
' details, and so improbable in its
inconsistency in
should be true.
whole purport, ennool eof his ene-

CITY or LONDON GENERAL PtEhNeSICONi
tyBOotellE,Tou'ron 1
femaler(Y-llaeevsnteeerrrnad,lafye Pensionra
pensionerst, )g peSurtiorapcpl Society
meeting
he(' A:ef ialfEeuglnhe
deco itid at i
n thet
o laity,
le( I .aruj 'ld
ut
v.c)- no
n
provide permanent
monthly pensions to decPaeyrniedanae6r:
treasurer of thev t
zLirnueskl Luke
fniHebacynh samanriedes,sn,Es ea qnodf,
presided. The object of the
society is to
manufacturers, tradesmen, and their widows. The poll
closed at three o'clock, and tke scrutineers soon after
made their return. Mr. Deputy Bedford said be could
not permit the proceedings to terminate without ex-
pressing their thanks to the worthy chairman for his
valuable services, and for the zeal which he at all times
exhibited in promoting the interests of the society. The
motion having been seconded, was unanimously agreed
to. Mr. Luke Hansard, in returning thanks, said he
had at the same time to express the pleasure he felt in
being present at their proceedings that day. He con-
gratulated the successful candidates on being able to par-
ticipate in the benefits of the fund. The meeting then
separated.