The Sun.
London, England, 1831-01-07 00:00:00

This day was published, in 4 vols. foolscap, price 1/. Ss.
in cloth boards, illustrated with 100 Engravings of cu-
rious, rare, and interesting subjects,
OND INIA NA; or, ANECDOTES,
■ 4 TRACTS, and MEMORIALS of the STREETS,
BUILDINGS, and PERSONAGES, connected with the
HISTORY of LONDON in all ages.
By E. W. BRAYLEY, E.q.
" Mr. Begley's Londiniana is indeed a very interesting
miscellany, in which the historian, the antiquary, the to-
pographer, and the man of letters, will find ample and
various sources to gratify each his peculiar appetite."—
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THE OPERATIVE CHEMIST, consisting of a full
Practical Display of MANUFACTURING CHE-
MISTRY, and of its detailed applications to every branch
of Manufactures. By SAMUEL F. GRAY, Esq., Au.
thor of " The Supplement to the Pharrnacopreia," &c.

On the I st January was published, No. XIII. 4s. 6d. of the
FAMILY CLASSICAL LIBRARY ;
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TO VIE PROPRIETORS OF CHURCH'S COUGH

DROPS.

GENTLEMEN,
To withhold from Public Knowledge a mani-
fest fact of the utility and perfect cure effected by
your CHURCH'S COUGH DROPS upon me, would
he the greatest ingratitude, as long as it is an incumbent
duty of every man to facilitate the comfort of his afflicted
fellow-creatures.

In the year 1797 I caught a most violent cold, which
affected my breast and lungs so much, that I could scarcely
speak to be understood, and remained so for the space of
two months ; at the same time accompanied with a great
discharge from my lungs, which continued with unabated
force until the year 1809. When, after having recourse
to almost every advice, and to no purpose, being in con-
versation with a gentleman of the fti;ulty, I told him I
thought there was no perfect cure for an Asthma, to which
he assented, by replying that he had one himself, and his
only relief was by taking frequently some medicines to
keep his lungs opus. About this time a neighbour came
to see me, who said he had been equally as bad as I was
then, and he first told me of Church's Cough Drops, being
the medicine that made him as he was then in health, and
persuaded me to make trial of a small bottle. 1 sent for
one to Shrewsbury, to Mr. 'Woods, the printer, at which
tints I had an incessant cough with little or no inter-
mission.

In the morning at breakfast I took two tea spoonfuls
of the Drops in the last cup of tea ; and no more won-
derful than true, I did net cough for the space of ten int-
nutes after. which would have taken place t rventy or
thirty times before in that time. In short, it and a few
bottles more perfectly cured me then, and I have never
been without it in my house for several years after, to use
it upon any occasion after taking cold.
I am now a living witness to the truth of what I have
here said, and completed the 61st year of my age the
4th day of June instant, and blessed be God, I have as
good breath as any other man of my age in the county of
Montgomery.

I am, Gentlemen,
Your most obedient bumble Servant,

JOSEPH RUTTER.
Guildsfield, Montgomeryshire, June 12, 1821.
You are at liberty to make what use of this you may think

proper.
These Drops, and also CHURCH'S PECTORAL
PILLS, may be procured at the Booksellers and Drug-
gists; they are peculiarly adapted for promoting free and
easy expectoration, by which, the (shortness of breath,
u it is called by many persons, or) difficulty of breathing
will be speedily removed.

The Stamps to both the above preparations will have
engraved on them by permission of the Commit.sioners of
Stamps, " Evan Edwards, 67, St. Paul's." Sold by
E. Edwards, 67, St. Paul's Church-yard, and Stradling,
at the Royal Exchange Gates, price 2s. 9d. per Bottle;
the Pills, Is. lid. per Box.

THE NATIONAL LIBRARY.
Edited by the Rey. G. R. GLEIG, M.A.
The Proprietors of this 'Work feel themselves stimulated
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The Life of the illustrious Byron, by Mr. Galt, who
was personally known to the poet, has been stamped by
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others) and in describing at full the useful labours and dis-
coveries of more recent professors, has written a book
which, while it is characterised by scrupulous truth, and
by practical information in every part, possesses much of
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The remaining volumes of those hitherto published, are
occupied by the History of Chivalry and the Crusades, by
G. P. R. James, Esq. ; and Festivals, Games, and Amuse-
ments, Ancient and Modern, by Mr. Horace Smith,
which latter is just issued to the public. Of the charm
of the former subject in an imaginative point'of view, and
of its great utility in illustrating the annals of European
nations, it is needless to speak; while as regards the pre-
sent author's treatment, the numerous readers of " Riche-
lieu" and " Darnley" have, no doubt, from its first an-
nouncement, formed high expectations, which, it is hoped,
have now been fulfilled.
To these, many other original works, of a class which
seems of especial right to belong to en English National
Library, will immediately succeed, among which may be
mentioned the History of the Royal Navy of England from
its first existence; and that of the British Army and its
Services.

Such are the principal features of the National Library
as far as it has already proceeded ; and such the nature of
some of those works in preparation. And, in conclusion,
the Proprietors trust they shall not be accused of unjusti-
fiable pride in expressing their belief, that, in the progress
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ing, at a price accessible to the public at large, a body of
Literature deserving the praise of having instructed many,
and amused all ; and, above every other species.of eulogy,
of being fit to be introduced, without reserve or exception,
by the father of a family to the domestic circle.
New Burlington-street, Jan. 1, 1831.
" Literary Gazette.

AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS.

(From the Morning Chronicle.)

It has been well remarked by a cotemporary
that almost the only instruction received by the
agricultural population is conveyed by the exe-
cutioner. But with the present way of thinking
of the country, we fear the lesson recently given,
and about to be given by that personage, is cal-
culated to produce a very different impression
from that which was intended. The extract
which we yesterday gave from the Hampshire
Telegraph, commenting on the uncalled-for
severity of most of the sentences, speaks the lan-
guage of a number of communications which
we have received. That punishment may be
efficacious in the way of example, it ought not
to revolt the general feeling. However, this is a
delicate subject at present. It is high time we
had recourse to some other instructor than the
executioner ; but we shall not now occupy our-
selves with the question of education.

The home co-unties, the scene of the recent
outrages, have long suffered from the glaring
injustice of the Legislature towards them. We
have more than once stated that the removal of
manufactures to the coal districts was attended
with very unfortunate effects to the labouring
population, as the unemployed workmen were
thrown on the parishes, and the redundancy
paved the way for the tricks under the poor
laws, to which we have often alluded. This
evil has been greatly aggravated by the injustice
of the Legislature. The able author of the
" Observations on the Duty on Sea-borne Coal"
says that—
" The repeal of that would do more to promote
industry, and consequently to increase the demand
for labour in the districts subject to its operation,
than any other measure it is in the power of Par-
liament to adopt. Those acquainted with the me-
tropolis can hardly require to be told that the pres-
sure of this most impolitic tax has already caused
the desertion, to a great extent, of several manufac-
tures established in its neighbourhood.
" The mischievous operation of the coal duty on
the poor is, therefore, as clear as the sun at noon-
day. It deprives them of employment, and be-
numbs them with cold. We would beg to ask whe-
ther there be a gentleman, connected with the
southern counties, ignorant of the severe privations
occasioned by the scarcity and high price of fuel,
and of the depredations to which plantations and
palings are in consequence exposed ? Let none,
therefore, presume to say that the distress of the
poor of Kent, Surrey, &c., is of a sort that cannot
be sensibly relieved by legislative interference. To
afford them material and immediate relief, we have
only to treat them as we treat others; to allow them
to supply themselves with fuel in the same way that
the peasantry of Yorkshire and Northumberland are
supplied. We do not mean to say that this relief
would be sufficient; but no reasonable person can
doubt that it would be very considerable; and it
cannot be withheld without prolonging inequality
and oppression.
" Dr. Smith has truly stated, that considering the
vast importance of plentiful supplies of fuel, if a
bounty could in any case be justified, it would be
so were it given upon the conveyance of coals from
the rnine to the consumer. But such (he adds) is our
policy, that where coals are naturally cheap, they
are consumed duty free ; where they are naturally
dear, they are loaded with a heavy duty !' (IVcalth of
Nations, iii. p. 451). We leave it to others to de-
termine whether the disastrous influence of such a
tax, or its glaring injustice, be its most prominent
characteristic.

" But injustice can be carried even farther than
this. Nothing can be more oppressive than to lay
a peculiar tax on seaborne coal, unless it be to tax
,uch coal when carried to peculiar districts only.
Now this is the fact with regard to the duty in ques-
tion. It falls with its utmost severity upon the
southern counties of England, while it is compara-
tively light in Wales, and does not at all affect Scot-
land The gabelle in France, which had no incon-
siderable share in bringing about the revolution of
1789, was not more unequal than the coal duty.
Most certainly, however, we do not object to Scot-
land being exempted from it ; and on this ground,
it-least, she is under solid obligations to the late
Loa! Melville. What we object to is, that a tax

••- -
which has ---n
repealed in one division of the em-
pire, because it was proved to be subversive of the
public prosperity, shotili be • maintained in others,
where it is quite as injurious. Are the labourers of
the Lothians and Berwickshire less able to pay a tax
on their fuel than those of Kent and HampShire ?
Are the manufacturers of Norwich less likely to be
ruined by the coal duty than those of Perth ? Every
one knows that these questions must he answered
in the negative; and yet from the want of a Henry
IX., or some other cause, the southern counties con-
tinue subject to a scourge from which the north has
been exempted for forty years."
It is curious that the injustice of which the
author of the observations so forcibly complains,
should have been urged as an argument against
any alteration of the constitution of the House
of Commons, in a very able, ingenious Tract,
published in 1793, by .tt Mr. Brand. Mr. Pitt
had been defeated in an endeavour to do justice
to all parties by taxing coal at the mouth of the
pit, by the paramount influence of the northern
and midland landholders ; and as the Reform
then projected would have given additional weight
to the landed interest of that part of England,
he inferred that thereby a greater influence would
be given to injustice—
'. It is always (he observes) public virtue not to
give up a partial or total exemption from any gene-
ral charge; to resist the imposition of a new or the
extension of an old tax. It is'a kind of local pa-
triotism ; and the honours of this pdtriotism are
acquired in villages, by cheating the hundred for the
good of the parish; in the hundred, by cheating the.
province; in the province by defrauding the nation;
and in a nation, by robbing the world in general.
And if any individual belonging to one of these So-
cieties endeavour to counteract these objects of pub-
lic utility, he is looked upon as a betrayer of the
public interest, and a traitor. Hence, if a county
Member of the remote district Were to give his vote
for the equalization of the land-tax, he might nor
only lose his seat, but retire under no small load of
popular odium."
Waiving, however, this somewhat fine-spun
deduction, Mr. Brand 'gives us a most striking
picture of the mischief entailed on the home
counties by the coal-tax.
" Manufacturers have al ways," he observes, " gra-
dually .migrated into countries where fuel is cheapest,
when there has been no great disparity of other cir-
cumstances. To this cause the depression of many
branches of the manufactures of the home district is
to he ascribed, which formerly flourished there; and
that part of the kingdom may have long occasion
to regret the loss of the Bill brought into the Lower
House by the present Minister a few years ago,
laying a tax on coal at the pit's mouth. If it had
been withdrawn on being carried coastwise, it would
have formed an equalizing and protecting duty, and
given some remedy to its natural disadvantages.
" If this difference of situation affect the sub-
sistence of one class of the labouring poor in the
home iistrict—the manufacturers—and attack the
very existence of the manufacturers themselves; it
produces effects no less fatal to the morals and in-
dustry of another—the workmen in husbandry.
Before wood was almost extirpated there, the
labourer could purchase firing : or, as it was of little
value, much was given him, its scarcity has
•diminished very mach, if not annihilated this supply,
from the liberality or sufferance of its superiors; and
its price renders him more ready to steal than able
to buy. He- goes out in the night in search of it;
and opportunities frequently present themselves to
him at the same time of making other depredations;
and the wood•stealer is thus tempted to become,
and frequently does become, a robber of a still
more dangerous character. This is one great in-
ductive cause of the profligacy which the poor are
arrived at in the home district; and from which I
conclude, that cheapness of firing has greatly tended
to preserve those of the remote division. It is well
known how much the flourishing state of r. country
depends upon the morals of the lower class; and in
the home district there is every cause in action to
hring them into a state of degeneracy which can
operate in the remainder of the kingdom, with
almost an additional necessity imposed upon them
by the dearness of fuel, of beginning the practice
of night stealing."
It might be instructive to sum up the advan-
tages which the lower orders of England derive
front a Constitutional Legislature. They are
not indebted to it for access to Justice, they
are not indebted to it for Education. But they
are indebted to it for the Game Laws, and in
the home counties for the alternative of being
starved to death, or becoming thieves. Perhaps
Mr. Justice Vaughan may endeavour to make
them sensible of these advantages in one of his
next addresses.

We yesterday promised to point out a few
of the ways in which the poor have been sys-
tematically injured in England within the last
fifty years.
Before, however, entering on this subject, we
call attention to an eloquent " appeal to the
justice of his Judges and his country, from an
agricultural labourer on his trial at Salisbury for
machine-breaking," transmitted to us from that
city, and which our readers will find in another
column. The " agricultural labourer" alludes
feelingly to the mockery from the judgment seat,
that he was " indebted to the benevolence of the
law for a provision against want," and shows
that this pretended benevolence had been to him
the extreme of cruelty. He shows that the
state to which he had been reduced was the re-
sult of the violation of law by his superiors to-
wards him ; that he is informed " neither over-
seers have the power to make, nor Magistratcs
to order, any payments to able-bodied labourers
already in full work for individuals, and conse-
quently, that he had been deprived of the oppor-
tunity of earning fair wages, not by the law, but
by i:s abuse and infraction ;" and he asks, " am
I alone to suffer for breaking the law ?" We
answer yes ; the laws are not made for the
punishment of the rich, but to enable the rich
more effectually to keep down the poor. There
is no law in England for the poor, but abun-
dance of law against them. In vain he urges—
" The object of the farmers and overseers, who
contrived the practice, was, as I have said, to save
the difference between the wages I should have re-
ceived as a farmer's labourer and the pittance I did
receive as a parish pauper—to take this difference
from me and put it into their own pockets. I will
not presume to say the Magistrates shared this
motive; but every Magistrate who owns land must
in his rents experience the benefit of a contrivance
which reduces the gross amount of wages and poor-
rate, at the expence of the unmarried and unburdened
labourers."

The arm of injustice is weakened by exposures
of this nature. The farmer is the mere repre-
sentative of the landowner. The landowner
profits by the injustice—profits by a violation
of law. He is the receiver of the goods stolen
from the labourer.

With respect to this practice of paying the
wages of labourers out of the rates, which has
been attended with such ruinous effects, it is one
of longer standing than many persons suppose.
lii the Annals of Agriculture for 1801, -Vol.
37, there is an excellent communication from
a Country Clergyman, on the subject. He
observes—

" You are very well aware, Sir, that the mole of
making up the deficiencies of the wages of day k-
hourers in agriculture by the means of parochial re-
lief is not at all peculiar o the paribil or to the dis-
trict in which I live; h has been pthetit.ed tnat:y
years, though, perhaps, in different degrees, in many
°