The Sun.
London, England, 1822-02-18 00:00:00

their ambitious designs under the mask of liberty,
propagated subversive ideas and availed them-
selves of the right of petition to discredit men
who had so many claims on the national grati-
tude. The liberty of the press, the patriotic
societies, the right of petition, were then abused
to spread distrust of those Ministers whose loss
we lament, and the result proves the truth of
what Senor Cuesta has said, that the Govern-
ment cannot exist as long as there are nut con-
servatory laws.—The debate was continued in
the sitting of the 3d, in which it was finally de-
cided by 90 votes to 84, that the proposal of
Senor Calatrava should not be put to the vote.—
The debate on the three laws was fixed for the
following day (the 4th.)
FEB. 4.—The King has abolished his esta-
blishment of Pages, who retire on their present
pay.

A proclamation of the Political Chief of Ca-
diz, addressed to the inhabitants the day after
Don M. Jauregui resigned the command, proves
that this town has returned to its obedience to
the Government, and is very tranquil.
According to a dispatch from Lieut.-General
the Marquis of Campo-Verde to the Minister of
War, dated from Carmona, the new military
and civil authorities were to make their
entry into Seville on the 4th accompanied by the
new
_garrison.

The discussion which is now taking place in
the Cortes produces considerable agitation here,
'and most well disposed persons dread that the
termination of the labours of the Extraordinary
Cortes, who are to separate in a few days, will
be the signal of greater troubles. Since yester-
day numerous groupes, or many individuals,
appear with arms, and traverse the streets
of this city uttering seditious cries. They
attacked the house of the Count de Torreno,
who is considered by them as too moderate. He
was obliged to escape by a private door.
Letters from Burgos, Valladolid, and Siguenza,
represent all Old Castille to be in insurrection,
and it is asserted that the bands of Insurgents
form already a small army.
Murcia is returned to its duty, and submitted
to the Authorities appointed by the King.
( Private Correspondence.)
We are again plunged into fresh alarms : a new
crisis is approaching, and the revolutionists do
not disguise their designs. Groupes of desca-
misados, well armed, pass day and ►:fight through
the streets, without any opposition from the po-
lice. A part of the national militia has been
seduced, and the King grossly insulted by indi-
viduals belonging to this militia, or at least
wearing its uniform. They openly declare that
they are determined to take away the lives of
the King and the infant Don Carlos, considering
any dynasty whatever (particularly a legitimate
one), as incompatible with the new institutions.

Since the insult offered to the King by some
privates of the militia, the Political Chief has
expelled several individuals from that corps, and
prohibited them from wearing the uniform.
It is generally believed that the project of law
on the Liberty of the Press will be adopted by
the Cortes, and its adoption probably be the
signal of the crisis.

-It is stated here that Bayonne is the rallying
point for the forces which are to attempt a coun-
ter-revolution in Spain. Groneral Quesada is
there organizing a corps of Royalists.

PORTUGAL.

The following is a translation of the discourse

pronounced by Dr. Aloua.A, at the head of the
Deputation from the Cortes which waited on the
KING, on the 96th January ult. the anniversary
of the installatioy of the National Congress ; and
subjoined is the KING'S Answer :

" SlR—The General, Extraordinary, and Constituent Cortes
of the Portuguese Nation send us this day, the anniversary of
their installation, to congratulate with your Majesty on the
triumph of those principles on which the work of our political
regeneration rests. We bring to you, Sir, neither eulogies nor
incense—posterity will record on the page of history the reward
your Majesty deserves; nevertheless, we have to offer to your
Majesty this day a present of great value, and this is, the
great confidence the Cortes have in the patriotism and virtues
of your Majesty, and the most decided hopes in the purity of
your intentions, and in the love to the cause of the Constitution
which your Majesty has always manifested. The Cortes rejoice
at your Majesty having so faithfully fulfilled your oaths, con-
tinuing to give us pledges of this faithful fulfilment in the re-
ligious sincerity, patriotism, and wise manner in which your
Majesty has acted. The Cortes also rejoice in having hitherto
complied with the oaths made to their constituents, by main-
taining the religion of their forefathers unhurt, reserving for
the dynasty of your Majesty the supreme authority, and laying
the basis of the constitutional and representative system under
those securities which render power more suitable to the pur-
pose for which it was formed. The Cortes felicitate themselves
on the accordance and unanimity of political sentiments which
have and still subsist between the two active powers of the
State; an understanding which will consolidate the work in
which all Portuguese are so ardently engaged. The Cortes, in
short, felicitate themselves on the impossibility of bad princi-
ples now reaching the Throne of your Majesty, because be-
tween your Majesty and the public wishes of the Portuguese
nation, there is now no distance nor no obstacle. Ah, Sir, the
distance which enlarges, exaggerates, and disfigures every thing,
that envenoms every thing, has now disappeared. Now, Sir,
you hear your people through secure organs, such as will not
deceive you. Thus did your august predecessors hear them,
when the people addressed them with that respect and with
that honourable liberty which then formed part of our national
character; and as long as that liberty lasted we were happy,
and abounded in glory. We arc not at the present moment
engaged in things entirely new, we are restoring old ones ; and
the freedom, Sir, of speaking the truth to Kings of Portugal, is
an ancient and not a modern practice.
" The whole of the nation, Sir, is anxious to have a consti-
tutional and representative Monarchy. From the old to the
new world, from the new to the old world, and from the pro-
' vinces to the capital, one unanimous voice is heard. We love
our King,' all say, and we return thanks to the Almighty for
having bestowed him upon us, his authority is that which our
Laws and our Constitution conferred upon him, and for this
reason it is the more solid and pure.' And in the midst of so
general and spontaneous an acclamation of your children, you,
Sir, are constantly guarded and obeyed through their love.—
All are ready to obey you, because you never command but in
the name of the law ; and our fidelity is withoutliinits, because
41 Portuguese are bound to obey the laws ; and who, Sir, will
refuse to obey, when you set the example ? You, Sir, by your
oath and adhesion to the Constitutional system, taught us to
know the sacred obligation of the laws, and among a free pee.
ple, and worthy of being such, the laws are held in the light of
a tutelar divinity, and obedience is their real worship. We all,
therefore,. faithful to the laws promulgated by the nation, and
faithful to a King whom our hearts have chosen, shall form so
compact an union, that no power whatever will be able to de-
stroy or disturb us. Neither that power which demands back
ancient privileges, nor that which seeks to introduce among us
new arbitrary Acts, can ever overturn the empire of the Laws.
Let despotism and anarchy, those two fatal elements which
produce the disorganization of States, contend amidst the fury
of passion; the will of the nation, the integrity of its Repre-
sentatives, and the sentiments of your Majesty, will secure order,
justice, and public tranquillity.
" Ihrmoveable and lasting therefore may the throne of your
Majesty be among Portuguese—lasting and perpetual may the life
of the Constitution be among us, and your Majesty's life of suf-
ficient length to enjoy and see the Portuguese enjoy the fruits of

their wise and just institutions. This is the wish of the Cortes,
as well as of all those whom they represent."

" KING'S ANSWER.

" Gentlemen Deputies—The felicitations which the General
Cortes of the Nation send to me this day arc extremely pleasing
to my heart. I flatter myself that I have merited them by the
sincerity with which I swore to the bases of the Constitution,
and the firmness with which 1 have hitherto maintained them.
I return to the General Cortes my most sincere thanks. These I
owe them for the fidelity with which they have acted up to
the confidence of the nation and mine. This reciprocal confi-
dence between th, Cortes and the Monarch, and the faithful co-
operation of the Legislative and Executive Power, are the in-
fallible pledges of the consolidation of the constitutional system,
which will constitute the felicity of present as well as future ge-
nerations. Convinced of these principles, confirmed in their
results by a happy experience, I on this day renew the solemn
oath which I took in the face of the nation, and in the midst of
its representatives, to maintain t,le Constitution, and with more
gladneSs, as I have a full confidence in the sentiments and as-
surances communicated to me by the General, Extraordinary
and Constitutional Cortes of the Portuguese Nation."

FLORENCE, FEB. 2.
[PRIVATE LETTER.]
As a City Florence disappoints me—The
great height of the houses makes the streets,
which are very narrow, dark and close. The
idea which houses gives us of " streets of palaces"
seems here realized—but half fallen, half finished,
and half furnished, and let out in the separate
floors to different occupiers, they offer to the eye-
and the feelings only the melancholy picture of
greatness that is passed away, and as if to return
no more.-r All the once splendid palaces of the ME-
DICI are now let out as lodgings—Lodgers now
occupy other floors of that which belongs to the
last branch of that distinguished name, who re-
serves for hithself only two small apartments in
it. His brother, a Chevalier of Malta, has in his
possession all the family archives and manu-
scripts—He has read Mr. Roscoe's Life of his
great ancestor, and bore a very high testimony to
the faithfulness of his history. The gallery
offers indeed a rich feast to the lovers of paint-
ing and sculpture—but alas ! these, with all the
sister arts, seem to have taken their departure
from Florence, and the mantle has not fallen in
their flight—Here are no longer Poets, Painters,
or Sculptors. The lower classes are generally
civil ; they are made indolent by their religion, I
think, which assigning so many days to the
celebration of their festivals, when no work
is done, offers an excuse for idleness very
frequently three days out of the seven. Rob-
bery, murder, and the deepest crimes, seem
unheard of here. There are few if any beggars
to be seen; Indeed so very little suffices to the
wants of the Italian, and that little is procured
at so small a price, that no one here seems to feel
or complain of poverty. The climate has disap-
pointed me extremely ; it is quite as variable
as our own, and ►with this addition, that you have
very generally a very hot sun and cold wind ac-
companying each other. It is a very monotonous
town. It duos not seem to possess any of that
busy, bustling character, which is the feature of
our most commercial ones. The houses and rooms,
very large and lofty, convey not a single idea of
comfort to .English eyes and English feelings.
The apartments, with cold painted walls, and
brick floors, uncarpeted, and mostly without
chimnies, and with very little furniture, present
in winter a cold contrast to our comfortable and
elegant English drawing-rooms. This winter
has been unusually severe, and I never in Eng-
land suffered so much cold as I have done here.
Provisions are cheaper than you can believe it
possible. Carriages, the_hire of horses, equally
so ; and for one-third of what you can barely
exist upon in England you may here live in
comparative luxury. The Florentines associate
scarcely at all with the English in any way. This
place is filled with them, and here, as every
where else, they quite congregate together,
and, as at 'borne, most of them seem at a
loss how to spend their time. They meet
at balls, but rarely at the more quiet, social
• way. They all assemble on the Saturday even-
ing at the Countess of Albany's, who holds
a sort of Court here on that night. No one is
presented to her without her previous permission ;
but not the least form prevails in her circle
beyond the mere ceremony of making her a bow
or a courtesy at the entree. Although she is be-
tween 60 and 70, she still retains a strong im-
pression of the mind and the beauty that charmed
Alfieri, in reference to whom she is far better
known than as the widow of the last of the
Stuarts. It is said tha t she does not like the English,
although she opens her house/ to them, and
although she is bound by every tie of gratitude
to our King, from whom she still retains a
pension. The Court has been absent ever
since Christmas, and in mourning in consequence
of the sudden death of the Grand Duchess's bro-
ther, a Prince of Saxony, nephew to the reign-
ing Sovereign. He came to Pisa to pass the
Christmas with his sister : a very few days after
his arrival there he was seized with a brain fever,
which carried him off within a fortnight from the
time of his coming to Italy. This has for the
present put by all the Court balls, and kept the
Grand-Duke-at Pisa. He is generally mentioned
as a very amiable man, and one who is liked by
his subjects. The present Grand Duchess is as
young as his children, and the sister of his son's
wife. Political news there seems none here. It
was said two months since that. the different So-
vereigns were to meet here in Congress in Sep-
tember, but it is uo►v considered as a matter of
great uncertainty, and, I suppose, they will ere
then have much to employ them. I could not,
even in the best informed circles, learn any poli-
tical news for you, which I regret. To-morrow
I am going to a ball at Prince Borghese's, who
lives here quite en Prince; GOO invitations for it
are out, and, as it is expected to be a very
splendid thing, I will not close my letter till
after it. He has most magnificent equipages, and
a stable of 40 as magnificent carriages and horses.
I am impatient to get to Rome, where we shall
arrive in time for the Holy Week, but where
our stay will be much curtailed, as it has been so
lengthened here. We hope to reach Naples,
but that must depend upon the brigands,
of whom we have most alarming reports. * * *
After being up till five o'clock this morning at
Prince Borghese's ball, you will give me some
little credit for trying to forget a head-ache in
giving you an account of it. The palace is just
completed : fourteen rooms, fitted up in a style
of splendour, equal if not superior to those in

THE S n.

SOLEM QUIS DICERE FALSUM AUDEAT ?

LONDON,
MONDAY, FEBRUARY is, 1822.

The reduction of one shilling per bushel in the
IMalt Tax will not, we apprehend, Materially in-
crease the consumption of malt, nor will it lessen
the price of malt liquor to the consumer. Nei-
ther the farmer nor the public, therefore, will
be benefited by the relinquishment of a part of
this very productive impost. A bushel of malt
will make 18 gallons of good beer; and from
the manner in which porter is manufactured, it is
very profitable that not more than a bushel is
used for 18 gallons of that commodity. The re-
duction of one shilling per bushel, therefore, will
amount only to something more than half a far-

thing per quart, which cannot be taken off the
price of the article. The Brewers, if they are so
disposed, may indeed in some degree improve the
quality of their beer; and by the increased con-
sumption of malt thus effected, both the farmer and
the public may for a short time be benefited. But,
if by the increased consumption of malt, the
farmer should benefit by a rise in price, the
brewer will of course withdraw that extra quan-
tity, which the low price shall have induced him
to use ; and thus both the public and the farmer
will speedily he brought back to their present
situation, and the whole of the benefit to be de-
rived from the sacrifice of a portion of the Revenue
will be shared between the maltsters and brewers !

—'l'he probable consequences of the proposed
reduction of the Malt Tax thu.i afford an op-
portunity ,-.;f illustrating both the effects of tax-
ation, and the effects of diminishing the amount
of taxation. The brewers and tnaltsters, we will
take for ;ranted, will expend the addition to their
present income of 1,400,0001. per annum, which
is about to be liberally conferred upon them by
Parliament. The people, collectively speaking,
will thus sustain no injury, except, perhaps,
some of the parties so about to be improved in
their circumstances should take it in their heads
to make additions to their establishments of (logs
and horses. With this exception, the in-
creased expenditure of the brewers and malt-
sters will add to the demand for the in-
dustry of certain classes of the people ; and
thus, the consumption of the people will not be
diminished.—But, though no injury should be
done to the people, as a whole, by the proposed
measure; neither will any benefit be conferred

upon them :--for, the same sum of 1,100,000/.
per annum i about to be wrung from Govern-
meat clerks, and soldiers and sailors, and ar
ficers in dock-yards and other public establish-
ments, by whom the whole of the 1,400,000!.
per annum, has been expended on articles of
conlumption, and no pert of it upon dogs or
horses !--It appears, then, that the whole effect
of the reduction of the tax will he to it one
portion of the people, and to benefit another
portion, without any advantage being giined by
the people in general,—certainly without any
advantage being gained by that class of the
people for whose benefit the measure is intentle4,
viz. the Armers ;—and certainly, also, at the ex-
pense of positive injury to the revenue!—"The
brewers and maltsters are the last persons who
should have been selected for the medium, throng!'
which this transference of a portion of wealth from
one class of labourers to another is to he effeCted.
Their circumstances do not rerrire that they
should have an increased power of commanding
consumption to be put into their hands.—lf they
should think fit to save the addition about to be
made to their income,--to invest it in foreign
funds,--to expend it on dogs and horses.. &c.—
the 1,400,0001. per annum will positively be lost
to the country,• and the distress of the farmers
will be aggravated.—lt would have been wiser
to expend that sum in making additions to the
small salaries of the lowest classes of Clerks,
ii-
stead of reducing tbetn,—in adding Ad. per. day
to the pay of the soldiers, or 6d. per day to the
wages of artificers employed on public wont::.
In this way, the whole of the amount would be
expended on agricultural produce, and.other ar-
ticles of prime necessity and thus not :only the
farmers, but other classes of the people, and the
general prosperity and revenue of the State,
would be directly benefited!

We received this morning the French Papers
of Friday, and Madrid Journals to the 3d in-
stant, from which we give extracts in our pre-
ceding columns.—ln the French Chamber of
Deputies, the debate was resumed on the 3d
Article of the law relative to the Journals, by
the discussion of ::,e amendment proposed by
M. BENJAMIN CONSTANT, the object of which
was to place the power of suspending or sup-
pressing a Journal in a Jury of twelve, !educed
from a list of one hundred citizens, who were
entitled to elect Deputies, or to be elected as
such, instead of the Judges. This amendment,
after a long discussion, was rejected, as was also
that of M. ST. AULAIRE, which proposed to abo-
lish the power of suppression, and to punish the
first offence by one month's suspension, and to
double the last punishment for every succeeding
offence. Another amendment of M. MANutt.,
proposing to try the offence by a Jury, who
could not condemn the Journal, except by a
majority of nine voices, was also rejected, and
the 3d Artfcle was then put and carried. The
Chamber adjourned at six o'clock to the follow-
ing day, when an additional Article, proposed
by M. LABBEY DE POMPIERES, giving the accused
a right of objecting to a third of his Judges, is
to be discussed.

Extract of a Letter from the Agent to Loyd's, dated Gibraltar,
28th January :

" The Superb, English schooner, arrived from Tangier with
the Swedish and Sardinian Consuls and their families, having
been obliged, by the Emperor's order, to quit suddenly..—The
Herdine, Buenos Ayrean corvette, will soon be ready for sea.
It is uncertain whether the cutter purchased by the Officers will
go direct to Buenos Ayres, or accompany the corvette as a
tender."

FROM THE NEW ENGLAND COFFEE-HOLISE,SEPT.IB.]
THE NEW PROPOSED TARIF.E.IN AMERICA.
Extract of Mr. BALDWIN'S Resolutions, now be-

fore the _House of Representatives.
Resolved, That it is expedient to provide by
law, that, from and after the 13th day of June
next, the same rates of duties which are by the
existing laws now laid on goods, wares, and
merchandize, composed of any specified mate-
rial, or of which any specified article is the ma-
terial of chief value, shall be laid ou all goods,
wares, and merchandize, whereof any such spe-
cified article shall he a component material.
That to the existing rates of duties upon goods,
wares, and merchandize (glass excepted), there
shall be added the amount of such bounty or
bounties as on the, importation thereof may be
given, paid, or allowed, in the place or county
whence imported, produced, or manufactured.
That there shall be paid and levied upon the
following articles imported into the United States,
in ships or vessels of the United States, the seve-
ral duties here under-mentioned, over and above
the duties now payable by law, viz.:--On iron
i❑ bars or bolts per cwt. 50 cents.; on hemp per
cwt. 1 dollar ; en lead, and ail manufactures
thereof, per lb. 2 cents.; on glass of all kinds,
6 cents. per lb.; on all articles paying a duty of
7 and 8 cents, and 23 per cent. ad valorem; and
on all articles not free, and not subject to any
other rate of duty, (raw silk excepted), 5 per
cent. ad valorem ; on all manufactures of silk,
(raw silk excepted), 15 per cent. ad valorem;
on linen, and all other articles of which flax is a
component material, 10 per cent. ad valorem;
on slates and tiles for building, not exceeding
12 inches square, 2 dollars per thousand; over
12 inches square and not exceeding 14 inches,
3 dollars per thousand ; over 14 and not exceed-
ing 16 inches square, 4 dollars per thousand;
over 16 and not exceeding 28 inches square,
5 dollars per thousand ; over 18 and not ex-
ceeding 24 inches, 6 dollars per thousand ;
on bricks, 3 dollars per thousand ; on all
royal, super-royal, imperial, elephant, me-
dium, demy, crown, folio, quarto, foolscap,