The Sun.
London, England, 1831-05-14 00:00:00

*u„.

LONDON,
SATURDAY EVENING, MAY 11, 1831.

In Worcestershire, as in almost every other county,
the cause of Reform has triumphed. Colonel Lv-
GON is defeated. In Cornwall too, Sir R. VYVYAN,
like the Irishman's race-horse, is driving all before
him, in other words is last on the poll; and in Dor-
setshire, the grave, the solemn BANKES, has every
prospect of failing in his attempt en the virgin heart
of that enlightened county. She his repulsed the
old man's embraces with disdain, and prefers rather
to listen to the addresses of Mr. CALCRAFT, as the
more vigorous and attractive suitor of the two.
But not only in our English counties, towns,
and boroughs is the great cause triumphant ;
even in Dublin, the head quarters of Anti-Reform,
the vassal of the most bigoted corporation in exist.
ence—even in this city, despite the influence of an
immense Bank Monopoly, and of the old Ultra-
Placemen and Pensioners, who swarm in every
street, square, and alley, " thick as autumnal leaves
that strow the brooks of Vallombrosa," the Reformers
ere sure to win the day. And these triumphs, be it re-
membered, whether in England, Scotland, Ireland, or
Wales, have been gained over a faction, which from
the very commencement of the struggle, has had
unlimited wealth at its command ! Yes, the spirit
of the people has proved mightier than the gold of
the boroughmongers, and the exclamation of the
poet, " 0, cives, cives, p4cerenda petunia primum,
virtu: post 71111M1102," no longer applies to them.
They have rejected the bribes of their enemies
with disdain, and, strong in nothing but their own
incorruptible integrity, have entered the lists, fought
and conquered. Victories like these, where wealth
and all the influence which it commands, have
been on one side, and nothing but a just cause and
a determined moral energy to support it on the other,
speak in a language not to be misapprehended, to
the people as well as to their oppressors. The fin met
will be taught by such triumphs—and we trust they
will never forget the lesson—that whenever they have
right on their side, they cannot chuse but conquer;
that they are irresistible in an honest cause, feeble
only in a bad one ; and that if henceforth they be-
come enslaved by bold, reckless, mercenary factions,
whether civil or military, the fault is their's, and
their's alone. The Boroughmongers will be taught
an equally emphatic lesson by the present victories of
Reform. They will be taught that no combinations of
men however wealthy, however titled, or however
influential, can make head for an instant against the
prevailing sense of the community ; that the itnmu-
'able laws of justice are superior to all the contri-
vances and chicaneries of faction. Mark the state
in which the Boroughmongers now find themselves!
Why, they are more helpless than idiotcy or HORACE
Twiss. They are actually hound hand and foot,
and dragged in chains at the chariot wheels of the
triumphant Reformers. Yet, who pities them in
this condition ? Not a soul. They have brought the
degradation on themselves. They have even volun-
teered it; and not content with blindly running their
heads against another man's wall, have actually built
one of their own, for the express purpose of trying
the thickness of their skulls against it. Can such
imbeciles, we again ask, be pitied ? Impossible.
Pity to them is injustice to the people, and amounts
almost, if not quite, to a sin.

By the Gazette of last night it will be seen that
Colonel FITZCLARENCE has been raised to the
Peerage, by the title of Earl of MUNSTER : he
is also Baron TEWKESBURY, and Viscount FITZ-
CLARENCE.

The Allgenteine Zeitung gives the following cheer-
ing intelligence respecting the state of affairs in
Poland :—" The insurrection in Lithuania is spread-
ing. VC'hat Grrman Papers say of its insignificance
or suppression is not entitled to entire credit. It
may be confidently asserted that above 30,000 per-
sons have answered to the summons to rise and fight
with great animo,ity. They are indeed badly armed,
but this defect is remedied by their knowledge of
the country and ticir enthusiasm, and the scythes
arc found there also to be of great service. It is
said that the Russian army in Bessarabia is ordered
against the Poles, but before it art ives the fate of
Poland will perhaps be decided by a great battle, or
by a general insurrection in Volliyaia and Lithuania."

The following are extracts from the Lisbon Papers
received this morning :
ROYAL BOARD OF COMMERCE.
LISBON, Aram 28.—The Royal Board of the Trade,
Agriculture, M.tuufactures, and Navigation of these king-
oms. publishes the following notice :
m,,st Illustrious and Excellent Sir,—The Sccretary
of State for Foreign Affairs of his Most Catholic Majesty
communicated to the Minister of the King our
n at Madrid, that to secure tranquillity and good
orderlS'vvng e' ier g
in the city of Cad,z, no person can land at that
pa
ort) without u
espectaide person, who is to answer fur the person for
ven, and fur his political conduct,
the Km iii,mli Securityt
r Sovereign
formality of presenting a certificate from
orders the Board of Commerce to
the
is gi
cause the necessary vublicity to he given to this measure,
which I communicate to your Excellency to be signified to
the Board. aid preserve your Excellency.
" Viscount DE SANTARENI.
palace of Queluz, April 23."
The present edict is ordered to he posted up as usual.
" JOSE ACCUSEO DAS NEVES.
Lisbon, April 26."

Our attention has been drawn to the first Number
of new Weekly Journal, called the " Englishman's
Register," which professes to be established for the
diffusion of general information, and sound and
liberal principles, rtligious and political, among the
people. Its especial object appears to be the com-

mut-a-cation of insftiction in the woes palatable cj
all forms, that of a Newspaper; and, as it is un-
tistiming in its pretensions, and not intended as a
rival to any of the established Weekly Papers, it
gives us pleasure to recommend it to all those who
have at heart that greatest of all national objects,
the imparting of sound and useful knowledge to the
people. The articles on the National Debt, the
Cotton Manufactut e, and Cottage Economy, are of an
instructive kind, and there is a religious discourse, as
well as a declaration of principles, which are attri-
buted to a very distinguished scholar, who appears
for the first time in the character of a Journalist.
We extract the following
We see around us one vast and fearful struggle going
en between the friends of things as they are and the advo-
cates of change. Not in England only, but all over Eu-
rope, this contest is raging, and no man who loves his
country or mankind ought to remain neutral in it. But
the misfortune is, that they whose voices are heard the
loudest on both sides in this quiet rel are so foolish or so tin •
principled as to make the triumph of either an object of
just apprehension. Who can wish success to that blind
ignorance which cannot see that all things are and must he
for every changing ?—that it is worse than kicking againsi
the pricks to oppose our vain efforts to an eternal and uni-
versal law of Gees providence; and that by striving against
change we do not prevent it from coming, but only render
it violent and injurious, when it might have been natural
and beneficial. England cannot remain what it has been;
and the endeavour to detain a state of things which is pass-
ing away is, at the best, a waste of those efforts which
might be better employed in preparing for the approaching
and inevitable change, and in making the passage from
the old system to the new as easy and imperceptible as
possible.
" To the anti-reformers therefore, both in church and
state, we are decidedly opposed; but with a large party of
the reformers we have quite as little sympathy. They cry
fur change as blindly as their adversaries oppose it ; they
overrate existing evils, and hope to cure them by remedies
which are either wholly inadequate, er have nothing at all
to do with the mischief complained of. They think too
highly of themselves and of their own times, while they
despise that knowledge of former times which can alone
make its wiser than our fathers by giving us the advantage
of their experience. Above all, while professing to release
men from unjust and absurd restraints, they have forgotten
that there is yet a worse evil on the other side—an absence
of any restraint whatever. Reformers are especially bound
to enforce the authority of the laws of conscience and of
God while they are exposing the weakeess and corruption
of the laws of men ; for of all possible states of degradation
and misery none can he so horrible as that religious and
moral anarchy where men are the slaves of all their evil
passions, hateful and hating one another.
" We may be wrong, or our call may be too feeble to
be heard with any effect ; but our hope is to rally those,
and we believe they are many, who feel in these tremend-
ous times as we do—who are disgusted alike with the folly
and iniquity that would keep all things as they are, and
with the no less foolish and unprincipled violence that would
destroy rather than reform, and which pollutes even reform
itself try its unchristian spirit and sentiments.
"Of the many evils which the anti-reformers have
brought upon their country, non. is so great as this—that
the holiest things have been blasphemed through their f
—that Christianity itself has been represented as hostile to
• truth and liberty, because so many of those who have pro-
fessed it most zealously, have used its authority in political
matters rather for evil than for good. But, in spite of all
this, infidelity is far from having deeply infected the people
of England. Against this evil Englishmen possess the best
preservative in the general circulation of the Scriptures
throughout the country ; for where the Bible is well known
and commonly studied, all honest minds are sufficiently
fortified against the poison of our English infidels. The
contrast between the principles and spirit of the gospel
and those of our most famous unbelievers is quite enough
to show which conies from God and which from the author
of all evil.

As fir the differences between Christians and Chris.
tians, their complexion is quite of another nature. In
times of perfect peace soldiers may often quarrel amongst
themselves about the merest trifle ; hut when t; e common
enemy is near it is worse than folly if even 'erir•us causes
of disa4reernent are not forgotten from a sense of their com-
mon danger. Now most of the disputes between Chris-
tians in this country -.re either about matters of little im-
portance, or ought, at any rate, to sink into ',tithing when
compared with the far greater points which we all hold
alike, and the gi eat need which we have of union amongst
ourselves For this reason, although we are ourselves
memt of the Church of England, yet, in the religi.•u.
articles of this Register, we intend to avoid all notice of
the differences ht tween the Establishment and the great
mass of Protestant Dissenters, except f.ras to show how
greatly both sides arc apt to exaggerate their importance,
anti th.‘t, if a wiser spit it prevailed, they are no insurmount-
able obstacles to union.

" In brief, then, our principles are those of Christian
Reform. 'I hese two words comprehend every thing ;
and especially they include a sine, re and hearty desire
to promote the welfare of the poor ; for nothing has
any claim to the title of Christian, if it be indifferent to
this most important Christian duty. . We earnts'ly wish
to see great improvements affected in the condition of the
poor, both uglily and mentally—we wish to see them
better fed and better taught—raiseo in comfort and inde-
pendence and knowing how to value these blessings and
to improve them. We know that their actual state in
many parts of the kingdom is most startling ; and we
know the difficulties which beset every attempt to benefit
it. Here too, as in every thing else, the opposite errors
of those two most mischievwus parties, the Anti-Re-
formers and the Ultra-R-formers, have each, in nearly
equal proportions, increased the evil. The Anti-Re-
formers have spoken as if all the sufferings of the poor
were the result of inevitable necessity, and assert that the
rich, far from being in any degree the cause of them,
have done their best to relieve them. The Ultra-Re-
formers represent the rich as tyrants, and the poor as
slaves, and they speak of them as the natural enemies of
each other, and tell the poor in plain terms that all their
sufferings come from the oppression of the rich, and that
it is their own fault if they do not at once remedy and
revenge them. Thus one party tries to lull the con.
sciences of the rich, and encourages them in their errors
and neglect ; while the other appeals to all the bad passions
of the poor, and disposes them to regard with suspicion
ies ofe
dai n
ffi
every attempt of the rich to do them good, as if it were
the mere
cies enemy.
. Amidst
allstratagemtwe commence our under-
taking, confident in nothing so much as in the force of
simple truth, and feeling sure, whatever may be our
ability to discover it, that our pursuit of truth will be to
the utmost fearless and sincere. For those who may
agree with as in our principle we either entreat their sup-
port to this attempt of ours, or if, while approving of
the end, they judge the means to he too feeble to effect
it, then we implore them, in the name of God and of
their country, to use every endeavour to do that tho.
roughly which, rather than leave it undone altogether,
we now, with a full consciousness of our many deficien-
cies, have assayed to accomplish."
• • • r a a

" The amount of our funded debt is now about
780,000,000/ f, terling. and, for payment of the interest
thereof to the fundholders, taxes are obliged to be levied
to the extent of abut 28,300,000/. Now the whole
amount of the taxes collected in the year 1830 was in
round numbers 46,500.000/. Therefore, if we had no
national debt there would be no occasion to levy more
than 18,200,0001. a year from the public, being not
nearly halt of what is paid at present. _ .

didin tetoy i
oe fur the tftee repaying
h pi umb 1 i t
" National debts are the children of w ars, The debt.
of England first began in the reign of King William the
Third, who was the first of our Kings who borrowed
mot
enn
icc staertrorvyitei
oe,enia
evani tc,livei
inst; a
,garani (inss
tKa gitri:erge„
anon,r;
a
o
the result was that when peace was made at Ryswick iu
Holland, in 1697,
England had run in debt, in order
to carry on wars on the continent, to the amount of
21,516,0001. The system having been once begun it
very soon became an habitual practice of the Government,
and the de ith of Queen Anne (in whose reign tie Duke
of Marlborough was the great general, as the Doke of
Wellington is now, and the battle of Blenheim was as
much talked of as the battle of Waterloo has been in our
times) the debt hail become 53,691,000/., having nearly
trebled itself in seventeen years. Since the death of Queen
Anne the intervals of peace have been few and far be-
tween, and accordingly the debt in 17-18 had risen to
78293,000/. ; in 1763 it was 133,960,000/. ; and in
1792, just before we went to war against the French, on
account of their revolution, it was 238,211,2.15/. We
have therefore spent above fire hundred millions of
money in putting down Bonaparte, as it used to be called ;
and though we certiinly did sneered, at the end of three-
and-twenty years, in putting him down and keeping
hire
fast, in an island called St. fb-lrna, till he di-d, the glues
lion now is whether it would nut have been inueli wiser fin
us to have left the French alone in the beginning ?
Ir
which case there might never have arisen a Bonaparte to
require to be thus put down, and our money would have

been iu our pockets instead of basing be.n spent ;o.Sglis-
ing our neighbours.
" M ny foolish people talk of a war as if it would be
a good thing to come over again. But these people do
nut consider that the public money that is paid away in
stores. provisions, and the arms and means of war is as
cte in wasted and gene as if it had been thrown into the
North Sea. On the other hand, if the capital had re-
mained in the country it would, of course, have been em-
ployed in some trade, manufacture, or undertaking or other
which would have yielded petit to the c tpitalist and
wages to the lab 'um., and in the course of time profit-
able employment of such capita! would have been the
means of creating new capital, so that the country would
have been richer not only by the amount of what has
tieen wasted, but by what would otherwise have been
added to it by skill and industry. It is quite true that
the use of machinery and the natural energy of English-
men have, through the course of the last war, accumulated
capital enough to replace in a great measure the loss
arising from the debt, but, in so far as the country has
thriven it has been wholly, in spite of, and by no means
i❑ consequence of, the debt, either directly or indirectly.
As it is, taxation, to pay the interest of the debt, has been
carried to an extent which, to say the least, cannot in the
nature of things be much increased, and in our opinion
ought to he considerably diminished.
" There are many people who say the debt,is a mere
family concern—that it is only paying with erie hand and
receiving with another—and that no good would come of
t .king from the incomes of the fundholders to add to those
of the rest of the community. But our impression is that
great good would come of reducing the taxes on food, on
manufactures, on industry of all kinds, and that the fund..
holders would largely participate in such good even if their
dividends should be much reduced. For the debt's sake
people are prevented from getting the living that would
otherwise be earned by industry, and, by labour being
checked and discouraged, the country is weakened and
impoverished. This is the true point of view in which
the debt is an enormous evil ; for we readily grant that
the mere transfer of a portion of the dividends from the
fundholders to the public is not, as a transfer only, capable
of doing any good. But we hold the existence of a r?-
eeptacle which tempts people to invest in it unproductively
their capital, to be in itself mischievous in its tendency ;
and when we consider the extent to which the loan-sys-
tem has been carried, both here and on the continent, and
• that Europe is now, as it were, the gaming-table of stock_
jobbers, it must be confessed that their influence over go-
vernments has become perniciously powerful. Measures
are considered with reference to their effect upon the price
of stocks, as if that had anything to do with the happiness
of the people, and jobbing Jews are consulted where the
aid of political science ought to be sought for. But the
consolation is, that the end of these things, if not at band,
cannot be very far distant."

"At the period of its early existence, in the yea;
which terminated the American war, the whole quantity
of cotton wool imported was from 9,000,000 to
10,000,000 lbs. In 1814, the last year of the French
war, its consumptiou had increased to 60,000.000 lbs.
In fourteen years of peace, so truly extraordinary has been
the extensi.m of the cotton manufacture, that the impor-
tation of 1828 amounted to 227,760,642 lbs. It would
be idle, if it were not impossible, for the most sagacious
and penetrating politician or economist to attempt to fix
any probable limits to the march of this all-pervading ar-
ticle of manufacture. Already its advance has exceeded,
not the calculations alone, but the hopes even of those
who were most sanguinary on the subject. The beauty
and cheapness of our cotton productions have set at de-
fiance the fiscal restrictions forming the bases of the com-
mercial coif.-s of modern Europe.' Extensively introduced
into the very heart of the Continent, by those open marts
of commercial competition, the German fairs, the cotton
goods of England force their way with more or lets suc-
cess upon all the neighbouring nations, and even succeed
in pt nitrating the triple line of the French custom-houses:
proving thereby, if the fact were not sufficiently attested
by our own experience, th it no restrictive system can ever
ensure an entire prohibition against the natural advan-
tages which the soil of particular districts may aff'ird to
skill, capit 11, and machinery. Extraordinary as may hive
been its advance in this country, and am mg other civi-
lized nations, the fact is yet more astonishing that such
has been the force of our power loom, that it has tLr,twn
hack this article up n the soil of its culture in a manu-
factured state, that the whole system of the cotton trale
with India has been subverted, that he mu-lins of Viat
country are n loneer articles of trz.ffic with us. and that
the cotton good. of Et.gland are extensively sold in the
m Acts of our eastern possessions. Than these s ate-
ments, there can be no stronger practical exemplifications
of the power aria utility of machinery, nor can there he
afforded a more eomirlete answer to the unfounded pr ju-
ince that its inn-wit•tion can (Wet' be injurious to
the
working classes of the community. By its instruinente-
lity, Great Britain returns to India the oaten in a minu-
factut ed shape; that is to say, a country where labour
is excessively high, fences upon India. where wages are as
low probably as in any pat t of the habit Ode globe, a corn-
morlity, the produce of its own soil, but which tie
capital, and m ichinery of England, as was 6-fore stated,
defies the wet Id to ',mance, equal in the excellency of its
qua ity, and as reasonable in pt ice."

It is much to be lamented that the present high
rate of Stamp Duty, as well a, the Paper Duty, are
so unfavourable to undertakings like the " English-
man's Register ;" but we are never theless bound to
hope for its success, its principles being like our own,
those of pod Reformers, and threatening no violence
either to Church or King.

TIIE FUNDS.-(THIS DAY.)

CITY, TWELVE O'CLOCK.

_ .
Demerara Papers to the 26th February have bt en re-
ceived at the Nof th and South American Coffre-house.
Our private advises inform us that in consequence of
the distracted state of St. Lucia, the President of the Court
of Justice of Demerara would prvceed down to the former
place for the purpose of hearing and adjudging certain cases
pending there.

A meeting, of the proprietors and representatives of
estates took place, and after a discussion it was agreed that
deputies should go to Barbadoes for the general interest of
the colony, to ende 'your to obtain a reduction of the present
duty on sugar, and a declaration of the inviolability of the
slave property. . _

A Lisbon mail has arrived, sailed the 2d of May, the
news she brings has not yet transpired.
LIVERPOOL, MAY 12. —Although our cotton market
has been considerably depressed by the heavy arrivals last
week, amounting to 57,880 bags of cotton, still the total
amount of imports up to the present time falls far short of
the imports to a similar period last year.
Public opinion is certainly unfavourable to an advance
in prices, under the impression that the imports of cotton
at Liverpool will be heavy, and the continental market
propia•tionably neglected. The present consumption of
cotton wool is solely occasioned by a demand fur home
trade, without any export of yarn. It is well known that
the usual consumption of cotton-twist exported to the con-
tinent, is equal to one-third of the imports.