The Sun.
London, England, 1849-01-30 00:00:00

rates, there is also a small supply; the sales made have
ber n at 261 to 271 tor good to fine, and at 241 to
251 10s for low to mid. Cod is held for 231 5s to
2 3110 s, and stye al transactions have taken place. Sperm
met with little attention. Linseed finds a ready home
demand: a fair quantify has also been taken for expor-
tation, and prices are firm. For Ral,esced Oil advanced
rates are obtained. Lard Oil is from 36s to 40s. Cocoa
Nut is depressed in value. Palm met with greater at-
tention by private treaty, and better rates are obtained.
At auction 108 casks were all sold.

the order of the day on the proposition of M. Rateau
without any discussion, and declared that it would
not dissolve. Were it to yield to intimidation
it would be guilty of desertion. The petitions
presented, supposing the signatures to be authentic
did not speak the wishes of the people, and, even if
they did, the Assembly should remain at its post with-
out heeding the judgment of the country. M. Favre
then denied that any serious difference existed be-
tween the Legislature and the President. But behind
the scenes stood the really ruling party (alluding no
doubt to M. Thiers), and, in his opinion, nothiug was
more dangerous than an occult Government, and
nothing was weaker than a protected Cabinet.—
(Bravos and murmurs). It was not true that the
election of the 10th of December had placed an abyss
between the Assembly and the President. M. Favre
had, in the question of the election, seceded from
his party, thinking that the Assembly espoused too
warmly the interests of the other candidate. The
vote of the country was a vote of respect and enthu-
siasm for a glorious name, which had risen from the
ranks of the people and was the personification of the
revolution. He then examined the situation of the
Cabinet towards the Assembly. The Cabinet was
not the elect of the people ; it was net chosen for
four years, some had lasted longer, others had but
an ephemeral existence. The Assembly had gladly
accepted it, and offered it its support, which was dis-
dainfully rejected.—(Left speaking.)
The Reforme gives the following account of the re-
ception, by General] Changarnier on: Sunday, of the
deputation from the Gardes Mobiles :
" Between two and three o'clock yesterday delegates of
the litirde Mobile, forming altogether a battalion, assem-
bled in the Champs Ripe s. They then went to the
Elytes National, to protest against the ministerial de-
cree, which so brutally destroys their position. Three
times they were refused admission, and told that
force should be employed against them if they per-
sisted. The delegates returned to the Champs Elysen,
where they nominated a deputation to the President
of the Republic. The President did not receive them,
but General Changarnier did. The General commenced
by praising the Garde Mobile. The deputation then
demanded the release of their chiefs, but the General
refused. Referring to the right conferred by their en-
gagement, the deputation demanded a month's pay, if
dismissed before the Ist March, that indemnity having
been accorded to the municipal -and republican guard.
The General rejected the demand with disdain, and
said that the Government was not disposed to make
them such a present. Finally, the deputation de-
manded to be allowed to serve to the end of their engage-
ment, with the conditions, as regards pay, stipulated by
the Provisional Government. The General, taking his
most superb air, cried that the Provisional Government,
having nominated itself, was able to do what it thought
right, but that the present Government was not bound
to respect its engagements. M. Changarnier, proceeding
to menace, declared that he would cause the mutineers
to be arrested. The deputation, remaining within the
limits of their pacific demonstration, then left the
Elyses, crying, Vivo la Republique Democratique et
Sociale !"

passed for the abolition of fines and recoveries, and for
the substitution of more simple modes of assurance, in
caonadnftbie for the
of Warwick the county
d G
of
alnVorcleosuteeers,ter.also in and for the
BANKRUPTCY SUPERSEDED.
Thomas Lives:ey,
BhANKRUoteI keeperPTS, Liverpool.
Stephen Keen and William Langford, brewers, John-
street, Pentonville, to surrender Ft b. 13,:at half-past one,
and March 16, at eleven, at the Court of Bankruptcy.
Edwards, official assignee, Frederick's-place, Old Jewry;
Overton and Hughes, Old Jewry.
Joseph Peachey, cabinet-maker, Colchester, Feb. 9, at
half-past two, and March 9, at one, at the Court of
Bankruptcy. Groom, official assignee, Adchurch-lane,
Lombard-street; Bickley, Moorgate-street.
George Cheetham, shipbuilder, Frindsbury, Kent,
Feb. 5, at I- alf-past one, and March 19, at eleven, at the
Court of Bankruptcy. Turquand, official assignee,
Guildhall-chambers; Nicholls and Doyle, Bedford-row;
Morgan, Maidstone.
Thomas Thompson, carpenter, Halsey-terrace, Chel-
sea, Feb. 10, and March 15, at eleven, at the Court of
Bankruptcy. Canaan, official assignee, Birchin-lane;
Smith, Temple-chambers, Fleet-street.
William Lancaster, jeweller, Regent-street, Feb. 10,
at two, and March 24, at half past eleven, at the Court
of Bankruptcy. Follett, official assignee, Sambrook-
court, Basinghall street; Bickley, Mitre court, Temple.
Francis Clem es, auctioneer, Norwich, Feb. 5, at twelve,
and March 12, at halt past eleven, at the Court of Bank-
ruptcy. Graham, official assignee, Coleman- street;
Storey, Featherstone-buildings, llolborn.
John William Yell, tailor, Walworth-place, Walworth-
road, Feb. 6, and March 12, at half-past twelve, at the
Court of Bankruptcy. Graham, official assignee, Cole-
man-street; Gant, Nicholas-lane.
Charles Saxon Hooper and Ralph Addison, merchants,
Lawrence Pountney-lane, City, Fete. 9, at two, and
March 24, at eleven, at the Court of Bank'uptcy. Green,
official assignee, Guildhall-chambers, Basinghall-street ;
Teetsc, Lawrence Boultney-lane,
Thomas Bourne, Coal-dealer, Birmingham, Feb. 14,
and March 7, at twelve, at the Birmingham District
Court. Whitmore, official assignee, Birmingham ; Har-
rison, Birmingham ; Jackson, Field-eozrt, Gray's-inn,
London.
Albert Read, scrivener, Worthing, Sussex, Feb. 16, at
half-past twelve, and March 24, at twelve, at the Court
of Bankruptcy. Follett, official assignee, Sambrook-
court, Bssinghall-street; Mardon and Pritchard, New-
gate-street.
Henry Hawgood, stationer, Newington-causeway,
Feb. 7, at half-past twelve, and March 8, at eleven, at
the Court of Bankruptcy. Johnson, official assignee,
Basinghall-street; Parsons, Temple-chambers.
James Poole Withers., draper, Winchester, Feb. 9, at
one, and March 15, at twelve, at the Court of Bank-
ruptcy. Whitmore, official assignee, Basinghall• street;
Reed, Langford. and Marsden, Friday-street, Cheapside.
William Saxe Pearson, druggist, Burslem, Stafford-
shire, Feb. 13 and March 13, at ten, at the Birmingham
District Court. Valpy, official assignee, Birmingham ;
Keary and Sheppard, Stoke-upon-Trent ; Clark, Para-
dise-street, Birmingham.
Thomas Guy Pocock, miller, Kingsbury Episcopi,
Somersetahire, Feb. 8, at one, and March 14, at eleven,
at the Exeter District Court. HirtzA, official assignee,
Exeter ; Slade and Vininging, Yeovil; Terrell, Exeter;
Penkivil, New -street, Finsbury, London.
James Pullin, haullier for hire, Fyrton, Gloucester-
shire, Feb. 13, and March 13, at twelve, at the Bristol
District Court. Mant, official assignee, Bristol; Blake
and Goold, Blackfriars-road ; Smith, Newnham.
Henry Cegewell, paper maker, Wotton-under-Edge,
Gloucestershire, Feb. 13, and March 13, at eleven, at
the Bristol Dictaict Court. Acraman, official assignee,
Bristol ; Howall, King-street, Cheapside; W. and C.
Bevan, Bristol.
Thomas Barraclough and John Everitt, woollen spin-
ners, Botoms Mill, Southowram, Halifax, Feb. 16 and
March 80, at eleven, at the Leeds District Court.
Freeman, official assignee, Leeds; Gregory and Co.,
Bedford-row; Waved, Halifax; Courtenay, Leeds.
Robert Turner, leather dealer, Sheffield, Feb. 10, at
half-past twelve, and March 10, at ten. at the Leeds
District Court, Sheffield. Freeman, official assignee,
Sheffield; Moss, Sergeant's Inn; Ryalls, Sheffield.
William Hammerton, tinman, Kingston upon-Hull,
Feb. 14 and March 7, at half-past ten, at the Leeds
District Court. Carrick, official assignee, Hull; Vin-
cent, Temple; Hodgson, Birmingham; Frost, Hull.
henry Dean, wine merchant, Chester, Feb. 13 and
March G, at eleven, at the Liverpool District Court.
Turner, official assignee, Liverpool; Raw, Furnival's
Inn; Cunnab, Chester.
James Wilson Jeffreyes and John Meek, merchants,
Liverpool, Feb. 19, and March 12, at eleven, at the Li-
verpool District Court. Cazenove, official assignee, Li-
verpool; Cotterill, Throgmorton-street, London; Flet-
cher and HallrLiverpool.
Cuthbert Smith Fenwick, banker, Tynemouth, North-
timberland, Feb. 15, at hale-past twelve, and March 7, at
one, at the District Court, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Wak-
lev, official assignee, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; Brown,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne; Brooksbank and Fern, Grsy's-
inn-square.
Hugh Cowan, tailor and draper, Stockton-upon-Tees,
Feb. and March 13, at one, at the Newcastle-upen-Tyne
District Court. Baker, official assignee, Newcastle upon-
' Tyne ; Chandler, Paternoster-row, London ; Cooper,
Sundeiland.
is

PANIES' STOCK.
From the Official List,

POLICE INTELLIGENCE.
SOUTHWARK.

Michael Knight, a respectable-looking man, was
brought up from the station-house at the rear of this
court, where he had been for some hours, having been
previously taken out of the river in an exhausted
condition, into which he described that he had been
thrown by two men for refusing to give them some

money.
A fireman belonging to the floating fire-engine
moored off the Southwark-bridge, stated that while
on board that morning, about three o'clock, he heard
the cries of some person in distress at some dis'ance
off, and a splashing of water as if he was in the river.
The witness got into a boat alongside, and rowed
towards the spot from whence the noise proceeded,
and on approaching a barge that was moored off
Bankside, he saw a man in the river struggling to
keep his head above water, by holding on to a plank
that projected a little beyond the others, but he was in
such an exhiustedconditicn when witness got there,
that he must have sunk in a very short time. Witness,
however' extricated the man from his perilous situa-
tion, by dragging him into his boat, and some police-
men having by this time been attracted to the spot,
they got him on shore, and subsequently to the
station-house, where a change of clothing being pro-
cured, and proper attention being shown to him, he
soon recovered sufficiently to be enabled to give an
account of the circumstances which led to his being
found in the river. Witness was present when he
made the statement, which was to the effect that he
had been over in the City with some friends, and
on his return home, on walking along Bankside,
he was accosted by two men, one of whom asked him
for some money; which he refired to give him, and
that, immediately upon his refusal, he had his watch
forcibly seized from his pocket, and on his resisting,
being near the river side at the time, his two assailants
pushed him off Bankside into the water, and left him
to struggle for his life. The witness added that the
man appeared to have been drinking, but was not in-
toxicated.
Policeman 133 M stated that Knight subsequently
varied a little in his account of the transaction. He
said that he had been thrown into the river by two
men, as already described, but said that his watch
had not been taken from him, for he had not one in
his pocket at the time. The policeman added that he
found some money, as also a tobacco-box, in Knight's
possession.
In reply to Mr. COITINGECAM,
The policeman said he had been down by Bankside
a quarter of an hour before the circumstance hap-
pened, but did not observe any persons about there ;
that he did not hear any cries for assistance, and that
when he came up the first witness was in the act of
dragging the man into his boat out of the river.
Mr. COTTINGIIAM questioned Knight, who said
that he had been seven years in the employ of Mr.
Hales, a tallow chandler, and that being out with some
friends on Sunday until a late hour, as he was walk-
ing home he was interrupted by tyvo men on Bank-
side. They demanded money from him, which he
refused to comply with, and that they then pushed
him into the river, and that he certainly would have
been drowned but for the assistance rendered to him
by the man from the fire-engine, who got him into
the boat when he was exhausted and in a sinking
condition.
Mr. COTTINGIIAM said that the complainant's ac-
count of the circumstances attending his being
attacked in the way he described, and thrown into
the river, was of a most serious nature, and that the
police, on being informed of it, would, no doubt, en-
deavour to discover the perpetrators of such a despe-
rate act. The magistrate added, that Knight had to
consider that his life was saved by the prompt at-
tention of the man from the floating fire-engine.

The Democratic Pacifique says—" The Committee
on the Bill against the clubs having required the
Minister of the Interior to lay before it the recent
reports and the minutes of the Commissaries of
Police relating to the sittings of the clubs, he
formally refused to make any such communication.
This refusal is perfectly comprehensible, but deeply
to be regretted. It would have necessarily resulted
from these documents that for some time, with rare
exceptions, the demeanour of the clubs, and the
spirit of their discussions, have been far from jus-
tifying the measures and urgency demanded by the
Ministry.

SPAIN.
Madrid journals of the 23d have arrived. Their
contents are unimportant. The Bolsa was closed.

AUSTRIA.

The following is the second paragraph of the
fundamental laws passed unanimously by the Diet of
Kremsier

" Par. 2. Personal liberty is guaranteed. No one
can be withdrawn from his natural judge; there can be
no privileged and exceptional courts of justice.

"No one can be arrested without the warrant of a
magistrate, stating the grounds on which the same is
granted, except when caught in the fact.
" The warrant must be given to the person arrested
at once, or at the latest twenty-four hours after his
arrest.
" Every one who has been arrested by the authorities
appointed to watch over the public security (police)
must be delivered over to the regular tribunal within
twenty .four hours, or set at liberty.
" Every defendant is to be admitted to bail on giving
the security appointed by the court agreeably to the
law, excepting when it is otherwise ordained by the
penal laws."
It is said the Diet will be prorogued to the 15th
of May.
Letters from Pesth announce that Comorn wa
bombarded on the 16th, and the fortress garrisoned
by from 8,000 to 10,000 men, was entirely sur-
rounded. Arrests continued to be made at Pesth.
The Hungarian army consists of 67 battalions of
1,200 men each, 18 regiments of cavalry, and 300
cannon.

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 30, IMO':

PRICES OF SHARES

AN BANKS, ASSURANCE, AND OTHER COM

PUBLISHED EVERY TUESDAY AND FRIDAY EVENING.

THE; FINANCIAL REFORM ASSO-
;Wen, and other suboidipates to their suporiors, who aro
almays ready to be spoken to, and who undurstand the
CIATION. nature of the iraprovorn,nis sugg,st(d,

THE NAVY.

SECTION L -SHIPSUILDING AND EN C T'SE -MARINO.

On th•• 22,1 of February, 1848, a Select Committee
of fifteen Krmbers of the House of Commons was ap-

pointed, " to inquire into the Expenditure on account
of the Army, Navy, and Ordnance, and to report their
observations thereupon to the House." This Committee
consisted of—Lord Seymour, Chairman; Mr. Fox Maule,
Mr. Hume, Mr. George Bankes, Sir James Graham,
Marquis of Granby, Sir William Molesworth, Mr. Cob-
den, Mr. Corry, Mr. Walter, Mr. Edward Ellice, Mr.
William Miles, Mr. John Greene, Sir Frauds Thorn-
bill Baring, Sir Thomas Acland.
The business was chiefly conducted by Lord Sey-

mour, Sir James Graham (formerly First Lord of the
Admiralty), Mr. Corry (formerly Secretary to the Ad-
miralty ), Mr. Hume, and Mr. Cobden. During their
sittings, extending through the greater part of the lung
Parliamentary session, they were occupied a itb evidence
relative to the exp: nscs of the navy. A volume of 1,226
folio pages, containing the report of the Commit.ee,
10,191 questions and answers, and a large number of
offic.al documents, tabular statements, &c., has been

p;ialed.
To read a volume of such dimensions seems a formi-
dable task, yet few will begin this without going through
it. The Financial Reform Association, for the sake of
those who cannot obtain the original, nor find time to

go through it if they had it, make a few selections. In
the first place, Mr. Ward, the present Secretary to the
Admiralty, in his evidence, states—
"I should say that there is no department" (under
Government) " in which the want of a regular system
has been so much felt as in the Admiralty ; one in

which so many expensive alterations, particularly in
naval construction, have been created by the sudden
changes of persons having the authority, and by the
want of a systematic application of certain principle s.
There is no doubt that the alterations in naval con-
struction have been one cause of the immense increase
of labour in the dock-yards, and of our great national
expenditure."
An adverse vote in the party warfare of the House of
Commons gave, with a new ministry to the country, new
Lords of the Admiralty, a new secretary, and a whole
legion of applicants for employment and State pay.
Ships on the stocks were pulled to pieces, the timber re-
hewed into other shapes, or sold as offal, and new frames
of other ships of other dimensions laid on in their
places ; ships completed in the building were pro-
nounced not to be worth rigging; or if completed in the
rigging, not to be worth manning and commirsioLed for
sea; and, accordingly, new ones, without regard to number
or expense, were hastened forward, while these virgin
ships, to the extent of 70 or 80, were kept, and are now
kept, in the harbours, going to decay, or getting repairs to
the extent of 20,0001. or 25,0001., once in every cycle of
six or seven years; they have not been commiss►oned,
and never will be, as they are alleged to be
complete failures. As many or more have been
taken to pieces within a tew years. The Lords
of the Admiralty and their servants have
worked at some as children do at toys, adding a

piece to the length and taking away a piece; changing
form, and restoring form; cutting down and bailding up,
until the thing under their hands has grown so mon-
strously absurd, that they have thrown it aside as way-
ward children do, disgusted at their own work. And
so they have gone on to something else, to repeat the
same expensive child's play,
But not only have the amateur lay Lords, and the
crotchetty sea Lords of the Admiralty, amused them-
selves with millions of public money and scores of ships
every year thus ; they have employed servants
equally incapable and crotchetty. Mr. Creuze,
the surveyor to Lloyds, who had been educated in
the School of Naval Architecture, who was a mas-
ter shipwright in the Admiralty Dock-yard up to
1844, and still retained a partiality for some of the
practices there which others did not approve, was unable
to withhold his condemnation of the Admiralty ships
built since 1832 by the Surveyor of the Navy. Be stated
that in 1843 and 1844 he had been officially employed to
examine and report upon the ships of war which had been
built during 10 years; but inreply to:question 9,029, put by
Mr. Hume, said he" would rather be permitted to forego
any examination upon that subject." Whereupon ques-
tion 9,030 was put by Mr. Hume thus :—" The com-
mittee, however, request that you will state (though
you may be compelled in doing so to mention facts that
may be disagreeable to the parties who took part in that
construction) what opinion you formed of the system
pursued in the construction of ships for the public ser-
vice?" To a hich, being thus pressed, he replied,—
" That the ships were merely a series of experiments,
not founded on correct principles." And to the next
question, he answered, that these were " the whole of
the ships, to a greater or less degree, that were built by
Sir William Symonds."
Question 9,032 (by Mr. Hume)—" Are you to be un-
derstood to mean that all the ships built by Sir William
Symonds were built without regard to the scientific
principles to which you refer?"
Answer—"l do not say they were built without re-
gard to scientific principles, but I say that Sir William
Symonds was not sufficiently acquainted with the pro-
gress which correct principles of naval architecture had
made to make them available in the construction of his
ships; thus, for instance, one great fault was a want of
knowledge of the correct principles on which the sta-
bility of ships depends. * * All his ships were more
or less uneasy, so as to render them virtually inefficient
as men of war. They were expensive from their wear
and tear. * * An uneasy ship deteriorates fast,
because the strains upon her are heavy. She becomes
loose and leaky, and the admission of water causes her to
decay fast; therefore, she is frequently under repair."
Other witnesses proved the astounding numbers of
ship-building abortions which had been begun, not com-
pleted, taken to pieces and the timber re -converted for
ships of other sizes, or sold as " offal."
But in steam-engines made for the navy, and the ships
built for the engines in the dockyards, without their
respective artists having any knowledge of what the
other was doing, exceeds in absurdity, and even in cost-
liness, the freaks of Sir William Symonds and the ama-
teur Lords of the Admiralty.
Air. Scott Russell, a practical engineer, and member
of the Institute of Civil Engineers, who had been exten-
sively concerned in the construction of steam-ships and
their engines of the first class—those magnificent vessels
which work like clock-work on the Atlantic Ocean-
. xplained how easy it was to obtain a certain resul.

he mercantile steam-navy, while in the war steam-navy
all was uncertainty, and reckless cost.
Question 7,027 (by Mr. Cobden).—" You have ex-
plained to the committee how it is that in private yards
ihey obtain one uniform result in building steam-vessels
where the builders are experienced; how do you account
tee, for the failures which have taken place in the Admiralty
steamers during the interval of time as you have stated
to the committee the merchant steamers have been so
t uniformly successful?"
Answer---" I think the cause is just the difference
between people of experience building and people of
"` inexperience. * * Sir William Symonds, for
example, began to build a war steamer. Sir William
78 S) msnds had never built a war steamer before ; the
consequence was, that instead of taking the section mid-
ships, which we learned by our dear experience to be
)34 the only section that would answer, he took a section
78* of a sailing vessel which we had found, seven years
iOd before, would not answer ; just putting back the work
seven years."
In the next section, a list of the ships built under this
Gd blundering system, from 1832 to the present time, with
Od their tonnage and cost per ton, will be given. The list
is too long for the present section, but a few specimens of
178 the steamers may be cited here. The royal yacht Victoria
.04 and. Albert is one. The naval architect had spoiled a good
.6d. many ships in attempting to make a steam -navy, and fooled
6d away a goodly number of millions sterling before he tried
his hand at the royal yacht; so that it might have been
6s expected that he had gained experience. But no; the
Dd. Victoria and Albert cost in building, rigging, and fitting
, for sea, 69,9412; but, on getting afloat, the obstinate
,jOl. ship held down her head, and would not move, except at
the risk of being driven by the engines to the bottom. The
engines had to be taken out; fittings pulled down to get
them out; and before they and the fittings were replaced

a further sum of 43,8061 was expencleii. The ene

were lighter than they should have been, being con-
structed for another ship. This construction of engines
for one class of ships, and placing them in another when
they are found not to work in the class intended, dege-
nerate occasionally to a farce.
Three first-class steamers were built; the Simoon, to
carry engines of 780 horse power; the Vulcan, to carry
engines of 700-horse power; and the Megmra, to carry
engines of 566-horse power. The Admiralty men changed
their minds after the engines were in progress, and partly
paid for, thinking them too heavy. They resolved to
transfer them to three ships of the line, already afloat.
Preparations were made, at great expense, to render
those ships of the line fit to receive them. But
again the Admiralty men changed their minds,
thought the three ships of the line would be spoiled,
and so the large engines lie unemployed. Meanwhile two
steamers were ordered to be built, and begun, called the
Seahorse and the Eurotas, the engines of which were to be
350-horse power. Mr. Napier, of Glasgow, who had made
engines by contract for the Admiralty, refused to tender
for engines of that size, "to be crammed into the small
hold of the Seahorse and Eurotas ; but other engineers
tendered, and the engines were made. Not
so the ships. The minds of the Admiralty
Lords were changed ; the Seahorse and Eurotas
abandoned, and the engines left unemployed. The Lords
looked around to discover if they could use them any-
where—anyhow; and seeing the Simoon without an en-
gine (which was built fcr one of 780 horse-power), or-
dered one of those of 350 horse-power to be placed in
that ship.
Mr. Gordon, an engineer, the London agent of Mr.
Napier, of Glasgow, says:—" The reckless waste of
money in altered and defective plans in building
ships and steam-engines for the navy would have
long since made any mercantile company bankrupt."
He gives, as one of the reasons for the slow progress
of science in the steam-factories of the dockyards,
the fact of the practical men there being debarred,
through formality in speaking, from suggesting improve-
ments to the superior officers; while these again, must
make their report through Somerset House, whence the
suggestion goes by message to the Admiralty, at White-
hall, where it lies on the table, to be considered by the
Lords. They may or may not understand the nature of
the practical suggestion; but they answer, and send
their answer to Somerset House, from whence it is sent
to the surveyor, or captain superintendent of the dock-
yard, who conveys it to the master-builder or engineer,
or some one else. But the chances are that they are
lost by the way, or so absurdly transformed in its formal
progress from one power to another, that it no longer
applies to its purpose. On the other hand, Mr. Gordon
states many, if not most, of the practical improvements
in the engine factories of private firms originate in sug-
gestions 9r remarks made by intelligent workmen, fore-