The Sun.
London, England, 1854-11-21 00:00:00

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.

The business of the evening was commenced, by the
announcement of the dates of the ordinary meetings of
the session ; of the appointment of December 19th for
the annual general meeting, for the election of the Pre-
'idea, Council, and officers ; and of the 29th May,
1855, for the president's conversazione.
The paper read was "On the means of avoiding Smoke,
from Boiler Furnaces," by Mr. W. Woodcock.
The author commenced by explaining the nature of
smoke as existing in furnaces, the cause of its formation,
its component gases, and the temperature at which they
became inflammable, and then pointed out a method of
preventing the evolution of opaque smoke, by simple and
apparently effective means. It was stated that ordinary
pit coal, under the process of destructive distillation,
gave off various volatile substances, sense of which were
gases, such as "hydrogen," "marsh gas," "olefiant gas,"
" carbonic oxide," &c. ; these and ethers existed in the
furnace only in a gaseous state, becoming liquid or solid
when in the external air, and of such coal tar was com-
posed; and amidst them the carbon, in minute sub-divi-
sion, was held in suspension, giving to the smoke its sable
hue. All these gases were combustible at given tempera-
tures, provided a certain amount of oxygen was present.
It was then shown that the air containing this oxygen,
if imparted to the gases, after leaving the fuel on the
bars, must be administered so as not to reduce the tem-
perature of the gases below their "flame points." The
arguments on the chemical composition of smoke
were enforced by extracts from a letter by Mr. Maus-
field, published in the Mechanic's Maga;ine, in which
the subject was fully investigated.
The formation of smoke, or visible carbon held in
suspension, was stated to depend entirely upon the in-
sufficiency of the supply of oxygen in the furnace, as the
heat of the furnace would cause the various gases to be
given off more rapidly than their combustion could be
supported, by the quantity of oxygen passing through
the fire-bars in the same period of time ; this evil being
much aggravate) by the heat of the air as usually sup-
plied from the ordinary ash-pit, generally ranging from
200 deg. to 300 deg. Fahrenheit, and the air, at that heat,
containing less oxygen by about one-third than at the
usual atmospheric temperature, and consequently that
the combustion et the fuel to which it was supplied
must be one-third less perfect.
The simplest means of preventing the formation of
smoke were shown to be by providing for an ample
supply of oxygen in a condensed state, in the !Firm of
cold air, to the fuel on the fire-bars, and by administer-
ing such further supply of oxygen to the heated gases,
as might be necessary for their complete combustion
whilst in contact with the boiler ; this latter supply being
given at such a temperature as would insure the succes-
sive ignition of the gases as they were evolved. Thus
by establishing nearly perfect primary combustion, the
quantity of smoke evolved was shown to be reduced to
a minimum, of which no visible trace ever reached the
summit of the chimney.
The apparatus by which this desirable end was at-
tained was described to consist of two parts, each being
the addition of a very simple apparatus to the ordinary
boiler furnace. The first of these was a double set of
thin iron bark', lying horizontally in the direction of their
length, parallel to each other, immediately beneath the
grate in the ash-pit. Each set of bars resembled a Vene-
tian blind in its arrangement, the bars being inclined at an
angle of 45 deg. to the horizon in the direction of their
width. The bars of the two sets were thus inclined in
opposite directions, and being so close together that a
vertical straight line could not pass between any adja-
cent pair of them ; yet far enough apart to allow all
cinders to fall freely through, and the air to pass freely
upwards to the fire. The bars were of the same length
as the grate, so as to extend from front to back. It
would be perceived, that the effect of this arrangement
must be to screen the ash-pit completely from the heat
radiated directly downwards from the grate, and so that
scarcely any would pass through by reflexion. In fact,
not a ray of heat could reach the ash-pit from the fur-
nace, without suffering four reflexions from rough iron
' surfaces, which would leave a mere shadow of a ray
for further progress.
Thus a large quantity of heat, which otherwise would
be radiated out of the furnace into the ash-pit, thence
reflected, and so lost, was saved for the boiler. This
ash-pit, also, was only slightly heated by the cinders
which fell through ; and this source of heat might be
reduced to any extent by frequently removing the rub-
bish from the pit. Another consequence was, that the
air passing from below through the grate, not being
heated in the ash-pit, entered the fire cold, and therefore
not, as it did from ordinary ash-pits, in a rarefied con-
dition. By its coolness, this air prevented to some
extent the burning of the grate-bars ; aud, by its un-
rarefied state, it produced a more intense and rapid com-
bustion of the fuel after it had passed the bars.
Another part of the contrivance was more especially
the smoke-burning apparatus. It consisted of a set of
tubas, open at both ends, passing through the furnace
horizontally from front to back, and terminating within
the wall of the front of the bridge, with valves to regu-
late the access of air into the tubes. The fire-
bridge differed importantly from that of an ordinary
furnace. It was hollow ' • and was divided into two
parts, the larger of which stood up from below ; the
other, which was shallower, was in contact with the boiler.
Between them all the products of combustion passed from
the furnace. The two parts communicated with each
other by channels at the sides, and thus formed together
an annularchamber. Tut tubes before mentioned entered
the front wall of this chamber, and thus established a
communication between its interior and the outer air.
The back wall, or plate, both of the upper and of the
lower part of this chamber, or bridge being perforated
with numsrus holes, opening from the interior of the
bridge to the space beyond it, established a direct com-
munication between the outer air and the throat of the
flue. There was a second solid bridge beyond the first,
descending from the upper side of the flue ; this, by in-
terrupting the direct channel through that part of the
passage, retarded the flow of the smoke and gases, and
cau3ed their perfect mixture with each other within tee
space between the bridges.
The result of this arrangement was, that a current of
highly heated air, which passed through the tub‘s in
the furnace, e;caped at the bridge, through the perfora-
tions
in the back wall, and mixing with the gases from
es
the furnace, which held the smoke in suspension,
con-
verted the smoke into flame.
It was contended that, by the adaptation of this ap-
paratus to marine boilers, the higho temperature of the
stoke holes and boiler rooms
nwot u
be sld be obviated, and
that the steam vessels would o evident from a
the volumes of smoke
distance as they now having were
b a y
they gave out ;and by
telescope sliding funnel,
and substituthig, duringing
the period of being in action,
a horizontal tube, with a
small fan blower, any injury to
the main funnel would be effectually prevented.
It appeared that the results of this apparatus had
satisfactory ; that at Messrs. Meux's brewery,
there been very
was
from the chimney, and that the money saving, resulting
not only from the snore perfect combustion of the fuel,
but from the use of an inferior quality of coal at
a lower price, amounted to fully twenty per cent.
wapapsarsaotugsretaot
theas to warrant arrant
general
etthneiinoteroof-
not the slightest appearance of opaque smoke
the profession and the public, through the Institution
suction tion suocfcethsse
of Civil Engineers.

TilE PRUSSIAN CHAMBERS are to meet on the 30th
instant.

THE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTM On Saturday even-
iswneigrtihpatnajoentirely new entertainment,N'
consisting of a de:
sneroifesthoefraisiessaonlvdinparogvii•eewsss,of America,
illustrated
first time at the above interesting iwnastsiteuxthioibn
exhibited fThoerfirthset
part of the entertainment commences with the departure
of the first emigrants from England to settle in the back
woods of America, and as it were to lay the foundation
of the great Transatlantic Republic. The lecturer intro-
duces a very lively description of the life of the early
settlers in the back woods, illustrated with a great num-
ber of very interesting views of the methods employed by
them for establishing settlements, clearing and draining
the land, building houses, farms, &c., which were inter-
spersed with some very interesting anecdotes. The first
part concludes with the outbreak of the revolution. The
second -part of the entertainment considers America as
a republic, and consists of a great number of views, with
descriptions of the principal cities and objects
ews wer of intee
-
rest throughout the United States. The vi
beautif ally executed. and the interest well maintained
througimut, and will repay a visitor an hour. The enter•
tainme et adds considerably to the numerous attractions
of this bigbly interesting institution.

H E A.T RE-ROY L, DRURY-LANE,
AL,M. JULLIEN'S CONCERTS.
•

LAST WEEK BUT TWO.
Last Tiro Nights of the "British Army Quadrille."

The Programme for TIII3 EVENING (Tries lay, Nov. 21). will
include the Allegretto from Beethoven's "Symphony in F;" the
Larxhetlo from Beethoven's " Symphony in D.; the Rondo from
" L'Etaile du Nord," and the New Song, "Minnie," by Madame
Anna Thillon ; the " British Army Quadrille," with the Military
Bands (beim; positively the last time but one of its performance this
season.) The Overture to " Tannhauser ;" " Zarapa Quadrille ;"
" The New American Quadrille," "The Lucrezia Borgia Valse,"
Solo by Herr Koenig, by Mr. R. S. Pratten, and by Sig. Robbio ;
"The Moldavian Schottische ;" "The new Charge Galop ;" " God
save the Queen ;" " Partant pour la Syrie" &c.
PRICES OF ADXI99IO/.—Promenade, boxes, and galleries, 111.;
dress circle, 2s. 6d. ; private boxes 1/. Is. and 11. I Is. 6d.
Os Thursday next, the new " Allied Armies Quadrille"• will be
produced.
M. JULLIEN'S GRAND BIL MASQUE will take place en
MONDAY, Dec. li.

THEATRE ROYAL HAYMARKET.
•
Under the management of Mr. Suckstone.
THIS EVENING, Not. 21,
Will ba perf,Amed. JOHN BULL. Characters by Messrs. Chip-
pen,la'e, W. Parrett, and Hudson ; 11.113 L. Chaplin, Miss Mania-
dale, and Mrs. Poynter.
Followed by THE SENTINEL 0 THE ALMA.
To conclude with A FI3II OUT OF WATER.

IiOYAL PRINCESS'S TIIEXTRE, OXFORD-STREET.
Under t.lta MAtiagornent of Mr. CaAra.es MUM.
'NITA EVENING. Nov. 21,

To be follnwel by Till,. Prinzipal characters by Mess rs.
W. LAC)", Harley, MeaCios,s, J. Vining, H. Melon, Add:son, and
Everett ; -Mrs. Wiastau'ey, Mrs. W. Lacy, and Misses Heath awl C.
Leclercq.
After Wilielk Will be prescntel a new Ifelo-lrainatic Spectacle, in
three a:43, eatitt,id SC11:4011'1, the Warrior Prophet.

TiIEATRE ROYAL ADELPIII.
proprietor, Mr. B. Webster.—Directress, Madame Celeste.
THIS EVENING, Nov. 2(,

Will be performed THE SERIOI73 FAMILY. Characters by
Messrs. C. Selby, Leigh Murray, and Keeley; Miss Woolgar, rid
rA. Keeley.

After which, a new Farce called TILE SLOW MAN.
To which will be added a new Farce, ent tled THE RAILWAY
BE f. LE .
Followed by BONA FIDE TRAVELLERS.
To conclude with THE FIFTH OF NOVEMBER.

ROYAL OLYMPIC THEk. TER.
Lessee and Manager, Mr. A. Wigan.

THIS EVENING, Nov. 21.
WIII be presented THE BEULAH SPA. Principal characters
by Messrs. A. Wigan, Emery, F. Robson, and 11. Cooper; Miss
Marston, Mrs. A. Wigan, Mrs. Fitzlllan, and Miss Julia St. George.
To be followed by THE TRUSTEE. Charactors by Messrs. A.
F. Vining, Emery, and Leslie-; Miss Maskell, and Miss
Stephens.

To coaclude with the Farce, called A BLIGHTED BEING, In
which Mr. Robson will appear.

A STLEY'S ROYAL AMP HIT H L'A Tit K.
Lessee and Manager, Mr. William Cki...ke.

No diminution whatever in the prodigious attraction and excite-
ment created by the new Military Spectacle'.
THIS' EVENING,

The GRAND and wonderfully successful SPECTACLE, in 2 acts,
from the pen of J. H. sTOCQUELLER, Esq., called TIIE BATTLE OF
TUE ALMA 1
. After which, a novel series of SCENES In the CIRCLE, invented
and conducted by Mr. William Cooke.

To conclude with the ENCOUNTER and CAROUS IL of the WILD

N.B.—An early attendance Is respectfully suggested, In consequence
of the lumbers who nightly throng the doors of the Theatre.
Box-oalce open from Eleven till Four. Stage Manager, Mr. W.
West. Acting Manager, Mr. W. U. Cooke. Equestrian Director,
Mr. Wm. Cooke, jun.

111 :H WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
T.ltsLi' —Morning 43 nain.after 2 Evening 4 min.aft. 3
To lonwow Morning 2i min Alter 1 Evening 45 nain.at. 1

WEATLIER.—Stra Orrios, Nov. 21.

niERNONEETEB, IN THE SHADE.
44 highest since noon yesterday.
43 owest this morning and during the night.
45 —C.Lis day, at noon.
BAROMETER, 29.75—a sudden fall of nearly half an inch.
W irkrr —Changed to S.W., with dull, cold, weather.

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LONDON, TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1854.

"Si :cis pacern, para helium." There are few
rules better established than the foregoing. A
constant state of preparation for war is unques-
tionably the best guarantee for permanent and
lasting peace. It may be very wrong, but so it
is. Even the best-disposed nations are a little too
much disposed to encroach on the rights of others,
and to insist on concessions from weaker states,
which a conscientious and impartial arbitrator
would by no means feel disposed to award. This
reliance on " the strong arm" is the natural result
of the absence of any international tribunal, which
could decide all diplomatic differences, and pro-
nounce a decree that all " nations and languages"
should be compelled to respect. The establish-
ment of an universal tribunal of this description
was a peOcrotetet of the Peace Society, but there
was one obstacle to the realisation of the Utopian
project, a formidable one, certainly; for it was that
the matter was wholly and absolutely impracti-
cable ctb initio, and that no reasonable anticipation
could be entertained of carrying it out until the
revival of the Golden Age, when " the Lion
should lie down by the Lamb," and the dove
should bring up its progeny to nestle along with
the young eaglets.
The nearest attempt to such a tribunal is the
association of several powers to compel the observ-
ance of equity by all others ; to protect the weak
against the strong, and to prevent unwarranted
aggressions. This is the cause in which the
Western Powers have engaged. They have nothing
to gain for themselves—no personal objects to
achieve as equivalents for the blood and treasure
that should necessarily be expended in the cause
of Justice. This is a Goo-like mission ; and those
who condemn the war, or say that France and
England had no right to interfere, might as well
censure the efforts of private individuals who
assisted to arrest a robber, a burglar, or a mur-
derer, because the violence had not been com-
mitted against themselves personally.
So much for the origin of the war, which has
been, entered on from the purest motives—which
cordd not be avoided without indelible disgrace
and even danger to England. We say " danger,"
because if Russia had been permitted to proceed
unchecked in so reckless a course, we, or our chil-
dren should, ere many years had elapsed, have
been compelled to enter on a far more sanguinary
and exciting contest, in which our very existence
would be imperilled—the free institutions of the
country, the lives of our men, and the honour of
our women resting in the scale. Such a cause
required super-human exertions. We could only
reason with such a man as NICHOLAS by practical
demonstrations, by proving beyond the possibility
of doubt that we were iu earnest in our
determination to keep him within check, and that
We had the power of doing so, so as to render any
resistance on his part worse than useless.
:Now on both these most important points we
have completely failed. The insane murmuring for
cc
u4ce) peace, peace," at any price or on any
condition, induced the AUTOCRAT to persevere,
supposing that his "friend of forty years' stand-
ing" was like the blushing maid who, whis-
pering.—

"I will neer consent—consented ;"
who, making a coy show of resistance, suffiient
to save his credit, would eventually have allocwed
him to take his own way, and
do just as he
thought proper. Nor were our demonstrations
so formidable or decisive as to induce him to
modify or alter these views. The Allied Fleet.,
Iv]) ich had the undisputed, command of tlie
Euxine, lay icily floating in the
while
Poissir.ta vessels were bearing reinforcements to
the Gast of Asia, or—shanieful to narrate—per-
petraing the nalssaere at Sinop°. When actually
engaged—fur instance in the bombardment of
Cidessa—our Admiral apologised for so avenging
a gross and unwarrantable insult to the British
Flag—as well as a deliberate violation of all the
laws of nations.

Nor did we, in the first instance, display much
greater energy with our land expedition. The
forces originally placed under Lord RAGLAN'S
eon:inland, from the sailing of the first detach-

ment until the end of June, consisted of only 21
battalions of the line, 3 battalions of the Guards,
and of the Rifle Brigade, being in all about 25
battalions of about 800 rank and file, and amount-
ing, therefore, in round numbers, to 20,000 men.
We are told by the ABERDEEN organ that the
primary object of the expedition was the defence
of Constantinople against the apprehended advance
of the Russian army, if Prince GORTSCHA.KOFF
succeeded in defeating the Turks and forcing the
strong places on the Danube. Hence the occupa-
tion by our troops first of Gallipoli, then of &n-
-tari, and lastly of Varna.
There they were suffered to remain idle and
inactive, until their ranks were more than deci-
mated by disease, and the men themselves dis-
gusted by their compulsory sloth. Our Allies
were attacked on the line of the Danube. OMER
PACHA displayed wonderful skill in resisting the
continued onslaughts, but not a British trigger was
despatched to his assistance—not a bayonet
glistened in the sun—while moving against tho
invading troops. Silistria was beleaguered. It
might have fallen without English national aid.
None, save BUTLER, Nesmvur, and a few gallant
men who lent their individual assistance, made the
slightest exertion to save that important fortress.
The voice of public opinion which forced its way
into:the recesses of Downing-street, combined with
the failure of the Russian army before Silistria
and the retreat of PASKIEWITOIT, changed the
character of the war. We proceeded from defen-
sive to offensive operations. The expedition to
the Crimea became the grand object of the cam-
paign. Throughout the summer, therefore, in-
creased reinforcements continued to join the Bri-
tish army. The detachments sent out from this
country amounted to about 3,700 rank and file,
and the six battalions added since June, which
composed Sir GEORGE GATHCA.RT'S division, toge-
ther with another battalion of the Rifle Brigade,
consisted of 5,600 men.

Adding these to the orignal 20,000 infantry,
there were (including cavalry and artillery) about
30,000 English troops landed in the Crimea ; of
whom about 26,000 disembarked at Old Fort,
while from four to five thousand subsequently
joined them—not in time, certainly, to partici-
pate in the glories of Alma, but to recruit the
ranks and supply the places of those who had
perished on the field, or were conveyed to Scutari
in search of health. Notwithstanding these valuable
additions, the available troops fit for duty were
reduced before the battle of Sebastopol to less
than 16,000 fighting men, with which number
we withstood the onslaught of nearly 60,000
Russians, and gained- a most glorious and decisive
but sanguinary victory, in which nearly 2,500 of
our men were placed hors de combat—namely,
38 officers (including three Generals) and 442
men killed, and 96 officers (including five Gene-
rals) and 1,763 men wounded. The following
day additional reinforcements arrived—the 46th
and other British regiments or detach-
ments of regiments joined the troops ; and we
hear the British were receiving reinforce-
ments to the extent of about one thousand
men per diem. We also know that withi❑
the last few weeks the 68th Regiment has been
despatched from Gallipoli, the 62d from Malta,
and the 97th from the Piraeus, forming a further
addition of 2,400 men. These troops had not
joined Lord RAGLAN'S army at the date of our last
letters, but have doubtless since reached the
Crimea.

We also learn by the Telemaque, which left
Constantinople on the 10th, and arrived at Mar-
seilles yesterday, that the Napoleon had sailed
from the Bosphorus for Balaklava on the 7th with
2,000, and the SanO, on the same day, with 1,100
troop 3. From England also, within the last
ten days, six powerful steam transports, or
men of war, carrying on an average GOO
rank and file each, have been despatched to
the Crimea ; and it may be anticipated that
they will land 3,500 men at Balaklava about
the beginning of December. At the same time,
the 34th and 71st Regiments will proceed from
Corfu, the 17th and 89th Regiments from Gib-
raltar, and the 90th from Dublin. These five
battalions are at their full strength of 850 rank
and file, and consequently form an additional
body of 4,250 men. The reinforcements which
will reach the British army in about three weeks
from the present time, independently of those
previously sent, and which must by this time
have arrived, may be rated therefore in round
numbers at 7,750 rank and file, who have been
prepared and despatched on active service in this
present month of November.

There have thus altogether been 19,000 men
added to the original body ; so we find that the
rank and file of the British infantry alreadylanded
in the East, or now on its way to the Crimea,
amounts in all to 39,000 men, exclusive of
officers, non-commissioned officers, and musicians,
or the artillery and cavalry divisions of the army.
But bow many of these have fallen in the field
or perished less gloriously from over•fatigue,
exposure, or disease ? We must, however, admit
that even the full number, if all were available,
would be below what might be expected from the
British Empire. France, fully aroused, is sending
an army nearly equal to that which she for-
merly despatched; she is only awaiting the steam-
transports which we can supply. Even so early
as the sth instant, 5,000 French troops had left
Constantinople for the scene of war, and ten times
the number will doubtless follow. We have
then only to repeat the demand for "Rein-
forcements, reinforcements, reinforcements !" It
is true that our Ministers have at length shown
themselves alive to the magnitude of the crisis—
that they aro now recruiting at the rate of 1,000
per week. This, great as it is, should be in-
creased, so that we might render justice to our
gallant fellows, and worthily fulfil the mission in
which, in conjunction with our faithful ally, we
have engaged.

In one point of view we do not regret that
Sebastopol has proved no easy conquest. It has
put England to the proof, and she will bear it.
Hitherto there has been little to try what we at
home are made of. But for the conflict between
England and her Prime Minister, other nations
might have supposed we preferred ignnotainious,
unrighteous, and unstatesman-like peace to the most
righteous and necessary war. The diplomatic
waltzing of our Government with the Russo-
German Powers at Vienna, and the hold-back
style in which troops and ships were worked for
the East, tested, however, the country a little ; it
became too clear for our Cabinet to miss it, that
fight they must. Again, the universal pleasure
when, late as it was, the expedition actually sailed
for the Crimea, showed the wishes of the country
unmistakeably. None could doubt that the war
with Russia was popular. 1.71) to the time, however,
ecstasy,
of the Tartar," too easily believed,
almost turned the brains of all genuine Earopeans
with
everything had been successful or
hopeful ; the
Turks had inflicted the severest
disgrace on the Russian arms ever experienced by
a modern army ; the expedition had been a mar-
vel of good management and success ; the victory
of the Alma had displayed the incalculable supe-
riority of armed freemen over armed serfs and

the' "masterly flank movement" on Balaklava 1
followed, being hardly inferior to another victory
in its success and value. Now, however, began
the demand on English patience ; while the gene-
rality were expecting, in a few days at most, to
hear of the sudden fall of the robber hold, prudence
counselled more deliberate and careful measures.
It seemed desirable to spare our soldiers' lives,
and to substitute the slower and surer process of
beginning with long balls for the murderous losses
attendant on an immediate assault. It would now
appear, could we but have known it before, that
an assault, while the terrors of the Alma were
fresh in Russian minds, and before reinforcements
could arrive, might have been the least-costly
method, and might have saved lives since sacri-
ficed to disease, and to gaining fresh victories
over Austrian "reinforcements from the Danube."
Russian earthworks equal to our own, provided
with guns as powerful, and with ample supplies
of others to replace the dismounted one 4, with
ammunition also in vast abundance, have conibin-
ed, with other circumstances, to delay the final at-
tack ; while the very losses attendant on victory,
and the augmentation of MENscutKoFF's forces, by
the reinforcements liberated for that purpose by
Austria, make an imperative demand, not only
on our patience, but on our resources also.
Now, then, is come the time for our country
to show what sort of stuff it is made of.
Now, to insure success, to spare the lives
of our
.noble and gallant soldiers, to out-
number sufficiently the enemy in the Crimea,
and we should like to include what we from
the first suggested,—to land sufficient troops at
Eupatoria, or somewhere near, to cut the enemy's
line of communications at Perekop,—to do this,
or the former part at least, England should send
out as many thousands as have already gone, and
raise as many millions at once, as she has pro-
posed to do, by taxes during the year. Such a state
of things was the grand hope of NicnoLas. The
nation of manufacturers and shopkeepers would,
he sapiently judged, soon tire of the cost of war I
He will see. If he be right, the Press, at least, is
not the voice of the people. With a unanimity
unparalleled, the demand is—Let the Government
do its part, and we will do ours. As yet our
brave soldiers have been the only sufferers ; they
have borne the brunt of battle. We will take
our turn now. Cost what it may, we will send
them reinforcements, which will keep the enemy
at a respectful distance, and which will bring the
contest to its predetermined issue, without need-
less waste of valuable life. This is the universal
feeling. Even a reasonable Qaaker would demand
larger reinforcements than any one else. Since
it would be the surest means of inducing the
enemy to give in, would lessen fighting, and thus
save human life on both sides.

Nicaosas shall certainly soon understand that
we are not a nation of selfish-croaking Austrians.
English shopkeepers and manufacturers, with one
notable exception, are men of like flesh and blood
with English farmers and English sailors. If
there be a selfish, narrow-hearted creature amongst
them who would rather put a little snore into his
till than do his part towards humbling the arch-
enemy of Europe's liberties, and saving his
children the sight of as armada of Cos-
sacks— so conscious is he of the universal
patriotism that for shame's sake he dare
not openly vainsay it. Neither high- prices for
corn, nor a tight money market, nor diminished
trade, will bring Englishmen to the feet of a Czar.
Let him not think it. He may rely upon it that
all our people fear is half measuros. They dread
a patched-up peace. They want to see Ismail
follow Sebastopol, and the Danube thoroughly
opened. They want to see Poland on its feet ag tin,
Finland emancipated, Cronstadt and. S ffeaborg
demolished, and Asia free. T.ley are confident
that the investment of resources now begun would
be most profitably continued till the work is
corap!eted. They fear the vacillation and half-
heartedness of their own Government much more
than they fear for their pockets, and incompar-
ably more than they fear the Czar. Let that
potentate thoroughly understand that though
Englishmen are chary of soldiers' and sailors' live;
more so than the latter brave fellows are of their
own, that it is characteristic of JOHN BtrLL that
he will spend his last shilling to avoid being
beaten, or to defend his own or his neighbour's
rights. •

MANCHEST MEMORIAL TO
WELLINGTON. _

From a visit to Mr. Noble's studio, in Bruton-
street, Berkeley-square, we had an opportunity of
seeing that the above memorial is progressing
steadily and most satisfactorily. The modelling
of the colossal statue of the Duke is already
brought to a highly successful close, and the
model has been forwarded to the foundry to be
cast 'in bronze. The treatment of the statue,
though in the modern costume, is very broad,
simple, and effective, and the likeness is power-
fully preserved. The event in the Duke's life,
selected by Mr. Noble for the statue, is that when
the great soldier-statesman delivered the following
siemorable words in the House of Lords :—" I
am one of those who have probably passed a
longer period of my life engaged in War than
most men, and principally in civil war ; and I
must say this, that if I could avoid by any sacri-
fice whatever even one month of Civil War in the
country to which I am attached I would sacrifice
my life in order to do it." And in the statue
there is a grand character worthy of the calm,
dignified moment immediately after such words
had been uttered by such a man. The other
figures of the memorial are also progressing most
favourably, and there can be no doubt that when
completed they, like the principal figure, will re-
flect great credit on the sculptor.