The Sun.
London, England, 1854-08-17 00:00:00

TILE SUN, LONDON, THVIISDAT EVEIN'IN'GI AUGUST 17, 1834. 1'

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. ,~i D~

THE WAR LY CIRCASSL4.

(THIS DAY.)

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Wilts&Somrst

CHURUK,SU, JULY 5.
We came to the Turkish head-quarters here yester-
day ; on our way we passed the month of the river
Priasis (now Rhion). The view it presents is very beau-
s. broad, rapidly flowing (though somewhat muddy)
river, the banks of which are covered with trees of the
greatest luxuriance in growth and quantity, its introduc-
tion to salt water being presided over by a little wooded
islet in the centre of the mouth, sparkling emerald-like
in the morning sun. At the extremity of the left bank
is a Russian square redoubt of solid masonry, the empty
embrasures of which now look harmlessly upon the scene
of Jason's wanderings, and if Jason made the first ac
quamtance of the Colchians on as brilliant a morning as
that on which we passed it, he might have mistaken the
whole of the visible course of the old Phasis for one huge,
burnished, sparkling, golden fleece. Carrying the eye
nearly a mile beyond the old redoubt I have mentioned,
over the rich verdure of the same bank, it falls on towers
• and battlements. These are at once seen to be Ge-
noese. There is no mistaking those lofty, solid,
grass grown walls upon which, but the other day, Rus-
sian guns were bristling to very little purpose ;
those guns (fur the most part having their truunions
knocked off, and otherwise rendered useless) now lie
under the old walls, and the long gras4, in rank luxuri-
ance, is fast shutting them in from the light of day.
Among them are the remains of fine brass pieces: Be-
yond these old walls of Poti the river disappears in a
bend lost in labyrinths of wood ; in mid-distance rises a
steep bill, one mass of foliage, and, terminating all, rise
above wood and stream the distant mountains of the
Caucasus, stretching across on their way to the Caspian,
their upper half a mass of snow sed fleecy cloud, their
lower a mysterious h art. On our former visit to Poti
we took from the place a few tons of Russian coal ; the
place is perfectly deserted, and has suffered much from
the usual Russian policy of incendiarism. The only in-
habitants at present are Asiatic fleas, and such fleas !
They inhabit the sand, they tenant the long grass, and
exist everywhere—the deserted huts are full of. them.
Some of them migrated on board with us, and I declare
to you they are so big that they give an audible shriek
when one succeeds in massacring them ; the coals, too,
which we took on board were full of the brutes. Since
I last wrote we have been to Chamsheer, about 30 miles
north of Redout-Kaleh, in search of fresh beef and pro-
visions, as a change for the men from their salt fare.
We reached Chamsheer early in the morning, and were
somewhat undecided as to whether the Place was in Tur-
kish or in Russian hands, so we sent our interpreter to
communicate ; our doubts were soon relieved by a visit
from a fezzed and turbaned multitude, who informed us
of the departure in toto of "Moskoo." Not quite in
toto, however, for a Russian General, Prince Michael,
still presides over Chamsheer and its neighbourhood ;
odd enough, you will say, but then Prince Michael has
an alias—Hamid Bey —and was born a Turk and of
Mussulman parents, and has even now, they say, strong
sympathies, both religious and patriotic, with his
original brethren. He was captured with two bro-
thers (Alexandro and Said) in Circasiia or Mingrelia ;
they were all educated in Russia, and attained to high
Russian rank. Hamid Bey became very distinguished,
and latterly settled at Chamsheer, with a goodly pro
perty of acres and serfs ; his house is very fine, the
basement storey of atone, and the r •maintler of wood,
finely decorated. He declined receiving our captain,
hilt expressed a strong wish to speak with our inter-
preter, which was not complied with. Soon afterwards
Prince Michael found it convenient to ride into the
country, to suppress some insurrection (either real or
imaginary) in a Georgian village, taking care to take
with him all his horses, lock up his stables, and secure
his mansion under lock and key.
On reaching the shore, we fuund that great consterna-
tion had been caused by our arrival ; the Turks,
thinking we were Russians, had tarred all the points of
timber in the wooden houses of which Chamsheer is
entirely composed, and were prepared to evacuate arid
fire them at a moment's notice. The town is a long
straggling street of wooden buts and shops ; the latter
are now tenanted by turbaned Turks, who sit on
their ancles, sucking at their chiboeques, as though
they had dwelt there all their lives ; from these I
bought some beautiful sables of the Caucasus. Crossing
a substantial Russian bridge of wood, stretched over a
mixture of half swamp and half stream, we reached a
little Georgian village, where we were evidently looked
upon as wonderful specimens of natural history by
the :ahabitants. The ;louses are composed of wattle
work, or wood, and consist of three or four rooms on
the ground floor, the principal room being lined with
sofas, upon which (when seen by us unawares) the
residents were reclining. I never saw so many women
to a houselioki as in this place—about half-a-dozen to
each—and generally exceedingly pleasing and pretty
in appearance, and graceful in their walk. At
first sight of us they generally adhered to the Turkish
custom, and, covering up their faces, ran away to an
inner room, or closed their doors while we passed by ;
but soon curiosity prevailed, the doors opened a little,
and then whole figures came gradually to view, until at
length they came out in a body and unveiled, and boldly
criticized the appearance of the "Ingleez ;" they were
attired in coloured or pure white drapery, drawn in to
the waist, and setting off their figures and fair com-
plexions to advantage. The men wear a calpac and robe
supplied with cartridges like the Circassians, and are
generally fine, intelligent-looking fellows. In the village
we had a gossip with some Turks, one of whom made a
remark which I must tell you. The interpreter explained
to him that all the Russian vessels were at Sebastopol
under large batteries, and that English, French, and
Turkish ships were now in the entire possession of these
waters. He replied, that, as the Ingleez, Franseer, and
Osmanli held the " Caara Denniz" (Black Sea), it was
greatly to be feared that "Moskoo" would have
to go without fish. for dinner. Among the houses of
the little villoge are placed curious-looking pigeon-
house places of wattle work, supported on poles to a
height of about 15 to '2O feet, looking like windmills
without their sails. These we discovered to be store

houses and magazines, more particularly for corn,
which at such a height is preserved more dry and
in better condition. At the top of one of these I saw
a fellow with a rifle keeping watch over us, waiting
(like Austria) the turn of events, and I have no doubt
that each of these places had a similar occupant ; one
of them also kept guard in the upper storey of Hatnid
Bey's mansion. The country round Cliamsbeer is
luxuriantly beautiful. In the evening we went off to
the ship with our supply of cattle, seine of which were
for our friends at Redout-Kaleh.

We have commenced a flirtation with a Mingrelian
village nearly two hours from Redout-Kaleh ; the inter-
preter accompanied the party, and also a strong escort
of B ishi-Bazouks. At first sight of them the Min-
grelian Bey and his principal people stood in line,
and, taking off their calpacs and tucking them under
their arms, bowed low, their bow, like Lord Burleigh's
shake of the head, being ..very expressive - first,
esteem for the rank and appearance of an En. lish
visitor ; secondly, fear and trembling at the ap-
pearance of the Bashi-Bazouks ; and, thirdly, an
unpleasant reminiscence of the threat of the Russian
General, only nine miles from them, that if any
assistance or communication were carried on between
their village and the Turks or English, it should in•
stantly be burnt or spoiled. They were told to put on
their hats, and then ensued a " palaver," carried on in
English to our interpt eter, handed ov,r in Turkish to a
Turkish officer, and from the last in the Miegrelian
language to the villagers. The Mingrelians expressed
their be:ief (instilled into them by the Russians) that the
Turks had come to spread their religion by force among
them They sail they were between two fires, and de-
licately insinuated that their best policy would be, in
case of compulsion, to fight with.the strongest, whoever
he might be ; also that they knew that two great nations
were fighting against Russia. They seemed somewhat as-
tonished to find that the English were Christians, and not
assisting in the spread of thereligion of the Crescent; but
on the contrary, in conjunction with the French,
had raised the Cross to an eleva.;ion not before known
in Turkey. All this through the interpretation of the
Turkish officer. Finally, they brought out some wine for
their visitors, and got up a sort of tournament for them.
Six of them mounted horses with bare backs and with-
out bridles, and each rode at and tried to dismount his
neighbour ; and the feats of horsemanship shown in this
amusement are described as something wonderful. The
parting took place with expressions of goodwill, and a
place of meeting (a mile or two from Redout-Kaleh)
was appointed for Saturday. This meeting also took

place, the villagers bringing a present to us of a wild
' boar, killed tle,,, day bt.ore, They were invited to eote•
- --
REDOUT-KALEII, G EOD,GIA, JULY 3. : rind see the ship onSunde.,v, and terseraf ~ic‘c,; made t 1
appearance, Tee Bey is a man of really pods,-
This place is now very etro:tg ; ne ramparts are steel,
„n:i. i,i„,,, iwii „. go„fi H., :k:,3. fire
wilt ~,,
out
,ipe,! ,
,;,,, , and spoke Turkish and Ressian ;'lie formerly helds
in thi, Rsiesian Ortrantiue here. They were 0 - !`ui i",±-"' h`.,'.....'5"'-'', ,t"-`":- '' w," r' c''' cod : ''' `''''' or,. ef=chnrcisee and interiers of Cent:-
„e, , :it:cede,' sest•o, !est et ~-, ii , .- ( lie s, ~, ee es: ), ao-
si,i . they .
Were Roman
hope so ~, to wive me ale ne, ~ Tie Basil, 13,z ;lit, have
at ,;
ength Leen e POpe ;1:4 their': head : tile:- were greatly int
got to wore epee' it ; they l'e'lll7 t7' fo
north side of the river, and were at length induced to ;,;,,l delighted by a book of en•srayings free, sisetc'ies
was we I
work at a breastwork (which, by the by, flanked ; Palestine. They expressed great admiration of the shut),
I -from the other side of the stream) and were buq work-
saying how much more clean and orderly it was than
ing away in the ditch ; shortly, however, it was observed I any Russian vessel they had seen. Before leaving, they
that they had dropped away, except a few who were made a present of wine, which would be an excellent
substitute for vinegar. The Bey of the fort received
leisurely sucking away at their chibouques. An appeal them afterwards on the other side of the river, prudently
to the chief was consequently made, and he being in-
not allowing them within: The next morning early they
formed, in very indifferent Turkish, that in two days
g placepig,
samee time,
brought down to the trystin a - ggs, and
"English ship would go away and Moskoo would come,"
the effect was decisive, and on the next morning the cucumbers, which we purchased ; at the
they informed -us that, the day before, the Russians had
work was found to be finished. Redout-Kaleh will
prove a puzzle to Mosoo if ever he makes his a
evacuated their outpost (five hour, or 15 miles, from
" k"
pearance there, but we must remember that we had the p- e
Redout-kaleb),• and had also left Ouzourghet,. the town
aid of 2,000 men to make the fortifications ; the Bey they gained from the Turks the other day, and that
told me the other day that, during their progress, the they were then leaving Kutais, which town would
soldiers were not his men, but mine. He came on boardlv probably be burnt by them. They were concen-
to see the firing the other day, and was delighted. e testing all their forces at Tiflis. Schamyl is awake,
have now a Tachjerinan (Anylice, dragoman) a clever and is descending into Georgia with 40,000 men,
20,000 of whom are mounted. He was expected at
born
little fe
Ba dad has lived in France and En fellow, who speaks perfectly 10 languages ; helan wads
g
Anakria last Monday, and is probably now near Redout-
in g , ,
Kaleh. He is to form a junction with the Turkish
in Turkey, and in Greece, and has married an Italian
wife. I am learning Turkish under his auspices, and forces ; and it is said Tiflis will be attacked.
can already make myself understood among our friends
Kutais (anciently Cyta, or Cutasium) is on the Phasic,
of the fez. The construction of the verbs is most
and was the birthplace of Medea. ?Ea, the capital of
singular ; for example, there are two future tenses, King /Btes, where the Golden Fleece was preserved,
lay between that place and the present Poti. lam
one signifying the determination, " I will do it ;" th,e,
sorry the Turks at Redout know of the Russian retreat,
other expressing "At present such is my intention.
as there will be the more trouble in getting them to work.
On a first hearing, the language sounds remarkably
Since we arrived at Churuk-su, I have met with
like gibberish ; but when the ear becomes more accus-
Turkish artillery officers who spoke the European lan-
tomed to it, it ie not unpleasing. First studies are, of
guages, and had been educated in European military
course, mere efforts of memory, as the language is so
schools ; they have no news whatever to tell us, but
entirely different from any other both in derivation and
Stevens ci) formation. I have found the little Turkish phrase-book
say that
Stevens (our Consul at Trebizon
which was sent out to me most useful, and have con-
has promised them some by the next mail. We
stantly carried it about with me, and have now learnt visited the tent of Selim Pasha (the Commander-in-
the whole of it by heart. I have also made some addi-
Chief), but he was not at home; Mustapha Pasha (en
bons ; the little fat Bey here (in whose quarters I have second) we found seated in his tent, upon an arm-chair,
daily chibouques and coffee) is constantly adding to my with his legs ludicrously tucked underneath him, writing
orders and smoking a chibouque ; he is a fine-looking
dictionary, and to-day has told me that "ekee apeler"
f
(two months) I shall speak "pelt ayee Turche' (very fellow and an Arab. The town of Churuk-su is a large
straggling bazaar of wooden boxes, now occupied by
good Turkish). The grandees of Turkey avoid their own
language when in intercourse with each other, and speak Bashi-Bazouks and tobacco-bowl vendors ; its name
pure Arabic, and those are deemed the most polished means literally "troubled waters." The view of the
who speak it the most purely'
country round it, backed
-on the south by the Armenian
• mountains, and on the north by the distant Caucasus, is
most beautiful • to the south, on an eminence sur-
rounded by lovely wood scenery, stands a Genoese ruin,
covered with moss and green, and in shape like the
gateway of Carisbrooke Castle. Fever and ague be-
gin to be severely felt here. We return to Redout
this evening, and Sella, Pasha, goes with us. The other
day, at Reduut-Kalele I met with a• Bashi-B,,zouk,
whose weapons were those of the middle ages—an ine
mense battle-axe was stuck in his shawls (in addition to
the usual complement of knives and pistols), and in his
hand he carried a large iron club. I hope our soldiers
are doing something in Europe, and that the Crimea
will fall, but we must have a large army there. Sebas-
topol is said to be very weak on the land side, but no
doubt they have found that out, and are repairing their
faults. lam quite black with exposure to the sun.

d-addr,

r.' cathedrals
,t4fiOw-

to, 1,).:1C5,,

THE RUSSIAN POLICY IN ASIA.

The llfoniteur has the following, under the head of
" The Russian policy in Asia and the expedition to
Khiva":—
" The policy which Russia pursues in Asia merits
attention, not only as being the source of agitations in
the East, but also as an explanation of the proceedings
and pr,.jects of the Cabinet of St. Petersburg with re-
gard to the European States, her n ighbours. It is in
the conduct of the Asiatic policy of Russia that is more
clearly revealed the fundamental idea of her Cabinet.
This idea, which is often thwarted in Europe by
foreign influences, and sometimes suspended in its
action, appearing to be almost abandoned, has never
ceased to manifest itself throughout the whole of Asia.
It is an idea eminently Asiatic, borrowed by the
Czars of Russia from the once powerful Sovereigns of
the Tartars. It starts on the conviction that the Russian
Empire only owes its own existence to destroying that of
its neighbours, and that a continued and permanent ac-
tion abroad is an essential condition of life at home; it is
what Peter the Great expressed by these words :—'My
Empire is an army on the march; the Czar is the soldier
par excellence.' Thus Russia has never ceased to repre-
sent herself in the Ear, (except with regard to China) not
as one of the Powers, but as the only Power having or
assuming to itself the privilege of preponderance, of
protection, and consequently of relil s_wereignty. This
pretension obliges her to seize eagerly on every opportu-
nity of interfering in the affairs of her Asiatic neighbours,
and she does not hesitate to start pretexts for so doing,
if none happen to present themselves. She incessantly
directs towards Khiva both her troops and her agents,
and, whatever may be the definitive fate of those enter•
prises, she certainly will persist in them. The dangers
which result from them, although not immediate, do
not the less certainly exist for the neighbours more or
less close to Russia. The encroaching policy of the Ca-
binet of St. Petersburg finds in the Khanate of Khiva
all kinds of elements for working on—such as the
geographical situation, the diversity of races, their re-
lations with the adjoining countries, &c. Russia, with-
out sending her troops against the English and the
Persians, might, from the influence she exercises over
Khiva, raise, whenever she thought proper, serious em-
harrassmentfor those two Powers, and she will not fail
to have recourse to it." (The Moniteur then gives a
detail of the Russian expedition to Khiva in 1840,
tinder General Perowski, and continues :)—" In 1850
the co-quests of the English troops in the Punjaub led
to another contre-coup on the part of Russia. The
Emperor Nicholas, s-eing that the Indo-Britannic pos-
sessions hal been drawn back as far as Peshawur, pro-
posed to the Shah of Persia to purchase the town and
port of Asterabi:d at Vie price of the arrears of the con-
tribution duet to Russia ; but the negotiations opened on
this tubjeet led to no result. In the meantime (he flotilla
wf Astrakau militarily o,:cupied the island of Acboura,
hich commands the entrance of that part, where a
Ru-sian Consul has since resided. The fortress Leuko-
ran has just been completed on the plan of Peter the
Great ; it is close to the frontier of Russia and Persia,
and is only separated from the port of Novo-Alexandro-
cock by the breadth of the Caspian Sea. The latter,
without being so large or so well defended as Leukoran,
commands the most important position on the eastern
side, as it is at the culminating point of the corner of a
hay (Mertvoizalive), which penetrates far into the
Desert, and only 180 leagues from the Lake of Aral

Another circumstance adds to the importance of Fort
Novo-Alexandrovosk, which is, that it is in immediate
communication with the Jemantes, the Alas, and the
Tchoudars, powerful Turkoman tribes of the Eastern
coast, the first of which reckons 20,000 tents, the second
1,000, and the last 600. Several of their chiefs re-
ceive pensions from the Russian Government, and keep
up constant relations either with the commander of Novo-
A lexandrovosk or with the Rus•ian Consul at Asteraliad.
The nature of the service of this consulate is more par-
ticularly political, the commerce of the place being in-
significant. Under these two influences the Turkomans
are already More obedient to Russia than to Persia, and
may be usefully employed against the latter as well as
against Khiva. It must be remarked that since the
commencement of the present war between Russia and
Turkey the periodical press of London and Calcutta has
already several times spoken of fresh attempts of General
Perowski against Khiva, which are said to have suc-
ceeded. Although this assertion requires confirmation,
the fact is possible. Certainly, in the present crisis, the
will is not wanting to Russia. She would be happy to
create embarrassment to the English Cabinet, were it
only to show that she might really at some future day
threaten the English possessions in India, and prove a
more or less serious argument in „upport of the opinion
which she endeavours to create in the East of her
universal preponderance."

THE OMNIBUS PROPRIETORS AND THE
GOVERNMENT.

The threatened withdrawal of the omnibuses in conse-
quence of the rigid regulations issued by the Commis-
sioners of Police has been averted, chiefly by the inter-
ference of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, to whom Mr.
Bradfield, on the part of the stage carriage committee,
made an appeal. The Chancellor sent the following
reply :

" Downing-street, Aug. 15.
" SIR,—I am directed by the Chancellor of the Exche-
quer to acknowledge the receipt of your communication
dated August 4.
" The Chancellor of the Exchequer has instructed me to
express to you his hope that the arrangements 'which have
now been adopted with reference to the regulation of seats
in omnibuses, and of which a report has been transmitted
by Sir Richard Mayne to the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
will prove satisfactory to the committee of stage carriage
proprietors, on whose behalf your co"mlin,RinNiecalstiotn, has been
made.
have the honour to
,b,,aes, sir,a ddyroeus
sr
evde very t faithfulhectw
as servant,
or
The"M f,,
r.Jll.oEvo.nßgraledtfiteerld.
of the Exchequer in acknowledgment

"Stage Carriage Committee,
Sift, —I Aug. I G.
beg to acknowledge your letter of the 15th
"
nst The amended police regul,ition which Sir R. Mayne
settled in an interview I had with him, has removed the
difficulties referred to in my communic:ition to you of
August 4. The police regulation complained of was pre-
pared and issued without any reference to the trade, and,
as we are advised, was in direct Opposition to the spirit of
the Stage Act. The committee considered it was a case to
be brought under your notice, and have to express their
grateful thanks to you for your kind and prompt attention
to their interests. -I have the honour to be, sir, your most
obedient humble servant,
" To the Right Ron. the Chancellor of the Exchequer."

SpF,EAD OF CHOLERA.— The cholera continues to spres,cl
in Belfaq. The Banner of Ulster of yesterday says :
" Since last Wedne-day there have been 51 cases at-
tended to by the doctors of the Barrack-street establish-
ment, which still remains open day and night. These 51
cases make in all, since the return of the malady in last
month, 174, of which it is calculated that not less than
75 have died. Attacks of diarrhoea and other collateral
ailments are not here included, nor cases occurring in
private practice, the number of which it is imp,,ssible to
di-cover " The same journal remarks that—"Thediea,e
is not confined to Belfast, but that instances of its fatal
occurrence have happened in country districts. In the
town of Antrim a girl engaged in winding yarn for an
establishment there took suddenly ill on Saturday evening
se'nnight, and died on the next day, On the following
Friday the girl's mother also died of cholera.