The Sun.
London, England, 1853-12-19 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 19, lB5B.

journments ; it involved not only the expense of another
meeting, but of a continued allowance to the bankrupt.
Mr. C,ox said he should be able to remove any diffi-
culty on that head, as he was employing the bankrupt
to sell these shares, which he did without any com-
mission.
The bankrupt said he should have to devote the whole
of his time to the business.
His Honour said that should be considered when the
allowance was fixed at the next meeting.

THE STATE 0 F ITALY.

that of humanity, and he disdained to contaminate the f
purity of his motive by receiving riches or rewards for his
services, and ho lived always in the greatest poverty.
In 1847 he returned to Italy. His deeds at Rome are
well known. When the siege of Rome was over, and the
city taken possession of by the French, he collected about
4,000 of its defenders, and made a rash attempt to cross
Italy to the Adriatic, thus hoping to make his way by
sea to Venice, where the last ray of Italian liberty still
lingered. He was quickly surrounded with Austrian
troops from Florence, Bologna, and Ancona, and he
reached with difficulty, with a portion of his force, the
little republic of San Marino • here 900 men gave up their
arms to the authorities of the republic, who, as authori-
ties of an independent state, proposed to make terms for
them with the Austrians. They were, however, made
prisoners, and sent to Mantua, many of them first being
ignominiously flogged. Garibaldi and about 300 compa-
nions reached the shore, and embarking during the night
on board some fishing boats made sail towards Venice ; as
morning dawned the wind fell, and two Austrian steamers
were in sight. Some boats were taken, others sunk, and
two only, I believe, reached tho shore near RiMini ; in one
of these were Garibaldi and his wife, a lady of the Brazils,
who had insisted on accompanying her husband on his re-
treat from Rome. Garibaldi and his companions imme-
diately separated themselves, as the only chance of escape,
and carrying his wife in his arms, who was unable to sup-
port herself from fatigue, left the shore and went inland.
Two days afterwards he appeared at the cottage of a pea-
sant, still carrying his wife, and asked for water to be
given to her, but she expired as he put it to her lips. His
companions wore hunted about, and most of them shot
down like beasts of chase. Two months later Garibaldi
arrived at Genoa, having passed through the midst of the
Austrian forces in various disguises, and he who had
always refused to enrich himself by war, who disdained
self-interest, and defied all perils in devotion to a noble
cause, now thinks it no dishonour to earn his living as the
captain of a merchant vessel trading between China and
America. Ho has been called a brigand and a leader of
Condottieri ; but let those who reflect compare Garibaldi
with the French and Austrian generals whom he fought
against in Italy. Among the companions of Garibaldi
who were made prisoners was a priest named Ugo Bassi,
who had distinguished himself during the siege of Rome
by riding unarmed among the combatants, consoling and
assisting the dying and wounded. He was sent to Bo-
logna, where, by order of the Papal authorities, he had
the skin peeled from the crown of his head and from the
thumb and two first fingers of his right hand, and, when
this Christian-like ceremony was performed—which was
considered to remove his priesthood—he was turned over
to the Austrians to be shot !

SHERIFF'S COURT, DAC. 17.
PASSENGERS FOR AUSTRALIA.
An aotion was brought by Mr. Hann and his wife
against Sir E. G. Hodgkinson, shipowner, of Cornhill
(th• late sheriff), to recover back 151., which had been
paid as deposit-money for a passage of the plaintiff's wife
before marriage in the ship Emily, to Geelong, in
Australia.
Mr. Hodgson appeared for th• plaintiff, and Mr. Ellis
for the defendant.
In the course of last summer the plaintiff's wife (then
Helen Courtier) and Miss Mleod were desirous of pro-
ceeding to Geelong, where they had friends. Mr. Rose,
a merchant, of Upper Thames-street, kindly interested
himself in their. behalf in affording them protection in
his own family, and selecting a ship for their conveyance
to Australia. On the Ist of August his attention was
called to the following advertisement in a morning
paper :—" With immediate despatch, direct for Geelong,
the frigate-built ship Emily, 580 tons per register, A 1,
coppered, William Wilson, commander, loading in St.
Katharine Docks. This ship will take a few interme-
diate passengers at 25 guineas ; poop-cabin passengers,
Kt guineas. For freight or passage apply to the owner,
Sir G. E. Hodgkinson and Co., 74, Cornhill." Thinking
this would afford a favourable opportunity for the
young ladies proceeding to the colony, Mr. Rose waited
upon Mr. Clarke, a general shipping agent with a view
of making some inquiries about her, and, if satisfactory,
to secure passages in her. With the agent's clerk he
went down to the docks, and was somewhat surprised to
. find the ship unloading. He remarked upon her state ;
when he was informed that she would sail in a fortnight ;
that her cargo was already waiting to be shipped, and
the passengers' accommodation could be arranged in a
few hours. Mr. Clarke also saw the defendant's ship-
ping clerk about securing the berths for the young
ladies, who, in answer to his inquiries, was told that the
freight was all ready to be shipped, and that she would
sail in a fortnight. This was communicated to Mr.
Rose, who, upon the faith of these representations, paid
301., as half-passage money, for berths in the cabin. A
copy of the dietary scale was also handed to him, show-
ing that she was put on as a general passenger ship.
The 301. was duly paid over to the defendant, and on
the fortnight arriving for the vessel to sail, she was
found quite in an unfit state to commence the voyage,
and it was not till eight weeks after the advertisement
that the ship sailed. During this interval Miss Courtier
met with a gentleman she had previously known and
married him. She then gave up her intention of going
to Australia, and a return of 151., being half of the de-
posit was applied for, but the defendant, Sir George
Hodgkinson, positively refused to give back the money.
Miss M‘Leod sailed in the vessel. Miss Courtier
was quite prepared to have gone off, and would have
done so had the ship have sailed within a reasonable
time.
Mr. Ellis, for the defendant, contended that it was
the young lady's marriage which prevented her from
leaving England. The ship was advertised to sail with
immediate despatch ; a term signifying that she would
depart with expedition.
The Judge, upon looking at the card, said the vessel
was said to be loading, whereas she was unloading.
Witness said this was the usual statement when a ship
was about to load.
The Judge—Then the sooner the statement is done
away with the better : a custom of telling lies is a bad
one. HI saw an advertisement that a ship was loading,
I should never conclude that she was 'unloading. It is
clear the deposit was paid upon an agreement that the
ship was to sail at a much earlier period. A verdict
would therefore be given for the plaintiff for the whole
amount-151. and costs.

Such was the fate of the remnant of that brave army of
volunteers which had defended Rome, composed of men ,
from all ranks of life, in which the nobleman, the peasant,
and youths who had left the peaceful study of professions
and the arts, fought side by side, united in love for their
country; their courage had been wasted and their force
consumed in resisting France, at a moment when most
needed against the Austrians. The Austrian power in
Lombardy rested on a volcano ready to burst beneath her
feet ; the battle of Novara, so suddenly and decisively won,
checked its explosion, but it still existed, and such a re-
sistance to the Austrian fore ,s as the French encountered
at Rome might at that moment have influenced the fate of
Italy. And these defenders of Rome have been calumniated
as a baud of desperadoes, of soldiers of adventure, of anar-
chists, and revolutionists of all nations! In vain the French
envoy, Lesseps, wrote to his Government the unwelcome
truth, that Rome was defended chiefly by those classes
which in Paris defend the cause of order ; he was unheeded
in the necessity which the French Government was under
of justifying the siege by any means, and imputing it to
any motive °but the true one. The death of Rossi—the
act of a single man—was paraded as the crime of a whole
people. The man who had come forward almost alone to
support by his talent and reputation the Papal Govern-
ment in its now open hostility to Italian freedom, who
had not au ally, who would hardly have found a gendarme
to obey him, who stood alone opposed to a whole city,
whose power must have fallen of itself in a few days, did
more harm to the Romans by his death than he could have
done while living. The republic was said to have been
founded on an assassination and unworthy to exist, and
2,000 Italians died at Rome to defend it. In Franco the
lower and middling classes had learnt to distrust each
other; the violence of the Socialists produced a reaction,
a retrograde spirit, and Italy suffered for this. Its results
were the re-establishment of the Papal authority and the
present despotism in France.
Should a day of deliverance evessarrive for Italy, it is
difficult to foretell what effect it may have upon the
Roman Catholic Church. The temporal power of the
Popes being wrested frcm them ; their spiritual power
would be used without moderation or remorse to recover
it, as it is now used for its defence ; hence must arise a re-
sistance, an opposition to the spiritual power also.
That revolutions, that political convulsions generally,
retard at the time the progress of civilisation, may be true,
yet are they often necessary to freedom. England has
passed through civil war and revolutions in her struggle
to obtain it, and it is undeniably true that in Italy revo-
lution is the only road to freedom, the only means of civi-
lisation. I have endeavoured to show that the cause of
I talianfreedom is emphatically that of civilisation struggling
against barbarism, of intelligence against ignorance and
superstition.
Italian insurrection has been condemned also as disturb-
ing the peace of Europe ; the crime is theirs who render
this insurrection just and necessary. If the Peace Society,
instead of condemning indiscriminately all war, would de-
fine and distinguish that which is defensive and that which
is aggressive, that which is the slave escaping from his
tyrant, the citizen defending his family and his home from
the robber and the murderer, and that which is but mur-
der and robbery on a large scale, they might arrive at a
result of more practical utility. If ever the great moral
principle, "Do unto others as you would they should do
unto you," shall guide the intercourse of nations, there will
be universal peace, and not before ; but something might,
no doubt, be done by an earnest propagandism of political
morality, and by disseminating a knowledge of its princi-
ples. There are many men who would never be led by
self-interest to commit an act of oppression or injustice
towards a neighbour who would yet applaud a conquest
by which their country has acquired increased power or
territory, because they have never thought to view these
questions in the great moral light of the welfare of man-
kind, but only in the restricted sense of their country's
glory or advantage.
The remarks I have made in this letter, though applying
generally to Italy, with the exception of Piedmont, have
been suggested more particularly by the state of the Papal
dominions and government, and my remarks on the priest-
hood are not meant to extend at all beyond Italy. I have
spoken only of what I know, and I can easily conceive that
to the Englida Roman Catholic his religion presents itself
under alvery different aspect from that which it is made
to assume to the Italian peasant. If I have expressed
contempt, it is not meant for the religion itself, as under-
stood by the intelligent and educated Roman Catholic,
but for the adoption of deceit and such vile means as
these pretended miracles to obtain power and influence
over the ignorant, and for the endeavour to keep the
ignorant as they are, that such means may influence
them.

My object in writing these two letters has been obtained
if they have done anything towards creating a sympathy
for a cause which I feel convinced is noble and just, and
towards preventing the unhappy acts of revenge and as-
sassination (the effect of the demoralisation produced by
oppression) which have taken place, and still sometimes
occur in Italy, from being identified with the cause itself,
with its justice and its hopes.—l have the honour to be,
sir, your obedient servant,

A TRAVELLER IN ITALY.

December G.

OPENING OF A WINTER GARDEN IN DUBLIN.--On
Thursday the Irish Exhibition was opened as a winter
garden and promenade. At about two o'clock their
Excellencies the Lord-Lieutenant and the Countess of
St. Germans, attended by Major Ponsonby, private
secretary, and the Hon. Captain Hely Hutchinson,
A.D.C. in waiting, arrived at the front of the building
in Merrion-square, where they were received by the
Lord Mayor, Mr. Alderman Roe, D.L. and Chairman
of the Committee ; Sir Edward M‘Donneli, the Lord
Mayor Elect ; Colonel Browne, Mr. Dargan, and other
members of the committee ; and conducted by those
gentlemen, their Excellencies walked up the south side
of the great hall to the angle of ascent to the circular
dais, which was lately ornamented with statuary. The
National Anthem was struck up by six military bands
at the moment their Excellencies entered the build-
ing, and was continued until they reached the extreme
end of the hall, which at that time presented a very
animated and imposing spectacle. The great hall and
the galleries all around were filled with an over-
flowing and fashionable assemblage. Their Excel-
lencies proceeded across to the northern side of the
hall, and paced about through the building for
a considerable time ; after which the carriages
were ordered, and the Viceregal party drove back
to the Viceregal Lodge. The equestrian statue of the
Queen and many other works of art adorn the great
central hall. The fountains are in active play at inter-
vals ; clumps of evergreens and choice exotics from the
conservatories of the nobility and gentry are gracefully
towering in conical forms, whilst the gallery where the
great organ had been erected is elegantly festooned and
ornamented with shrubs. It was estimated that there
were considerably over five thousand visitors present.
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Co., purveyors to her Majesty, Piccadilly.

THE ARMY.

REDUCTION OF THE TROOPS IN IRELAND.—We hear
from very good authority, that the number of troops in
Ireland is to be greatly diminished, and that several
regiments will be sent to the Mediterranean.
RESIGNATION OF THE DEPOTY-A:DjUTANT-GENERAL.—
Major-General Wetherall, whose appointment to be
deputy-adjutant-general of the army, was hailed with
the general acclamations of the service, has, we much
regret to learn, resigned his office. The universal re-
gards and regrets of the army follow his retirement.
Colonel Torrens, from the quartermaster-general's de-
partment, is named as successor to Major-General
Wetherall, as deputy-adjutant-gencral ; and Lietuenant-
Colonel Cunynghame, from the ' 27th Regiment, it is
stated, will be appointed to the vacancy in the quarter-
master-general's department. Mf ij or-General Wetherall
was offered the adjutantgeneralshap, but he declined it
on grounds honourable to him as :an officer and a gentle-
man. It is stated at the clubs that he is to succeed
Major-General Rowan in Canada :as general commanding
the forces. Some months must elapse before Sir George
Cathcart can enter upon his new duties, and Major-
General Wetherall remains to act for a time.

Commanding officers of corps in Ireland on leave of
absence—Lieut. Colonel Hodge, 4th Dragoon Guards ;
Colonel Lord Cardigan, 11th Hussars ; Major Holds-
worth, 2d depot ; Major Hoey, 30th ; Lieut. Colonel
Blake, 33d ; Lieut.-Colonel Munro, 39th ; and Lieut..
Colonel Ferryman, 89th.
The 33d Athlone will move to Dublin on being re-
lieved by the 90th.
The 46th Regiment has left• Dublin for Kilkenny, to
replace the 62d Foot, ordered to Fermoy.
The 9th Foot, at Clonmel, to he replaced by the 13th
depot, has left for Fermoy, and they embark at Cork for
the Mediterranean.

Captain Moore, 19th, is about to retire from the ser-
vice, and Lieut. Chippendale and Ensign Godfrey will
succeed to the vacant steps.
The 80th, on its return to England next year, will have
four ensigncies to fill, the 51st two, and 18th one.
THE COLONELOIES OF MILITIA.—The late Earl of
Dartmouth was colonel of the Staffordshire Militia.
Upon his decease no colonel in thief has been appointed.
Nor will there be any second colonel appointed to future
vacancies. In future there will be only one colonel iu
each regiment. The lieutenant-colonel will, in reality,
therefore, command the regiment, and there will be two
majors. The lieutenant-colonel is generally an efficient
soldier—a retired officer of the line, whilst the chief was
frequently the lord lieutenant of the county himself, old,
perhaps without experience, or a young son or nephew,
put over the head of an efficient officer. The experience
of Lord Palmerston has e nabled him to remedy this, and
to secure a greater efficieacy in this constitutional and
useful force.— Observer.
HER MAJESTY'S REGIACYNTS IN INDIA.—Four of het
Majesty's regiments of infazntry in. India are about to be
relieved by four others from this country. We under-
stand that the following is the arrangement for the pur-
pose. At Madras, the 35th. is to replace the 25th ; in
Bengal, the 27th will relieve the 22d ; the 82d will take
the place of the 96th, and the 90th that.of the 38th.
When the- relieving regimen is will proceed to their desti-
-1 nations seems to be a mat ter of some doubt. In the
best informed circles it appo.a.rs to be thought that this
will not he till the spring, at least not with all the regi-
ments.—Allen's Indian Mail:.

STATE 01? TRADE.

(From, the Manchester Ouardian of Saturday.)

MANCHESTER, Dec. 16.—T7ue purchases have consisted
mainly of twist and of the li:7,lter descriptions of cloth
suitable for India, and of such yarns and goods as the
Greeks take for the Levant. We are glad to find that
the makers of domestics are entering more or less into
engagements. The heavier and better descriptions of
these cloths, however, are still neglected ; as are
also the heavier 40-inch shirtings. Fine yarns
continue greatly depressed. Some doubled articles,
particularly 30's and 40's, are! yet scarce and dear. The
German houses are reduced to . small purchases, in the
way of assortment, by the ice which now stops nearly
all river navigation to their markets. The letters by
the overland mail are stated to have arrived in London.
The telegraphic statement represents trade in imports as
" better at Canton than for some months," and the busi-
ness in goods at Calcutta as: large, but at Bombay as
unsatisfactory. An eminent Bombay firm in this city
have read to us a passage from a communication by way
of Trieste, which describes the prices obtainable for
yarns and goods as below the paying point.
BRADTORD, Dec. 15•—Wool : Rather more wool has
come to town this week, and prices are a little higher.
Yarns—The difficulties of the spinners have evidently
been on the increase for some time past. The current
price for yarns has ranged so far below the cost, as to
bring about an extensive stoppage of frames and short
time working, which has been adopted for Some months
past, and with no hope of alteration, unless some very
decided improvement in the value of yarn can be realised
commensurate with the costs. Pieces : There is nothing
very active in this department.
NOTTINGHAM, Dec. 15.—The commercial affairs of
this town are unaltered, the little that is doing both in
hosiery and lace goods being quite of a retail character
and not worthy of comment.
LEICESTER, Dec. 15.—There is more business doing
in the warehouses than is usual at this season of the
year. After Christmas, it is expected the workmen will
get generally employed, as both yarns and wools will by
that time get more fixed in price.
ROCHDALE, Dec. 12.—We have had but a thin attend-
ance of buyers to-day. Wool is quite as firm as it was
the preceding week.