The Sun.
London, England, 1853-02-07 00:00:00

ri HE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 7, 1853.

THE SHARE MARKETS.

LINES LEASED AT FIXED RENTALS.

COUNTY COURTS.

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304 all Birm. Wolv. &
30 31
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Dor)
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St. 100 E. Lincoln gr. •
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25 all Glstr.& Dn. Fr Gt.Westn 32a —33 a
100 Hrtlpl. Dk. & • k. Now.
Railway & Berw.
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and Matlockl & Midid 3 34
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St. 100 Wilts&Somrs ,GtWestn lO2 103

A pamphlet has just been published by Ridgway
of PiCcadilly on the subject of the bills recently
ietroduced by Lord Brougham, and now before
Parliament, for the further extension of the juris-
diction of the County Courts, which will be read
with avidity by all who take an interest in the
improvement and perfection of these tribunals.
The pamphlet is in the form of a letter to the Lord
Chancellor, by " A Law Reformer," and the bills
to which the writer directs his lordship's attention I
are :

RAILWAYS.

Closing Prices
this day.

" 1. ' A bill intituled an act for extending the juris-
diction of the Co: my Courts to certain matters cogniz-
able in the Cofirt of Chancery.'
"2. A bill intituled an act to extend the jurisdiction
of the Judges of the County Courts, and to facilitate pro-
ceedings in the High Court of Chancery.' And,
3. A bill intituled an act to limit the jurisdiction of
her Majesty's Court of Bankruptcy, to aboLsh the Courts
of Bankruptcy for the country districts, and to give to the
Judges of the County Courts jurisdiction in matters of
bankruptcy in certain cases.'
" The first or County Courts Equitable Jurisdiction
. .

Bill,' as it is called, is a bill to give t; the County Courts
original jurisdiction in respect of matters which hereto-
fore have only been cognizable in the Courts of Chancery,
and enacts that—

" It shall and may be lawful to and for any person
seeking equitable relief to enter a claim against any per-
Wu from whom such relief is sought, either with the
clerk of the County Court for the district within which
such last-menfioned person resides, or in any other of
suck Courts, by leave of the Judge of such Court, in any
of the following cases ; (that is to say,) in any case
where the party so seeking relief is or claims to be,
"1. A creditor upon the estate of any deceased per-
son, suoh creditor seeking payment of his debt out of the
deceased's personal assets :
"2. A legatee under the will of any deceased per-
son, such legatee seeking payment or delivery of his
legacy out of such deceased person's personal assets :
"3. A residuary legatee, or one of the residuary

MINES

legatees, of any deceased person, seeking an account Of
the residue, and payment or appropriation of his share

therein :

" 4. 'The person, or any of the persons, entitled to
the personal estate of any person who may have died
intestate, and seeking an account of such personal estate,
and payment of his share thereof :
" 5. 'An executor or administrator of any deceased
person, seeking to have the personal estate of such de-
ceased person administered, under the directions of the
Judge of the Court for the district within which he
resides :

" 6. 'A person entitled to an account of the dealings
and transactions of a partnership dissolved or expired,
seeking such account :
"7. A person entitled to an equitable estate or in-
terest, and seeking to use the naive of his trustee in pro-
secuting a suit for his own sole benefit :
"8. A person entitled to have a new trustee ap-
pointed, in a case where there is no power in the instru-
ment creating the trusts to appoint new trustees, or
where the power cannot be exercised, and seeking to ap-
point a new trustee.'
" The second, or County Courts further extension
Bill,' gives power to the Lord Chancellor to appoint
the Judges of the County Courts to be officers of and
assistant to the Court of Chancery, and to make general
orders and regulations for the following purposes,
viz. :

"1. For enabling the Court of Chancery in any
cause or matter, when it shall appear that any accounts
or inquiries that may require to be taken or made in
any such cause or matter may be conveniently taken or
made by a Judge of the County Court or a Master Ex-
traordinary in Ireland of the English Court of Chancery,
to direct that such inquiries or accounts, or any portion
thereof, shall be taken or made by one of the said
Judges or Masters Extraordinary, and to give such
directions as to the time and mode of taking the same,
and otherwise relating thereto, as shall be deemed expg,-
dient :

"2. 'For making provision for taking down the evi-
dence and examinations to be taken under the authority
of this Act, and for providing for the filing, depositing,
and preservation of the examinations, depositions, affi-
davits, proceedings, and reports under any such refer-
ence, and the means of access to and obtaining copies of
the same

" 3. ' For authorising the Judges of the County Court
and the Masters Extraordinary in Ireland aforesaid
to exercise all powers of administering oaths, taking
affidavits, and receiving affirmations, declarations,
acknowledgments and attestations of honour, which
are exercised by the Clerk of Reports ; and for au-
thorising the said judges and masters extraordinary to
take pleas, answers, disclaimers, and examinations in
causes and matters pending in the said Court of Chan-
cery, and also the examination of any married woman
with reference to her consent to the disposal of any funds
or monies subject to the order of the said Court, with-
out any commission or other authority than this act :
'4. For enabling the said Judges and masters ex-
traordinary, without any commission or other authority,
to examine witnesses brought before them in causes and
matters depending in the said Court of Chancery, and
fOr enabling any party in any such cause or matter to
have his witnesses examined before any such Judge or
master extraordinary, and for regulating the mode of
such examination :

f" For providing for the authentication and trans-
mission by post or otherwise of any such pleas, answers,
disclaimers, examinations, depositions, proceedings, and
reports, and of other documents relating to the matterB
done by or before any such Judge or master extraordi-
nary." _

And the third, or 'District Court of Bankruptcy
Abolition Bill," restricts the jurisdiction of the London
Court of Bankruptcy to a circle of twenty miles from
the General Post-office—abolishes the District Courts of
Bankruptcy—and gives jurisdiction in Bankruptcy to
the Judges of the County Courts, in all cases where the
trader resides beyond twenty miles of London."
The author, after stating his object to be the
placing these bills in a prominent point of view
before the Lord Chancellor, and after giving a more
full detail of the bill for transferring the bank-
ruptcy jurisdiction to the County Court Judges,
goes on to say :

"If, happily, these bills should become law, the
whcfle community will have the opportunity afforded
them of settling almost all their disputes and differences
at their own homes. In the bill conferring original
jurisdiction in equity, a right of appeal is given to the
Court of Chancery ; and in the bill transferring the
bankruptcy jurisdiction, an appeal lies to the Lords Jus-
tices—and had my Lord Brougham gone a little farther,
and proposed a still greater extension of the jurisdiction
of the County Courts—its extension to all matters of
debt, without any restriction whatever as to the amount,
I should not have been at all surprised, if (with those
safeguards of appeal), his lordship had found Parlia-
meat—and more particularly the House of Commons--
perfectly ready to go along with him.
" Lord St. Leonards, however, appears to be hostile
to these bills of my Lord Brougham's—hostile certainly
to the first, and to the third of them—to giving original
jurisdiction in equity to the judges of the County Courts
---,fond to the transfer to them of the Bankruptcy Juris-
diction ; and as regards the second bill—the bill giving
power to the Lord Chancellor to appoint the judges of
the County Courts to be officers of the Court of Chan-
cery—his lordship, while he admits that certain powers
might properly be given in aid of the Court of Chancery,
proposes, in the speech to which I have adverted, to
give those powers, not to the County Courts Judges,
but to the Commissioners of the Court of Bankruptcy,
because, as his lordship stated, the Commissionars, from
the nature of their jurisdiction, would, in his opinion,
be likely to perform those duties with more satisfaction
to the Court of Chancery.' Lord St. Leonards objects
to giving these powers, trifling and comparatively unim-
portant as they are, to the Judges of the County Courts ;
and thence it is of course to be inferred that his lordship
will still more strongly object to any proposal for giving
them original jurisdiction in equity. Lord Brougham
proposes to reduce the London Court of Bankruptcy to
a Chief Commissioner, and two other Commissioners—to
confine their jurisdiction entirely to matters of bank-
ruptcy—to abolish the seven District Courts of Bank-
ruptcy—and to give jurisdiction in bankruptcy and ori-
ginal and other jurisdiction in equity to the County
Courts, while Lord St. Leonards proposes to retain the
Bankruptcy Courts in London and in the country, to
make the Commissioners officers of the Court of Chan-
cer', and to give them jurisdiction under certain clauses,
which appeared in Lord Brougham's Bankrupt Law
Consolidation Bill of 1849, and which at the time
acquired the name of the Dead Men's Clauses.'

"I have not the honour of knowing what your lord-
ship's sentiments are in relation to the bills to which I
am directing your attention ; but I would fain hope,
that when you come to look carefully into them, and
to 'weigh and consider the arguments in their favour,
you will feel satisfied that they ought no longer to be
delayed ; that no measure, such as that sketched out by
Lord St. Leonards—no measure which does not enable
a suitor to commence a Chancery suit in the County
Courts, will ever he received by the public as anything
but an instalment—that the merely empowering the
Lord Chancellor to appoint the Commissioners of the
Bankruptcy Courts to act "in aid" of the Court of
Chancery, will not reach the evils complained of, or be
looked upon as at all approaching to either the kind or
degree of Chancery reform that is required ; and that,
although such a measure might in some instances miti-
gate, it would never exterminate the intolerable griev-
ances of the present Chancery system. My Lord
Brougham's plan is certainly a bold one, but it also ap-
pears. to me to be both simple and right ; it is a bold
plan, because it rids us at one swoop of almost all the
grievances so long and so loudly complained of ; it is
simple, inasmuch as the meanest capacity may compre-
hend it ; and it is right, for this reason, that so long as
it tifiords due means of appeal, it insist s:.ve the suitor
mu needless cost, and it cannot occasion any failure
of justice.
" I could give your lordship numerous instances—
Lances ad naaseam—of extreme hardship arising out
of the present order of things —instances of delay, of
uncertainty, and of ruinous expense —and instances, also,
of the dread and horror of these combined, operating to
prevent injured parties from seeking their just rights—
of thair being advised by eminent counsel to abandon
those. rights, and of their preferring to do so, and quietly
submitting to injustice rather than incur the infliction
and.the misery of a suit in Chancery. I will, however,
content myself with referring to only a very few cases'
simply because these appear to me sufficiently to eluci-
date' all this, and to point prominently to the kind of
remedy that is required ; and I shall begin with one or
two mentioned by Lord Brougham, in a speech made by
his lordship on the 14th of July 1851, on the first read,

U N

A_ .•\,:&_l _. li=sf-_,; ,1,::" \
",,,:,:-/ 1,,,,:, ;
_I-,:ra;_,- ..-:,.• ;..„
67/i7 •i, Vr-,' '"", ~....:. \CA
....4 •••-•!':;-'1::,;,-; :;,it-t....,-,'-:':!: 11 .
ing of the Court of Chancery and Judicial Committee i THE .RI
bill of that year."
- 'el
Lord Brougham's speech on the Court of Chan- NEW FIELD JO
cery Bill of 1851 is 'then given, containing several ( From the Liv
(ci,„a te:
cases strongly illustrative of the necessity pf what Taking a wise advantage o 11 lope e r... dissensions of
is proposed in his lordship's present bill, for giving their Argentine neighbours, and leaving Urquiza and
original jurisdiction in equity to the County Courts; Buenos Ayres to settle their embroihuents as they best
and then follows the opinions of two of the Judges of ' may,
en-
the County Courts, illustrated also by cases, and the . ' the authorities at Monte Video, rejoicing in the
mination of a solicitor, taken before the Chan-
cery , joyment of peace now secured to Uruguay, are. zealously
eery Commission last year. The opinions of Lord continuing the. exertions we lately recorded with a view
Cottenham, Lord Brougham, Lord Lyndhurst, and
to the attraction of emigrants from Europe. The sac-
Lord Campbell, on the act which established the cess promises to be commensurate with the exertion. A.
District Courts of Bankruptcy, aro also given ; and novel and somewhat singular trade seems to be springing
the writer ends by saying : up between the Plate and the golden regions of Austra-
• , c But what is now proposed by my Lord Brougham lia ; but in some instances the allurements of the former
is, as I have already said, neither more nor less than a I prove more 13
potent even than the latter among these who
return to the old rule. His lordship proposes to take h
have had the opportunities of appreciating both. Mules
advar'age of the County Courts for Bankruptcy pro-
.ceedings ; to engraft on them the system of official are being imported in considerable numbers from Monte
assignees which has been found to work so well, both in ,Video to the diggings, where, even after a voyage round
London and in the country ; and, to return to the old , the Horn, they prove of the utmost value from their ca-
practice of prosecuting every bankruptcy, as near to the pacity to endure the rough usage they are subjected to,
place of residence or trading of the bankrupt as possible
,and unite- which the lea Best orses are found rapidly
—nres.,xving, also, the old exception to that rule, by
i to deteriorate.' Not unfrequently a digger, fortunate or
giving to the Chief Commissioller power to order other-
. unfortunate, as the case may be, quits the auriferous
wise under special circumstances. Formerly (I am only
going back to 1842), there was the London Court, with I shores of the new El Dorado in one of these ships, and
six Commissioners, and a jurisdiction of forty miles settles on the banks of some one or other of the affluents
around London ; and there were one hundred and thirty- of that stream whose fabled wealth (hence called the
two lists of Commissioners for all the rest of England Plata—the River of Silver), first lured Cabot, three cen-
and Wales. The rule, then, was to work or prosecute turies ago, in the hope of rivalling the metalliferous dis-
the bankruptcy in London in all cases in which the coveries made by Pizzaro in the north. Scene of the
bankrupt resided in London, or within forty miles of it, reasons for preferring the Uruguay to Austral% will be
and in all other cases, before the list of Commissioners found in the annexed interesting letter, under date,
for the place nearest to his residence. If the bankrupt Monte Video, 15th December, 1852 :
did not reside in London, or within forty miles of it, the "Since- my arrival here on the 11th August Iha

been assiduously engaged in gleaning information with
reference to the suitability of the Republic of the Uru-
guay for colonisation, and the attractions it holds forth
to emigrants. In fertility of soil, undisturbed possession
of property, wealth, both agricultural and mineral, to be
explored, mildness of climate, and last, and not least, a
liberal and protective government, all circumstances
highly favourable to the settler, it is surpassed by none.
The gold of Australia may prove seductive to adven-
turers, who, led away by an idea that they will be en-
riched in a few days, heed neither the means nor the
mode of obtaining that wealth, the danger attending it,
and the probability of success ; but for him who prefers
an industrious and tranquil life, aspires to live quietly
and happily, and even seeks a slow but sure mode of
making his fortune, the Uruguay is the place.
"Amongst the considerations by which the emigrant
is influenced when he quits his country, that of the cli-
mate in which he is to live is not the least important.
Now, the Uruguay, extending as it does between the 30
deg. and 35 deg.. of south latitude, enjoys a climate fully
equal to that of the south of Europe ; one to which all
constitutions accommodate themselves. This is a climate
which appears to be most adapted to man, placed be-
tween the sun of the tropics and the ices of the poles,
partaking equally of cold and heat, both of a moderate
degree, the inhabitants of the temperate zone acquire
greater vigour than those of any other, and generally
reach to an age rarely attained in other countries. The
sky is clear and pure ; its sun does not produce fevers,
nor its dew diseases. In the air there is no dampness,
nor in the atmosphere putrid miasmata. Both pesti-
lences and epidemics are unknown. The soil is dry, but
innumerable rivulets, limpid and clear as crystal;tra-
verse it, flowing into numerous and deep rivers. The
hills are covered with verdure, and the mountains are
picturesque ; the plains fertile, and the meadows ever
green. In so many natural beauties beings to enjoy
them alone are wanting. Men there are not to avail
themselves of a soil which God has created so rich—a
country so bountifully endowed.
"But the climate is not the sole object of the intended
emigrant's inquiries. The merchant, the mechanic, the
agriculturist, and even the miner, will find in this rich
territory a vast field for the exercise of their industry.
To commerce Monte Video offers a superb emporium. •
The port is secure and commodious, and promises to be
made much better still by the industry of man. Steam
navigation, which is about to be commenced in the river
Uruguay, will considerably facilitate the conveyance of
L _merchandise and communication with the interior, which
,91Ters a vast market for foreign goods and manufactures ;
a nci, when the projected railways (the construction of
w,'Aich appears to be assured by the general peace now
re4pin.., and the resources of the country), are carried
into effect, the increase which will accrue to commerce
throujh the activity and rapidity of its circulation will
be incalculable.
The .miner will likewise be enabled to exercise his
art here. Rich mines of various metals exist ; of many
there are indubitable symptoms, and of others some of
the produce has already been extracted. Of silver prin-
cipally there appears to be an abundance, which will
probably exceed all the calculations which can be formed ;
and, if the gold is in smaller quantity, it cannot be doubted
that it will amply compensate the labour of extracting it.
These mines, however, have not as yet been properly ex-
plored. Various causes have contributed to this ; but,
above all, the scarcity of labour and the riches which the
soil presents at its. surface. Thus, then, the inhabitants
of the Uruguay have not hitherto felt the necessity of
searching for hidden riches. The produce of the surface,
very far from being exhausted, are still in a great mea-
sure lost through there beinc, no one to profit by it, and
consequently search is not made in the centre of the
earth for that, the want of which is not felt. The exist-
ence of these mines is more than ascertained ; and, from
what is already known of their richness, it may be with
certainty inferred that the metallic veins are not very
deep, and that the extraction of the ore does not present
obstacles to overcome which will not give ample remu-
neration. Their exploration will, at ali events, be lucra-
tive, and may well tempt industrious spirits.
" Above all, however, the farmer who establishes him-
self on this most fertile soil will reap snore abundant
fruits with less labour. He will require to do little moro
than scatter the seeds on the ground, and see them spring
up and bear fruit. The products of the Uruguay are the
same as those of the south of Europe. Here the same
most luscious fruits are found. There the same rich
golden crops are seen to wave in the breeze. All that
is produced in the temperate climate of Europe grows
here to perfection : maize, rye, wheat, every description.
of grain the cultivation of which is familiar to Europeans,
and even tobacco, can be cultivated there with advan-
tage. The settlers have applied themselves especially to
the cultivation of wheat, and most abundant harvests
have rewarded their labours. The climate and soil ap-
pear expressly adapted to this description of cultivation,
and the yield is prodigious. The success obtained in
this cultivation has already attracted, as could not but
happen, a great number of strangers, and in the depart-
ment of Canelones alone 4,400 alqueires (about 2,200
quarters) of wheat were sown in this year. Such flatter-
ing results have crowned the experiments lately made,
that the Uruguay will soon supply foreign markets with
grain, instead of importing it from Chili and the United
States, as it has hitherto done, for want of labourers to
till the fields.
" It is not sufficient, however, for the foreign settler
to know that the soil is fertile ; he must also be assured
that the soil will be granted to him, that he shall have
lands to cultivate ; on this point he will also be satisfied
according to his wishes. There are in the country most
extensive plains which only require to have seeds thrown
on them in order to yield crops ; and others which, if
the ground were slightly turned up, would be converted
into beautiful arable lands. The settler, then, has not
only the certainty of finding land as much as lie can cul-
tivate, but he can even choose that which appears most
fertile and most adapted to the species of cultivation to
which he intends to devote himself. All this land will be
granted to him on the sole condition that he cultivates
it, and compels it to yield crops. This price is surely
not an exorbitant one.
" Besides the cultivation of grain, the Uruguay is
likewise excellently adapted for a grazing country. Ever-
green pastures of almost unlimited extent provide con-
stant and nutritive food for cattle, and in rivers and
brooks they can at every moment slake the thirst they
feel.

solicitor at the time he bespoke the fiat, was required to
certify which of the places for which lists of Commission-
ers were formed was the one nearest to the bankrupt's'
residence, and to the list for that place, the fiat was, as a
matter of course, directed. This was the old rule. And
the .exception to it was—that whenever it could be shown
that a majority of the creditors lived elsewhere ; or that
it would be more convenient to the general body of the
creditor, g ; or for the benefit of the estate, to prosecute
the fiat .C.n London, or at any other place—then to the
London Commissioners, or to the list of Commissioners
for that other place, it was accordingly directed under a
special order.
"Such was the old rule, and such the exception, and if
in 1842, if, prior to the 5 and 6 Vict., cap. 122, County
Courts had been established as they are now, no one can
reasonably doubt that jurisdiction in bankruptcy would
have been given to them, and that these District Courts
of Bankruptcy never' would have been thought of. Since
then, however, since the extension of the jurisdiction of
the London Courts an d the establishment of the District
Courts of Bankruptcy, all bankruptcies have been prose-
cuted either in London ' or in one or other of the seven
District Courts. No mat ter where the bankrupt lives or
carries on his trade. If he lives in London, or at or near
to any of the District Co, Tuts, it is all very well, and
there is nothing to complain o'f; but if he and his credi-
tors live, as they.frequently do,. at a distance from the
Court, then ensue the grievance of which I complain,
and which are so well and so forciL4Y stated by my Lords
C.ttenham and Campbell, and also .by Mr. Johnes ; the*
ensues the "consumption of time and expenditure of
' money" in journeying to the place wh,n'e the Bankruptcy
Court is held, and which Commissione.r Ayrton seems to
imagine can only occur when London is. .the point to be
arrived at. These grievances and this trxinsumption of
time and expenditure of money Lord Bi.o.ugham's Bill
wisely proposes to remedy by prosecutiog: the bank-
ruptcy in the London Court, in all case:.' where tho
trader resides in London, or within 20 miles oic. the Gene-
ral Post Office, and in the County Court for the District
in which he resides in all other cases, reserving ,Dower to
the Chief Commissioner to make order for its prose cution
in London or elsewhere, without regard to the pl'a ce of
residence or trading, on proper cause shown.
"This seems simple enough. The Court of Bank-
ruptcy will still have power on its being shown that a
majority of the creditors live at any particular place, or
that it is for the benefit of the estate, or for the interest
of the general body of creditors that the bankruptcy be'
prosecuted there, to make order accordingly. The con-
venience of the greatest number is the thing to be at-
tended to, and this appears to be amply provided for and
secured. The County Courts already have jurisdiction
in insolvency—all insolvencies beyond 20 miles from the
General Post-office are prosecuted in the County Courts
—no difficulty is found to arise respecting them—nor
will any arise in respect to bankruptcy which cannot
easily be provided for.
" But if the prosecution of matters in bankruptcy, at
a distance from the place of residence, or trading of a
bankrupt be inconvenient, how much more so, my Lord,
must be the prosecution of matters in equity at places
distant from the residences of the parties and their wit-
nesses. Bankruptcies are of course moat numerous in
the large and important commercial towns, and always
must be so—but a place which produces little or no
bankruptcy may, nevertheless, furnish a very considera-
ble amount of equity business. Take, for example, the
cities of Chester, Lancaster, and York, which, I will
venture to say, neither of them produce a dozen bank-
ruptcies in the course of a year, but which, notwith-
standing, might yield a very considerable quota of busi-
ness under an original equity jurisdiction. Will there,
I would ask, be no hardship in dragging the Lancaster
people to Manchester, the Chester people to Liverpool,
and the York folks to Leeds ? and would not this hard-
ship be aggravated by the fact of each of these places
having all the while an equally competent tribunal—
having their own County Courts close at hand in which
such matters might conveniently be decided ?
"I do not think it can be necessary to give other ex-
amples, or longer to detain your lordship. I think the
hardship and inconvenience must be apparent, as must
also the inconsistency and absurdity ; and I most sin-
cerely hope that when your lordship comes to apply your
mind to these bills of Lord Brougham's, you will arrive
at the conclusion that the scheme propounded in them,
is the one that ought, under the circumstances, to be
adopted—that the people, having had the benefit of
these County Courts extended to them in matters of
debt, ought now to have the same privileges given them
as regards matters in equity and bankruptcy ; and that,
if your lordship be not prepared at once to give an un-
limited original equity jurisdiction to the County Courts,
but think it safer to proceed cautiously and by degrees,
you will at least see that jurisdiction to some considera-
ble amount ought to be intrusted to them ; and then, if
the change should be found to work well, as there is no
doubt it would do, the jurisdiction can easily be in-
creased.
"That the County Courts, in their present shape, are
perfect, or anything like perfect, no one pretends ; but
that with time, with experience, and with care, they may
be made as nearly so as any human institution is capable
of becoming, I will continue to hope ' • and in the mean-
while, the knowledge that the people have shown so de-
cided and manifest a preference for them, will be suffi-
cient to justify your lordship in acceding to the proposi-
tions now made for the further extension of their
jurisdiction."
We may return to this pamphlet on some future
occasion, and in the meantime recommend it to the
attention of our readers.

" The abundance of the pasturage is such that it dis-
penses with the greater part of the care which this article
requires in other countries. The cattle are bred wild in
the plains ; are almost entirely under their own control,
and multiply to an extraordinary extent with scarcely
any human supervision. This is the easiest branch of
industry, and therefore that which pleases the Oriental
citizen best, so that prodigious herds are met with which
form the principal wealth of the landed proprietor. Thus
hides and dry flesh are the articles exported in the
largest quantities, and with which all the markets in the
world are supplied from hence. Cattle and horses are
with
settler,tbegin
the t toh
be
rn deserveebdyinbreeding
h ofspecialus
unitinghis c a .
trt
le the
"
the most numerous, and their breeding the most general ;
but there are likewise flocks of sheep, and the merinoes
s
principal caTi
nphial le
hecacnultasivsautrieonhoisf
welfare in a manner of which in his Own country he
would not have dared to dream.
" In saying that any one can obtain for himself gra-
tuitously a title to the land which he chooses to culti-
vate, it appears that I have said all. In truth an offer
of this nature involves the greatest protection which can
be given. The Government knows very well the cir-
cumstances of the country—it knows that the productive
powers of the soil are great, but that it requires labour
to bring them out ; it knows that agriculture is the
primary fount of all wealth, but that it requires men to
dedicate themselves to it ; it knows that its territory com-
prises a considerable extent, but that entire regions are
unpeopled ; finally, the Government knows, then, that
it is its duty to attract emigration to the state, and that
the
bestow sole
onw
way
yheom all dlolinpgosssoible is
a todv encourageantage
s. settlers, and

ANOTHER DENSE Foo.—Yesterday morning the me-
tropolis and suburbs were enveloped in a dense yellow
fog, the wind at the time blowing south-east. The fog
was so thick during the morning on the river that the
steamers were prevented from running, and near the
bridges the drivers of vehicles were compelled to lead
their horses. It was also so dark in the City, and for
some miles round, that the three o'clock plas of üblic worship were
obliged to be lighted U. At three o'clock in the after-
noon the fog cleared off.
[ADVERTISEMENTJ--The Earl of Aldborough and
Holloway's
medicine,lloway'sl afterill every Pills.—An Ane7 other m i
cure
astoundligeanshad failed.—See
by thilesmi d
extract from his lordships letter, dated " Villa —raSee
ue-
louMessina,
Leghorn, Feb. 21, 1845. To rofessor Holloway.—Sir
—I beg to acquaint you that your pills have effected a
cure of a disorder in my liver and stomach, which allthe
most eminent of the faculty at home and all over the
Continent had not been able__ to effect—nay, not even the
waters of Carlsbad or Marienbad. (Signed) Ana'
BOROUGH." These wonderful pills will cure any dis-
orders of the liver or stomach. Sold (also Holloway's
ointment) at Professor Holloway's Establishment, 244.
Strand, London, and by all medicine veAdore through
out the world.