The Sun.
London, England, 1853-09-07 00:00:00

LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 7, 1853.

THE GOVERNING CLASSES. A SERIES
of PORTRAIT. (To be continued weekly.)
I. 11. R. LI. PRINCE ALBERT. See the "LEADER"
nevds-
paper of SATURDAY LAST, Sept. 3
11. The EARL of ABERDEEN, a ill appear in the "LEADER"
newspaper of SATURDAY NEXT, Sept. 10.
The " LEADER " is published every Saturday, in time for the
early morning mail., price Sixpence, and sold by newsagents is all
parts of England or may be had direct Amm the publisher. Terms
of subscription, 13s. for a half year, to be remitted in advance ; and
money orders should be mae paable to Mr. Alfred E. Galloway,
at the office, 7, Wellington-sdtreet, y
Strand.

L7OYER'S AROMATIC MUSTARD.-
This pure and delicious preparation may now be had in small
jars for the use of rambles, of most Grocers end Druggists in the
Kingdom ; also, Mons. Soyer's esteemed Sauces and Relish.
Wholesale of his sole Agents, CROSSE and BLACKWELL, 21,
Soho Square.

THE ERA NEWSPAPER of September 10th
will contain Original and Spirited Articles upon " Events of
the Week, Foreign and Dome—tic—Literatare, Music, and Fine Arts
—the London and Prov'nc'el Dramr—" Go-tip," by " An Old
Actress." " TOUCHSTONE'S PROPHECY" for the exciting ST.
L " GER RACE. List of Start re, Riders, and Trainers, with Pro-
gramme of the Meeting, Latest Bettir. ,aid Arr ya's at Doncaster.
The " STABLE MOUSE' will also Eque2lc. bi 3 Winner for the great
event. Rochester, Cha ham, Morpet's, Weyinou:ll Barnet, and all
Racing of the week—lmportant Cricket Matches, exciting Aquatics,
Pedestrianism, Szc , &c. To prevent disappointment order early, or
send six postage stamps to THE ERA office, 3, Catherine-street,
Strand.

NICOLL'S AUTUMNAL PATTERNS are
NOW READY.
EXCELLENCE and ECONOMY combined, as illustrated by the
well known Patent PALETOT, at Two Guineas.
In England, France, or Germany, the best talent, workmanship,
and Materials are secured by H. J. and D. NICOLL, 114, 116, 118,
120, Regent-street, and 22, Cernhill, Lcnrclon.

SPORTING SEASON, 1853. -F. JOYCE'S
ANTI-CORROSIVE and TREBLY-WATER-PROOFED PERCUSSION
Cars, for General Shooting, and very Wet We.:ther, may be had PS
usual of most . Gunmakers in Town and Country. Sportsmen de-
sirous of obtaining Caps that can be felly depended ott, and free
from those corrosive qualities so injurious to the Gun, are requestet
to ob-erve the name and iddr,-ss of " F. Joyce, Original Inventor
and Sole Manufacturer," on each sealed package, without which
they are not genuine. This precaution is rendered necessary, by
tome unprincipled individuals hiving imitated the labels and wrap-
pers. Joyce's Improved Wire Cr tridg•es end Chemically-prepared
Weddings of a superior description.—Good manufactured to suit
on.
climates.—Wholesale Warehouse, 57, Upper Themef-street, L

SUBMARINE AND EUROPEAN
TELEGRAPH COMPANIES.
OPENING OF THE WEST END OFFICE.
On and after WEDNESDAIrt the 7th of September inst., Messages
for the Continent and for Birmim•ham, Dover, and Deal, will be re-
ceived at the New Office of the above Companies, Regent-circus,
Piccadilly. No extra charge will be made for transmission.
Mess: des of 20 words, between the West-end and City, will be
forwarded for One Shilling.
Each aditional 10 words, or fraction of 10 words, Sixpence.
No charge for delivery for the First Mile.
BIRMINGHAM.
Messages of 20 Words, between Birmingham and London, One

Shillinr.
Each additional 10-words or fraction of 10 words, Sixpence.
Messages of 20 Words between Birmingham and Dover or Deal,
Three Shillings.
eQsages of 20 Words between London and Dover or Deal, Two

Shillings.
No charge for Porterage for the first mile from any of the Com-
panies' stations.
Each mile after the first mile, Sixpence.
THE CONTINENT.
No Porterage' charged upon Messages to the Continent—France
excepted.
Messages from the Continent, including France, delivered Free
within a circuit of Ono Mile.
Offices :-30, Cornhill ; Re?ent-circus, Piccadilly. Dover: 7, Clar-
ence-place. Deal : 100, Beach str, et. Birmingham: 104, New-
street. France : Paris-83, Rue de Richelieu ; Calais, Railway
New-
station. Belgium—Brussels :Pace de la Monnale.
G. L. PARROTT, Secretary.

TO THE LADIES.—The powerful influence
of the sun on the skin and complexion at this period of the
year calls for increased attentioa in pr-serving their deleacy and
beauty. The most pleasing and effectual specific for this desirable
object is

ROWLANDS' KA LYDOR,
so deservedly established in Royal and public favour and estimation.
Its application neutralises the effects of atmosphere, and induces that
healthy action of the minute secretory vessels of the skin, by which
its delicacy and beauty are so es.,entially promoted. Freckles, Tan
Spots, Pimples, and Dißcolourations are crldicatrd by the application
of the Kalydor, and give place to a hen'thy clearness and trans-
parency of complexion. Led,es travel; in; or taking t ut-door exer-
cise will find it diffuse a &rate ul and re resbing feeling, diapering the
cloud of langour and relaxation, allaying al heat and irritability,
and immediately affordin; the plea-ing sensation attending restore,'
elasticity and healthful sZate of the skin. In cases of sun-burn,
stings of insects, or incidental inflammation, its virtues have long
and extensively been acknowledged.—Price do. 6d. and Bs. 6d. per
bottle.
CAUTION.—The words " Rowlands' Kalydor" are on the wrapper
of each bottle, and , heir signature, " A. Rowland and Sons, 20, Hat-
ton-garden, London," in red ink at foot. Sold by them and by
Chemists and Perfumers.

SURGEON HENRY HAMILTON, Twenty-
eight years in London practice, will REMOVE any CASE of
a PRIVATE NATURE before charge be made for medicine. In all
female complaints requiring practical professional skill, Surgeon
Hamilton will guarantee a succe-sful issue, or no expense will be
incurred by the patient. Medicine can be sent to any part of the
realm, securely packed, on receipt of particulars. Ladies and gen-
tlemen consulting by letter must enclose the usual fee, when they
will 'be treated with by return of post. Hours for personal visits
from Ten till Four, and from till Nine daily. Address, No. 3,
King William-street, Strand, London. Medicine to ,country pa-
tients, U.

THE CONDITION OF MELBOURNE.

(From, the Vmes:)
In the very long sieges, ar rather blockades of
antiquity, the inhabitants a the beleaguered city

lost all possession, and graftually even all know-
ledge, of the surrounding cqintry. As they gazed
from their towers on the natural feature once so
familiar not only to the eyi but to the foot, and
indeed to the hand that tilled the soil, all now was
a region of mystery. How *as it occupied ? Was
it cultivated, or merely grazed over by the hostile
cavalry and the captured cattle ? Was it divided,
or held in a brief community t Who had succeeded
this or that rural grandee in the enjoyment of his
patrimony ? The immediate suburbs, where it was
possible, were flooded either for defence or for
closer blockade; but beyond that nature might
still smile under other lords( and for another na-
tion. Strange to say, thil. divorce might, till
lately, be witnessed were it /was least expected—
in more than one of our new Australian cities.
The far-famed Melbourne is, the metropolis of a
colony so extensive, so fertile, and so improvable,
that in the course of a few generations it may vie
with the mother country in Ropulation and wealth.
Till the recent discovery the at bulk of the im-
migrants had even a fond ana exaggerated leaning
to agricultural pursuits. TO cultivate their own
land was the idea of their ,voluntary exile. All
the expediencies of the case pointed to dispersing
and settling the crowd as, fast as it poured in ; and
it was not without much scandal we heard in this
country, some ten or a dozen' gears ago, that such
was the difficulty of obtainbig proper sites -and
good soil at prices within the reach of the or-
dinary emigrant, that most of the people re-
mained where they landed and that the infant
capital of Port Philip was already an idle, dissi-
pated, and miserable city with ten thousand in-
habitants. They were besieged by law, and by
usurpations and monopolies according to law.
From the commenceme-lt of the colony the chief
part of the country has been occupied by " Squat-
ters,"—not the small folk that run up little hovels
on an English roadside, or the hardy adveuturers
that push their way with the axe and the rifle into
the recesses of the American forest, but English
Igentlemen of family and interest, who had obtained
licenses to run their flocks of sheep over twenty or
a hunched, or even three hundred thousand acres.
It has been said that unless a man had a tract as
large as an English county he could not be sure of
the plains, the mountains, and the streams neces-
sary for his flocks in the successive seasons of the
year, in a country where the natural herbage was
the only resource. That might be true, and it is
also true that the " Squatters," as the aristocracy
of Australia really are, have proved of signal ser-
vice to the colony—especially now, when but for
their mutton the diggers must have perished by
famine. But the result, which was bad enough 10
years ago, has now become aggravated to frightful
proportions. In May last the population of Mel-
bourne was estimated at 80,000, and that of the
rest of Victoria, including all the diggings, at
200,000. As the diggers are estimated at tens of
thousands in this place, and as many at that, it is
evident that the remainder left for those agricul-
tural pursuits which are usually thought the staple
of a colony, must be ridiculously small. So it is in
fact. The colony consists of the inhabitants of
Melbourne, so often described, gold-hunters,
" Squatters," and sheep ; but of colonists, as we
usually understand the term, it may be almost said
there are none. Melbourne is the city of the dig-
gings, but not of the country, which is in other
hands. Thus is it blockaded in the heart of its
own territory.
Such was the state of things up to the last date ;
and the result was even worse than we have de-

scribed. All the evils of the gold mania have been
frightfully augmented by the circumstance of the
successful diggers and others who have made their
own harvest out of the occasion being confined to
a city thus insulated. It is known that vast num-

)ers of diggers have returned to Melbourne with
their 4001. or 5001. worth of gold, and with the
'ullest intention of taking a piece of land and set-
tling into farmers, but, having no opportunity,
have " fooled away" all their money, and either re-
turned to the diggings or perished in the midst of

their excesses. Immigrants arriving with their
small capital, their implements, and their tents,
and other preparations for agriculture on a small
scale, have found they might just as well have gone
into Hyde-park or Wimbledon-common for the
purpose. The district of Port-Philip had been
created at once that which Ireland tends to be-
come-tea country not of men, but of flocks and
herds ; and the upstart nomades of the colony set
their faces against intrusion more resolutely than
any Arab lords of the desert or Australian abori-
gines. Relying chiefly on their
wealth and actual
power, they also pleaded the word of the colonial
authorities in favour of a perpetual right to the
soil, contrary to the meaning of the title by
which they were commonly denominated. It was
always known that their licenses, as well as
the acts of the colonial Government, and the in-
structions from England on which the acts were
founded, all defined the position of the "Squatter"
with careful exactness. He was to give back his
land whenever it might be required for the better
settlement of the colony,—in fact, whenever land
was wanted for tillage ; and there was no loophole
left either for compensation or for delay. This
was known from the commencement of the colony,
but, strange to say, it could not be proved. The
" Squatters " did not show their licenses or their
leases, and the archives of Melbourne were carried
off to Sydney when the district of Port Philip was
proclaimed a separate colony. The colonial blue-
books, which contain the whole story, and which
fill the grocers' shopsin London, were not to be
found at Melbourne ; so, well-known as the fact
might be, the proof was not forthcoming. It has,
however, been found at last, and the whole question
elucidated, much to the delight of the pent-up
population of Melbourne, who, at the last date,
were considering how to deal with the "Squatters
and their immense territories. They bad just
heard, to their great joy, that the British Legis-
lature had resigned to their hands the management
of the colonial land, and that this long-imagined
attribute of imperial or " mother-country " do-
minion was now to be wielded by a Senate elected
by the free suffrages of the colonial householders.
So, how are the people of Melbourne, or rather
their new Parliament, to deal with the land of the
colony ? The question concerns a territory as
large as this island, and a population ready to
occupy it, and likely enough to fill it before long.
" Unlock the land," is the chief hustings' cry of the
colony. The favourite proposition is to offer it
for sale in small quantities,—fifty acres, or even
twenty acres a-piece, though, as it appears to be
proved that a man cannot maintain himself on
twenty acres in this country, we doubt if he can
do much better in Australia. But the great object
is to defeat the laud jobbers, who buy wholesale
and sell retail at 50 or 100 per cent. profit, as has
been done quite recently at Melbourne. The
competition for land is said to be immense, but
then it is for manageable bits, and that is the
scale that should be adopted in the land sales.
But how are the " Squatters" to be disposed of 1
It is agreed that they have no right to compensa-
sation, as their tenure hitherto has been very
profitable, and they have been all along under
condition to quit when called on. But they are
powerful, united, and useful. They have been
hitherto the colonial magnates, and a debt of
gratitude is felt to them for services that seem to
be acknowledged in the colony. So small a scale
of gratuitous compensation is proposed, to purchase
peace and satisfy the feelings
.of all parties. This,
however, is not the only question with the " Squat-
ters." They are disposed enough to resign any
amount of the open plains, so notorious for drought.
But the colonists want arable land, and that in situ-
ations where they may be tolerably sure of the har.
vest. They demand. to pick out a
,few ac-es here
and a few acres there, leaving the ' Squatters" to
drive their sheep over the re nainder, as heretofore.
This appears to be the most difficult question 1 be-
Fore the new Legislature ; but, as the "Squatters"
may buy in the market, and are quite as able to
buy as any other class in Victoria, we don't see
why they should not be left to fight their own
battles. But with the land thus thrown open
to the public, and with this new employment for
the capital of the immigrant and the successful
digger, there appears to be a new era dawning
on this wonderful colony. There is the first re-
quisite of agriculture,—a good market, high
prices, and increasing custom. As to the soil and
the climate there appears to beno doubt. Immi-
grants will not now have the single alternative of
Melbourne or the diggings,
.which sounds rather
too like the well-known choice which was all that
Cromwell left to the Irish. There will be that
bright spot in almost every Englishman's hopes,—
the prospect of a snug manageable farm for as
many as are likely to arrive at Melbourne for some,
years to come, and a much surer resource we are
persuaded it will prove than digging for gold.

I METROPOLITAN COMMISSION OF SETVERS.

A general court of the Metropolitan Commissioners
! of Sewers was held yesterday at the office in Greek-street,
Mr. Richard Jebb in the chair. As this was the first
court that had been held since the passing of the act of
i the last session, which gave additional powers and ex-
I tended the jurisdiction of the commissioners, the pro-
ceedings were of more than ordinary interest, and, on
the opening of the court, in 'a few minutes it was com-
pletely crowded.
The Secretary reported that the balance in hand that
day, was 83,0351. Cs. 10d., but, deducting the amount
for which cheques had been drawn but not presented, the
available balance was 82,5921.
The CHAIRMAN, on reading the notice on the agenda
paper, "to consider the steps to be'taken for effecting a
loan on the security of the rates, as empowered by the
2d section of the act of the 16th and 17th Viet., chap.
125," said this seemed to be a proper occasion for him to
make a few observations on the proceedings of the com-
missioners since the appointment of the present com-
mission in July, 1852. The act of Parliament increas-
ing their powers and extending the period of the existence
of the commission, which expired on the 7th of August
last, had continued the commission for another year. It
was usual on such occasions, and he believed a similar
course had been pursued in tie preceding year, that the
public should be informed how they had performed their
duty and disposed of the funds intrusted to their care.
He would shortly advert to the state of affairs at the ap-
pointment of the commission in July, 1852, and the cha-
racteristic of the time past was a period of great difficulty.
Their predecessors in office had received "a heavy blow
and great discouragement" by the sudden reduction of
their powers of rating from 6d. to 3d. in the pound. ;
a measure which was passed without giving the com-
missioners an opportunity of remonstrating with the
Howe of Commons on what was required to be done,
and without any consideration whatever as to the wants
of the public or the engagements of the commissioners.
Before that time he and the majority of the present
commissioners were unconnected with the commission,
but the records of the Court showed that then the com-
missioners were most anxious to execute works for the
benefit of the public, had ordered some to a very large
amount, and, he believed, had entered into some con-
tracts for the purpose of carrying out the works pro-
posed. The consequence was, that a very large amount
of public expectation was raised, for the orders that had
been given were almost looked upon as positive promises,
and the commissioners were only prevented from carrying
those expectations into effect by the sudden and unex-
pected withdrawal of those means that they had calcu-
lated upon. The sum of 200,0001. was the amount re-
quired for their ordinary annual expenditure, but after
this they were empowered to raise not more than
100,0001. This step led to great inconvenience, as the
could notcommissionersbe w i t hadhd 'r
a
ra
the greater amount of discontent at the non-execution of
ewnnt ef
rr eo dm n
andt o
theresev er awl a
sc oc no tnzegt
us e tnht
layt
those works which had been ordered in the anticipation
of the rates of 1852, to carry out works of emergency
and to be spread over the whole districts of the metro-
polis. A new commission was issued in July, 1852,
when, after giving credit for all the rates, there was'still
a balance of 36,0001. against the commissioners. The
new commissioners had, therefore, this difficulty to con-
tend with. The former commissioners having resigned,
the commission was re-constitued ; a body of gentlemen
were happily got together, and, so cordially had they
met each other's views that, while each took a perfectly
independent course, that there were not more than two
or three instances in which they had found it necessary
to come to a division upon any question. He would now 1
advert to what had been done in the past year. After ,
looking at the works that had been done in the several

years Wince the consolidated commission was established,
which had been going on for five years, he could affirm
that, in no one of these years had the commissioners
executed more works than had been done in the last 12
months by the present commission. In that period there
had been executed public works either at the public ex-
pense or of the owners of property, brick and pipe
sewers to the extent of 281 miles in length ; contracted
for or put in hand, 121 miles, making a total of 41
miles in length, at a cost of 142,853/. Such was the

amount of new sewers executed at the public expense,
but there were still many other works which were con-
sidered as public, but were constructed at the expense
of the proprietors of the property abutting on to public
roads. There had been 11i miles of these public sewers
constructed in that period at a cost of 36,4131. These
works had been superintended by the officers of the com-
missioners, the plans having been previously submitted
to the engineers, and corrected by them. In the first
instance these sewers were built at private expense,
but afterwards became the property of the public, and
were cleansed and repaired at the public expense, the
original proprietor receiving a contribution towards the
expense from all parties who drained into them. Be-
sides those works, and those executed at the public
expense, there was a large amount of pipe sewers that
could hardly be separated from public works. The
length of those pipe sewers was 70 miles, executed at a
cost of 44,1081. The works superintended by the com-
missioners cost 80,5211., and the new sewers executed
by themselves 142,8531., making a total for works su-
perintended during the year of 223,3741. The works
of the commissioners, however, did not end there. There
had been repairs, and the cleansing of open and covered
sewers, and on those three objects they had expended a
sum of 36,880/. There was one topic on which some
observations might possibly be expected from him, and
that was what was called—or rather miscalled—the main
drainage of London, or those drains that passed into the
Thames, and the substitution of what were called inter-
cepting sewers to carry the drainage of London into the
Thames at an eastern point of the river. The commis-
sioners' attention for years had been devoted to this ob-
ject, even from the institution of the commission in 1848,
and they were most desirous of carrying a plan for that
object into effect. Some years ago, at the invitation of
the commissioners, 120 or 130 plans were sent in and
fully considered. They were subsequently referred to a
committee of the commissioners, who also maturely con-
sidered them, and the result of that invitation was that
Mr. Frank Forster, their engineer, then put together a
scheme for the interception of the entire sewage of Lon-
don, and it was considered the best scheme that had been
brought forward on that subject. Other gentlemen, as
he had said, proposed their plans, but they had not the
same amount of knowledgeof the subject as Mr. Forster,
who was aided by the commissioners and by many
gentlemen of great skill out of doors. This plan was
agreed to, but want of funds, and want of funds only,
prevented: the commissioners from carrying the scheme
into effect. If the present commissioners had the

necessary means they would endeavour to execute
those works, but parliament had not at present
given them the powers for raising the money. They
were, therefore, confined to doing that which was need-
ful and the more important for them to do, for the
preservation of the health and even the lives of the
inhabitants of London. Their funds were inadequate to
do more than the ordinary drainage, but he might state
that all the works now carried on by the commissioners
were executed in reference to a scheme of intercepting
sewers, and would fall into that system whenever it
should be executed. He should here say, with regard
to the main draioage of London, that there had been
many private suggestions, and a scheme had been
brought forward by a body of gentlemen, and which had
been submitted to Parliament, to do the work, not
exactly at their own expense and by their own resources,
but proposing to apply their skill, and to be guaranteed
by the commission a considerable part of the expense,
these gentlemen still retaining their control over it.
When the scheme was made known by Mr. Morewood
to the commissioners, they held that the measure would
be beneficial to the metropolis, and were anxious that it
should be adopted if it was a good one, but the commis-
sioners never concealed from them that' they were averse
to the proposition of giving a guarantee of profit to that
company. If the company's scheme was to be a private
speculation, let them, he said, provide all the expenses.
In the bill they required a guaranteed profit of 3 per
cent, from the Commissioners of Sewers in case they
failed to make that profit by their own exertions. The
measure passed the first and second readings in the
House of Commons, upon which the commissioners re-
ferred the measure to their consulting engineers, whose
opinion was not favourable 'to it, and they advised the
commissioners to watch the progress of the bill
with the greatest possible vigilance, to take care
that the errors in it were corrected, and, if not cor-
rected, to prevent the passing of the bill altogether.
There was another matter they had to consider,
and that was, that if the company should fail in theirr
works, that very failure might involve the metropolis in
one gigantic nuisance, which it would be very difficult
to deal with, and therefore it was the duty of the
wcom-
missioners to see that no improvident measure as
passed. On that principle the commissioners appear
ed
by counsel, for the past taken by them could_ not
frombe
characterised in any sense as an opposition. So far
it, they tendered the evidence of their
rs,
in print, and of which the public
and a valuable body of evidence thus collectedformnethnwgeiairnseone
judgment.wn
of
the
bi l was
se
ucootm
proved,mit t committee
andec decided dti
commissioners were prepared to carryi funds
might
taus that
rejected.mther. Fors preambletTerh, es
dis-
posal, wohfiuihntaetrcpeprotsioeuntifththeyeyhhaaddutote,
and
ddws
hatilethaetitredinds:
principle metropolis,
o f the
main t°theview moretak taken
n immediateinthese works t sweafs the
ee
might alsothey might
in-
terception. e
schemere) ti
o tnhatTahte
ssoemweerstimweould formbrafonrcmhesthoef
localtat
drains of the districts through which pass.
Powers had been given to the commissioners to raise
funds not exceeding 200,0001., and it would be their duty
to consider how they might spend that money to the
greatest advantage. In makingthis
statement,dan the
public
blic were not to expect that although they
had
ac-
cession of money they could lay down sewers wherever
they were required, and it never was the intention that
the sewers rates should cover the expense of providing
a sewer for every street. It was the duty of persons to
make the sewers in the streets, and if they were required
of an extra size as main lines,thfrmeonthte districtehcomm ratessioners
were only called upon to pay
for the extra size so required to be made. Mo•
dern refinement required that more sewers shoul
be made than formerly, but they had not learnt tha,
those luxuries derived from good sewerage must be paid
for by those who enjoyed them. It was necessary that