The Sun.
London, England, 1854-05-02 00:00:00

LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, MAY 2, 1854.

Ai- R. ALBERT SINIITII'S MONT BLANC,
IT IL including the BERNESE OBER LAND
andadhe
CIoSIMPLON,
THIS EVENING, and Every vening at Elt
Saturday) ; and Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday Mornings, at Two.
Stalls, as. (which can be taken at the box•ollIce every day from 11
till 4 ; area, is.; gallery, 1 s.—Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly.
NOT IC E. CONSTANTINOPLE. The
Lecture accompanying the GRAND MOVING DIORAMA
or CONATANTINOPLE Is now delivered on Wednesdays and Satur-
d iys by ,I 1111. ISTOQUELER, when the progress and localities
of ;he War wilt be more particularly explained ; and on the other
drys, as ustml, by Mr. CIIAR,.ES KENNEY. A very clear and
excellent \lap has been ailil&d to the illustrations.—Daily at Half-
past Two and Eight.— admission, Is.
EGYPTIAN HALL, PICCADILLY.

T" CHOLERA!!!
Prevented by the destruction of all noxious effluvia:
CREWS'A DBINFECT ING FLUID.
RECOMMENDED BY THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS.
THE CHEAPEST AND STRONGEST CHLORIDE OF ZINC.
Quarts, 2s. ; tints, Is. ; Half-pints, fd. Seld by all Chem Mile
ists,
Druggists, and Shipping Agents, and at Coeneicial Wharf.
rn
End, London. Agents—Messrs. D.ew, Heyward, and Barren, Bush-
lane, C snnon- street, City.

THE WAR.

THE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE.

Most of the chi efs' are, by this time, arrived at the
seat of war. The Commander-in-Chief, Lord Raglan, it
appears, left her Majesty's paddle despatch vessel, Lieut.
Commander Derriman, and went on to Constantinople
in the hired screw-ship Emu, leaving on the 26th, having
remained only a few hours at Malta. As we anticipated,
Major-General the Dike of Cambridge has gone by way
of Trieste. He must have crossed over to Corfu in one
of Lloyd's paddle mail steamers, whither the Caradoc
was to proceed from Malta fur the purpose of taking his
Royal Highness to Constantinople.
The Earl of Litcan is not a brigadier, as described by
some of the papers. but a major-general. He will be
commander-in-Chief of cavalry.
Brigadier the Hon. Yorke Scarlett, in command of
the heavy division of cavalry ; and Brigadier the Earl of
Cardigan, in command of the light division of cavalry
for the East, leave London to-morrow.

NAVAL AND MILITARY INTELLIGENCE.
The Wellesley, 72, is ordered to be commissioned im-
mediately, as ordinary guard-ship at Chatham, to be
rigged and stored, so as to be ready for immediate sea
service, if required. The officers and men of the Poic-
tiers will be transferred to her.
The Powerful, 84, ordered to be commissioned at
Portsmouth, will be taken from ordinary moorings off
the dockyard to the fitting basin this morning, and
equipped with all expedition to join the Baltic fleet.
Captain Elliot superseded Captain Scott in the com-
mand of the St. Vincent, 101, at Portsmouth yesterday.
The Stromboli, 6, paddlewheel steam-sloop, Comman•
der Robert • Hale, returned into Portsmouth harbour
from Spithead -Yesterday afternoon, to complete her re-
fit and make up her crew.
The Alecto, 5, pa ldlewheel steam-sloop, Commander
Crofton, will leave Portsmouth for Woolwich this
morning to be paid off and repaired. Upwards of 40
of her crew have volunteered for the Eurydice, 26,
Captain Oinmanney, fitting for particular service.
The Centaur, 11, paddlewheel steam-frigate, Captain
Harvey, will be placed in the steam factory basin at
Portsmouth this day, to undergo repairs. She will be
paid off.
The Gladiator, 6, paddlewheel steam-frigate, Captain
Broke, bent sails yesterday in Portsmouth harbour, and
will go to Spithead to-day. She will sail in a few days
for the Baltic fleet, offering the next opportunity for
letters.
The Tyne, store-ship, full up with every kind of pro-
visions for the Baltic fleet, and carrying letters and
packages for officers and men, sails from Portsmouth this
morning for the fleet direct.
The Brisk, 14, screw-corvette, Commander Seymour,
will be ready to leave the dock at Portsmouth this day.
It is expected she will be sent to the Baltic.
The Sealark, 8, Lieut. Fenwick, came into Portsmouth
harbour yesterday from Spithead. She put back from
her cruise in search of prises in the Channel, owing to
the appearance of one or two cases of fever among her
crew.
No. 32 transport arrived at the Motherbank yester-
day from the westward, and anchored.
The Tartarus, 4 guns, paddle-wheel steam. vessel,
Lieutenant Commander Richard H. Risk, left Sheer-
ness at 6 30 p.m. on Sunday, for the Elbe and Weser.
Lieutenant Marcus E. Smithett (21st June, 1853),
from the Tribune, 31, screw, now in the Baltic, arrived
at the Nora on Saturday evening last, in charge of the
Russian Finland barque Phoenix, taken by the Tribune
on the 12th of April last, off Gothland. The Phoenix,
had on board when taken 70 persons, including her own
officers and crew. The passengers on board consisted of
officers and seamen whose vessels had been sold at
neutral ports ; they were all landed at Copenhagen
except the master. At the time the Phoenix was
preparing to anchor at the Nore, one of the seamen
aathe
belongbirnogke tobie the Tribune
bribuon.nee fell
boeffplithceenixmin yard
and ,
time she was taken, was a slight ship, clean swept,
for the accommodation of the passengers, who, with the
crew, were liberated on the promise that they would not
take up arms against any of the foreign Powers now at
war with Russia. Many of them expressed a desire to
be taken to London and liberated there, as that would
give them a much better chance to enter into the mer-
chant service of neutral or other vessels trading to Aus-
tralia, &c. This request, it appears, the authorities
(under present instructions) could not comply with, and
they were obliged to accept their liberty on the terms
laid down for them by the present Admiralty orders
issued to the commanders in the Baltic.
The crew of the Nile, 91, screw, were exercised at
general quarters yesterday, and the quickness of their
movements was a source of admiration to many of the
port officers. The landsmen and ordinary seamen who
form part of her crew promise
,well. The Nile is fully
manned. Her armaments consists of 24 32-pounders, 8
-feet 10ng..-aahl t., _4414 upper deck 28
`32-pounders, 9 fetit 6-inches long, iterabing 56"-kiWt:T
8-inch, 9 feet, weighing 65 cwt., on the main deck ; and
18 8-inch, weighing 65 cwt., with 14 32-pounders, 9
feet 6 inches, weighing 56 cwt., on her lower deck. Her
entire carriage of stores of every description weighs
2,200 tons. Her draught of water is aft 26 feet, and
for.vard 24 feet 6 inches, giving an advantage of 1 foot
6 inches in favour of the depth of her screw propeller.
The Miranda, 15 guns, screw steam-ship, Captain
Edmond M. Lyons, has been inspected by Vice-Admiral
the Commander-in-Chief at Sheerness. The entire crew
were put through their various evolutions of great gun
exercise, &c., which they performed in a very satisfactory
manner, The Miranda is under orders to leave for the
Baltic at 9 a.m. to-morrow.
The following appointments have been made :
Commander Frederick H. Stevens (1854), recently
promoted from First Lieutenant of the Hogue, 60, screw
steam ship, to the Calcutta, 84, at Devonport.
Lieutenant Edward S. Meara. (1854) to the Phcenix,
screw steam-sloop, for service in the Arctic regions.
Second Master John D. Switzer (1849), from the
Horatio, 24, screw steam ship, to the Scourge, paddle-
wheel steam sloop, at Portsmouth.
Midshipman James S. Graham to the Waterloo, 120,
flag-ship, at Sheerness.
Messrs. Gisborne, Horner, and Henry Patrick Brenan
passed examinations yesterday at the Royal Naval Col-
lege, Portsmouth, for Clerks' Assistants, R.N. Naval
Cadet F. C. Law, first nomination.
' Mr. John Miller, storekeeper at Chatham Dockyard,
will retire from that office in a few days. Mr. Blessly,
foreman of shipwrights at Chatham, has been removed
to Portsmouth. Mr. Cater, measurer at Chatham, has
been appointed foreman at Devonport, vice Creed, de-
ceased. Mr. Martin, measurer at Portsmouth, has been
appointed foreman at Chatham, vice Blessly ; the latter
two officers have received their promotion in accordance
with the late order in Council directing an examination
in the practice and theory of the profession of shipwright
officers. Mr. Fowles, foreman at Malta, it is expected,
will be appointed to one of the home yards. An exa-
mination will shortly take place at Devonport of the
candidates for the vacancy that will thus be caused
at Malta. •
The Simoom, 18, iron steam troop frigate, Captain
Smith, will move out of the steam factory basin at
Portsmouth this morning, and haul alongside the jetty
of the dockyard in readiness to embark the 79th High-

landers.
The Master-General of the Ordnance has notified in a ,
general order that he has approved of Colonel James A. ,
Chalmer performing the duties of Director-General of
Artillery during the absence of Colonel Cator in Turkey,
in addition to the duties which he has to perform at
present as Inspector of Artillery.
Lieutenant-Colonel Lake, Royal Artillery, and Cap-
tain Patton, Royal Artillery, left Woolwich for Turkey,
via Paris and Marseilles, on Thursday morning, the
27th ult.
Captain Montresor's Company, 6th Battalion of Ar-
tillery embarked at Roff's wharf at 4 o'clock p.m. on
Saturday last for conveyance to London, to take a
passage for Leith Fort, where the company is to be
stationed, and to relieve Captain Crawford's ; the latter
proceds to Hull to relieve Captain Broughton's Com-
pany, 2d Battalion, which is under orders to return to
head-quarters at Woolwich. Captain Graydon's Com-
pany, let Battalion, has received orders to return to
head-quarters from Portsmouth, and will arrive at Wool-
wich to-day.
THE TRaNsronTs.:—lt. is now reported thatt the mag-
nificent screw-ships, Himalaya, belonging to he Penin-
sular and Oriental ompany, and the Prince, belonging
to the General Screw Company, are not to convey the
cavalry. Three smaller vessels, engaged by Mr. Cunard
at Liverpool, screw-steamers, that have been employed
in running to Brazils, have been taken up by the Ad-
miralty, and are to be fitted forthwith for the reception
of the horses and men.

tioned at Waterford, and the following officers are at-
tached to these companies, viz., Major J. Graham, conl-
manding ; Captains W. Boyle (aide-de-camp to jMa or-
General Macintosh, on the staff of the army in the
lonian Islands). R. B. Hawley, H. R. White, and E.
13. Thorp ; Lieuts..l. Atkinson (acting paymaster), C.
Heycock (acting adjutant), E. Morris, and R. F.
Holmes ; Ensigns B. S. Robinson, S. Hall, R. E. Beck,
ansl A. Breedon ; Assistant-Surgeon R. Giborne, of this
regiment, has embarked for Turkey.
Limerick garrison now comprises only a dismantled
field battery of artillery, a troop of the 16th Lancers,
and two depots, the 40th and 57th.

EXCHEQUE.

7,&L-(

[PRICE SD.

'BB BANK.

To-day Mr. Gladstone is to know what the capitalists
will offer for his new loan bonds. A step taken last night
in the House of Commons is not likely to render the offers
more liberal. On the very eve of a financial bargain, for the
Government to step forward and to announce that they
will want more money still—and mean to ask for supple•
mentary estimates—is very clumsy, to say the least of it.
The Bank of England, according to rumours in the City,
in order to smooth the ruffled vanity of the Treasury, is to
take at par, though above the market value, 2,000,0001. of
Exchequer Bonds. People are beginning to discuss the re-
newal of the Bank Charter : Mr. Gladstone, it is said,
" may insist on a bettor bargain for the public than was
made by Sir Robert Peel;" and so it is insinuated that the
Treasury is to be quietly humoured by a little success iu
financial operation to favour the Bank. We entirely dis-
believe the rumour. If such motives could influence pub-
lic men, now is not the time for appealing to them, for no
alteration can be carried into effect in the Bank Charter till
after next year, though then preparations fur a change
may be made. A t that time Mr. Gladstone may not be in
the Treasury, and to flatter him now might then tell
against the Bank.
It is said the " Charter expires this year ;" but this is a
mistake. The abstract of the act of 1844 published by Mr.
Macculloch, who is not likely to make a mistake on such
an important point, says all the power and authorities,excetso
franchises and privileges given to the Bank by Acts of
Par-
liament are continued in full force by this act, except
far as the same are altered by this act, subject, neverthe-
less, to redemption upon the terms and conditions follow-
ing—viz., at any time upon twelve months' notice to be
given after the Ist day of August, 1855, and upon certain
repayments being made by Parliament, kc. Thus not be-
fore next year can the notice of redemption be given,
though, if then to be given, the means of repayment, Sec.,
must be prepared ; and not' before the Ist day of August,
1856, can the charter be extinguished. Till the end of
that period the interests of the country have been impro-
vidently pledged to the Bank, and neither the Bank nor
the Government is yet devising the means for redeeming
or renewing the pledge. Distant, however, as is the period
of renewal, it is not now premature to prepare for it in
order to prevent the public interests from being improperly
bargained away in 1855 as in 1814. What was then done
is now almost forgotten by some, and by others was never
known, and therefore we shall state the principal provi-
sions of the act of 1F44.
The Bank of England dates from 1694, and the act of
1844 continued the charter granted by previous acts of Par-
liament. By that act, however, a great alteration was
male in the constitution and functions of the Bank. A
wish then prevailed to place the issue of all paper money
in the hands of Government, and though Sir Robert Peel
would not do this directly, he essayed to do it indirectly.
That act began by declaring " that it is expedient to regu-
late the issue of bills and notes payable on demand." A
similar assumption was, we believe, never before made in
England, and it seems the forerunner of a law, also de-
clared expedient by some writers, for placing all bills as
well as promises to pay on demand under legislative con-
trol. In order to carry out this newly-found expediency,
the Bank was divided into two branches, one called the
" Issue department," the other the "Banking department."
The former has all its operations regulated by law, and is
completely and entirely the instrument of the Govern-
ment. The latter is left to the management of the direc-
tors, and from it the merchants and the Government bor-
row, and by it is the rate of discount settled, loans made,
&c. For the proceedings of the issue department the Legis-
latura is responsible ; for the banking department the
directors must answer.
The law directed the Bank to place in the issue depart-
ment 14,000,0001. of securities, and so much of the gold
coin and gold and silver bullion then in the Bank as was
not required in the banking department The directors
were permitted to diminish these securities and to restore
the amount to 14,000,0001., but were prohibited to aug-
ment them beyond 1.4,000,0001. except in case of some prie
vats bank ceasing to issue notes, when, by consent of her
Majesty in Council, the Bank might increase its securities
thet o the
privateeectent
bankof twwaos- t rds
authorisedof theto
issue. amount
Theof bankß
n notesw
prohibited from having in its issue department moreak
silver
s
than one-fourth part of the gold hel at the time by the
Bank. Having thus provided a fund in the issue depart-
ment, the act directed that an amount of notes equal, with
the Bank of England notes in circulation, to the aggregate
of this fund, should be created and issued to the banking
department. Thus the issue of notes by the issue depart-
ment is always to be equal to the aggregate of its securities
and its bullion.
The Act authorised all persons to demand notes of the
issue department in exchange for bullion of standard value
at the rate of 31. 17s. thl. per ounce ; and of course persons
holding bank notes are entitled to demand of the Bank
coin of equivalent value. Thus as gold is carried to the
issue department, whether by the banking department or
the public at large, notes equivalent to the gold in value at
the above rate are issued, and as gold is withdrawn notes
are cancelled. Only as the aggregate fund varies can the
issue of notes vary. Thus the amount of the fund and all
the proceedings of the issue department are prescribed by
the act. Under the influence of a false theory, and an
ambitions desire of regulating credit money, the Legisla-
ture was induced to take on itself the duty of prescribing
the issue of hills and notes payable on demand. The Bank
was used as its instrument, and was a part of the Govern-
ment. The Act of 1844 incorporated the joint-stock bank
with the public administration for the regulation of the
currency, and from that time the ministers became as much
responsible for the issue of bills and notes payable on de-
mand as for auy other departmant of administration regu-
lated by law, and placed under their superintendence.
For the public the issue department, is interesting only
as the gold goes out and comes in. As the rule the amount
of securities in this department remains unchanged, and,
in fact, has not been changed since the act cares into opera-
tion. At its commencement the bullion in the issue de-
partment was 14,300,000/., making, with the securities,
~n aggregate of 28,300,0001., and the issue of notes was equal.
Since that time the extreme variations in the aggregate
fund and in the notes have been from 22,506,5851. in May
1847, to 35,838,0001. in September, 1852. These are enor-
mous variations in credit money by no means in accord-
ance with the steady increase of trade and population, and
they are ordained by the law. Remotely they may be
caused by bullion flowing into or out-of the Bank of Eng-
land, but immediately and directly they are caused by the
regulations of the Legislature, ordaining the issue of notes
by the Bank in proportion to its securities. As it is pretty
well established that other money dealers and money cor-
porations follow the Bank, finding or making money scarce
Or plentiful as the gold flows in and fresh notes are issued,
the quantity of bullion in the Bank is watched with con-
tinual anxiety by persons connected with trade, and de-
pendent on credit for success. For this continual
anxiety the Legislature is exclusively to blame, and
all the sufferings now occasioned by continued variations
in the abundance or scarcity of money, which is equiva-
lent to variations in the standard of value, are due to its
regulations for the issue of notes and bills.
The Act of 1814 ordained the publication of the Bank
accounts weekly, but loft the day to be fixed by the
Stamp-office, which deserves all the blame for the delay of
the publication. It settled the sums the Bank are to pay
for the profit of issuing the notes, and exempted its notes
from stamp duties, and made a variety of other regulations
concerning it. The business of the banking department,
however, it no further interfered with, except to remove
from it to the issue department its superfluous bullion. It
further gave a privilege to banks within 65 miles of Lon-
don, though composed of more than six partners, to draw,
accept, or indorse bills of exchange, not being payable to
bearer, which had before been denied them for behoof of
the Bank of England. Finally, so far as the Bank is con-
cerned, it fixed the possible termination of this law at
twelve months after the Ist of August, 1855.
If the Act had done no more than this, it would not
have carried out the wish of the theorists to control bills
payable on demand. A portion of the Act concerns the
business of private banking. It prohibits the establish-
ment of any new bank of issue ; it prohibits any existing
bank from increasing its issues of notes; and it imposes
several restrictions on the banks it permits to continue to
issue notes. It prohibits banks which cease to issue notes
from resuming the issue ; it subjects the accounts of all
banks issuing notes to examination ; it requires them to
be licensed, and places the business of a banker under nu•
merous restrictions, like the business of a cabowner or a
publican. It is a grievous interference with a great and
growing business for a Minister who has earned the repu-
tation of a freetrader. The Act was a daring violation of
the principles lie professed, but it was acquiesced in and
even promoted by many other freetraders, who preferred
following a man to acting en a prindiple. Manybehalf,
pehalf,
i-
bilitiee, indeed, were, and still are, urged in
but the experience we have since had of free trade being
infinitely more advantageous than any retstornicttiobnast,
these
e-
ever skilfully devised, warrant the a
aleomecry'period
su° fnrNicors: me: go
analogy
cue:
emand free
l)
conferredl au sib il i ensl
more
ee destitutebene fit
benefits
on
nf
the foundation.
on
odma trni os.tsinne.ri
tyl Freetb ahn tradesnethas
,br th. '
sindtfbor
re4a
dulyum:
eenacel
isonafafgde; advocates,
thtd se hus
the
hey
epee
orncintohrilst entitle
ereti
f:uorrs ea
rtilbrPsei aevy• rep_
trade in banking ewe.

AZ

THE PRESTON STRIKE.

TERMINATION OF THE CONTEST.

PRESTON, MAY I.—The power-loom weavers have at
length retired from the struggle is which they have been
engaged for the last 35 weeks ; and the Preston strike
is virtually at an end. Failing funds have hastened this
result—not lack of firmness on the part of the people.
It became evident, from the proceedings at the delegate
meeting yesterday, that the chief sources of pecuniary
support were being dried up, but the public were scarcely
prepared for the sudden close of this memorable contest.
On the assembling of the delegates the president, Mr.
Kinder Smith, appealed to them thus :—lf this battle
is lost (said he) the fault will not be with the operatives
of Preston, but with the country for not sending suffi-
cient support. It is for you to say what shall be the
result of this struggle ; it is for you to say whether the
masters shall succeed in crushing the operatives of this
town. To you, then, I commit them, and we shall see
whether you or the employers have the most charity to-
wards them. After this appeal, instead of the an-
nouncement of subscriptions, as usual, a delegate from
Tadiham rose and moved an adjournment, in order that
the representatives of the various districts might confer
together in private. This being seconded, was put to
the vote, and carried unanimously. I understand
that the contributions brought in yesterday only
amounted to about 4001., instead of 2,0001., and up•
wards, as formerly. The result of the conference of
delegates was made known this morning by the publica-
tion of the following address :
"To THE TRADES AND PEOPLE OF BRITAIN.
' Friends and Fellow-countrymen, —We, the under-
signed members of the Executive Committee of the Power
Loom Weavers' Association, • beg to inform yon that a
combination of circumstances renders it imperatively ne-
cessary that we should lay before you the position of the
Preston weaver.
"The successful termination of the late strike at Stock-
port, which was immediately followed by an advancer of
wages in Blackburn and other places, led us and the factory
workers of Preston to believe that the employers were in a
position to give a similar advance, which was conceded b
32 of the employers, but was afterwards taken off through
the refusal of four employers to follow the praiseworthy
example of the great majority of the trade. After 36
weeks' struggle, we are obliged to bring the contest to a
temporary close.
4` We have been compelled to adopt this alternative by
esetthe
ir n retshtoen circulation operatives.
of
the universal combination of the employers, whose paid
nefariousagents have swept the three kingdoms for the means of
havedio
destruction
been n
assistedto
Thesetheir n
hirelings
misrepresentations by a powerful but unscrupulous press,
and by the miscalled guardians of the poor, who have
emptied their workhouses of all that could crawl from the
gates.
" The employers have been further assisted in their un-
holy crusade by the recent proceedings of a portion of the
overlookers, who have lent or sold themselves to the em-
ployers to circulate through the country false statements
respecting the position of Preston, which have had the effect
of curtailing the amount of subscriptions in those towns
where their misrepresentations have been made. Coupled
with those obstacles, the Eastern war, and the unprece-
dented high price of provisions, have operated as insur-
mountable difficulties to the continuation of the power
loom weavers' struggle. The operatives have therefore
been advised to resume work until a more favourable
opportunity ; as the time will
come when that 10 per cent.
will be granted to the operatives which is now unjustly
and by might withheld from them.
" In conclusion, we beg that you will carry out the fol-
lowing resolution, passed by the Central Committee at
their meeting, held on Sunday last :
" ' That the executive of the Weavers' Association draw
up an address to the country, stating the reasons that have
brought the Preston strike to a conclusion, and soliciting
the working classes to subscribe to support those whom
the manufactures have drawn upon the streets, and to pay
off any engagements the executive have entered into.'
" We remain, fellow-countrymen,
" Yours in the cause of labour,
" GEORGE COWELL, " JOHN CHEETHAM,
" MORTIMER GRIMSHAW, " THOMAS RHODES,
"JOHN MATTHEW, " WILLIAM WALTON,
" JOHN TONGUE, " EDWARD WHITTLE.
" KINDER SMITH, President,
" EWIN WHITTLE, Treasurer,
"J. B. HORSFALL, Gen. Sec.

" Preston, May 1."
This morning the operatives were called together at
the usual place of meeting, in order that they might be
made acquainted with what had transpired. There was
an immense gathering, and the people still seemed full
of spirit and enthusiasm. Mr. Cowell was escorted to
the cart by troops of friends, and the multitude cheered
vociferously.
The CHAIRMAN (Mr. Baxendale) said, circumstances
have occurred that have compelled us this morning to
call you together, in order to lay our position before you.
You are all aware of the efforts that have been made by
the associated masters for the purpose of destroying this
movement. You all know the course the Stockport
masters have taken with regard to the wages paid in that
town. You also know the course taken by the masters
of Darwen and of Blackburn—namely, a reduction of 10
per cent. Under these circumstances, we felt it our
bounden duty to call you together, knowing that when
the reduction in Blackburn and in Darwen takes place
tae excitement will be such that it will be impossible to
keep those hands in the mills. The consequence must
be that our funds would drop off, and the weavers would
be compelled to resume work. Now, in order that we
may not drive the struggle on to such a length that the
people should suffer more than they have done, we have
determined to retire until a wore favourable oppor-
tunity presents itself. (Hear, hear, and cheers) .1
am proud to say that during a cold winter with only 4s.
each per week, the people of Preston have conducted
themselves with such propriety and decorum as to have
gained the respect of the whole country. You have
stood nobly to the cause in which you en:barked, and
depend upon it that, although we have to resume work
now, the masters have riot been able to accomplish the
object they had in view. (Hear, hear.) We advise
you, then to return peaceably and comfortably to your
work, and, depend upon it, the day will come when
your demand will be granted without either strikes or
lockouts. (Cheers.)
Mr. CowELL, after some introductory remarks, pro-
ceeded as follows :—Though it may be said that :we on
the present occasion have suffered a defeat, let me tell
you, my respected friends, that had it not been for this
agitation, which we are now bringing to a close, I feel
perfectly satisfied that the operatives of Preston,
Blackburn, Stockport, Manchester, and every other
manufacturing town in the kingdom, would at this time
have been working at a reduction of 10 per cent.
(Hear, hear.) I believe that we have prevented a re-
duction taking place for the next ten years, and that, if
ever the time should come when another reduction is
contemplated, it will never come under the denomina-
tion of alO per cent. That cry has resounded so often
in the ears of the Manufacturers of Preston that they will
for ever be disgus'ed when they hear the name of "10 per
cent." mentioned. (Heart) While we now :.dvise you to
return to your employment, rest assured that whenever a
reaction take s place in the commercial affairs of this coun-
try, the telling-note shall again be sounded in Preston—
"Ten per cent., and no surreeder." (Loud cheers.)
But you, the working bees of Preston, of Blackburn,
and of other towns and districts, must be prepared for
the emergency, and whenever the demand is made, if we
have a good fund at our hack, it is my decided convic-
tion that the employers will give the advance rather
than risk another turn-out. (Cheers.) I
have a word
of advice to give to the masters of Preston. When two
contending armies meet, and one has proved successful,
itl wwoeuellda absek
rightt he e
fme
rpltobyee rvsi
victorious
to
rio Prestonusar
rtnoy. rteofiepcut
rws
uhee tht
be
er
have withdrawnbg te efpreonmthti the
gate roughshodenemy afteervetrhetybehml glrobuenpdeedtbethemirpalerymesr,a
willand takeride
this ailybiecpee.
gates and let you resume your work. (Hear, hear.)
Mr. Cowell then reviewed the various kinds of opposition
the operatives bad had to encounter, and, tiredNotwrusthatwye
mending them to preserve their union, he r amid
general acclamations.
Messrs. Waddington, Grimshaw, Walton, Worswick,
Matthew, and Smith also addressed the assembly.
The following resolution, moved by Mr. MATTHEW
and seconded by Mr. Co ELL, was carried unani-
mously :
" That the best thanks of the people of Preston be given
to the trades of England for their munificent support
during this protracted struggle."
The CHAIRMAN announced that 4001. or 5001. was ex-
pected from Blackburn that day, and that, together with
the money received yesterday, would be divided among
the Lands.
Several hearty cheers were then given for the 10 per
cent., and the multitude dispersed.

WRECKS AND. SALVAGE.—A Government bill for the
amendment ot .the, Jityc' relating to wrecks and salvage
has been printed. It contains six clauses, which provide
that the Receiver General is in future to conform to the
directions of the Board of Trade, and that after the next
vacancy the office in question will not be filled up, but
its duties and functions transferred to the Board of Trade.
Officers of the Customs or of the Inland Revenue are to
be appointed to act as receivers ; and the provisions of
the Salvage Act, 9th and 10th Viet., c. 99, are extended
to Scotland. A scale of fees is also affixed to the bill,
and all sums thus received will be carried to the Mercan-
tile Marine Fund, and a separate account kept of them.
MR. HOLFORD'S PROPERTY.—There is no foundation
whatever for the statement alleging that Mr. Holford,
the rich American merchant, lately deceased, had left
his property to the Prince of Wales. There were some
idle rumours about the neighbourhood that Mr. Hol-
ford sometimes used to say, when the improvements
and decorations of his houses and grounds in the Re-
gent's Park were referred to, that he in te ndedto th
the
em
for the future residence of the heir appai ent
Crown. This may have been idle badinage only. Some
people, however, still say that it was his. serious inten-
tion to bequeath his house and, grounds—if not the whole
of his property—to the Eoyal. Family. If he ever in-
tended anything of the sort, it is. certain that he did not
carry out his intentions. We telieve the fActs to be, that
in 1845 Mr. James Holford made a will, by which he
appointed his brother, John Holford, of Manchester,
and his nephew, John James Holford his executors, and
authorised them at his decease to sell and dispose of his
real and personal estates, and to divide the proceeds
, thereof among the children of his said brother John, in-
cluding the said John James Holford. He also em-
powered him to call in all moneys out on mortgage, and
to convert all bills and securities for money into cash,
for the same trusts and purposes, to apply all his per-
t sonal estate inithe same manner. The above-named
; executors having died in the meantime, the other chil-
i dren of Mr. John Holford have become entitled, and
. are represented by two sons of the former, Henry Shaw
. Holford and Frederick Shaw Holford. The personal
property in England is iwoin under 10,000/.

THEATRE TOTAL DRURY LANE.
Lessee, Mr. E. T. Smith.
THIS EVENING, Mar 2,
Writ be performed DER FREI. CHUTE. Characters by afadarne
Caradori, and Mdlle. Qedlazek ; Herr Reichardt, and Herr Vorraes.
Followed by a BALLET DIVERTISSEMENT.
pries;—Dress Circle, ds ; Boxes, 3s. ; Pit, 2s. ; O allery, Is. ;
and Private Boxes, One, Two, Three and Four Gni! teas. The
Box-oftlee open daily from Ten till Six, where plac es may be
Feeurerl. Private Boxes and Stalls to be had of Messrs. Leader and
Cock, 63, New Bond-street.

THEATRE ROYAL HAYMARKET.
Under the management of Mr. Buckstone.
THIS EVENING, MA 2,
To be followed by THE HOPE OF THE FAMILY. ,Characters
by Messrs Chippendale, Compton. and Buckstone ; Mrs. Fitzwilliam,
Miss E. Grey, &c.
After which, the entirely new and original extravaganstit. entitled
MR. BUCKSTONE'S VOYAGE ROUND THE GLOBE (IN LEI-
CESTER•SQUARE), written by J. R. Planche, Esq. Princ:pal
characters by Mr. Buckstoue, Mr. W. Farrell, Mr. Clatit, Mr. J.
Marshall, lir. H. Marshall ; Mrs. Fitzvrilliam, Mrs. ,
N. Grey. Miss Lydia Thompson, Miss Laura Morris, sCaulfbeidtud MISS
Featherstone.
Fo!lowed by WILLIKIND HYS DINAH. Supported by
Messrs. Buck. tone and Corti ; Miss Louisa Howard, Ur:. Fitawil-
liam, and Mrs. Caulfield.

ROYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE, OXFORD-STREET.
Under the Management of Mr. CHABLIS &tax.
THIS EVENING, MAT 2,
Will be performed Ryder,ARRIED UNMARRIED. Characters
by Messrs. W. Lacy,r, and Cathcart; and Misses Heath and
Murray.
Followed by FATTSr AND 3IARCIUERITE. Characters by
Me‘ars. C. Kean and David Fisher Mrs. Winstanley and Miss C.
Leelercq.
After which, AWAY wITII MELANCHOLY. Characters by
Messrs. Meadows, D. Fisher, and Saker; and Misses Murray and
Daly.

THEATRE ROYAL ADELPIII.
Proprietor, Mr. B. Webster.—Directress, Madame Celeste.
THIS EVENING, MAT 2,
Will be performed TWO LOVE; AND A LIFE. Supported by
mesas. C. Selby. Leigh Murray, Benjamin Webster, Keeley, and U.
Smith ; M;ss Woolgar and Madame Celeste.
Followed by THE AOLTATA.CHE MOVEMENT. Principal cha-
racters by Messrs. 0. Smith, Keeley, and Pandit); Mrs. Keeley,
and Miss Mary Keeley.
Followed by THE OVERLAND JOURNEY TO CONSTANT/.
NOPLE, A:3 UNDERTAKEN BY LORD BATEMAN, WITH
INTEREATING PARTICULARS OF THE FAIR SOPHIA.

LYCEUM THEATRE.
under the Management of Madame Vestria.
THIS EVENING, MAY 2,

Will be performed A CIIA.RIIING WIDOW. Principal charac-
ters by Mr. C. Mathews; Miss Talbot and Miss Oliver.
After which, USED UP.
'lO be followed by GIVE A DOG AN ILL NAME. Principal
characters by Messrs. C. Mathews and F. Matthews.
Concluding with A HOUSE OUT OF WINDOWS.

ROYAL OLYMPIC THEATRE.
Lessee and Manager, Mr. A. Wigan.
THIS EVENING, MAT 2,
Will be performed THE HAPPIEST DAY OF MY LIFE. Cha-
racters by Messrs. F. Robson, J. H. White, Leslie, and Vincent ;
Mrs. Chatterley, Miss P. Horton, and Miss Marston.
Aft: r which, THE HIPPY MAN. Characters by Messrs. Har-
wood Cooper, White, River, Franks, and H. Wigan; Miss E. Tur-
ner and slits Dormer.
To be followed by TO OBLIGE BENSON. Supported by Messrs.
Emery, Robson, and Leslie; Mrs. Stirling and Miss Wyndham.

STRAND THEATRE.
Sole Lessee Mr. F. W. Allcroft.—Directress, Miss Rebecca Isaacs.

THIS EVENING, Mat 2,
THE THREE TURKISH RAZOR GRINDERS.
After which, PAUL FRY.
To be followed by a NEW BALLET.
After which, SUMMER FLOWERS, in which the French Ballet
Troupe will appear.
To conclude with PIGEONWIDDY'S PERILS.
Stalls, 55.; Boxes, 35.-' Pit, Is. 6,1; Gallery, 6d.; Private Boxes,
£1 I Is. 6d., ro be had of Mr. Allcroft. 15, New Bond-street.

ASTLEY'S EUROPE'S NATIONAL AMPHITHEATRE.
Lessee and Manager, Mr. William Cooke.
THIS EVENING, MAT 2,
Will be presented the new grand Nautical and Equestrian spec-
tacle, embodying n vet and extraordinary effects (written by Mr.
Nelson Lea), entitled A TALE OF THE SPANISH WAR; or,
The Horse of the Wreck. The horses expressly trained by Mr. W.
Cooke.
Followed by an entire change of the Scenes of the CIRCLE. intro-
ducing Miss Kate Cooke, Miss Emily Cooke, Mr. Alfred Cooke, and
the most talented Equestrian and Gymnastic Artistes in Europe.
Mdlle. Blanche, the celebrated Continental Artiste, on the
TIGHT ROPE.
MR. BRIGGS IN HIS PLEASURES OF HORSE-KEEPING.
Box-otlice open from Eleven till Four. Stage Manager, Mr. W.
West.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
TD& —Morning 43 min.after 4 1 Evening 2 min.aft. 5
Tc•Monnow—Morning 19 cnin.after 5 1 Evening 40 min.aft. 5

nig WEATHER.—Sus Omen, MAr 2.
T3ERMOMETER, IN THE SHADE.
59—highest since noon yesterday.
48—lowest this morning and during the night.
60 —this day at noon.
BAROMETER, went down to 29.22—n0w up to 29'29.
WIND, S.W.—Fresh breeze, with sunshine and clouds.

at

~,

'~` ~~0

r

LONDON, TUESDAY, MAY 2, 1854.

The bombardment of Odessa has at last given
the Russian foe a taste of the mettle or metal—
(it matters little how the word is written)—of
the allied armaments. Earnestly and seriously
is it to be hoped that, by energy and decision in
the subsequent mode of carrying on hostilities
against the forces of the Northern AUTOCRAT,
both by sea and by land, the war may be brought
as speedily as possible to a close, and its many
and most appalling horrors be, as soon as it is at
all practicable, terminated. It is the prayer now to
be offered up humbly and reverently to HEATEN.
This prayer that the curse of war among the nations
may be quickly removed. It can only be removed,
of course, by natural agency. Centuries have
gone by since the credulity of ignorance could
look for the closing of such scenes through super-
natural intervention. Reason tells us that while
offering up orisons in our churches for the end of
these dreadful calamities of protracted conflict and
wholesale bloodshed, we ought, as rational crea-
tures, to employ every available means for expe-
diting the advent of this desirable peace, and for
thus carrying out the beneficent designs of Pno-
VIDENCE.

It is, consequently, in a reverent spirit that
we have all along *manded the energetic de-
velopment of our warlike preparations simultane-
ously with the appointment, as was recently wit-
nessed throughout this country, of a solemn
day set apart for the purposes of a general
fast and of a national humiliation. There is
nothing whatever incongruous in this blend-
ing of litanies and cannon balls. The truth
of this was recognised long ago by the old Co-
venanter. It is the se3ret of the wisdom of his
recommendation to his followers, to put their
strength in GOD, and keep their match-locks dry !
It is a wise saying, that venerable motto ora et
labora, pray and labour—whether the labour be
that of the warrior or of the handicraftsman, of
the soldier fighting in defence of the weak, of the
sailor fighting in the cause of justice, or of the
mechanic toiling in the workshop at his accus-
tomed and harmless occupations. A wiser saying,
however, than even that ancient one just now par-
• ticularised, was, hundreds upon hundreds of years
ago, seemingly formed out of those three words by
one of the earlier Fathers of the Church, and this
simply through the medium of a. very slight, but at
the same time a very important, modification.
Laborare, he wrote, Laborare est orare. Meaning,
of course, literally, as the words express it, "To
labour is to
pray "—or, in other words, that
there are certain times or consequences when to
labour rightly, thatils,.with a right intention, is
to pray indeed and in
at to pray really and
effectually. Has no: s
• with regard to ourselves len a
rwyr
period arrived
has it not arrived at last g ago? that we At any rate,
,
1 a over the appointed day for. the nve passe
d
humiliation ? ational fast and
_Here is one of the noblest causes
Here s a lawless
by a great country. ever fought
for Her I'
',enemy to vanquish, an enemy whose avowed
object is that of robbery .from a
weaker
neighbour—an enemy, moreover, 'whose enthu-
siasm must necessarily be .subduid, by the
recollection of great crimes (such 'heinous
crimes, for example, as the massacre of Sinope),
and the genius of whose ruler must be darkened
by the remorse of his notorious blasphemies.
Here is actually, in the hands of the allies, the
capacity, with the aid of GOD, of crushing down,
whensoever they list, the pride of their gigantic
antagonist. Nobody, we believe, seriously ques-
tions for a moment this capacity on the part of
France and England. Singly, we are satisfied
, • that either of those two great Powers would
• prove in the end more than a match for Russia
if opposed by all the resources of that vast
despotic Government. United, we cannot bat
rest assured that their defeat by the forces
.e., of the €IA-R- is removed almost beyond the
limits of visibility. In the name of common
germ; therefore) in that -of humanity, in that )

of HEAVEN, how monstrous would it not
be to hesitate in employing this enormous
and overwhelmingly aggregated power with
promptitude, with energy, and with determina-
tion ? Acting thus, acting with these essential
qualities of promptitude, energy, and determina-
tion, the Western Allies of Turkey, the armies
and navies of France and England, if only
wisely directed against the enemy, may effect
readily, with GOD'S help, all the advantages which
are desired. They may bring the war to a close,
and thereby put an end to all the horror and
atrocity of these continued devastations. They
may, in so doing, restore a solid aLd lasting peace
to Europe--secure the integrity of the Ottoman
empire—prevent the day-dream of PETER the
Great from being realised by a Russian occupa-
tion of Constantinople—prevent the likelihood of
a further invasion of the Turkish territories--open
the Black Sea —and open the mouths of the Danube.
And supposing it were impracticable to restore to
their original owners the enormous acquisitions
obtained since 1689 by the members of the House
of ROUMANOPF, acquisitions from vuntriec as re-
mote from each other as Sweden and Tartary, the
allies of Turkey might crown these results of their
campaign by extorting adequate compensation for
all the evils of the war from the guilty chief of
the defeated Government. England and France
can effect all this—if they will, that is to say, if
they act with becoming decision. It is not extrava-
gant to believe that they have that capacity--re-
membering their power separately ; remembering
that that power is now united ; remembering that
they are so far from beiug the originators of the
war that they have been dragged into it only after
a series of the most galling and intolerable provo-
cations; remembering, above all, that their cause is
a cause not unworthy of the blessing of GOD, the
cause of the weak, of the oppressed, of truth, of
justice, of humanity, of civilisation. NAPOLEON
lll.—the ally of England—has declared in
memorable words that " the age of conquest has
gone by for ever," as he asserted long before, in
words no less memorable, that the mission of the
Empire is not a mission of war, but a mission of
peace. VICTORIA I.—the ally of France—has
acted throughout from the dictate of principles
not in one iota less magnanimous. England and
France enter upon this war against Russia, only
after having solemnly pledged themselves that their
aim in conducting it is not in any way to derive
from it advantages for their united Governments.
Their aim is the simple, grand, and noble aim of re-
storing tranquillity to Christendom. Bearing all
these things in mind, we repose an implicit confi-
dence in the certainty, under Divine assistance,
of the speedy triumph of England and France
over the Russian AUTOCRAT, if—[simply this one
condition]—if only rational decision be displayed
by the Allied Governments.

" What shall we do with our Convicts ?" We
put forward this interesting and important inter-
rogatory many months since, when it was distinctly
and unequivocally proved that some of the police
force were in the habit of giving information
against persons who had once been " in trouble,"
bringing them into disgrace with their employers
and fellow-workmen, and thus by preventing them
from earning an honest livelihood, effectually
stopping the slightest chance of reformation, and
compelling them to seek the means of subsistence
by a recurrence to those predatory and criminal
habits that had led to previous punishment, and
from which it was hoped that they had been com-
pletely weaned.

What can be the utility of a well-considered and
judicious system of prison discipline ?—of the
zealous and indefatigable exertions of enthu-
siastic and devoted men labouring to excite a
feeling of penitence and remorse in the hearts of
those who have deviated from the paths of recti-
tude, but who are not as yet wholly irreclaim-
able, if all the laudable efforts of the repentant
sinners are to be frustrated through the officious
interposition of the guardians of the public peace,
who have time and opportunity to whisper their
information into quarters where it must prove
destructive to the future prospects of the miser-
able victims ?
It would almost seem to be more merciful to
put these wretched offenders to death, than to
permit them to engage in a hopeless struggle in
which success is rendered all but impossible. We
revive the fearful punishments, which VIRGIL
describes as being inflicted in Tartarus, on the
most atrocious offenders, for those Pariahs of
human i ty—
" Quos super atra Ruler jam lapsura cadentique
Imminet assinulis."

The stone rolled upwards with such painful
exertion is hurled backwards, and carries with it
the miserable labourer, to begin de novo in his
weary task of seeking out an honest occupation by
which he may earn his daily bread by his daily
labour, or, which is far more probable, that he
may yield to despair, and again plunge into crime
which lie was really and sincerely desirous of
avoiding.
Lord ST. LEONARDS last night called the atten-
tion of the Lord Chancellor and the Government
generally to the fearful consequences of the sys-
tem, as illustrated by the case of a man named
GEORGE BROWN, who was brought before Mr.
HALL, at Bow-street, on Thursday last. The
prisoner, who was described as " a respectable-
looking and well-educated man, a carver and
gilder by trade," had been con victed of felony
at Edinburgh, in 1850, and sentenced to
seven years' transportation. After some
time lie was sent to the Convict Prison at
Dartmoor, where he remained about seventeen
months. During that period his conduct was so
good that he was deemed a fitting subject for a
"ticket of leave," under the recently adopted
system. On his liberation, he was conveyed to
Edinburgh, where he had previously been con-
victed. There he again yielded to temptation,
and in less than three months was found guilty of
felony, for having stolen a pair of boots. Under
these circumstances, the terms on which his con-
ditional pardon was granted having been violated,
he was brought before the Magistrate of Police,
by whom he was re-committed to Dartmoor
Prison, for the residue of the term for which he
was originally sentenced.

The wretched man, who bitterly deplored his
melancholy condition, stated, as the cause of his
second offence, that "he had been transmitted by
the authorities of Dartmoor to the scene of his
former disgrace, where, consequently, he failed to
get employment. Wherever he went in Edinburgh
he was a marked man, and, even if he obtained a
situation, the police made it their business to inform
his employer of his previous character, and no confi-
dence was subsequently placed in him." What,
then, could he do ? The avenging NEMESIS at-
tended his footsteps, and whenever his prospects
at all brightened the blue-coated functionary in-
terfered, and warned his employer against the con-
victed criminal to whom he was giving work. The
natural consequence followed. When there was
so much competition, a person branded as a con-
victed felon could not look for much indulgence.
He was discharged, and, as lie could not labour,
the instinct of self-preservation drove him to
crime, and he stole a pair of boots that he might
get bread to satisfy the cravings of hunger.
Surely such a man was more deserving of
sympathy than of punishment. Surely nothing
can be more pitiable than the position of a man
struggling to maintain a respectable and honest
w hi
character, and every now and then driven by
inexorable necessity to crime, and to expiate
offences
ch he was unable to avoid. We trust
that Lord PALMERSTON will take the matter into
consideration,
penal consequences of
relieve the victim from the
of his involuntary guilt.
Some months since Mr. Serjeant ADAMS made
due allowance for nearly similar circumstances,
placert n na
toef
yeeeg
man, punishing, madewheffortsae
p r
et
sop e e
tareclaim(n
aannd
WILLIAM JONES a•
like,umninafonner, were sacrificed o_the officiousness of
the Police. The prisoner,
Sessions for
called up for
youth only nineteen years of age, Was cie't,d-
of stealing a watch, at the November
the County of Middlesex. When
judgment he stated that, "in the previous Jan-
uary he left the Westminster Brideweli, where he
had been for twelve months, with the best of cha-
racter , For hio good_cqhduct there he receive;