The Sun.
London, England, 1853-09-02 00:00:00

NEW FEATURES IN A WELL-KNOWN
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in every department of business by E. MOSES and SON are conspi-
cuous to every one.
In this age of progress and improvemen% the intrepid steps taken
The Attire E. Moses and Sen have ready for public inspection
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ed to the requirements of all classes.
Sporting Dress made by E. Moses and Son, and the same he their
gigantic Ready-made Department, excels all previous productions;
an entirely New Plan of Cutting and Makin; Sporting Attire secures
Ease, Elegance, and Durability in every garment, and the prices
charged are considerably lower than at any other house.
E. Moses and Son's New -tyre of l'aletots and Waterproof Over-
coats we eagerly sought by Excursionists, as the only Goods suitable
for Travelling, Promenade, or Business.
Hats, Caps, Ho-fiery, &c., for Ladies, Gentlemen, and Children,
offered by E. Moses and Son, are resplendent specimens of Quality,
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than at any other Establishment. -
Tne Largest, Best, and Cheapest Stock of Boots and Shoes in the
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E. Moses and Son's Wholesale Department offers advantages to
Merchants, Captains, Emigrants, and all buyers of profitable stock,
such as cannot be obtained elsewhere,
All classes of Emigrants Outfitted by E. Moses and Son in the
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the same concern," has been resorted to in many instances, and for
obvious reasons, they beg to state that they have

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MEDICAL AD VICE ON THE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF
YOUTH AND MATURITY.
DR. SAMUEL LA'MERT, 37, BEDFORD-SQUARE, LONDON,
Doctor of Medicine, and Metric.,fated Member of the University or
Edinburgh, Honorary Member of the London Hospital Medical
Society, Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall, London, &c., &c.
fUI AY be consulted, personally, or by letter, on
v 1 the various disorders of the nervous and generative system,
resulting from juvenile irregularities and excesses, which have pro-
/need more misery in youth, degradation in manhood, and prema-
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once secret causes of self-acquired miseries and disappointed hopes in
existence, traceable to certain pernicious habits, to which Nervous
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It is absolutely necessary that all men should know that there are
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DOCTOR LA'MERT has for a long series of years been engaged
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At home for consultation daily from Eleven till Two, and from
Six till Eight. All letters must contain the fee of 11., and advice and
medicines can be forwarded to any initials or address.
It is desirable that patients wishing to consult Dr. LA'MERT
should first obtain a copySE of his work on
LF-PRESERVATION.

A Medical Treatise ontll;Plll;;;ll37OfN4aiiiage and Nervous and
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Mann, 39, Cornhill ; Stone, Titchborne-street, Haymarket ; or free
by post for forty-two stamps, to any addres^ from the. Author's rebi-
dance. 37. BEDFORD-SQUARE. LONDON

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We have learnt from the last published accounts of the
Chinese insurrection, that the rebels are masters of Nan-
kin, and that the eyes of the victors are already straining
northwards in the direction of the chief imperial city.
Our next intelligence from the Celestial Empire way pro-
claim the downfall of Pekin—the final overthrow of the
Mantchce, dynasty.
The outbreak of the revolution took place at a remark-
able period of the history of the Chinese Empire. The
war with England had brought the Chinese people face to
face with external civilisation as they never had met it
before ; and the treaty which followed the success of Bri-
tish arms, by throwing open additional ports to commer-
cial enterprise, placed the natives still more largely and
directly under the influence of foreign example. The pre-
sent Emperor, Mien Foung, being then 19 years of age, as-
cended the throne in 1850, when that treaty was already in
force, and when it was at his option either to avail himself
of the undoubted advantages of the new relations that had
been formed with Euro2eans, or to attempt a retrograde
policy in the teeth of the concessions that had been ex-
torted at the cannon's mouth from his predecessor and
sire. The youth did not take long to decide upon his
course of action. The reflecting and experienced .coun-
cillors of the empire, who advised extended relations with
the new corners, a liberal policy abroad, and a progressive
policy at home, were dismissed from Court with disgrace,
while their successors were deliberately chosen from the
most violent and declared enemies of the European nations.
Scarcely was the decision of the young Emperor made
public before open attmpts were made by she reactionary
party to destroy whatever beneficial influence had been
exercised upon the Chinese character by contact with the
stranger. Fortunately, as wo all must thia, some influ-
ences had. prevailed during- the short per of weration
and enlightenment, which were not altogether susceptible
of eradication.
China, as well as France and other Western nations,
has had for years her sec:et societies, which established,
in the first instance, with no gran er and more menacing
object than that which in all countries governs the pro-
ceedings of masonic and similar institutions, have long
occupied themselves with designs for the subversion of the
Mantchoo dynasty. To the other secret societies already set
on foot in China when Hien Foung ascended the throne was
added, after the ratification of peace, that of the "Chinese
Union," a Christian community founded by Gntzlaff, an
enterprising mis-ionary, born in Germany, of supposed
Chinese extraction, and a useful civil officer of the British
Government. While Hien Foung was still briefly medi-
tating whether he would return to the old Tory regime,
or give an impetus to the new and sensible ideas that had
started up in China during the latter days of his deceased
father, disciple after disciple of Confucius was exchanging
the service of Buddha for the Anglo-Saxon Protestant
faith, proclaimed by British missionariei and promulgated
far and wide by their first proselytes.
Too much attention cannot be given to the fact which
we have just stated, for it serves to throw instant light
upon what has hitherto seemed the most cbscure and in-
explicable portion of the Chinese revolts. Given secret
societies intent upon the destruction of a political system,
earnest missionaries as eager to gain believers to their
creed, and free intercourse between both, and the young-
est philosopher shall sum up in a moment the result. The
result, in fact, has been precisely as we see. The Chinese
haters of the Mantchoo race are cloaking their political
passions under the garb of obedience to divine command-
ment, and the cloak sits awkwardly and grotesquely
enough upon the backs of the strange wearers.
If the reader will turn to the map of China he will find
that the province of Kouang-si is situated at the south-
western extremity of the empire. Kouang-si is under the
rule of a Governor-General, and forms a portion of the
icy i
ec eureonygatyn oc!,
wthe i
ethw
joinso K o uKa ne gu sa—n
gt s-si oencond K g
the
east, o uanan being
e hasig n
for its capital the well-known city of Canton. Kouang-si
is a country of mountains bristling with bare crests, and
shorn on their summits and declivities of every species of
vegetation. But its scenery is, nevertheless, vei y picturesque.
The soil, however, is as sterile as the scenery is romantic.
Cultivation is scanty and the people are indigent. But
though poor, they have the nature of hardy mountaineers,
and are sober, intrepid, capable of long endurance, and ani-
mated with a proud spirit of independence. After ages of
occupation the Tartars have failed to bring to submission
the most remote mountainous districts of Kouang-si. It
was among these distant hills that the great conspiracy
was hatched, and nothing could have shown the wisdom of
the conspirators more clearly than their choice of a star Ling
place. The very misery of the inhabitants was an element
of strength, and an army of adventurers could nowhere re-
cruit itself so easily as among a population living on the
verge of want. Moreover, the mountain country afforded
the very best possible bsttlefields to those who had yet their
way to make by st-atagem, by surprises, and mainly by de-
fensive operations against the more numerous and organised
troops—if such a term as the last may be app'.ed at all to
the Chinese army—of the Celestial Emperor. But there
remained a more cogent reason still why any grand and
comprehensive attempt against the existing dynasty of
China should take its origin in the natural fastnesses of
Kouang-si. In the most distant of these mountains dwell
the race of the Miao-tze, a community of whom the majo-
rity of our readers probably never heard until the name
appeared in the accounts that have reached us of the rebel-
lion, but to, whose adherence to the revolutionary cause in
the first instance must gertainly 'll6 attrilitsl tt ihrich ifs• •
success that has attended its progress. The if iao-tzes are
the aborigines of a chain of mountains which take their
rise in the north of Kouang-tong, and extend into the cen-
tral provinces of the empire. They aro a retiring lace, and
fix their abodes away from the haunts of men, their most
numerous colonies never exceeding two thousand indivi-
duals. Their houses are built upon piles, like those of the
Malays, and they shelter under their roof the domestic
animals which they rear. They are husbandmen and war-
riors, fearless, and capable of any amount of fatigue. The
Tartars have never conquered them. They have preserved
the ancient national costume ; have never shaved their
heads ; have always repelled the authority of the manda-
rins, and refused to adopt customs imposed by the Mant-
choos. Their independence is a recognised fact, and in the
maps of the country their districts are left blank in order
to show that they have not yet been brought under submis-
sion to the Emperor.
The Miao-tzes are the horror of the civilised Chinese,
who call them wolf-men. It is a firm belief in Pekin that
they wear tails, and that when a Miao-tze is born the sole
of the child's foot is cauterised in order to harden it and
to render the owner incapable of fatigue. To have planted
the revolutionary standard away from these hardy moun-
taineers would have been to throw away an incalcuable
advantage ready made to the insurgents' hands. They did
not throw it away. On the contrary they availed them-
selves of the terror inspired by the very name of Miao-tze,
proclaimed an alliance with the supposed savages, and in-
duced the latter to take up arms for the recovery of lost
rights. It was in August, 1850, that the Pekin journals
first announced the breaking out of predatory warfare in
Kouang-si.
During the earliest months of 1850 the rebels performed
divers insignificant military movements until they ap-
proached the frontiers of Kouang-tong. Here they pos-
sessed themselves of one or two important towns and slew
three high-class mandarins. The viceroy of the two
Kouangs, a functionary of the name of Siu, and whose pru-
dence amounted to downright cowardice, as the enemy
approached expressed a pious desire to withdraw from his
viceroyalty in order to prostrate himself before the tomb
of the defunct emperor. But he was ordered to keep to his
post. In his extremity he dispatched troops against the
rebels, but the troops were beaten and utterly destroyed.
In fact destruction was inevitable whenever they took the
field. The tactics were invariably of one description. The
insurgents, as often as the imperial troops advanced, pre-
tended to take flight, and, as often as the rebels pretended
to take flight, the imperial troops pursued until they were
caught in ambuscade, and there pitilessly massacred.
~eLcaesepieta continued
Experience went for nothing. The feint was made a hun-
dred times, and a hundred times wholesale slaughter fol-
lowed. Siu, stunned by the unaccountable success of the
insurgents, hurried off to Pekin to sound the note of alarm.
imperial soldiers to destruction, and the soldiers were too
good disciplinarians to disobey. The rebels now entered
ortaiKouang-tong. gushienriglltaos. th
ilnee hde bwyatshe rushing
audacious insurgents—no less a personage than the illus-
triousA new mandarin was sent from Pekin to reduce the
uwedvitnotairnieviate were
Lin, whose glory it had formerly been to give occa-
sion to the war with the English by his wanton destruc-
tion of 20,000 chests of opium. Lin addressed himself
forthwith to the rebel chiefs, and they answered the great
mandarin in a proclamation, which constituted their first
political act. The manifesto would have done credit to the
most enlightened rebels of any Christian country ; it was
plain and to the point. " The Mantchoos," said the
document,
" Who for two centuries have hereditarily occupied the
throne of China, were originally a small colony of foreign-
ers. With-the help of an army accustomed to warfare they
made themselves masters of our treasures, of our lands, and
of the Government of our country—a circumstance which
pro claims emphatically enough, that in order to usurp an
empire, it is only necessary to be sufficiently strong for
the purpose. There is really no sensible difference what-
ever between us who lay under contribution the villages
that we seize, and the functionaries who, sent from Pekin,
forestall the impost. That which
is fair to take is fair to
hold. Why do you, then, without any show of reason,
who are most un-
just. What ! have the Mantchoos, provinces
stnngers, the
right to levy taxes from eighteen pr
weincand to appoint
officers to oppress the people, and are Chinese to be
ey whatever
pre-
vented from taking
any
individualmn to the UniVersal
send troops against us ? Your proceeding
exclusion of
sovereignty belongs to no
issue of a hundred generations of emperors.
boasting an
is possession."
The right of governing
everybody else, and no one has ever yet heard. of a dynasty
We doubt very much whether any
subsequent proclama-
tion of the rebel force, however much it may be seasoned
with the pious formulas borrowed from the missionaries,
reveals a clearer notion of the intentions of the insurgents
and of the motives by which they are urged toaction than
the above singularly logical and explicit declaration. The
proclamation came out at the close of 1850, and constituted
the last offensive act of the insurgents for that year.
The year 1851 opened with a declahration of war to the

death.' In China the scabbard is , sown aside for ever
when once the scissors are drawn forth. In other words,
it is sufficient for a Chinaman to divest himself of hie
caudal appendage in order to commit the very highest form
of high treason. When the Tartars became masters of
China, they made it imperative upon the beaten people to
shave the head and to wear a tail. In 1851, when the
rebels announced their resolution to restore the ancient
dynasty of Ming, they made it incumbent upon their adhe-
rents to cut off the hated extremity, and to exchange the
Chang and Tartar tunic for the open robe worn by their
ancestors before the Mantchoo invasion. It was a last and
a t e
almostappeal
superhuman to the patriotismcou rsg
eo f
to the people, and it
respond to it. But
the courage was there. Hundreds of tails strewed the
rdeeqs desperate
Irea r
earth, and the alarm and horror at Pekin were intense.
Li-sing-iuen, a new Imperial Commissioner, was forth-
with dispatched to Kouang-si in the place of poor Lin,
, who did not hold up his head after the appe9.ance of the

seas to make it altogether free from doubt, and to allow us
to receive it implicitly as an integral portion of our singu-
lar history. About this time, say MM. Callery and Yvan
—that is to say towards the middle of 1851—there
appeared upon the stage a competitor for the Imperial
throne put forth by the rebel troops. Supreme honours
were paid to a Chinese by the revolutionary party, who
committed the heinous and unpardonable offence of deck-
ing their hero in the Imperial canary-coloured robe. Con-
trary to Tartar usages (proceed our historians) they pub-
lished the portrait of their sovereign, and circulated it by
thousands throughout the Chinese provinces. [A copy of
this portrait is placed at the beginning of L'lnsurreetaon
en Chine, and MM. Callery and Yvan congratulate them-
selves upon their good fortune in being able to offer to the
European public a faithful representation of the headdress
and restored costume of the ancient times of Ming.]
The accent given of Tien-te is so detailed that it is diffi-
cult to believe it an invention of the writers, unless, in-
deed, we are to suppose the rest of the volume a fable ;
and against this conclusion the book itself furnishes satis-
factory internal evidence, even if the cl-sz-cters of the
authors themselves were not sufficiently resr-vtable to pro-
tect them from such a charge. Both are well known and
respected in France. It is not easy to account such men
oapable of inventing this episode of Tien-te, or likely to be
altogether misled upon the subject ; but since perusing
their work, we have been startled to find it deliberately
stated, and upon good authority, in the North China
Herald of May 28th last, that " the existence of any such
person or title as Tien-te was distinctly ignored by the
Northern Prince, the highest chief seen, who said it was a
phrase of `outside people ;' and nothing was heard of Ulf
re-establishment of the Ming dynasty." in our own im
pression of August 9th we published a,description of Sir
G. Bonham's inissien. to Nankin. fig waraed to us from the
spot by an eyewitness 4,0 in ,iio,4leport the writer, who
had come in eegtacViitrthe rkffini../,distinctly states, that
'" it Ni-as said for some tilirthlit a descendant -otthe Xing'
dynasty (the last Chinese one) was at the head of the
movement ; but, on our asking them if this were so, they
said not, and seemed indifferent to the influence which
they would lose by the denial, for the idea was not with-
out its weight among the Chinese." With these two
statements before us, we are bound to hesitate before ac-
cepting the interesting history of Tien-te as authentic, or
regarding him as the keystone of the mighty movement
that has all but wrested dominion from the enfeebled hands
of its present possessors. One solution of the contradic-
tory accounts remains, and it may help the reader's judg-
ment in the matter, as it has certainly influenced our own.
We have seen above that Tien-te is described as
receiving at Hing-gan, in solemn state from " the
Kings " his future vassals, whatever accounts they
have to render of the progress of the revolution, and
of their own successes in the field. These "Kings" consti-
tute a very important part of the revolutionary dramatis
personae. Whether Tien-te be or be not the head of the
movement, it is now apparent that, should the revolution
prove triumphant, China will in all probability be, like
North America, cut up, into Str:: es, and, unlike North
America, be divided among the successful generals of the
revolution—whether in federal union or not has yet to be
seen. The generals or " Kings" upon whom the immedi-
ate conduct of the war has devolved, and who are destined
to share in the spoil in the event of its being won, are
named in MM. Callery and Yvan's volume, and their vari-
ous characters given. They are five in number. The first
is already:amiliar to the readers of the inte'ligence brought
by the last two mails, and would appear, from all accounts
to be at least the visible head of the revolutionary forces.
He calls himself Houng-sieon-tsiuen, but he is also styled
Tai-ping-wang, or the "Great King Pacificator." He is
described as a tall, sunburnt man, of an eager and resolute
aspect. He is about 40 years of age, and his hair and
beard are already gray. He is said to be eminently cour-
ageous. Although his accent betrays a provincial origin,
nobody is aware of his real name, and the district in which
he was born is unknown. The reader of the last most in-
teresting dispatches from the seat of war cannot have for-
gotten the lofty and blasphemous pretensions put forth by
this " Great Pacificator," whose unbounded ambition is
revealed in his daring assumption of divinity, and whose
self-indulgence is sufficiently indicated in the nature of
the suite by which he is attended, and in the terrible de-
crees he has issued against all who dare even to glance at
the inhabitants of his harem. It is in the name of Tai-
ping-wangr that the war is now carried on. He is " The
Celestial King," our "Royal Master." He is something
more. He is the younger brother of Jesus, and in 1837
was taken up to Heaven, where he was instructed! by his
Heavenly Father—from whom he received books and doc-
trines—in all cele7tial matters. His celestial mother and
the heavenly sister his wife are described in the published
pamphlets of the revolutionary army, and the work com-
mitted by God to his hands is given in detail. Sober
Christian will do well to hush their notes of triumph in
the presence of the audacious Tai-ping-wang.
Hiang-tsiou-tsing, or Toung-svang, which signifies "King
of the East," is about 35 years of age; he is small, slender,
and marked with the smallpox. All that is known of him
is that he is married to the elder sister of the Great King
Pacificator.
Siao-tcha-kouei, or Si-wang, the "King of the West,"
is the Achilles of this constellation of Royalty. The King
of the West, one of the most highly-gifted of these bro-
thers in arms, is only 30 years of age, and, according to
' report, has also married a sister of the Great King Pacifi-
cator.
Foung-hien-san, of Nan-wang, "King of the South," is
s.cholar of the provinsof Canton. He has passed public
eLnlitialions atargrAttthieth----14the. midgit of his active
soldier's life he fin 4 time for retirement and for tho pur-
suit of his literary studies.
Wei-tching. or N-wang, the "King of the North," is
the Ajax of the insurrectionary army. He is exceedingly
tall, has the dingy line of is Malay, and his dark moustache
is hardly to be diitinguished from hig deep brown skin.
He is only 25 years old, and is a native of Konang-si. His
physical power and sing-alar intrepidity have gained for
him a prominent position in the insurrection.
Under these five Kings the entire insurgent forces act in
concert, and by them the war has been carried on from its
breaking out until the present moment. Now, it is just
possible that either Tien-te is wholly a fiction, invented by
the Kings for the sake of mystery, and for the influence
which always attaches to a hidden power, and now dis-
carded as having served its purpose, or that he is really a
true Ming, and is dead, or no longer required to help the
ambition of the subordinate leaders. Upon either suppo-
sition we may account for the discrepancy between the cir-
cumstantial narrative of the French authorities and the
news brought home by the last dispatches ; and one of the
two conjectures will no doubt be found to contain some
explanation of the difficulty. The account briefly given of
the matter by Mr. Meadows, in a letter to Consul Alcock,
dated the 26th of March, 1853, would hardly seem to be
based upon correct information. "The person." says Mr.
Meadows, "of whom we heard as claiming the Imperial
throne under the title of Tien-te, died some time back.
His surname was Choe, that of the Mings, the last Chinese
dynasty, of whom he declared himself a descendant. His
son, a youth of two or three and twenty, is now the
acknowledged head of the insurrectionary movement,
claiming the throne under the title of Tai-ping." Tien-te
was certainly not old enough in 1851 to leave a son of 23
two years afterwards, and we find it nowhere hinted that
the offspring of the Pretender is the redoubtable and celes-
tial King Pacificator; himself. Let it suffice to say that
Tient-te, in one form or another, has unquestionably
existed as a power. If he be now given up, it is because
there is some good political ground for parting with his
company ; and it is certain that so long as he lasted, his
name, as the Frenchmen have it, was the expression of
progress.
By the middle of May, 1851, the revolution had assumed
the shape of civil war. The rising was becoming general.
Wherever the insurgents appeared hundreds flocked to their
standard by common consent, and the armed invaders seemed
not more eager to conquer than the inhabitants of the
towns they approached were desirous to throw of the fo-
reign Mantchoo yoke. Agitation at Pekin was manifest,
and even the Chinese merchants at Canton shook their
doomed tails in despair. These compared the insurrection
of Konang-si to the irruption of the Yellow Sea, and a
figure of speech denoting more terrible and overwhelming
calamity the Chinese imagination has no power to utter.
His Celestial Majesty took the usual step in such extremi-
ties. He dispatched new commissioners to the seat of
war. This time the Prime Minister Sai-Chang-ha was
sent to Kouei-Lin, the capital of Kouang-si, and, that he
might have no excuse for failure, two experienced Mant-
choos were ordered to bear him company. Canton was
laid under contribution. An immense sum passed from
peaceful mercantile pockets into the purses of the Manda-
rins, the city was placed in a state of defence, and troops
were levied there for the purpose of disputing the advance
of the insurgents.
It was at this period that the first report of the intro-
duction of a religious element into the political movement
took all men by surprise. Up to this moment everybody
had been given to understand that a descendant of Mingin ,
the name and on behalf of his fellow-countrymen, had
taken up arms against the Mantchoo usurpers, with the
full determination of carrying on a war of utter extermi-
nation ; but now it was for the first time loudly pro-
claimed that the hero laboured no less in the interests of
God than in those of suffering humanity. From the lan-
guage employed, it was clear that Christian missionaries
had already taken part in the broil ; but whether French
or English, Roman Catholic or Protestant, it was not so
easy to determine. One astounding fact, at least, could
not be denied—the progress of the revolutionary army
was marked by the overthrow of pagodas and the destruc-
tion of idols. This in itself was a feature too striking
and unexpected not to create a profound impression on
every mind. A vast stride had been made when tails were
flung to the winds, and rebellious hair sprouted forth at
its own good pleasure. But what was the clipping of
mortal tails to the breaking up of divine emblems ? If
there had been a possibility of reconciliation before, there
could be no hope of it now. We have seen in the most
recent accounts from China that rebel hatred has not
satisfied itself with even the wholesale annihilation of
Tartar gods. This negative act has been succeeded by
plain affirmative declaration. The insurgents have n
only ceased to be Buddhists, but they have becomeot
avowed believers in Christ. The belief is sadly mixed up
with blasphemy and sacrilegious invention, but, palpable
as the mixture is, it would be idle to blind ouarselvezat,
te,
the fact that, should the rebels sufferever!tu_ 1 d
upon the heads of Christians of every hind wllinevita hly
fall r- irtion of celestial anger. Commercehas

,all no sml portiu,..
much to expect from the successful issue of the rebel
lion ; but Christianity. in China has everything now
to dread from the victory of the Imperial forces.
When missionaries first stirred in the quarrel, as
if they are
they undoubtedly have, they compromised the reli-
rest upon
gion they profess, and future toleration or their
creel depends entirely upon the result of the present
conflict. So far is the western world deeply in-
terested in the gigantic quarrel. If the " patriots" prove
victorious, Christianity will, in all human probability,
flourish in China, and, in course of time, must be divested
obfeattent,oon pheaalpviaberlehadanualtweriallt,iofnosr oyfearspagtaonism;
come,
missionaries and their faith than any they have hitherto
felt.
Before the year 1851 closed singular triumphs had re-
warded the exertions of the rebels. No doubt could be
entertained of the fact, for even the Pekin Moniteur had
-,eased to register the number of the Imperial victories,

field, and followed up their advantage by adding three
important towns to their already numerous acquisitions.
The magistrates of these towns were summoned to acknow-
ledge the sovereignty of Tien-te, and all who refused were
either cruelly mutilated or killed on the spot. Many suf-
fered death rather than betray their allegiance; but the
inhabitants themselves, according to the principles laid
down by the rebel chiefs, were uninjured both in property
and person. Seu, the Viceroy of the Two Konangs, of
whose admirable prudence mention has already been made,
disgusted with the successes of the rebels, once more
craved leave to withdraw to Canton, and invented a lie in
order to accomplish his object. But, he was not allowed
to budge. Other Mandarins, and among them Sai-chang-
ha, the Prime Minister, were degraded—some for having
been suddenly taken ill upon the eve of an engagement,
others for downright disobedience. The Celestial Empe-
ror, it should be known, seldom punishes his generals for
anything but disobedience. He bids them win a battle ;
they don't, and for that criminal act of non-compliance
with orders they lose their buttons.
The progress of the insurgent army would seem to have
been marked by one invariable course of procedure. They
have attacked and made themselves masters of many cities
and towns, but have abandoned their possessions almost
as soon as won, not caring to hold them an hour after they
have levied a contribution sufficiently large to supply the
troops with provisions and pay. They press resolutely
forward, seizing today some new point of advantage,
which they will abandon altogether to-morrow. Their
intent, unquestionably, is to fight their way direct to
the Ironerial capital. In a country centralised like that
r'" ,' - conqueror may be owner of everything but
,a, wanting that, is absolutely master of no-
thing. That day that shall see the rebels triumphant
at the capital will find them also rulers of the em-
pire. Their true porky; therefore, is to hew their way
through every town fiat opposes their advance, but to
.leave every conquest behind untiii4e -greatest anetcrowg:
ing victory is achieved.
Various methods of cutting short the civil war were tried
by the Celestials, but in vain. The Emperor himself, it
would appear, occupied his supreme intelligence in the
composition of an epic poem intended to counteract the
enemy's warlike proclamations. But, if wo aro to believe
the critics, when the Imperial minstrel was singing the
praises of Tartar heroes he was also pilfering by wholesale
from the Homers and Ariostos of his disturbed and much
distracted empire. The Mandarins helped their master's.
cause by circulating pamphlets full of the most monstrous '
perversions of fact, by applying the screw again and again
to the merchant city of Canton, and by fearful executions
as often as a sufficient number of prisoners could be col-
lected to present a memorable example and a bloody sacri-
fice to the Imperial vengeance. But, in spite of poems,
pamphlets, and general slaughter, the rebels stood their
ground. Before long the whole of Kouang-Si was in their
hands, with the exception of the capital city. It was after
one of the latest conquests in Kouang-Si—viz., at Yung- '
gan-Tcheou, that an important proclamation was issued by
the insurgents—one, indeed, that throws more light upon
the intentions of the rebel chiefs than any that preceded
it. As a specimen of statecraft, also, it is unequalled by
any former production put forward by the same hands :
"Know, people !" said the clever manifesto, "that
China belongs to the descendants of the ancient dynasty.
Students, farmers, artisans, and merchants, do not be
alarmed, but continue peacefully at your several callings.
The fortunes of the dynasty of Han are about to flourish
once more, and the foreign dynasty of the Mantchoos is on
the eve of expiring. The decree is from Heaven and admits
of no mistake. Division succeeds to a long union. In
order that when publishing the laws all things may be
safely re-establlshed, our Sovereigns have manifested
their benevolence, and, before prostrating themselves
in presence of the Supreme Being, have always admi-
nistered to the necessities of the unfortunate. After
having learnt to know God, they have striven to save the
people from calamity ; they have sustained the weak,
resisted the powerful, and preserved the villages from
robbers and brigands. . . . . When our Princes by
the grace of God entered into Yung-gan they scattered
their benevolence on every side, and, regarding the people
as their children, enjoined the army to abstain from
slaughter and to take nothing without leave. They are
as just and impartial as the balance; but if obedience is
denied, they who disobey will be handed over to the offi-
cers of the army. Our Prince invite the inhabitants of
every district to surrender, in order that they may merit
the reward which will be accorded to their voluntary sub-
mission. They wait now to be rejoined by the chiefs of
other provinces, in order to unite their forces for an attack
upon the capital of Pekin, which being secured, the
Princes will proceed to the division of the empire." '
Three points are worthy of note in this production. The
future division of the spoil among the insurgent chiefs is
announced without disguise, the ultimate intentions with
respect to Pekin are clearly made known, and the Chris- '
tian element is as plainly and unmistakably revealed.
" The authors of the proclamation of Yung-gan," writes
Messrs. Callery and Yvan, " speak of decrees of Heaven
They have prostrated themselves before the Supreme
Being after having learnt to adore God. They have
striven to save the people from the calamity. These are
formula unknown to Chinese idolaters, and foreign to the
language of Roman Catholics. To Protestantism alone
belongs the honour of having introduced them into China ;
and their appearance in the proclamation argues strongly
for the truth of the widely-circulated rumour that in the
heart of the insurgent army a native Protestant occupies
au important post and exercises a great authority. This
Protestant, according to general report, is a friend and
disorple or Gutlinff.'-' --- - - -...-..-- . - -- -- -- - . ---
An imperial force of 13,000 men was now dispatched to
Kouang-Si to make mincemeat of the rebels, and to break
up the conspiracy for ever. But the attempt as usual,
failed. Half the army was slain, and the other half pru-
dently went over to the enemy. Sou, the discreet Gover-
nor-General of the two Kouangs, always shut up behind
the thick walls of Kao-tcheou, and never disheartened so
long as his own person was secure, swore by his slender
moustache that he would be revenged for this last auda-
cious act of the insurgents, and proceeded to make good
his terrible oath. He had recourse to stratagem. By his
orders 4,000 buffaloes were got together, and twice as
many torches attached to their long horns. The herd
was placed under the charge of 4,000 soldiers, and the
expedition, prepared with the utmost secrecy, set out
one night in the direction of the rebel camp. Ac-
cording to the plan laid down, every buffalo, trans-
formed for the occasion into a fiery chariot, was to make
frightful ravages wherever it appeared, to kill every man
within reach, and to set fire to the camp. The horned bat-
talions advanced without obstacle, the insurgents, apprised
of their intended visitors allowing them quietly to defile.
But the Imperials were not vouchsafed so honourable a re-
ception. By favour of the illumination they had them-
selves provided their movements were well noted before
they reached the camp. When they reached it the old
scenes of carnage were played over again. Almost every
soul was slain as every buffalo had been captured. Not
the least part of the story is, that notwithstanding the
double loss of men and beasts, the stratagem was regarded
by the Chinese authorities as a spledid stroke of military
genius, and worthy of a nobler fate. There exists in
China a wonderful treatise on the art of war in 24 volumes,
and the sagacious Seu had found, no doubt, time to study
it in his well fortified citadel. This unequalled work is
forbidden to all civil Mandarins below the third degree,
and to all military Mandarins below the fourth. To ci-
vilians generally it is a sealed book. No library may pos-
sess more than one copy at a time, and the name of all pur-
chasers must be strictly registered.
To the north-east of Kouang-Si, and still on the road
to Nankin, the old capital of the empire, and to Pekin, the
chief city of the Mantchoos, lie the provinces of Hon-nan
and Hou-pe. To advance into these provinces from the
original seat of the insurrection was to proclaim the ulti-
mate designs of the rebellious movement beyond all doubt ;
and the word to go forward was given. Hitherto the Im-
perial Government had made light of its reverses, and had
concealed as much as possible the critical nature of its situ-
ation ; but when the news reached Pekin that Hou-nan
and Hou-pe had been induced to participate in the revolt,
a cry of alarm and indignation was raised that resounded
through the empire. Nor was it uttered without cause.
Hou-pe is one of the poorest provinces in the empire ; it is
mountainous, and the climate is cold. Famine frequently
visits the inhabitants, and the misery of the people formed
as before only too ready an instrument in the hands of the
sworn enemies of the Mantchoo race. The rebels in Hon-pe
rose from the soil of the province, and were not trans-
planted to it. The leaders of the men were independent
chiefs, and had only to present themselves to the Imperial
troops in order to secure countless additions to their stan-
dard. The worst sign—that of disaffection in the Itoyal
army—became fearfully apparent as time rolled on. 6,000
men, commanded by a faithful officer of the Celestial Mo-
narch, entered Hou-pe, and passed directly over to the re-
bels, with arms and baggage. So wasinifgnctdiwouesrois the
was
ample that voluntary levies of overt'
Kouangs. Alithe voluntaryob
corps seemed to oppose the enemy with the simple object
of the Governor of the two
of finding a ready means of deserting to them. Well might
lamentation and wailing in Pekin. Three chief
there be
of the insurgents, and with them a considerable amount of
cities in the provinces abovenamed soon fell into the hands
booty. The victors seized the public treasures and the
supplies destined for the Imperial troops ; but, according
sacred rit.e, spared the inhabitants and respected
top theirrivs private
11 kindled,confined itself to
The flame, now we no one
property.
district of the empire, In June, 1852, there was a confla-
gration in Formosa. In truth, when the year 1852 closed
upon the war all opposition had proved fruitless, and no-
thing seemed able to stem the advancing tide. The frowns
of the Celestial Monarch could neither abash the rebels nor
stimulate the faithful. Mandarin after Mandarin was de-
graded without remorse, but punishment was thrown away.
The rebels, still pressed forward with the eye fixed keenly
on Pekin.
The effects of the protected war, in which the rebels
proved always victorious, and were continually adding to
their pecuniary resources, began to be seriously felt in the
Imperial Treasury. The Chancellor of the Ixchequer sur-
veyed his empty chests in agony, and despaired of fresh
supplies. The monetary difficulties of the empire were
frightful. The Mandarins commanding in the insurgent
provinces were ordered to deliver an account of cash in
hand, and they replied by impudently announcing that
they stood in immediate need of 700,000 additional taels
to prosecute the war. Robbery was going on in every de-
partment, and in every office of every department. To
defraud the Celestial E " the first dr -of his ter

emperor is ,Ae duty
restrial subjects. His Ministers rob him, his military com,
wanders rob him, his Mandarin inspectors rob him —the
whole Chinese Government being based upon an organised
system of pillage, according to which every man seeks to
fill his own pockets at the expense of the State. , But it
was necessary to find means at once to carry on the war.
The last years military expenditure had risen to 3,000,0001.
sterling, and the amount, large as it appeared, was on the
increase. The Mandarins were ordered, on their allegiance,
to devise schemes for replenishing the Treasury ; and one
of them openly proposed to the Emperor an opium mono-
poly. The proposition is said to be still under Imperial
consideration ; and in the meanwhile every public appoint-
ment in the empire has been put up to public sale. All
things may now be purchased from the celestial trafficker,
from the highest dignity down to immunity for the worst
offences. A pruclamation, fixinc, the price of all Imperial
favours,—and most assuredly settling the present value
ulti -te fate of the Imperial dispenser himself,—has