The Sun.
London, England, 1853-10-19 00:00:00

LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 19, 1853.

THE EASTERN QUESTION.

(From the Times.)

The manifesto of the Sublime Porte, which we
yesterday published, is, in some respects, one of
the strongest and most unanswerable State papers
which have been issued during the present century.
Such a case does it establish against Russian vio-
lence, that a reader unacquainted with the broad
bearings of the question and the peculiar relations
of the two Governments would conceive that
Turkey had been absolutely faultless in the trans-
actions which created the quarrel. And this,
indeed, as far as the present embroilment is con-
cerned, is little more than the truth. The Porte
has given Russia no cause of complaint whatever ;
it has endured great provocation with much for-
bearance, and, with an obvious desire to avoid a
rupture, it has risen at last only against continued
aggression, and the casus belli now [accepted is a
true case, and constituted solely by the acts of its
enemy. The only weakness of the document lies
below its surface, and beside the point immediately
at issue. The Sultan is not justified in assuming
that the Christian subjects of the Porte have
always been treated with perfect consideration,
irrespectively of any protectorate extrinsically
exerted ; 'and, though the Ottoman Cabinet has an
undoubted case of war against Russia, it might
have been more prudent, and more becoming, in a
State notoriously relying on external protection to
guide itself at so arduous a crisis by the advice of
its protectors.
Nothing, however, can exceed the moderation
and truthfulness of the manifesto in its exposition
of the rupture itself. In the dispute about the
Holy Places, which introduced the inore serious
requisitions of Russia,. the Divan had perhaps, in
some degree, erred, but the duplicity of its policy
—we use the term in its least unfavourable
sense was almost a necessary incident of
its political impotence and anomalous position.
Two powerful Governments were contending for
prerogatives within the Turkish dominions. France
applied first, and the Porte yielded to the applica-
tion. Russia applied next, and alleged that the con-
cession made in favour of France derogated from
concessions made previously in favour of herself.
The Porte would willingly have obliged both par-
ties, but this, as each desired a pre-eminence over
the other, was impracticable, and the Government
of the Sultan therefore played fast and loose with
the two suitors in turn, for the simple reason that,
while it could not satisfy both, it was reluctant to
offend either. In such behaviour there was evi-
dently little to be severe upon, and, even if Russia
had experienced any slight in the course of the
transaction, the injury, by her own acknowledg-
ment, had been fully repaired, nor did it furnish
the smallest warrant for her subsequent demands.
This is a point to which it is extremely desirable to
attend, for the claims put forth by Prince Mens-
chikoff's Note have been sometimes referred to the
previous difference about the Holy Places, as if a
general understanding had been rendered necessary
by the state.of things thus disclosed. This argu-
ment, however, is wholly destitute of foundation.
The demands of the Czar which occasioned the
present opposition were in no degree connected
with the competition of Greeks and Latins respect-
ing the Holy Shrines ; they had reference exclu-
sively to the dependence of the Greek Christians
upon himself, as head of the Greek Church, to the
prejudice not only of the Sultan, but of the Patri-
arch of Constantinople as well. They evinced, as
both Turkey and Europe discerned, not a mere de-
sire for the precedence of Greeks over Latins, but '
a deliberate intention of transferring insensibly to
St. Petersburg the allegiance owned by four-fifths
of the Sultan's European subjects.
While it is thus evident, both from the facts of
the case and the concurrence of European Cabinets
in the conclusion, that the demands of Russia were
unjustifiable in themselves, it is also incontestable,
as the Turkish manifesto is at pains to show, that
the invasion of the Principalities was such an ag-
gression upon the Porte as to constitute a veritable
casus belli. This also is a point deserving some
attention, for, although to English eyes it may
seem to admit of no apology, foreign publicists have
been found to argue against the deduction thus
maintained. It is quite true that the Danubian
Principalities stand in a peculiar and anomalous
relationship to the Porte, nor can the pretensions
of the manifesto, in describing them as " integral
portions of the Ottoman Empire," be sustained
without material qualification. Nevertheless,
whatever the Sultan may have lost or the Czar ac-
quired with respect to these territories, the rights
of each are specially defined by a treaty as recent
as 1849, and this instrument, while specifying in
what cases Russia may occupy the Principalities,
does certainly not provide for an occupation like
the present • so that a valid treaty between Russia
and Turkey has been violated by the former. We
can dispose, however, of the entire argument irt a
very few lines. The occupation of the Danubian
provinces by the Czar must be an unlawful and
aggressive act, for otherwise, by his Majesty's own
statement, it is an act of no import at all. It was
first distinctly held out as a menace, and then
carried into execution avowedly as a measure of
coercion. If it was not an act of aggression,
or, in other words, if no force was put upon
Turkey by the proceeding, how could, it aid
the Czar in the promotion of his designs, and
where was the " material guarantee" which the
seizure was declared to convey ? If Russia, in
crossing the Pruth, was doing no more than she
was entitled to do, the act loses its significance
altogether. Coercion applied by one State to
another State necessarily implies aggression or
force on the part of the State coercing. In times
past this country, when embroiled with France,
has dispatched expeditions to occupy Belle Isle,
but the points in dispute would have been very
little forwarded if we had merely sent them to
occupy Jersey.
There can be no doubt a t all that Russia has
given Turkey ample cause for a declaration of war,
and the Czar is no more entitled to take offence at
such a proceeding than a man who sends a chal-
lenge can complain if his challenge is accepted.
The whole rupture, with all its consequences, lies
at the door of the Emperor Nicholas alone. If he
himself, without putting his battalions in motion,
or threatening any resort to force, had been con-
tent to refer his demands to the representatives of
Europe, he might then, with some reason, have
deprecated an appeal to arms on the part of the
Porte. As it is, he would have no ground of
remonstrance if Omer Pasha crossed the Danube
and fell upon his forces without leave or warning
given. No restraints whatever rest upon the
Porte with regard to Russia ; its obligations in
this respect were due only to those European
Powers on whose assistance it must ultimately
rely. Besides this, it cannot be forgotten that the
remote subject of the dispute—that is to say, the
dominion of a Moslem Sultan over millions of
Christians on Christian ground, cannot be con-
templated by Christian States as a dominion essen-
tially meriting their countenance or support. This
is the weak point of the Turkish case. The Otto-
man Government has been unjustly attacked, as
its manifesto shows, but it is a Governmeat of such
a character that, though brought to a depend.
ence on foreign protection, it can never be sin•
cerely approved by its protectors, or long main.
rained even by all their efforts.

FORTUNATE ESCAPE OF A RIVER STEAMER FROM DE-
STRUCTION.—Yesterday afternoon the " Bee," one of the
halfpenny boats which ply between Dyers'-hall Wharf,
London-bridge, and the Adelphi, narrowly escaped an
accident, which would in all probability have led to its
destruction and to the sacrifice of a vast number of lives,
there being upwards of 100 passengers on board. The
two boats, the "Ant " and the "Bee," which carry the
half-penny passengers, have a rudder at both ends, so
that they never turn, the only precaution to be taken
before leaving either of the piers, being that the rudder
at the head of the vessel shall be so secured that it may
not counteract the other. This was carefully done, and
the " Bee " left Dyers'-hall Wharf in the usual manner.
It proceeded, withthe tide, at a rapid rate, and had got
i
some distance onits way, when the man at the helm
found, that although he was steering in the usual man-
ner, his rudder would not act, and that the vessel was
at the mercy of the tide. This was immediately com-
municated to the captain, who instantly ordered the
machinery to be stopped, and on making an investiga-
tion,the uniform of the
Company,
,rwnith some other lads.
had loosened the ropes by which the rudder at the bead
ari e
Telegraph
g rta hpaht a c
obmo yp
w
subin ascertainedn
of the vessel was secured. Had this taken place a few
yards nearer Southwark-bridge than it did, the vessel
would
in all probability have been dashed against one of
the piers, as the tide was running up very strong, leading
to results fearful to contemplate.
ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.—Dr. Wilhelm
Freund, who left London last spring for the purpose of
collecting facts bearing upon the ethnology of the ancient
inhabitants of the Tyrol and the Grisons, has just re-
turned to this country,
Ethnological Society
of London the results of his lite-
rary researches in this interesting part of Europe. His
journey thither was undertaken under the direction of
the Prussian Government, on account of his fitness for
this object, as evidenced in an elaborate paper read before
the Ethnological Soc Tty, on the ancient dialects and
philology of the inhabitants of then &Ando.

VIE BUSSO-TURKISH QUESTION.

Last night a densely crowded public meeting of the
inhabitants of Finsbury took place at the Music-hall,
Store-street, Bedford-square, for the purpose of calling
upon her Majesty's Government to aid the Turks in
compelling the Russians to evacuate the Danubian prin-
cipalities.

Mr. T. S. DUNCOMB; M.P., having been voted to the
chair, proceeded to opels the business of the meeting.
He said, that often as he had had the honour of meeting
in public assembly the 4 tors of Finsbury, he could not
recall to his recollectio y occasion upon which he had
the pleasure of raced% 4 em which was so fraught with
grave consequences, or: so great importance, as the
cause for which they had that evening assembled. Look-
ing at the requisition which had called them together,
he found that it was for the purpose of calling upon her
Majesty's Government to assist by every means in their
power to expel the Russian troops from the Danubian
principalities, where they had committed a most un-
warrantable aggression upon an old ally, the Sultan.
Looking at that requisition, it was quite clear that if it
meant anything it meant war—(cheers)—and it was well
worth the consideration of the people of this country

whether they should or should not express, in terms

not to be misunderstood,. how far they would sanction
the Government of the day in proceeding to extremities

of that description. They knew perfectly well that

was one of the prerogatives of the Crown to declare war
or to make peace ; but it was also one of the preroga-

ves of the people to call to account for their conduct
be Ministers who should advise to go to war, or it
might be to conclude a dishonourable peace. (Cheers.)
He confessed that he should like at this moment to have
seen some preparations made by the Government for the
re-assembling of Parliament, so that the people of
this country, through their representatives, might be
enabled to express their opinion as to what ought to be
the conduct of England upon this occasion. That there
had been a most unwonted and unjustifiable aggression
upon the part of Russia no one could doubt, and that
every hour the Russians remained in the Danubian prin-
cipalities they committed not only a wrong towards Tur-
key, but an insult towards Europe at large. Every one
who had read the daily newspapers must be aware that
there was a difference of opinion in this country as to
what ought to be our course. They had doubtless read
the accounts of what was called the Peace Conference at
Edinburgh—(a laugh, and a voice, "Old women")—most
amiably and delicately conducted ; but he must say that,
looking at the materials with which we had to deal—the
Nicholases of the north—he did not believe that that
conference would make much impression upon those
autocrats. In our negotiations with them he believed
that, unless we meant gunpowder and nothing but gun-
powder, they would not attend to us at all. They would
snap their fingers, and we might just as well whistle to
the winds as talk about amicable relations with persons
so determined to do wrong if they had the power. Still,
if the people of this country were for war, let them know
what that war was to be for, and what it would cost us.
They were aware that at the commencement of the last
century, before all those wars took place, which he might
almost say disgraced the close of it and the beginning of
the present century, the taxation of this country was
about 2,000,0001., and in 1815 it had risen to
70,000,0001., while the annual public expenditure, which
had been about 3,000,0001., rose in 1815 to 130,000,0001.
(Hear, hear.) Nevertheless, though those sums were
great and the sacrifices had been large, we must not
conclude a dishonourable peace or submit to any dis-
grace from the Autocrat of Russia. He was well
aware that in discussing this question they were doing
it under very great disadvantage in consequence of the
secret system of diplomacy which had been too long pur-
sued in this country, but which he hoped and trusted '
was fast coining to a close. (Hear.) He did not know
that there was an instance in which secret diplomacy had
so completely failed, and the inconvenience had been so
great, as upon this occasion. There were six great
nations, including the belligerents themselves, who were
engaged in this affair between Russia and Turkey. Five
out of the six published the progress of events by circu-
lars, notes, and manifestoes ; but England published
nothing ; and when Parliament was sitting all they could
get from the Government was, " The negotiations are
not complete, and it would be inconvenient to divulge
what is at present going on." During the whole of that
time foreign Governments were divulging and publishing
the dispatches of our Ministers. (Cheers.) The Em-
peror of Russia, iu his first manifesto, stated that which
was directly opposed to the truth, justifying the posses-
sion of Wallachia and Moldavia by the assertion, that
our vessels were anchored within sight of Constanti-
nople. That, however, was not the case. It used to
be said that, if truth and good faith were banished from
all the world, it ought still to be found in the hearts of
princes ; but it was not so now. What had happened ?
France answered that circular, and England answered it ;
but we had never been able exactly to ascertain the terms
in which it had been answered by our Government. The
circular of France was a spirited reply, and it told Russia
in pretty plain terms that she had spoken a falsehood.
Lord J. Russell had stated that the letter from England
was very much to the same effect ; hut, as garbled pas-
sages of that reply had been published in the foreign
newspapers, and misrepresentations took place, Lord
Clarendon had been obliged to publish an official copy'
of his answer, in order to set all matters right.
Lord Palmerston had been amusing the ladies and
gentlemen in the north, and had told them that the pre-
sent Government was going far beyond any Government
that had ever been seen before, and that it was only
necessary to point out any practical improvement to
them to have it carried into effect. This was all very
well if his Lordship were in earnest ; and if he were it
would not be very difficult perhaps to convince him of
the necessity of improving our system of secret diplomacy.
(Cheers.) It was not for him to anticipate the resolu-
tions which they would adopt, nor would it be becoming
of him to anticipate any of the sentiments they would
express ; but he was satisfied that whatever resolutions
they should adopt, or whatever opinions they should ex-
press, they would be in accordance with those great and
liberal principles which he, as their humble representa-
tive in Parliament, had ever endeavoured to enforce.
(Loud cheers.)
Mr. SHAEN proposed the first resolution :
" That the invasion of the Turkish empire by Russia
is not only a wanton and unprovoked outrage, but a vio-
lation of international, law, and we therefore call on the
Government to assist the Turks in compelling the
Russian army immediately to evacuate the Danubian
provinces."
After a long and elaborate summary of the course of
events in the East, Mr. Shaen proceeded to review the
recent speeches of Mr. Cobden at Edinburgh. He
described the speech of Mr. Cobden as enforced by five
arguments, which he thus not very flatteringly disposed
of. The first and second were beside the question, and
were what were popularly known as "tubs thrown to
the whale ;" the third was the argument of a coward ; the
fourth, the argument of a hypocrite ; and the fifth the
argument of a demon.
Dr. EPPS seconded the resolution.

Mr. D. URQIIIIA.RT, in speaking to it, impugned the
whole system of diplomacy pursued by this country. The
proposition which he wished to submit to the meeting was
that there would be no escape from a war with France if
we persisted in intermeddling with affairs in the East.
Turkey was not weak. Turkey was a strong and a
rising power, and within the last quarter of a century
she had exhibited a spectacle hitherto unseen in the his-
tory of the brightest progress of any nation of ancient or
modern times, having in that period quadrupled her
commerce and doubled her revenue. Turkey was in dan-
ger by her strength. If Turkey wero weak and the pro-
vinces of Wallachia and Moldavia were occupied as they
had been 50 times before there would be no danger to
the Ottoman empire ; but, being full of strength and in-
dependence, she was now tortured by insult. Her con-
dition was that of steam held down until the boiler
burst, and it was our Government which had placed her
in that position ; for it was a " lie" to say that we had
ever interfered to save Turkey ; we bad always interfered
to put her down ; and it was also a " lie" to say that we
had ever interfered to support any country whatever. In
conclusion, he had the gratifying intelligence to commu-
nicate to the meeting, which he had only heard within
the last two hours, that the Sultan had refused our offer
of protection. (Loud cheers, and, an enthusiastic indivi-
dual, "Three cheers for the Sultan." The call was im-
mediately responded to.)
Mr. Bronterre O'Brien then presented himself, and his
appearance was the signal for a tremendous uproar.
Some were for hearing him. Others were against his
being heard. After half an hour's interruption,
The CHAIRMAN put the question to the meeting,
whether Mr. O'Brien be heard or not, when the show of
hands appeared to be ,pretty equal.
Mr. O'Brien still held his position on the platform, and
essayed in vain to speak. An angry altercation took
place between the chairman and himself, but, at length
retiring from the front, Mr. O'Brien bawled, with sten-
torian voice, "If I am not to be heard, let no (me else
speak." His friends acted upon this hint, and it was
amid the most terrific uproar that the chairman subse-
quently put the resolution, and declared it to be carried.
Mr. G. H. MONEY came forward to move the next
resolution. but the disturbance continued, and at length
he was obliged to give way to
Mr. O'BRIEN, who expressed his general concurrence
in what had fallen from Mr. Urquhart, and his belief
that, had it not been for the perfidious diplomacy of the
four mediating Powers, especially France and England,
the Turkish question would have been settled long ago
by the Turks themselves. Our Government had meddled
with every nation upon earth where there was any plun-
der to be got, and had shed more blood, and caused
more blood to be shed, to put down the freedom of the
working classes all over the world, than any other Go-
vernment in existence.
Mr. .G. H. MONEY then moved the second resolu-

tion :
" That the constant and systematic encroachments
of Russia upon all her neighbours manifest a design to
extinguish both national independence and popular go-

vernment, are fraught with danger not only to the peace
of Europe but to the liberties of this country, and de-
mand both incessant vigilance and active resistance."
Mr. J. HARNEY seconded the motion in a strong war
speech, and it was carried unanimously.
On, the motion of Mr. COLLETT the following resolu-
tion was also carried

" That the system of secret diplomacy is calculated
to mislead the people of this country, and has enabled
the British Cabinet to assist continental despotism
while professing a zeal for constitutional government."
The proceedings terminated with the usual vote of
thanks to the chairman.

CITY COMMISSION OF SEWERS.

Yesterday, a court, which was very numerously at-
tended, was held for the dispatch of public business ; Mr.
Deputy. Peacock in the chair:

THE SMOKE NVISANCE.
Mr. Edmond Calvert, of the firm of Calvert and Co.,
the brewers;was again summoned for not having abated
the nuisance complained of some months back, arising
from the smoke issuing from the chimney of the brewery
in Upper Thames-street.
The CHAIRMAN (addr=2ssing Mr. Calvert) said, that
when he was summoned before the court upon a former
occasion, he had promised that he would get rid of the
nuisance as soon as possible, and that complaint having
recently been made 0 at the smoke from the chimney in
question was as great an annoyance as ever, the court
had deemed it necessary to cause him to attend, to hear
whether lie had taken any steps with a view to this
object.
Mr. CALVERT replied that he had stated upon the for-
mer occasion that he had found it totally impossible to
employ the smoke consuming furnace according to one
of the patents then suggested, and which was asserted to
be the best suited to the purpose, on account of the
pe-
culiar construction of the buildings. Upon this he had
applied to Messrs. Easton and Amos to furnish him with
a report as to the practicability of adapting it, when
those gentlemen advised that another patented furnace
should be fitted. This had been in operation ever since
last May, and bad proved to be utterly useless ; and it
would not even do the work of the old furnace with the
best screened coal. (Hear.) This alteration, which had
proved an entire failure, had cost between 5001. and
1,0001. (Hear.) Mr. Calvert then produced a drawing
of his brewery, and explained in detail and with great
clearness the alterations he was about to effect, stating
that these would cost the firm 10,000/. ; but that they
could not guarantee to carry them out in less than
two years. He had had an interview with the Secretary
of State for the Home Department a few days since
upon this very subject, in the course of which he had
made a similar explanation to that noble lord to that
which he had now offered to the court, and the noble
lord concluded by saying "you cannot do impossibili-
ties." (Hear, hear.) He (Mr. Calvert) could say on
behalf of the firma that they were most anxious to abate
the alleged nuisance, and in every way to accede to the
wishes of the commission, notwithstanding the expense
they would necessarily be compelled to incur ; but the
alterations could not be effected in a less time than that
which he had specified. (Hear, hear.) The foundation
alone for one of the furnaces would be a work of six
months. (Hear, hear.)
The CHAIRMAN—The court are very much obliged to
you for your explanation.
Deputy OBBARD felt very greatly indebted to Mr. Cal-
vert for attending, and explaining what he had done in
the shape of alterations, and what he intended to do.
(Hear, hear.) He (Deputy Obbard) had lived in the
City a great many years, and felt it his duty to say that
although some new notions had lately been afloat with
regard to the nuisance of smoke, yet the court must not,
by acting with precipitancy and rashness, destroy the
trade or profession of those who conducted their busi-
ness in the City, especially when, as in the present in-
stance, parties were ready to make vast pecuniary sacri-
fices for the purpose of getting rid of the evil complained
of. (Hear, hear.) He had not the least doubt of the
integrity and candour of Mr. Calvert, and thought him
entitled to great credit for his exertions in carrying out
the wishes of the commission. (Cheers.)
Mr. CALVERT—We have lived in the City for between
two and three hundred years, and are old brewers in it.
Mr. H. L. TAYLOR said that Mr. Calvert knew as well
as the court did that there were certain acts of Parlia-
ment in existence which had been passed for the express
purpose of getting rid of, amongst other nuisances, the
one now complained of ; and as one of the large brew-
eries in the metropolis had succeeded in consuming their
smoke, the question was whether the commission
would perform its duty to the public if it did not inter-
fere and compel Messrs. Calvert, without further delay,
to do every thing possible to mitigate if not thoroughly
to suppress the nuisance.
The CHAIRMAN—YOU hear that it will take two or
three years.
Mr. H. L. TAYLOR—Messrs. Calvert were in a diffi-
culty, and he was sorry for them. He believed they
were doing a very great deal to lessen the nuisance, but
at the same time they were not doing that which the pub-
lic and the public acts of Parliament called upon them to
do. The commission must either cease to prosecute any
body or at once compel Messrs. Calvert to construct new
furnaces. (Hear.)
Mr. HOPGOOD said he should be very sorry if the
opinions expressed by the last speaker went forth to the
world as the opinion of the commission. (Hear, hear.)
Here was a large and important firm most anxious to
spend 10,0001. to remove an alleged nuisance, stating.
that it will take two years to make the necessary altera-
tions, and therefore giving good reasons for not being
able to consume their smoke immediately. (Hear.)
Deputy Hour was desirous of paying every court and
respect, to the honoured house of Calvert, but should in-
sist that those gentlemen took the best means in their
power to get rid of the nuisances.
Mr. KEBBEL felt very much indebted to Mr. Calvert
for the pains he had taken in explaining what alterations
had already been made. Every member of the court
ought fully to bear in mind the extreme difficulty of
carrying out extensive improvements such as those now
contemplated. (Hear, hear.)
Mr. H. L. TAYLOR said that with a view of testing
the feeling of the commission, he would move, " That
well-authenticated evidence be obtained of the nuisance
arising from the smoke issuing from the furnaces of
Messes Calvert's premises, and that they be summoned
before a magistrate for the offence."
Deputy*ConNEY seconded the motion.
Deputy OBBARD moved as an amendment, " That
Messrs. Calvert having attended this court and explained
the nature of their furnaces, and that they are curing the
evil as fast as possible, and are willing to spend 10,0001.
to abate any nuisance whatever, that the matter stand
over for the present to enable them to make the necessary
alterations. (Hear, hear.)
Mr. EloPGood seconded the amendment.
Deputy PEWTRESS thought the amendment should
contain a specified time within which the works should
be completed.
Alderman COPELAND said that he had had the satis-
faction of turning the Smoke Nuisance Bill out of the
House of Common three several times. (Hear, hear.)
Was the business and trade of the City to be stopped by
a proceeding such as the one now adopted against Messrs,
Calvert ? (Hear, hear.) He (Alderman Copeland) had
spent hundreds and hundreds of pounds in trying to
get rid of the smoke nuisance at his works at Stoke-upon-
Trent, and all to no purpose. (Hear, hear.) At the
Government works at Woolwich there were always to be
seen a broad pennant of smoke issuing from one of the
largest chimneys in the kingdom. He, at the solicita-
tion of Sir Edward Buxton, had been to see an appara-
tus for the consumption of smoke. The apparatus fed
the furnace by a piece of mechanism, but as to consum-
ing the smoke, that was quite out of the question. A
friend of his (Alderman Copeland) had tried to consume
the smoke at his manufactory, and had brought down a
deleterious matter—sulphuric acid, which was ten times
more injurious than smoke. (Hear, hear.)
Mr. H. L. Taylor having withdrawn his motion, the
amendment of Deputy Obbard was carried as an origi-
nal motion, the words being added, "And that six
months be given to Messrs. Calvert for the comple-
tion of the works." This addition was for the purpose
of jenabling the commission to ascertain how far the
works had progressed during this period, which was
only nominal, it being understood that Messrs. Calvert
would be allowed the full period of two years 'to make
the contemplated alterations.
THE CHOLERA.
The following is an extract from the weekly report of
the medical officer :—" I append my usual tabular state-
ment of City mortality for the past week, and am sorry
to observe that the register contains a death by cholera
ix George-court, Bennett's-hill, and I have further to
report to your hon. court as follows :—ln three several
places where premises are in a filthy and poisonous con-
dition, and where the orders of your hon. court for their
improvement or disoccupation have been utterly set at
nought, death has at length occurred in one case from
fever, and in two other cases from diarrhoea. It is
scarcely necessary to specify the names of these places
as Plumtree-conrt, Fire-ball-court, and Windsor-street.
The result is what might have been foretold, and requires
no comment. I would simply recommend to your hon.
court that instructions be given to your solicitor forth-
with to proceed against these three several offenders be-
fore the Lord Mayor, in order to recover the utmost
penalties their homicidal negligence has incurred."
The court then adjourned.

UNIVERSITY FOR WALES.—A movement commenced
ect
it was
were
a short time ago for the purpose of establishing a uni-
versity in Wales, and petitions for .hi
drawn up by the Anglo-Welsh clergy,
existed
'for the establish-
menttws hichj
urged that a strong necessity
education in all the different
of a university at which the of the princi-
pality might receive a liberal
r ot ?I
eo s ed
Colletteth a t
to y °
branches of literature without incurring, to Man f
them, the'heavy expense of. travelling distant parts
of the kingdom to obtain.e
University
lotfllavnaOlews,p,
under the title of ' Tjuiv
ar schools
of St. David, at Lainpeteri, then Llandovery Institution,
we
admissible for
Brecon Collego, aiidbct
eiendeodowded grannn
of the principality shall .
. ."
for degrees
students from all the above to be Rd
in arts and divinity.
THE APPLE CROP IN THE WEST, A. vast increase
has of late years taken place in the quantity of cider
made in the west of England, particular attention has
been paid to it in Devonshire, and
its quality has been
much improved. The cirnoi) of apples this year has been
more than an average
been exceedingly abundant.
fact in some parts they have
of Exeter, and in the ant. In the neighbourhood
many orchards are South of Devon, the trees in
Cider therefore is almost broken down with them.
trade has sprun expected to be very cheap. A brisk
and the aPple gup of late with the London market,
of great im 0 crop in Devonshire is looked upon as one
cargoes P 'lance. During the last few weeks some
and ,__ have
e been imported at Exeter from Frame,
"T sold- at it. per hhd.

of the necessity of measures of preven-
t• . means of obviating panic.
On referring to the former visitations of cholera, as
far as regards the metropolis, it appears that in 1832
the attacks were 14,144, and the deaths 6,729; the po-
pulation of London then being 1,681,641. In 1848-49
the attacks were about 30,000, and the death& 14,601 ;
the population at that time being 2,206,076. So that
in the epidemic of 1832 one person died in every .f5O of
the inhabitants, or 4 per cent. ; whereas in 1848-9 one
person died in every 151 of the inhabitants, or 66 per
cent. The mortality, therefore, in 1832-3 was about
two-fifths less than in 1849—that is, about 5,800 more
persons perished of this epidemic in London in 1849
than in 1832.

The epidemic of 1832 commenced in London on Feb.
16, and ended Sept. 7, 1833, including a period of about
19 calendar months. But it appears that during this
period there was a cessation of deaths for eight months,
so that there were in fact two epidemics, the first com-
mencing in February and lasting to November ; and
the second commencing in August and lasting to Sep-
tember, 1833. The epidemic came to its height in the
week ending July 27, when the deaths were 445, the
greatest weekly mortality recorded during that visita-
tion.

In the epidemic of 1848 the attack commenced in Sep-
tember, and the last death recorded in the return of the
registrar-general was in December, 1849, so that the
whole progress of this epidemic occupied a period of 15
calendar months.

During the first six months, namely, from the end of
September, 1848, to the end of March, 1849, the disease
advanced progressively but irregularly, numbering in
the whole of this period 988 deaths. During the follow-
ing months of April and May there was a lull in the
disease, the deaths sinking to one in some weeks, and
never in any week exceeding five ; but there was never,
as in 1832, a complete cessation of the disease, for there
was never a single week without at least one death.
In the month of May, the total number of deaths did
not exceed 13, but in the first week of June they sud-
denly rose to 2, increasing in the last week of the month
to 124. From that period, the epidemic went on rapidly
and uninterruptedly, increasing till it came to its height
in the week ending Sept. 8, 1849, when the deaths toge-
ther, from cholera and diarhcea, amounted to 2,298.
From this time the disease declined, and ultimately
ceased, as has been stated, in December, 1849. There
was thus one epidemic, with two well marked periods,
the first extending from September to March, and the
second from June to December:" r:::
In the first of itiAe'libi*s ire higreiriftlin*fivopio
tality was 94, namely, in the week ending Jan. 13, 1849,
' affording during that period a hope of a comparatively
slight visitation ; but in the second period this hope was
greviously disappointed, for the weekly mortality then
rose as high as 2,298 in the week ending Sept. 8.
The following table shows a considerable parallelism
between the early progress of cholera in the metropolis
in 1848 and now in 1853. That progress is, however, in
almost every week more rapid now than it was in 1848 ;
and comparing the total number of deaths during the
whole of the 11 weeks with the number of deaths in the
corresponding weeks of 1848, it will be then seen that
the recent deaths have exceeded the former by nearly
one-third.
Deaths from Cholera during Deaths from Cholera during
a period of 11 weeks in a corresponding period of
1853. 11 weeks in 1848.
Week ending Aug. 6 ... 4 Corresponding week 1848 19
I/ 13 ... 19
.22 PP
17
/1 20 ... 10
1/ PO 7
27 ... 18 21
/1 PP 7
Sept. 3 ... 16 ~ 21 7
15, 10 ... 7 If PP 6
17 ... 16 ff 7
24... 29 1/ PP 4
, 9
If Oct. 1 ...48 ~ ~
13
/7 8 ... 66 ~ ~
30
45
15...45 /1 If
PP

Total 278

Total 162

It will be thus further seen that the progress of Ithe
epidemic has been much more rapid during the whole of
the present months than during the corresponding
period in 1848.

It is remarkable, that gradual and slow as the pro-
gress of the disease has been in the metropolis in both
visitations, there have been in both sudden and violent
outbreaks in particular districts and localities. In 1848
it had scarcely appeared in the metropolis when in the
very beginning of October it attacked Edinburgh with
great violence, and spread in the course of a few days to
the neighbouring towns of Newhaven, Portobello, Loan-
head, and numerous other places in the vicinity. In the
beginning of November it attacked Glasgow, and subse-
quently a large number of manufacturing towns and
villages in Lanarkshire, Ayrshire, Dumfriesshire, and
other counties in the south and west of Scotland. Now
it has attacked with the like suddenness and with in-
creased violence the northern English towns.
The returns from the Metropolitan Commissioners of
Police give 18 cases of cholera and 8 deaths.
In the Millbank Penitentiary, where cholera was so
peculiarly fatal in 1848-49, as compared with the mor-
tality from the same cause in other metropolitan prisons,
there have been since the 24th August last nine cases of
cholera and three deaths, two of which occurred on the
14th inst.

NEWCASTLE-UPON-TINE.—DEATHS.-OCt. 15— Cho-
lera, 2 ; diarrhwa, 2.

Tile total number of deaths from cholera and (liar-
rlicea in Newcastle during the present outbreak has been
1,505. In the same period (namely, the first 47 days)
during the prevalence of epidemic cholera in 1831-2, the
number of deaths was 200.

COLDINGIIAM.— Deaths—Oct. 16—Cholera, 2 ; diar-
rlima, 3.

LUTON. —Death--Oct. 17—Cholera, 1.
GATESHEAD.—Deaths—Oct. 15—Cholera, 1 ; Oct. 17,
cholera, 2.

GATESHEAD (Heworth District).— Deaths—Oct. 15,
cholera, 3. Oct. 16, cholera, 5 ; diarrhcea, 2. Oct. 17,
cholera, 3 ; diarrhcea, 1.

NAV AL INTELLIGENCE.

PORTSMOUTH, OCIT. 18.
Another, and we believe a final, trial of Sir T. Mit-
chell's boomerang propeller took place to-day on board
her Majesty's ship Conflict, at the measured mile in
Stokes Bay. The weather was fine ; force of wind 1.
The average speed of six runs was 9.913 knots per hour.
The average of the second and third runs was 10.070
knots. The attainment of 10 knots an hour, within a
small fraction, with so heavy a ship as the Conflict is
regarded as a convincing proof of the sound principle of
Mitchell's propeller, especially when it is remembered
that all the trials on board the Conflict have been made
with a mutilated boomerang to suit the construction of
that vessel. One-third at least of the working surface of
the boomerang has been sacrificed to this necessity. A
larger aperture than usually occurs in ships constructed
as at present is required for the full development of the
boomerang, on account of the great space which the
blade occupies in the direction of its axis.

Her Majesty's steam-frigate LmlraMoioeiUenTnHe;lo676elpBta.
in
Thomas Fisher, arrived from Portsmouth on Sunday.
She called at Portland on the passage down. Her crew
will be paid wages here.
Bedding for 560 soldiers was sent yesterday from the
Royal William Victualling-yard to the Queen, 110,
Captain F. T. Mitchell, in the Sound. It is understood
she will convey detachments from three regiments in
Ireland to the Mediterranean. The crew of the Queen
is some 200 short of her full complement.
The screw corvette Desperate, 8, Captain W. W.
Chambers, is ordered to be fitted with all dispatch for
the Mediterranean.
The crew of the steam-frigate Valorous, 16, Captain
Buckle, were paid wages yesterday in the Sound.
The foremast of the screw frigate Imp4rieuse, 50,
Captain R. B. Watson, having been repaired, will be
put on board to-day.
The screw ship James Watt, 90, has received her
boilers and has been coppered. She was taken out of
dock on Monday.
The merchant screw steamer Ondine, Captain White,
from Dublin and Falmouth, reports that at 1 p.m. on
Parted
main-c o m -
Sunday, lat. 50.56 N., long. 5.52 W., Longehips S.S.W.
about 52 miles, she fell in with the new ship David
and from Liverpool for Bahia, with loss of
Harrison, of
fore and wizen fiwneeek.
tphreevsihoiups.
hadPa
pane at 2 p.m, Weather a
asts had some light sails on them.
sail set, with close-reefed main't.opsail.over it.; two small
spars for juilm

WOOLWICH, OCT. 18.
APPOINTMENTS.
Chief Engineers.—William Anderson, from the Spite-
ful paddlewheel steam sloop, of 280 horse p
of 500 over at
Woolwich, to the Bulldog, 6, paddlewheel steam sloop,
horse power, at Portsmouth Allan
from the Bulldog to the Spiteful. ; Mclnnes,
Second-Masters.—William H. Searle (1848), from the
FTyisnge toarsdflraesgshihpi,p paatidwooffolywiesetherd; ay at this port, to the
from the St. George, 120 James Milton (1848),
, of ordinary at De
vonport, to the Apollo troopsh pe
atChatham.
Master's Assistant W. H. Hussey, to the President,
53, flag ship of Rear-Admiral David Price, for the
Pacific station.
Gunner Emanuel Piper to the Dauntless, 24, screw
steam frigate, of 580-horse power, at Portsmouth.
Boatswain Hodgson Browne, to the Dauntless.
Carpenters.—Joseph R. Foreman to the Dauntless ;
William Masson, to the Terrible paddlewheel steam
frigate, at Portsmouth; acting-carpenter George Hare,
to the Hogue, 60, screw steam guardship at Devonport.
Mr. Henry Chatfield, assistant to the Master
Ship-
wright at Woolwich Dockyard, to be
Wilcox,ster
Ship-
wright at Deptford Dockyard, vice Mr. super-
annuated.
annuated.

A VALUABLE DONATION TO A NEWSPAPER.—
The Gazette des Ilopitaux, one of the oldest medical
journals in France, has just received a donation of
10,000 f. a year, from a physician attached to one of
the hospitals in Paris, on condition-Ist, that the do-
nor's name shall be kept inviolably secret ; 2d, that
3,000 f. of the sum shall be employed in encouraging
the authors of useful and practical papers published in
the Gazette; and, 3d, that the remaining 7,000 f. shall
be employed in distributing copies of the Gazette to phy-
sicians or students who are too poor to Pay the whole or
any part of the subscription, the simple declaration to
that effect of the applicants being all that is ty be re-
quired. This is
probably the
. first time in the history of
the periodical
press that a journal has been the object of
such munificence.