The Sun.
London, England, 1853-07-07 00:00:00

THEATRE ROYAL ADELPHI.

Proprietor, Mr. B. Webster —Directress, Madame Celesta
TEIS EVENING, JULY 7,

Will be performed GENE VIEVE. Characters by Messrs. Ben,
Webster, A. Wigan, Leigh Murray, Keeley, Parselle, Paid Bedford
0. Smith, and C. J. Smith; Madame Celeste and Mrs. Keeley.
To be followed by THE CAMP AT CHOBHAM.
After which, NORMA.
To conclude with THE DANCING SCOTCHMAIT.

ROYAL OLYMPIC THEATRE.
Lessee and Manager, Mr. Farren.
Great success of the New Drama.
THIS EVENING, Juix 7.
Will be performed LOVE AND AVARICE. Characteraby Messrs.
Farren, H. Marston, G. Cooke, and Shalders ; Mesdames Ander-
ton and Bartlett.
After which, an entirely New Burlesque, by Francis Talfourd,
Esq., entitled sllyweic, or, THE MERCHANT OF "VENICE
PRESERVED." Shylock, Mr. F. Robson; Portia, Miss Fielding (in
consequence of the indisposition of Mrs. A. Phillips.)
To conclude with THE WANDERING MINSTREL. Jem Baggs,
Mr. F. Robson.

ASTLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE.
Sole Lesdee and Manager, Mr. W. Cooke.

Nl.7htly Equestrian Galas.—Extraordinary Feats of Equitation.—
PARTICULAR. NOTICE.—The grand national spectacle of the Battle
of Waterloo, one of the greatest glories of the immortal Welling-
ton, our Hero of a Hundred Fights, is nightly received by crowded
and fashionable audiences with enthusiastic rapture. Visitors
from the country are respectfully requested to note this warlike
spectacle, realising many features in continual practice by her
Majesty's Troops at Chobham. Commences at Seven o'clock.
Miss Emily Cooke, the most talented juvenile equestrian artiste,
will (by desire) appear every night.
THIS EVENING, JULY 7,

And during the week, the Performances will commence with the
grand national Spectacle of THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO, with
more than its original brilliant effects.
. •

To be followed by Mr. W. Cooke's unsurpassable scenes In the
Arena, introducing the most celebrated Artistes in Europe, combin-
ing the talent of the World's Wonder, Miss Emily Cooke, whose
gracetnl performances have become the theme of admiration, her
daring Leap through 16 balloons, both forward and backward, having
created quite a furor.

To conclude with the successful Hippo Drama of THE CHASE,
er LIFE ON THE TURF—illustrating a Sporting Man's Career.
Box-office open daily from Eleven to Four. Stage Manager, Mr,
W. West.

ROYAL SURREY ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.
THIS EVENING, JULY 7,
CHUSAN and the FEAST OF LANTERNS.
Splendid MENAGERIE, containing many hundred interesting
Specimens of 'Natural History. GOD7rAllefl unrivalled lkinsrAzy
BAND. Vocal and Instrumental Concert. Two Songs by Miss
Cicely Nott. Solo, Clarionet, by Mons. Wuille. The whole con-
cluding with the most extraordinary spectacle ever exhibited, "The
Feast of Lantern" and explosion of Chinese Fireships. Brilliant dis-
play of Fireworks by Southby.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
Tots DAT —Morning 27 min. after 2 Evening 48 min.aft. 2
To.Movaow— I
Morning 4 min. after 3 Evening 25 min.aft. 3

THE WEATHER.—SIIN OFFICB, JULY 7.
THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADH•
76—highest since noon yesterday.
63—lowest this morning and during the night.
77—this day at noon.
BAROMETER, 29'98—still going down.
WIND, E. to S.E.—Light breeze, with close weather.

-
fif"."Nafi p,.4f46141 15 4+4 it
4 4'41.

LONDON, THURSDAY, JULY 7, 1853.

The Manifesto of the Russian EMPEROR, which
appeared in our impression of Tuesday, has na-
turally excited the deepest interest among persons
of all classes. The question of war or peace is
one of such vital importance that nothing which
may by any possibility affect the momentous re-
sult can be received with apathy or indifference.
As usual, there are many conflicting and contra-
dictory opinions as to the true construction of the
document. Some regard it as the proclamation
of a Holy War—the announcement of a crusade
against the Infidela and argue that NICHOLAS is
determined to proceed to any length, to dare even
the world in arms, in order to insure the supre-
macy of the sect of which he claims to be the
head, and to re-establish the Greek religion at the
former seat of the Greek empire, and to restore
St. Sophia and the other mosques taken from the
Armenians, to what he believes to be the true re-
ligion. In order to sustain these views, they
confidently rely, not merely on the unjustifiable
nature of his demands hitherto put forward, and
the unwarranted and indefensible aggression—in
direct violation of his treaties with other Euro-
pean nations—on the provinces, of which he, to
a certain extent, at least, was constituted the
"protector,"—but also on the concluding passage,
in which he endeavours to excite the religious
animosities and to stimulate the fanaticism of his
subjects by the appeal to the DEITY, and the de-
claration that, with a full assurance in the arm of
the ALMIGHTY, they should go forth to fight for
the orthodox faith ! Those, however, who think
that a pacific solution of the difficulty is still
practicable, contend, with much apparent
reason, that he has expressly stated that he has
no intention " of commencing war ;" that " in
occupyingtlese (the Danubian) provinces," he only
" wishes to hold a sufficient pledge to guarantee
for himself the re-establishment of his rights
under any circumstances whatever ;" that he dares
not " seek for conquests," but the justification of
"rights openly violated ;" and that " he is still
ready to stop the movements of his troops, if the
Ottoman Porte will bind itself to observe,
solemnly, the inviolability of the Orthodox
Church." From these expressions they argue
that he claims no new rights—that he merely
seeks to enforce former obligations, which,
through some grievous misapprehensions, he
conceives to have been either directly violated,
or at least materially endangered by recent
proceedings of the SULTAN, and that the demand
for assurances " to observe solemnly the in-
violability" of the orthodox (i.e. the Greek)
Church will be fully complied with by pledges to
all the Great Powers to respect the rights of
Christians of every denomination, which the
Divan has already expressed itsreadine2s to give !
that a door is thus opened for future negotia-
tions, which will terminate in the complete re-
moval of every existing difference.
For ourselves, on calm consideration of the
arguments on either side, we believe that
hostilities may yet be averted, but only by
the exhibition of a bold and unflinching determi-
nation on the part of the Western Powers to re-
sist any infraction of existing treaties on inade-
quate grounds. We greatly fear that the fact of
4, the travelled Thane," the " excellent ABER-
DEEN," occupying the chief seat in the English
Cabinet, combined with that of the "English
Minister " who had at all times so resolutely
maintained the honour of the British name, being
removed from the position which he had so
worthily occupied with credit to himself and ad-
vantage to the country, in no trifling degree influ-
enced the CZAR in his insolent and unwarrantable
proceedings. The subsequent vacillation of one Go-
vernment, and the omission of the earnest protests
which the untenable demands of Prince MENscHI-
KOFF so imperatively called for, 'added fuel to
the flame, and induced the AUTOCRAT to proceed
to such extraordinary lengths. As the invasion
of the territories of a friendly State—for no
matter what may be the quibbling, or pettifog-
ging explanation that may be given—the crossing
of the Pruth, and the occupation of the Danubian
Provinces by an armed force, is not merely a
emus belli, but an express declaration of war
against Turkey. Of course it rests with the
SULTAN to consider in what light it shall
be regarded ; but the firm and unyielding, al-
though temperate and respectful, tone of his
reply to the ultimatum, forbids the supposition
that Aun-uri-Mrimin will be found wanting to
himself, or insensible to the course which a true
consideration of his own dignity as all bade.

pendent Sovereign imperatively requires him to
pursue in the emergency. We have no doubt
that the SULTAN will treat the entry into Mol-
davia not only as a declaration of war, but as the
commencement of hostilities, and require the
assistance of his Allies, evinced by the immediate
entry of the combined fleets of France and England
into the Straits of the Dardanelles. Thi, is the only
move that can now be taken with a reasonable
prospect of bringing the present untoward state of
affairs to a speedy conclusion. The moment it is
ascertained that the temporising policy is aban-
doned by the Western Powers, that France and
England are co-operating cordially together, and
steadfastly determined to resent any aggression,
we shall have explanations and assurances suitable
to the case. Then, for the first time, will Austria
interfere, with a bond fide intention of repairing
existing breaches—then will there be a readiness
to listen to reason by the AUTOCRAT, who, if not
fully prepared "to eat his leek," will be quite willing
to listen to reason, and to creep out of the loop-
hole which he has so elaborately formed for an
escape, or withdrawal from the position he has
assumed. Then, but not till then, will there be a
ready acceptance of the propositions of the Divan
to give assurances to all the parties to the treaty
of 1841, to respect all the rights and privileges
of the SULTAN'S non-Mahommedan subjects. This
guarantee will not be less binding, because it is
given to all the Christian Powers the represen-
tatives of the Lutheran and the Latin and Greek
Churches, as to the latter, exclusively, and it will
prevent the step from being considered derogatory
to the honour and independence of the Turkish Go-
vernment. But to admit of that auspicious
conclusion of the existing difficulty, there must
be a resolute and unflinching attitude assumed by
France and England. There must be no vacilla-
tion or temporising. An unwarranted aggression
must be met by a prompt and decisive move-
ment. There are, unfortunately, rumours abroad
that the Cabinet is by no means unanimous on the
subject, that although the majority are in favour
of the vigorous action which such a crisis impera-
tively calls for—a minority, of which the Pre-
mier is chief, still vacillates, and gives occasion to
the reproach of lukewarmness and vacillatio4 on
the part of France. This must not be. Wel can
assure the Joint-Stock Administration that any
degree of timidity or unflinching would be re-
garded as an unpardonable offence, the perpetra-
tors whereof can never retrieve their position in
public opinion. If there is really a screw loose
in the Cabinet, those who are for prompt and
vigorous action should at once give expression to
their views, and withdraw from that which will
then be " a most unholy alliance." Lord PAL-
MERSTON, in whom the country still confides,
should especially take this warning, and look to
his own reputation.

Mr. MACAULAY was even more than usually
impressive when pointing out the advantages
attending that portion of the Ministerial plan
which proposed, that " all places in the civil ser-
vice, all admissions to the civil service should be
distributed among young men by competition in
those studies which constitute a liberal British
education." The Right Honourable Gentleman
completely refuted the fallacies that had been put
forward, to the effect that there was an equal
chance (and that is the outside that could be said
in favour of selecting parties without subjecting
them to any test whatsoever) of obtaining efficient
and valuable servants if the appointments were
left in the hands of private, irresponsible persons,
to be filled up according to their caprice among
their own relatives and friends, or the relatives
and friends of those through whose exertions their
elections to much-coveted seats at the Leadenhall
Street Board had been secured, as if they were
conferred as rewards for general proficiency and
distinction in those pursuits that best qualify the
mind for future acquirements, and expand and
develop the reasoning powers. It may be true,
that the youth who has been most successful at
University examinations, is not invariably equally
successful in after life, and also that many persons,
who have been looked upon as little better than
dunces at school, have occasionally surprised their
acquaintances, by exhibiting a degree of energy and
talent under difficulties of which they had previously
been thought incapable. But such cases constitute
the exceptions and not the rules, and the causes
from whence they have arisen may generally be
traced out and ascertained in each. A youth of
refined and cultivated mind may be of a retiring
habit and timid disposition, unfitted for transact-
ing the every-day business of life, for the rough
collisions to which all, more especially those placed
in situations of trust and emolument, are exposed
in passing through the world ; but there is no
reason to suppose that he will be more so than one
taken by mere chance, of whom nothing is pre-
viously known, or another who has failed in
acquiring equal information or equal readiness in
displaying his knowledge, whether that failure be
ascribable to stupidity or laziness, or to the inabi-

lity or unwillingness to learn. Again, a youth,
through over vivacity or other causes, may be in-
different to success during the time of boyhood,
although possessing the germs of future excel-

lence ; but we are not, on that account, to sup-
pose that we can detect a future CravE in every
blockhead who refuses to learn, or who prefers
exhibiting his superiority in the academic sports
rather than the academic labours. The test may
not be infallible, but it is, the best that can be
adopted, and may be relied on confidently
in ninety-nine cases in every hundred. The
principle, indeed, has been practically acknow-
ledged by the Directors themselves. A cer-
tain degree of knowledge is required, the parties
nominated and subjected to an examination before
admission to Haileybury. There is another before
they are pronounced qualified to leave that Col-
lege ; while on their arrival in Bengal (we take as
an illustration the case of civilians appointed for
that Presidency) they are obliged forthwith to
report themselves to the Secretary of the College
at Fort William. There they have to pass initia-
tory examinations, and subsequently to undergo
several other examinations, in order that the pro-
gress which they have made in their studies may
be ascertained ; and finally, before they leave the
College, they must go through the " passing" or
concluding examination, at which rewards are con-
ferred for proficiency in the subject-matter of their
studies. These concluding examinations should
be passed within twelve months after their respec-
tive arrivals, after which period a warning is given
to the defaulter, who has three months further
time allowed for the completion of his exercise.
It will thus be seen that the Directors recognise
and reward proficiency ; and if that be so, why
should they not endeavour to procure the best
men, so that all may be proficients—all highly
distinguished in those studies• which they deem,
or profess to deem, indispensable ?
It may be said that the Directors, by requiring
such a course of study, and the passing of exami-
nations which, although not very stringent, are
yet by no means matters of form (inasmuch as we
believe that there have been instances, few and
far between, of the rejection of students and the
transfer to the military branch), do all that
could reasonably be required at their hands, and
that, therefore, there is no necessity for any alter-
ation in the existing system. But this is not so.
There is no possible reason why the exclusive
patronage to those exceedingly lucrative and de-
sirable appointments should be conferred upon a
small body of individuals for their own families
or friends, unless some great public benefit should
be thereby obtained. Why should a virtual mo-
nopoly be vested in any private individuals what-
soever ? Why should such unblushing nepotism
be not merely sanctioned, but encouraged by the
Imperial Parliament, and, above all, why should
the community in general, all who have not the
good fortune to number a Director among their
near relatives or friends, be excluded from any
participation in the glittering prizes ? Nothing,
as we have already stated, but some extraordinary
advantages attending and derived from the practice
now in operation ; and not only have we shown
that such is not the case, but even that the Direc-
tors themselves recognise the principle, by endea-
Touring to excite and stimulate the favoured youth
to such -proficiency. -

As to the notion that efficiency can );,0 insured