The Sun.
London, England, 1853-09-17 00:00:00

LON DON, SAT U RDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 17, 1853.

" THE PRESS" of this day, SATURDAY,
SEPTEMBER 17th, contains, among others, articles on
The Impending War in the East—The Hop Harvest—Christianity in
the United States—The Cholera and the Sanitary Laws—" Brigade"
Morality, Legal Punishment, and Prison Discipline—Lord Brougham's
Law Reform ; also Sketches of Radicals (No. 9)—An Imaginary
Hansard—The Age of Dross Mr. Gladstone and the First of Sep-
tember—Lord Aberdeen's Pictures—To Conservative Liberals—
Reviews of Charles Delmer, Bruce's Classic and Historic Portraits,
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London Quarterly Review, Literary Notices. &c., &c.
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THE LITHOGRAPHIC PLATE comparing the
HUMAN FRAME to a TREE, and thus establishing the
truth of the Hygeian system of medicine introduced by JAMES
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above important plate. Plaster busts of the Hygeist may also be had
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AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY.

( From the Daily News.)
A leading topic at the Agricultural Meetings
now taking place all over the country, is the ex-
tension of the use of machinery in agriculture.
There is every reason why it should be so. The
inventors of new machines are in the state of
natural exaltation which is characteristic of in-
ventors, and always interesting and agreeable in
the eyes of bystanders. The purchasers of new
implements are delighted with the fresh facilities
they have obtained. And all farmers have some-
thing to say at present about the rise of wages and
the scarcity of labour. When the poor labourers
of Dorsetshire and Wiltshire are plucking up spirit
to demand more than six or seven shillings a week
they somehow sustained life upon, and ambitiously
soar to-the ideal of ten or twelve, the great day of
machinery has certainly arrived. In the manu-
facturing world it is a notorious fact that every
great labour-saving invention within this century
has been directly due to a strike for wages. In
the rural world, emigration is answering the pur-
pose of strikes, where it does not immediately pro-
duce them. The Irish reapers now failing us, the
workhouses having been emptied of the able-bodied,
so that the old men left are not enough to draw
the water, and weed the grass-grown yards, the
demand for labour-saving implements is more pres-
sing from season to season. The maker of a par-
ticular scarifier, who sold about 150 in a year, five
years ago, now sells between 800 and 900. A ma-
nufacturer of steam engines now sells 150 in a year,
the demand being 15 five years since. Others re-
port that they sell fourfold, fivefold,
eightfold
what was required three or four years ago ; and
the increase in the less costly implements is great
in proportion ; and the complaints of inability to
execute orders fast enough are so many that there
is no doubt of a continued fora tong
timells4bome. 4

Side by side with these statements, we have still
complaints of the backwardness of the farmers.
Whole districts are pointed out where the work of
tillage goes on just in the same way as in the time
of our fathers ; the old wooden plough, with an ab-
surd team and set of human attendants; the old
miry ways about the farm ; the hand-hoeing, the
threshing with the flail, the mowing with the
scythe ; the long exposure of the hay ; the waste
of every kind in reaping, and so forth. And at
agricultural meetings now, there is always a speaker
who points out the undeniable advantages of dozens
and scores of implements, and hopes to live to see
the day when every farmer will, as a matter of
course, supply himself with a complete set of
labour-saving machinery. It is wonderful that no
one of the yet unsupplied farmers does not get up
and read to the meeting a list of prices of imple-
ments, and then ask—if such a question were still
needful—how farmers are to buy such costly
affairs. The steam-engine costs 5001. to begin
with, if the farm is large enough to make it,
according to current notions, worth while. The
drill for such a farm costs 40/.. ; rollers from 11/.
to 181. ; a reaping machine from 171. to 201., and
so on. Now if, after all this outlay, such ma-
chines as Samuelson's digger are to be added, the
farmer may well ask where the capital is to come
from. He must go on paying for human labour
from week to week because he is really unable to pur-
chase labour in its concentrated form. He must do
the best he can with his land according to the old
methods, for he cannot wait for the increased
productiveness which would ensue from improved
methods. He has eyes, like other people, and can
see what the advantages of high farming with first-
rate apparatus can produce ; but he cannot pre-
tend to compete with it. He must do the best he
can, and let himself be outstripped, because he
cannot help it. He is the handloom weaver to
the power-loom manufacturer ; and he must put
up with the lot of the small capitalists in the pre-
sence of the large one. Such is the farmer's plea.
Can we admit it and rest upon it ? Must we be
satisfied with it ?

We must remember that circumstances have
changed since agricultural machinery began to at-
tract much attention. Our workhouses were then
full in winter, and the rates were a serious burden
to the farmer. Together with the machinery, the
number of labourers was growing ; and the imme-

diate consequence, though not the ultimate, was
likely to be that as much as was saved by the use
of machinery, might have to be spent in the
maintenance of displaced labourers. The case is
radically altered by the draining away of labourers
by emigration. What is saved from poor-rates
will be paid away in increased wages, with such
a further probable demand, that the farmers must
incur, it is believed, an expenditure which will
very soon exceed what the most costly machinery
could take out of their capital. Taking the whole
kingdom together it has been computed that the
saving in poor rates and the anticipated reduction
in the price of guano, would pay the interest of the
capital invested in so much machinery as would
compensate for the attraction of labour. Now,
is there no way in which the advantages of the
general use of machinery can be secured ? Gentle-
men at agricultural meetings hope to see every
farm stocked with a complete set ; and a multitude
of farmers respond that it will never be done in
their day—that the thing is an impossibility. Is
there no way of reconciling the difficulty?
In every other leading business of life, men are
finding out the economy of association. Gentlemen
began with their club-houses, many years ago, and
now artisans are feeling the benefit of the principle
and method in their model lodging-houses) their
baths and wash-houses, and wherever the experi-
ment has been fairly tried of making a complete
and first-rate apparatus answer the need of num-
bers, instead of a very poor and defective appara-
tus being supplied to each of a multitude who have
the same want. A system of gas lighting gives to
each room of a vast mansion an albsufficient light
at less cost than the old farthing candle ; and the
clothes of a whole parish may now. be washed,
dried, and ironed by an American apparatus for a
fraction of the cost, in money and time, that for-
merly half cleansed the apparel of a single court-
ful of people. What is there in agricultural ap-
paratus that need exclude it from the economy of
association ? Why should not there be depots of
it, whence it might be let out on hire I
Most implements are abundantly moveable, and
therefore loanable, and all may be made moveable.
The obvious difficulty is that the saw instrument
is wanted by everybody nearly at the same time ;
but there is some margin left—a diference, per-
haps, of three weeks between the earliest and latest
ploughing or sowing, or mowing or reaping, in the
same district. And there is, besides, the main
virtue of machinery to be considered—the speed
of its operation. By the new digging machine
an acre of soil has been turned into a seed-bed in
eighty minutes. Of course this speed facilitates
the process of lending ; and it is clear that a small
number of machines may supply a much greater
number of cultivators, even in regard to those pri-
mary processes which
i depend upon season and
weather. The margin s much broader for those
secondary acts which may be done one day as well
as another—threshing, chaff-cuttingLeake-crushing,
and even scarifying and hoeing. From the mere
aspect of the case, combined with experience of
what has been done in other lines of human action,
it seems almost certain that there will be, ere long,
centres of agricultural machinery, whence farmers
may derive what aid they need in its season, and
where, no doubt, great fortunes will be made by
machinists, or some intermediate class which will
presently rise up, and offer its services to perfect
the connexion between the tillers of the soil and
the makers of their tools. The first adventurers
who planted magazines in the Hansa towns and the
ports of Italy and England a few centuries ago
rose to be the chiefs of a new social and political
interest ; and some great function, or at least great
fortune, may be reserved for those
..who by
establishing magazines of labour, facilitate the ap-
plication of mechanical resources to the production
of human food. If this were done now, and the
trade in guano were extended, we might presently
add to the prosperity of the farmers as a class, and
increase enormously the growth of food in England.

THE LATE SIR C. J. NAPIER.—In reply to the
letter of condolence from the Masons of Portsmouth to
the lady of the late Lieut.-General Sir C. J. Napier,
G.C.8., on the death of that distinguished man and be-
loved brother of the Order, Sir W. Napier writes as
follows :—" Oaklands, September 8, I.s3.—Gentlemen
--The widow of the late Sir C. Napier is unable, from
the weight of affliction, to do more than return, through
me, her grateful thanks for the address of condolence
but when that
you have presented on her bereavement. The sympathy
of friends is always assuaging t o grief,
sympathy comes with such public testimony to the worth
of the lost subject, it is as alleviating as human feeling
under such a blow can be sensible of. Gentlemen, to
Lady Napier's thanks permit no to add an expression of
grateful sentiments for all the family of one whom yon
have described as a virtuous and great Tan.—l have the
honour to be, gentlemen, your obedient servant, W.
NAPIER, Lieutenant-General.—To R. W. Ford, R. G.
F. Smith, and J. U. Owen, Esqs., and the Brethren of
the Masonic Lodges of the Borough of Portsmouth."

NAVAL INTELLIGENCE.

DEATH. OF THE GOVERNOR OF GREENWICH HOSPITAL,
SIR CHARLES ADAM, 8.C.8.
Although the service has been prepared for many days
to receive the intelligence of the death of the respected
and distinguished Governor of Greenwich Hospital, Ad-
miral of the White, Sir Charles Adam, K.C.8., the gal-
lant veteran having been seriously ill ever since
the death
of his brother, Sir Frederick, the general, all ranks and
classes will nevertheless regret the passing away from
mortality of another of those links of the living history
of the late glorious war, which connected the days of
Nelson, Howe, and Jervis with those modern " piping
times of peace." As stated in " O'Byrne's Geography:"-
" Sir Charles Adam, born Oct. 6, 1780, was the son
of the late Right Hon. William Adam, of Blair-Adam,
county Kinross, Lord Chief Commissioner of the Scotch
Jury Court, by Eleanor, second daughter of Charles,
tenth Lord Elphinstone, brother of the late General Sir
'Frederick Adam, G. C. 8., G.C.M.G., late colonel of the
21st Foot, Governor of the lonian Islands, and Governor
of Madras, and nephew of Admiral Lord Keith.
" This officer entered the navy Dec. 15, 1790, as cap-
tain's servant on board the Royal Charlotte yacht, Capt.
Sir Hyde Parker, lying at Deptford; and on removing in
1793 to the Robust, 74, commanded by his uncle, the
Hon.Geo.Keith Elphinstone, was present as midshipman
at the investment and subsequent evacuation of Toulon.
In the Glory, 98, Capt. John Elphinstone, which ship he
next joined, Mr. Adam bore a warm part in Lord Howe's
action, June 1, 1794. He appears to have been thus suc-
cessively transferred to the Barfleur, 98, and Monarch,
74, bearing each the flag of his relative, the Hon. Sir G.
K. Elphinstone, whose official approbation he elicited for
his signal services as acting lieutenant in command of the
Squib, gun-brig, at the carrying of the important pass of
Maysenbergh, during the operations which led to the
surrender of the Cape of Good Hope in 1795. In Octo-
ber of the latter year, being appointed acting lieutenant
of the Victorious, 74, Captain Wm. Clark, he proceeded
to the East Indies, and on Sept. 9, 1796, participated,
in company with the Arrogant, 74, in a long conflict of
nearly four hours with six heavy French frigates under
31. Sercey, which terminated in the separation of the
combatants, after each had been much crippled, and the
Victorious occasioned a loss of 17 men killed and 57,
including her captain, wounded. Mr. Adam, whom we
subsequently find officiating as acting commander and
captain, from August, 1796, to August, 1797, of the
Swift, sloop, and Carysfort, frigate, was at length, on his
return to England in the Polyphemus, 64, Captain Geo.
Lumsdaine, confirmed to a lieutenantcy, Feb. 8, 1798, in
his old ship the Barfleur, Captain James R. Dacres. On
May 16 following he obtained official command of the
Falcon, fire-ship, but was soon afterwards transferred to
the Albatross, 18, and ordered with dispatches to the
Cape of Good Hope, whence he ultimately accompanied
an expedition sent to the Red Sea for the purpose of inter-
cepting the French in their meditated descent on India.
Being advanced to the command, June 12, 1799, of La
Sybille, of 48 guns and 300 men, Captain Adam while in
that ship assisted in the capture and destruction, Aug.
23, 1800, of 5 Dutch armed vessels and 22 merchantmen
in Batavia roads ; made prize in October following of
24 Dutch prows, four of which mounted 6 guns each ;
and on August 19, 1801, off Mah4, the principal of the
Seychelle Islands, took, with the loss of only two men
killed and a midshipman slightly wounded, after a gal-
lant action of 20 minutes, amidst rocks and shoals, and
under fire from a battery on shore, the French frigate
La Chiffonne, of 42 guns and 296 men, of whom 23
were lulled and 30 wounded. On arriving with his trophy
at Madras he was presented by the Insurance Company
at that place with an elegant sword, valued at 200
guineas, and the merchants at Calcutta also subscribed
to him a sword and a piece of plate. Having at length
returned to England, and been appointed to the com-
mand, May 23, 1803, of La Chiffonne, which had been
added to the navy as a 36-gun frigate, Captain Adam
cruised with success in the North Sea and Channel
until the summer of 1805, and on June 10, in that year,
with the Falcon, sloop, Clinker, gun-brig, and Frances,
armed cutter, under his orders, after a chase of nine
hours, during which the British suffered some loss from
the incessant fire of the forts along shore, drove under
the batteries of F4camp a division of the French flotilla,
consisting of 2 corvettes and 15 gun-vessels, carrying in
all 51 guns. 4 eight-inch mortars, and 3 field-pieces, ac-
companied by 14 transports. While next in command,
from August 27, 1805, to April 6, 1810, of the Resist-
ance, 38, he witnessed Sir John Warren's capture, March
13, 1806, of the Marengo, 80, flag-ship of Admiral
Linois, and 40-gun frigate Belle Poule ; brought a con-
siderable quantity of freight home from Vera Cruz in
February, 1807 ; took, December 27 following, L'Aigle,
privateer, of 14 guns and 66 men ; conveyed a large
body of general officers to the coast of Portugal in 1808 ;
afterwards bore the late King of the French from Port
Mahon to Palermo ; and was otherwise actively and
usefully employed. On removing from the Resistance
to the Invincible, 74, Captain Adam commenced a series
of very effectual co-operations with the patriots on the
coast of Catalonia, where, and on other parts of the
coast of Spain, he carried on for a considerable time
the duties of senior officer, and greatly annoyed the
enemy. In particular, at the defence of Tarragona,
in May and June, 1811, he highly distinguished
himself under Sir Edward Cothington ; and, in May,
1812, he directed with characteristic zeal and ability the
operations which led to the capture of the town of Al-
meria, where the castle of San Elmo, situated upon an
almost inaccessible rock, and all the sea defences and
batteries which protected the anchorage of the place,
were blown up. In June, 1813, after a siege of five
days, Captain Adam took, with the assistance of Lieut.-
Colonel Prevost, of the 67th Regiment, the fort of St.
Philippe, in the Col de Balaguer, near Tortosa, armed
with 12 pieces of ordnance, including 2-ten inch mortars
and 2 howitzers, with a garrison of 101 officers and men.
He likewise while in the same ship acquired the appro-
val of Sir Edward Pellew, the commander-in-chief, and
of the Board of Admiralty, for the successful manner in
which he conducted an important negotiation with the
Dey of Algiers, having for its object a cessation of the
depredations which had been for some time carried on
by that potentate on the subjects of the Spanish govern-
ment. Shortly after the paying off of the Invincible,
Captain Adam on May 16, 1814, assumed the special
and temporary command of the Impregnable, 98, bear-
ing the flag of his Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence,
in which ship he landed the Emperor of Russia and the
King of Prussia at Dover, on the evening of the 6th of
June, and was afterwards present at the grand naval
review held at Spithead. He left the Impregnable on
the 29th of the latter month, but was nominated, on the
15th of December following, acting captain of the Royal
Sovereign, yacht, in which he continued until Feb. 7,
1816. Being re-appointed to that vessel, July 20, 1821,
he accompanied George IV. in his visits to Ireland and
Scotland, and was occasionally engaged in attendance
on other royal personages. He was superseded in the
Royal Sovereign on his promotion to flag rank, May
27, 1825 ; and attaining the rank of vice-admiral Jan.
10, 1837, was subsequently employed as commander-in-
chief in North America and the West Indies, with his
flag on board the Illustrious, 72, from August 17, 1841,
until May, 1845.
" Sir Charles Adam was nominated a K.C.8., Jan.
10, 1835. He represented in Parliament from 1831 to
1841 the conjoined counties of Clackmannan and Kin-
ross ; was First Naval Lord of the Admiralty from
April, 1835, until August, 1841 ; obtained the lord lieu-
tenantcy of Kinross April 1, 1839 ; was appointed in
1840 one of the Elder Brethren of the Trinity House.
He married, on the 14th of October, 1822, Elizabeth,
daughter of the late Patrick Brydone, (Esq., and sister
of the Countess of Minto."
On the accession of Lord John Russell to power, in
1846, Sir Charles Adam was again offered, and once
more accepted, the post of First Naval Lord of the Ad-
miralty, under the late Lord Auckland ; but on the
death of Sir Robert Stopford he was appointed, July
23, 1847, to the governorship of. Greenwich Hospital.
In all positions of life, private or public, domestic or
official, Sir Charles Adam was always most amiable and
most estimable. He possessed great kindness of heart,
and the warmest and most charitable feelings. He was
not a rich man, but, nevertheless, his bounty was fully
proportionate to his means, whilst his name and good
offices, as well as his purse, were readily (riven to the
promotion and advancement of the public charities and
institutions of his profession. The inmates of Green-
wich Hospital will unaffectedly deplore the old governor's
loss ; for he laboured most earnestly and most success-
fully to improve the habits, condition, and comforts of
the venerable pensioners.
The
ooe
son
-isatibnagirruisshteed dr-at-elacewas. edH, wise believe,
seoonds has left on
oo,oooofthlye
most promising youths in the service, was lost with Cap-
tain Hewett and the officers and crew of the surveying-
brig Fairy, off Lowestoft.
The remains of Sir Charles Adam will rest with those
of his gallant predecessors in the hospital chapel vault.
By the decease of Sir Charles Adam, the following
promotions take place :-
To be Admiral of the Blue.-Vice-Admiral of the Red
Edwa o
f the white.
To d Ha
w kerivi:ce the Earl of Dundonald, to be
admiral
To be Vice. Admiral of the Blue.-Rear-Admiral
andi
mc ar
ar di
fA
trhthouwr,hiCte.,Bv., v
iceicse Bowles,
irG
.F .
oC.B
y oi .0,
otro be , ve
K.C.B.,ic
G.C.H.,
Commander-in-Chief
of h
tered. in the West Indies, to be
ice-admiral
RFeitazroloAredomoier,alG.ocf.llth.e
(DBoluoe..-24C. alpBt2a4i)n,
CLoomrd.
mAdolphusoTd oorob s
of
her Majesty's Yacht Squadron, vice C. B.
Houston Stewart, superintendent at Malta, to be rear-
admiral of the white ; vice Gordon Thomas Falcon,mon Montague
ogbuee
(J
rear-admiral of the red.
pr
iaopkteatit
n s James
(August
20, 1824),
and Alexander Dundas Young Arbuthnott (Oct. 11,
1824), on the retired list, promoted under the order in
uTley Ib7e, ElBe2a4r;, Admirals.-Captains
council of 1846, without increase of pay.
By the promotion of Lord Adolphus Fitzclarence an
appointment of naval aide-de-camp to the Queen is relin-
quished,
as also the command in chief of her Majesty's
yacht squadron, and Captain John M. Laws (1833),
becomes a senior captain on the 14s. 6d. list ; and Capt.
C. A. Barlow (1841), on the 12s. 6d. half-pay list.
Rear-Admiral Lord Adolphus Fitzclarence, the son of
our late sailor-king, William IV., has been in active ser-
vice ever since he entered the navy, except for an inter-