The Sun.
London, England, 1854-08-16 00:00:00

(BY SUBMARINE AND EUROPEAN TELEGRAPH.)

GRAVESEND, Wednesday, 10.30 A.M.
Wind, W. • tide, 2 hours' ebb ; cloudy.
Arrived—Tynemouth, from Colombo ; Criminal Bath,
Pug wash ; Lady Sanders, Ceylon ; Hope, Villa Nova ;
Early Bird, Shanghai; Trafalgar, Calcutta;
SAndyford,
Demerara ; Reka, Smyrna ; Gipsey, Guernsey; MargaTai
Reid, Stolpemundee ; Holland, (s.), Ostend.
Sailed—City of Rotterdam, steamer, for Dunkirk ; Bel-
gium; steamer, Osteud. _ _

DEAL, Wednesday, 10 a.m.
Wind, calm, with heavy rain.
Passed—Amazon, from Havannah, for London ? Nor.
wegian ship Europa, from Spain, for Norway.

-- —
S—Mrs. Thomas a speak-
ing
in this city, and answering the questions of those who
resort to her for instruction on philosophtipchbarilolouasgnohpdhhryeer.;
ligious subjects. She claims ttoisopnbiserituguniavdi6iesirie the guidance
of a class of spirits who, white in the flesh, dwelt in all
for their high' degree of
parts of the world, and who have now forsaken former
errors and attained to a place of celestial truth.
pure and exalted-practi-
iaaTnnrlteideel
they
ioigioeelygnaecatceirtoean
ntoaodfl i
zbtatehhecreieorlmjecgmomi moiennunendanientediady
rilor until the coming autumn,
postponing her
Nbeewin England,accept a " call" to any of
contemplatedtendeney. v i
siiiltrtso.
BTohsot
Mrs. French is in
and, in the meantime, would
Baltimore.the c o nutry townss lle will
. ii
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and will remain 10 da 8 New York on the 22d inst.,
York weekly paper), y 'Cl4ri4lan Spirit it (WIN"

UNITED STATES POLICY IN SOUTH
AMERICA.

If we are to judge from accounts recently pub-
lished in the United States papers, the designs of
our enterprising and go-a-head cousins on the other
side of the Atlantic are enlarging with success and.
opportunity. It is not merely that they are re-
solved either to purchase or to take Cuba ;. or
that, having first absorbed Texas and then acquired
California, they are now buying another great slice
of Mexico on the north, and pushing forward their
scheme of a route across that floundering state .at
Tehuantepec on the south, thus stripping Mexico
~e
as artichokes are eaten, leaf by leaf ; or that they
have been destroying Greytown on frivolous
p e
texts, and are overthrowing the independence
and native government of the Sandwich Islands,
Awlothese t
magy
hins
and about to annex them also.
are plain and patent enough ;he n
see them. An European war is a great American
opportunity ; and of that opportunity our relatives
are making the most in Cuba, Mexico, and the
Sandwich 'lslands, after their ow.n
i unscrupmeans
ulous
way. That is clear enough. But it sby no
to the northern hemisphere of America that their
designs are limited ; they are also engaged in weav-
ing a web of policy
and intrigue round the Spanish
American republics of South America, and sowing
the seeds of ill-will and unfriendliness with the
only American monarchy, to be hereafter cultivated
into a quarrel. Let us try to explain what it is
they are about in this quarter of the world.
Hour readers will look at a map, they will find the
republic of New Grenada stretching on one side into
the Carribean sea, and on the other side along the
Pacific. Next to New Grenada in the former direc-
tion comes the state of Venezuela ; after which the
Guiana plantations of England, Holland, and
France, flank away into the Atlantic. On the
side of the Pacific, Ecuador adjoins New Grenada ;
then Peru stretches far along that coast ; and next
to it Bolivia, with only one Pacific port, pene-
trates into the interior. Now, between these re-
publics and the Atlantic intervenes the immense
empire of Brazil ; and the peculiarity of all five
republics is, that they are drained, not into the
Pacific, but into the Atlantic ocean, through
Brazil, by means of the river Amazon and its
hundred tributaries, all more or less navigable,
to within sixty miles, it is said, of the Pacific.
Naturally, then, the Amazon is the route by which
European and North American trade with them
and the northern portions of Brazil can be most
readily carried on ; its navigation is consequently,
a question of first-rate importance for these repub-
lics, and even more so for Brazil ; and, as it is
through Brazil that the Amazon for some 1,500
miles runs into the Atlantic, the best mode of pro-
moting navigation thereon is obviously a cordial
understanding and good relations between Brazil
and these five republics.
During the early years of its independence
and the minority of the present Emperor, Brazil
was far tco constantly engaged in solving domes-
tic difficulties to pay that attention to its foreign
relations with conterminous states which they de-
served, and the internal condition of its re-
publican neighbours wholly precluded any chance
of useful negotiations. At last, however, great
financial prosperity and domestic tranquillity placed
the Government of Brazil in a position to take a
large and comprehensive view of South American
affairs, and about the year 1850 it began to seek
the co-operation of the Spanish American republics
in closing all those open questions which might, by
continuing in their open state, lead to irritation,
misunderstandings, and perhaps hostilities. For
example, their several and respective boundaries
still remained unsettled . and undefined. So long
ago as 1777, the treaty of San Ildefonso at-
tempted to- lay down the basis of a settlement of
the frontiers between the Spanish and Portu-
guese possessions in South America ; but it was
negotiated in great geographical ignorance of the
countries. it affected to deal with, and the mixed
commissioners appointed under it wholly failed to
work out the provisions and objects of the treaty.
The war between Spain and Portugal in 1803,
which led to large acquisitions by the latter in
South America at the expense of the former, of
course terminated this treaty, and it was not re-
newed by the peace of Badajoz. From the time of
independence down to 1850 scarcely anything had
been done to define the boundaries between the
new Portuguese monarchy and the Spanish repub-
lics, or between the republics themselves ; and as
undefined boundaries are amongst the most ugly
and endless of all State controversies, Brazil now
proposed to arrange them on the principles of the
utipossidetis. At the same time Brazil/offered to
place the commercial relations between herself and
these various states on the simple and secure foot-
ing of free trade, and to exchange with them the
right of navigating their respective rivers.
Just as the upper tributaries of the Amazon, as
they run through Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, New
Grenada, or Venezuela, belong to the states which
possess both banks, so the lower course of the
Amazon to the Atlantic belongs to Brazil ; and by
the old treaties between the Spanish and Portu-
guese Crowns, the right of the latter to exclude
the Spanish colonies from its navigation was ac-
knowledged. Thus situated, Brazil had of course
more to offer the Spanish republics than they
had to give her. She had complete possession
over their route to the Atlantic, and could deny
them access to the ocean thereby, without
offending against any principle of public law.
Brazil, however, took no advantage of this supe-
riority. On the contrary, she offered to exchange
the freedom of her waters against theirs, and
to co-operate with them in establishing steam
navigation on the Amazon and its tributaries. On
this basis a treaty was concluded in 1851 between
Brazil and Peru, to which the adhesion of the other
states was agreed to be sought. In conformity
with this treaty, Brazil has established steam navi-
gation on the Amazon, and has now boats running
between Para and Barra, its frontier ports, once a
month ; while Peru, on its part, declared the ports
of its affluents free, and has purchased smaller-
sized vessels to navigate the Uycuyali.
And now the United States began to interfere,
and to stir up jealousy of, and ill-will against,
Brazil in these republics. As a monarchy,
the United States of course bear no love to
Brazil ; and in these very natural proceedings
of the Imperial Government, they affected to
see efforts to extend monarchical influences
in South America, which they deemed them-

selves bound to oppose. So, accordingly, their diplo-
macy became unusually active in New Grenada and
Ecuador, and with considerable success ; for there,
in point of fact, United States' influence prevails
in the government. In Peru also they were suc-
cessful ; and though not perhaps to the same ex-
tent in Bolivia and Venezuela, nevertheless to some
extent. First of all came expressions of North Ame-
rican sympathy with, and support of, Republican-
ism in South America ; and to these scenes of
hugging and fraternisation succeeded insinuations
and suspicions of monarchy and Brazil. In offering
to exchange the right of navigating the Lower
Amazon, Brazil was described as putting forth pre-
tensions of exclusive sovereignty over it which
had no foundation in public law. The Lower
Amazon, it was asserted, was free to all flags
without any concession ; it was not a river,
but an arm of the sea, a strait ; and as such
even North America had a right to navigate it,
and was prepared to enforce that right. Such
were the lawless doctrines American diplomacy
Preached in these republics, thereby retarding,
and disarranging, and unsettling negotiations for
t.kraeierricca.oumn-i9onv enefit. Concurrently, too, the
Lieut. u ernment sent an expedition, under
explore the Herndon,valley to Peru, thence to descend and
was, of Course, ~._Y„ of the Amazon. This policy
home. in junellys_and eagerly responded to at
, at a convention held at
MenaPhis, resolution°3
due and replenish the were passed " to sub-
Atlantic slopes of South
America," and Liente Conant Maury, an officer of too
distinguished merit ton Lave
was especially been employed in such
a task,
riraticapipointed the mouthpiece
and agent of this
u m
a memorial, in themost movement. He drew
busterism, which was presented nn g style of filli-
' Mah last to
irc
on foreign
Congress and referred to the comnittee
s all.
affairs. Nor was even thiEcuadorianAaas under
:AAmazon marmed expe.
dition to force the navigation of th
the Ecuadorian or Venezuelan Hag wa
fitting out, when news arrived that the Brazilian
Government had stationed a naval squadron at the
mouth to treat the buccaneers as they deserved
and it was abandoned for the present. Not, how'-
'
ever, without loud threats of future yens,
oeanse
from Lieut. Maury, whom it is really pitiable to
see engaged in such a cause.
And while professing to be actuated by the
highest motives in these proceedings, and to aim
at throwing open the internal waters of South
America to all the world, Lieut. Herndon's. work
teems with passages to show that the real ()bleep of
this movement is to monopolise for the United
States that very navigation ; and there is evidence
before us while we write, that Lieut. Maury him-
self, the lou(lcst exponent of free navigation of the
Amazon, has actually sought from the State of
Ecuador the exclusive right to establish steam navi-
gation on its rivers ' thus laying bare the hypocrisy
and-the selfishness policy so grandiloquently
statedatiid in- his , of
memorialtl to Congress.
No doubt the valley of the Amazon and the Allan-
tic slopes of South
Ain,
—as much so as Texas ericaare tempting acquisitions
Cuba,' Mexico, or the Sandwich
Islands. But for centur
s
priated to, and possessedly they have been appro-
a civilised state, cap-
able of defending and preserving e
long as Brazil can protect and ing thorn ; and so
guard the mouth of
the Amazon, its territories
are 4afe from the fall-

busterism of the United States. England too,
quite as much interested as any other power in the
free navigation of that river, and situated in re-
spect of it exactly in the same position as the United
States. disdains all sympathy with these motrous
American pretensions. With the British Govern-
ment it is what nature made it—a river, not a
strait—and as such Lord Clarendon acknowledges
the same sovereignty over its lower course in Brazil
as he claims for England in the St. Lawrence.—
Fixaminer.