The Sun.
London, England, 1854-08-02 00:00:00

ROYAL SURREY ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN,i.

"MIS place fills up an hiatus which the Crystal Palace leaves
wanting. Vocal and instrumantal nvisic of the fist order, and
• display of fireworks which exceeds all imagination, are a fitting
close to a day at the Crystal Palaze."

DAMSON'S COLOS4AL PANORAMA of CHUSAN.

Splendid and Extensive Menagerie and Marine Aquarium—Unri
vallad Military Band.
VOCAL and INSTRUMENTAL CONCERT,

in which Miss Poole, Miss Ransford. and Mr. Manvers sing
several National and Patriotic Songs—Ali the Amusing Novelties
of the Gardens in succession. concluding with the " Feast of Lan-
terns." and a `most m ignifieent display of Fireworks by Southby
Admission One Shilling. A splendid Pavilion for Dancing has been
rented. Full Quadrille Band, &c.

ASTLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATIV,.

Lessee and Manager, Mr. William Cooke.

3 cones without a parallel !—Trinnvhant and brilliant career of the
- Coszacitli i
2nd Night of a new Mythological Equestrian Melodramatic Ballet

d'ActioTi,

2nd appearance of Herr Christcti:ihe first Rope Dancer in the

universe.
THIS .EVENING,

The War Spectacle, THE COSSACKS; or, Vive la France.

After which, the novel and skilful SCE `ES in the CIRCLE, by
Professors of tne first class, developing in perfection the high school
of the art of Equitation. The whole invented and arranged by Mr.
William Cooke.
HERR CHRISTOFF, the first Rope Dancer in the universe.
The wonderful BROTHERS FRANCISCO, in their in,omprehen-
sible and astonishing performances.

The whole to conclude with, 2nd time, a new Equestrian Melon
dramatic Ballet, by Mrs S. G. Healey, called THE KNIGHT AND
THE WATER LILY; or, Love am ,n 4- the Mermaids.

Box-office open from Eleven till Four. Stage Manager, Mr. W
West.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDOR.
Tans DAY —Morning 2 rnin.after 7 Evening 27 miI:IAL 7
To-Monitow—Morning 52 caiu.after 7 j Evening 26 =i.e. 8

THE WEATHER.—SUN Orrice, Ara. 2.
THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADE.
72 highest since noon on Saturday.
54 —lowest this morning and during the night.
• 72—this day, at noon.

ZAROILICTER, 29'78.
lArtNn, N.W. to W.N.W.—Fresh breeze, with heavy
clouds' and sunshine.

~~~~

~=

un

LONDON, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 2, 1854.

There are two countries of Europe now en-
' deavouring to " settle down" into quietude, after
having each of them but just emerged from r,
revolution. Spain and Greece—kingdoms situated
• at opposite extremities of the Mediterranean.
This occurs, moreover, at the very time when
• general war is agitating the whole political systen
of the eastern hemisphere. The latest advice
'ham Madrid inform us that General ESPARTERO
' had just entered that capital for the purpose o!
reorganising a Constitutional Government. Tht
most recent despatches from Athens acquaint
with the arrival in that capital of M. MAVROCOR
DATO, entrusted with precisely the same onerous
responsibility. The coincidence of events—in
certain respects—is sufficiently curious. Espait-
TERO has been carried by the successes of other,
to the very summit of authority over the Spanish
Administration. MAVROCORDATO, in the same
way, has been carried by the successes of
others to the supreme height of power over
the Greek Government. The military rising at
Madrid took place while ESPARTERO was still
quietly secluded in his private residence at Lc).-
grono. The diplomatic movement at Athens was
triumphantly accomplished while MAVROCORDATO
was calmly sojourning at Paris, in his capacity as
ambassador. What was achieved for the latter
by the sagacity of Mr. WYSE and Baron ROUEN,
was effected for the former by Don DOMINGO
DULCE and Don LEOPOLD O'DONNELL. In both
instances the evils which the people—here in
Spain, there in Greece—have been rid of, were
evils brought upon the two countries by the
duplicity, the weakness, the folly, and infatuation
of the reigning Sovereigns. Insomuch that it can
scarcely be doubted that it must have been with a
sense of guilt and abasement, and with a poignant
knowledge of having been egregiously outwitted, or
crushingly defeated, in all their nefarious designs
against the liberties of the race entrusted to the
governance of each, that the other day Queen
ABELLA
Is gave audience to General ESPARTERO,
and King OTBO to M
There is this • 431AVROCORDATO.
glarinry difference, the diplomatic coup t, p
at
however, between
insurrection.
Athens and the Spanish
That Whereas, in the instance of
Greece, all the good that has been done for the country by the late movement has been accom-
plished through foreign ageooy,
through the saga-
Mr. WYSE and of Baron
city, as we have said, of
ROUEN, followed by the sudden landing of Eno.-
.
• lish and French troops at the Piraeus_vreatever
benefit has been secured to Spain by the
move-
ment in that country has been obtained through
the daring and patriotism of the sons of her ow,
• soil, through the civism, and the valour, and the de-
eision of SERRA.NO, DULCE, and O'DONNELL. Tin
contrast is one that augurs well for Spain. The
successful leaders of her new and not least glo
rious revolution have well earned those " highest
military honours," which report now says is about
to be conferred upon them by the councils of the
land to which they have opened up the pat]
of emancipation. The Marshal's baton is, in truth
but the due of both DULLS and O'DoN.NEnn
They everything upon the hazard of a great
rising, artal they have succeeded. They have suc-
ceeded. in putting an end to a Government con-
ducted by mendacious impostors and unprincipled
adventurers. They have brouoitt about the dis-
grace of SA RTOEICS and his colleagues, and the
downfall of Queen
CHRlstiavA and the MUNOZ
family, and, with all this, the possibility of good in
the future for the Spanish
as the adroit di population. Precisely
diplomacy of Mx w
• •, Tsß and his

French colleague. at Athens, prepared the way for
the crushing out .of _the. Russian conspiracy fos-
tered under the' patronage of OTHo and AMU-A
a hydra of political calamities, all the heads of i
which were struck off at a single blow by the
fact of the Anglo-French occupation.
The question now is—both at Athens and at
Madrid—like an echo of the old inquiry, "Under
which king, BENZONIAN ?" The power of King
arno is doomed: So likewise "is that of Queen
ISABELLA. AU that can be effected in behalf of
each_ respectively, by MAVROCORDATO and ES PAR-
TERo—is. to delay for a little while longer the
inevitable hour either of quiet abdication or of
violent expatriation. The alternative is before
OTHO. It is before ISABELLA. The necessity for
its acceptance may, we repeat, just possibly
be postponed for a while by ESPARTERO and
NIAVROCO RDA TO. Neither of them can altogether
lissipate it. The downfall of both OTHO and
ISABELLA we believe to be no longer merely
"looming in the future," but to be here—close
it band! Whence it follows that the question is,
it this moment of supreme emergency (for Spain
and Greece), Who are to be their successors ? It
is the double problem now remaining to be solved
in the midst of all the disturbance and confusion
of a general war among the great Powers of
Christendom.

There is a delusion very prevalent amongst
officers of both branches of her MAJESTY'S ser-
vice, and in which they frequently endeavour to
• )btain the participation of civilians. They will
gravely insist that the " Court-Martial " is the
est tribunal in the world, and that it invariably
administers impartial justice, without fear or pre-
judice, favour or affection. Strange as the
.ssertion may be, it is put forward in per-
fect good faith, and with a strong convic-
tion of its- truth and acouracy ; and any in-
, credulity on the part of the audience occa-
iionally excites the ire of the gallant veterans to
an extent very unpleasant to the sceptic. Obser-
vations are made, in no measured language, on the
ignorance which could alone lead to any doubt or
difficulty on facts so notorious, and hints are given
as to a mode of terminating the argument that
speedily enforces belief. In truth, the advocate
of the ordinary.tribunals is seldom sufficiently well
acquainted with the proceedings of these model
courts to venture on any very positive assertion in
reference thereto. He cannot speak of his own
knowledge, and is, therefore, generally compelled
to yield to his more energetic and more boisterous
•
antagonist.
Now, however, something is known of the mode
of administering what we suppose is designated
" justice" by the military tribunals, but to which
we should feel disposed to apply a very different
term. We have had ample opportunities of
judging for ourselves, during the series of court-
martials in which Lieutenant PERRY has recently
been engaged, as to the most approved mode of
" crushing an obnoxious junior." We see the
nature of the practice, if there be anything at all
of established practice, and consequently are able
to reply to these statements by specific instances
of unfair and arbitrary conduct.
We do not complain of the first inquiry into
the conduct of Lieutenant PERRY. He had in-
flicted a personal injury on . a brother offi-
cer, and it was just and expedient that a strict
and searching investigation should take place into
all the circumstances connected with the untoward
transaction. It might have been well for the
prosecutor (Lieutenant-Colonel GARRETT) and
others if it had only been brought before a court
of inquiry, where, the proceedings being carried
on with closed doors, nothing would have come to
light of the pleasing diversions of the high-
spirited officers of the 46th. The full and com-
plete acquittal of the unfortunate young officer
would not have answered the purpose. His quiet
tnd economical habits did not suit the gallant
46th. That the selected "butt" should turn on
iris oppressor—that ho should vindicate his out-
raged honour by striking to the earth the man
by whom he was insulted, was too bad. Nothing
but his ignominious expulsion from the service
would suffice, and for that the sentence of a gene-
ral Court-Martial was indispensable. A formal
complaint was therefore preferred, the accusations
drepared, and the prisoner, who had been kept
in close custody in a small inconvenient room,
was placed upon his trial.
Had the injunctions of the Court with respect
to the non-publication. of the proceedings been re-
3pected matters would have gone on in the ordi-
nary course. Pupr PERRY would have been

juietly extinguished, and Col. GARRETT wou►d
►ave been contented with the injury inflicted on
the intended victim. Fortunately, however, for
.he ends of justice—aye, and for the well-being
if the service itself—the order was disregarded,
and public attention was at once excited by the
extraordinary nature of the transactions brought
o light. The order itself was a mere brutum 'a-
men, which the parties by whom it was made had
uo power to enforce. Such an order may bu
made by the civil tribunal, but it is only so on
very rare occasions, and where the ends of justice
may be prejudiced by a. premature publication.
[lad there been any reasonable probability of such
1. result, we are convinced that the good feeling
•,f our brother journalists would have required
but the slightest intimation of the fact. A
,:ourteous request might have been attended to,
even though there had been no possibility of
evil consequences. But it was manifest that no
injury could be occasioned, and the impudent as-
sumption of power which did not exist could not
be tolerated. The fourth estate was not subjected
to Martial-Law, nor amenable to the ukases of a
military tribunal. The proceedings were, there-
fore, very properly reported, and thence it is that
we hear of a second and third Court-Martial
growing out of the same transaction.

The first matter worthy of notice, appears to
be the appearance of Lieutenant-Colonel GAR-
RETT, the person at whose instance the trial was
instituted, appearing as prosecutor. A very short
time shoWed the animus by which he was actu-
ated. The intense desire, in every way, to pre-
judice the cause of the youthful prisoner was
Mainly perceptible from the very commencement.
The contemptuous tone in which he indulged
-lowed that he participated in the feelings of those
whose gross ill-treatment of Lieut. PERRY led to
these painful events. Now, we contend that it is nut
right toplacea "commanding" officer in such a posi-
tion with respect to one of his subalterns. The
very position as a prosecutor naturally creates a
bias in the mind. A personal collision is very
probable, and angry feelings may be excited, that
would render a change of regiment indispensab!e,
even in the event of a full and c irnplete acquAtal
—a triumphant justification of the conduct of the
Lccused. Besides, the appearance of a " com-
mander" in that position induces a strong leaning
amongst the judges, whose chief object is to sup-
port authority, and who would consider any strong
observations in reference to such a person as little
better than " rank blasphemy." We have already
seen one of the manifold evils of this course in
the third Court-Martial, which was partially occa-
,Lieued by the fact of Lieatenant-Colonel GARRETT
i)eing placed in so anomalous a position in the
two former trials.
The next point to be noticed was the refusal to
rtehceogpnriissoen earn! PI
Rules s thatinreus bl e
requireadviser
to
or
be,
e, assistantau a atr oe
so frequently strained,
in order to admit of an
escape from their stringency, must be unwise and
injudicious, and should be forthwith rescinded.
What a farce it is to I 'ar mit " a friend" to act
advocate, while a regular • • •
practitioner is excluded.
The more eminent the Counsel, the better. It is
paying a very left-handed 1. comp.nnent to these
model tribunal, to suppose that they
could be
influenced to do what is wrong by the talent or
ability of the person appearing for the prisoner.
Such fallacious notions were once entertained, but
they have been completely dispelled ; and we be-
lieve there is not a single person throughout the
length and breadth of the land ; that impeaches ,
;he accuracy of the principle on which the Pri- 1
soners' Counsel Bill was framed, or that its adop-
tion has not promoted the cause of justice.
We may hereafter point out other evils con-
nected
with Court-Martials, but time and space
alike force us to conclude our present observations'

Y -41 A-R -K E T

AND
COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE.

CITY, TWO o'CLOCK.

The sales of cotton at Liverpool yesterday were
estimated at 4,000 to 5,000 bales, including 1,000
American taken. for export and on speculation..
The market closed tamely, but steadily. The sales
comprised 250 Bahia at 61d., 200 Egyptian at 6d.
to Id., 30 Sea Island at ls. to ls. 6d., and the
remainder nearly all American. Railway Shares
were flat, at lower prices.
The Board of Trade returns for the month and
six months, ending July 5, have been issued. The
declared value of the exports, exclusive of the un-
e numerated articles during the month was 7,707,641/.
against 6,772,7331. in the corresponding mouth of
last year. The imports increased in wheat, oats,
Indian corn, currants, guano, hemp, rice, cassia
lignea, cinnamon, cloves, nutmegs, -rum, tallow,
and wine, but a falling off in oxen, sheep, cocoa;
coffee, flour, flax, mahogany, palm oil, opium,
.saltpetre tobacco, and brandy.
The shipping returns show an increase in the
month 'of 22,171 tons for the entries inwards of
vessels employed iu the foreign trade of the United
Kingdom, and of 19,305 tons for •the clearances
outwards.

In the coasting trade 28,088 tons less were em-
ployed than in the same month of 1853 for the
entries inwards, and the clearances outwards de-
creased 7,375 tons.

There appears to have been some objection in
Parliament to the Bills.of Exchange Bill, which is
intended to permit the registration of dishonoured
bills and promissory notes in Englan I and to allow
execution thereon, the argument being that its
provisions are too stringent, and that creditors will
he compelled to use coercive measures and press
their debtors when otherwise not so disposed, in
order to comply with the terms of the act. To
this it may be replied that there is a want of
facility, for the circulation of small bills, and that
in Scotland the process termed summary diligence
is found beneficial. It is proposed that all bills of
exchange or promissory notes unpaid shall be noted
and protested in case of need, like foreign bills,
and an officer of the Court of Common Pleas is to
keep a register thereof. When this form is gone
through; an order for payment within 7 days, in-
cluding the day of service, is given, but the party
served can stay execution by application to the
court, and by an affidavit. disclosing what would
be considered a legal defence. The case, if the
court thinks fit, may tht•n tie brought to trial. The
act is to be entitled "The Summary Execution
on Bills of Exchange Act, 1854." The following
are the forms that will be adopted :

No. 1.

In the Common Pleas.

A.D. 18.
To C.D.

On the day of
VICTORIA, by the Grace of God, etc.;
of in the county of E.F. of
in the county of &c.
(England to wit.) A.B. in his own proper
person (or by G.H., his attorney] appeared and craved
that the protest underwritten should be recorded in the
Register of this Court for Protests of Bills of Exchange
and Promissory Notes for Execution, according to the
" Summary Execution on Bids of Exchange Act, 1854,"
which was accordingly done, and of which the tenour
follows in those words :