The Sun.
London, England, 1854-09-21 00:00:00

CIRCASSIA.

We find the following in a Constantinople letter
of the 10th :—Two gentlemen who left the Turkish
capital for the exploration of Circassia, and to com-
mence a friendly intercourse with the separate
tribes, have returned, after four Months' absence.
When the necessity of prolonged warfare became
apparent, it was thought advisable to learn some-
thing of the internal state of the Caucasian races,
their willingness or capacity for combined action, and
the nature of the barrier which they could oppose to
Russia. The disorganised state of the Kars army, and
the danger of an unfortunate Asiatic campaign,
was another reason for endeavouring to weaken the
Russian force on the Georgian frontier, and to pre-
vent the reinforcements which annually arrive
through the passes. About the time when the roads
became clear of snow the two travellers left for they
eastern coast of the Black Sea, and visited all the
forts from Anapa to Batoum. But the principal
result of the expedition is, that the country be-
tween the Caucasus and the Kuban has been entered
for the first time by Englishmen. The country of the
Abadzaks, which extends along the north-eastern
slope of the chain, is inhabited by a race ready to join
in any scheme of opposition to Russia. Mr. Sarrell
states that he and his companion were hospitably re-
ceived, but were everywhere asked if they had the
authority of the Naib to travel through the country.
This Naib is the lieutenant or deputy of Schamyl,
and though a Daghestanee and no Circassian, has
obtained entire influence over the minds of these
heretofore sundered races. He is named Emin Bey,
and lately visited Constantinople with a numerous
train, where he received assurances from the Porte
that the rights and independence of the tribes should
,be respected in the event of the supremacy being
taken from Russia, and restored to the Sultan.
Emin Bey has been in the Western Caucasus from
seven to nine years, and during that time he has
caused an entire change in the feelings, the opinions,
and the religious tenets of the people. The deputy
of Schamyl was struck with the idea of regenerat-
ing Mahommedanism in regions where it had been
corrupted, and he determined also to propagate it
. where Paganism still reigned, but was rapidly de-
clining into the absence of all religion• at all. He
has succeeded in his plans, and has united the Cau-
casian races on the basis of Islamism. The task
was most difficult, for these mountain tribes, the
detritus thrown up into the creeks and valleys of
the Caucasus by successive tides of migration, differ
from each other in language, features, religious
rites, and civil institutions. Emin Bey, acting
always under the authority and with the advan-
tage of Schamyl's name, has visited them all,
burned their idols with the audacity of the prophet
himself, built mosques and schools, convinced the
divided races that their only hope of safety is in
union, and the only bond of union is the faith of
Mahomet ; the consequence has been an extent
of_ conversion which has had no parallel since
the first days of Christianity and Islamism, and of
which old religions have hardly been thought ca-
pable. Ervin Bey has few opportunities of com-
municating with Schamyl ; yet once or twice a
year he sends an account of his progress and re-
ceives in turn instructions for the future. Of
course his liberty of judgment is very great, and
foi the success of his plans he is indebted only to
himself, and to the fear which Russian aggression
has inspired. Schamyl himself, though now an old
man, is still active, and has of late carried on the
war with greater skill than ever. It is indeed
mainly owing to him that the •wretched Mushir of
Kars and his neglected army have not been to-
tally destroyed. Although the accounts published
in England respecting this warrior are most
absurd, it is still true that he is able to effect much
by the alarms which hp occasions to the Russian
army, his power of stopping supplies, and mate-
rially impeding reinforcements. That he can march
50,000 men to attack Wrangel and Andronikoff is
of course impossible. His men are almost useless
out of their own mountains, and .when engaged in
a kind of fighting to which they are unaccustomed.
That they are unable to remain long together
and prosecute marches and strategical evolutions
will be readily believed by any one who has seen
thedifficulties of moving European troops with all
the aid of Commissary-Generals and contract
victuallers. His men flock to him at a signal, and
will keep the field or rather the hill-side for about
a fortnight, after which they return home. He
would, therefore, be powerless for aggression, but
that a spur of the mountains which he holds runs
down to within 45 miles of Tiflis ; and he can at any
time threaten the capital of a disaffected province
with a surprise which might lead to important
changes. Any one reading the accounts of this
campaign 'would be inclined to believe that the
proximity of the Daghestan chief to Tiflis was a
fabrication, reflecting little credit on the fertility of
Perote invention, so often has it been repeated,
and the place declared on the point of falling
into the hands of the mountaineers. To be at five
hours' march from Tiflis appears at first sight to
be the normal state of Schamyl ; and many people
have been in consequence inclined to ridicule him
and his cause. But the fact is, that the knowledge
that he can crime down at any time to the edge of '
his territory, and that within 48 hours after Tiflis
may be burned and the enemy back again in the
mountains with their booty, compels the Russians
to watch their rear continually, and prevents any
forward movement, which would weaken their
power of defending the country which remains
behind.

THE WAR IN ASIA.

The Semaphore of Marseilles has the following
from Constantinople, 10th :—" The new general-
in-chief of the army of Batoum will leave this week
for his post. M. de Maudnit will also leave in order
to deliver to Schamyl the 12,000 muskets which the
Emperor Napoleon has sent to that chief, and the
lieutenant of Schamyl will also take his departure,
highly satisfied with the reception he has met with at
Constantinople. It is said to be in contemplation
to place Circassia and Georgia, with the Crimea,
under the suzerainty of the Sublime Porte, and
under the protection of Europe, preserving to
them, as well as to the Danubian Principalities,
their right of being governed by their own laws.
Troops are every day arriving from Tunis and
when . they have all united they will be immediately
sent into Asia.

After the defeat at Kurukdere, Mustapha Zarif
issued a proclamation calling upon the army not to
lose courage, and holding out hopes of soon re-
trieving the lost ground by a brilliant victory.
Here it is :

"Thrice pray for the Padislaah ! We, illusclair, com-
mander of the Anatolian host. I announce to the troops
under my command, that in accordance with the pressing
wish of the army to be led to battle, I have decided upon
attacking, the enemy in his position at Tugedere, in the
hope of further advancing my troops, and to meet the
noble wish of the soldiery. Fortune was not favourable
to us. Such are the chances of war—such its inevitable
consequences.
" Soldiers—Let not our misfortune make cowards of
you. You will continue to .be devoted and faithful to
our beloved and mighty Padishah. God, who willed
that it should be, alone knows why he willed our defeat.
Nevertheless, he will not cease to protect the noble
cause for which you fight, and will another time grant
you the victory. Now, soldiers, unite and reorganise
yourselves. Take fresh courage. God is great, and
will protect you, for our cause must triumph.
MUSTAPILI

-cause a-change in-this-plan, mid the abpve sum
may be again applied for in another for
Parliamentary resolutions and public opinion
have at last gained a partial victory. The Swedish
Government has issued a proclamation abolishisg
quarantine for ships from suspected places, and
limiting it to five days from infected :places.
The Sardinian frigate Le Geneys has passed the
sound from Stockholm, laden-with 1261teoccan11°11.4
from Aker cannon-works, and 111 field:gnns
six mortars, with carriages, from Finspang ,vorkg•
An order has been given to the Stafsjo factory for
90 large guns, also. for Sardinia.
The fleet has left Aland. It is now announced
that a heavy cannonade has been heard in that di'
reetion. This can scarcely be anything but guu
exercise.

PRUSSIA.
BERLIN, Sept. 18.—The Russian advocate at this
,placo has an article upon the consequences of 011°-
cess or dsfeat of the .Crimean expedition. As 14
matter of course, it regards' the latter as most pro:.
bable, but nevertheless admits the possibility )1
the former, and thereupon sums up all results 111
the following terms:-
6. should the operation succeed, and Sebastopol olovercome, the consequence will certainly be of great trwra
and material detriment to Russia. But in the first 01
the victors will not be able to exhibit a single pl,lll °
the fleet as a trophy, because the whole will certainly b°
delivered to the flames rather than surrendered. Vit'
the event will produce immense merriment in old o,
land, and not without reason, because the (Ituss,t'f
Pontus fleet must be repugnant to it in every Pein" it
view. Nor will France have cause for uneasiness. t•
may and will find compensation for sacrifices in the t
tainment of gloire militaire.' And this is the utm
extent on all sides of the results of the great sea-sxPe
tion. under the most favourable circumstances."
1, of
You have been already informed by telegra P' -
the arrival of Prince Danilo's plenipotentiary 11€13i!
entrusted by his princely master with a very deli'
cate mission, viz., a proposal of submission
yr
Austria, on the receipt of certain pacuniarY, °64
siderations. A letter from Cattaro, iu to-daY 9 ,Ar
Deutsche Post, comes very opportunely to .t 1 r,,
r,
a little more light, on the matter. The Pig`;
matter of fact is that Danilo, finding himself L'et
serted by his Russian friends, is fearful of beiljga
left without a support in these troublous tintee) °1
has therefore sent his representative here to f-,0
the protection of Austria.. One very curious pie
of information is given' in this letter, and this 1,;"'
that the plenipotentiary likewise brings a °CI;
ment for despatch to the Emperor. Nicholas,
Prince Gortschakoff, which is said to be writtelre
a deprecatory spirit. Montenegro is quiet. 1-1
Turkish frontiers continue to be strictly watches .1'
The following telegraphic despatch has been
ceived here :
" edition of

VENICE, Sept. 15.—The sanitary condi. the
Upper Italy is satisfactory. At Genoa, on „If
13th, the cholera had almost disappeared, ; °7t
three cases having occurred. This. is the WI ye
Leghorn. Several murders -are reported to
been committed in open day in varigus town°
the Papal States.

THE AIISTRO-PRIISSIAN TREATY..
The Journal de Frankfort contains the -follo
ing ,
"Although it was only through indiscretion thattobo:
Gazette of Silesia was enabled to publish the tlees,ithe
recommended by the Austrian envoy, presiding e%„l.
Germanic Diet, to the deliberation of the united 'e,- hat
mittees of that Assembly, it is nevertheless certain "do.
public opinion in Germany will reply to all these
mands without exception, by an energetic affirrnan,
It is incontestable that, notwithstanding the nice34,llltf f
abeyance of the third point of the additional arl't,-t°f
the treaty of alliance offensive and defensive, the ;'5":1
will continue to exist so long as the present wer.o
last, and that it consequently protects the cont4‘lo6
parties against any attack of which one might he net.
the object. Conformably to that treaty Austria le ie
have the assistance of Prussia, and the Ggrintela,
Confederation so soon as she shall be attaco..ve, •
without her having herself assumed the cfre1356,10, "
The clauses of the treaty on this subject are -e'wth".
and in no way equivocal. As the occupation cf., 0
Danubian Principalities is not an offensive action anti,
attack against Russia, it follows from it that, if it° the
were, in consequence of that occupation, to attao'6lo.
n,
Austrian territory, Prussia and the Germanic e
nrii
ration would be bound, in virtue of the alliance efl'T
20, to assist Austria. This is the more certain,
Prussia and the Confederation have engaged to he
the rear of Austria in case her armies should attack 'to
Russians in the Principalities in order to compel thereto
evacuate.• It certainly cannot be concluded from
to
fact of the Russians now finding it for their interes',...,
accomplish that evacuation, that if at a later period t. 0%
should find it to their interest to drive the Austrilu
from those Principalities, and to obtain a strong nailit'r/
position by the conquest of the Buko wine and Transylvat
the treaty would not apply to such an attack against t"."
Austrian territory. It intuit not be urged that Russia, ill -
despatch of the 26th ult., declared that she would rT
main on the defensive, and that, consequently, no 0"'
tack on her part was to be feared. Those statesteet
would show themselves very imprudent who should, fir
the future, place absolute faith iu such a declaration.
soon as she can Russia will seek to regain possession of
the principalities, for the acquirement of, which she bias
so long laboured with much zeal and pereeverance. '-
by a non-success of the expedition against the Crifeeft
Russia should again have her hands free, no onel"elt
say what enterprise she would not again enter on. t,
cannot then be pretended that all danger of all
tack of Russia on the Austrian territory has die!tP;
peared. But it may be affirmed that the occupation
of the Danubian principalities by the Ault inn troo
does not afford to Russia a legal motive for Inattil
war on Austria. For though that occupation
doubt deranges Russian plans, it does not violate it
any respect the rights of Russia, especially as thtaba
power had at the beginning no legitimate title t 0
of
a: •
occupation of those provinces. By that act, the source.d
so many complications, Russia forced Turkey to gll
and she is consequently herself the cause that.; _
treaties existing between her and the Porte, inelus4l
those relative to the Danubian Principalities, 11
expired. By that expiration the Sultan, the leg to
to
sovereign of those provinces, acquired the vet
e.
conclude with Austria the convention of the 14th Juno.
The Austrian troops then enter the Principalities_e.
virtue of a treaty concluded with their legitimateo:4
reign. And as Russia, in consequence of the anweit r
of all her treaties with Turkey, has no sort of right:t;
the Principalities, it is clear that the entrance °il ia,
Austrian troops does not violate any right of Rube
and that that measure can consequently in nowise for
considered as affording her a; legitimate motive
con'
declaring war against Austria. It is, therefore, iu.
testable that an attack of Russia on Austria, 011. eio
count of the occupation of the Principalities, would bin
unjustifiable, and that it would consequently fall wittica-
the provisions of the treaty of the 20th Apri "1
--Pe' an
larly as by that occupation Austria protects
interests, and as that act has been accomplished"
the entire assent of Prussia."

AUSTRIA.
VIENNA, Sept' 17.—Some of those Pre u,
papers which are known to be more or less in, cc: cl
uection with Government have recently 111,11-rieu
that the difference of opinion between the Ausi:fto
and Prussian Cabinets in respect to what ougi.,-,11
be the foreign policy of the German Confederatl:o
is no longer so great. The Prussian Governrefof
evidently believes that the recent announcementer
its determination not to share in any coercive ul of
sures against Russia has shaken the resolution o
this Cabinet. The retrograde movement of Prillio
cannot but be a source of great annoyance te, that
Government, but a fai n t hope is still entertaineu '•irs
the other German States may be induced to gle,
Austria that support which the Berlin Cabinet' ro,
fuses. In reality the policy of the German Con fedfaii
tion is a matter of inferior importance to the Wes ".,j1
Powers, but notso to this empire. Austria, althee'f'd
not actually at war with Russia, has deprived bL,
that material pledge to which such extreme 1"-
of
portance was attached by the head of the house ld
Romanoff, and therefore common prudence Ifni-
seem to require that she should conclude all '12,-cl
mate alliance with some power or powers able e"
willing to assist her in case of need. ExPeliie,,ll;
has taught this Government that no depenn:Ore
can be placed on the German Courts, and then tier
we are not greatly surprised to read in a "-Fier
received by the Hamburg Nachrichten, frora,.'', of
lin, that at the beginning of August, t 4 a treaters
alliance between Austria and the western poto
had been prepared in Vienna, and was to have 'l,-off
signed on the very day before Prince Gortschas'o
officially announced that both principalities that
be completelyeva,cuated." It cannot be doubted id.ng
negotiations for a treaty of alliance have been gtot
on between the three great Powers, but it 18 liar
likely to be concluded until this Government ou
lost all hope of forming a satisfactory convents
with Germany. the
In its leader of this morning the Prose has
following passage : ; the
" With Sebastopol destroyed, and Austria =n ~ne
Principalities, neither Turkey nor the rest of Burge
will have anything to fear. A few skirmishes in ito
Crimea or the Caucasus will be of as little importance
France and England as would be a campaign AgAal re,
the Kabyles or the Burmese. Russia alone vioulutill
mark by the blockade of her ports that the war was
going on." est
The Vienna writer is not gifted with anYha
share of political sagacity, or he would foresee
if Sebastopol should fall, and Russia still rera?_l":
obstinate, Austria alone will be exposed to he
attacks.

Oa

THE INACTIVITY OF THE ALL_
The Lloyd contains the best apology hither
made for the prolonged inactivity of the allie,so.
When first the expedition arrived its objector as,. to
defend Constantinople ; subsequently it was ll
Varna, in order, if necessar to relieve Silistrt..;
and it was not until Prince Gortachakoff had ituit
fully promised to evacuate the Pri,4044100.r7-

,

serious preparations for quitting Bulgaria could be
made. The Vienna journalist affirms that the ex-
pedition can hardly be said to be directed against a
" first-rate fortress," in the true sense of the ex-
pression. The line of defence of the Russians is
enormous, and the nature of the soil 4 such that
" the intrenched works constructed by the Rus-
sians on the land side during the last few months
cannot be very formidable." " The attack on Sebas-
topol, continues the Lloyd, "is a bold but not a
rash enterprise, and, if it succeeds, the war in the
east will assume a totally different character."
" Russia fights at Sebastopol, not for the Crimea
alone, but for Bessarabia, all its possessions in the
Black Sea, and, indirectly, for Finland."
The total amount of the subscriptions to the Na-
tional Loan is 500,788,477 florins. ,

The Lloyd of Vienna gives the following inte•
resting letter from a resident at Odessa :

" 01)ESSA, Sept. 7.—1 entrust this letter to a friend
of mine who is flying to Tirasopol with many more resi-
dents of this place,' alarmed at the threatening position
taken up by the ships of the enemy near our harbour.
The half of the inhabitants have already fled into ,the
interior of Russia, in order to escape the frightful can-
nonading that has already thundered several times in our
ears. Ships after ships have been collecting since yes,
terday iu eight of our menaced city. Several of them
have to-day drawn up in battle array and commenced
ball practice. At first our commandant, General An-
nenkoff, thought the enetpy.was going to attack us, and
..so kept our garrison under arms.. But after a brief recon-
naissance the true state of the case was seen. The enemy
has not yet attacked us, but we hourly expect that he will
do so. A large number of ships is steering to the west.
The enemy will, it is certain, menace every point of the
Russian Euxine coast simultaneously, so as to keep our
army 'everywhere an the alert. Akjermann, Odessa,
Oczakov, Kinborn, Eupatoria, 'Sebastopol, and other
places as far as Anapa will have to 'prove the wrath of the
hostile poweis. Prince Menschikoff has exhausted every
means of defence in order to render Sebastopol impreg-
nvble by-sea and land. BetweenSebastopol and Balaklava
are strong detached forts have been built, which are
manned by a corresponding number of troops. The road
from Balaklava to Jalta has been broken up here and
there, and mined. The reach of coast frorrl Sebastopol
to Eupatoria is defended at irregular intervals by six
batteries. Round Eupatoria three forts have been
built, north, east, and south. This place is garrisoned
by 15,000 men. The heights round Sebastopol are sur-
rounded with trenches and ditches, crowned with 18
batteries, and defended by 20,000 men. The garrison of
Sebastopol amounts to not more than 10,000 men ; and
'if
you add to them the craw of the fleet, the place itself
will be defended by 25,000 men in all. Prince Mens-
chikoff has prepared his people for the worst in a procla-
mation he issued on the Sd inst. lam not able,to send
you the text of it, but I can be answerable for the
tenor of the-contents, which I have from a military man
who is a friend of mine. The Prince begins by enume-
rating all the victories the _Russians have gained in the
course of this century, and exhorts the soldiers, by
valour and power of resistance, to win similar victories
over the enemy. Should the latter, however; by an un-
alterable decree of ' heasven,' pass onwardi and gain the
Victory, then.all the pOwder, magazines are to be blown
up. . Sooner' death than yield-to the foe, is the sentiment
which winds up the proclamation. Our army is much
disoirited. The news of the fall of Bomarsund has not
failed to cause a depression of tone among the military
of all ranks. Rather large reinforcements have arrived
within the lastjew days from the interior of Russia,
particularly from-the district of Novgorod. They don't
remain here, however, but go on to Oczakov and
Cherson. Troops have also arrived from the army of
the Danube."—