The Sun.
London, England, 1838-09-18 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1838

for nations to he commercially dependent, which the
Duke of WELLINGTON wants to prevent. In our own
c;nmnunity we sec that the dependence of individuals,
produced by division of employments, is the great
means of uniting them in harmony ; and mutual de-
pendence now reconciles the otherwise conflicting
claims of capitalists and labourers. The same rule
holds good for nations ; and that dependence which the
Duke of WELLINGTON would make the pretext for
supporting the Devil's laws, is the surest bond of uni-
versal
• peace. Long enough has the bloody ambition
of soldiers, and the contemptible thirst in statesmen
for more territory to misrule, prevented the growth of
those manifold commercial ties, which nature has
destined nations to contract with each other ;
and the time seems now come when the interests
of commerce, which are also the interests of peace and
civilization, must predominate in our external as in
our internal policy. Our merchants, and manufacturers,
and industrious labourers will not be made in love,
therefore, with the Devil's laws, by telling them that
they must be kept up, in order to maintain the anti-
social cut-throat policy of soldiers and statesmen.

In another part of The Sun of this day, our readers
will find some account of a Coroner's Inquest which
was held on the bodies of some of the crew who were
wrecked last week off Bamborough, in the Forfar-
shire steamer. By this account it seems that the
vessel was quite unseaworthy ; and, in confirmation of
the bad state of the boilers, the fireman stated i❑ the
course of his evidence, " that he understood a meeting
of the Committee of the Proprietors of the vessel was to
have been• held at Dundee on her arrival, to consider
the propriety of repairing the boiler, or laying her up
until the spring." If this be the case, we think it a
scandalous thing that the Forfarshire should ever
have been allowed to set sail. Her exact condition
should have been ascertained at once—especially as
human life was at stake. The frequent recurrence of
these steam-boat accidents renders it imperatively ne-
cessary that inspectors should be appointed by Go-
vernment for the purpose of ascertaining the exact
condition of our numerous coasting steamers, which—
as facts have shown—often set sail in a most unsea-
worthy state.

We regret to learn from the Jamaica Journals of
the 10th of August, received yesterday, that a nu-
merous body of planters in that island seem deter-
mined to realize some portion of those evils which they
predicted would result from the complete emancipation
of the coloured race. Losing sight of their private
interests in their eagerness to throw stumbling-blocks
in the way of the Government, these gentlemen are
having recourse to a variety of expedients to render
liberty—like the book swallowed by the Evangelist—
as bitter in the bowels as it was sweet in the mouth
of the negro. Their first step was, by a new Vagrant
Code, tp make the removal of the free labourers from
one parish to another, without the consent
of their former employers, next to impossil
Having failed in this, they are now combining
to keep down wages to the starvation point ;
and many of them hare already refused to
give employment to the labourers on their planta-
tions on terms so favourable as those enjoyed by
them during their period of apprenticeship. So igno-
rant or so reckless are these infatuated men of the con-
sequences of their conduct, that even the Journals
hitherto devoted to them and their sordid interests,
openly condemn their proceedings as fraught with the
seeds of ultimate ruin. The Falmouth (Jamaica)
Post thus mildly expostulates with the planters while
pointing out the course which they are at present pur-

suing
it is with no small degree of concern we have beard that at a
meeting of planters, Iwid in St. James, a determination has
been come to of giving the labourers upon estates a minimum
of wages, after the Ist of August, not exceeding Is. 3d. per
day. We had hoped that the planters would have beaded to
the pressure of necessity, and, by entering into an amicable
arrangement with their labourers, to give them fair and pro-
fitable wages, have raised the character, and given impulse to
the industry of the labouring population. If the labourer
should even ask high wages, the planter has only himself to
blama, for it was the mischievous practice of valuing the ser.
vices of the apprentices highly and extravagantly, that has in.
duced them to estimate the v,due of tl-eir services, in a state
of fret dm, as they do. Ruth parties must, therefo, c, make
anituA concessions, or the labourer will sit down in sullen da-
si.ondenci and passive resistance, and the planter, mortified
and chagrined at his conduct, will be iiiduced perhaps to pur •
sue a c.)urse that his better judgment disapproves, and which
a calm and judicious n fiction upon all the circumstances con-
nected with the important transition might effectually prevent.
Measured as are these phrases, they are strong, coining
from such a quarter. The IVest Indian Gazelle—a
d;cidtally Liberal Paper—is still more explicit and em-
phatic :-
Ihe planters of St. James are consl,iring to force their
labourers to take a minimum of wages. A most effectual plan
of obtaining a minimum of rent, and a minimum of labour
from them. What can these bewildered persons expect from
so unjust, irrational, and insane a course, but present disap-
pointment, and ultimate ruin ? A combination of misters will
provoke and conpel a comainicion of labourers ; which ,se do
not hesitate to say, in a thinly-peopli d cauntry like Jamaica,
must entail immedia e destruction on the farmer.
A Correspondent of the same Journal, in a column-
ideation dated the 31st of July, thus announces the
pr,para'ions made by another knot of planters to em-
inence the new era of freedom :
In a certain district in the prish of Saint Thomas in the
Ea-t, at a full me-ting cf attorneys and managers, it was
understood that clothing, salt
.1 od, nourishment, and other
" indageneies," would be di,continued ; and it aas resolved
that the first class labourers shoull be allow, d at the rate of
lOd. per day, for five days' in the week labour, ground, and
lious,.s as heretofore, and doctor's attendance usually fur ss.
or 6s Bd. per head per annum. Five days they must serve
the master. This is not all—one-third more labour than the
scale of labour recognizes for apprentices, is to he exacted
from the fee - men. Under apprenticeship for fifteen hours
labour, 45. 01 bes Vies clothng, salt fond, nourishment' &e*
Under freedom, for five days labour, 4s. 2d.—no clothing,
ao salt food, no nourisharnt, no indulgences 11
To exhibit more fully the atrociousness of this con-
duct on the putt of the planters—to satisfy the people
of England, as well as the colonists,
he
violation of every principle of justice —to prove to t
of its wanton
kstikfaction of the most sceptical that it is not dictated
anti eitfoaend by the necessity of self-interest, the
Colonial Freeman undertakes to show that, according
to the present rate of prices for sugar and lulu, 4
planter by an outlay of 5,000/.—inclubig rent,
wages of common labour at the rate of one shilling
and piglitpettee a day, interest of capital, and wear and
tear of machinery—eau realiAe a clear profit of 7,8001.
ase assuredly happen
a year. This estimate, which is too long for insertion
ort an
willt
statementu
in our columns, concludes with the following emphatic,
and
Now
otwo
shallt lee planters,teli t h
e
very important
planters what it
they do not act jo=lly and even liberally stowardsr
withy
capital,
l e
n e
wl
cn fr hGi soevde
rina
mb oeunrt :ill claim all the lands belonging origi.
T e
nally to the Crown, on which the quit rent shall not hive be-en
p is
uer e tnh ela
ase g iv
ena s, vnd ay. I'u ct:asets will v
ob a
ri,und
laud
machi-
nery, and some skilful labourers and managers to whom they
a ill give a share of the profits. By therm the free labourers
will be employed at 11-loch higher wages than those now pro-
posed, and the old proprietors will be Compelled to follow
their example, to sacrifice their estates, buildings, and capital,
or to sell them for what they tarn yield in the market.
Let them conciliate their labourers—lease to them their
houses and provision grounds at moderate rents—establish
schools and shops on their estates—increase the
physical, in.
tcllcctual, and moral power of the present population by all
possible means—substitute, in short, the hope of reward for
the fear of punishment, and they will have nothing to fear.
Lot them pursue a eentrary course, and their rtin ip
vitable. The labourers will rise—theft' friends will
cour.try a ill rapidly inii rave, but their estati,s Kill be
aharalaned, and what will bo still worse, they will see it with
flour own eyes, hear the rep-trc!.es of their children, be the
.ughii ioa,aual; pf mankind, and have to bear the reproaches
of conscience, which will at least awaltp 4114
aernind them that
they owe their destruction and that of their faiiiihas to theic
own wilful blindness, folly, and avarice.
Some of them may even see their old slaves whom they
have jeered at as the haT-clothed and stinking mobocracy, and
ao the Efed (:;";ni ,e,,(11-Iringi be skill and in-
dustry, the posaemston tne aery catipea ane era
flogged and bound in chains, as though
r-ey were brute-
beasts, made to be destroyed.
The conclusion is not impossible. Within the last
nine months 4grilP hundreds of the coloured popula-
tion have learned to read, and all have eopdvictothem,
selves with a degree of propriety unexampled in the
past history of our West Indian colonies, An eye-
witness thus dehcrihes the change going forward
among the blacks in Jamaica :—" The sound of the
lash is not heard ; the houses of correction are nearly

empty ; the men are becoming frank, independent, and
intelligent ; the women appreciate more correctly- the
necessity and advantrge of decency and propriety.
The person who six months ago should have predicted
the mighty moral revolution which has taken place
even within that time, would have been looked on as a
visionary." People of England, is not this gratifying
intelliTence worth one of the twenty millions it has
cost you to give freedom to the tortured, degraded
African ?

We have receixed the whole of the Paris Journals
of Sunday. The only important news which they
bring from Spain consists of the following telegraphic
communication :

Bayonne, Sept. 14, Eight A.M.
THE SUB-PREFECF OF BAYONNE TO THE MINISTER OF THE

INTERIOR.
On the 9th Espartero withdrew his artillery to Peralta
and Taffala, and re-crossed the Ebro with the bulk of his
army. It is said that a Council of War, assetnbled in conse-
quence of the arrival of an Envoy from the Government, de-
termined the measure."
The retreat of ESPARTERO—for it would be ab-
surd to call his re-crossing the Ehro by any other
name—must prove seriously detrimental to the new
Spanish Cabinet. The personal character of the Com-
mander-in-Chief will not permit us to attribute his
retreat to cowardice. We may therefore presume
that the regeneration of Spain is again about to be
sacrificed to some fresh Camarilla intrigue, of which

EspAitTEßo is the principal manager.
The Paris Journals announce the meeting of the
Swiss National Association at Longenthal on the
23d instant. The following extract from the Circular
addressed to each of the Members will show the popu-
lar feeling throughout the Republic upon the quest►on
of the expulsion of Prince Louis NAPOLEON at the
instance of France :
Since the revolution of July Switzerland has been subjected
by 'France to a series of humiliations. Louis Philippe's last
pretension leaves far behind it all his other vexations and
injustice. The question is whether the Swiss authorities are
to be servile instruments of a foreign policy which follows but
its caprice. The required expulsion of Prince Louis is so
contrary to all the principles of international law, and the dis-
cussion cf the question in the Diet excites so much alarm for
tha future, that it is the people's duty to pronounce them-
selves with frankness and energy, and to keep prepared for

events.
Of domestic news there is none of the slightest im-
portance in the French Papers. There is a report of
the movement of some troops on the Swiss frontier,
but we regard the circumstance, however true, as of no
moment whatever.. Subjoined are extracts from the
J

ournals :
The Treaty of Commerce concerning the Customs'Tariff was
signed on the 16th, at midnight, at Constantinople. For the
Porte the negotiators were Nourri Effendi Mustechar, Mous-
tapha Kiasir Bey, Councillor of the Bach Vebil, Tahyr Bey,
and the Prince of Samos. M. Bulwer, Secretary of the Em-
bassy, and M. Cartwright, Consul-General, acted for Eng-
land. With regard to the exportation, all is settled by the
treaty ; but it is said that there is a point relative to the im-
portation which Reschid Pasha is to negotiate in London. It
is, however, not doubted that the importation will be esta-
blished in confOrmity with the general interest. —Echo
d' Orient, a new Smyrna Journal.
(Private Correspondence of the Commerce.)
Sr. PETERSBURG, SEPT. I.—Colonel Friaskine, aide-de-
camp to the Emperor Nicholas, and chief of the staff of the
army of the Black Sea, travelled through Circassia in the
month of June as the bearer of a flag of truce, and had had
conference with the principal Circassian Chiefs. These moun-
taineers, notwithstanding all the disasters that their country
had suffered by a continual war, will not, by any means, hear
of an arrangement with Russia. To all the proposals which
Colonel Friaskine made them to conclude an amnesty and even
a treaty of commerce, they answered in their usual metapho-
rical language :
As for commerce, you have gold, corn, and merchandise ;
we have iron. We buy goods of you at the hazard of our
lives ; you sell them to us exposing yours. If this kind of
commerce is not to your liking, retire beyond the Don, we
shall not go there to seek you. As for a truce, no; the wild
boar does not make peace with the wolves. You are nu-
merous as wolves ; we are intractable as wild boars ; let us
fight. Allah knows before hand who will be victorious."
Such language, held almost universally by the Chiefs of the
Circassian tribes, evidently proves that the war in the Cau-
casus is very far from being ended.
At this moment the Circassians leave our troops undis-
turbed, but they are preparing considerable forces to attack us
with vigour. Titre,' numerous tribes are still entirely lode-
pendent of Russia ; they are those of the Übages, Tehetzentses,
and Avarian Tartars; they are composed of above 450,000
individuals, who, at the first summons, can furaish a
powerful body of armed men, not to mention that other
tribes such as the Lesghis, Osseles, Kurds, and Turcomans,
though tributary to Russia, readily pass the frontier to make
incursions into the Russian provinces. The Tt hetzentses are
all harsomen, they lire in the mountains which extend from
Mount Eibroaz to the forests of 112rbered. They are the most
implacable enemies of Russia. They have remained free from
time immemorial ; neither Russia, Turk,y, nor Persia, nor
evcn the Kb; ns of the Tat tars, have ever succeeded in subduing
!hem. They will have nothing to do with any individual who
is not of their trib:•.
The Abasians, who inhabit the mountains of Dieuxi, and
the coasts of the Black Sea, are, or: the contrary, the
most civil;z:.d of all the tribes of the Caucasus. Ever
since England began to exercise some influence over
them, they have received many foreigners ; their troops
are already organised in the European manner, and comsat
with some kind of order. Our soldiers pretty often gain ad-
vantages over the Abasians, but they cannot resist the Tehet
zentses. One of the latter s often seen to attack three or
four Cossacks, and to prove victorious in the combat. The
season for action is at hand, for it is the custom of the
mountaineers to attack us during and immediately after the
harvest.
The army of the Caucasus, which is placed under the
command of Lieutenant-General Golovine, has just been re-
inforced by 10,000 men, and that of the Black Sea, under
General Grabbe, by 8 000 men. These two armies are now
composed of upwards of 75 000 regular troops and 30,000
Cossacks, besid: s the garrisons of the fortresses, consisting of
6 000 men; thus the Russian forcrs in the Caucasus now
amounts to 111,030 men.

By advices from Madrid of the 9th instant, we lear
that the gallant General FLINTER—one of the braves
a,id most noble-minded officers in the QUEENS arm
—died by his own hand in the cotn,le of the previou
s
night. The immediate cause of this rash act is not
stated, but we are morally certain that the treatment
which he received from the Spanish Government, in
some shape or other, induced the state of mind which
prompted the commission of this lamentable suicide.
The following account of his life is taken from the
Morning Post, and, due allowance being made for the
Carlism of the writer, is creditable to that spirit
of generous impartiality with which our Tory Con-
temporary is in the habit of treating the memory of a
brave opponent ;
General Plintcv w‘s an Irishman of good family. He served
under the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain, and
was one ef the many officers who joined the Portuguese and
Spinish armies by permiss'on of our Government. He was
employed confidentially at the termination of the Peninsular
war, and assisted the late Duke of 84n Carlos in arresting the
expeditions which were fitted out here fn. the liberation of
South knerica. He married a lady of large property in
Spanish kiretica, but his conduct was so displeasing to
the people, that as soon as their independence was
secured they prevented his appearance among them,
and his lady and children were compelled to remain
apart from him, for the purpose of saving a considerable es-
tate from being forfeited. He was then sent to Puerto Rico
and the Havannah, and he returned to Spain in 1835. The
subject of free negro labour engaged much of his attention
in the Colonies, and he published in London a work on the
subject, which contains much valuable information. The opi-
nions of the then Colonel Flinter were supposed to be Royalist,
if not Carlist, but it would appear that desirous of being ac-
tively employed, his set.timents underwent some modification
in that respect. He was male chief of the staff to Mina dur-
ing the campaign of that bad man in the Basque Provinces, and
was wounded twice at the battle of Mendogiia. He was laid
up for soak time, and the Spanish surgeons wanted to ampu-
-
tate his leg, but hp rpfesed tq submit to the opera andbe
again joined the army, notvvithstandt. the severitY of his
wound. He was appointed tc, comni And at Toredo:more to
get rid of his 01?-ims than to render him any benefit, but he
eontilvtd to dq so much with very little means that one of the
few brilliant and successful afttira of the campaign was con-
ducted by him. Success on the part of a foreigner is a mortal
fflnee in the Spanish service, and Flinter was soon after the
battle of Tolpdo !walled and laid on the shelf. No doubt he
was eltafed, and fretted in hl; retirement, and felt as sorely on
his own account as we are sure he did for the common good.
1h: was a spirited high-minded officer, brave as a lion, and
n
generous as the day. He had all the faults and all the virtues
of his country. He was a jovial free-hearted Irishman, jealous
of his honour, and warmly devoted to the cause he had
o:pulsed. We are grieved to hear that he met so unhappy an
cnd. Flinter was worthy of a soldier's death.

CORONATION OF TIIE EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA.
--The Gazette de Milano of the 7th inst., in emulation, as it
wottid appear, of the brilliant example shown it by The Sun
of London, in its Coronation number, came forth glittering in
golden type, that is to say, the first and last pages, the other
two being printed in red letters. But all this typographical
luxury was lavished upon a reprint of the programme of the
COronation ceremonies, without the slightest attempt at an
original and detailed description of their general appearance
and effect. So that all those who were not in the church during
those ceremonies, and the inhabitants of the rest of Italy, will
have to satisfy their curiosity respecting them by translations
of the accounts published in the London papers.—Times.