The Sun.
London, England, 1854-01-12 00:00:00

LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, JANUARY 12, 1854.

INDIA AND CHINA..

We have just received, in anticipation of the
Overland Mail, our letters and papers from India
and China, in continuation of our telegraphed
despatch from Trieste of the 9th, which we pub-
lished on Tuesday.
Accounts from Burmah continue contradictory ;
according to some, the dacoits were disappearing
condence being gradually re-established,
whilst others state that we are on the eve of another
and a defensive campaign. The only certain facts
appear to be, that the King himself, having more to
lose than any one else, dreads the resumption of
hostilities, and endeavours to maintain peace, but
that there is a strong war party at Ava, headed
by the King's younger brother, Meng-dat-Meng,
which is in communication with the various dacoit
chiefs in our territories, and that the latter, either
from a diminution of their numbers, or from the ex-
haustion of the country, or from motives of defence,
have discontinued their depredations in many dis-
tricts, and are concentrating at particular points.
Moung-young-gye and another dacoit chief, with a
force amounting, it is reported, to 10,000 men,
having stockadd himself near Meaday, while
Moung Beau, with another large force, is in the
jungles near Pegue. The number of these dacoits
is probably grossly exaggerated, but there is no
doubt but they are strongly stockaded at the parts
mentioned, and that they must be dislodged and
dispersed before the settlement of the country can
be considered complete ; and, under such circum-
stances, rumours of war are naturally' very pre-
valent. A letter from Prome says, There is a
report that the Burmese have collected 140,000
armed men, with whom they are going to attack
us in the course of next month. The following is
from the Rangoon Chronicle of the 19th of Novem-
ber :

" Meng-dat-Meng, the fighting Prince, is to move
from Ava with a very large force on the 20th of Decem-
ber, on which day the ball is to be opened simultane-
ously at several places. Chiefs with nard names have
been appointed governors of Bassein, Dallah, Tonghoo,
Shooay, Gien, and Martaban, and Pegue and Syriam ;
while the governorship of Rangoon has been conferred
upon Moong-young-gye, who has promised to drive out
the English, and was said to be at Tharawaddy with a
force of 10,000 men, but, according to later accounts,
had stockaded himself, together with another dacoit
chief, near Meaday.'
A letter from Rangoon, in the Calcutta Morn-
ing Chronicle, dated three days later (November
21st), says :
"Reports have just come in that Pegu has been re-
taken by Moung Beau (or some such name). Captain
Nuthall was despatched yesterday evening, about nine
o'clock, with 90 of his Light Peguers."
These reports are not generally credited, either
at Calcutta or Bombay. It is thought that the
war party at Ava, have neither men nor money at
their disposal for even an attempt towards carrying
out such plans.
The operations against the Affredees between
Peshawur and Kohat, have been successful. They
had persisted in closing the pass, though we paid
their chief blackmail for keeping it open. It was
therefore resolved to occupy the defile with a line
of posts, and to build a fort in the middle of it ;
for this purpose a strong force was despatched from
Peshawur, portions of which blockaded both ends
of the valley, in which the principal Affredee vil-
lages were situated, while the remainder protected
the workmen employed in building the fort.
The Affredees attempted to break through at one
end, but were driven back, and a few days after
the valley was invaded, and their villages and
stores of grain destroyed. The latest news is that
they hare been starved into submission, and had
come into the Commissioner's camp and entered
into engagements for good behaviour in future.
What such engagement are worth remains to be
seen, but it is thought that the new fort will pre-
vent our communications with Kohat from being
again interrupted. The force at Peshawur, though
still called only a garrison in the Army List, is
rapidly assuming the calibre of an army of obser-
vation. From a list recently published in the
Lahore Chronicle, it appears that the strength of
force is as follows :—lnfantry---European, 2,700 ;
Natives, 7,100 ; total,_ 9,800. Cavalry—regular,
450 ; irregular, 2,000 ; total, 2,450. Artillery—
Horse, 400 men and 24 guns ; foot ditto and moun-
tain trains, 700 men and 24 guns ; total, 1,100
men and 48 guns ; and 100 sappers and miners ;
altogether, 13,250 men and 48 guns, a force, it is
remarked, sufficient to sweep Affghanistan from
the Kyber to Khorassan and back again. In
the event of a Russian war, it is re-
ported that the Peshawur force will be aug-
mented to an army of observation, which
will be placed under the command of Lord
Frederick Fitzclarence. The means of so augment-
ing it are close at hand, as it appears from an offi-
cial document, lately published by the Bengal Go-
vernment, that there are at present 60,000 troops
in the Punjab, and the whole of them, with the
exception of a weak brigade at Mooltan, are massed
at large stations along the Lahore and Peshawur
road.
The Bengal Government has published a report
on the administration of the Punjab for the years
1849-50 and 1850-51, which contains a great mass of
most valuable statistical and geographical informa-
tion. From this document it appears that in the
years 1849-50 the Punjab yielded a revenue of
1,348,000/., while the civil expenditure was only
828,000/. ; and that in 1850-51 the revenue was
2,519,0001.. and the cost of administration 872,0001.
This calculation is, however, exclusive of the cost
of the 50,300 fighting men quartered in the Pun-
jab ; their pay alone amounting to 1,650,0001. per
annum ; but a very small portion of this frontier
defence of the empire can fairly be charged on the
Punjab, and the surplus of the revenue over the
administrative charges would certainly more than
pay for the augmentation of the army that has
taken place in consequence of the annexation of
the Company's Sutlej territories.
The last eastern mail brought us China news to
the 11th of November. At Amoy and Shanghai
fighting was going on as usual. The insurgents in
possession of the latter place had discovered a large
quantity of treasure which had been concealed by
the late authorities ; they were making use of it in
hiring and arming European vessels, so that there
will now be a mercenary fleet on both sides. A
Mr. Reynolds, who was taking a cargo of munitions
of war to the insurgents, was lately captured by
the Imperialists. His crew were decapitated, and
he would himself have shared the same fate had
not the Europeans employed in the Imperialist
fleet threatened to resign in a body unless be was
released. He has accordingly been permitted to
return to Shanghai.
For the last two months there has been no au-
thentic news from the seat of war in the north of
China ; it is rumoured, however, that an irruption
of Mogul Tartars has taken place ; that 270,000 of
them had been levied, and had crossed the frontier ;
and that 70,000 of these had marched southward
and had nearly penetrated to Nankin. If this re-
port be correct, the prospects of the Celestial Em-
pire are altogether changed, for the Mogul hordes
are probably little altered since the days of Gengis
Khan ; and the insurgents' style of fighting is far
too timid to have a chance of success against such
opponents.
Lord Dalhousie's reinstatement of Outram at
Baroda, though confirmed by the Court of Di-
rectors, has not yet been carried into effect. The
Bombay Government has recently made a most
illadvised and ineffectual attempt to injure Colonel
Outram in the opinion of the Governor-General.
It appears that during the height of the Baroda in-
trigues documents came into Colonel Outram's
hands which he forwarded to the Bombay Govern-
ment, with the request that they would endeavour
to discover their authenticity and origin, but he
did not mention that (as subsequently appeared by
a comparison of dates) he had himself at the time of
writing a clue to both ; tuis reserve(for which Out-
ram subsequently gave reasons, which the Gover-
nor-General considers satisfactory) was construed
by the Bombay Government into a charge of false
hood and duplicity ; and they communicated their
views to Lord Dalhousie's Government by means of
a despatch, appending thereto—which is quite un-
usual in such cases—the minutes of Lord Falkland
and his members of council on the matter, in which
Outram's character was very roughly attacked.
The vindictive character of the whole pro-
ceeding elicited (as might have been ex-
pected) a most severe reprimand from the Go-
vernor-General, who expressed himself perfectly
satisfied with Colonel Outram's explmation. The
general remark at Bombay regarding Outram's rein-
statement is, It is a very plucky thing of him to
go back to Baroda; he will certainly be poisoned
there;' and I have been surprised to hear this re-
mark, not only from Colonel Outram's partisans,
but from grave and reverend seigniors high in the
civil service, who are no friends of his, and have
all along been
disposed to take the part of Lord
Falkland in the quarrel. If there are any real
grounds for such apprehensions, the annexation of
the petty State of Baroda should no longer be post-
pub,. (I. An affair is now under investigation by
1 the police, which will prove that, in spite of re-

peated and recent warnings, the corrupt connection
between the Baroda Government and the Bombay
Secretariate is still kept up. A precis of the Baroda
scandals of the last twelve years had been pre-
ferred by the secret department of the latter esta-
blishment, for the information, I believe, of the
Bengal Government: It was very voluminous,
weighing nearly nine pounds, and it was supposed
that a copy of the correspondence relating to the
transfer of Baroda fichn the Bombay to the Bengal
Government, I ' Dutram's reinstatement (which
was also in pre . . tion), would be despatched to
Lord Falkland, , at the hills, undeq the same
cover. The lat b orr spondence was what the
Baroda agents wis -d t obtain, but it was put up
in a separate cover, and, by mistake, they inter-
cepted the precis only. Both packets were posted
at Bombay, but only one xeached its destination.
An inquiry w in,gtituted ; the driver of the mail-
cart declared stialrcumstantially that the missing
packet had d pped into the water and sunk while
of
being conveyed ; from the cart to the steamer.
A similar packet was prepared and thrown into the
water in the driver's presence, but could not be
persuaded to. sink. The driver was then remanded,
and locked up till he confessed that he was in the
service of a Parsee attorney's clerk connected with
the Baroda lihutput.agency at Bombay ; that his
master had directed him to obtain service under
the mail contractor, and, while acting as the driver
of the mail-cart, to, intercept- a packet despatched
on a certain day from the Secrsctarate, and enclosed
in green wax cloth (the distiiignishing mark of the
despatches addressed to the Governor) ; he had
done so accordinglY, -but, on taking the packet to
his master, had been told it was the wrong one,
and directed to burn: ;j he had taken it away and
buried it in his garden, where, on his information,
it was discovered by the police. His master, the
Parsee, has been apprehended, and is now in con-
finement.

The latest news from Baroda is that the Gui-
cowar's Minister had had a British subject, a native
of Ahmedabad, seized and flogged (300 lashes)
for having expressed his satisfaction at Colonel
0 utram's reinstatement. The acting resident had
taken up the affair.
You will remember that about 18 months ago
Mr. Otway moved in the House of Commons for
copies of certain records of the Bombay Govern-
ment, known as "Dhabegee Papers," and contain-
ing the proceedings of a committee appointed to
investigate the proceedings of the Baroda Durbar
and its Bombay agent, Dhabegee Dhageba, in brib-
ing the subordinates of the Bombay Secretariate.
The papers were ordered to be printed, but it was
said at the time that the Court of Directors would
contrive to evade the orders, and they have hitherto
succeeded in doing so. I have recently obtained a
copy of the minutes of evidence taken before the
committee in question, and I find the case a
very much stronger one than I had supposed.
I believe that, were these documents published in
an unmutilated state, there would be little diffe-
rence of opinion regarding the expediency of de-
posing the native dynasty of Baroda. Such an
example would certainly do more towards the sup-
pression of Khutput than all the reports aid minute
writings of all the Governments of India.
The greatest activity prevails in the Bombay
army. Lord Frederick Fitzclarence has assembled
a camp of instruction at Poonah ; he has instituted
military schools for officers and men, offered prize
medals to all three arms for firing at a mark, has
ordered examinations of officers in their duty, on
their promotion to each grade, and altogether by
his personal activity and thorough knowledge of
detail is doing more towards raising the efficiency
of the army to its utmost than any other Indian
Commander-in-Chief has done for 20 years.
The railway and the electric telegraph are at-
tracting many native chiefs from the interior to
Bombay. The young Holkar has just been here
incognito, and we have now encamped on the island,
with 2,000 of his followers, the Rajah of Dhar—
Rao Jeswunt Powar, a Rajpoot chief with a revenue
of about 65,0001., but principally remarkable for
being the head of the great family of Powar, of
which (as antiquaries suppose) Porus, the antago-
nist of Alexander, was a member. He has been
admiring the gunnery practice of the Indian navy,
the war-steamers now ready for launching in the
dockyard, the steam machinery of the Factory and
Mint, and, above all, the railway, and will return
to his capital impressed with a high idea of the arts
and resources of the British in India.

COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE.

REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE BOMBAY MARKETS
FROM Nov. 28 TO DEC. 13, 1853.
_

We have little change to note in the money-market
since the date of our last report. Money is still obtain-
able on the same terms as have ruled during the last few
months, and there has been little demand during the
past fortnight. We have again to quote a fall in the
value of Government securities, owing principally to ad-
vices of the rate in Calcutta have receded nearly to par,
influenced by a report that the Government would be
unable to carry out their scheme for conversion of the 5
5 per Cent. Loan into 4 per cent. stock. The rumour
does not seem to be well founded, but some large parcels
of stock having been brought forward for realisation the
market has not rallied from the depression.
Since the departure of the mail on the 28th of ' last
month, although sales have been effected to a consider-
able amount, they have been mostly forced, and at unre-
munerative prices. The goods chiefly in request are
gray shirtings under 71b., gray jaconets, and Madapol-
lams.

Cotton.—Since the departure of last mail, transactions
in cotton' have been chiefly confined to native shippers.
In consequence of last accounts from China and England
being rather favourable holders here have advanced the
price to 96r. to 97r. per candy for Broach, Jumbooseer:
and Surat, and 95r. per candy for Dhollera.
Freights have remained steady during the fortnight—
to London at 31. to 3/. 2s. 6d., to Liverpool 2/. 17. 6d.
to 3/., to China 16r. to 17r. per candy.
Exchange, owing to the small demand for bills on
England, credits having come from China,
2 aanT.lddthe beilt local draughts sell at 2s. 1 3.16 d.
The
tboeg2inss. t2oildo.o,katunislia:myTe Commercial Bank draws at
months' sight. On Calcutta rupees
998 ; on China, 235 rupees per $lOO at 60 days' sight.

BOMBAY MONEY-MARKET, DEC. 13.
EXCHANGES.

On London, at six months' sight, per rupee, 2s. 11d.,
for document bills ; six months' sight, per rupee, 2s. 10.,
rupeesays' 235, nominal.
for credit bills; On Calcutta, at 60 days' sight, rupees
99a . 30 days sight, rupees 991 ; at sight, rupees 100.
On Mad
sight, 991 ;at sight, 100. On
China,artas, a
60 days',
3
ayso', d

... ... ...• :: ::
11
2.„250000 :„
BANE AND OTHER SHARES.
Bank of Bombay Rs• 1,000 each, 39 per cent. pm. Sales.
Oriental Bank Cor- }
.
Commercial Bank ,, 250 do. 92 to 83. Sales.
poration .... •.•, • • .
500500 :I,: 344 per cent. pm. Sales.
40 per cent. pm.
1,000 21 per cent. pm.
12,000 20,000
Colaba P. Corn. •• •• ••,, 6,000
Apolloßank Agra
Banko
fp.
Madras
C o
m. .
..
. . . . . . .
. .
.
Colaba L. Cora „ 10,000
~ 9,500
Bombay S. N. Coin- ~ 510 , 400 58 p. cent. die.
Gr. lnd. P. R. Corn. ~ 54-8 6 paid in Bombay, or 5/. in
in England, 24r. pm. each share. Sales.
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES.
Four per Cent. Transfer Loan Rs. 113 for numbers regis-
tered for transfer per 100 Sicca.
Five per Cent. Loan 1841-42 Rs. 1014 to 1011 per 100 Co.'s.
Four per Cent. Loan 1832-33 ... 108' per 100 Sicca.
Four per Cent. Loan 1835-36 ... 101 to 102 per 100 Co.'s.
Four per. Cent. Loan 1842-43
... 101 to 102 per 100 Co.'s.
PRICES OF BULLION.
Sovereigns, each . .._....... 10 3-16 r. ... Nominal.
Bank of England Notes 10 3-16 r. ... per £, nominal.
. 234 r
Spanish dollars ........ ... per 100.
228 .
Republican dollars •• • • r.
... per 100.
German crowns ... ...... 219 r. •
... per 100.
Sycee silver ............... 104.ir. to 104-ir. per 100 tls.
Gold leaf (range of
quality) . . ... .. ......... 16r.
... per tola.
Gold ingots, according
to touch, for 97 touch 16r.
... per tola.

THE CALCUTTA- MARKET, FRIDAY, Dm. 3.
The Bentinck steamer arrived on the Ist inst., with
London dates to the 24th of October, containing gene-
rally unfavourable commercial intelligence, and particu-
larly so as regard indigo.
We have no alteration to make in our last estimate
of the new crop, which, we still think, will be some-
where about 1,07,000 maunds. The transactions in sugar
have been, as may be supposed, very limited, and holders
are now willing to submit to a considerable reduction
of their previous demands ; the stock in the bazaar is
estimated at about 20,000 bags. An active demand
still prevails for hides at unaltered prices. Shipments
of linseed to Great Britain have not been so extensive as
before, but an average quantity has goneon to America.
Jute continues in active demand at full prices. Raw
silk, lately in such high favour, is now rather avoided,
and the offer of a reduction of 8 to 10 annas per seer is
insufficient to tempt shippers to continue their opera-
tions in the article. Corahs are also partiallymeglected.
Saltpetre, though rather checked by the rise in freights,
is in good demand at a further advance of 2 to 4 annas
per md.
The slackness which appeared in our market for cot-
ton goods a little before the departure of the last mail
has not, we regret to say, been removed, the inquiry
from the Agra Presidency being still moderate. Scotch
fabrics are more buoyant. In mule twist, ordinary
low and middling 20's, 30's, , and 40's are in less re-
quest, while 50's to 100's are in demand with some-
what better rates. Turkey red- yarns are' only in li-
Inited demand, but prices are well supported. During
the last few days copper has declined, in consequence of

the inquiry from the upper provinces having fallen off.
Iron maintains its position, and holders of the metal are
very firm. Spelter, lead, and tin plates are without re-
port of sale.
Money continues abundant, and the demand for ac-
commodation fair. The share market remains very firm.
During the last week a slight panic, created by appre-
hension regarding tt, rupture with Russia, occurred in the
bazaar. The Four per Cents. fell nearly to par ; but at
the close of the week confidence began to return. Our
quotations'inow are :-106-12 to 107-0 Remittable 5 per
Cent. Loan ; 101.6 to 101-8 Company's rupee Fours ;
100-4 to 100-8 sicca rupees ditto.; 102.4 to 102-8 remain-
ing Five per Cents. ; those to be paid off are quoted at
101-8 to 101-10. Bank of Bengal shares stand at 6,375-0
to 6,400-0. New Oriental Life Insurance shares at
400.0 to 410-0. India General Steam Company 6500 ;
Bengal Coal COmpany 1,100.0. The directors of the Agra
Bank have proposed to the proprietors to increase their
capital from. 63,64,500 r. to 70,00,000 r. This bank is
doing an excellent and safe business and its credit is
daily increasing with the public ;.its shares can now with
difficulty be obtained at nearly 50 per cent. premium,
which, however, we think too high a price.
Exchange 'with Great Britain has been very steady for
the past week or 10 days at 2-01 to 2.1 credits, and 2.1 to
2-1 to 2-1 documents. Bank of England post bills at
sight 2-0. On China, with opium documents, '239-0 per
100 dollars. -

A considerable rise has taken, place in the rates of
freight since the date of our last report. We now quote
to London-41, 78. 6d. to 4/. 10s. saltpetre, sugar nomi-
nal, 51. rice, Si. ss. oil seeds, 4/. 17s. 6d. to Si. jute, Si. to
51. ss. hides. To Mauritius-2r. 2a. per bag for grain.

[ PRICE SD•

Imperialists haverstaken theplace, and have marked
their • success by,slaying in cold blood nearly .1,000
persons; most OfWhorn took nopartin the late move-'
ment except 'on compulsion. The Streetsand wharvei
of Amoy have literally streamed with .liiirkart blood,
not shed any warlike operations, but done in.l
savage revengditnd to blind the authorities at Pekin,;
as to thebrayery of the enactors.; A letter from Ara9y, cj
dated Nov. 22, received, but very,receutly, states
that up to that period, all was quiet, and Matters"
wore much the same appearance, as far as foreign-
ers were concerned, as under the insurgent rulers.
Executions were of daily occurrence. The man-
darins, to mark their success, were revelling in
human gore, putting to death all who fall into
their hands indiscriminately. - The original mover
of the rebellion had been given up to the Man-
darins ; the unfortunate wretch- was executed on
the 17th- November; together with his son,- both
bodies being quartered and their heads placed. on.
the principal citygates,, Ehe villages around-Amoy
were made to ccukttibutwto-the monster .execu;tions.,
Whole villages l'yv.pxeritlirpatened :Withb- death,
they gave up 41446 too li part
with the rebels; 'arid as 'a, COuseqii'elide'.6f thiaVeddli
deinand the Weak,`' inoffensive; andid4onee'-:
less villagers, tare surrendered Aup. as victims
satiate: the.; Mandarin's' thirst for , 7 •
From these heart-rending and revolting scenes
one gladly turns to notice, the pr9gress which the -
great 'movement is making in the :interior. - We
have very little certain information of the doingS of
the Nankineiiiiiirgents ; biit one thing is olearif'
.naively, that their cause is making, headway, not
)withstanding:alb theireson rcesiof the emperorlia,rl4.
directed to, quell the widelpread disaffection,
is generally believed that the emperor is besipgecl
in Pekin, and vario4runiourStre current'thae:the
Tartar.rulerlias actually ticd, liis capital, but of thia
no certain infOrmatidn has begn igdeived:" 1-1444",!..44

On the subject of the present. position and pros-
pects of the great:movement, the Friend of China.
is of opinion that ".the Tartar dynasty is now at its
last gasp ; and that the next Chinese year will not
unwarrantably be,.called as of the reign of Hung-
tseu-tsieuen; the Prince of Peace."

CANTON _MARX PIT REPORT.
04G-KONG, Nov. ,27.
During the past fortnight there hai been more inquiry
for imports, and large sales might have been made, but
holders are unwilling to accept present low rates.
Money is not scarce, and improvement would probably
take place in the price of goods, if not checked by, the
reported disturbances in the neighbouring districts.
Cotton.—lmports have been small, and holders are
firma Bombay quoted; Ts; 5 8 .to'Ts. 6.8 ; Bengal, Ts.
5.5 to Ts. 6.4 ; Madras; Ts. 6.4 to Ts. 7.4.
Cotton yarn held for an advance ; Nos. 16-24, $194
to $23 ; Nos. 28-32, $22 to $26 ; Nos. 3842, $24 to
$3O.

Shirtings.—Prospects are favourable, if no disturb-
ances take place ; grays quoted $1 350. to $2 35c. ;
whites, $1 65c. to $2 85c.

Woollens.--Spaitish stripes, 1,200 • pieces sold, as-
sorted valued 75c. to 92c., and long ells, 3,500 sold,
quoted for an assortment, $6 100. to $6 60c. ; scarlet,
$6 20c. to $6.60c. ; Camlets, English, $l5 to $lB3 ;
Dutch, $lB 20c.
Tea—The trans-actions for the month have been mo-
derate. About 50 chops of congou sold at Ts. 17 27
Prices of the better qualities are firm. Green Tea—The
new crop is expected to arrive in the course of 10 days.
No report received of the quality or price.
Eitchange—On England, six months' sight bills, ss. 2d.
to ss. ld.; on India, Company's paper done at 240 r. and
238 r. to 235 r. Bullion, fgcee silver, 1 per cent. pre-
mium ; gold, $2l 70c.; English bar silver, 2-1 per cent.
premium.
_ _

Freights to England, 41.; tonnage scarce.
Shanghai dates are to th 20th inst.
Transactions in exports had been carried on to some
extent, and goods were being passed off in barter.
Tea—Common congous were arriving, but good tea
was scarce ; 34 chops settled at 10 to 114, short price.
Of green tea about 30,000 packages taken at full rates ;
the finer qualities eagerly sought for.
Silk—The operations had been large, and prices were
higher in the country and at Shanghai, but there was
little in the market. The export from China is esti-
mated at about 27,000 bales.

Exchange on England, for six months' sight bills,
6s. 3d.; on India, Company's paper accepted, 290 r.
Bullion—Sycee silver 15, 3 per cent. discount ; gold,
$lB 55c. per tael ; English bar silver, no fixed rate.
Freights to England, 4/. for tea ; and 4/. 10s. for
silk.

SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.
Arrivals from Great Britain.
At Hong Kong.—Nov. 25, the North Star, from
London.

• Departures to Great Britain.
From Whampoa.—Nov. 9, the Flying Childers ; 10,
Planet ; 12, Bangalore—to London.
From Woosung.—Nov. 8, the Countess of Seafield ;
14, Mystery ; 2, Typhoon—to London.

THE KNELL OF LEGITIMACY.