The Sun.
London, England, 1854-09-21 00:00:00

9

,),

e°s,

i ~i

~~ y

//
. . • 1 ~, -,,.....-.- --, , ' ... 7 * 7.' ...1 IVs
. • ,
, it,z ' ''.los•P ‘''', f•-"*.,i'(fiffm,z•k,'lol'
' . t., "—' , ,
_, ,
,Aptcy
_, rve.i., , Nti0,,,4104 c„
~,„ ..-..z.,..itz 3.0 K . ,Af, ~„..4,„„- ..., ' - ,--, )
... it, , -..0..
~., .-t-^2lft 6 . . "I,' , \ , i i N, i I
10. it.'
„lei I '
;I: 1 ' , , '‘. ':11'," il;'' `„,.. , --7 r
,‘1..,..,._ .
„.io a, __. „„4144,411.,,,.
~*,..,,,, -.7, ..-„,.. .S ;If ~.. -Aa 44. •( :::: 4,t 4,4 lb, ......
~`
;It . ,*"-ir. co, ,i z,Zillifek •' , x •,, It' tio-14,.. '4OY, --. `@. ce ,'' - 1. '` ' `j
,Ati7o-= z -• ). /\.,_ , ...,..„,„fe,,Ar .,„, DIED , ..-.. , , .k... .—_..._ ~ . ~,, .00 ."...1be",..,;., a* , ~-,,,......
- 35 - 1• .'" ,

LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 21, 1854.

THE WAR.

embarkation for Gibraltar, to 100 rank and file, proceeded,
under charge of an officer, by railway to Dublin, yesterday
morning, en route to Cork. Staff Assistant-Surgeon Tit-
terton, attached to the 15th depot, at Londonderry, has
been ordered to proceed immediately to London for em-
barkation for Turkey—a civil practitioner to do the duties
of the medical department.
KILKENNY, Sept. 20.—Staff Assistant-Surgeon Kellett
left Kilkenny on the 16th inst. for London, en route for
the East, and Surgeon Kearns, of the Kilkenny Dispensary,
has been appointed to the medical charge of the troops in
this garrison. Major-General Eden, C. 8., who has been
appointed to succeed Lieutenant-General M`Donald in the
command of the Kilkenny Military District, visited our
city on Saturday, for the purpose of making arrangements
for his future residence here. General Eden will assume
the command from the Ist October. Captain A. M`Donald,
92d Regiment, eldest son of Lieut.-General 111`Donald, has
been appointed aide-de-camp to General Pennefather, in
Turkey.

CONDUCT OF AUSTRIA.

NAVAL AND MILITARY INTELLIGENCE.
The Algiers, 91, Capt in Talbut, was placed in dock rt
Keyham on Tuesday. She is to be supplied with a new
screw propeller, and her repairs aro to be executed with all
despatch.
The Curacoa, 31, screw, Capt. the Hon. G. F. Hastings,
had her steam up in the factory basin at Portsmouth yes-
terday to test the work'ng of her engines.
The Malacca, 14, screw, Captain Farquhar, is quite out
of the shipwrights' hands at Portsmouth, but is still in
dock waiting the repair of her screw-gear.
The Sphinx, 6, steam-frigate, Captain Wilmot, is now
complete at Portsmouth, and will be ready to leave for the
Black Sea to-morrow. _ _

Although the course which the Austrian Government
has pursued with reference to the quarrel now pending
in the East has obviously been dictated by an exclusive
solicitude for the interests of,that empire, it will not be
the first time that the subtlety of the C tbinet of Vienna
has overreached itself and placed tho State in consider.
able difficulties. Upon the outbreak of this war there
was one broad intelligible course for the States of Ger..
many to pursue, which we never ceased to recommend to
them, ai much for their own safety and dignity as for the
general interests of Europe, and for the speedy restora-
tion of peace. They had acknowledged as strongly as
France and England the injustice and illegality of the
demands of Russia and of the seizure of the Principali-
ties ; they had been parties- to the first attempt to settle
the dispute by negotiation, and they had only to perse-
vere in the European policy of the Western Powers.
But, when other States more powerful or more sincere
than Prussia and Austria began to prepare for action,
they 'confined themselves to protocols and demonstra-
tions, and to this hour they are endeavouring to take
advantage of battles which others may fight, and of
victories which others may win. It is not our province
to determine how far this policy is consistent with the
dignity of the chief States and Sovereigns of Central
Europe or with the expectations raised by their own de-
clarations ; for in matters of national dignity and of na-
tional good faith our standard is not that of Vienna
and Berlin. But we undertake, without much'difficulty,
to show that the position in which Austria has placed
herself by these combinations, refinements, and half-mea-
sures is perilous and insecure, and must ere long become
altogether untenable. For this purpose we shall suc-
cessively consider her relations with Russia, with Tur-
key, with Germany, and with the Western POwers, and
we think it will appear that in attempting to keep well
with all parties she has incurred some risk of 'uniting
parties against her.
The relations of Austria with Russia are clearly de-
scribed in Count Nesselrode's Note of the 26th vf
August, in which he rejected the last Austrian propo-
sals. The Chancellor of the Empire declares that in
retiring from the Principalities, out of consideration for
the wishes of Austria and of Germany, Russia had con-
fidently hoped that Austria would cease to' make com-
mon cause with the Western Powers-for the avowed
object of reducing the strength and influence of the
Rtissian empire. But how was she disappointed when
she found that the next step of Austria was to give her
assent to the ulterior conditions of the Western Powers
—conditions invoiving the abrogation of all former trea-
ties, the destruction of all the Russian naval establish-
ments, and the restriction of the power of Russia in the
Black Sea, and to bind herself to treat on no other con-
ditions ! Russia therefore complains that she has ob-
tained from Austria no compensation for the sacrifice
she affects to have made; but that, at the very moment
when her troops are leaving the Principalities, the Ca-
binet of Vienna enters into closer and ne,re extensive
engagements with the other belligerent powers, her ene-
mies. Can any Austrian statesman doubt that this lan-
guage conceals, under an affected moderation, a deep
sense of the injury which Austria has already done to
Russia by paralyzing her right arm in this war, by com-
pelling her to drop and disgorge her booty, and by driv-
ing her once more across the Pruth ? By occupying the
Principalities herself in the name of the Sultan Austria
has rendered her offence still more palpable in the eyes
of Russia, and at any other moment the immediate an-
swer from St. Petersburg would have been a declaration
of war. What is the language of the Russian party in
speaking of Austria ? It has tenfold the bitterness
of their hostility to France or even to ourselves.
What has been the position of Count Esterhazy at
St. Petersburg for the last few weeks ? Every attempt
has been made to insult and annoy him ; yet be remains at
his post, although it had been positively stated by the
Austrian Cabinet that the rejection of the last terms
would be followed by his recal. We entertain no
doubt of the sincerity of this dissension between Austria
and Russia, for it is widened by fear on one side and by
resentment on the other : and if peace were restored to-
lilerrow between the Western Powers and Russia, Aus-
tria would be the next victim of that 'mighty empire
which coils like some leviathan round its prey, con-
demning every neighbouring State to do its bidding, or
to perish in its folds.
Austria, however, has attempted to assert her inde-
pendence by allying herself to belligerent Powers, while
she herself remains at peace, and even by moving her
armies across her own frontiers, without becoming a
party to the war. That certainly is the most original
and anomalous position ever occupied by any State ; for
a country allied with a hostile power for military pur-
poses becomes hostile ; and before such a State is. suf-
fered to take a part in military operations its allies are
entitled to claim some proof that their enemies and
their objects are the same. Such, however, was and
still is the nature of the relations between Austria and
Turkey as regulated by the Convention of the 10th of
June—a treaty between a belligerent and a non-belli-
gerent power, by virtue of which the non-belligerent has
entered into possession of the principal territory in dis-
pute. It is true that the movements of the Austrian
troops into the Principalities have been constantly com-
bined with the staff of Orner Pasha, and that the Turks
and Wallachians have not ceased to guard their posi-
tions, and to advance upon the retreat of the Rus-
sians. We trust that Omar Pasha will be able to
continuo his operations with vigour along the fron-
tier, so as at least to prevent the withdrawal of the
Russian forces from Bessarabia to the interior. But
can anything be more absurd and unusual than the
position of the Austrian troops serving as the basis of an
army engaged in active operations in which they take no
part, and occupying a country in which all necessity
for their presence ended at the moment they entered it ?
The Turkish Government deservedly attaches the
greatett importance to the maintenance of the best
relations with Austria, which is the real bulwark of the
Ottoman empire. The treaty which permitted Austria
to enter the Principalities was a strong proof of the
confidence and amity of the Porte ; but some incidents
have already marked this occupation which may give
rise to different feelings.
We shall not enter at length into the complicated
relations of Austria with Germany, but it is notorious
that very wide differences have arisen between the
Cabinet of Vienna and that of Berlin, and that no union
of purpose is to be traced in the proceedings of the
Frankfort Diet. The petty Governments, being all
more or less under Russian influence, have leagued
themselves against every display of energy on the part
of Austria ; Prussiahas abetted their factious resistance,
and where the Court of Vienna hoped for national sup-
port it has been thwarted by incessant jealousies and
divisions. It has, therefore, damaged its influence with
the Confederation by an attempt to infuse energy into
that decrepit body, and it has damaged its influence with
the people at large by allowing its policy and intentions
to be defeated by these miserable intrigues. One course
might have conciliated the, Governments—the other
would have satisfied the nation ; but the Austrian Ca-
binet has first alarmed the German Goverments by its
energetic preparations for war, and then disappointed
the whole manhood of Germany by declining to use
tkem.

A'great many seamen have volunteered at the Royal
naval rendezvous for service in the Black Sea fleet.
Advices were received yesterday under date Smyrna,
Aug. 30. The French war steamer Chaptal had arrived
with 7 Greek pirates captured at the Isle of Saros, sup-
posed to be those implicated in the destruction of the trans-
port found at Paros.
The frigate Melampus is ordered from Pembroke to Ply-
mouth, with Mr. Brown and the party of riggers who
navigated the Madagascar to the former port.
Twenty-five seamen from the Impregnable, and 25 from
the Royal William, were draughted, on Saturday, on
board the Indefatigable, at Plymouth.
Shipwrights have completed laying the keel of the
Liffey, 50, building in No. 3 slip in the Devonport dock-
yard, and have commenced laying the floors.
Letters, dated Sept. 3, have been received at Devonport
from the Belleisle hospital-ship. She was to sail on the
4th for England.
The depot of the 34th Regiment was appointed to arrive
by the North Mail at Plymouth on Wednesday.
The French war steamer Brandon, with troops from the
Baltic, left the Downs on Tuesday afternoon for Cher-
bourg.

THE CAMP AT BOULOGNE.

The troops at Honvault are now busily engaged in
making the military road along the sands to the camp,
ordered by the Emperor before his departure. It will
be a great. convenience, not only to the soldiers, but to
the town of BOulogne, when completed, and, from the
number of hands employed, this cannot occupy any
great length of time: Not, howevertthat the work
done is carried on with any extraordinary vigour by the
men, for, to speak candidly, they seem to have no idea
how to use the spade and the pickaxe with effect. An
English " navvy ' would look down with supreme con-
tempt upon the united labours of half-a-dozen such, and,
as for their tools and wheelbarrows, he would not pro-
bably consider them too big for his children. However
bad the implements we have sent with our army to the
East, they must be. infinitely auperior to those in the
French service, and our troops must be vastly better
and more energetic hands at the construction of field-
works, if the mode in which the new military road at
Boulogne is being executed is to be taken as a specimen.
Yet the French soldier can work quickly and well in
many ways. A company of 100 strong will provide it-
self with the requisite complement of huts, such as are
used in the different camps, in 10 days ; and one'regi-
ment, the 12th Light Infantry, completed all these, at
Wimereu;, in less than two months. Many other ex-
amples might be given of the rapidity with which, in the
French service, the lighter descriptions of labour are
executed ; and it should always be borne in mind that
soldiers in France are constantly engaged in occupations
which, if proposed to ours, would either he found im-
possible, or would create a mutiny as infra dig. As
nstances of this, it may be mentioned that an order from
the Emperor has alone prevented the decoration of the
camps round Boulogne as at Satory ; that many of the
regiments indulge in the luxury of a neatly-constructed
sun-dial, with a turf pedestal ; that the interior fittings
of the huts and tents show many ingenious contri-
vances for shelves and pegs on which to stow away
accoutrements ; and that it is no unusual thing to see
an artist soldier, as is at present the case at Wimereux,
with a band of assistant comrades modelling au image of
the Virgin for the chapel. As another illustration of the
tree use made in this country of the soldiers' services,
a public hail cannot take place in the town of Boulogne
without having sentinels placed round the room. The
French army performs unhesitatingly among its other
duties many of those which, with us, belong to the
police, and which would, therefore, be regarded as dero-
gatory to the military character. In some respects they
remind one of our sappers, always ready to turn their
hands to any work which the Government required to be
executed-, and who seem always to be more skilled la-
bourers than soldiers. It is, perhaps, in some degree
this character of the army in France which detracts from
the mechanical perfection and precision of its discipline,
for the same result is observable to a certain extent in
our sappers. Being a small body, the inconvenience is
little felt with the latter, but when it extends through-
out the entire force it becomes serious indeed ; one con-
sequence is, that when critical movements have to be
executed in the face of an enemy, a degree of confusion
arises which must be highly objectionable, and no one
could help observing the other day at Marquise moments
when, with dense columns deploying into line or form-
ing square, a sudden charge of cavalry or a well-di-
rected cannonade might have proved the most disastrous
effects. It would appear that drill is very little attended
to'; that recruits, instead of being handed over to a non-
commissioned officer for careful training, are left to be
broken in by the junior officers of each company, and
that they are turned out as available for active service
with a rapidity which would quite shock the notions of
our martinets. No one who has paid frequent visits to
the different camps around Boulogne can fail to have
observed the great absence of bodies of men going
through their parade exercises and evolutions, At
Chobham, with fielddays twice and three times a week,
this was of constant occurrence ; but here, when such a
thing is seen, it usually turns out upon inquiry to be a
punishment for misconduct. .
In considering the effective characterof French troops
next to the want of that precise and splendid discipline
which distinguishes our own army, we notice the ex-
treme and objectionable youthfulness of a very large
,
proportion of thethsmehnutihuoyesa—charnedgiitfnetnhte—ir thhoedyieasrewneroet
men or even youths,
strong enough to stand the load which they have to
and constancy of
hfiarmventeossendu.re, it is impos-
sible
mind—the attribute of manhood—which, above all
things,
of f such tender years the weight theirUpon lads o
carry
thatand they the
canfat i gh
'la
ev
e they
yt
injurious
knap-
sacks and other equipments must have a very
things, is an essential quality for the field of battle. 1
heavily burdened on the march
French soldier is less
the contrary, with less physical strength
than ours ; on
his load is greater, and though comparisons
effect, for it. is. quite a mistake to suppose that the
to bear it,
made in this respect unfavourable to the
hßarvi:ish been
service, they would certainly not be borne out
high leather
of the
cir-
cumstances. The choking effect
especially during
stock worn by the British soldier has,
it is °
hot weather, placed him at a disadvantage, and. be-
yonddupon a fair trial, conducted under precisely similar
dispute that greater attention to convenience and
comfort combined with a con-
siderableto the load actually put upon his back, it
even now, as
satisfactory to know that he is a less encumbered man
is
c om fort
reduction dculcnttilo) inn gi
n htihme bulkfnaY and weight of his kit, but
than his comrade of the French service. I am assured
on the march in very hot weather, French regi•
ments that
suffer dreadfully, and one instance has been men-
tioned to me in which a battalion setting out from Paris
nearly 800 strong reached BoulOgne with only 200 men.
InAlgeria great latitude is allowed as to clothing,
•es-
pecially in leaving thethroat and chest exposed, and the
experience which a large portion of the French troops
now serving in the East acquired there has no
doubt, been found useful in Turkey. It furnishes, how-
ever, a striking and sad example of the difficulties which
surround warfare, and of the impossibility of finding
equipments suitable to every variety of circumstance,
that those troops, sleeping at night in their small, loa
Arab tents, should. have suffered so frightfully from
cholera. Whatever the objections to our bell tents may
be, they must be far safer to use when epidemic disease
is prevalent.
A point of some interest to the military system of
both countries, which the camps round Boulogne afford
an opportunity of alluding to, is that, with the excep-
tion of the vivandiere, no women are allowed to accom-
pany French regiments. She is generally the wife of
some deserving man in the ranks, who, as a reward of
his good conduct, has the canteen, in the management
of which she assists him. A near view of the fille du
regiment is almost as destructive to the operative
romance thrown around her as the fact that she is not a
femme sole. Cockney visitors to Boulogne during their
holydays have been sorely perplexed at finding illusions
borrowed from the well-known prints of the music-
shops rudely destroyed by these facts. On the other
hand, they have been able to produce startling effect
upon the minds of French military men by relating how
many women English regiments sent out to the East
have taken with them. Whatever be the gallantry of
the nation, the French army is certainly far eclipsed by
our in that respect. Every one remembers the pro-
vision made at Chobham for the wives of the soldiers,
the great public subscription for the families of those
who have gone to fight our battles in Turkey, and the
announcements which have appeared from to time of the
number of women, and even children, which the trans-
port ships took out as a part of their freight. In the
French service all this is obviated by a rule requiring
that every officer and soldier, before he obtains permis-
sion to marry, shall produce proof that his wife has a
sufficient income of her own to prevent her becoming a
burden upon him. What would the fair sex in Eng-
land say to so stern and mercenary a decree ?
The distribution of honours, such as medals and the
Cross of the Legion of Honour, constitutes a peculiarity
in the French army which seems worth pointing out.
These marks of distinction are awarded with great libe-
rality, yet they seem much prized by the recipients,
apparently because they are received on special grounds
in each case. It is objected to our service that we give
medals indiscriminately to all who have been under fire,
or, if special honours are awarded, they are given only
to those already in high position, while acts of devotion
or merit on the part of subordinates remain unrecog-
nised. It certainly is an agreeable thing to see non-
commissioned officers, and even privates, distinguished
from their fellows by a badge calculated to excite emu-
lation ; and, if the military profession still looks to such
rewards, there seems no good reason against the French
mode of conferring them.
With reference to the mess arrangements of the
French officers, it may, perhaps, be useful to point out
wherein they differ from us. In our service the practice
is for all the officers of a regiment to mess together, the
colonel taking the head of the table at dinner. In theirs,
only officers of the same rank mess together, the senior
presiding. A good deal may be said in favour of the
one plan or the other, but undoubtedly the expensive
style of living which prevails in [our army, and which
practically tends to exclude all but men of wealth from
'molding commissions in it, should induce those who are
mnxious for a reform to look with interest at every point
in that interior economy of the military profession in
France which enables officers, upon very slender means,
to preserve the appearance and bearing of gentlemen.

While, therefore, this ill-defined system has left
Austria at variance with Russia, in perplexity with
Turkey, and on doubtful terms with the rest of Germany
it has also had the effect of largely increasing the dis-
trust of the Western States. Austria has no power
whatever over their movements, which were not sus-
pended for a single day to meet her convenience, and she
will exercise no influence over their future intentions until
her own are perfectly clear. Hitherto she has proposed
every successive measure in which she had taken part
with us. The Conference of Vienna and its protocols,

the quadruple convention which Prussia declined to ac-
cept in March last, the separate treaties with Prussia
and with the Porte, the terms of negotiation last offered
to Russia, and even an offensive and defensive treaty be-
tween Austria, France, and England, which was on the
point of signature when the Russians announced that
the Principalities should at once be evacuated, were the
successive and consistent steps of Count Buol's policy.
These were accompanied by enormous military and
financial preparations for war. Every preliminary mea-
sure had been deliberately and gradually taken ; nothing
remained to be done but to give effect to the last resolu-
tions of this long-suffering, much-enduring policy.
Russia declared that the terms which Austria made the
sine qua non of peace were utterly inadmissible, and
could give rise to no further discussion, but that the
basis of future negotiations must be settled by the
fortune of war. And it was at this extreme point
that the Emperor Francis Joseph and his Ministers dis-
covered that, after • all, they had no casus belli against
the author of these calamities, whose encroachments
they had repelled, and whose ascendancy in the Black
Sea and on the Danube they had declared to be incon-
sistent with the independence of Turkey and the balance
of power ! Such a decision at this moment did un-
doubtedly occasion great surprise to those who were
acquainted with the extent of Austria's preparations
and the language of her assurances ; and, although it
can produce no effect upon the great expedition in
which the Allied Powers are now engaged, it gives them
the right to require of Austria, at a suitable and not
distant time, a more precise and positive explanation of
her definitive intentions, for her present course of policy
is calculated only to prolong and extend the evils of war,
and to embroil her with those very States whose cause
she bad thus far adopted.—Times.

COMPELLING THEM TO COME IN.—The Rev. W F.
Vance, incumbent of Coseley, has the last three weeks
descended the coal pits of Lord Ward, H. B. Whitehouse,
Esq., and the Messrs. Bagnall, at the dinner hour of the
men, and preached to them. The rev. gentleman in-
formed them that asp hey neglected to come to church
to hear the gospel message, he would bring the church
to them; The number generally present, it is said, is
about 60 men. It is gratifying to add that, so pleased
Were the men with this attention, that they invited the
rev. gentleman again to visit them, which he promised
to do in succession, as he means to descend all the pits
in his district. The rev' gentleman, on being remon-
sptlrieadtznegdm thatEwAßi
Aut hug
hisA. on
1l
life
eAh
IlewLBWdas
was of
rog.f
9—e
2nr
3To
lofr.ma sucho3rc:
f rond
importancet.uh; ne deoet
hrr trraeektsehpi naowgnn ,
de
eri
thenke
r-s
poor man's life.—Wolverhampton Chronicle.
ending
last year, 8111.. 16s. lid.