The Sun.
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TR I ESEM AR, protected by Royal Letters
Patent of England, and secured by the seals of the Ecole de
Pharmacia de Paris, and the imperial College )1' Medicine, Vienna.

TRIE,4EMATI, Nn. I,
la a remedy for Relaxation, Sperniatorrhma, and Exhaustion of the
System.

TRTESEMAR, No. 2,

effectnally, in the short space of three days, ccmpletely and entirely
eradicates all traces of those Disorders which Capivi and Cubebs
have so long been thought an antidote for, to the ruin of the health
,)f a vast porting of the population.
TRI F,EI4.kR, No. 3,
he great Cont'nental Remedy for that class of Disorders, which
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evitable destruction of the patient's constitution, and which all the
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TRIFNEMA it, No. I, 2, and 3, are alike devoid of taste or smell,
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Sold in tin cases at I is. each, free by post, 2s. extra, divided into
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, Oxford-street.

e'!DE
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ERVOUS DEBILITY;
N Its Causes, Symptoms, and Cure.—An Essay on Sper-
Satomm
a, with
Practical Observations on a safer and more
131'et ..ee;,"Rful mode of treatment of the diseases of the Generative
el";°,11, obtained by the use of the Microscope in detecting and
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..5 h4l>ertant disorders.
by AA mITF.T, LA'VERT, M.D.
bo 87' lIEDFORD-SQUARE, LONDON!.
mei*. of Medicine, Matriculated Memeer o: the I:niverty 01 Edln
ter,:h, Honorary Member of the London Hospital Medical Society,
Tieentlate of Arethecaries' Hall, London, &c., *C.
amete"entiel obiect of this treatise is to point out the fearftil con-
vteheokee resulting from ccitain habits, he eeularities and excesses,
hood have produced more misery in Youth, degradatlon in M an-
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• r
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. v._ now the evil and its consequences semi he avoided, and above all,
cluelst there ',inanely any decree of physical Infirmity or functional
,ifeen)rennent to which the timely aid of science cannot apply a cure.
T Author has for a series of years heen engaged in an extensive
Practice In the treatment of these delicate complaints, which are
nn
nfortunately been too generally confided to the care of lemorant
miiiries, who inflict great injury on those who are induced to place
faith in their pretensions.
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OUTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.-
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By order. ARCHD SC /TT, Traffic Manager.
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3IAN., IFESTO.—THE NEW MINISTER of
HEALTH.

PEOPLE OF PNOLANE,—WO rej,ice that the worthy Member for
Marvleb,ne has been appointed Minister of Health ',ter meson for
r j ,clog in this avointment I+ that sir Benjam n Hall is at least
not a doct,r. It will not de now to mince trotters, but to speak
n'ainly and honest] . we know no•hlng ourselves of the opinions
entert-ined about medicine hp Air Ber&min Ha I hut we can tell
him this. that If he all Avs hiro.elf to he led bn dowor craft h's down-
far is cer ale. On the other hand, it he ate with firmness -nd on
his own common s •nsa of m t tte a, the people will be with him. The
appointment see. gto confer great powers on the minister. both as
retards the removal of nui.attee-, nr, judicial to health. and the treat-
ment of cholera. Now we declare to =ir rte.,j imtn. ;45; we hwe duce
al' a'ong, that the mixture prepared by tile advice of do •tors for the
cholera and which he people are told to take, is the very worst th t
can he devised Tha mixture we understand to consist princinally
of opium and chek, both of which interfere most seriously with the
proper action of the bower, and, If it be persevered in, en far fr,m
ehe'-kine the cholera, It will aggravate the dis.ase. Let Sir Benja-
m n reflect the it is not in the interest. ...f doctors t. mire any disease
These are Its rd worde, hut they are true. The exp,•rience of 20 yt,ars
with cholera eases has at' istled us and hunch, ds other. that the
cholera can only be met by an efficient and powerful vegetalle pur-
eative, ich at once strikes at the root of the disease by expelling
all offending matter. On this we stake our ex stence. The most
complete proof can he adduced that. we are right. Doctors, on the
other hand, have been ten inv all sorts of useless thin s, the last
.thing bein "laughing gas," and they are still d Tided as to treat
ment. Hygeists have only used one treatment, and on that and that
only they rein.
Let Sir Penjamin remember that all the sanitary measures have
nro-eeded from the people and not from the dootors, who live by
disease. The more there is of it the better for the C lass, We are
notwithstanding, perfe. tly aware that in the medical profession there
are many most earned and good men ; but still, as a class, we con-
tend th •.t they do exist by the amount of disease. Let the Minister
of Health also remember that the people will no longer allow them.
selves to be treated in disease thro"gh ri,ht or wr ng—that the whole
untry is alive on the po'nt —and th st they will assert their right in
spite of all doctors or no doctors, Re' al Colleges of Pt yslcians or
any other co lege. The immnrt 1 stem of James Morrison, the
Ilygeist, that all diseases proceed from impurity of the blood, and
that alon', has opened such a flood of light on this question that no
power can stand agsinst It ; and, therefore, in the full reliance that
the Almighty will properly direct the Ministerof Health in his holy
and moat important mission,

We remain, fallow-countrymen,
Your ohedient servants.
THE MIRAIR ERN or THE lIRITIAH COLLEGE OF HEALTH,
New-road, London, for the Society of Hygeists.
August 16, A.D. 1854.

THAT ARE THE FORCES DOING ?
Everyone's attention is turned to affairs in the Baltic and
the Black Sea, and are anxious to know what the forces are doing.
It is generally known th't they are equal to any exigency, and fully
qualified for the business they have undertaken. In numbers, skill,
military experience, and resources, they are super;or to any power
which Russia con command.

With equal intere.t everyone asks, what are the gigantic forces of
E MOSE 4 and SON doing at this season of the year? We can
answer this question withoui any difficulty whatever.
E. MOSES and .:ON mat age their bus news with perfect skill and
experienc•• in every department; they direct every man's talent to
the ri,tht object- consequently their productions possess such excel-
lencies as are not discovered in any other articles of attire.
E. Noses and SON'S forces are superior to any exigency which
mac arise, and they can execute orders for any description of dre•s
to any amount, with more promptitude, correctness, despatch, and
economy, than any other house.
E. MosEs and SON'S resources are inc-edibly extensive, and are
expressed in a magnitude and novelty of stock in each department.
Readysmadr‘ dress for all cl,,sses— styles for Sportsmen, Excursion-
ists. Business Men, an others, all novel, comfortable, and eles ant.
Hats ant Caps, the best, cheapest, and most stylish. The most
fashionable Hosiery Goads which were ever presented, and the moat
complete outfits for emigrants to any part of the world.
E. MOSES and t"ON'S forces. d,re ted to the Wholesale Clothing,
Shirt, and Boot and Shoe business, offers alvantares far above com-
parison ; and Merchants, Captains, Emigrants and others, will derive
more profit from their goods than from apy other description of mer-
chandise.

Full LISTS of OUTFITS for Ladles and Gentlemen, with ship-
sailing information, may be had on application, or post free.
MORES and SON regret having to guard the
public against imposition, having learned that the untradesman-like
fal,h of of "Being connected with 'heir Estahlishment," or " It's
the same concern." has been resorted to in many instances, &nu for
obvious reasons, they beg to state that they have
No CIINNEKION WITH kNY OTHER HOUSE IN Oa OUT OF LONDON,
except their own Establishments, as follows :

London City Eitablishment, 154, 155. 156, and 157, Minories, 84,
85, and 86, A7dgate, opposite the Church. all communicating.
London West-end itranch, 50,1, 507, 508, New Oxford-street. 1,2,
and 3, Hart-street, all commuicatlng.
Bradford (Yorkshire) Brooch, 19 and 20, Bridge-street.
,hettield Branch. 36 LP anzate.
Colonial Wholesale Branch, Melbourne, Au;traila.
Merchant rano. Clothiers, Hatters, Hosier., Furriers, Boot and
ihoe Makers, and General Outfitters for Ladies and Gentlemen
EMPORTANT.—ShouId any article not give satisfaction, it will he
exchanged if desired, or, if preferred, the money will he returned
without he.itation. All goods are marked in plain figures. the lowest
price, mom which no aha.ei,,ent can he made

The Establishments are closed from sense` on Fridays to sunset
on --tatiirdays, when hnsirtes resumed till 12 o'clock

A new Book, with illustrations, entitled " The Echo of Public Opi-
nion," conts.ning full lists at prices, our system of stelt.measure-
mtnt, 8.c., may he hs.d on application, or post-free.
Id t'nn nark• Francais]. QUI qi parla It 'Mann.
snriebt man IlpetsPh Anti. su hells h,sosnn

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LON DON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 23, 1854.

to the invalid depot, St. Mary's Barracks, to be disposed
of by the decision of a Chelsea board.

THE COAST GUARD BRIGADE.
The supernumeraries who have joined the Coast Guard
service in the place of those who have been sent abroad,
are daily exercised with the long gun exercise at Sheer-
ness, under the superintendence of Lieut. Hosken, of
the Garrison Point station. The result from the daily
training is, that the-e men, many of whom a week ago
bad never seen a gun, can now go through all their
evolutions, and fire with great precision.

MAILS FOR THE BALTIC.
Mails for the Holyr(.od hired steam transport hare
arrived at Sheerness for the Baltic fleet. She was expected
there yesterday. A countermanding order gives until
the 26th instant to make up her mails at that post-office.
No official intimation has been given by the authorities
there cf her intended arrival. However, a number of
persons residing there, having relatives and friends
serving in the Baltic fleet, are making the necessary
preparations to avail themselves of this opportunity of
communicating with their relatives and friends. There
are many families there who have fathers, and some two
or three their sons, now fighting the battles of their
country; and it is only by a side-wind report they are
enabled to know when opportunities offer to send either
letters or newspapers out to them. Some thousands of
pence might be added to the Postmaster-General's
receipts if only publicity were given when ships are to
call there for mails for the Baltic or Black Sea fleets.

MISCELLANEOUS.
The Princess Alice, formerly one of the Dover mail-
steam-packets, having been thoroughly refitted, was
taken out of the basin yesterday to moorings in the
stream.

THE 46TH REGIHENT.—Lieut. G. F. Greer, of this
regiment, is the son of the late William Jackson Greer,
J.P., of. Rhone Hill, county Tyrone, and not, as has
been stated, the son of Mr. Greer, of Portstewart,
county Derry.
His Imperial Brazilian Majesty's steam-sloop Gequi-
tinhouha, Captain Lerner°, recently built in the Thames,
arrived in Plymouth from London on Thursday, and,
having coaled, sailed on Saturday for Rio Janeiro.
Mr. W. H. Skinner, clerk's assistant (first appoint.
ment) has taken up his appointment, and joined the
Wellesley guard-ship of Ordinary, at Chatham.

THE MILITIA.
The 3d West York Light Infantry, at present sta-
tioned in Dublin, were inspected on Monday in heavy
marching order, by Major-General Cochrane, com-
manding the garrison, on the esplanade facing the
Royal barracks. The regiment was formed in line at 11
o'clock, a.m., when the Major-General arrived, accom-
panied by his staff, and was received with the usual
honours, Colonel F. Loftus commanding.

THE INVASION AND CONQUEST OF
FINLAND BY RUSSIA. 1808-1809.

and Limango, whilst the Russians did the same near
Brahestad and Karikinda, above Brahestad. On the
27th of April, assuming the offensive a second time, the
Swedish general completely defeated the Russians at
Revolax, wherc General Boulatoff was wounded and
made prisoner. Five days afterwards, on the 2d of
May, CoL. bandels cut in pieces a Russian corps atPul-
killa, nerth of Saint Michel, in the Savolax, and carried
off a whole park of artillery. He also recaptured

Klingsporr, on his side, reoccupied Braliestad, which
had been evacuated by Toutchkoff on the report of an in-
surgent movement manifesting itself at various points.
After having taken a fortified position on the north bank
of the Pyhajocki, he pushed forward a reconnaissance
towards IC:jam, in Eastern Finland, whilst Toutchkoff
fortified himself at Himango and Gamle Carleby. The
Swedish army, reinforced by troops from Sweden, reck-
oned then about 18,000 men. However, it was the time
when the frost sets in, and when the snow falls, and all
important operations were obliged to be suspended ;
Colonel Sandels alone surmounting every obstacle, con-
tinued his course in Eastern Finland. He spread so
much alarm that it was necessary not only to send to the
spot, with the greatest precipitation, the troops located
in the environs of St. Petersburg, in order to cover Nys-
lott, but also to despatch a division which advanced in
all haste to Kuopio. It had also been found necessary
to detach a portion of the corps of cavalry blockading
Sweaborg, to defend and keep in order the country of
Heinola.

[The. Moniteur of Sunday, the 20th inst., contains the
following account of the conquest of Finland by Rus-
sia. At tie present moment a peculiar interest attaches
to this event ; but what has principally moved us to
devote so ranch of our space to the narrative is the con-
viction that there is an arriere-pensee in its publication
in the Moniteur just at this time.]
Russia had been for some time vainly endeavouring to
persuade Sweden to unite with herself and Denmark for
the purpose of closing the Balticagainsttbe English. Sud-
det.ly, without any declaration of war, without even
waiting for the answer to the last summons, she invaded
Finland. The ultimatum spoken of was the subject
of a note dated the 22d of February, 1808, and, the
evening before, the Russian troops had passed the fron-
tier of the two states. The invasion of Finland, during
a time of profound peace, is one of a class of acts at the
commission of which, Russia never hesitates. It is a
proceeding similar to that of the occupation of the Prin-
cipalities of the Danube in 1853.

Sweaborg, a place of the first rank and importance,
was on the eve of capitulation. On the Bth of May it
surrendered, although it was not at all proved that the
resistance might not have been prolonged. This was a
valuable indemnification to the Russians for the reverses
which they were then experiencing.
The Swedes, in their turn, retook the islands of Goth-
land and Aland. They failed, however, in other expedi-
tions despatched from Swedish ports. The most impor-
tant of these failures were the expeditions directed against
Abo and Wasa. In revenge Count Klingsporr ordered
an attack on Ny-Carleby, which was taken by General
Adlerkreuz and Colonel Grippenburg, in spite of the vigo-
rous resistance of General Jaukowitch.

During this time General Barclay de Tolly had ad-
vanced from Nyslatt and Wilmaustraudt, through the
Savolax, driving before him Sandels, whom he had forced
to evacuate Kuopio, and marching onwards to join
Raiewski, who had replaced Toutchkoff in command of
the troops destined to hold Klingsporr in check. The
Russians were desirous of forcing the Swedish general
back upon Toneo, on the other side of the Gulf of Both-
nia. But two vigorous, though fruitless, attacks made
by Sandels, on the 25th and 27th of June, against
Kuopio, which bad been left in charge of General Rak-
manoff, determined Barclay de Tolly to return to that
town to reinforce the troops in occupation, and to watch
over his defence himself. From the 30th of June he
was attacked there by the Swedes, and he only suc-
ceeded in repulsing them after a murderous contest.

At this period Raiewski, deceived in his hopes of being
rejoined by Barclay de Tolly, who had contented him-
self with sending him two regiments, threatened in front
by the superior force of Klingsporr, and rendered anxious
by insurrections which had just broken out along the
whole coast to the south of Wasa, evacuated that town
on the Ist July, and concentrated the main body of his
troops on Salmi to cover the centre of Finland.

On the 2d, Colonel Wlastoff, who was bringing him
the two regiments despatched by Barclay de Toffy, de-
feated Col. Fiaudt at Hindulaks. Fiaudt, attacked on
the 11th at Perko, by Jaukowitch, was repulsed in the
direction of Qainle Carleby. On the Bth Raiewski had
dislodged a Swedish regiment from Happo ; he then fell
back towards Tavasthus, and took up a position at
Alavo on the 19th of July. There being harassed by a
partisan corps under the orders of a sergeant of the
name of Root, seeing his communications intercepted,
and his convoys seized, and in danger of being cap-
tured with his corps, he made a hasty retreat upon Ta-
vasthus.

Finland, covered with lakes, marshes, and hills, with
rocks d forests, contains a population of scarcely
1,200,000 souls, scattered over a supei &ies of about
58,000 square miles. Its present boundaries are the
Gulf of Bothnia on the west, Norway on the north, the
governments of Archangel, and Olonetz, and the Lake
Ladoga on the east, and the Gulf of Finland on the
south. It stretches almost to the gates of St. Peters-
burg. In 1808 it was separated from Russia by Rus•
sian Finland—that is to say, by that part of the grand
duchy of Finland which the treaties of peace of Nistad,
in 1721, and of Abo, in 1743, had taken from it on the
other side of the river hymen. These acquisitions did
not satisfy Russia, which from the time of Peter I. had
ardently coveted the possession of the whole of Finland.
The neighbourhood of the Swedish province was a
source both of trouble and anxiety. The Emperor
Alexander could not forget that in theyear 1788, during
the last war with Sweden, Gustavus 111., at the head
of nearly 40,000 men in Finland, had thrown Petersburg
into the greatest consternation, and that-the court had
determined to seek refuge in Moscow:.
The slimes -of Finland are the part of the country
most densely populated, but at the same time its vulne-
rable side. Although defended by forts and numerous
lines of military communications, they are not the
less accessible to attacks of an enemy who is master
of the sea. Such an enemy might cut off these com-
munications by landing detachments of troops, and
assist a Swedish army to recover the country. This as-
sistance would be the more powerful, as it would be, ac-
cording to all probability, assured of the assistance of the
population, generally hostile to Russia, and tired of its
domination.

The configuration of a territory so circumstanced as
Finland gave to this province at the time of the Russian
invasion great natural means of defence. It was pre-
pared, as if on purpose, for a war of detail. But at the
very commencement these advantages were paralysed by
the plan acted upon by the defenders of retiring before
the enemy, in accordance with the formal aed impera-
tive orders of the whimsical and presumptuous Gustavus
I.V. The instructions, in fact, given by the King to
Count Klingsporr, general-in-chief of the army of Fin-
land, on the 3d of February, in anticipation of a coming
rupture on the part of Russia, prescribed the relinquish-
ment of the country at the approach of the enemy.
The Swedish army was composed only of its Finnish
regiments, all communication with Sweden being cut off
by the ice in the Gulf of Bothnia. The lakes and rivers
which in summer form such powerful obstacles to an ad-
vancieg army, were frozen to a depth which enabled
them to bear artillery on their surface, and the shores
themselves of the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland lined
with ice prevented the approach of all maritime assist-
ance. Swedish Finland was thus left to itself, a province
contending against an empire.
Acting on these considerations, the King, in the in-
structions to C‘nint Klingsporr, charged him to restrict
himself to saving as much of the army as could be saved,
to throw into Swartholin and Sweaborg
as these places would hold, and to cause the remainder to
retreat towards East Bothnia in the best order that might
be possible, until other measures should be taken at the
opening of the navigation for recon ' quering the coun-
try.as many troops
This, however, was looking at things on one side
only. No consideration was given to the fearful obsta-
cles which the Russians themselves would experience
from the extreme rigour of the climate that year, when
' the cold was so intense that the thermometer stood at
30 degree.; (centigrade), and when the snows lay six feet
deep. The ~everity of such a temperature, the want of
resting-places, and the extreme poverty of the country 1
preparing terrible troubles andsufferings for great
so badly clothed as that of Russia, without
magazines and demoralised by recent reverses in the
campaign of Friedland.
awnerearmy
The Russian army, divided into three columns, and
boundary of the two states,
tKwaomptircli'amations ad-
dressed,commanded by Count Buxhowden, who had under him
Generals Raieswoki, Suchtelen, author of a narrative of
at Aberfors, Stromborg, and Keltis, the 21st of July,
mTeonii,ttchlliek obffn
n,
1808. It was proceeded by
tnbrnesaweadr,thße
and others,
one to the Finns, the other to the Swedish
argivltiKl
army. The first announced, without any attempt at
proof, however, that the Emperor of Russia was driven
by the conduct of the King of Sweden, and by conside-
rations of the safety of his own kingdom
to place Fin-
land and take
under his own protection possession of
it. The second excited the army to defection and de-
sertion. _ . -

On the 6th and 13th. of July other expeditions from
Sweden made two attempts to get possession of Kris-
tiniestad, on' the south-west coast. Each time the
Swedish forces were driven back to their vessels by
Colonel Orloff Denisoff, who was occupying K.ristiniestad
and Kasco on the shore, and Kauhajocki in the interior.
On the 20th of July the Russians defeated, at the foot of
the bridge at Finnstrom, a corps of insurgents, sup-
ported by the troops of the garrison of 1171,a, which
the Swedes had just reoccupied. On the 27th they
were beaten at Kaubajocki. At the same time the
Swedish naval force effected a new landing at Kristinie-
stad, their troops took possession of this town for the
third time, but they were for the third time driven out
again. At length Kauhajocki, retaken by Orloff
Deni-
soff, is reconquered on 2d August by the Swedes. We
see that up to this time the successes were about equal
on both sides, and that the Swedes could only be con-
quered by a superior force. The Russian army, in fact,
was receiving daily numerous reinforcements—its forces
increased every day, whilst those of Sweden were weak-
ening by the efforts made during their heroic but un-
equal resistance.

On the Ist of September, General Kamenski marched
towards Sippola, at the head of a very considerable
body of troops. Klingsporr immediately
_evacuated
Wass, and fell back on Gamle Carleby. Attacked by
Kamenski at Orawais, he was defeated after a partial
success in the most bloody battle of the war. From
that time, despairing of regaining Finland with the
feeble resources which remained, he returned to Stock-
holm to make known the situation to the King Gusta-
vus IV., who would not listen to his representations.
When he left he had'given up the command of his army
to the old General Klercker. Kamenski advancing
along the Gulf of Bothnia, drove this army from position
to position to Brahestadt. The Swedish army was sta-
tioned at Salo, Palo, Savolax, and Plsocki—the van-
guard at Piehangi. It had suffered cruelly in the retreat.
Reduced to 6.000 men, by fatigue, sickness, and misery,
getting no subsistence from the sea, which was covered
with ice, deeply discouraged, and unable to make
head against an enemy •so superior in strength, it was
placed in the most critical situation. Its generals
deeming, therefore, resistance no longer possible, deter-
mined to communicate with Kamenski, for the purpose
of treating of the evacuation of Finland. They obtained
at first, on the 16th of November, 1808, a suspension of
arms for two days, on the condition of abandoning
Brahestadt, and of pushing back their vanguard to Olki-
jocki. On the 29th a convention was signed, in virtue
of which they evacuated the part of the shore which
they still held, and retreated to Tornea. The armistice
was to terminate on the 27th of December—it was after-
wards prolonged indefinitely.

But the Emperor Alexander disapproved of these ar-
rangements. Availing himself of the thickness of the
ice which covered the Gulf of Bothnia, in the month of
January, 1809, he prepared an expedition for the pur.
pose of taking the Aland Islands. At the same time he
ordered General Schowaloff, first, to denounce the ar-
mistice, and then to drive back the remains of the S wedo-
Finnish armies upon the western coast of the Gulf of
Bothnia, and to advance into Western Bothnia by way
of Tornea and Pitea. The two corps d'armee commenced
their march in the month of March, 1809. The Aland
Isles were defended by General Dobelu, and attacked by
the corps of Bagration, The Swedish forces, although
hard pressed, made an obstinate resistance. But Dobelu,
informed by a courier of the revolution at Stockholm—
which had just overturned the throne of Gustavus IV.,
and had placed the regency of the kingdom in the hands'
of the Duke of Sudermania—communicated this event to
the Russian generals, and prayed for a suspension of
hostilities. This was refused ; and Dobelu, forgotten in
the midst of the events that were happening at Stock-
holm, was soon reduced to the necessity of a precipitate
retreat.

In the meantime Sehowaloff made himself master of
Tornea, and compelled General Grippenberg to sign
at Catix, on the 25th March, a convention, by which
the remainder of the Finnish army was disbanded, and
the whole country between Catix and Tornea, ceded to
the Russians. Thus ended the war which brought Fin-
land under the dominion of Russia—a war which, if the
measures of the Finnish general bad been better pre-
pared in anticipation of a surprise—if the military forces
of Sweden, which, although amounting to upwards of
100,000 fighting men, were yet insufficient for the de-
fence of Finland, had been more effectively employed—
might have had a very different result. Nay, there is
reason to believe, that had it not been for the initial
oversight, had it not been for Klingsporr's disastrous
retreat before an enemy whom he had never yet fought
with, and whom subsequently he vanquished more
than once, under circumstances far less favourable,
Finland would have remained a Swedish province. The
responsibility fell ultimately on the King, Gustavus IV.,
whoso intervention, equally irrational and despotic,
crippled the operations of his generals, and was the
principal cause of their reverses. Upon him also fell the
penalty. Everybody knows how much the loss of Fin-
land influenced that national movement which tore from
his brow the ancient and glorious crown of Sweden.

s:frynations impro-
abuvtio yleastteernday of
the
es
raigllhyt, v
Gustavus IV., when he heard of this aggression on
ptheerlpyarretpolifeda
On the 3d of March, 1803, he ordered the arrest of the.
Russian Minister at Stockholm, M. d'Alopceus. The
Emperor Alexander took care not to imitate this pro•
topoitwbeyr
ceeding, but he seized the opportunity to declare to
Europe that he was incorporating with his own states
that part of Finland which his troops had already con-
quered. This was unmasking the intention of the war,
and the covetousness which occasioned it.
The Russian General-in-Chief, Buxhowden, advanced
rapidly towards Tavasthus, where Count Klingsporr who
bad come from Stockholm, was posted with 5,000 men.
The Swedish general, Klercker, disputed the approach
step by step, and had made every preparation for a battle;
but Klingsporr, nut daring to assume the responsibility
of contravening the positive orders of his sovereign, and
forming an exaggerated estimate of the force of the Rus-
sians, retreated and abandoned without striking a blow,
nearly the whole of Finland to the enemy. The Russians'
hand nothing to do then, but to march forward. The
south and centre of Finland, the island of Aland and
Gothland, fell thus into their hands at the commence-
ment of April, 1803.
The war was not terminated. Count Rlingsporr had
retreated, it is true, towards the north, but he had pre-
served the important part of his army. His march was
not interrupted, and his line of retreat was not cut off.
An hostile return on his part mi▪
ght any day change the
situation. In order to avert thi▪ s danger?, and to put an
end to it, Count Buxhowden had thrown forward all
his forces in the direction of Uleaborg, with orders to
attack the enemy wherever they should come up with
him. But Klingsporr after having continued his march
by Limango and Brabestad, all of a sudden assumed
the offensive, and gained a marked advantage at &Ira-
jocki in a contest which was the first truly serious affair
of the campaign. Then recommencing his retreat almost
immediately, ho concentrated Ina army on Iduroijocko

ODESSA.—Odessa contains about 70,000 inhabitants,
lies on the linean or estuary of the little river Peressip,
in the Black Sea. The harbour is bad, but the roadstead
has some advantages. This town was founded by Cathe-
rine 11., in 1792, and rose rapidly under the judicica ;
administration of the Duke de Richlieu, a French emigre,
under Alexander. It owes its flourishing condition to
the exportation of wheat from Podolia, Bessarabia, and
New Russia. The population is very mixed, presenting
specimens of most nations subject to and bordering on
Russia. There are two harbours, one for Russian ships
of war and coasters ; the other the quarantine harbour,
for ships coming from the Bosphorus. It has twenty
streets, macadamised, or paved with granite. The
houses, all built of stone, are very respectable and sub-
stantial structures. Inclitding its cathedral, it has
no fewer than twenty-two churches, sixteen docks, thirty
bridges, bazaars, baths, and a theatre. There is also a
college, which was founded in 1817, and which, in 1846,
had no fewer than thirty-two tutors, and nearly two
hundred students. Other educational establishments
exist, and are equally flourishing. There is a school feir
" noble ladies ;" schools of navigation and commerce ;
an ecclesiastical seminary, and a cabinet of natural_
tory. It has open boulevards, a botanic garden. and
several other public gardens.—Russia ; the People, Coun:
try, end ancrwriant.