The Sun.
London, England, 1854-02-06 00:00:00

PART 11.

Selection (La Sonnambula), Bellini ; Duett (The Cousins), C. W.
Glover, the 31i,ses Brougham ; Mazurka (Ileroique), Kalozdy;
Solo, pianoforte (Morceau de Concert), Miss Julia Warman ; Song
(Dream of the Heart), Glover Mr. A. H. Percy ; Waltz (Eglinton),
Kalozdy; Song (Bonnie Dundee), Miss Josephine Brougham; Qua-
drille (Malta), Kalozdy; Galop (Times), Kalozdy.

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:MEDICAL ADVICE ON THE SECRET INFIRMITIES; OF
YOUTH AND MATURITY.
73 R. SAMUEL LA'MERT, 37, BEDFORD-SQUARE, LONDON,
De ctor of Medicine, and Matriculated Member of the University of
Rdinburgh, Honorary Member of the London Hospital Medical
7
'Society. Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall, London, loc., &c.
I\AYbe consulted, personally, or by letter, on
k/1-
11 the various disorders of the nervous and generative system,
re suiting from juvenile Irregularities and excesses, which haverema-
pro-
olt iced more misery in youth, degradation in manhood, and p
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c-
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lit is absolutely necessary that all men should know that there are
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in c erring grievous penalties, and when wisdom and regret succeed
th e. heyday of inconsiderate self-Indulgence, how these penalties
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At home for consultation daily from Eleven till Two, and from
is till Eight. All letters must contain the fee of ii., and advice and
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It is desirable that patients wishing to consult Dr. LA'MERT
bould first obtain a copy of his work on
SELF-PRESERVATION

Medical Treatise on the Philosophy of Marriage and Nervous and
lienerative Debility, illustrated by fifty-coloured engravings, and des-
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ON THE SECRET CAUSES OF SELF-ACQUIRED MISERIES
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A HINT To PoTAto GROWEIIS. --- A correspondent
calls our attention to a sta.temont that the vine in south-
ern Europe and the Macieirm hsebees blighted by a micro-
scopic acarus, and that the use of manures rich in iodine
has been found to enable the plant to resist its destroyer;
and in some districts of Spain decomposed seaweed is
used as manure. He mentions that he has used rotten
kelp as manure for the rine on the south coast of Devon,
and, when he removed too far from the coast, iodine, in
almost minute quantities, with great success. He sug-
gests that if iodine were mixed with the usual manure
for potatoes it would probably prevent disease,

Vienna Note there had been a singular amount of
diplomatic blundering. Four trained diplomatists
had drawn up a document to secure a certain object,
which object such document left substantially
unsecured, and, what is more, the oversight re-
mained undetected by their respective Govern-
ments, and even unappreciated after its detection
by Turkey, until Russia herself came forward with
a demonstration of the fact. It is evidently not
credible that either the Vienna negotiators or
the Western Cabinets should have assented to
the Note if they had believed it to contain
what it did contain, for such a course would
have been a gratuitous sacrifice of the very prin-
ciples for which they were taking the trouble
to contend. If they had designed to let the Czar
have his way, they might have done so without
any conference at all, and their labour would have
been saved. All that can be said is, that when
the mistake became really apparent they did their
best to remedy it ; and, as -they were not in the
position of accepted._ arbitrators, whose award was
to be final, they were left with perfect liberty to
support the Turkish Government in a refusal which
had been thus unexpectedly justified. This course
the Governments of France and England promptly
adopted, and while still earnestly advocating a
pacific settlement, they resolutely backed the Porte
in its rejection of the Vienna Tote. We subjoin
the despatch of the British Government in which
these views were justified.
But other scenes were now at hand. The efforts
of Europe had hitherto been successfully exerted in
preventing an actual outbreak of hostilities, and in
disguising with the semblapp eVereality Sia, little Ideff thoti ?Mk position,what in
how-
ever, could no longer be maintained. The ardour
p
excited among the Turks by the provocations of
Russia and the attitude of their Government
partook unavoidably of fanaticism, nor can we be
wrong in supposing that the support of two power-
ful nations (however, cautiously promised) encou-
raged the Ottoman Cabinet in its preparations for
conflict. The first development of these feelings
appears on the 11th of September, when a tele-
graphic despatch arrived from Constantinople,
announcing such a fermentation as to threaten,
not only the Christian population of the capital,
but even the throne of the Sultan himself.
revertingo certain incidents
bI ne
excused alluding
for t o this point,
we may perhaps
affecting our own accuracy. At the period referred
to, we informed the public of the events which had"
thus occurred, and we stated that the vessels which
on this occasion were detached from the combined
fleet had repaired to the Turkish capital, not in
pursuance of any new resolution or more warlike
policy on the part of the Western Powers, but
simply for the protection of lives and property at
the request of the Turks themselves. Our asser-
tions in this respect provoked the anger, not ()sly
of the Protectionist prints, but of journals with
fewer natural excuses ; and for weeks together it
was clamorously maintained that the movement of
the ships was directed against Russia solely, the
" coercion of the Turks " being a calumnious inven-
tion of our own. The reader may now see by the
actual despatches which statement was correct.
(Telegraphic.)
" The Ambassador of France at Constantinople to the
Minister for Foreign Affairs.
" Therapia, Sept. 11, 1853.

The first impression of all parties at this proceed-
ing was one of astonishment, if not displeasure.
N obody denied the abstract right of the Turks to
an opinion of their own, but, as their cause was in
European hands, and had been conducted with in-
contestable sincerity, it was not unreasonably
thought that they might have acquiesced in a deci-
sion arrived at with so much trouble. Especially
did this feeling prevail when the Turkish modifi-
cations became known, and appeared to involve no
substantial principle. Even Lord Stratford him-
self (p. 69) " repeatedly urged the danger of de-
clining, or only accepting with amendments what
the four friendly powers so earnestly recom-
mended, and what the Cabinet of St. Petersburg
had accepted in its actual state ;" and reported to
Lord Clarendon that of the Divan's objections
" two only appeared to involve considerations of
any weight." Five days later, however,'(August
18), he writes, that Redschid Pasha had commu-
nicated the Turkish views to him in a formal me-
morandum, and adds, " I confess that, in sub-
stance, it struck me as justifying more than I felt
myself at liberty to admit, or had even in some
respects anticipated—the course (viz. of refusal)
which his Government was prepared to adopt."
Still he " urged more the disappointment which
this refusal would occasion," and the " consequen-
ces which were too likely to ensue" (page 72) ; but
after two days' interval we find him (August 20\
acknowledging his conviction that the objectionable
passages of the Vienna Note could hardly stand as
they were, without exposing the Porte to infer-
ences not borne out by facts, and eventually
to pretensions that it would be equally in-
convenient, if not dangerous, to admit or
to resist," Lord Stratford, therefore, though
for some time doubtful, and at first ad-
verse, ultimately came to coincide with the Porte
in its views of the proposition. A similar conclu-
sion was gradually forced upon the Western Pow-
ers, though in a different way.
At first the European Governments were natu-
rally somewhat annoyed to learn that the State
under their protection had protracted their embar-
rassments by a refusal of the terms expressly devised
by themselves for its security. They thought the
Turkish modifications unnecessary, and on this very
account injudicious : but, as they did not think them
objectionable, or in any sense opposed to their own
views, they consented to recommend them to Rus-
sia. The Austrian Government (p. 85) "greatly
lamented the modifications which the Porte had
thought it right to introduce into the Vienna Note,
but strongly recommended their adoption." The
British Government (page 86) "earnestly hoped the
modifications proposed by the Porte might receive
the Czar's assent." The French Government (page
87) avowed its "dissatisfaction" and " disappoint-
ment" at the course of the Porte, but " hoped as
the modifications did not alter the sense of the
original Note, they would be admitted by the Em-
peror of Russia." The views of the English Min-
istry will be found elaborately developed in a de-
spatch from Lord Clarendon (p. 91) of September
10, in which, although the reasonableness of the
Turkish modifications, in themselves, is not im-
peached, it is argued that they do not afford any
such additional securities as to counterbalance risks

" The position of the Turkish Government becomes
worse and worse, and matters are arrived at such a state
as to cause serious apprehensions to be entertained of a
catastrophe, of which the inhabitants, Rayahs or Euro-
peans, would be the first victims, and which would even
threaten the Sultan's throne.

" Redschid Pasha and the Grand Vizier have imparted
these apprehensions to me. They have not concealed from
me, that the persons and the interests of my countrymen
would in that case be exposed to serious dangers, which
they were sensible they were incapable of preventing by
reason of the want of union in the Ministry and the threats
directed against themselves.
" The same notice has been given to the Ambassador of
England, and, after having come to an understanding with
each other, we have decided upon summoning from Besika,
each of us, two powerful steam-vessels, in order to reinforce
the ships at Constantinople, and that we may have at our
disposal sufficient resources for the protection of our coun-
trymen, aud, if necessary, for affording support even to
the Sultan, in case the movement urged on by the war
party should go the length of menacing his authority.
(Signed) " DE LA COUR."

incurred by delay. Another impression too, then
becoming current, is thus delineated :

"In conclusion, I have to observe that these last con-
ditions were not made in the Note sent to Vienna (by
the Porte), and which, without them, the Porte was
prepared to sign as a final settlement of the question.
There is, consequently, some reason to apprehend that
they have since been brought forward, under the convic-
tion that they could not be complied with ; and should
this unfortunately be the case, it will verify the predic-
tion of your Excellency (Lord Stratford), made so long
ago as the 16th of July, that there would soon be more
to apprehend from the rashness than from the timidity
of the Turkish Ministers ; and it will confirm the
opinion lately communicated to Her Majesty's Govern-
ment, and which they gather also from the tone of
your Excellency's despatches—namely, that the feel-
ing of the Turkish Government is a desire for war,
founded on the conviction that France and England
must still perforce side with Turkey, and that the war,
therefore, will be a successful one for the Sultan, and
obtain for him guarantees for the future which will ma-
terially strengthen his tottering power. England and
France will shrink from no obligation that their hcnour
and their duty clearly prescribe, let the sacrifice be what
it may, of fulfilling that obligation. . . . But other
interests besides those of Turkey are committed to their
charge, and, before they expose these to the dangers and
the injury, that war would inevitably entail, they are
bound to take care that no effort for the preservation of
peace has been omitted." (p. 95.)
Such were the general views of the British Go-
vernment, and th question was soon brought to
issue, for Russia, notwithstanding the recommen-
dation of the Four Powers, rejected the Note (p. 97)
with the Turkish modifications, and the dispute,
therefore, resumed its original aspect. But Russia
did something more than this ; she justified,
through a despatch of Count Nesselrode (pp. 99
—105), her own rejection ; and this justification
proved fatal to her cause. This document, which
we subjoin at length, made it clearly appear
that the apprehensions of the Porte were well
founded, and that the sense which the Turks had
detected hi the Vienna Note as injurious to their
own independence was not only actuallycontainedin
that Note, but had been relied upon by the Em-
peror of Russia in giving his adhesion to it. The
first to discern this fact was the British Minister.
On the 20th of September Lord Clarendon wrote
to Lord Westmoreland, " The reasons given by
Count Nesselrode in his analysis of the Turkish
modifications induce her Majesty's Government
to think that the apprehensions entertained by
the Porte, so far from being groundless, are to
a great extent justified." He again continues,
on the day following :—" Count Colloredo said.
that there would be" (in such case) "an end
to the Conference of Vienna. I answered that
that would be a matter of sincere regret to her
Majesty's Government, who had considered that
united opinion and action of the Four Powers
upon, not only the present, but future questions
between Russia and the Porte, would tend to
preserve peace and to uphold the Ottoman em-
pire, but that no advantage could be worth pur-
chasing by dishonesty, and her Majesty's Go-
vernment would consider it nothing short of',
dishonesty to persuade the Turkish Govern-
ment to sign the Note, now that they were
made aware that their interpretation of it was
not that of the Emperor of Russia" (p. 112). On
the 26th of September Lord Cowley writes from
Paris that he had duly read a copy of the despatch
above quoted to the French Minister, and that
" M. Drouyn de Lhuys replied, without hesitation,
that be subscribed entirely to your Lordship's rea-
soning." Again, therefore, were the British and
French Governments in complete accord upon the
Turkish question as thus constituted anew.
It cannot be denied that in this matter of the

"The Earl of Clarendon to Lord Stratford de Radcliffe.

" The malevolent intention of the Ministers of the Porte
will become still more evident, if we cite an instance—a
possible contingency. Let us suppose the very probable
case of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, recently extolled,
obtaining from the Porte prerogatives not enjoyed by the
Greek Patriarch. Any claim on the part of the latter
would be rejected, in consideration of his character of
' subject of the Porte.'

"the same objection would be made by the Ottoman
Ministry with reference to the Catholic establishments of
Palestine, in case any fresh advantage or right not specified
in the last &mans should hereafter be granted to them to
the prejudice of the native communities."

In the following despatch from the Earl of
Clarendon. to Sir G. H. Seymour, the British Min-
ister examines the interpretation which Count
Nesselrode put upon the Vienna Note :
" Foreign-office, September 30, 1853.
" Sir,—The despatch from Count Nesselrode to Baron
Meyendorf, communicated to me by Baron Brunow, an-
nouncing that the Turkish modifications of the Vienna
Note had been rejected by the Cabinet of St. Petersburg,
and the analysis of the grounds upon which that decision
was founded, would appear to preclude the hope of an
amicable arrangement between Russia and Turkey, and,
as their effects may consequently be disastrous to Europe,
they have received the serious attention of her Majesty's
Government ; and I shall now proceed to state She opinion
thatlhas been formed of them with reference to the in-
tentions of the Conference of Vienna in framing the Note,
to the motives of the Ottoman Government in proposing
amendments, and to the repeated declarations of the Em-
peror that he desired no new right nor any extension of
influence in Turkey.
" In his despatch Count Nesselrode alludes to the terms
on which the Note had been accepted at St. Petersburg,
and the understanding that if any changes were introduced
at Constantinople the Russian Government would be at
liberty to withhold its assent.

" Foreign-office, Sept. 23, 1853. "The Russian Government had, of course, a right to
•" My Lord,—By a telegraphic dispatch of the 11th make this condition, or to suggest amendments to the
inst. from M. de la Cour to his Government, which has Note. The Turkish Government, possessing a similar
been communicated to me by Count Walewski, Her Ma-
right, exercised it by proposing certain modifications. The
jesty's Government have learnt the alarming state of affairs Conference had no power to impose the Note on either
which then existed at Constantinople, and that upon the Party; its position was that of a mediator endeavouring to
representations of Redshid Pasha and the Grand Vizier to do equal justice to both parties, and its intention was to
your Excellency and M. de la Cour, you had each deter- guard the honour and independence of the Sultan, and se-
mined to send for two war steamers from Besika. cure to Russia what she was entitled to claim, but no more
" The latest date of the despatches received from your —viz., the maintenance of existing treaties, and the status
Excellency at this office is to the sth inst., and her Ma- quo in matters of religion. The Conference, therefore,.
jesty's Government have, therefore, no information of the could not refuse to entertain the modifications of the Porte,
events alluded to by M. de la Cour; but assuming, of although regretting the loss of time which they occasioned.
course, that his report is correct, I have the satisfaction of They were not looked upon as altering the sense of the
conveying to you the approval of her Majesty's Govern- Note, nor at variance with the intentions of the Con-
ment. ference, and they were unanimously recommended to the
" Under ordinary circumstances, and as long as the Sul-
acceptance of the Russian Government, the Russian Ali-
tan does not declare war against Russia, nor demand the nister at Vienna, it is understood, concurring in the re-
presence of the British fleet, we must scrupulously observe commendation.
the treaty of 1841, anc your Excellency's original instruc- "They have been rejected, but the Russian Government
tions on this matter remain therefore in full force. But did not take its stand upon the condition on which the
when it appears that the lives and properties of British Note had been accepted—viz., that of no change being
subjects are exposed to serious danger, and that the Turkish made ; but has fully entered into the objections to which
Government declares itself unable to avert that danger, it it considered the modifications were liable, and which
is clear that the treaty has no longer a binding force upon showed that inferences were drawn from the Note, and
us, and that urgent necessity supersedes its provisions. claims were to be established by means of it hereafter, al-
" Your Excellency is therefore instructed to send for together inconsistent with the views and intentions of the
the British fleet to Constantinople, and in conjunction with Four Powers.
the Admiral, to dispose of it in the manner you deem most " The frankness of this proceeding on the part of the Rus-
expedient for protecting British interests and the personal sian Government, and the determination that its intentions
safety of the Sultan ; and her Majesty's Government have should not be misapprehended, are, doubtless, very proper ;
no doubt that the Turkish Government will, without hesi- but, on the other hand, her Majesty's Government feel
tation, furnish the necessary firmans for that object. that, even while retaining their own original interprets-
" Similar instructions will be sent to M. de la Cour, and tion of the Note, it would now be highly dishonourable to
I need hardly say how essential it is that your Excellency press its acceptance on the Porte, when they have been
should act in entire concert with your French colleague. duly warned by the Power to whom the Note is to be ad-
" I am, are, dressed that another and a totally different meaning is
(Signed) " CIARENDON." attached to it by that Power. And, even if this were not
If any further exposition of this point is wanting, clirshtohneoruerabl e, it would be in the highest degree impolitic
it will be found at page 121, in a despatch from reference reasons stated ionfCaonunatmNeensrmlreonle:-
1 s tzsp!attratwee
Lord Stratford himself, dated Sept. 15 ; in Lord Emperor would expose himself `to renew political. relations
Clarendon's acknowledgment (page 123), and in with Turkey under unfavourable auspices, which deprive
the same Minister's communication to Baron Bru- them of all solidity for the future, and inevitably bring
now, under date of Oct. 1 (page 126). about a fresh and more decided rupture.'
These transactions occurred between the 11th "
relations er Mests Government earnestly desire to see the
and 15th of September, but before the end of the beajtweey'n Russia and the Porte re-established on al
friendly and permanent footing, and they, consequently,
month affairs assumed a new as aspect altogether. can be no party to an arrangement which the Cabinet of
On the 26th the Grand Council of the Turks St. Petersburg has shown would • frustrate the object which
solemnly pronounced itself for open war, leaving they have at heart.
the declaration of the fact to the discretion of the " Count Nesselrode appears to think that the modifica-
Sultan. The Sultan adopted the decision, and on tions are by no means insignificant ; but he seems not to
be aware that this goes far to justify the Turkish Govern-
the 4th October Lord Stratford forwarded the mani-
fest° of the Ottoman Government to such effect. meat
ino show
proposing then? ; and his Excellency altogether
fniSl t by what right, or in re • paration of what in-
(P. 158.) In this document the Porte formally de- jury, Russia claims admissions and concessions from the
dared war against Russia, and hostilities were to be Sultan, who is unwilling to make them, and whose inde-
commenced for the expulsion of the Russians from pendence Russia, together with the other Powers of Eu-
the Principalities if Prince Gortschakoff did not, rope, has determined to respect.
upon summons given, evacuate these provinces with- rod"e's Vie
treegr
hdavteo
tteheehfiserrsvteotbilja7tLien in Count laaTetsiVi -
in 15 days. This proceeding ii
c—anged. the whole posi- enna, in adverting to the active solicitude at all times dis-
tion- of the protecting Powers. -D
-...,y the treaty of played by the Emperor of Russia for the maintenance of
1841 the Dardanelles were i
e-osed to foreign flags, the privileges and immunities of the Greco-Orthodox
except on requisition of the Sultan church, simply intended to record the anxiety which every
in time of war,
and, as the Western Powers were t• •, , Sovereign must feel for the welfare, in a foreign country,
ac mg in otetence of the religion he himself professes • but the Conference by
of treaties, they could not so far belie their own • • ' immunities
prin- no means intended to affirm that the and pri-
ciples as to set treaties at nought. (See the views vileges in question were solely due to the solicitude of the
of France on this point, Part 1., p. 229.) Although Emperors of Russia, and the Porte is justified in asserting
therefore, the case really contemplated
by the treaty that many of these privileges one b
a date anterior to the
had been constituted by the Russian invasion of the existence of diplomatic relations between the two coun-
tries.
Principalities, the combined squadrons had hitherto " Count Nesselrode alludes to other grievances, but
remained outside the Straits. But when war had specifies none except that regarding the Holy Places,
been openly declared the Straits were no longer which has been satisfactorily settled ; nor have any other
closed ; a formal requisition for the presence of the grievances connected with religious matters at any time
fleets was made on the Bth Oct. (p. 189), and on the been put forward by Russia, and it was not for the Con-
20th (p. 196) AclmiralDundas was required by Lord ferenncoe tonoazeuree. the existence of wrongs of which they
had Stratford to concert measures with the Commander " But Count Lasselrode asks—where, then, was the ob-
of the French squadron, and to enter the Dards- ject of Prince Menschikoff's mission ?—and the answer to
nelles. that is the assurance repeatedly given, that it was to settle
The following is the Russian analysis of the three the question of the Holy Places, and to obtain a guarantee
modifications introduced by the Ottoman Porte
for its not being again disturbed. The question has been
• tin o settled to the satisfaction of all parties, and the Vienna
the Vienna Note referred to above :—..„ Note contains a guarantee against which Russia raises no
(Translation.) objection.
"1. In the Vienna draught it is said, 'lf the Emperors ' The modification proposed by the Porte with reference
of Russia have at all times evinced their active solicitude to the treaty of Sainardji appeared to her Majesty's Govern-
for the maintenance of the immunities and privileges of the mentwhollyuncalled for until they read the objection made
Orthodox Greek church in the Ottoman empire,' ''&c. to it by Count Nesselrode's Note. Her Majesty's Govern-
" Thispassage has been thus modified---' If the Emperors ment considered the stipulations of the treaty of Sala-
of Russia have at all times evinced their active solicitude ardji, and the maintenance of religious privileges, had been
for the religion and Orthodox Greek church.' disconnected in the Note in a manner not to be mistaken, and
" The words, 'in the Ottoman empire,' as well as those, indeed this is admitted by Count Nesselrode, but the Russian
' the maintenance of the immunities and privilegas,' have Government, while disclaiming all pretensions to exercise
been struck out in order to be transposed to a subsequent a protectorate, yet affirms that all these religious privileges
passage, and applied to the Sultans alone. This omission and immunities are direct consequences of the treaty which
deprives the mutilated passage of all its meaning and sense. was, doubtless, a solemn engagement taken by Turkey
For no one assuredly disputes the active solicitude of the towards Russia ; and the fulfilment of that engagement,
Sovereigns of Russia for the religion which they profess but no more, it was the object of the Conference to secure.
themselves, and which is that of their subjects. What it By Count Nesselrode's interpretation of the Note, how-
was designed to recognise is, that there has ever existed on ever, Russia would, under the 7th article of the treaty, be
the part of Russia active solicitude for her co-religionists entitled to superintend all these privileges and immunities,
in Turkey, as also for the maintenance of their religions which are of that peculiar character that she would be con-
immunities, and that the Ottoman Government is disposed stoutly able, if so minded, to interfere between the Sultan
to take account of that solicitude, and also to leave those and his subjects; and thus the religious protectorate,
which is abjured, and the new rights and extended rain-
immunities untouched, established.
" The present expression is the more unacceptable, since, ence, which are equally disclaimed would be .
was
by the terms which follow it, more than solicitude for the "It is superfluous to say that nonsuch intention
of
_sin.
en-
Orthodox religion is attributed to the Sultans. It is af- tertained by the Conference ; nor can the treaty E.
By
firmed that they have never ceased to watch over the main- ardji, by any subtlety of reasoning, be so construed.
remises to
protect
tenance of its immunities and privileges, and to confirm the 7th article of that treaty the Porte p
them by solemn acts. However, it is precisely the reverse the Christian religion in all its churches throughout the
of what is thus stated, which, having more than once oc- Ottoman dominions ; but, by the same article, the yrin is-
mined in times past, and specifically in the affair of , the ters of Russia are permitted to make
i
representationsn
nd this 1
Holy Places, has compelled us to apply a remedy to it, by ifavour of a new church and its ministe_nl;
Russian tirnomacy
demanding a more express guarantee for the future. H
had also been allowed to make representations on every
wo lend ourselves to the admission that the Ottoman Go-
matter connected with religion. If the article bore the
vernment has never ceased to watch over the maintenance!
of the privileges of the Greek church, what becomes of , sense that Count Nesselrode now seeks to attach to it,
the complaints which we have brought forward against it? it is reasonable to suppose that at the signing of the treaty
By doing so, we admit that we had no legitimate grounds 1 a stipulation so important as that of maintaining the pri.