The Sun.
London, England, 1854-09-09 00:00:00

LONDON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 1854,

The past of the Eastern Question is most in-
structive to the Allies, and to those whose money
they spend. They have succeeded in all they
have attempted by fore: ; tbey have failed in all
they sought by diplomacy. OMER PACHA and
the SULTAN, long held back by our representative
at Constantinople, succeeded at once as soon as
they trusted their own counsels and the bravery
of their troops ; Kalafat, Citate, many a small
skirmish, and the crowning unparalleled feat of
skill and valour at Sil'stria, followed in quick suc-
cession ; and the succes3 of the policy of force is
now to be seen in decimated Russian regiments
evacuating in disgrace the provinces they were to
"hold" as a material guarantee, and in the
Turkish victors pressing hard upon their recreant
backs. So much for the Danube and the pro-
vinces. Then at sea ; every fort attacked or
threatened on the Circassian coast has been
evacuated or destroyed ; Odessa was chastised, so
far as the commanders conceived would please
home authorities, quite successfully, but not suf-
ficiently, alas, to disenahle it from firing red hot
balls into a stranded ship ; and the mighty Sebas-
topol has . been converted into a coop for the
quaking three-deckers, at least to the full extent
to which our commanders have thought fit, for we
cannot forget the Vladimir, and the reported con-
veyance of military stores from the mouth of the
Bug to- the great fortress. Russian trade also on
the Euxine is at an end, just as far as force is
put in requisition. The tale is just the same in
the Baltic. All trade is- stopped there, and force
reigns triumphant as far as it is put forth ; the
lamentable little affair at Gamla Karleby is no
proper exception. That was the venture of a
light-armed boat's crew, where we ought to have
had a heavy armed but light draught gun-boat or
two, with rifle-proof bulwarks, before which
the sharp-shooters and field artillerymen
that port would soon have imitated their com-
rades on the Danube. And even against the long-
talked-of impregnable granite and casemates, force
has sustained its successful character. Oh ! the
snubs and sneers long vouchsafed to those who
would not be silenced in avowing their unhesitat-
ing conviction—their knowledge, that no granite
could stand the fire of our guns, much less of the
rapid and concentrated fire of the Duke of Wel-
ligton'•,s broadside. What ! we know more of
gunnery than Admiral CHAIM and his telescope,
which, and not his guns, he thought it most wise
to point at the " one mass of granite." The
scoffers may now suspect, if they will, that there
are other gunners as good as the gallant Admiral,
and that journalists have free access to better opi-
nions than thosefound "behind their desk" merely.
Yes ; Bomaraund has, luckily, compelled the
sonorous lecturers of " the rash" to adopt silently
the rash counsels, and to say as little as possible
about their own. The Allies in the Baltic have
been adequate to all they have attempted by
force.

But their diplomacy What a picture ! There
is literally nothing endurable in it but the admir-
able replies of DnOUYN DE L'HUYS to Russian
misrepresentation and lies. It has been weak,
trimming, and useless, from beginning to eud.
First treating the wOuld-be territorial felon, of
the SEYMOUR correspondence—tbe man who would
have made a co-felon of England—as an honest
man and a gentleman
; then
Vienna Conferences
next consenting to continue negotiations, even
after their miserable diplomacy had suffered the
passage of the Pruth. We hardly
knowof any
case in which two such Powers as Prance and
England ever appeared smaller than in submitting
to the wheedling
and shuffling of Austria and
Prussia on behalf of their brother despot. The
Vienna Note, too ! May it never be forgotten for
two such Governments to be caught in such a
trap, and to bp half reluctantly jerked out of it
by Turkish good sense and foresight. Our readers
will not desire to follow the intolerable details of
the correspondence and conferences with Czar,
Emperor, and King, till the war was de-
clared, and after it was declared, with
the two latter worthies;--the grand result
is enough ; it is twofold. The King of PRITssrA
acting the kind brother-in-law to the barbarian
husband of his sister, practically declaring against
us, and feeding the CZAR'S Exchequer, and ren-
dering half futile our blockade of the Baltic
ports, by giving free passage fcr our enemy's
goods and our own mercantile smugglers. On the
other hand, Austria, after paralysing one action by
empty parleying, intended to gain time for
Russia, still refuses to join in the war, still con-
tinues in correspondence with our enemy,' still
finds, and will find to the end, pretexts for doing
nothing herself, but gulls the Allies (we use the
word advisedly) by the most transparently deceit-
ful offers, to require of the SULTAN an invitation /
to occupy the evacuated provinces The SULTAN I

shrunk from their odious proposition, as he did
from their Vienna Note, but he was obliged to ask
the hated Austria to enter to preserve order.
Order ! What disorder on earth was there, or had
there been save the brutal ravaging and ravislling,
and robbing, by the defeated Russians ? They
gone, disorder was gone too. Austria, too, to
preserve order ; the order of provoking revolu-
tions by intolerable tyranny and quelling them in
blood. She has shown, however, what she wanted
—first, and chiefly, to expel refugees ; next, to
feed her army on another country's harvests ;
then to stand in the place of final arbitrater be-
tween Russia and the Allies if the latter pressed
the vanquished savage harder than was conveni-
ent for one who might need his savagery in Hun-
gary again. A capital move for Austria to be
able to say, " Now, if you will not grant Russia
better terms than you like, why get me out
of the material guarantee if you can." Any
result of diplomacy more hateful than the pro-
vinces reconquered and liberated by Ottoman
valour, now grasped by the fellow-officers of
HAYNAU, and that without a battle, and enslaved
beneath the "orderly" police of Austria, we can
hardly conceive. Prussia openly helping the CZAR,
Austria qualifying herself to settle the terms of
peace in his favour when our troops and ships
shall have conquered it—this, and nothing else, is
the result of allied diplomacy. .Ah and it was
diplomacy too which sacrificed those noble crews
at Sinope. TN) weakest reliance on vague en-
gagements or understanding with an already con-
victed liar and plunderer, this it was which
kept our ships far from Sebastopol, while
cunning and violence were watching their oppor-
tunity. But for diplomacy we should have had
no passage of the Pruth at all ; no Sinope after
it was passdd—no delay in sending the fleets and
troops—no lingering of either at one place and
another, instead 'of proceeding at once to the scene
of action. But for diplomacy at this moment
Sebastopol would have been ours, and the cowardly
three-deckers at the bottom of its harbour. Diplo-
macy we may thank for its increased garrison, for
its extended land-works, and for men sufficient
lost by the cholera to have blown the whole works
to atoms. But we have done. If our Cabinet
can look back and witness the disgrace which
must accrue to it through all history, for its timid
negotiations with the Despot and his two hangers-
on ;—and look around and see how everywhere each
bold step has brought its share of honour—if it
can behold the double result and hesitate a
moment longer, it deserves to be ejected from the
nation's councils, and to be ranked with the
Cabinet's of JAMES 1. or CHARLES 11. We hope,
however, better things. The season is not quite
gone ; Englishmen are very forgiving ; and, with
a bountiful harvest to pay their taxes, they
will, perhaps too readily, forget the past, if the
immediate future be what it should.

Wha% is a traveller The question so fre-
quently put must again be repeated—so loudly,
too, as if possible, to penetrate the recesses of
Downing-street, and elicit from the law officers
of the Crown a satisfactory reply. As might
easily be imagined, the "great unpaid " are
sticking out fur the rigorous interpretation of the
act, and rendering its provisions, sufficiently
vexatious under the most favourable circum-
stances, even more annoying than they might
otherwise prove. If the object were to render the
law intolerable, and to excite such universal dis-
gust, that it must inevitably be repealed at the
very commencement of next session, we could
understand some of the decisions that have been
given. Bat, strange to say, it is those who
profess to believe that its results will really
prove beneficial to the country who are thus
striving to bring about its repeal; and, still more
strange, not one of them has ventured to offer any
reasons for the decisions which they have given,
in direct opposition to the opinions of the more
enlightened Magistrates of the metropolis—men
who had acquired professional experience, and
were, therefore, competent to determine legal
questions.
The Bench of Magistrates at Chelmsford had
heretofore decided most erroneously, that although
the passengers by a railway train might be "tra-
vellers" within the meaning of the act, the engine-
drivers and stokers—men who were compelled to
" travel" in discharge of their business, could not
be considered in. that light. The pleasure-seekers
might obtain refreshment, but those whose occu-
pations were necessary to the public welfare--

whose exhaustion or over-fatigue through the
lack of that needful support might be productive
of very injurious, and possibly fatal consequences,
should be precluded from receiving even a glass
of beer ! !

The reputation (1) for stolid disregard of the
law, thus acquired by the Essex Magistrates, has,
however, been eclipsed by a Bench of Lanca-
shire Justices, sitting at Salford, the spokes-
man whereof was a certain Mr. H. L.
TRAFFORD, who appears to have evinced
a more profound ignorance of the com-
monest principles of law than any even of
his brother DOGBERRYS, and who was apparently
most desirous of being " written down an ass "
and as " serenely unconscious" of his true posi-
tion, as the gentleman described in i" The Lily
and the Bee." Mr. TRAFFORD seemed to forget
that he was not a Legislator, that his business
was to enforce existing laws, and not to make
new ones. He clearly considered himself " a wise
fellow—and, which is more, an officer ; and,
which is more, a householder ; and which is more
as pretty a piece of flesh as any in Messina
(query, Manchester ?) And one that knows
the law, go to ; and a rich fellow enough,
go to ; and a fellow that hath had losses ; and
one that bath two gowns, and everything hand-
some about him." His opinion, therefore, seems
not so very surprising, that the question wag, not
what was the law, but how thc magistrates should
assist certain memorialists who had petitioned
against " crowds of rough and disorderly people
come from Manchester and elsewhere ; stalls and
booths put up in the village ; buying and selling
openlyand effronterily (sic in origine) carried on ;
tossing, and other modes of disposing of cakes, &c.,
by chance, resorted to ; parties with wheelbarrows
going up and down the village selling nuts, &c.,
and cries of `toss or buy' (where was the
promising offspring of SAIREY GAUP with
the proceeds of the wooden leg ?) and other
such expressions grating upon the ears."
But with all submission to his worship, tlie
point was, whether the parties who were receiving
refreshment were " travellers," and not whether
there were in the village " roughs from Man-
chester going up and down with wheelbarrows
selling nuts, &c., and crying toss or buy "
If these scenes were considered disgraceful, they
should be suppressed by the punishment of the
really guilty parties, and not of an innocent inn-
keeper, who had merely afforded refreshment to par-

es, " none of whom were known who lived in the
village of Eccles, but some of whom came from
Salford, four miles distant," and which he might
be indicted for refusing.
Mr. TRAFFORD, however, elicited that the
parties charged had actually signed this very
memorial. We certainly cannot perceive the per-
tinency of the question to the charge. But the
admission seemed quite conclusive to Mr. TRAF-
FORD, who apparently considers it " flat burglary
as ever was committed !" which warranted the
condemnation of the defendants "into everlasting
redemption."
But, in sober sadness, it is reallytime that some
instructions should be issued, to prevent such un-
reasonable and vexatious trouble to innkeepers.
Justices should be informed that they are not to
convict persons on the assumption that persons
not known in the neighbourhood are not " travel-
lers." The presumption, is that where strangers
are assembled, they are " travellers." There
must
a be
a
prima facie case established to war-
rat being called on for a defence.
llman's
The sagacious Mr. TRAFFORD asserts that "if a
man be proved to have committed an offence, it
would
lie
judge with !
0 him
ge
to prove a negative." " 0
learned
excellent young man !" We
must, however, venture to differ from this modern
d
offence must be proved—not assumed. It is easy,
DANIEL, and to dispute his conclusions. The
if such be the fact, to show that some one or more
of the parties flaw-- reakies in, the vicinity, If
'

such be the case, there is presumptive evidence
sufficient to convict the defendant, unless he show
clearly that i t is an exceptional case, and that the party
has been actually " travelling." But, otherwise,
where they are really and bond fide strangers, the
presumption is in his favour, and it lies with the
prosecutors to establish their case by positive evi-
dence.

We do not regret Mr. TRAFFORD'S decision,
erroneous as it undoubtedly is. It is by such
undue straining of the law that the disgust of the
people will be excited, and that the voice of public
opinion will all but unanimously demand its
repeal.

BRAZILS AND RIVER PLATE

(BY MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH.)
(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)
LIVERPOOL, SATURDAY.

The South American and General Steam Navi-
gation Companies' ship Bahiana, arrived in the river
this morning. She has brought besides the mails
42 passengers, 43,0001. in specie on freight, besides
diamonds.

She left Rio on the 9th August, Bahia, the 15th;
Madeira, on the 30th.
She reports no news of interest.
The Indian Queen from Port Philip for this port
left Pernambuco August 10. At the departure of
the steamer, the exchange on Rio was 271, and
freight 40 to 60. Exchange on Bahia 28, freights
were dull to Liverpool and London, and they are
quolted at from 25 to 30. Pernambuco, Exchange
261.

Freights nominal to the channel, 30s.

COURT CIRCULAR.

OSBORNE, Sm. 8.

The Royal dinner party yesterday consisted of her
Majesty the Queen, his Majesty the King of Portugal,
the Duchess of Kent, the Due d'Oportn, the Portuguese
Minister, the Count de Lavradio, the Duc de Terceira,
the Earl of Aberdeen, the Vicomte de Carreira, the Lady
Frances Bruce, Sir George Couper, and the Ladies and
Gentlemen in Waiting.
The Marquis and Marchioness of Ely, Lady Susan
Ramsay, and Lady Couper, had the honour of receiving
invitations for the evening.
This morning his Majesty the King of Portugal, accom-
panied by the Due d'Oporto, and attended by Lord Chas.
Fitzroy, went out shooting.
His Majesty and his Royal brother are expected to
embark this afternoon to proceed to Lisbon.

Despatches were sent yesterday from the Colonia]
office to the Governor-General.of Canada.

THE CIVIL SERVICE.

ADMIRALTY DEPARTMENT OF THE COMPTROLLER FOR
VICTUALLING AND TRANSPORT SERVICES.—Mr. C. Champ
has been promoted to be Acting Chief Clerk. Mr. W.
Willis has been promoted to be Clerk of the First Class,
Second Section. Messrs. F. Du Pre Dyer, James
Gray, and Henry Ancell, have been promoted to be
Second Class Clerks. Messrs. E. C. Cockcraft and A.
Douglas have been promoted to be Acting Second Class
Clerks, vice Dyer and Gray.
STOREKEEPERS DEPARTMENT, ROYAL ARSENAL, WOOL-
wroa.—Mr. Cillins has been appointed Temporary
Clerk, vice Wiuderger, resigned. Messrs. Rawnsley,
Cass, and Gladstone have been appointed Temporary
Clerks.

CUSTOM3.—APPOINTIIENTS. —Mr. Thos. Aldridge, late
Tidewaiter of the Second Class at Cork, has been
appointed to be Tidewaiter of the Third Class
in Londonhis former office having been abolished.
Messrs. J. MoOrhead, M. Padmore, R. F. Narman,
James Brown, and F. G. Reed, Weighers of the First
Class ; F. J. Lane, W. Benson, and J. Tandy,
Weighers of the Second Class; and J. T. Andrews and
G. L. Duriing, Weighers of the Third Class in London,
having offered their services in aid of the Commissariat
Department in the East, have been appointed to that
duty. They are not to receive pay from the Customs
Department during their absence, but will be permitted
to return to their duties after the war is over without
prejudice to their service. Mr. W. H. Poole has been
appointed Clerk and Searcher at Lancaster ; Mr. F.
Pocket has been appointed Searcher at Swansea ; Mr.
G. Newmarch has been appointed Clerk in the Jerquer's
Office, London ; Mr. J. H. Webb has been appointed
Principal Coast Officer at Mistley, Harwich ; Mr. J.
M'Namara has been appointed Principal Coast Officer at
Askeaton; Limerick.

The Duchess of Cambridge and the Princess Mary,
who are still remaining at Kow Cottage, are expected to
leave that Royal villa at the close of the month, on a tour
of visits.

The Duke of Beaufort nrrived at Badminton Park
on Tuesday, from visiting the Earl and Countess Howe
at Gospal Hall, where the duchess and youthful family
are still staying.
The Duke of Hamilton arrived at Hamilton Place on
the 4th instant, en route for Arran. The duchess and
family do not accompany him, but remain on the
•Continent.
The Earl and Countess of Wilton have been enter-
taining a select party at Heaton Park, near Manchester,
during the past week. The Lady Elizabeth De Ros and
infant daughter are staying with their noble relatives.
The Hon. Captain De Ros returns to Osborne Howe
to-day, in the suite of his Royal Highness Prince Albert,
from the camp at Boulogne.
The Marquis and Marchioness of Ailsa are residing
at Colzean Castle, Ayrshire, surrounded by a select
party. . . .

Tile Marquis of Salisbury is entertaining a few
select friends at his sporting seat in the island of Rum,
Inverness-shire, where his lordship purposes•to remain
until the end of the month, and then return to Hatfield
House, where the marchioness and youthful family are
staying.
The Military Secretary will hold a levee on Wednes-
day, Sept. 13.
The Rev. William Frederick Powell, A.M., per-
petual curate of Cirencester, has been collated by the
Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol to an honorary
canonry founded in the cathedral church of Gloucester.
THE DUKE OF ATHOL'S GOLD-DIGGINGS.—During the
last week gold has been found in the north of Glenbre-
rachan, Kirkmichael, on the property of his Grace the
Duke of Athol ; and has also been found to the north of
the Cairnwell, on the property of James Farquharson,
Esq., of .Invercauld. In both places the precious metal
is found embedded in the detached piecep of rock which
there abound. From an analysis made, that which has
been found near the Cairnwell is as pure as any got in
Australia. The existence of gold in these quarters was
discovered by a Mr. Lowden, a gentleman lately re-
turned from Australia, where he had been resident for
upwards of 12 years, and in. the immediate vicinity of
gold-diggings.
RU AT ST. PETERSBURG.—In the afternoon of
Friday, August 25, a fire broke out in St. Petersburg,
in the neighbourhood of the barracks occupied by the
Izmailowski Regiment of Guards, which consumed close
upon 100 houses, 21 of which were of stone.

DEATH FROM A THRESHING MACHINE.—On Thursday,
about a quarter before seven o'clock a.m., a fatal acci-
dent happened to Mr. William Sayer, farmer, of Rock-
land St. Peter, Norfolk. As he was assisting his men
on a stack which was being threshed out by a steam-
power machine, he unfortunately slipped off and fell
upon it, his left leg dropping in amongst the beaders,
which limb, from the knee to the foot, was mangled in 'a
shocking manner. Mr. Potter, surgeon, of Attleborough,
was immediately sent for, as was also Mr. Hargreave,
surgeon, of WattonAoth of whom at once attended the
unfortunate man, applied a tourniquet to the limb, and
made every effort to restore him, but the loss of blood
and shock to the system were so great that he eventually
expired. Mr. Sayer, who was greatly esteemed, has
left a wife and three small children to lament his un-
timely death.
THE CALEDONIAN RAILWAY.—LIVERPOOL,
A meeting of the shareholders in this railway, and re-
siding in this district, was held this afternoon at the
Clarendon-rooms, South John-street. The meeting was
not numerously attended. Mr. Fenton, the largest
shareholder present, was called upon to preside. He
then entered into a detailed statement of some opposi-
tion which was in existence by two members of the
board of directors, who having some project of their own
relating to the line, but which was yet unknown to the
company, were opposing the other eight members of the
board. A Mr. Duncan, of Aberdeen, who had formerly
been chairman of the board, had also offered opposition,
and was desirous, it was stated, of becoming chairman
again ; but as much inconvenience had attended his oc-
cupation of the post previously, it was not deemed de-
sirable he should be permitted to form a member of the
board, and accordingly a resolution was passed, expres-
sive of confidence in the present members. This was all
the business.
THE MARKET AND THE PRICES OF BREAD.—During
the present week the markets in most of the towns in
the west of England have experienced a depression. At
Totnes great market on Tuesday, and at Plymouth on
Saturday, samples of best new wheat were offered at
14s. and 15s. per bag ; other sorts were as low as 12s.
The same prices were also realised at Liskeard. Barley
generally has sold at from 7s. to Bs. per bag. Notwith-
standing this fall in the markets, the bakers in many
towns have declined to lower their bread more than a
halfpenny on the 4ib. loaf. The consequence at Bridge-
water was, that on Tuesday the crier went round the
town proclaiming the complaints of the inhabitants. In
other places also public notico has been taken of the con-
duct of the bakers.
IMPROVED SEWERAGE IN WESTMINSTER:.—For some
time past, under the direction of the Commissioners of
Sewers, a number of new sewers have been built in
connection with the main, or Victoria Sewer, throughout
the various streets in Westminster. A few days ago a
new brick sewer was laid down throughout Downing-
street ; and at the present time new sewers are in course
of construction along the entire of King-street ; brick
btoarhre i
eldrains being also laid down in Fludyer-street,
Brown's-buildings, Charles street, and the various courts
and outlets in that vicinity.: The old sewer was found
onf_ffo
aoroxtita andm atterA
choked-up
noriltvatseefwroorrriitsh
also
accumu-
lationlsoboing
completed opposite the India Board, and throughout
the entire of Cannon-row,