The Sun.
London, England, 1853-09-23 00:00:00

RAILWAY SHARE MARKETS.

BRISTOL, SEPT. 22.
STOCK EXCHANGE.—The prices were not maintained,
and the market was rather dull. Bristol and Exeter wereei,
done at 95 ; Taff Vale (No. 1, Pref.), at 151.

LIVERPOOL, SEPT. 22.
. „
- STOCK EXCHANGE.—Tho market has been muchi de-
pressed throughout the day. The business transactsc as
been at 1 to 2 per cent. under the currency of yesterdhay,
and the market closed at a still lower point than at any
time of the day Caledonian, 261 k; East Lanca-
shire, 161 . Lancashire and Yorkshire, 64, ; Lancaster
and Carlisle (New Third Shares), 11 p. ; London and
North-Western, 101 ; ditto Fifth Shares, par; Midland,
574 ; North British, 61 ; South-Eastern and Dover,
18 5-16 4.
MANCHESTER, SEPT. 22.
STOCK EXCHANGE.— There was a very brisk market to-
day, and the sales effected were numerous in the best stocks.
Prices had a downward tendency, and the market closed
lower than yesterday. The sales were :---Birkenhead, Lan-
cashire, and Cheshire Junction 104 d. ; Caledonian, 26,1 ;
Eastern,Counties, 124 c. 114; East Lancashire, I‘4 4 x n;
ditto Preference Fifths, par •, Lancaster and Carlisle, 89
x div., n. ; Lancashire and Yorkshire, Gss N, x d.; ditto
Fifths, 7 dis. ; ditto IV. R. Union, 4 dis. ; London and
lklorth-Westeru, 1014 ; ditto New Eighths, 5-16 dis. ;
ditto Fifths, prom • ditto M. and Qcarters C., 5-1 G
K.eeT, • Manchester, 'Sheffield, and Lincoln, 194 4 ; ditto
Consols, sg# North
4 prem. x div. • Midland Railway
Nortb. Staffordshire, 64 dis. ; South-East
,-18 5-1 G 4.

BIRMINGHAM, SEPT. 22.
STOCK EXCHANGE.- —The uncertain state of Eastern
affairs still keeps the share market in an agitated condition,
and prices were much lower than yesterday. The follow-
ing transactions were reported on 'Change to-day :—Lon-
tlon and North-Western Stock, at 101$ ;b and Bir-
mingham and
; ury
North-Western Eighths, at i dig. Shrews
Thingharn Stock, at 6Gi, ; Shropshire Union, at 34 16s. 3d.
dis.

TILE COMMERCE OF GREAT BRITAIN-'

AND IRELAND.

In a moment of temporary depression like the present, :
it is pleasant to be presented with one of those well-
authenticated
official records which show how steadily
the United Kingdom is increasing in wealth and com-
merce, and how increasingly needful the products of
British skill and industry are becoming every year to
the whole civilised world. Such a return has just been
published, from which it appears that the value of the
exports of British manufactures, in the year 1852, was
upwards of seventy-eight millions sterling (78,076,8541.)
On comparing the exports of 1852 with those of 1822
(36,966,0231.), we find an increase of upwards of forty-
one millions ; with those of 1832 (36,450,5941.), we find
a somewhat greater increase, and With those of 1842
(47,381,0231.), we find an increase of thirty-one millions.
These facts not only show an increase of upwards of forty
millions in the value of our exports in thirty years, but
also show that the rate of increase has been accelerated
threefold during the last ten years. Wonderful as this
rate of increase is, it is small compared with the present
rate, which is not half-a-million a year, as the rate of
increase was from 1822 to 1842 ; nor about a million
a year, as it was from 1832 to 1842 ; nor even a trifle
more than three millions a year, as it was from 1842 to
1852 ; but seven millions in the first half of the preent
year. Even allowing this rate of increase to be very
greatly reduced by subsequent returns, it shows a
vigour of industry and an extent of commerce at the
present time, which render all previous examples of
improvement insignificant.
On examining the items of which the sum total of
seventy-eight millions of exports is formed, they encou-
rage us to hope for a future rate of increase not less ex-
traordinary than thepresent. The whole exports are as
follows :-
1. British Possessions and settlements £
India .
Australia 4,222,205

, 3,065,364
1,908,552
1,064,283
585,355
564,453
510,889
256,867
229,693
138,642
122,806
31,760
20,686
7,792
60

North America
West Indies
South Africa
Hong Kong
Channel Islands
Gibraltar
Malta
Mauritius
lonian Islands
Honduras
Ascension and St Helena
Aden .
Falkland Islands
Heligoland

2. United States..,
3. Germany—
Hanseatic Towns
Prussia
Hanover
Mecklenburg-Schwerin .
Oldenburg and Kniphausen

-20,082,314
..16,567,737

6,872,753
581,884
365,843
38,351
31,715

7,890,546
4. Holland
5. Brazil 3,464,394
6. France
7. Turkey, Wallachia, and Moldavia 2,349,446
8. China 1,918,244
9. Foreign West India Islands (Cuba, &c.) 1,629,752
10. Spain
11. Chili
12. Portugal 1,104,213
13. Russia
14. Belgium 1,076,499
15. Peru
16. Egypt 955,701
17. Sardinia
18. Naples and Sicily 911,658
19. Buenos Ayres 837,513
20. Indian Seas
21. Tuscany 693,749
22. Austrian Italy
23. Republic of the Uruguay
24. West Coast of Africa
25. Syria and Palestine
26. New Grenada
27. Denmark
28. Mexico
29. Venezuela
30. Central America
31. Norway 254,276
32. Hayti 251,409
33. Papal Territories
34. Sweden
35. Greece
36. Morocco 110,126
37. Azores 63,479
38. Madeira 41,825
39. South Sea Islands 33,784
40. Cape Verd Islands
41. Dutch Guiana
42. Algeria
43. Eastern Coast of Africa
44. Ecuador 3,163
45. Tripoli
46. African Ports-Red Sea
47. Tunis
48. Greenland

£78,076,854
The first and greatest item in this account of exports
is that which shows that the exports to the British pos-
sessions and settlements amounted to 20,082,3141., in
the year 1852, The imports from the colonies were of
at least equal amount ; and, together, they form a
colonial trade more extensive and valuable than that
which Spain, Portugal, and Holland possessed when
they had the monopoly of the gold and silver of the
West, and of the silks and spices of the East.
There are several branches of the colonial trade which
are capable of great extension.
The Indian trade is one of these. It is a trade with
a country containing a hundred millions of people, and
capable of producing every kind of tropical produce.
What is chiefly wanted to increase the commerce with
India is improved means of transport from the interior,
to bring down to Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras,
cheaply and rapidly, what is now brought slowly and
expensively on the backs of camels and buffaloes. The
Indian railways, which are in progress, and of which
one length has been opened, will supply this, and will
probably double the trade of India within ten years
after they are completed.
The rise of Australia is the wonder of the age. Last
year the land of gold and fleeces took 4,222,2051. worth
of British goods. It is impossible to tell what it will
take from us this year ; but it is supposed that it will
supply us with nearly fifteen millions in gold, besides
two or three millions in wool. In a year or two the
exports from Australia to England will be of the value
of twenty millions, and its imports will bear some fair
proportion to its exports. This is a trade which may
reasonably be expected to increase for the next hundred
years, probably for the next five hundred. It is a trade
with a country nearly as large as Europe, and possess.
ing greater riches than Mexico and Peru possessed in
the days of their greatest wealth.
British America, though differing from Australia in
all things, except in the fact of its being in the hands of
the same vigorous and enterprising race, possesses
scarcely smaller resources. Canada has the best situated
river in the world, with corn fields and forests of un-
bounded extent. Her Government is in the hands of
the Canadians, as completely as the Government of the
British islands is in the hands of the British people ; and,
freed from all grounds of difference with the home
Government, she is proceeding to develope her resources,
with the aid of British capital. The railways which
are now forming in Canada will soon double her pros-
perity by rendering the valley of the St. Lawrence the
great line of personal and commercial intercourse with
the interior of America. The present high price of
grain in England and Europe will give an additional
impulse to the cultivation of Canada ; as the increased
consumption, the liberal price of timber, and the demand
for ships, have given a similar impulse to the timber and
shipbuilding trades of all the North American colonies.
The West Indian colonies have seen both their best
and their worst days.
South Africa will gradually become a flourishing coun-
try, with a great trade. It has extensive resources for
grazing sheep and cattle ; and, from the geological re-
semblance of its soil to that of Australia, it will probably
be found to contain gold and copper in abundance. The
vicinity of the warlike Kafir tribes is its most serious
drawback.

The other British possessions are small in extent, and
are rather naval and military positions than colonies.
Hong Kong is a fortress, and a naval position, to pro-
tect the commerce with China ; its commerce depends
on the commerce of that country. The Channel Islands
are also naval positions of some importance, but their
commerce cannot increase to any great extent. Gibral-
tar is the key to the Mediterranean ; but its commerce
will be of little importance, if the Spanish Government
should adopt a more liberal commercial policy, and so
put down smuggling. Malta is the citadel of the Medi-
terranean, and one of the keys of the overland route to
India. Its value to the commerce of the East is very
great, though its own commerce must, like itself, be
small. The Mauritius, though small in extent, is both
a valuable colony and a most important naval position.
The lonian Islands are also valuable, and would become.
much
more so, if this country should have the misfortune
teoembemianevdoltvhe Aed in a war with Austria or Russia. They
edfriaantyic.veryThgerieractomexmteenrcsieenis. stHeadenyd,uras
will become a but
does not admit
place of importance as the trade across
the Isthmus finerwill be, venia
Its fine woods are, and always
easeretai.celes of commerce. Ascension and
St. Helena willbue
peaotrheetceoaling stations of great import-
ance, in keeping
communication with Austra-
lia. Aden, though nothianni
nothing ut a rock in itself, possesses
thee Nitnotrld, and is invaluable
one of the finest harbours
as a means of keeping uP th
dvtahl
Ile
aßbli River e
to
eP
Englandlat e toCt Fei
intercourse with India,
by way of Egypt. The Falkland leslacno will probably
become of importance in establishing a sts'
Gibraltar,c:n md
Peru.-
Aden, or the Cape. Heligoland is nothing in time of
Theycation
but, in case of a war with the northern Powers,
would ;
rnfranyinheßcoramzeil and
owers,
would again become an important naval and commercial
position. Taking the colonies as a wholo, they either
possess the , nieri
ns of commercial greatness 'within them-
selves, or furnish the means of greatly extending trade
with foreign countries.
colonies Whilst the exports to the amount to upwards
of twenty millions, those to foreign
countries amount to
fifty-eight millions—a clear proof that this c ountry would
.
it had consented to
have committed a great blunder 1 f _
e of the colo-
sacrifice the trade of the world for the trade

nies.
The most flourishing and extensive branch of our fo-
reign trade is that with the United States. It is diffi-
cult to assign any limit to the probable extent of a trade
which alreay amounts to upwards of sixteen millions
and a half, and which is increasing at the rate of a mil-
lion or two year by year. The demand for grain and

give; a givat iqttise to fraile with the
United S Itates this year, as it has done every year since
the repea 1 of the corn-laws. , We now take everything
from the United States on the most liberal terms, ex-
cept the o ne article of tobacco ; and as the American.
Treasury i. 3 overflowing with wealth, we may reasonably
expect that the commerce between the two countries
will be still further facilitated by a reduction of the
duties on British manufactures. There is no reason why
the trade between England and the United States should
not double itself in the next dozen years, supposing peace
to continue, of which it forms the best security.
Next to the United States, in the extent of its com-
merce with this country, is Germany—and Germany,
besides receiving credit for nearly eight millions worth
of goods sent into German ports, ought also to receive it
for a considerable part of the four millions worth of
goods sent to, Holland, a large part of which find their
way up the Rhine into Germany. Probably ten mil-
lions would be nearer the amount of goods sent into
Germany than eight millions. Corn, timber, and wool
are the pricipal returns received by us from Germany ;
and as the demand for all these articles is rapidly in-
creasing in England—and as they are all received on
liberal terms—we may reasonably look for a great in-
crease of trade with that country.
There is, no doubt, a considerable trade with Holland
itself, but certainly not so great a trade as appears from
the returns, nor does it present the prospect of any great
increase.

The trade with Brazil, which is already large, will be
larger as the population increases. The soil is unsur-
passed in fertility, and numerous magnificent rivers fa-
cilitate intercourse with the interior. Such a country,
in the hands of the English or Americans, would pos-
sess five, if not ten, times the amount of trade which
Brazil now possesses.
The narrow commercial policy of France is now the
only obstacle to the doubling of the trade with England ;
and, though personal interest and popular prejudice may
sustain that policy for a few years longer, yet it must go
before long.
The extent of the trade of Turkey, Wallachia, and
Moldavia with England is very considerable, and to this
ought to be added the trade with the Turkish provinces
of Egypt and Syria. This is the natural result of the
very liberal commercial principles adopted by the Turk-
ish Government. If the present difficulties should blow
over, this trade will increase, but a war would put an
end to it at once.

The commercial policy of Russia is, in every respect,
the very opposite of that of Turkey, and it the exports
of British goods to Russia have dwindled to a mere
trifle. The policy of Russia is to produce dear and bad
goods at home, rather than to buy cheap goods of supe-
rior quality abroad, and to take nothing from foreigners
except gold. This is precisely the policy which Spain
followed for three centuries, and under which she sank
from wealth to poverty. She received three-fourths of
the gold brought into Europe, and yet became poorer
every year from the benumbing influence of monopoly
and exclusion. Well-directed, profitable industry, is the
only true of wealth, and that can never exist under a
system of restrictions and protections, which destroys all
wholesome competition.

CENTRAL CRIMINAL COURT—Sept. 22.

OLD COURT.
(Before Mr. Justice Crompton.)
ASSAULTING WITH VITRIOL.

Ebenezer Allen, 22, a miserable-looking object, pleaded
guilty to a charge of throwing a quantity of oil of vitriol
upon Robert Atkinson Kirby, with intent to do him
grievous bodily harm.
Mr. Sleigh, who was instructed to prosecute on the
part of the parish of Marylebone, stated that the offence
to which the prisoner had pleaded guilty was committed
under the following circumstances :—The prisoner had
applied to the parish authorities for relief, but as he was
known as a person who would not work, the returning
officer refused to give him anything. He went away,
and it appeared that he then purchased the oil of vitriol,
and watched about the workhouse until the prosecutor
came out, when he went up to him and threw the vitriol
upon him, and it burned and injured him very severely.
The learned counsel added that the unfortunate prose-
cutor had had nothing to do with the refusal of relief to
the prisoner, and in fact, he had never spoken to him,
but there was no doubt that the prisoner had watched
about with the deliberate determination to do injury to
some person or other connected with the parish.
Mr. Justice Crompton, in passing sentence, said the
prisoner had committed a very bad offence, and it was
not to be tolerated that, because relief was refused to a
person in the condition of the prisoner, he was to resort
to a diabolical act of this description. He might have
blinded the unfortunate prosecutor, or even have de-
stroyed his life, by throwing this deadly ingredient upon
him, and it was highly necessary for the sake of example,
that such an act should receive severe punishment. He
then sentenced the prisoner to be kept for four years in
penal servitude,