The Sun.
London, England, 1853-10-08 00:00:00

IMPROVEMENT OF NAVIGATION.

At the maritime conference lately held at Brussels, for
the purpose of devising an uniform system of meteoro-
logical observations at sea, some very interesting papers
were discussed. At this conference Great Britain was
represented by Captain F. W. Beechy, R.N., F.R.S.,
and member of the naval department of the Board of
Trade, and by Captain Henry James, of the Royal En-
gineers, F.R.S., &c. ; the United States were repre-
sented by Lieutenant M. F. Maury, LL.D., of the
United States navy ; France was represented by M.
Delamarche, hydrographic engineer of the Imperial
marine ; Russia, by Alexis Gorkovenko, captain-lieuten-
ant of the Imperial navy ; Belgium was represented by
M. Queteier, director of the Royal Observatory, and by
Captain Victor Lahure, director-general of the Belgium
marine ; Denmark, by Captain-Lieutenant P. Rothe,
director of the depot of marine charts ; Holland, by M.
11. Jansen, lieutenant of the royal navy ; Norway, by
Nils Ihlen, lieutenant of the royal navy ; Portugal, by
J. de Mattos Correa, captain-lieutenant of the royal
navy; and Sweden by Carl Anton Pattersson, first
lieutenant of the Swedish navy.
The conference, composed of these distinguished re•
presentatives of the nautical science of the great mari-
time nations of Europe and America, held its first meet-
ing at the residence of the Minister of the Interior at
Brussels, on the 23d of August, 1853, when M. Quetelet
was unanimously elected president of the Conference,
Lieutenant Maury having declined that honourable post.
The Conference continued its sittings almost daily until
the 7th of September, by which time it had agreed on a
complete plan and form of observations to be made on
board the national vessels of all the countries repre-
sented in the Conference, in whatever part of the world
they may be stationed, and on board all the merchant
vessels of those nations whose captains and owners are
willing to co-operate in collecting information of so
much value to themselves and others. The points of
information which the Conference considered it to be
necessary to collect, and record in separate columns,
were as follows :

Ist column—The day of the observation. This they
decided should be the civil day, from midnight to mid-
night. If astronomical time is used, the fact of its use
is to be stated at the beginning of the log.
2d column—The hours of observations. All the even
hours of the twenty-four are given in the printed form,
and also the hours 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. The hours 4 a.m.,
9 a.m., noon, 3 p.m., and 8 p.m., are printed in larger
type in the log, to indicate that it is at those hours the ob-
servations are principally required.
3d column.—The latitude by observation.

4th column.—The latitude by dead reckoning.
sth column.—The longitude by observation.
6th column.—The longitude by dead reckoning.
Especial care should be taken to obtain the latitude
and longitude at 4 a.m., at noon, and at 8 p.m., and
when the ship is expected to cross or enter upon any of
the great streams and currents of the ocean, the trade,
or periodical winds.
7th column.—The direction of currents.
Bth column.—The rate of currents.

On ordinary occasions the currents should be deter-

mined at noon each day ; but, besides the daily entry at
noon, the rate and direction of currents should be no-
ticed at shorter intervals, when the ship is in the vicinity
of the great oceanic currents, or when it is supposed
that the currents may sensibly vary in the 24 hours.
9th column.—Magnetic variations in degrees and mi.
mites. The variation should be corrected for local attrac-
tion ; and it is desirable that every vessel should pro-
vided with a standard compass, with which alt the ob-
servations for variation should be made.
10th column.—Direction of the wind.
11th column. —Force of the wind.
three times in the 24 hour;, namely at 4 a.m., at noon,
andTheat rpe.cinti.o n
Tad e,
ifoorrecee ofan
and direction
wind should be entered
:
d
irection should be those
most prevalent during the eight preceding hours. If there
are squalls, the force should be given in a parenthesis,
opposite the hours at which they take place.
12th column.—The state of the barometer. This
should be observed, if possible, at all the hours given in
column 2, and at least at 4 and 9 a.m., and 3 and 8 p.m.
13th column.—The state of the thermometer. This
should be observed at the same time as the barometer.
14th and 15th columns.—The dry and wet bulb ther-
mometer should be observed, at the same hours as the
barometer.

16th column.—The form and direction of the clouds
should be observed and noted at least at 4 a.m., at noon,
and at 8 p.m.
17th column.—The proportion of the sky clear should
be indicated by figures from oto 10. Thus 8 indicates
that 8-10 of the sky is clear.

18th column.—Fog, rain, snow and hail. The num-
ber of hours of fog, rain, snow, and hail in the eight
preceding hours should be noted at 4 a.m., at noon, and
at 8 p.m.
19th column.—The state of the sea, during the eight
preceding hours, should be stated at 4 a.m., at noon,
and at 8 p.m.
20th column.—The temperature of the water at the
surface.
21st column.—The specific gravity of the water at the
surface.

22d column.—The temperature of the water at diffe-
rent depths. There are certain regions where the differ-
ence between the temperature at the surface and the
temperature at certain depths have a particular interest,
as the region of the trade winds, the Indian Ocean, the
Cape of Good Hope, and especially in the Legulla cur-
rents, and near the mouths of great rivers.
Such are the points of information which will hence-
forth be collected by the national vessels of England, the
United States, France, Holland, and all the other na-
tions which were represented at the Conference, and by
the higher class of merchant vessels belonging to this or
other nations. Supposing this plan to be followed up
steadily for even ten years, millions of facts will have
been observed, recorded, classified, and compared ; and
many general laws will have been deduced from these
facts with reference to the direction of the winds, the
force and direction of the currents of the ocean, and the
action of that strange mysterious power which we call
magnetism, which will not only add to the amount of
our scientific knowledge, but will prove of daily use to
the navigators of all nations.—Liveipool Times.

PARAGUAY.

Dr. Francia kept Paraguay, for a period of 30
years, as a place isolated from the rest of the world.
Consequently, the commerce, which had been, pro-
ductive of 300,0001. sterling per annum, became
entirely non-productive. Two hundred and fifty
vessels of 250 tons each were, not long ago, in
constant occupation, and afforded a remunerating
employment to some thousands of persons. The
Dictator, guided by an ambitious principle of self-
centralising authority, thought that the best means
to render his power secure would be the enthraldom
of the populace in an unrelieved ignorance. Hence
he set about the destruction of all churches, con-
vents, and colleges of education, all of which insti-
tutions he deprived of their income. And how
did he bring about objedts at once so selfish and
opposed to what is right ? Assassination, banish-
ment, and incarceration—these were the instru-
ments by which his ends were accomplished. In
substantiation of the predicate, it should be told,
that at the death of this Dictator there were found
in the republic only two priests, and the lives of
these two had been devoted to the instilment of
those humane principles which are the result, for
the most part, of a correct and liberal education.
Imposible would it be to trace, hastily, the
frightful misdoings and turbulently gigantic crimes
of this moral madman. History, however, will
hand them down to posterity, and will not forget to
enshrine their vile perpetrator in a condign detesta-
tion. During the space of 30 years all the men of
talent were, by this monster, torn from the land of
their birth ; and strangers who visited the republic
were plunged into dungeons, from which they were
not liberated unt.l their persecutor had ceased to
breathe. Happy was it, however, for Paraguay
that Don Carlos Antonio Lopez, one of the most
distinguished citi2ens, by his wealth, property, and
talent, evaded the persecution, and retiring from
the interior of the republic, and abandoning the
business of a statesman, gave himself up unre-
servedly to study, and devised a project for the
emancipation of his countrymen from slavery.
Francia died, and at the moment of his demise,
Paraguay, knowing well the merits of the great
and good eremite who, in solitude, had compassed
the salvation of his country, appointed him Con-
sul ; and now began Don Lopez to bring his
schemes into exercise, but alas ! he was in want of
almost everything necessary to the carrying out of
so vast an experiment. He parted not with his
courage, although surrounded on every side by im-
mense difficulties. On the contrary, as his troubles
increased his fortitude increased also. Agreeable,
indeed, would it be to go minutely into the details
of his excellent reforms, The enumeration of these
would afford subject matter for au entire volume,
and the perusal of them would be profitable, be-
cause they could not fail to teach the oft-forgotten
fact, that to the true patriot, whose soul burns
with the genuine love of country, nothing is im-
possible. To this overpowering affection is to be
ascribed the readiness with which Lopez set to
work. He knew that a nation without religion
was but a kind of half-creation. He, therefore,
built a cathedral and some other churches. He,
moreover, instituted an university, and set up
schools, for which he provided teachers whom he
had brought from foreign countries. He likewise
published a code of civil and commercial laws.
With propriety, and without aught of egotism,
might Lopez have said, in the words of Solon to
the Athenians, "If I have not given to you the
best laws, I have, at least, given to you the most
convenient." This philosophic statesman made
free all the new-born slaves in the country, and
this was but the earnest of a more permanent
emancipation which was effected when he possessed
himself of means for the purchase of their liberty.
Lopez has now opened the rivers of the republic
to foreigners ; he has thus introduced navigation
by steam, and the tide of emigration has begun to
set in. How marked the difference between the
Emperor of Brazil and Lopez ! Paraguay is not
yet acknowledged by England, and at her signal
Lopez opens most generously his rivers ; and the
Emperor who owes his empire to the English pro-
tection, and is indebted also for the safety of his
sister Donna Maria, who owes her kingdom of Por-
tugal to the same tutelage, refuses to open the
Amazonas under the pretext of a privileged com-
pany for 40 years dated in anticipation. He dared
not to give a positive refusal to the desire of the
English Government, and according to the New York
papers, ho has sent to Granada an ambassador to re-
quest that the foreign vessels may not be allowed to
navigate the rivers of New Granada, with a view of
turning out the English merchandises, and substi-
tuting the North American, Brazil having made a
treaty with the latter Government. Lopez, in a
word, has neglected nothing which seemed expe-
dient for the reconstruction of Paraguay. His law
of the 20th May, 1845, in favour of foreigners is a
proof of his talent and liberality. He instructed
his son from early youth in the science of war, and
made him betimes acquainted with all ancient and
modern works on the science : for he felt certain
that his son would, at a future day, contribute to
the freedom of his country. He was not mistaken :
for his son has since formed an army composed of
12 regiments of infantry, six of cavalry, and one of
artillery, and also a necessary number of ponto-
neers. The army is well disciplined, paid, and
attired, and many foreign officers are in it. The
President has appointed his son, General Lopez,
Minister Plenipotentiary in England. He resides
at Mivart's Hotel, and receives with a remarkable
politeness all who address themselves to him. We
congratulate the President upon so wise an election
—Correspondent of the Morning Chronicle.

DVERTISEMENT.}—HoIIoway's Ointment and Pills
foi t Effectual Cure of Bad Legs.—Extract of a letter
from .--I.Vatkinson, Esq., proprietor of the Spalding
Fne Press, dated Dec. 15, 1852 :—" Dear Sir,—A cot-
tager, residing at Moulton, has requested me to send
yoi the particulars of the almost miraculous cure effected
by using your ointment and pills • the sufferer's name is
Hewdle, who injured his leg about 14 years ago, and
although he was under medical treatment for weeks toge
ther ha derived no benefit. At the age of CO another
accident happened to the already injured leg, which left
it in a fearful condition. However, by the use of your
medicines alone, his leg has been perfectly cured.—Sold
by all druggists ; and at Professor Holloway's Estab-
lishment, 244, Strand, London.
- .

,
[-A DVERTISEHENT.]—SILES, SHAWLS, MAYMES, Funs,
AND LACE GOODS.—Messrs. Atkinson and Company,
of 69 to 75, Westminster-bridge-road, Lambeth, beg to
inform their numerous patrons that they have added the
above departments to their old-established furnishing
and drapery warehouses, and have now on sale a large
and well-assorted stock, comprising every novelty of the
present season. N.B.—A small portion of the stock
of Mr. E. Blakely, of Norwich and Conduit-street,
shawl manufacturer and silk mercer to her Majesty, still
on hand, is being offered at prices calculated to ensure an
immediate clearance.

AY EVENING- OCTOBER 8, 1853

Miles
opened,)

26%
85%
[8914
8934
6%
20

8134
322

171%
283

31916
2514
90
260

78%
149
232

de l'Agriculture, du Commerce et des Travaux Publics, et
au Departement des Finances sont charges, chacun en ce
qui le concerne, de l'execution du present decret, qui sera
immediatement imprime et affiche dans tons les &Tarte-
ments frontieres, pour y etre applique a compter du jour
de ladite publication, conforinement aux ordonnanees
royales des 27 Novembro, 1816, et 18 Janvier, 1817.
Fait au Palais de Saint-Cloud, to ler Octobre, 1853.
NAPOLEON.

Par l'Empereur,
Le Ministre Secretaire d'Etat au
Deptirtement de l'Agriculture,
du Commerce, et des Travaux
Publics,
MAGNE.

COMMISSIONS SIGNED BY LORD-LIEUTENANTS.
Suffolk—Henry Phillipps, Esq., to be Deputy-Lieuten-
ant, Oct. 1.
Royal Bucks or King's Own Regiment of Militia.--To
be Captains—Lieutenant David Williams Bernard, vice
Bates; Lieutenant Martin Ridley Smith; Lieutenant
John Joseph Augustine Lecnard Creaton, September 12.
To be Lieutenants—Raglan Somerset, Esq. ; Randolph
Henry Crewe, Esq., Sept. 12. To be Ensigns—John Strat-
on Fuller, Gent., Sept. 27; Edward James Daniell, Gent.,
Sept. 7 ; Isaac King, Gent., Aug. 40; William James
Voules, Gent., Aug. 13.
3rd Regiment of the Royal Surrey Militia —To be
Lieutenants Conran Alphonso Kirk, Gent, Oct. 1;
Charles Downes Manning, Gent., Oct. 3.

BANKRUPTS.
Charles Baker, upholsterer, Brook-street, Grosvenor-
square, to surrender Oct. 18, at eleven, and Nov. 24, at
twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Bell, official
assignee, Coleman-street buildings ; Edmunds, South-
square, Gray's-inn.
Charles Pollard, licensed victualler, Wellington-street,
Strand, Oct. 17, at two, and Nov. 15, at eleven, at the
Court of Bankruptcy. Bell, official assignee, Coleman-
street-buildings ; Taylor and Collisson, Great James-
street, Bedford-row.
Richard Lancaster Swallow, licensed victualler, Park-
terrace, Battersea-fields, Oct. 17, at eleven, and Nov. 15,
at twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Johnson, official
assignee, Basinghall-street ; Chidley, Gresham-street.
Henry Baker, ironmonger, Bloomsbury, Oct. 15, and
Nov. 19, at one, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Nicholson,
official assignee, Basinghall-street; Fisher, Verulam-build-
ings.

S DISSLVED. •
John Edward PoweIIPARTNERSH, J PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED.
John Edward Powell, James SchoolbO red, Henry Brown,
Frederick Death, Thomas Jones, John Cupstick, James
Schoolbred, jun., John Goodridge, and Joseph Jordan
Knight (so far as regards John Edward Powell)—Emanuel
Swift and Robert Stevenson, of Oldham, Lancashire,
manufacturers—John Harrison and Ann Shore Harri-
son, of 28, Euston-mews, and 34, Southampton-mews,
Euston-square, job masters—John Nickols and Joseph
Maunder, of London and Liverpool, ship brokers—James
Thomas Wheatley and John Jones, of Greenwich, and
51, Princes-road, Bermondsey, lightermen—Joseph Lief
and Alfred Carter, of 311 Queen-street, Soho, jewel case
manufacturers— Samuel Rowles Pattison and George G.
White, of Launceston, Cornwall, attorneys—Joseph
Wild and James Eastwood 'Wheatley, of Huddersfield,
Yorkshire, booksellers —James Haley, Henry Smith,
John Rushforth, and Doivid Smith, of Bradford,
Yorkshire, iron-founders (so, far as regards John Ru,h-
forth)— Edward Pearson and. Redulphus Hancock, of Burs-
lem, Staffordshire, earthern. manufacturers—John Waller
and William Townend, of Bradford, Yorkshire, commis-
sion weavers—William George Trangmar and John Trang-
mar, of Brighton and Shoreham, Sussex, grocers—Elias
Charles Mendes da Costa. and Jacob Mendes da Costa, of
St. Thomas, West Indies, merchants—William Thomas
Gould and Henry Harding, of Salisbury, Wiltshire, wool-
lendrapers—Robeiii Sparrow Johnson and James Curtis,
of 42, Union-street, Finsbury, linendrapers—Lazaruz Con-
way Barnett and Stephou Harvey Barnett, of Nottingham,
lace manufacturers—George William Horley and Samuel
Bromley, of 148, High Holborn—John Johnson, Robert
Beanland, and John Peckett, of Horton, Yorkshire, ma-
chine woolcombers (so far as regards John Pekett)—
Leonard Popo and John Morris, of Handsworth, Staf-
fordshire, nurseryman—Murrell Wakeford and Onslow
Wakeford, of 4, China-walk, Lambeth, curriers—
Hugh Caleb Evans and Thomas Fisher Abbott, of Bris-
tol, booksellers—Enoch Turner and Charles Turner, of
Adlington, Cheshire, colliers—William Robert Phelps and
Thomas Tracy Latimer, of Halifax, Yorkshire, printers—
Joseph Jones and William Corney, of Oswestry, Shrop-
shire, wine merchants—George Aldred and George Nay-
lor, of Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, silk manufacturers
—Timothy Hughes and Francis Banks Read, of Liverpool,
cabinet makers.

SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS.
James Moir, of Edinburgh, tailor, Oct. 18, at two, at
the Sale-rooms of Dalgleish and Forrest, Edinburgh.
William Bairner, of Cupar-Fife, manufacturer, Oct. 20,
at twelve, at Buist's Tontine Hotel, Cupar-Fife.
Donald M'lntyre, of Glasgow, slater, Oct. 18, at two, at
the George Hotel, Glasgow.

BANK OF
An Account pursuant to the Act
the Week ending on Saturda:

ISSUE DEP.
X i
Notes issued .. • • .... 29,031,895

429,031,895

Dated the 6th day of Oct., 18

BANKING DE
Proprietors' capital .. 14,553,000
Rest . .• .. 3,682,113
Public deposits (in-
cluding Exchequer,
Commissioners of
National Debt, Say-
ing's Banks, and

Dividend Accounts) 6,738,755
Other deposits ...... 11,885,565
Seven Day and other
.. 1,443,636

£3B, 303,069

Dated the 6th day of Oct., 1853

ENGLAND.
7th and Sth Victoila, cap 32, for
y the Ist day of October, 1853.

,IITMENT.

Government debt.... 11,015,100
Other securities...... 2,984,900
Gold coin and bullion. 15,031,895
Silver bullion ...... • . -

£29,031,5!
:. MARSHALL, Chief Cashier.

MA UTMENT.

PRICE OF
The average price of Brown of
from the returns made in the
Oct. 1853, is 235. 7d. per
of the duties of Customs paid m
portation thereof into Great Bri.

Government securities

(in cludg. Dead Weight
Annuity) .... 12,339,083
Other securities...... 17,124,799
Notes .. ............ 0,'258,520
Gold and silver coin .. 580,,,67

• £38,3,3,069
MARSHALL, Chief Cashier.

SUGAR.

1r Muscovado Sugar, computed
o week ending the 4th day of
hundred weight, exclusive
u• payable thereon on the im-
itain.

RAILWAY TRAFFIC RETURNS.

TRAFFIC RETURNS FOR THE PAST WEEK.

NAME OF RAILWAY.

BRITISH.

Aberdeen ...• •• •• •• •• •. •• •• ••• ••
Belfast and Ballymena • • • • • • • • • •
Belfast and County D0wn...... • • • • ..
Birkenhead, Lancashire, and Cheshire
Bolton, Blackburn, and West York • • • •
Bristol and Exeter • • .... • • • • • • •
Ca1ed0nian............. •••••• • • • • /

Edinburgh and Glasgow. ...........
Chester and Holyhead ...... • • ••
Cork, Blackrock, and Passage ......
Cork and Bandon .. • • ..............
Dublin and Belfast Junction •.. ••
Dublin and .............Drogheda.•
Dublin and Kingstown •.........
Dundee and Arbroath •• ..........
Dandee, Perth, and Aberdeen Junction
Dundalk and Enniskillen........
East Anglian— • • • • • • • . • ...
East Lancashire

Eastern Counties and Norfolk....

Eastern Onto n • .

Edinburgn, Perth, and Dundee....
Exeter and

Receipt,,.

1852.

$1,747

241
2,1G2

2,219

Farness Railway ... ............
Glmgow, and Soath-Western......
Great Northern and E.

Great Southern and Western (Ireland.
Great Western ....................
Irish South Ea stern • ... ............

Lancaster and Car1i51e............
Lancashire arid Yorkshire..•.......
Leeds Northern ..................

Liverpool, Crosby, and Southport....
London and North Western .. • - • • • • •
London and Blackwall •.•••• • • • • • •
condo 1, B. ighton, and South Coast..
London and South Western. • • .• • • • •
Londonderry and Enniskillen • • • • •• • •
Manchester, Buxton, and Matlock, &c.
Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnsnire
Manchester and South Junction • • • •
Maryport and Carlisle - • • • • • • • •• • • ..
Midland . •••••••

Midland Great A extern (Irish) • • • • .
Monklands ... • .. .... .. .. .........,

5,163

Newcastle and Carlisle.. •• ..
North British ...... ••

14,299

4,052
218
196
959
1,150
1,198
530
69i

North Staffordshire

North-Western ..........

715
4,670
17,003
2,650
2,572

276
4,888
14,196
5,001
20,265

5,774
17,019

5,394

214
1,294
1,479
1,406

510
2,936

197
5,468
17,236

427
51,107
1,117
14,481
12,893
379

6,994

850
5 .496
19,013
2,931
2,936

497
5,395
18,300
0,666
23,834

239
6,680
18,762

Scottish Central
Scottish Midland •. • . •
'Throws 13Jr- nd linghr

457
54.773
1,357
14,236
13,611

8,040

795
25,575
2,839
833
2,926
4,238

27,257
2,836
951
2,880
4,482

• 1,236

2,812

3,406

987
1,916

728
2,285
19,261
2,366
1,306
2,89
1,023
487
361
243

844
2,132
804
2,438
20,174
4,272
1,679
3,' 30
1,251