The Sun.
London, England, 1854-04-10 00:00:00

THE CHRISTIANS IN TUIZKEY.

Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, in a recent despatch
to the Earl of Clarendon, expressed the satisfaction
with which ho had to report " that the firman for
establishing Christian evidence on au equality with
Mussulman throughout the Turkish empire was
completed, and that no time would be lost in pro-
mulgating it." The following is a translation of the
firman, and of the regulations appended to it :

(Translation.) _
"To my Vizier Mehmed Pasha, Vail of the province
of Salonica, I give this order :
In accordance with what is 'known to all men, and
as I have so repeatedly made public by the Sovereign
orders
which I have everywhere issued,
animated as I
am through the power of the Divine grace by a lively
solicitude for the welfare of in3r subjects, all my thoughts
are directed at all times and on every occasion to the
object which I now propose to myself—namely to
secure the peace and the tranquility of my subjects and
to make my empire prosperous. It is with this salutary
and useful object in view that the Ta.nzimat, and so
many laws and regulations which are consequent there-
upon, bave, by the Divine aid, been established ; and the
numerous advantages which are derived from them are
apparent. And as lam most desirous that all questions
which turn upon claims and upon police regulations
should be everywhere suitably examined, in order that
the inhabitants and the subjects of my dominions should
have nothing to complain of in this respect, a tribunal
for criminal proceedings have been established some time
since at Constantinople ; others have lately been esta-
blished in some of the more important towns of my
empire, and the advantages resulting from them in every
respect, both for Ottoman subjects and for foreigners,
are manifest:

"It is account that a special commission has
been nominated from among the Council of the State,
and charged with the organisation of 'tribunals similar
to those which we have spoken of above, to be estab-
lished in other towns of our dominions wherever it may
be advisable. This project has been discussed and con-
sidered in all its bearings, and the Mazbata of the Coun;
cil has been also read and maturely. considered by the
Council of my Ministers.
"As the functions of the Courts for criminal suits
will consist solely in establishing the facts and then pass-
ing sentence upon subjects of my Sublime Porte, who
may be guilty of offences towards the subjects of foreign
powers, and also upon subjects of foreign powers, who
may be guilty of murder, of robbery, or of other offences
against subjects of my Sublime Porte ; as the .real ob-
ject in view in establishing these tribunals is to ascer-
tain the truth by means of information of every kind
and careful inquiries, in order equitably to establish the
guilt or the innocence of the accused, and that parties
really guilty may not escape punishment in conformity
with equity awl the penal, code, and awarded after proof
of the facts :—Tribunals, then, will be established under
the denomination of the Medglis Tahkquiqui' (Tribu-

nals of Inquiry), similar to the Tribunal of Police which
exists in my capital, and in several considerable towns
in the provinces, independently of those which already
exist in some other places. These tribunals will be
charged exclusively with the investigation of suits which
may have arisen between Mussultnans and Christians
and other classes of my subjects, as well as between sub-
jects of my Sublime Porte and foreign subjects, concern-
ing crimes that have been committed. The object thus
proposed is satisfactorily to prove and . establish of-
fences which may have been committed, in order that
the innocent party may not suffer.
~
"The governors and the officers of police will devote
their utmost attention to carrying out the regulation
which has been established in regard to these tribunals ;
they will be most careful not to violate the principles
therein laid down, and will never fail to employ their
utmost zeal for the strict observance of all the rules
which it prescribes.
"The persons employed in these tribunals must be,
as it is stated in an article of the regulation, men of the
greatest justice, judgment, uprightness, and of tried
character, selected from among members of the Grand
Municipal Council, and other eligible persons • and, in
case of necessity, one or two clerks may also be named,
according to the circumstances of the district ; and my
Sublime Porte must be made acquainted• with the ar-
rangements which shall have been made.
"This, then, is what has been considered advisable by
the members f the commission ; and my:orders having
been requested on the subject, 'I have
,deSieial that what
ha 4 been decided on should be carried into-execution ;
and I herewith transmit to you, in conSeqtiati-ce,'a copy
of the foregoing regulation.
"It will be your duty, then, Vali, as soon as you have
cognisance of this matter,:to establish the tribunal in
question, according to your good judgment and discre-
tion, in the manner prescribed above ; you will nominate
and elect the members of the tribunal ; and you will
inform my Sublithe Porte of whatyou shall have done.
" It will be Your duty to be most careful that the mat-
ters which inay arise shall be examined and
conducted
in conformity with the above-mentioned regulation, with
the strictest impartiality, and the greatest justice-1 that
the guilt of the accused individual should be completely
proveel4nltieetWiehed, and that the innctent:elionld not
be made to istrffor •

(Translation.) . •
IC Minute of the duties prescribed for the Merklia. (courts)
established for the preliminary and careful atinimition
of,and for pronouncing sentence upon, subjects of the
Sublime Porte 'who shall- have been guilty towards
each other of such crimes as assassination`, cutting
and maiming, robbery, &c., as well as perpetrators of
similar outrages occurring between Ottoman subjects
and the subjects of foreign Powers :
"This Court, which' will have nothing in common
either With the Grand Municipal Council or with the
Tribunal of Commerce, being established on the plan of
the Court of Police at Constantinople, to investigate, as
has been said above, the circumstances .untiler which
crimes may have been committed, shall assemble:on cer-
tain fixed days of the week ; it shall be compased'Othose
members of the. Council of the chief place ofthe pro.
vince who shall be considered suitable, and of other per.
sons of extreme probity, who shall be elected among the
honourable and distinguished persons of the country,
and who are in a position to fulfil the obligations of
equity and justice, and it shall be under the presidency
of the Vali.
"At the examination and t)ie trial, the examination
of the accused, as well as the examination of the per-
sons who lay the informations, shall be conducted with
the greatest impartiality and with the greatest equity.
"If the majority of the members of the Court have
any doubts as to the veracity of the witnesses ,under
examination, the Court shall make them take an oath,
with the accustomed formalities, that they will speak the ,
truth ; that they will speak nothing contrary to'pure
truth ; that they will not conceal the truth ; and that
they will say, without omitting anything, all they
know of the case in question. After that, the Court
will hear what they have to say, and will punish them
if it is proved that they have not declared the truth.
"So long as it shall be necessary that the persons
who have come to lay inormations should be present
together, they shall not be introduced all at once Intl
the court, but they shall be interrogated separately.
None of them shall he introduced there while another s
undergoing examination. The witnesses shall be ex-
amined in the presence of the accused.
"If there shall be any persons who confidently assert
that the depositions of the witnesses under examination
are not true, the Court shall listen to what they may hive
to say on the matter, after having made them take an
oath in the manner aforesaid, and the Court shall pro-
nounce, conformably to the opinion of the majority of
its members, on the veracity of each party.
" Everything which goes to establish the innocence of
an accused person must be taken into consideration
with the same care that the depositions which have been
made against him shall have received.
" With a view of clearly establishing the guilt or in-
nocence of an accused person, that is to say, with a view
to prevent a man really guilty from escaping the sword
of the law, and an innocent man from being punished un-
justly, the depositions of individuals of 'every nation and
millote, without exception, who have personal-and par-
ticular knowledge of the question at issue, are to be
taken only while the Court is investigating the affair, in
order that it may obtain the positive information which
It is necessary that it should procure.
" Individuals who shall have been designated by the
plaintiff or by the defendant as having a knowledge of
the question at issue shall be obliged to come before the
Court to declare what they know.
" The Court will have to pronounce the sentence in-
curred by the accused—convicted on the examination -
which took place in his own presence—according to th? :`•
degree of his guilt and conformably with the penal-laws
of the Sublime Porte ; and it will have to carry the sen-
tence into execution as soon as such sentence shall heie
been approved by the Vali.
"As regards crimes which call for the kisses' (capi-
tal punishment according to the 'lex talionis) or the
diyete' (the price of blood for a man slain), the Court
will make no decision thereon, will pronounce no sen-
tence, and will content itself with presenting to the Vali
the result of the positive information which it may have
obtained in either o the two cases, and the Vali will lay
it before the Grand Council, which will have to pronounce
a sentence in conformity with the penal laws of the
Sublime Porte.

"Every question concerning a subject of a foreign
power, either as plaintiff or as defendant, shall be die.:
cussed in this court in the presence of the consul of the
protecting Government, or before that consul's delegate ;
And that in virtue 'of the treaties which require his' pre •
sence and his consent and his assent are necessary in
the first place, both for the sentence which is to be. pro!,
bounced, and-for the execution of that sentence.
"If the individual who is on trial is a subject of a
foreign power, or an Ottoinan subject, who may have
committed any offence against a foreign subject, the
examination and the sentence shall be proceeded with in
accordance with existing treaties before the Consul, or
before the dragoman delegated by him, of the Govern-
ment of which the person who is either plaintiff or defen
daut is the subject. And the Consul or his delegate will
have the right, as well as the other members of the
Court, to question the parties, and to address inquiries
to the persons who Snake their depositions, and to express,
if need be, his own opinion and observations.
"If the majority of the members of the Court are of
opinion that, according to the information obtained, and
according to reason itself, an accused person is innocent,
and if that accused person has no previous bad character;
the Court will represent to the Valftho necessity of the
Prisoner being set at liberty.
"If an accused person of his own free will confesses
himself to be guilty, there will remain nothing further to
be said about it. Only if it is proved that in reality such
individual is not guilty, and that the false statement
which he has made is attributed solely to threats or pro-
mises, and that it is in spite of himself, or from having
been led into error, that he has made 'that confession,
sue" an avowal made to his own prejudice shall count
for nothing. Andif it is proved by his own avowal, that
he is really guilty, and after that he pretends that he was
persuaded by others to make that avowal, or that he
made it trout having been led into error, no attention is
to be paid to that as-sertion. "At the examination and at the punishment of • the.
guilty the Court.shall not employ blows orthe bastinado ;
and, above an, it shall net subject them to any species
of torture.

"When it shall have become necessary to arrest any.
individual, he shall be taken before an authority, who decide immediately if there are suMcient grounds
for sending him to trial, or if he is to be set at liberty."

THE GOVERNMENT AND NEWSF.APER COI3.RESPONDENCE..
A fopernaker named Ellis has recently been discharged
from:her Majesty's dockyard (Devonport), for writing
and publiehing iu a newspaper a letter complaining of
of certain. arrangements for the working of the rope-
makers-in the dockyard. Some time since the artisans
of the dockyard, excepting ropemakers, were placed on.
job and task work, with the opportunity of earn-,
ing extra pay. The ropemakers, who felt' them
selves aggrieved at the exception, represented them:o6r'
to
,the officers, and Ellis and some others were then,
Placed on task work, for which they considered they
were notlairly paid. , Ellis, unfortunately for hunselfade
dressed a letter to the editor of a local newspaper, stating
the grievance under which he conceived himself and others
of his class had a right to complain. His name was
attached to the letter, and, soon after its publication,,
an order came down for the immediate discharge of the
writer 'from government employ. Ellis, who has always
borne a good character, has memorialised the Admi-
ralty to be reinstated, on the ground that, at the time of
his writing the letter, he did not know it was contrary
to any rules of the service.
ExEcurnox OF TflomrsoN.—William Thompson, who
was convicted at the recent Norwich assizes of the'
murder of Lorenz Beha, a travelling watchmaker and,
jeweller, was exceuted on Saturday at Norwich. By the-
time the law was about to be carried into effect, several'
thousands, mostly country people, were collected on the
open space in front of the gallows. A few minutes
after 12 o'clock the convict, accompanied by the chap-
lain of the gaol, the under-sheriff, the governor, and
other functionaries, came before the multitude. He
walked with a firm steady step to the drop, and seemed
to treat his awful position with indifference. The chap-
lain, during the progress to the scaffold, continued to
read the service for the burial of the dead, which, how-
ever, appeared to make but little impression on him.
On Calcraft desiring him to ascend the steps to the drop,
be did so with firmness, and walked forward under the
fatal beam. The hangman adjusted the cap and ropo,
and, after a few moments' prayer, the signal was given,
the bolt was withdrawn, and Thompson, after some brief
and sev4re struggles, was no more. The convict ma&
full confession of his guilt, and fully described pa-
ner in which the-horrible crime Was.peipeirated;

, 144
,Avpik,
nE7 tux,

LONDON, MONDAY, APRIL 10, 1854.

Another talk of negotiations ! With war de-
clared against Russia by France and England ;
with the fleets of the two great maritime powers,
in the Baltic and the Euxine, prepared for action
and eager for the encounter ; with the French and
British forces disembarking, ship-load after ship-
load, at Gallipoli ; with the Muscovites still in the
Principalities, and the Danube actually crossed
by the troops under GORTSCHAKOFF, and the whole
world cognisant at last of the real nature of the
designs of the CZAR upon Constantinople—there
is nevertheless actually a fresh rumour about the
revival of negotiations.

Wonderful as this is, however, yet more amazing
are the telegraphic despatches dated from Vienna
only last evening, intimating that a Protocol was
absolutely signed there yesterday by the repre-
sentatives of the Four Powers—a Protocol, which,
once completed, amounts to a demonstration that
the Four Powers have arrived at a cordial and
complete agreement amongst themselves. It is
already understood that the document in question
recapitulates all that is deemed essential for the
maintenance of the integrity of Turkey, particu-
larising, of course, among the imperatively requisite
conditions of peace the evacuation of the Princi-
palities.

It must be evident that vigilance is more than
ever advisable--coupling these two announce-
ments together, these announcements of a new
Protocol, and of fresh Negotiations.

A compromise with the Russian AUTOCRAT We
have protested against from the outset as a pro-
ject not only injudicious, but altogether ex-
travagant.
We have insisted upon this on
the
supposition that Austria and Prussia might per-
severe in a course of neutrality, and that England
and France would have to fight unaided the great
battle of Christendom and Civilisation. Nay, we
have declared it to be our conviction that conces-
sions of any kind whatsoever made by the Western
Powers, at this juncture and after all that has
occurred, would be wholly unjustifiable, as they
would assuredly be calculated to prove in the end
signally disastrous, even in the event of the
German States seceding from the cause of
Turkey and taking up a position on the side of
the CZAR and his despotic Government. Where-
fore, it is but what could alone be anticipated
from us that we should at Once scout the notion
to the specious
of yielding weakly proposals of
the AUTOCRAT—now that Europe is informed by
these despatches from Vienna, that on Sunday,
the 9th of April, 1854, the Four Powers--Eng-
land, France, Prussia, Austria—arrived at an
agreement through their representatives.
The evident solicitude of the Emperor NICHO-
LAS at this extreme moment to arrange matters,
if possible, amicably between himself and his for-
midable antagonists, shows clearly enough the
strength of the position of the latter, and the
dread inspired in Russia, now that the thunder-
bolts of battle are expected to descend
upon its coasts, both in the North Sea and
in the Black Sea, from the allied arma-
ments. No wonder at such a juncture, and
when threatened by the might of England and
France united, no wonder that a panic disturbs
St. Petersburg, no wonder that its inhabitants
are hastily attending to its fortifications, no won-
der the Imperial family is being hastily withdrawn
towards Moscow, no wonder there are reports of
the CZAR having despatched one of his aides-de-
camp with new proposals for a pacification !

At auch a oriti9aljunatun, and under circum,

.
stances like these, would it be rational, we ask,
to entertain for one instant the notion of a com-
promise, however tempting or apparently conve-
nient ? Would it be reasonable, would it be in
any way justifiable, to think, for one moment, of
conceding to the wishes of the AUTOCRAT so as to
ward off the necessity of bringing matters, for
once and for all, to a definitive issue between
himself and the rest of Christendom ? Every-
thing indicates that we have him clearly at an
advantage. It were madness, therefore, for
the great Powers of Europe not to avail them-
selves of the opportunity. The principles at stake
must be decided for good or for evil by no partial
arrangement. They must be established, in fact,
upon broad and solid foundations—upon founda-
tions that shall assure the lasting stability of the
peace of the world and the continuous develop-
ment of its civilisation.

Nothing less than this, as the result of the late
warlike agitation, can be compatible with the
maintenance of the honour of France and
England. Nothing less than this can redound
to the credit of the allies of Turkey, can guarantee
the integrity of the Ottoman empire, can assure
the future safety or tranquillity of Christendom.
For this, and for nothing less than this, the
ABERDEEN Cabinet will be held accountable. The
people of England will expect this, and nothing
less than this, from her Britannic MAJESTY'S
Government.

Saturday evening brought with it, in due
c the large banqueting hall of the Free-
masons'Tavern, the thirty-ninth anniversary o i
fes-
tival of the Artists' General Benevolent Institu-
tion. The occasion was one which we cannot but
regard as eminently propitious at once for the
cause of Art, and for the interests of philanthropy.
Whereas, on the majority of previous annual din-
ners commemorative of the foundation of this
Benevolent Institution, the guests have scarcely
numbered, on the average, more than 150 alto-
gether, on Saturday upwards of 170 were gathered
around the three long tables extending down the
hall, and the cross table on the dais, at which sat
the Right Hon. BENJAMIN DISRAELI as Chairman,
supported by several distinguished sympathisers
with the Charity. Besides, as another indication
of the success attendant upon the institution at,
this banquet commemorative of its thirty-ninth
anniversary—while the contributions of the year
have usually amounted of late to something under
1,1001. sterling, those for 1854, the fortieth
year since the date of its establishment, are stated
to have exceeded a total of 2,000/., according to
the Treasurer's very gratifying catalogue of mis-
cellaneous contributions. Remembering, more-
over, that no less than 65 cases (each one a case
of peculiar distress) were relieved during the past
r.welve months, it must be obvious that the funds
are disposed of with every desirable regard to
their judicious and economical distribution.
Especially must this be understood when it is
borne in mind that almost every one of those 65
cases had reference to the sorrows of some poor
artist's widow or orphan daughter. Judging of
the beneficial influence exercised by the Charity, as
an encouragement to those who might otherwise
be depressed by an intolerable despondency, through
a dread that in the event of their demise those nearest
and dearest to them on earth, their wives and their
children, would be left without the probability of
having their almost inevitable privations assuaged
—i tmay be readily understood how many inestim-
able blessings and consolations have resulted from
the scattering, during the last forty years, among
the objects of the Charity, of from 14,0001. to
15,0001., the amount which it is calculated has
been collected in the aggregate by the officers of
the institution since the period of its original
foundation.

It was observed with startling effect on Satur-
day evening by the Right Hon. Chairman, that
the Literary Fund, the national charity for men of
letters, was not established until as recently as the
close of the war with America, and that it was not
until even a much later period than that, not in
fact until the close of the great wars waged by
Europe against NAPOLEON, that the national cha-
rity for men of art was established through the
foundation of the Artists' General Benevolent In-
stitution. So that within a century from the pre-
sent period have been made whatever organised
efforts have yet been made in behalf of the
more unfortunate cultivators of literature as a
profession. While it is only within half a cen-
tury from this time that similar attempts have
been made with a view to alleviate the sufferings
known to be rife among those children of art who
have failed in one sense during their search after
the beautiful, to win " golden" opinions during
their lifetime from the busy crowd of their contem-
poraries. A remarkable circumstance, surely, this
neglect, until so very recent a period, of all ener-
getic, and practical, and comprehensive endeavours
amongst us to soothe the anguish of that want which
is so widely, and has been time out of mind so pro-
verbially attendant upon the professional students
of art and literature. An oversight, or a token of
indifference, which must be considered as incom-
prehensible in a country like ours—a country al-
most at the head of modern civilisation, and one
•among whose distinguishing characteristics have,
for a long time, been the variety and splendour
of its eleemosynary establishments. Happily some
effort was at length, as has been observed, adven-
tured upon by the people at large, for the pur-
pose of relieving unfortunate men of letters by a
Literary Fund, and subsequently, in 1814, for
relieving unfortunate men of art through the vo-
luntarily subscriptions contributed to the revenue
of the Artists' General Benevolent Institu-
tion. Both charities still admit, of course, of
a very considerable development. But while
each has been marked by the evidences of its
utility, each has been distinguished also by its
steady advance and extension since the dateof their
respective commencement. The vitality and sta-
bilitation of the latter of these interesting chari-
ties have been now fortunately signalised by the
auspicious circumstances attendant upon the festi-
vities on Saturday evening at Freemasons'-hall,
when, with Mr. DisnaELi in the chair, the sup-
porters of the Artists' General Benevolent Insti-
tution celebrated the event of its thirty-ninth
anniversary. Let us hope that the predictions
ventured upon by the chairman at the close of his
eloquent address, on proposing the chief toast of
the night, that of success to the institution, may
be indeed (and that before long) realised. The
prediction that the day will come when a sympa-
thy with English artists will be expressed by the
whole of the diversified masses of the population.
Formerly the supporters of art and artists were
the more refined and more highly educated
members of the aristocracy. Latterly, the most
munificent patrons of art and of artists have been
found, as Mr. DISRAELI justly and earnestly main-
tained, among the middle classes of the community.
Ultimately, let us believe with him, the time will
arrive when the people at large, without any dis-
tinction of class whatever, will sympathise with
that peculiarly intellectual body of men whose
existence is one systematic endeavour to elevate
the minds and hearts of their fellow-beings by a
visible union of the true and the beautiful.

This extension of a sympathy for English artists
from the aristocracy and the middle classes to the
general bulk of the population, can only be the re-
sult, of course, of—a system of National Education !
These " Haid Times" of ours must be softened
for the working classes. The labouring commu-
nity must have their intellects supplied with some-
thing beyond dry details and arid statistics—
the Fact, Fact, Fact crammed into their heads,
dinned into their ears, thrust perpetually upon
their attention by such "eminently practical
men" as Mr. THOMAS GRADGRIND [" peremptorily
THoarAs"), by such " Bullies of Humility" as Mr.
BOUNDEHBY, or by such model pedagogues as the
horrid and abominable MTHOAKUMCHILD. Until
our Coketowns have a trifle of their smoke
cleared away, so that an occasional glimpse
may be had of the blue heavens be-
yond—until our acrobatic JITPES can be occa-
sionally tolerated—until allowances can be made,

for their assuaging " nine oils" and their attend-
ant " Merrylegs"--it will be idle to expect the
sympathy we have spoken of from the general
mass of the community : that sympathy being, as
Mr. DISRAELI seemed to intimate by some of his
remarks on Saturday evening, a sentiment of
benevolence emanating hardly more from a gentle
heart than from an educated and refined imagi-
nation.

Conciliatory treatment of the poor on the part
of the Government, at all times desirable, becomes
a duty of the highest importance at the oommence-
ment of a serious war. We would press, therefore,
on the attention of all our readers how rapidly the
" Irish difficulty," in regard to the Settlement and
Removal Bill, is vanishing in the light of facts.
Several members during the recent debate anti-
cipated that it would be so, and now two most
important, we might say decisive, facts are before
the public, showing that the Irish panic was a
groundless one. One chiefly concerns the law.
Mr. JOHN BALL, who, as an Irish gentleman, and
having for some years been a Poor-law Commis-
sioner, must be well informed on the subject,
tells us in his recently published letter that " the
Irish Vagrant Act subjects a person going from
one union to another to seek relief to a month's
imprisonment with hard labour ; and an opinion
was given by a late Attorney-General, that a
Board of Guardians aiding or encouraging such a
practice would be liable to indictment under the
same Act." There can be little doubt that the
Attorney-General was right ; since, besides the
general liability to prosecution for misdemeanour
for obstructing an Act of Parliament, what is un-
lawful for the pauper to do himself, must bring
others, who instigate him to do it, into the
same legal as well as moral guilt ; espe-
cially when several persons being engaged
in the illegal and fraudulent practice, it would
amount to a conspiracy. One thing Mr. BALL
observes is certain. There are in the west of
Ireland distressed district?, and there are unions
in Leinster and Ulster as well off as any in Eng-
land, the rates not averaging 6d. in the pound ;
yet, either from fear of the law, or of the social
disgrace—perhaps both have their influence—it
has never been attempted to shift the paupers
from the poorer to the richer unions in Ireland
itself. So far therefore as law and custom in
Ireland can enlighten us, it is clear that, under
the strongest temptation, the evil so dreaded at
the English Western ports and in the metropolis
•
will never occur.

Another fact is, that the Irish exodus still con-
tinues, and continues in such vigour thatthe pre-
dicted result is plainly becoming probable of our
having too few Irish, not too many ; they are, in
truth, rapidly increasing the industrial facilities of
our great competitor America, building her rail-
ways and digging her canals, in preference to
squeezing each other out of their mud cabins upon
our English coast. We have long been accus-
romed to regard Ireland as a perennial supply of
hewers of wood and drawers of water to the
English skilled labourer and his English master,
but this state' of things bids fair to draw to a
close. The Connaught peasantry are still flying
the land of their fathers, and leaving weeping
relative, who will no doubt follow them as soon
as money can be remitted by the emigrants,
or earned at home, for the purpose.
The T aant Herald mentions that last week
177 persons left never to return ; and that the
mania seems to be unabated. The Scotchman
used to wander, to return with a competency to
his native Highlands, but the Irishman emigrates
to gather, if possible, the beloved circle of his
youth around him, and to create for them all a
new and a happier home. It is mentioned as a
perfect novelty in Irish industry that some have
actually saved money under the Board of Works
sufficient to carry them across the AtlantA7-,
very lately all such savings would have been
squandered as fast as earned. Great difficulty is
indeed being felt by the Board of Works in getting
an adequate supply of hands ; and the farmers,
who have obtained in many instances but just
sufficient labourers to get the seed into the
ground, are beginning to entertain serious appre-
hensions whether they shall have enow to reap
their crops. It really seems, therefore, that any
serious influx of Irish pauperism is, little to be
feared—certainly none which should for a moment
interfere with a measure so desirable as Mr.
BAINES'S for the English labourer. We sincerely
hope that the deferred second reading will only
afford time to clear up all misunderstandings, to
dissipate what we believe to have been the ground-
less fears of many honest members, and to unite
all the friends of the poor, and the advocates of
" unrestricted competition" in labour as in all
things else, in a hearty, ungrudging support of
the bill.