The Sun.
London, England, 1862-04-02 00:00:00

N°. 21,765.

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THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA.

(From the Special Correspondent of the Times.)
WASHINGTON, MARCH 17.
The enemy having retired from Manassas and
faller) back behind the Rappahannock, it became
obvious that the Federals could not pursue them.
They had won a " bloodless victory," but if, after
winning it, they could not pursue their beaten
enemy, it is plain they would have been still less
capable of pursuit had the Confederates met them
in the field. The anger and indignation of some
of the Northern papers is ludicrous. They are
especially vexed because a number of wooden guns
were found in the embrasures, which were probably
placed there to deceive any reconnoitring party while
the enemy were drawing off their forces. They are
facetious over the capture of the works by a "Yankee
pedlar." But, omitting for . the time any further
let us speculate as to the
allusions to this matter,
course Gen. M'Clellan will now pursue. He must
fight, and that as speedily as he can. All hif .s-my
is falling back on Alexandria and Washington, for
fovmeraekdintghat an attack on Richmond. It
Manassas does not lead to
Those who at all remember what has
th theaius
aphmue reu pnn odds ei oe
dinatfh
Julyese or
runinn may recollect that in
early in August, I ven-
turedbt
he een written
t lattoe rn
express
an
opinion
that Fortress Monroe
was against Richmond.
Ifi,a the u
rro
itkr
fealbi
sa!e
,t
ho p
of
confederates
ates cannot hold their
capital; and if Richmond is taken, Norfolk is ren-
dered untenable. The possession of Suffolk would
endanger Norfolk and the whole line of positions,
oh but rats the
received reinforcements, key. Burnside may
of
ffe
hiswf eheilmei which it
tehn wayiiiaseinntsa. e m
He
sort
there,e
and is probably waiting to concert movements for
his advance with the corps about to take the field
in a new direction. The strategy now proposed,
recognising the importance of a vital blow at Rich-
mond, will in all likelihood be this :—A feint will
be made on Norfolk with that object; General
Heintzleman, who is now embarking his corps at
Alexandria, will land with a strong force under the
guns of Fortress Monroe, and make every appear-
ance of preparing to dash upon Norfolk on the
flank, cutting the line of railroad. This feint it is
expected will draw from Richmond a large number
of the Confederate troops. Heintzleman's feint will
be aided by the assembling of a larger force afloat,
with gunboats, steamers, tugs, &c., near Fortress
Monroe. When all is ready, and the enemy have
been drawn to Norfolk in sufficient numbers, Heint-
zleman, suddenly turning his face from Norfolk,
towards the North, will march straight up the
peninsula which is formed by she James River and
the York River upon Richmond, While M'Clellan,
with a corps of some 35,000 or 40,000 men, advances
on a parallel line from the side of the York River.
Some such plan will be followed, I have reason to
believe, from what I have heard. To me it seems
open to most serious objections of various kinds;
but it has the great plea of necessity. What if the
Merrimac comes out of Norfolk and smashes the
whole flotilla in detail or in gross ? It is said that
steps have been taken to provide against that fearful
sortie. What they are no one knows except those
who have taken them. But I sincerely hope they
may be more effectual than the plan of firing shells
filled with cayenne pepper at her, which has been
proposed to the President, in the hope of choking
and sneezing off the men at the guns ! What if the
Confederates destroy Burnside's farce, and then,
having the rail from Norfolk to Richmond, through
Suffolk and Petersburg, secure, throw themselves
upon the detached expedition which has to march
some 74 or 78 miles from Newport News to Rich-
mond, either going by Great Bethel, Williamsburg,
and Cross Roads, away from their fleet and gun-
boats, or keeping the shore, and in that case en-
countering immense difficulties from creeks to be
crossed, from marshes, and from such rivers as the
Warwick and Chickahomaney ! However, no one
can foresee what may take place. As the man who
first told me that he had seen the President's own
draught of a despatch refusing to give up Mason
and Slidell, and approved it thoroughly, was a day
afterwards in raptures with Mr. Seward's surrender
of them, represents vast masses of people in the
States, so has he among soldiers his type in the
general who always disapproves what is done, and
praises that which cannot or will not be done. Be-
fore this despatch leaves Boston the wires may be
charged with the news that General M'Clellan has
ceased to command even the army of the Potomac.
The outcry of the Abolitionists is furious ; sup-
ported by the public disappointment, and by their
increasing strength, they will make a victim of a
Breckenridge pro-Slavery Democrat, as they say
the General is, if they can. Every word he says
or writes is canvassed and criticised. Even his
proclamation, which need not be overloaded with
eulogy, offends them, because he appears in it to de-
plore the war. " Sad ; not a bit of it—great and
glorious war !" The most absurd intentions are
attributed to him. It is whispered that he designs
to make himself Dictator. With this end in view
he has surrounded himself with foreign princes and
nobles that he may be the nucleus of a Court. He
cannot send a small cavalry escort across the river
with his wife's carriage without provoking cen-
sure and jealousy. Much of this feeling has been
caused by the odious adulation and nauseous flat-
tery of those who sought to gain his favour call-
ing him ridiculous names, and comparing him to
"young Napoleon" and " old Fritz," to " Julius
Caesar," " Alexander," and even " Hercules." Ge-
neral M'Clellan appears to me to be really a mo-
dest man, one to whom such slaver must be loath-
some in 'the last degree. Whatever his political
principles may be, he is not likely to aim at any
place higher than that he has lost—the command of
the United States army, for his ambition is that of
a soldier. It is positively asserted in a Washington
paper that he will be deposed, and that General
Sumner will succeed him. General Banks has been
summoned here from Western Virginia. All is
commotion in the political and military world. It
is known too well that Mr. Secretary Stanton has
formed an unfavourable opinion of General M'Clel-
lan, and does not hesitate to pronounce him a failure.
A witty Minister here said some time ago "The
Americans have two generals—one is physically
dead ; the other is not yet born." When reminded
of his saying lately he exclaimed " The last has been
born since, but he turns out to be an abortion." All
this is in the last degree unfair. I have received
no courtesy—scarcely indeed ordinary civility from
General M'Clellan, owing in all probability to his
dread of such censure as was directed against him
because he was reported to have taken me with him
in a ride through the lines of the army last August;
but in justice I must say that he has done that which
few others I have met with in the United States
could have effected. His defect may be that he
regards matters with a microscopic eye through a
military fieldglass. He does not consider what the
political effect of this or of that movement or delay
may be, nor does he act on comparisons of forces.
But his difficut
`:resi have been great. To sum them
up in `.,wo words, he has no military organisation ;
up to a short time ago he had no army. That which
he now commands is for certain purposes of war not
an army, even now. General M'Clellan felt that as
well as any one, but he erred perhaps in considering
that the enemy were better then himself in that
respect. Let us look into this matter a little more
I closely. The excellent material of the rank and
file of the American army is admitted, Recently
there has been a marked improvement in their look
on parade and in their brigade field•days. Dressed
in line, or moving in field evolutions, one was
forced to admire their steadiness, their fine appear-
ance, and the change in discipline and aid which had
apparently been effected in so short a time But
still, from what I saw yesterday, I am led to think
that for certain purposes of war this enormous force
is not an army, properly so called. It has no co-
hesion, no internal organisation, no Generals—there

A S THE FACULTIES OF THE BODY, in
harmony with those of THE MIND, approach deve-
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factitious circumstances—some salutary, some pernicious—
becomes susceptible of impressions which, according to the
degree of PRUDENCE and KNOWLEDGE with which he is en-
dowed, may be the sources of happiness or of unspeakable
misery.
Some of the most deadly and terrible of the influences last
referred to originate at that period when parents fondly hepe
that the obhe jeets of their love are being prepared to fight
honourably t great battle of life—namely, the scholastic
and collegiate period. Habits are then contracted, in
unsuspecting- ignoranee of their effects. which, if not ar-
rested, tend to sink the Vie Tims OF Ennou to the deepest
depths of degradation and woe. The evil is aggravated by
the apathy too generally evinced by the mecThal profession,
not only as to the nature but the very existence of the
diseases arising from the cause indicated, and to which the
general and inadequate designation
of "Nervous Disorders
and Debility" has been given. One of the consequences of
this neglect is, that the treatment of the most delicate
whicll3.7, afflict
REGULARLY
or
fidoy
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classes of disease
up by unqualified and uneducated persons.
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At home for consultation, daily, from 11 till 2, and 6 till 8
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TEE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL 2, 1862.

is nobody to do anything with it—to keep it
together, to hold it as a machine with which to
effect any offensive manoeuvres beyond a straight
attack in front, or with which to resist an enemy
which had once broken their line. If I am asked
how do the Western troops gain their successes, I
am bound to say that I do not know whether they
are better than the regiments here, or whether the
enemy are worse, and commanded by inferior
officers.

Last Monday morning the different divisions of
the army of the Potomac marched towards the
enemy's positinni having received information that
the enemy had abandoned it the day before. At
Centreville they found only abandmed huts, ruined
cantonments, same 30 pieces of wonders artillery,
and a strong entrenched tamp, defended by earth-
works and redoubts. At Manassas they came upon
an undefended position, weak by nature and not
defended by art. The seven miles of road between
Centreville and Manassas was a Slough of Despond,
and it was evident the enemy had no proper trans-
port for the support of their army at Centreville as
soon as they got beyond the reach of their railway
at Manassas. They were as little capable of me- ,
corduroy road, " alive with dead horses," as one of
innagcinugpoWn aßshicinhgmtoonndasfothr ethFeedlearsatlatwwoerme
oonftandsv.anAc-
our Crimean staff officers remarked of a similar piece
on
nican
plateau
the
utiO they
had
(10: I:ent swt: '
t
Manassas were traces of ample stores at Centre-
ville there was nothing. Much indignation
the tvr theo poonsiltyiocn commu-
nication A ut-
m
was expressed at the escape of the enemy.
" Here is an army of 15 divisions, each at least
8,500 strong, with 46 batteries of field artil-
lery, and any number of cavalry, which has
permitted a miserable corps of 30,000 or 40,000
men to challenge, mock, delude, and escape it.'
One of the papers says,—" Our men cried when
they saw the wooden guns." As there were no
means of feeding the army at Centreville or at
Manassas—still less further on—it was considered
undesirable to pursue the enemy southwards and
keep them moving towards Richmond or beyond
it. The tracks were, it is said, torn up, the bridges
and culverts were destroyed. But Richmond is not
more than 80 miles or so, as the crow flies, from
Manassas, or four ordinary marches. European
armies have often to carry five days' food. The
cavalry sent out under General Stoneman came
upon a strong rearguard of the enemy near the
Warrenton Junction, 25 miles south of the Manassas
Junction, and they were also met at Rappahannock,
where the railroad crosses the north fork of the
river of that name. While the cavalry were en-
gaged in making these reconnoissances, in which
they encountered great impediments from the nature
of the country, and had a slight skirmish with the
enemy, the infantry and guns were falling back on
their old positions, or moving back to Alexandria.
Under ordinary circumstances it would be consi-
dered discreditable to any officer in Europe to have
allowed his enemy to retire under such circum-
stances ; but when one remembers the want of ex-
perience of those in the Quartermaster-General's
department, who should have made themselves
acquainted with the enemy's position and move-
ments, the fact will appear less inexcusable. In-
deed, the Quartermaster-General's department is
not charged with this duty in the United States'
army, and if it be not discharged by the topographi-
cal engineers or the Generals it is left to itself.
How many abortive attempts were made could
not be counted en both hands. The utter want of
dash on the part of the cavalry, and, indeed, gene-
rally, has been noticed on both sides. It proceeds
from want of confidence in their leaders on the part
of the volunteers. The regular cavalry were trea-
sured up like gold. They were too valuable to be
risked in reconnoitring in brushwood, and so it
was that no knowledge, as far as we know, was
ever gained of the force of the enemy or of their
movements till they had all taken flight bag and
baggage, and left even their upper batteries on the
Potomac under the very eyes of the troops on the
other side, and of the gunboats on the river, before
they were aware of it. The same want of enter-
prise on the part of the South forbids the expecta-
tion of brilliant, sudden, and dashing movements
on their part ; otherwise, what could prevent their
falling upon Banks as soon as the mass of the Fede-
rals had moved off from Washington, overwhelming
him, and then coming right down on the capital
from the Maryland side, and checkmating the move
against Richmond? Nothing to be sure, but defi-
ciency of means and skill, perhaps of men. The
secret and open dissatisfaction with M'Clellan,
based on his inaction, has found a means of ex-
pressing itself. It was rumoured that he had only
been forced to march by the orders of the President,
who had deposed him from the command of the
army as soon as he got him in the field, and who
did not acquaint him with his intentions except
through the medium of a newspaper. The Secre-
tary of War was reported to be displeased also.
Out issues into the field the sub-committee of that
terrible investigating Congressional borer which
digs into the " conduct of the war." They satisfy
themselves the enemy had few or no heavy guns,
and less than 50,000 men at any time of their stay
at Manassas. The wooden cannon distress them.
They have, it is said, drawn up a report most
damnatory of the military conduct of Gen. M'Clellan,
and the Republican organ in this city positively
announces that he will be deprived of all command.
After issuing his address to the troops General
M'Clellan came back to Washington. Next day, as
his columns were returning to their camps, there
descended such a storm of rain as only falls here
and in parts of India. All Saturday and all through
the night it beat on the drenched regiments and
turned;, the earth beneath their feet into viscuous
paste. In company with Colonel Wetherall (chief
of the Staff in Canada), who has been attracted
here by the desire of seeing the vast army which
his neighbours have put in the field, I rode over
yesterday to have a look at the men. It was a se-
vere test to put them to, and I must say that, if
magnificent in material," as Gen. M'Clellan says,
they are not so " admirable in discipline ;" that, if
"excellently armed," they are not so well equipped.
On approaching Alexandria, through very hard bits
of causeway here and there cut into pools filled with
mud, soldiers, armed and unarmed, were sauntering
along the roads or making their way with painful
efforts to join their regiments. The streets were
full of them also. Mud, of course, was to be ex-
pected, and where it once caught, there it lay. A
field battery, which had just returned, was posted
round a church, the horses yet uncleaned, the guns
covered with mud.

The wharves and quays of Alexandria were full
of life; hundreds of waggons passing to and fro
with warlike stores to the river side, where a fleet
of steamers is lying to receive them, and the army
corps, which is embarking there. The men did not
seem in good spirits; indeed, some had indulged
in very bad ones, though it is just to admit that
there were not more than a dozen cases of " drunk
and incapable "to be seen by the roadside. Turn-
ing towards the Seminary, which stands very
much in relation to Alexandria as the Observatory
to Greenwich, though the intervening plane space
is far wider in the former, every hill, every
hollow, all the slopes and wood sides were covered
with camps and bivouacs, artillery and infantry
and commissariat carts all mingled togcri-mr, while
enormous trains of white tilted waggons crept up
and down the mud tracks, and disappeared over the
hill tops among the trees, or were lost in the streets
of the city. Along all the roads, all over the coun-
try, were soldiers in blue gray overcoats, bedraggled
trousers, toddling or stumbling or splashing along
in single files or in groups ; no officers' staff or re-
gimental brigade, divisional or officious, to give any
one orders, or to get anything into shape.
Turning
into a field where were four batteries of artillery,
we had symptoms of want of uniform
-system,
though not of efficiency, The horses were light, in-

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deed, according to English notions, but the Parrott
guns are not so heavy as our own. The men had
no pickets for the horses ; they were secured by the
throat lash to one long rope, passing through the
spokes of the wheels of the gun carriages, and
fastened at each end to the outer er heel of the gun
on the right and left of the line. Another battery,
however, used large upright forked sticks as pickets,
the rope passing in the forks and being secured at
each end in the ground. The American horses are
so quiet that heel ropes are not required, or, at all
events, used. The men were cooking or trenching
through the mud; their great coats hung up to dry
on the caissons and carriages, which were also
covered with harness.
One battery was provided with black oilskins,
which they stretched, tent form, over sticks; others
metle an abri of about 6 feet long, 2; feet wide, and
a foot and a-half high, looking like large beetles at
a distance. Inside, men were supposed to be re-
posing. Others had tents on the French system, con-
sisting of three parts, each carried by a man, and when
put together sheltering them tolerably, if not de-
stroyed by holes for stove pipes, &c. The pieces here
were all 3-inch and 31. inch Parrotts, except in a bat-
tery of brass Napoleon 12-pounders. Proceeding on-
wards through a cavalcade of soldiers of different
regiments mingled together, of whom the greater
part were going towards Alexandria, on the top of
the hill we came to a brigade of M'Call's division,
which was taking
ground to the right -of the
road. They had marched about 14 miles, and it
was evident that many of them were dead beat.
Many fell out and sat by the roadside. Others
limped slowly after, or were piled up in the covered
waggons. There is no nniformii; of knapszcle in
the United States' army, and of the great variety
of pattern I have seen none which appears at all
desirable. Big, shapeless, flat bags in oilskin,
loaded with coats and blankets, do duty for neat,
compact, well-arranged sacks, though there are
exceptions in some regiments to that remark. The
men suffered evidently from bad packing, but still
more perhaps from their having been permitted to
march in their great coats. Their trousers were
worn out at the ends from the mud, their boots run
down at the heel or broken, and the flapping looped
hats, the most hideous " war bonnet" ever con-
trived, looked limp and mouldy from the rain.
But there were the men inside, mostly stout, fine
young fellows, capable of any service, if well led,
after a little experience. It was a trial for men CO
long in camp. The limits of my letter are curtailed
by circumstances, or I had much to say of the
troops and of the army as they appeared yester-
day. But this post must not be missed, and .to
save the Boston mail for Wednesday letters
should be sent from Washington on Monday at 3
o'clock.

One word, however, as to the general result of
our impressions. I think Colonel Wetherall would
admit the American army consists of fine" makings
of soldiers ;" that in defence or in line it is not to be
despised by any troops; that it is unmanageable
and ill organised; that in matters of detail, such as
the service of small ammunition in the field-4e-
tails of vital importance—it is miserably deficient;
but that with service and experience the Americape
have all the means of becoming a most formidable
military Power.

TILE PRESTON ELECTION.

As this election approaches the agitation of loc,M
politicians increases, The walls of the town are
completely covered with squibs and placards. Tie
religious creed of Mr. Melly—unitarianism—is the
object of great attack on the part of the Conserva-
tives. On the other hand, the Conservative candi-
date is described as a fit representative of agricul-
tural districts, or of carrot and turnip growing com-
munities. Rumours of bribery are very rife, and
the impression on all sides appears to be that money
will play an important part on the day of election.
On Sunday, it is reported, the Conservatives engaged
an immense staff of men to distribute at all the
Catholic chapels in the town a small circular or
handbill, addressed "To the Catholic Electors of
Preston," and to the effect that Mr. Melly belonged
to the Liberal and revolutionary party ; that the
Liberals were the active, determined, and energetic
supporters of revolution throughout Europe ; that
they were at this moment engaged in a great war
against the Catholic Church. When the facts
were known to the priests, they protested against
the circulars, and condemned in very heavy terms
the distribution of them. The Roman Catholic Bishop
of Liverpool, who had come specially to preach that
day at St. Augustine's Catholic Church, denounced
the distribution as a gross, unfair, and mean politi-
cal trick, and totally at variance with the legitimate
rules of electioneering. On Monday night, Mr.
Melly addressed a large meeting of the electors in
the Theatre Royal. Mr. Aspinall, the Recorder of
Liverpool, was present, and likewise addressed the
assemblage.—Manchester Guardian.