The Sun.
London, England, 1865-04-24 00:00:00

GRAND TRUNK OF CANADA.

The traffic receipts on this company's lines for the
week ending April 1 amounted for local passengers
to £6,493, for foreign passengers to £1,855, for
&c., to £642, for local freight and live stock
to £16,136, and for foreign freight and live stock to
£3,576,—total, £28,703 on 1,377 miles, against
£22,664 on 1,335 miles for the corresponding week
last year, showing an increase of £6,038. The total
traffic receipts from the Ist of January to the above
date amounted to £294,254, against £288,808 for
the corresponding period of last year, showing an
increase of £5,446.

The Commercial Treaty between Austria

and the Zollverein,

BERLIN, April 19th.
The following is the full text of the commercial
treaty recently concluded in this capital between
Austria and the States of the Zollverein
" His Majesty the King of Prussia, his Majesty the King
of Bavaria, and his Majesty the King of Saxony upon
their own behalf, as well as representing the Sovereign
countries and parts of countries in connection with the
Prussian tax and duties system, to wit : the Grand Duchy
of Luxemburg, the enclaves of Rossow, Netzeband and
Schonberg belonging to the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg,
the principality of Birkenfeld attached to the Grand
Duchy of Oldenburg, the Duchy of Anhalt, the princi-
palities of Pyrmont and Waldeck, the principality of
Lippe, and the district of Meisenheim belonging to the
Landgraviate of Hesse; and also in the name of the
remaining members of the German customs and commer-
cial union, viz., the Crown of Hanover, for itself and
the principality of Schaumburg-Lippe ; the Crown of
Wurtemburg, the Grand Duchy of Baden, the Elec-
torate of Hesse, the Grand Duchy of Hesse for itself and
the district of Homburg belonging to the Landgraviate of
Hesse ; and in the name of the States, constituting the
Thuringian customs and commercial union, viz., the Grand
Duchy of Saxony, the Duchies of Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-
Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the principalities of
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Sondershausen, the older
and younger branches of the House of Reuss, the Duchy
of Brunswick, the Duchy of Oldenburg, the Duchy of Nas-
sau, and the free town of Frankfort, upon the one part, and
his Majesty the Emperor of Austria, representing also the
sovereign principality of Liechtensteim, upon the other :
actuated by the wish to promote in a comprehensive man-
ner commerce and traffic between their territories by ex-
tended liberation and reduction of duties, by simplified and
equalised treatment of duties, and by facilitating the use of
all traffic institutions, and with the intention of securing
their duties revenue and paving the way for universal
German customs union, have commenced negotiations for
the renewal and corresponding change and enlargement of
the commercial and customs treaty of February 19, 1853,
already existing between them, and have for that purpose
appointed as their plenipotentiaries :
" His Majesty the King of Prussia, his Ministerial Direc-
tor Alexander Max Philipsborn, and his chief Privy Coun-
cillor of Finance Gustav Hasselback ; his Majesty the King
of Bavaria, his Ministerial Councillor Moritz von Reichert ;
his Majesty the King of Saxony, his Privy Councillor of
Finance Julius Hans von Thummel ; and his Majesty the
Emperor of Austria, his Privy Councillor and President of
the Ministerial Department for Indirect Taxation Dr. Carl
Baron von Hock, who, after due communication and mutual
recognition of their powers, have agreed upon and concluded
the following commercial and customs treaty :
" Art. 1. The contracting parties engage to place no ob-
stacles in the way of mutual traffic between their countries
by any import, export, or transit duties. Exceptions here-
from can only take place in the case of tobacco, salt, gun-
powder, playing-cards, and almanacs, and in respect to ar-
ticles required for war purposes under special circumstances.
"Art. 2. With respect to amount, security, and levy of
import and export duties, and with regard to transit, other
States shall not be placed by one of the contracting parties
upon a more favoured footing than the other. Every
advantage in these respects granted to other States is
therefore to be granted at the same time to the other con-
tracting party without compensation. Excepted herefrom
are only such advantages as are enjoyed by States now or
in future joined in customs union with one of the contract-
ing parties, as also such advantages as are conceded to other
States by existing treaties and are expressly excluded from
the application of the above stipulation. These advantages
may be conceded to such States for the same articles in no
no higher degree also after the expiration of these treaties.
"Art, 3. From the Ist July, 1865, the contractingparties
will allow mutual modifications of traffic upon the basis of
the free entry of raw natural products and the admission of
manufactured articles of their countries at a reduced rate of
duty. For this purpose they have agreed that in the im-
mediate passage out of free traffic in the territory of the one
party into the territory of the other no entry duties, or
respectively no higher entry duties, shall be levied in Aus-
tria upon goods stated in Schedule A and in the Zoilverein
upon goods stated in Schedule B than is appointed to be
levied by these schedules.
"Art. 4. If, pending the duration of this present treaty,
increase of the general tariff of entry duties as compared
with tariff to come in force on and after the Ist July, 1865,
shall take place in the territory of one or other of the con-
tracting parties, these will remain without bearing upon
the amount of duties and freedom from duties agreed upon
according to Schedules A andß. But if one of the contract
ing parties wishes to introduce a reduction of the general
tariff in operation after July 1, 1865, upon any one of the
articles specified in the Schedules A and 8., whether gene-
rally or only in certain frontier ports or customs districts,
he is bound to give notice to the other party of the said
reduction at least three months More its coining into ope-
ration, and the other party then retains the option, further
agreement being resorved, of admitting this article duty
free or at the duty agreed upon, a certificate of origin being
produced. Whichever party makes use of this privilege
must communicate to the other the regulations it has issued
in this respect four weeks prior to their execution.

Art. 5. All merchandise to be transferred directfrom the

territory of one contracting party into that of the other will
on both sides be exempt from all export duties. From this
category will be excluded only the articles hereafter men-

tioned, which will have to pay the annexed rates of duty,
that is, in the Customs Union : rags and other remnants
for the manufacture of paper, not of pure silk but alsomix-
tures ; waste paper and other fragments, 1 2-3 thalers
(South German currency 2 florins 55 kreutzers) per customs
cwt. ; old oakum, old fishing nets and cordage, tarred or
untarred, 1-3 thaler (35 kreutzers South German currency)
per customs cwt. In Austria : common skins and hides

(see Art. 6 of Schedule A) 2 florins 50 kreutzers,_ Austrian
currency, per customs cwt. ; rags and other remnants for
the manufacture of paper (see Art. 44 of Schedule A) 3
florins, Austrian currency, per customs cwt. ; bones, hoofs,
feet, and remnants of hides (see Art. 44 of Schedule A) 75
kreutzers, Austrian currency, per customs cwt. In each
of the contracting States the export exemptions
conceded on the export of certain productions must
replace only the duties of inland taxes which have been

---
levied upon the stuffs or productions from which they have
been prepared ; but such exemption will not exclude any
extra export premium. Mutual communication shall be
made of changes in the amount of these exemptions or of
the relation they are to bear to the custom-house of inland
duties. Merchandise carried through the territory of one
of the contracting parties out of or into that of the other

party will be exempt from transit duties. This stipulation
is equally applicable to goods forwarded after reloading or
warehousing and to those carried through direct without
stoppage.

"Art. 6. For futther facilitating the mutual traffic the fol•

lowing articles will be freed from import and export duties
by both parties, viz.:-Ist. All merchandise (excepting
articles of consumption) brought out of general traffic in the
territory of one of the contracting parties into markets or
fairs upon that of the other ; also goods forwarded upon
chance of sale, independently of fair and market traffic, into
the territory of the other contracting party, not sent
into general traffic, but placed under the control of the
custom-house authorities in public warehouses (packing-
houses, &c.) ; likewise samples which may be introduced
by commercial travellers ; all these articles, if taken back
unsold within a space of time to be settled in advance ; 2d.
Cattle brought into the market of the territory of the
other contracting party, and carried back unsold ; 3d. Bells
and type for re-casting, straw for plaiting, wax for bleach-
ing, fragments of silk for combing ; 4th. Textures and
yarns for washing, bleaching, dyeing, fulling, dressing,
printing, and embroidering, yarn for knitting, spun fabrics
(inclusive of all necessary appliances) for the repairing of
articles of lace and fringe, skins for leather and fur dress-
ing, yarn in rough and smooth hanks, together with the
requisite shot yarn for the fabrication of textures, also
articles for lacquering, polishing, and painting; sth.
All further articles imported into the territory of the
other contracting party for the purpose of being repaired,
re-manufactured, or improved, and returned after the
purpose proposed has been effected, supposing all the re-
lative stipulations have been fulfilled, and provided the
essential nature and denomination of the articles remain

unchanged.
" Art. 7. With reference to the treatment of merchan-
dise by the custom-house according to the permit process,
traffic will bo mutually facilitated by the fact that in the
the immediate transfer of such goods from the territory of
one of the contracting parties into that of the other, the
decreased detention, the necessity for further locking-up
and unpacking the goods is dispensed with, provided the
requirements agreed upon in this respect be duly fulfilled.
The expedition thereof generally must be hastened as much
as possible.

" Art..B. The contracting parties will also be careful,
wherever circumstances permit, to remove their opposite
frontier custom-houses to one place, in order that the offi-
cial duties upon transfer of the merchants from one terri-
tory into the other may be effected simultaneously.
" Art. 9. Inland duties, charged by one of the contract-
ing parties, either on account of the State, or on account of
the communes or corporations, for the production, prepa-
ration, or consumption of an article, cannot underany pre-
text be rendered more onerous upon productions of the
other party than upon similar products of the country.
" Art. 10. The contracting parties pledge themselves to
adopt in concert befitting means of guarding against and
preventing smuggling, both in and out of each other's ter-
ritories, and for this purpose will rigorously enforce the
penal code, afford legal assistance, permit the pursuit of
offenders by custom-house officers into each other's terri-
tory, and moreover to afford such officers all the aid that
can be obtained through the local authorities, officers of the
police, customs, and coast guards. The customs cartel
drawn up according to these general stipulations is con-
tained in Schedule C. Upon frontier waters and districts
where the territories of the contracting parties border
foreign States, the measures agreed upon for mutual keep-
ing guard will be strictly carried out.
" Art. 11. Staple and barter rights aro inadmissible by
the contracting parties, and no conveyor of goods can be

compelled to stop at any particular place for the purpose
of lading, unlading or relading, with reserve of the requi-
site stipulations for the naval and sanitary police, as also
those ensuring the payment of the corresponding duties.
" Art. 12. The contractingparties will admit each other's
vessels and cargoes on the same terms and for the same
rates of duty as their own. The nationality of the vessels
of each of the contracting states is to be decided according
to the laws of its country. Sufficient evidence as to the
capacity for cargo of a ship of one State shall be afforded by
the production of her legal papers in establishing naviga-
tion and harbour dues, reserving her right to reduce her
measure. Each State may reserve the right of traffic be-
tween ports within its own territories for its own vessels ;
but on the other hand the vessels of one State will be freely
allowed to take successive freights or cargoes in several of
the ports of the other State. Also upon condition of reci-
procity all the facilities which any of the States of the
Customs Union engaged in maritime traffic have granted
or shall grant to the vessels and cargoes of another State,
shall be in future granted to Austrian vessels and cargoes,
and, on the other hand, every facility which Austria has
afforded or will afford in this respect to another State shall
likewise be granted to the ships and cargoes of all maritime
States of the Customs Union. From this rule are only' ex-
cepted such advantages in the coasting traffic as have not
been agreed by treaty to be afforded to the vessels of other
States.
" Art. 13. Navigation or harbour dues shall not be levied
upon ships of one of the contracting parties putting into
the harbours of the other in cases of misfortune or neces-
sity, unless their stay is needlessly prolonged or used for
commercial purposes. Duty shall only be levied by the one
contracting party upon shipwrecked and stranded goods
laden into a ship of the other, under reserve of the ware-
housing fees, in case such goods pass into consumption.
" Art. 14. Ship captains and vessels belonging to one of
the contracting States shall be admitted to traverse all
natural and artificial waters in the territories of the other
upon the same conditions and upon payment of the same
duties per ship or cargo as are incumbent upon captains
and vessels of the native State.

" Art. 15. The use of highways and other roads, canals,
locks, ferries, bridges and bridge openings, harbours and
landing-places, buoys and lighthouses, of pilot facilities, of
craneage and weighing machines, of warehouses, of arrange-
ments for saving and storing shipped goods, and so forth,
in so far as the said arrangements or institutions are in-

tended for public convenience, shall, whether under the
management of the State or of private persons, be permitted
to the subjects of the one contracting party upon the same
conditions and payment of the same duties as to the sub-
jects of the native State. Fees shall only be levied upon
actual use of such arrangements or institutions, with reser-
vation of admissible different arrangements in the light-
house and pilotage systems. These shall however not
exceed the cost of keeping in repair, together with the cus-
tomary interest of the country upon the original capital
employed. Road money for laden carriages upon roads
serving either directly or indirectly to connect the contract-
ing parties with one another or with foreign parts, in cases
where it amounts to or exceeds the sum of one silbergros-
chen (five kreutzers Austrian currency) for one draught
animal per geographical mile, shall be raised at most to the
rates now in force, and where not reaching the aforesaid
sum shall be raised at most to that amount. Road money
for traffic crossing the frontier of the country shall not be
higher, upon the above mentioned ways of communication,
in proportion to the length traversed, than for traffic within
the limits of the native territory. Railways are to be
subjected to these rules, but to those contained in clauses
16 and 17.

" Art. 16. The sending of the subjects of one of the con-
tracting parties and their goods by railway shall not be
placed upon a more favourable footing as regards time,
manner, and price, than that of the subjects of the native
State. No State shall levy higher railwAy transit dues
upon goods forwarded to or out of the territory of the other
party than those to which goods laden or unladen upon
the same railway in its own territory are comparatively
subjected.

" Art. 17. The contracting parties will see that the tran-
sport of goods- upon railways in their territories shall be
facilitated as much as possible by the establishment of im-
mediate rail connection between lines meeting at any par-
ticular place and by transferring the means of transport
from one line on to the other. They will also, in cases where
immediate rail connection exists upon their frontiers, and a
transfer of the means of transport takes place, release goods
foryvarded in carriages capable of being closed according to
regulation, and which are sent on in the same carriages
to some part of the interior where there is a regular cus-
toms or' duties office, from declaration, unlading and revision
upon the frontier as well as from enclosure in parcels, pro-
vided such goods are notified for through transit by de-
livery of the bills of lading and freight. The fulfilment of
the above stipulations shall however depend upon the re-
spective railway administrations being bound to see to the
arrival when due of the carriages with unviolated locks at
their place of destination in the interior or the custom-
house on the frontier. Should further facilities with re-
gard to passing the custom-houses be concluded by one of
the contracting parties with any other State than are agreed
upon in the stipulations here stated, these facilities shall
also apply to traffic with the other party, mutuality being
guaranteed.

(Art. 18. The contracting parties will mutually endeavour
that, by adopting like principles, industry may be pro-
moted and the utmost possible room be granted to the pri-
vilege of the subjects of the one party to seek occupation
and profit in the territory of the other. From the time when
the present treaty comes into operation, no tax shall be
imposed upon the subjects of one of the contracting parties
seeking employment or to pursue trade and commerce in
territories of tho other, to which native subjects occupying
the same industrial position are not liable. Similarly mer-
chants, manufacturers, and other traders, able to prove
they have discharged the legal dues for the business they
pursue in the State where they reside, if only making pur-
chases for that business in person or through travellers in
their service or taking orders by means of samples, shall
not be bound to pay any further dues for these acts in the
territory of the contracting party. Equally, upon visiting
fairs and markets for the prosecution of business and the
sale of their own products or fabrics in each of the terri-
tories of the contracting parties, the subjects of the one
shall be treated in every respect exactly as the subjects of
the other. The subjects of one of the contracting parties
exercising a carrying or navigation trade between places in
different States, shall not be liable to an occupation tax on
this account in the territories of the other.

" Art. 19. The contracting parties naturally grant each
other the right of appointing consuls in all those harbours
and commercial centres of either part, to which consuls of
any other State are admitted. These consuls of one of
the contracting parties shall enjoy, upon condition of
reciprocity, the same privilege; rights, and advantages in
the territories of the other which those of any third State
now or shall in future enjoy.

"Art 20. Each of the contracting parties shall bind his
consuls abroad to afford every species of protection and
assistance to the subjects of the other party, wherever the
latter are not represented at any place by a consul, and at
no greater expense than that to which native subjects
would be put.

" Art. 21. The contracting parties mutually concede to
each other the right of sending officials to their custom-
houses for the purpose of acquiring a knowledge of their
business arrangements with regard to levying duties and
watching the frontier, for gaining which every opportunity
shall readily be afforded to the said officials. The contract-
ing States will mutually give each other all required ex-
planations as to keeping accounts and statistics in both
commercial territories.

" Art. 22. The stipulations contained in arts 1-9 of
the present treaty do not apply in those individual por-
tions of the territory of the contracting parties excluded
from their customs territory, so long as such exclusion ob-
tains.

"Art. 23. Immediately after exchange of the ratifications
of this treaty commissioners of the contracting parties
shall meet to settle the requisite agreements and arrange-
ments for its complete execution.

" Art. 24. The stipulations contained in the Schedule to
this treaty are to be considered as integral parts of the same.
"Art. 25. On and after July 1, 1856, this present treaty
shall supersede the treaty of February 19, 1853. Its dura-
tion is fixed for the period lasting from July 1, 1865, to
December 31, 1877. Both parties reserve to themselves
the right of further negotiation as to more expensive traffic
facilities and the nearest possible approach of the
customs tariff of both, and at an early period as to the
question of general German customs union. As soon as one
of them considers the period for negotiations to have ar-
rived he shall lay his proposals before the other, and com-
missioners of the contracting parties will then meet. It is
admitted by both parties that the autonomy of each
in the form of its customs and commercial legislation is
not to be considered as in any way limited thereby.
"Art. 26. Accession to this treaty remains open to every
German State which shall in future join the Zollverein.
"Art. 27. The present treaty shall be ratified, and the
ratifications exchanged within six weeks at Berlin.
"Done at Berlin, this 11th April, 1865.
(Signed) " Putr•r ITSBORN.
VON REICHERT.
HASSELBACH.

VON THUMEL.
FREIHERR VON HOCK."

ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY.—The Society will meet
on Tuesday, the 26th of April, at eight o'clock precisely,
when the following papers will bo read :-1. " Observa-

tions on the Peculiarities of National Pronunciation as a
Means of Tracing the Origin and History of Nations," by
the Rev. James Brodie ; 2, " On the Ethnic Relations:of
the Egyptian Race," by Mr. R. S. Poole.
(ADVERTISEMENT:I—HoIIoway's Ointment and Pills.—
A Word of Promise.—All sufferers from sores, ulcers, scor-
butic affections, and skin diseases, may confidently com-
mence the treatment of their several infirmities with these
healing and cleansing remedies. Under Holloway's well-
tried medicaments the worst cases will soon assume a
kinder aspect, and in the progress of the cure the afflicted
will neither be embarrassed by difficulties nor disheartened
by failures. A little perseverance and moderate attention
to the "directions for use," enveloping every packet of oint-
ment and pills, will enable every invalid to-conduct his
complaint to a successful issue ; and he may feel assured
that by following this simple but searching treatment his
skin will be made sound, severe suffering spared, and
health restored

SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

THE "LONDON REVIEW" ON THE VOLUNTEER
REVIEW.—The review of over 20,000 Volunteers,
which was held last Monday, on the Downs, near
Brighton, cannot be regarded as a military spectacle
alone. The presence of so large a force of all arms
on a public holiday, in by no means a central part
of the kingdom, has a deep political and national
meaning. The numerical strength, the organisation,
discipline, and equipment of the troops manoeuvred
at Brighton on Easter Monday form an annual
gauge of the efficiency of our army of reserve and
of our security from invasion. No military man
with any pretence to either professional education or
liberality of ideas, would hold that our regular
army, unassisted, could cope with the forces which
an invader would land on our coast if he had
secured the command of the sea. It is to such men
as marched past Sir Robert Walpole last Monday
that the army must look for support and assistance
in case of our ever having to fight a battle on our
own soil. No wonder, then, that so much public
attention is bestowed upon this annual gathering of
the Volunteers. When the movement of 1860 was
originated, the prophets of evil, who always take the
sinister view of every subject, declared that when
the novelty and excitement wore off, men would be
unwilling to continue the drudgery of military
education ; that when the uniforms were tarnished
and no longer glittered in the ball-room, the stimulus
for soldiering would wear away, the drill-ground
would be deserted, and our army of reserve become
a shadow and a myth. Two-and-twenty thousand
men of all arms, with forty-six guns, appeared as
representatives of a force of 165,000 men on the
Easter Monday in the fifth year of the movement, to
refute these gloomy predictions. The actual review
was preceded by the marching past of the whole force,
which afforded an excellent opportunity for seeing
the power of manoeuvre and the equipment of every
corps. It can hardly be expected that men to
whom drilling is only a recreation from the more
serious pursuits of life can attain to such excellence
in the more mechanical portions of drill as the regu-
lar soldier, who devotes his whole time and atten-
tion to the subject ; nor should we be acting as true
friends to the Volunteers were we to tell them that
their marching is equal to that of the regular army.
It cannot be expected to be so. It can be regarded
only as a criterion of the excellence to which they
would attain had they the same opportunities for
improvement as their more highly practised com-
rades. From the display of marching past on Mon-
day, there can be no doubt that with a very few
weeks of constant training the Volunteer corps of
the country would be the best drilled army in the
world ; nor can this be wondered at, for the raw
material of the Volunteer recruit is immensely supe-
, rior in intellect, education, and generally in physical
activity, to the average of any recruit of any coun-
try. Although we do not wish to join in the mis-
, taken laudations that have been heaped by the
daily papers so indiscriminately on all the corps en-
gaged, we do not intend to say a word against the
Volunteer movement • we only desire to draw the
attention of the Volunteers themselves to slight de-
ficiencies, which being pointed out will easily be re-
paired, but which, concealed by the too anxious
flattery of over-zealous admirers, might be passed
over, and ultimately be of disadvantage to the
cause. The three corps who seemed to excel all
others in passing the flagstaff were the London
Scottish, the London Irish, and the Inns of Court.
The marching of these was equal to that of any bat-
talion of the line ; their equipment was serviceable,
uniform, and well put on, and the appearance of the
men in their properly-sized companies elicited the
well-merited applause of both civilian and profes-
sional spectators. In some of the other corps we
noticed a certain neglect of some matters of detail,
which, although apparently trivial, have been
found by experience to be of great value.
The companies were not properly sized, a
fact which not only destroys the appearance,
but also deteriorates from the efficiency of a
battalion. No uniform method of carrying the cloak
nor uniformity of the cloak itself, was observed in
corps •, and in many places the long hair so objec-
tionable to the regular soldier, and so inconvenient
on service or even in exercise at home, was observ-
able. Before passing on to remark upon the actual
sham fight, we must bestow a few words of praise
on the artillery, especialiy on the heavy guns drawn
by agricultural horses. To no more useful purpose
can the Volunteers direct their attention than to

_ -
the service and transport of heavy guns, and the
appearance and performance of the artillery showed
that the superior education of the Volunteers ren-
ders them peculiarly adapted for artillery duties.
The sham fight took place in a large natural amphi-
theatre, which afforded an excellent opportunity for
the spectators to observe the whole course of the
action. The two armies were drawn up on the
opposite slopes of the hollow, the defending force
covering a line of retreat on Brighton. The attack-
ing force, drawn up in three lines, made a stronc,
demonstration against the front of the enemy with
the first line, while the two others were moved to

,he right, so as to outflank the left flank of the
defenders. A general attack was then made, which
rendered the position of the defender, who were
numerically much inferior to their assailants, per-
fectly untenabie. Such is a general sketch of the dis-
positions, which have been minutely described
in the daily journals. Our object is to
glance at the behaviour 'of the troops more
than the manoeuvres of the generals, There cannot
be the least doubt ;that the movements of all the
brigades were made not only creditably., but really.
well; The firing was good, regular, and well sus-
tained, though we were sorry to notice in a few
exceptional cases the fatal tendency of all troops to
fire without taking any aim, and consequently to
discharge their pieces ineffectively into the air. The
London Rifle Brigade showed peculiar alertness and
quickness in throwing themselves into rallying-
squares when they were charged by a detachment
of the Carabineers, which was admired by all who
witnessed it. The men did not appear more fatigued
than regular troops would have been at the conclu-
sion of a long field-day, although it must be remem-
bered that they had no knapsacks to carry. On the
whole, the late review shows that there has not only
been a numerical increase since last year, but also
an improvement in power of drill and organisation ;
an improvement which has made rapid strides within
the last twelvemonth, and which we have every
reason to believe will progress even more rapidly
during the next. If we have pointed out trifling
deficiencies, it is only in the hope of seeing them
repaired by next year, for we are true friends to this
great national cause, and we are anxious that where
so much zeal, energy, and perseverance has been
shown, a little attention may be devoted to some
minor details--an attention which will enable us
more than ever to point to our Volunteer army as
the most glorious monument of the energy, the
loyalty, and the contentment of our land.
THE " SATURDAY REVIEW" ON THE FALL OF
RICHMOND.—If the Confederate capital has fallen
at last, it may boast that, in the whole history of
war, no city has been purchased by a conqueror at
so heavy a price. Napoleon took Berlin, Vienna,
and Moscow each in a single campaign, and when
the scale of fortune was turned, the Allies entered
Paris in two successive years. Sebastopol resisted
the English and French for 13 or 14 months, and
four or five battles were fought in the hope of raising
the siege. For nearly four years Richmond has been
the main object of the Federal attacks, and probably
three-quarters of a million of men have at different
times been employed in attempting its conquest.
After Bull Run had taught the Federal Govern-
ment the deficiencies of the exisiting military
organisation, M'Clellan commanded more than
200,000 men on the Potomac ; and he landed more
than half the number in the Virginian peninsula,
while his lieutenants and colleagues defended the
approaches of Washington. The Federal losses in
the disastrous campaign of the Chickahominy, and
in the subsequent defeats of Pope, were variously
estimated from 50,000 to 100,000 men. Before the ,
close of the year, Burnside sacrificed 15,000 or
20,000 men in his wild attack on the heights of Fre-
dericksburg, and in the spring of 1863 Lee defeated
Hooker with probably equal loss at Chancellorsville.
The costly Federal victory of Gettysburg was in-
cluded in the same campaign' and it was not till
the early summer of 1864 that Grant commenced
his final advance upon Richmond. The casualties
of his army during the march through Virginia
were regarded as extraordinary, even in the present
war; and the battles of the last twelve months, in
the Shenandoah and in the neighbourhood of Peters-
burg, have added largely to the record of bloodshed.
The closing victory was cheaply purchased by the
expenditure of 7,000 men, in addition to 2,000 who
were lost a few days before in repelling Lee's attack.
Whatever may have been the services of other Con-
federate States, the obstinate resolution of holding
Richmond was principally dictated by Virginian
patriotism and pride. The people of that
State must have borne the principal pressure of
the war, and they have contributed more than
their share to the replenishment of the army. The
gallantry of Virginia is the more remarkable as the
State was no party to the original secession, having
chosen its side when Mr. Lincoln declared war, after
the capture of Fort Sumter. General Lee himself
took the command of the Confederate army only
under a sense of duty to his State, and it may be
doubted whether he will approve the prosecution of
the struggle when he has no longer the privilege of
fighting for the freedom of his native soil. What-
ever may be his decision, it will be dictated by the
unsullied honour of a gentleman and soldier. His
character will not fail to be respected by the hostile
commanders who have at last fairly profited by their
superior resources. Grant and Sherman will de-
spise the cowardly invectives which may find suit-

able organs in the Johnsons and the Brownlows
whom universal suffrage delights to honour. When
the New York limes devoted a column several
months ago to the statement that General Lee was
a liar as well as a traitor, the taste even of the Re-
publican party prevented the imitation or the repe-
tition of the libel. It is difficult to judge whether
the war will be continued, but it seems scarcely
possible that the Confederates should for the pre-
sent meet their adversaries in a regular cam-
paign. As Johnston was undoubtedly aware
of the probable evacuation of Richmond, he
must have formed some plan for effecting a
junction with Lee in Tennessee or in Western Vir-
ginia. On the other hand, Sherman has lately re-
turned to his army after concerting measures with
Grant, and it cannot be doubted that his share in
the combined operations would consist in a vigorous
attack on his immediate opponent. The Federal
army had enjoyed an interval of rest at Golds-
borough, and the junction with Schofield must have
more than supplied any losses which may have oc-
curred during the march from Savannah. At Golds-
borough Sherman was in communication with the
coast, and he may perhaps have received additional
reinforcements. As the greater part of Grant's army
will henceforth be available in any quarter where
its services may be required, it would seem that
Johnston's only chance of safety lies in a rapid retreat.
If the Confederacy had been as homogeneous as a
European monarchy, it would probably have been
prudent, from the early part of the war, to have pro-
fited by the remote distances of the interior to pursue
an exclusively defensive strategy. The armies which
have been crippled or destroyed in Tennessee
and Mississippi might, if they were still in existence,
render Lee once more a match for the conquerors of
Richmond. The Confederate Government, however,
could not afford voluntarily to abandon any portion
of its territory, and the prolonged defence of Rich-
mond almost justifies a policy which might otherwise
have seemed hazardous. The interior of the country
to the east of the River Mississippi has now been
traversed in every direction by Northern armies,
and nearly all the more important towns have passed
into the possession of the invader. Texas, indeed,
is for the present independent, and it would hold
ten times the whole Confederate population ; but in
modern times nations are not in the habit of mi-
grating like old German or Scandinavian tribes.
The terms of submission would be easy, except to
those whose property consists in slaves, and to the
earnest and unconquerable patriots who, even among
the noblest races, necessarily form a minority.
Wherever Federal occupation extends, the dregs and
the sum of the people will welcome the conquerors,
and unsuspected love of the Union will be dis-
vered as soon as it is found to he identical with
impunity and ease. It will be necessary, for the
present, to tolerate the supremacy of the Repnblican.
faith ; but even in Tennessee the majority will pro-
bably hereafter be able to displace its oppressors.
On the whole, the chances are in favour of an early
restoration of peace. Traders in all parts of the
world will anxiously watch the prospects of cotton
cultivation, and philanthropists of different sects
will have the opportunity of studying the effects of
universal emancipation on the negroes. The process
in which foreigners are most immediately interested
will be the more or less complete absorption of the
disbanded soldiery in the pursuits of industry. If
American writers and , orators are to be believed,
the first result of peace will be some external war,
voluntarily undertaken for purposes of revenge or
ambition. It is fortunately permissible to doubt
both the sincerity and the foresight of those who
make it their business to gratify popular vanity.
High wages and large profits will compete effectually
with the love of military glory, .especially as the.
national appetite for boasting is provided with
abundint sustenance to last through the present
generation. If there are any honest statesmen in
the United States, they will be concerned to prove
that the triumph of the Federal arms is not an un-
mixed misfortune to mankind.
THE " ATHEN/EUM " ON THE LATE SAMUEL LUCAS.
—lt is with deep regret that we announce the death
of Samuel. Lucas, managing proprietor of the
Morning Star. Mr. Lucas had for some time past
suffered from a bronchial complaint, but the imme-
diate cause of his death was the shock he received
by the sudden removal of his friend Richard Cobden.
He died on Sunday morning last, precisely a fort-
night after the death of the distinguished member
for Rochdale. The Morning Star had been for up-
wards of seven years under the direction of Mr.
Lucas, and his health was, no doubt, affected by his
unceasing attention to the responsible duties of his
position. ,He had been for a long series of years
closely connected with that political party of which.
Messrs. Cobden and Bright were the recognised re-
presentatives. He was an active member of the
Anti-Corn Law League, and when that great
struggle was brought to a victorious termination, he
founded the Manchester Public Schools' As'sociation,
and devoted himself, with his accustomed ardour, to
the cause of popular education, taking the free-
school system of the United States and Canada as
his model. Although, owing perhaps mainly to the
opposition of the voluntaries, this movement was
not successful, it contributed materially to revive
the public interest in efforts of an educational cha-
racter, especially in Lancashire and Yorkshire. He
was also an energetic member of the Society for the
Repeal of the Taxes on Knowledge, and, at a
later period, of the Constitutional Defence
Association, a public body which, it will be re-
membered, was called into existence by the action
of the House of Lords in throwing out Mr.
Gladstone's Paper Duty Repeal Bill. Mr. Lucas's
labours in connection with this question were un-
tiring, and we may justly claim for him no small
share of the honour which attaches to those by
whom the ultimately successful result was achieved.
He was, from the outset of the American war, a
warm sympathiser with the Federals, and more
especially with their anti-slavery policy, which he
regarded not only as just in itself, but as the only
basis upon which the Union could be restored and a
permanent peace established. He was one of the
founders of the Emancipation Society—the chair-
man of its first preliminary meeting, and the first
subscriber to its funds. He had been connected
with many other movements of a political or philan-
thropic character, but always in an unostentatious
way, for no man ever less sought notoriety or per-
sonal distinction. He was a man of amiable and
generous character, of strong and earnest convic-
tions, and of singular ability-in both a literary and
an administrative sense. He was a brother of the
late Mr. Frederick Lucas, the member for Meath,
who, like himself, had made a name in journalism,
and, as is well known, he was a brother-in-law of
Mr. Bright. Those who were personally acquainted
with him will not soon forget his winning smile, the
charm of his conversation, or the happy manner in
which he blended modesty with courage in the ex-
pression of his opinions. As a man, as well as a
journalist, he has left behind him a name which
will long be remembered with affection and reve-
rence. He died in the 54th year of his age, and his
remains were interred on Friday in Highgate Ceme-
tery.

THE " SPECTATOR" ON " THE COTTAGE HOMES
OF ENGLAND."—During the recent debate on the
bill for transferring the charge of the poor from the
parish to the union, Mr. Villiers quoted some state-
ments from an unpublished return which would he
believed when printed alarm the country. This
document has at last appeared, and we can only
trust Mr. Villiers's anticipation will be fulfilled. It
is a report from Mr. Simon, medical officer to the
Privy Council, upon the condition of country cot-
tages, based upon another report drawn up by his
able subordinate, Dr. A. J. Hunter, from personal
inspection of villages in most of the counties of Eng-
land and Wales. This gentleman could not, of
course, examine 15,000 parishes, but he visited four
or five in every county, examined 5,375 cottages,
not taking the worst quarters, but only the poorest,
and describes their condition as samples of the ac-
commodation generally furnished to the rural
labourer. A more heart-breaking account we
never remember to have read. Everywhere
throughout England there are villages and districts
of villages in which the villagers are housed like
swine, entire families pigging together in
one room, and often taking in lodgers, till every
rule not only of civilisation, but of ordinary decency,
is of necessity laid aside. In such places the cot-
tages are ricketty, tumble-down concerns, with
doors and windows insufficient to keep out the
wind, thatch which stinks and lets in the rain,
without gardens, without privies, or with arrange-
ments worse than none, without drainage, and in
most cases with rents driven up to an almost unen-
durable point by the crushing competition for room
—a competition caused by the dislike of owners to
allow the poor to remain, and so possibly swell the
rates. In all such places the families are over-
crowded, 2,195 of the houses examined having one
bedroom only, though inhabited by 4,918 adults
and 3,906 children, an average of 21 adults and 2
children to every behroom. This average, however,
is merely deceptive, for there are houses in which
the parents, fighting-for bread, take in lodgers to an
extent limited only by the actual area of the floor.
In Wargrave, in Berkshire, for example, the rents
are so high compared with wages, that the cottiers
all take in lodgers, and in Barrack-row, where all
the cots have two bedrooms, " a married pair with
2 children received 4 bricklayers, a pair with 3 re-
ceived 2, a pair with 6 received 3 ; and altogether
there were in the 12 houses visited 24 bedrooms
containing 37 adults and '3B children, beside one
house containing one person only." In Steventon, in
the same county, " the bedroom measured was 13ft.
by 6ft. 9, with a slanting roof. In it slept 5 adults
and a child. In each of 3 others slept 4 adults
with 3 children, but one made a bed in the scullery;
in 1 a father slept with his son and daughter, all

adults. I visited 10, in which were 33 adults and
22 children—more than 5 to a bed-room. The beds
covered the floor, and the people, as they said, ' could
feel one another all over.' Half a mile off is a cot-
tage of four rooms on the ground floor, built by a
squatter whose representatives have now the freehold.
It is now divided into two cots, many angled, many
• sided ; the mud walls bulging in here and out
there; the roof of thatch, and not underdrawn. The
inhabitants, who are 6 adults with 5 children, drink
from the same bad brook," At Hinxton, in Cam-
! bridgeshire, "in one very little hut, let at is. 4d.,
though the bedroom was divided, there was but oh,€_l
window, and here slept 9 people ; in another,, wltuo
an undivided bedroom, there slept 3, of whom
slept in the kitchen ; in, another a woman slept
with her father, her husband, and her child, 0.6
her husband's brother. In 15 bedrooms visited Wad
32 adults and 26 children." In Gamblingay u 8 or
9 people were found in the single bedroomed houses,
and in two cases 6 adults slept in a room with a
child or two." At Yetminster, in Dorsetshire,
22 houses visited 9 had but one bedroom ; in one 01
these was a family of 7 persons, and in another a
married pair, 2 adult daughters, and 6 children.
For this very old cot was paid £3 18s.
a year. It had no garden ; the privy was
roofless. The kitchen was black with smoke,
and utterly uninhabitable when the door was closed
if the fire was lit. The roof was a wretched thatch
which let in the rain, the kitchen floor was of loose,
irregular, flat stones, lying scattered here and there
on the natural surface. There was no grate at ally
and an open chimney. In other parts of the village
were a variety of much better cots let at the same
rent ; many without gardens ; some without backopenings ; none had three bedrooms. The cots with
two bedrooms contained families of 4 adults and 5
children ; 5 adults and one child ; the whole result
of the 22 houses being 35 bedrooms, 55 adults, and 47 children." And this one is described as cj_Tt°
an average village. In Doynton, Gloucestershse,
Dr. Hunter found a place in which "each tenement
had one bedroom, the floors were broken flags and,
stones, and were wretched. In the first I visited
lay 3 beds for 4 adults and a child ; the next held
2 adults ; the next 5 adults ; the next 6 adults
and 5 children ; the last 2 adults. There were 5
bedrooms in one house. Of these adults more
than half were unmarried. Three of the apart-
ments were on the ground floor, and two upstairs,
approached by outside steps, each apartment con-
sisting of a bedroom and kitchen." It is, useless,
however, to run through the counties, or to pick out
more samples. Everywhere Dr. Hunter found the
same evils—some villages in which the crowding has
destroyed all comfort, all sense of physical decencY,
and not unfrequently all morality. Dr. Hunter
says that he restrains himself upon the latter point,
and we cannot quote the evils at which he hints,
but one case must be given as a feeble hint of the.
true state of affairs. "Of 35 selected houses in
Lub.en. ham, 22 had only one bedroom. The large
families are often forced by poverty into the smallest
houses, and it is often said of bedrooms that`they
who do not want them can have them.' In one bed'
room lived a married pair, two boys of 20 and 18, s;
girl of 17, and a grandchild. In another, a married
pair with an adult son and an adult daughter.
.111
others, a married pair with five children ; a married
pair with two adult sons ; six adults and two dill";
ren, where, however, there was a lean-to out-bullw
ing in which a part slept ; four adults with tWO
children ; a widower, his two sons, his two daugh-
ters, and their two natural (?) children, and so
.0,11
with the miserable catalogue." Out of houses 1403
these labourers have to tramp to their work, some-
times miles away, " starting," says Dr. Hunter,i " n the dark and returning in the dark, to 04[01
the privilege of obtaining a day's hard work for
a shilling"—a life of melancholy- monotony
worse than that of the Staffordshire P,ij
teries. There Dr. Baker reports 'that IA1';
the Act of 1864 was extended to the pottery tom"
children of five were broken in to labour, and even
now half the operations of brickmaking axe pe.r,
formed by growing girls, who live among and wlt.na
hardened lads of their own age, and one girl 1—
every four has an illegitimate child. Even there'
however, if a child survives its misery it can 0,..s
man or woman obtain high wages, and there is
rough, wasteful plenty, but the wretched hind
say Leicestershire—county loved of hunters—t°
day by day at a work which never finishes, laic.
yields him barely food' of the coarsest sort—onet
fifth of the population having too little even of tha
—and offers him for old age nothing except„,.l
starvation or the workhouse. Agricuitle
labour," says Dr. Simon, and we cominend
remark to the squires who are always tal
insteadthe condition of the factory hands,
of implying a safe and permanent independence f.or
the hard-working labourer and his family,
es
for the most part only a longer or shorter circuit to
eventual pauperism—a pauperism which during the
whole, circuit is so near that any illness or temporal
failure of occupation necessitates immediate recouise
to parochial relief." The labourer's condition, too, is
getting worse. Everywhere the garden or other
patch of land which makes to him the difference be-
tween comfort and poverty is being taken awaY,
and so wretched is his position that even improve;
ments injure him. Wealthy proprietors, careless 7
poor rates but acquainted with sanitary laws, Pull
down the wretched huts and build pretty cottages,
and then to keep them neat and orderly and health/
prohibit overcrowding, and drive the labourer to a
distance from his work. He has absolutely no
remedy, for the proprietor who will not wild. lutu..
self will not sell to other men until, says Dr. Slul°11;
" the household circumstances of the labourer all
now in the highest degree deplorable. Except in s 0
far as they whom his labour enriches sees fit to treat;
him with a kind of pitiful indulgence, he is quite
peculiarly helpless in the matter."