The Sun.
London, England, 1862-02-27 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY , EVENING, FEBRUARY 27, 1862:

PUBLICATIONS.

NEW NOVEL BY SCRUTATOR.
Now ready, at all the Libraries, in 3 vols.,
THE COUNTRY GENTLEMAN.
By SCRUTATOB,
Author of "Recollections of a Fox Hunter," &c.
Hurst and Blackett, Publishers, 13, Great Marlborough-
street.

Now ready, in 3 vols., with Portrait, 31s. 6d.,
THE PRIVATE DIARY OF RICHARD,
DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS, K.G.
" A very amusing chronicle. That it will be read with
curiosity we cannot doubt. "—Athenaeum.
" This diary has intrinsic interest apart from the taste and
intelligence of the writer. It abounds in anecdote."—
Examiner.
"These volumes are throughout lively and attractive.."—
Daily News.
Hurst and Blackett, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

NOTICE.
THIRD EDITTON.—E AST LYNNE
Is now ready at all Booksellers and Libraries in the
United Kingdom.
Richard Bentley, New Burlington-street.

THE PRESENT DISTRESS IN TRADE
LL fully explained in J. GROSSMITII'S
" GOVERNMENT UPON FIRST PRINCIPLES."
The cause is there predicated of the monetary difficulties ex-
perienced in 1860. The Crisis is at hand. Anxiety in busi-
ness has now become the grim torture. Purity..of motive.
intelligently exercised, must animate all Governments, or all
is lost, All denominations of Constitutions are carefully
examined in J. Grossmith's "Government upon First Prin-
ciples."

Kent and Co., Paternoster-row.

Just published, price 25., free by post, 2s. 4d.,

ON SPERMATORRH4EA.
By F. B. COURTENAY, M.R.C.S.E.,
And formerly Surgeon to the Metropolitan Infirmary for the

Cure of Strictures of the Urethra.

" The aim of the author is to present a common-sense view
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manner."—Medical Circular.

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SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.

LINCOLN RACES-WEDNESDAY, FEB. 26.

The Trial Stakes of 5 soya each, with 25 added, for 3-yr-
olds and upwards. Maiden and other allowances. Win-
ners extra. One mile. (13 subs.)
Mr Saville's Ducat, by King Tom, 4 yrs, Bst 31b
(G. Fordham) 1
Mr. J. Raborne's Weatherden, 3 yrs, bat 131 b
(H. Grimshaw) 2
Mr. T. Parr's Dusk, 3 yrs, 7st 31b. (Clements) 3
Mr. G. W. Morris's Brahmin, 3 yrs, 7st 81b (in 51b extra)
(Foster) 4
Mr. W. F. Collier's St. Bernard, 3 yrs, 7st 31b (J. Daley) 5
Mr. H. Jones's Eastern Princess, 4 yrs, Bst 71b
(A. Edwards) 6
Mr. Shelley's c by Vengeance—Barb, 3 yrs, 6st 131 b
(Midgley) 7
Betting-100 to 30 agst Ducat, 4 to 1 each agst Eastern
Princess and Weatherden, and 9 to 2 agst Dusk. After
one false start, in which Weatherden came a long way, the
flag was lowered; Weatherden, Brahmin, and Ducat were
in the van. On rounding the turn into the straight, Wea-
therden and Ducat were several lengths in front of the
others, Weatherden leading. On entering the rails, Ducat
drew up to the leader, and won easily by four lengths,
Dusk beaten for sacond place by six lengths; the next
three came in close together; the Vengeance colt beaten
off, _ _

The Brocklesby Stakes, of 4 sovs each, with 40 added, for
2-yr-olds ; colts, Bst 71b ; fillies and geldings, Bst 41b ;
winners extra. The straight run in (about half a mile).
(25 subs.)
Baron Niviere's Dirt Cheap, by Orlando, Bst 41b
(H. Grimshaw) 1
Mr. E. Thomas's Yindicta, Bst 41b .. (J. Goater) 2
Mr. W. Hudson's Princess Louisa, Bst 41b (Challoner)_ 3

The following also ran : —First Attempt, Strawberry Hill,
Rudiments, Douche, Jack's Alive, Marmion, Prairie Hen
filly, St. Anne filly, Lady Touchstone filly, and Jenturna.
Betting-100 to 30 agst Rudiments, 8 to 1 each agst First
Attempt, Strawberry Hill, Vindicta, and Dirt Cheap, 10 to
1 agst Princess Louisa. At the second attempt a good start
was obtained, the first trio to show in front comisting of
Dirt Cheap, Strawberry Hill, and Marmion, Vindicta lead-
ing the next lot. A fine race from the distance took place
with the three placed, Dirt Cheap winning cleverly by half
a length, a head only dividing the second and third. The
Prairie Hen filly was a moderate fourth, Strawberry Hill
was next, the St. Anne filly bringing up the rear.
The City Handicap of 3 sous each, with 40 added ; winners
extra. One mile and a quarter. 31 subs.
Mr. G. S. Thompson's Fairy Seat, 3 yrs, Est 41b (Heslop) 1
Count F. de Lagrange's Arcadia, 3 yrs, Est 111 b
(H. Grimshaw) 2
Mr. Jackson's Walkington, 5 yrs, Bst 121 b (J. Snowden) 3
The following also ran :—Flash-in .the-Pan, Watersprite,
Esther, Bryn Gwin, Curatrix, Anxiety filly, and Minna.
Betting-100 to N agst Esther, 4 to 1 agst Arcadia, 6 to
1 agst Watersprite, 8 to 1 each agst Walkington and Fairy
Seat, 10 to 1 each agst the Anxiety filly and Bryn Gwin.
Another good start was obtained, Fairy Seat at once going
to the front, and in this position he came into the straight,
where Arcadia passed Bryn Gwin and Walkington, and
joined Fairy Sea, the two having the finish to themselves,
Fairy Seat winning by a length, Walkington finishing a
bad third ; Flash-in-the-Pan was next, Esther fifth, the
three last being Watersprite, Minna, and anxiety filly.
The All-aged Selling Stakes of 5 soya each, with 25 added,
for three-yr. olds and upwards; mares and geldings al-
lowed 31b; maiden, selling, and other allowances. One
mile.
Mr. W. T. Collier's St. Bernard, S yrs, 6st 71b (L4O)
(J. Daley) 1
Lord Westmoreland's St. Lawrence, 3 yrs, sst 101 b kL3O)
(Munuery) 2
Mr. C. Iteynard's Crisis, 3 yrs, sst 71b (L3O) , (Carrol) 3
Mr. W. Hudson's Caustic, 3 yrs, sst 101 b (£3O)
(Wheatley) 4

Betting—Even on St. Lawrence, S to 1 agst St. Bernard,
4to 1 agst Crisis. The favourite got off on bad terms, and
did not get up to the leaders, Crisis and St. Bernard, until
turning into the straight, where Crisis fell back beaten, and
the favourite with St. Bernard came on by themselves, St.
Bernard winning easily by three parts of a length ; Crisis
finishing e. bad third ; Caustic beaten off. The winner was
sold to Mr. Hope Johnstone for 90 guineas ; St. Lawrence
was claimed under the Newmarket rule by Mr. Hudson.
Grand Steeplechase (Handicap) of 10 sovs each, with 80
added, winners extra. Not to exceed four miles of a fair

hunting country. (42 subs.)
Mr. B. Land's Duhallow, aged, lOst (Mr. Merlin) 1
Captain Starkey's Cannibal, aged, 9st 31b (Mr. W. Bevill) 2
Mr. J. W. Drinkrow's Catspaw, Est 61b (Mr. G. Walker) 3
Mr. Lington's Willoughby, aged, lOst 71b .... (Owner) 4
The following also ran :—The Emperor, Red Robin, Pine
Apple, Corkscrew, Linkboy, Sweet William, Canteen, Fire-
away, Cheery Chap, Nelly, and Rebellion.
Betting-5 to 1 agst Duhallow, 6to 1 each agst Nelly,
Willoughby, and Emperer, 8 to 1 agst Pine Apple, and 10
to 1 agst Catspaw. Cannibal and Fireaway led for the first
two miles, having Willoughby, Duhallow, and the Emperor
well up. On rounding the turn for home only seven were
in the race—Fireaway, Cannibal, Duhallow, the Emperor,
Willoughby, Catspaw, and Cheery Chap. On coming into
the straight Duhallow and Cannibal were ten lengths in
front, Duhallow winning cleverly by three parts of a length
—six lengths between second and third. Willoughby beaten
from Catspaw by two lengths. The Emperor, Cheery Chap,
and Fireaway were the next three, and none of the others
passed the post. Pine Apple, Red Robin, and the others
walked in.
The fields were large, and the sport interesting. There
was an immense attendance of company, and the sport was
of a most satisfactory description. Altogether the inaugu-
ration of the racing season was satisfactorily commenced.

BETTING AT MANCHESTER—WEDNESDAY.
Prior to the result of the Weal Stakes at Lincoln being

known, Zuleika was supported at 4 to 1 for the Lincoln
Handicap ; but afterwards Ducat was made the favourite 5
to 1 being taken, and sto 1 was offered agst Zuleika. The
only other event touched upon was the Grand National, for
which all the 100's to 6 that could be obtained were taken
about Corona. Closing prices :

LINCOLN HANDICAP.
sto 1 agst Ducat (taken)
sto 1 agst Zulekia (offered)
11 to 2 agst Suburban (offered)
7to 1 agst Ariadne (offered)
10 to 1 agst Shropshire (offered)
16 to 1 agst Brown Stout (offered)
GRAND NATIONAL STEEPLECHASE.
100 to 6 agst Corona (taken freely)

BIRTHS AND DEATHS IN LONDON.

The summary of the weekly returns of 1861 has
just been issued, and is of an interesting nature. It
shows the births to have been, males, 49,076;
females, 47,313; total, 96,389; the deaths, males,
total, 65,001 ; the popula-
tion;middle of the year) being,
33, 01(4es;tifmemstaeldes, for 31,9th8e7
m ales, 1,312,981 ; females, 1,502,157; total, 2,815,138.
When the census was taken—on the Bth of April,
1861—the population of London was 2,803,289. If
the rate of increase which prevailed in the decen-
nial period 1851-61 continued to govern its pro-
gress the population enumerated received an acces-
sion of 11,149 by the middle if 1861, and the total
number became 2,815,138. "it the ten years that
intervened between the la stkvo censuses the amount
of increase of the London population was equal to
121 daily. But its natural increase, viz., the excess
of births over deaths, did not much exceed 72
daily; whence it follows that nearly fifty persons
on an average arrived and settled each day in the
metropolis over and above that ascertained number
of settlers who only stepped into the places of per-
sons who left it for parts in these islands beyond
its bounds, or for more distant regions of the
globe. Whether London is equal to the task
of providing by new and improved arrangements
for this constant accumulation of human beings
within its limits still remains to be determined by
experience. When a family increases in its nar-
row lodging, in circumstances of dirt and squalor,
spared. And in a city or a state
that increase which should be its blessing becomes
its bane; and at last fever destroys what slow dis•
the ease
growthhof itsave
population is not a strength to be
the growing
of
cholera, which
trusted, but a weakness to be feared, if improve-
ment in its physical and moral condition is not
urgency of its
cwoamorse.nsTurwaotediwstiitoh etoutbreaks
made havoc in many families and struck terror into
all, and the brief but fatal eruption of influenza in
1847, furnish the most remarkable passages in the
sanitary history of the metropolis during the last
20 years ; but they cannot justly be regarded as its
worst features. Other diseases, more frequent in
their recurrence and persistent in their character,
and also more wasteful in their effects, mark the
whole period. Heavy bills of mortality forced
public attention; and in the course of these years
important measures for the improvement of the
public health have been undertaken, and some proof
that they have not been unfruitful has been ob-
tained. Health officers have been appointed for
the City of London, for Marylebone, and the other
metropolitan districts. Inspectors of nuisances
have acted in co-operation with them. Drainage
works have been carried out, an,. s
are in progress.
The water companies obtain their supply at
higher positions in the river, and subject it to
improved filtration. The markets are inspected,
and attempts made, with partial success, to
protect consumers against unsound meat and
noxious, fraudulent compounds. Hospital ac-
commodation is extended ; and, what is of prime
necessity, the working classes have probably become
more awakened to the care of their own health—to
the importance of keeping their dwelling sweet and
dry. This task, which is imposed on the people
themselves, and can only be performed by them, it
is the object of the police regulations to render
possible; and unless it is fulfilled, public works will
comparatively little avail. Altogether there is
abundant proof of that increased regard for human
life that attends civilisation; and though much re-
mains to be accomplished, it is true, according to
the proverb, that " a work begun is half done. In
the ten years 1840-9, the mean rate of mortality in
London was 2•51 per cent. • in the subsequent de-
cennium, 1850.9, it fell to 2.36 per cent. It is still
more satisfactory to observe that the rate of morta-
lity in each of the last three years, 1859-61, has
been less than the lower of the two rates that have
just been mentioned. In 1860 the rate was 2.26 ;
in 1861 it was 2-32. If the mortality of London
were confined permanently within the limit repre-
sented by the mean rate of the last three years, the
effect of that reduction in the population as it exists
at present would be that more than 4,000 persons
would survive annually, whose lives would drop
under the mean rate derived from the 20 years
1840-59. And if measures that have been already
adopted are not relaxed, the amount of benefit will
be increased, as the population that is the subject of
it is increased. But a higher standard of health
than any which the present tables show is possible,
and, it may be hoped, will be attained. 65,001 deaths
were registered in London in 1861. In the March,
June, September, and December quarters those
thousands occurred in several proportions,whichwere
nearly as follows-19, 15, 15, and 16. The mean
temperature of the air (49 deg. 4 min.) was higher
than that of the preceding year (47 deg.), and the
mortality was also higher by about 3,000 deaths.
The two years were distinguished nosologically by
a greater amount of fever in 1861, especially towards
the end of it, by the much greater prevalence of
diarrhoea and a general increase of disorders of the
digestive organs. But last year the mortality from
bronchitis and pneumonia was less. There were 215
deaths from smallpox, a mortality which is less
than that of the same disease in any of the last
thirteen years except 1857. In 1852 and 1859 the
annual deaths from it were more than 1,100.
Spitalfields, Mile-end, Clapham, Deptford, and
Poplar are localities where its presence was most
felt. Thirty-four deaths occurred in the Smallpox
Hospital, Islington. Scarlatina was fatal in 2,358
cases • diphtheria in 697. Both diseases increased
towards the end of the year. Croup and whooping
cough were very fatal ; but the former, like searla-
tina and diphtheria, increased towards the end of
the year ; the latter diminished. Quinsy also rose,
and with other throat complaints was most fatal in
the December quarter. Scarlatina appears to have
visited all quarters of the metropolis, and with con-
siderable impartiality. Somers-town suffered much,
also the Waterloo-road neighbourhood. There
were 23 deaths from it in Plumstead. Camden-
town, West Hackney, and Rotherhithe are dis-
tricts of nearly equal population ; scarlatina was
the cause of 43 deaths in the first, 18 in the second,
only 4 in the third. In St. George, Blooms-
bury, it caused 37 deaths i • in Fulham, which is
nearly equal to it, 32; in Hampstead, with a larger
population, only 4. In St. George-the-Martyr,
Holborn, besides 36 from scarlatina, there were 23
from diphtheria. There were 1,754 deaths from
typhus. It did not appear in unusual force till the
latter part of the year, and therefore the total mor-
tality was not great. Indeed it was much less than
that of many previous years. The districts of West
London, North Poplar, and Greenwich may be
mentioned among those which suffered most from
typhus. The London Fever Hospital recorded 118
deaths, whilst the total number from scarlatina and
typhus in the west sub-district of Islington, includ-
ing those in the hospital, was 152. The most fatal
zymotic disease in the year was whooping-cough
(3,497) ;`next to it scarlatina with diphtheria; then
diarrhoea (2,625). In respect to the last complaint
the summer quarter was as usual the season of its
activity. It may be added that nearly 1 out of
1,000 persons living died of diarrhcea in St. Mary
Paddington, Kensington Town, Hoxton, Stepney,
Mile-end Old-town, Poplar, Newington, Rother-
hithe, and Plumstead. In many parts the ratio was
higher. There were 2,247 deaths by violence in
the year. This class of cases bears a rather larger
proportion to the mortality from all causes than it
did 10 years ago. By comparing the three years,
1850-2, with the last three, 1859-61, it appears that
while the total deaths increased in the proportion
e 16 and 19, those by accident, suicide, and homo-
cide increased in that of 16 and 21. The number
last year who received fatal fractures and contusions
was 719. Falls from scaffolds, and street accidents
make their annual contributions to the list. When
building operations are extended in all directions, and
the stream of men and horses from the widening
area pours through old channels into the centres of
traffic, casualties of this description must increase
faster than the population. The railway system
extended, and reaching to the heart of the metro-
polis, will counteract this tendency. But an vedile-
sh ip that will widen the streets, open new approaches,
and prevent or quickly sweep from the streets and
pavements the hideous shoals of mud and dirt that
periodically cover them, will promote the public
health and safety, and in an immeasurable degree
the public comfort. The number of deaths in 116
public institutions was 10,276 or nearly a sixth
part of the whole. Of that number more than a half
4 occurred ip workhouses. Of 100 persons who owed

the common fate of humanity, nine died in estab-
lishments provided by parochial rates; six in hospi-
tals for the treatment of sick persons. In the work-
house of the most populous parish, namely Pancras,
there were 487 deaths ; in that of Marylebone, the
third parish in respect of population, there were
450 ; while in the workhouse of Lambeth, which is
a rather more populous distriet than Marylebone,
there were only 299. •

ELECTION INTELLIGENCE.

GLOUCESTER.
THE POLL.

The poll took place yesterday. Mr. Henry
Berkeley the member for Bristol, who, it will be
remembered, moved for the writ, had issued an ad-
dress to the electors calling upon them to conduct
the election upon purity principles, and telling them
that it would probably depend on the mode in which
they conducted the present election whether they
would be continued as the constituency of a Parlia-
mentary borough. Whether this intimation had
the desired effect or not, it is certain that there were
less outward and visible signs of drunkenness appa-
rent, although the public houses appeared to be
doing a very brisk business. There were some rows
in the course of the day, and a few broken nose@
among the most ardent of the supporters of the
three parties. A mob of disorderly persons assem-
bled in front of the polling booths (which were all
built together under the shadow of the Shirs-hall
instead of being distributed over the city), and here
were several rows, and the adjacent shop-keepers
closed their shutters, but nothing serious took place.

The Liberal candidates took the lead on the poll
early in the day, and at 12 o'clock the poll stood
thus:—

Berkeley
Powell 498
Potter

Majority for Berkeley
for Powell

The constituency is about 1,400, of whom at this
time about 900 had polled, so that there was plenty
of margin to turn the tables. Between 12 and two
o'clock Mr. Powell had increased his majority over
Mr. Potter to about 70, according to the statement
of the Liberal party, though Mr. Potter's friends
(who however did not issue any "state of the poll")
made it much less. Between two and six o'clock,
however, Mr. Potter regained some lost ground, and
his friends were still sanguine of success "if they
could only get the voters to the poll." Many, how-
ever, imbued with the old leaven, hung back. At
three o'clock the poll stood thus :
Berkeley
P0we11....
Potter
Mr. Potter still continued to creep up to Mr. Powell,
sustaining the interest of the struggle to the last,
though without changing the actual result, the poll
standing at the close thus :
Berkeley 760

Powell -

Potter
Thus giving Mr. Powell a majority over Mr. Potter
of 29.

WAKEFIELD.
THE NOMINATION.

After a disfranchisement of two years the con-
stituency of Wakefield yesterday resumed the exer-
cise of their electoral functions. The nomination
of candidates took place in front of the Corn-ex-
change, the proceedings being opened by Mr. W.
Shaw, the mayor and returning-officer, and a bar
rister, as early as nine o'clock in the morning.
There were then at least 4,000 persons present, and
their conduct was in no degree more turbulent than
is customary at most elections. The partisans of
the two candidates were only vehement to an
extent which is considered conventionally right,
and from the whole aspect and bearing of the assem-
bly, it was to be inferred that the people of Wake-
field, having learnt " the uses of adversity," have re-
solved no more to be betrayed into any risk of for-
feiting one of their greatest privileges. it is said,
however, that there are upwards of a hundred
voters who decline to declare their intentions with
reference to the present election; they have re-
sisted all solicitations to promise their votes, and
their conduct can only be explained by the suppo-
sition that they hope to hear of something to their
advantage on the afternoon of the polling day,
when the friends of the candidate then in minority
may be induced to make some sacrifices in order to
gain support at whatever cost.
After the usual preliminaries Mr. J. BARFF pro-
posed, and Mr. T. M. CARTER seconded, Sir J. C.
Dalrymple Hay as the Conservative candidate.
Mr. R. J. MACKIE proposed and Mr. SIMPSON
seconded the candidature of Mr. Richard Smethurst,
of Chorley, Lancashire, the Liberal.
After the address of Mr. Simpson some filth and
light missiles were thrown from among the crowd
within the area partitioned off for the Conservatives
on that portion of the hustings occupied by Mr.
Smethurst and his friends. The concourse of per-
sons below in the Liberal interest made a retalia-
tory and drove the Conservatives a considerable
distance from their original position. Peace and
good humour were, however, soon restored, and

Sir J. D. HAY came forward to address the elec-
tors. He declared himself a friend of the present
Administration, so far as its foreign policy was con-
cerned. He perfectly approved the course taken
by the Government in American affairs, and depre-
cated any attempt to break the blockade. He
entered at some length into the American question,
and the war now going on in the United States, and
expressed his belief that the war had not risen from
slavery, but from the commercial legislation of the
North, who were endeavouring to retain within
themselves the raw materials which they obtained
from the South, and to keep their own looms active
rather than to admit English manufactures.
They were suffering in America from all
the evils usually attendant upon war, and at
this moment they were beginning to incur an
enormous debt which would hang round their necks
till it sunk them into perdition. (Cheers and dis-
approbation.) The true cause of the difference was
the difference of tastes which prevailed between
North and South, and a principal difference was the
fact that law was subverted and not respected in the
United States. He spoke in high terms of the
loyalty displayed by the Canadians, and then eulo-
gised the conduct of the Emperor Napoleon, whose
prompt recognition of the infraction of interna-
tional law by the Americans merited our warmest
thanks, and no doubt influenced the successful con-
elusion of the negotiations. (Cheers.) With regard
to home matters, he said he did not object to a
prudent reform, but he wished in these matters to
be guided by constitutional principles. As to the
Educational Code, he thought some security should
be taken for the proper application of the money ;
but, at the same time, he would not deprive those
who have bound themselves to the cause of educa-
tion of their just rights. He wished to see educa-
tion extended, so that the franchise might be safely
given to the people. (Cheers.) He believed that
reform in the administrative departments was essen-
tial, and thereby greater economy would be secured.
In conclusion, he said he felt himself qualified to
represent the borough, and represent it well; and
he believed they would place him at the head of
the poll. (Cheers )
Mr. SMETHURST next addressed the assembly,
recapitulating those opinions which to a consider-
able extent were similar to those contained in his
printed and oral addresses. He was a supporter of
those great principles which had placed England
in the proud position she occupied, and a friend of
the men who had introduced those measures.
(Cheers.) He would vote for such a measure of
reform as that once introduced by Earl Russell, and
he considered it his duty to say that he was in
equivocally in favour of the ballet for the protec-
tion England he believed she had wealth enough to
. _
of the voter. As a member of the Church of

PRICE..... ...Id.
STAMPED ....sd.

support herself, and he was therefore entirely
opposed to church rates. (Cheers.) He had, he
said, promises of a large majority of the electors,
and he believed he would be returned triumphantly.
(Cheers.)
After some few questions had been put to both
candidates, the IAYOR took the show of hands.
He declared that there was a majority in favour of
Mr. Smethurst.

A poll was then demanded on behalf of Sir J. D.
Hay, which was fixed to commence at eight o'clock
the following morning.
After a vote of thanks to the Mayor, the large
crowd dispersed quietly.