The Sun.
London, England, 1865-10-10 00:00:00

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THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 10, 1865.

GREAT ST. JAMES'S-lIALL.—WORLD of
MAGIC, Second Sight, and " Begone,"Dull Care,"
every evening at 8. A Day Performance, Saturday, at 3.
The most varied entertainment in the metropolis."—Vide
the Press. Admission, is.

MINERAL 0 Y..—KING'S COLLEGE,
London.—Professor TENNANT, F. MS., will deliver
a COURSE of LP:cruitEs on MINERALOGY, with a
view to facilitate the study of GEOLOGY and the applica-
tion of mineral substances in the ARTS. The Lectures will
commence on FRIDAY, Oct. 6, at 9 a.m., and will be con-
tinued on each succeeling Wednesday and Friday, at the
same hour, until Christmas. Fee, Z 2 2s.
Another COURSE of LN:CTURES on MfNERALOGY
and GEOLOGY will be given on Wednesday Evenings from
8 to 9. These begin Oct. 11, and will be continued until
Easter, 1665. Fee, .£llls. 6d,

University College, London,
--.----

Yesterday Mr. F. Hayter Lewis, who has suc-
ceeded the veteran Donaldson as Professor of Archi-
tecture at University College, delivered his inaugural
lecture. After a suitable tribute of respect to his
predecessor, Professor Lewis observed that he had
selected the subject of the Fine Arts as a subject
because he held the only professorship connected
with the fine arts which exists in any University of the
United Kingdom. The fine arts ought to be spoken
of together, as being parts of one great whole ; the
one without the other is disjointed and fragmentary;
architecture without sculpture and painting is like
a strong-limbed tree throwing around its sinewy
arms without the delicately sculptured foliage to
give it grace, or the beautifully coloured flower and
leaf to give it life. The arts are dissevered now,
no doubt, in real practice, and the result is visible.
After contrasting the bald and lifeless works of the
last two centuries, wherein the sculptor and the
artist seem to have bid farewell to the architect and
the engineer, with the glories of times preceding,
when art was vigorous, in Italy and Greece, and in
our own land, in Westminster and Wells, Canter-
bury and York, Mr. Hayter Lewis proceeded—
" Walk round any of those cathedrals and see if you
can find a spandrel or a panel, or a vacant space in
which you seem to want the sculptor's art, and see
if it be not there applied. Defaced and half de-
stroyed as some of them are, enough has still been
left to show us what must have been the full effect
when their sculpture was still perfect, and their
mouldings and ornaments were glowing with gold
and colour. Study the remains which the Greeks
have left us, and imagine, if you can, the Parthenon
without the sculpture which clothed its forms
with life, and the painting with which it glowed—
or think of that same sculpture dissevered from the
glorious frame which binds the whole together into
one harmonious work ; they were not things to be
resolved into the different phases of framework and
decoration, but each formed one essential part of all,
without which there could be no perfect unity—
without which each would be a lifeless part, a por-
tion only of the perfect whole. But go back to earlier
times than even Greece—study, as our museums and
libraries may well permit you, the relics left to us
by the Assyrian and Egyptian, and of their palaces
and temples. No grander outline ever perhaps was
left to us than the Pharaohs have left on the banks
of the Nile; none more picturesque than those which
Sennacherib and his brother Assyrian kings have
bequeathed to us from the banks of the Euphrates ;
and each one of the great edifices has the history of
its founder, its nation, its wars and conquests, its
kingly customs and domestic life, sculptured on
every portal, coloured on every wall. Dissever the
three arts in these colossal works, and you would
have robbed the buildings of their history and con-
signed the sculpture and the painting to oblivion.
Now look at the history of the men to whom we owe
the works which I have described, and whose memo-
ries, if even their names have perished, shall live
for all time. We smile at the old writer when he
tolls us that the architect must be at once skilled
in literature, erudite in geometry, familiar with
history of all periods and countries, acquainted
with philosophy, music, law, the aspects of the
heavens, and the influence of seasons and climate.
But trace the actual lives of many of the men to
whom we owe chief art-works, and you will find his
dream has well-nigh been realised. We scarcely
realise it ourselves. How many of us are there
who, standing entranced before the beauties which
De Vinci has traced upon the canvass and the wall,
pause to remember him as the sculptor, the architect,
the engineei of his age, and the first geologist on
record ! How many who pace the Loggie at Flo-
rence, or gaze upon its richly coloured cathedral
walls, think of Arnolfo, sculptor as well as architect,
or of Orgagna, the painter, poet, and sculptor, who
chiselled with his own hands the sculptures upon the
edifices he designed ! Do you wonder at the marvels
which we owe to Giotto's pencil? Think of that
glorious campanile which we owe to him as archi-
tect. Do you tread at Pisa with reverential feeling
the sacred field of the dead ? Remember that it was
Giovanni the sculptor who designed it. Look on the
glorious outlines of St. Paul's, never to my mind sur-
passed, and recal to your mind that its architect was
at the same time the first geometrician and astronomer
of his age.' And when you think of the heaven-like
beauties which Raffael drew—of the prophets and
sibyls which awe us still in the Sistine Chapel of
Buonarotti, of the unearthly grandeur of his statues
which adorn the churches of Florence and of Rome
—remember that they came from the same hands
which designed many a palace there, and to whom
we owe the grandly towering dome of St. Peter's
and the splendid facade of the Farnese. Now in
considering the works of these great men, we must
remember that they are the chief outward visible
embodiment of their country's glory and power and
skill. And in every time since detailed records of it
have existed, these great works of art have been more
than the visible signs of the presence of the great,
exceptionally great minds. They have been, too, the
sign of progress in intellectual power and skill of the
general body of the nation, of whose advance the il-
lustrious men of whom I speak are the mere striking
representatives. The palace or cathedral is not a
mere exceptional work, to be studied and admired
as something quite beyond the ordinary verge of
art, but as the mere culminating point of it ; not a
mere isolated peak standing as a landmark for all
time, and utterly disengaged from anything around,
but as the summit point of the minds and works of
a people with whom art was ever present, and
amongst whom the appreciation of form and detail
was innate—who had been so used to see the beau-
tiful or severely true before them in every stage of
ordinary life, no matter how trivial, how common,
that they had been self-trained, unknowingly
taught and educated to understand, and appreciate,
and practise it. It is from the general training and
education of a people that must ultimately come
those greater efforts of the mind which some would
seem to think may rise spontaneously from the bar-
ren soil of ignorance in art. Think if it ever did so.
Look at the objects now gathered into our museums
as things for us to value and study, classed now as
works of art, beautiful alike in form and detail.
Why, one half of them were the mere household
gods of the Roman and the Greek—the ordinary
accompaniments of the medieval convent or church.
You stop at a lovely bronze, a delicately moulded
piece of earthenware, and a delicately tinted page,
and you find that it was a lamp that lighted their
chamber, the frame of one of their little mirrors,
the missal which they used at prayer. You will
pass—the most skilful of us will pass—many an
hour before we design anything more graceful, yet
more useful and more true withal than the com-
mon household pottery of the Romans—their
wine vessels, the very spouts which took the
water from their roofs, the utensils of the
kitchen, the ladles, and the great bronze cauldrons
which they used there. And think of the skill
which the common blacksmith of our country showed
in the commonest things of use--the handle of a key,
the hinge of a door, the cover of a book. And these
things, though looked upon (as indeed they are) as
art-relics now, were not made up for us to see as
something special to be put aside as things for study.
I doubt if the most advanced of Romans ever
dreamed that the things his servants used—the lamp
that lighted his chamber, his ladles and his caldrons,
would be considered of so great value as to form the
ornaments of a museum. And little did the village
blacksmith thia, as he forged the massive hinge or
chased the delicate little key, that it would be
covered up in after times in a glass case as a thing
to be admired, and considered, and talked about as
one that we would equal if we could. And even less,
perhaps, did he imagine that, in a few centuries only
and in his own land, the very traditions of his work
would be so lost that the fabric of the metal, the
design in which he worked it, and the method of its

it. IV. JELF, D.P., Principal.

,9•e":-- 4eee----

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Queen Isabella was still an infant in the cradle
when, upon the death of her august father, King
Ferdinand VII., she saw her rights disputed by a
usurping prince at the head of a fanatical party.
Abandoned by nearly the whole of Europe, the
Spanish people succeeded in causing not only their
Sovereign's rights to triumph, but the institutions
which served as the basis of her throne. It is these
same institutions, in which others believe they dis-
cover a cause of serious danger, which were her most
solid support in the midst of the great catastrophe
of 1848.

" During that period, which left such painful re-
collections throughout the whole of Europe, the
Queen's throne was not a single instant in danger,
and no personal sacrifice was necessary to save
monarchical institutions. Spain passed tranquilly
through the terrible crisis, and, thanks to the insti-
tutions with which it was surrounded, her throne
remained firm in the midst of the turmoil which
brought ancient monarchies, who thought them-
selves not to be shaken, to the brink of the abyss.
" In the opinion of the Queen's Government these
institutions, which Austria herself has finished by
adopting, this intimate union existing between the
Crown and its subjects, will once more cause the
Queen's throne to triumph if it should be threatened
by new dangers. But these dangers do not exist,
and the Queen's Government is sure that the liberal
and conservative policy that it pursues will suffice
to avert them. Such a line of conduct, adopted at
a useful time, would probably have saved the Sove-
reigns who formerly reigned in Italy.
"In expressing yourself in this sense towards
Count Mensdorff, your excelleney will be good
enough to acquaint himhow'greatly I regret that the
policy inaugurated by the Queen's Government upon
the question of Italy does not agree with that which
Austria, for reasons I respect, thinks fit to follow.
I am happy to believe that, notwithstanding this
difference in our manner of considering this ques-
tion, the relations between the two States will con-
tinue to be as intimate and amicable as previously.
(Signed) "M. BERMUDEZ DE CASTRO."

The second document is a circular addressed on
the 20th September last to the diplomatic agents of
Spain in foreign parts by the Spanish Minister for
Foreign Affairs. It is as follows :
" Sir,—the Presse of Vienna and one or two Paris
journals have published comments upon the subject
of a despatch which Count Mensdorff forwarded to
the Austrian Charge d'Affaires at Madrid, and
which was read to me by that gentleman.
" While some journals have considered this de-
spatch as being a forjnal protest against the recog-
nition of Italy by Spain, the MeMorial Diplonzatique
endeavours to interpret it as a measure adopted by
the Cabinet of Vienna with the object of detaching
Austrian policy from all the consequences which the
attitude assumed by Spain and Austria might bring
about, in virtue of the simultaneous notes handed by
their agents to the French Government on May 28,
1861.
" Both these views are inexact. In order to clear
up to you all the circumstances referring to this
matter, and to guide you in conversations you might
have upon the subject with the Minister for Foreign
Affairs and the members of the Corps Diplomatique,
I think it right to acquaint you with antecedents it
will be necessary not to forget in case the question
is brought forward.
" The coincidence in the presentation of the two
notes dwelt upon by the Memorial Diplomatique, and
even the accord in which Spain and Austria acted at
that period, were not able to create any species of
engagement between the two Governments, and still
less could they expressly or tacitly establish any pact
whatever which might have bound together their
political action. Spain as well as Austria remained
at perfect liberty to act in future as their respective
interests might counsel, without any tie which pre-
vented them taking up such an attitude in the ques-
tion as should best respond to their political views.
" No reason, therefore, exists for disguising the
responsibility of Austria in the consequences of the
new position Spain has just taken up, as the steps
adopted towards the French Government in 1861
have not only remained fruitless, but further, have
not been able to create, as I have just pointed out,
any species of engagement as regards the ulterior
policy of the two countries.
"I imagine it is thus the Austrian Cabinet has
understood the matter, because in the communica-
tion addressed by Count Mensdorff to the Charge
d'Affaires at Madrid no allusion, direct or even
indirect, is made to the steps of 1861.
" The decision taken of recognising the kingdom
of Italy having been announced by the Queen's
Government, and that decision having been com-
municated to the Cabinet of Vienna by the presen-
tation made by the representative of Spain to Count
Mensdorff, of a copy of a despatch I had addressed,
under date of 26th June last, to her Majesty's
Ambassador at Rome, the Emperor's Minister for
Foreign Affairs thought proper to address to the
Austrian Charge d'Affaires at Madrid a despatch he
read to me, and which occasioned the comments of
the press to which I have just alluded.
"In this despatch Count Mensdorff observed that
the first manifestation of the policy of the Cabinet
presided over by the Duke of Tetuan had not
answered the expectations of the Austrian Govern-
ment ; that he saw with regret the intention of
Spain to modify her attitude in the question of Italy
—a question upon which Count Mensdorff had been
happy to believe there existed 'an identity of inte-
rests between the two countries ; but, notwithstand-
ing the reserves with which the recognition of Italy
had been surrounded by Spain, this fact of itself
would suffice to bring the Spanish Government face
to face with the question of Rome, upon a ground
so different to that occupied by the Austrian Go-
vernment that their ulterior co-operation in a matter
so important to both nations would become much
more difficult ; that if the Spanish Government
thought that in renewing its relations with Italy it
placed itself in a position which permitted it to let
its voice be heard and its influence to be felt in
favour of the pontificate, the Imperial Government
feared that it was, on the contrary, an illusion to
expect that an act of condescension, such as the re-
cognition of the kingdom of of Italy, would succeed
in giving greater weight to the action of Spain upon
events which were going on in Italy, because, by
accepting the principle in the name of which the
Italian revolution has been accomplished, it became
more difficult to oppose the consequences which
might result.

" Passing to other considerations, Count Mens-
dorff did not disguise his fear lest the triumph of the
revolutionary principle in Italy should become a
menace against the throne of the Queen ; and this
disquiet was based upon the danger of a concession
to the ideas endeavouring to propagate themselves
in Europe, and which he doubted were only too
widely spread in Spain.
" Upon these considerations, and in consequence
of the recognition of Italy by Spain, Count Mens-
dorff demanded if there would not be ground to eon_
test the expediency of an act which, sanctioning the
changes in the Italian peninsula, would encourage
those meditating similar acts, and if it were
all the attention pru-
,
ar iecncosotugnntisrecognise
Mensdorff,
all
anarchicalth their
to passions.ind
continuedks
taog
dent to weaken the respect due to principles, too
much disregarded, and which, however, are the
importance,
and he deemed that the Spanish Government
theseslsurefacs et
qd bl
sltwioa nr
ha
doubtless given them.
to be desired.
The Emperor's Minister concluded his despatch by
protesting that these considerations
were only sug-
gested to him by a feeling of friendly interest to-
wards Spain, and by the earnest desire he had to be
in accord with her Majesty's Government upon a
question so important to the two countries.
" In order to respond to the frankness with which
the Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs expressed
his opinion upon the subject of our intention to re-
cognise the kingdom of Italy, I deemed it expedient
to address to the Queen's representative at Vienna
the despatch, of which a copy is appended, and
which I invited him to read to Count Mensdorff.
This document will serve to acquaint you with the
true character of the correspondence upon the
matter in question ; it will enable you to see that
neither has the Austrian Government protested
against an act which is in the exclusive competence
of the Spanish Government, nor have its observa-
tions given rise to any but frank explanations, of
the cordial character which has always marked the
friendly relations we maintain, and desire to main
taro, with the Vienna Cabinet.
"You are requested to read this despatch, &c.
(Signed) " MANUEL BERMUDEZ DE CASTRO."