The Sun.
London, England, 1862-08-05 00:00:00

MI; SUN, LoNnor?., TuEsbAy EVENI..- G AUGUST 5, 1862.

PUBLICATIONS.

NEW NOVEL by the Author of " MATHEW PAXTON.'
On Thursday, Aug. 7, in 3 vols.,
HN A R N OLD
By the A uthor of "Mathew Paxton," Sze.
Hurst and Blackett, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

Now ready, in 2 vols., 215.,
FEMALE LIFE IN PRISON,
By A PRISON MATRON.
"This book should have many readers among our social re-
formers of both sexes."—Atheneum.
This work is full of interesting matter."—Sun•
Hurst and Blackett, 13, Great Marlborough-street

NOTICE.-THE NEW NOVEL.

On Tuesday next, at all Libraries and Booksellers in Town

and Country,
FOOTSTEPS BEHIND HIM,
A Novel. By WILLIAM J. STEWART.
3 vols. Post Bvo.
London : Sampson Low, Son, and Co.

This Day, by the Author of "Woman in White,"
BA SI L. By WILKIE COLLINS. An
entirely new Edition, with Steel Frontispiece by John
Gilbert ; handsomely bound in cloth, price ss.
:London : Sampson Low, Son, and Co., 47, Ludgate-hill.—

rrHE PRESENT DISTRESS IN TRADE
.11.. fully explained in J. GROSSMITH'S
" GOVERNMENT UPON FIRST PRINCIPLES."
The cause is there predicated of the monetary difficulties ex-
perienced in 1860. The Crisis is at hand. Anxiety in busi-
ness has now become the grim torture. Purity of motive.
intelligently exercised, must animate all Governments, or all
is lost, All denominations of Constitutions are carefully
examined in J. Grossmith's "Government upon First Prin.
ciples."

Kent and Co., Paternoster-row.

HOTELS, &c.

CHA P L I N'S HO TE L.
AND
SPREAD EAGLE TAVERN,
84, GRACECHURCH-STREET,
LONDON.
Comfort, combined with moderate charges, will be found at
this Establishment.
PRIVATE APARTMENTS FOR FAMILIES.
Sitting Room, 35. per Day.
Bed Rooms, is. 6d. and 2s. per Night.
A Night Porter in attendance.
No INCREASE OF CHARGES.

INDIA AND THE COLONIES.
PASSENGERS Embarking or Disembarking
will find superior accommodation and moderate
charges at
CHAPLIN'S CLARENDON HOTEL, GRAVESEND,
Adjoining the Terrace Pier.
A Lawn in front, extending to the River.

THE LONDON, 191, FLEET-STREET, near
Temple-bar.
SAWYER'S FAMOUS LONDON DINNER for THIS
DAY, the sth inst„ will consist of
POTAGES.
A la Reine—A la Brunoise.
POISSON.
Saumon sauce Homard—Soles frites.
ENTREES.
Blanquettes de Veau a la Supreme—Compote de Pigeon.

Mouton bouilli—Bceuf rot'.

ENTREMETS.
Pouding a la Victoire—Gateau de Genoa.

Fromage et Salade.

TO.MORROW, the 6th inst., "THE LONDON DINNER'
will consist of

POTAGES.
A la Chesterfield—A la Julienne.
POISSON.
Rougets a la Genoise—Filets de Merlans frits.

E• TREES.
Friccasse de Volaille—Venaison HaeWe.

Bo2uf braisee—Agneau roti.

ENTREMETS.
Pouding de Vermicelli—Beignets d'Ananas.

Fromage et Salade.

An extensive and carefully selected stock of RHENISH,
MOSELLE, and other WINES Lair orted expressly for THE
LONDON DINNER.

All Fish In season daily.

A fine Haunch of Venison every day at 2 o'clock.

The attention of Clergymen, Officers, and Professional
Gentlemen is especially drawn to the advantages offered by
these elegant Saloons, which fulfil all the requirements of a
West-end Club of the most aristocratic and exclusive cha-
racter.

L 'on tronve dans la Salle de Lecture non seulement les
m eilleurs Journaux Anglais, mail aussi Journaux Allemande,
Francais et Beiges.

N.B.—During the Exhibition Season, THE LONDON
DINNER will be served daily from 2 until 9 o'clock; and
Dinners in the Coffee-room, a la Carte, from 1 until 10 o'clock.
Open on Sundays at 4 o'clock.
FREDERICK SAWYER, Proprietor.

REAT WESTERN RAILWAY.-
VI A CHEAP EXCURSION TRAIN to BATH and
BRISTOL will leave PADDINGTON at 2.30 p.m., and
READING at 3.35 p.m., on SATURDAY, August 9 ; re-
turning at 5.30 p.m., on Monday, August 11.
FARES THERE AND BACK :
Bath, 12s. and 6s. ; Bristol, 14s. and 7s.

GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.-
On SUNDAY, Aug. 10, an EXCURSION TRAIN will
leave Paddington at 8.45 a.m., for TAPLOW (ss. and 2s. 6d.),
Twyford, Henley, and Reading (ss. 641., and 35.), Theale and
Aldermaston (is. and 3s. 3d.), Woolhampt:n, Thateham, New-
bury, Kintbury, and Hungerford (6s. 6d. and 3s. 6d.); return-
ing the same evening, as per bills.

ROYAL
FREE HOSPITAL, Gray's-inn-road,
in the immediate vicinity of the Great Northern Rail-
way Terminus, at King's-cross.
The Committee earnestly solicit the ASSISTANCE of the
benevolent, as the premises of this Hospital are capable of
containing several hundred more beds had the Committee the
requisite funds to maintain them.
Contributions are received by the Treasurer, Edward
Mas erman, Esq., Nicholas-lane; and at the Hospital, from
10 till 5.

J. B. OWEN, M.A., Chairman of the Weekly Board.

CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA.

(From the Times' Corres,2,,-,:alent.)

NEW YORT:, JULY 22.
The general gloom and discouragement of the
Northern people and the absence of any effectual
response to Mr. Lincoln's call for an additional
300,000 men are facts that betoken a powerful reac-
tion. Few persons qualified to form an opinion
believe it possible to raise one-third of the number
by voluntary enlistment; While it is quite certain
that the war must cease for want of the material to
prolong it, unless at least half-a-million of men can
be procured during the summer. The Government
is ill at ease on the subject, and its friends are be-
ginning to ask whether it would not be better,
without further loss of time, while days and hours
are previous, to resort to a conscription, or, if that
be impossible, to welcome the mediation of Europe.
My own impression, which every day makes
stronger, is that the game of voluntary enlistment
is " played out," that the barning patriotism which
burst forth so suddenly and blazed so brightly after
the .attack on Fort Sumter has cooled down, that
money will not bribe men enough to form a new
army, and that, if there be no conscription, the
North may as well yield with as much dignity as it
can assume, lay down its arms, and renounce the
hopeless project of the restoration of the Union.
It cannot be said that the Federal Government
does not bid high for men, or that it is not zealously
aided by the State Governments. The New Eng-
land States are offering bounties ranging from 50
dols. to 100 dols., in addition to the liberal bounty
offered at Washington, and yet the men do not pre-
sent themselves. Mr. Morgan, the Governor of

the State of New York, when called upon to summon
the Legislature at Albany to discuss the propriety
of offering 50 dols. to every recruit, declined to do
so, on the ground of the inconvenience of an extra
session in the dog days, but issued a proclamation
responsibility, and
trustingoffering tthuatthesupmrutoenntihunis
of
fwhls
Parliament on its
reassembling at the usual period to indemnify him
as
yet, has been feeble,
wfohrilteheinatcht.e
uTityheurfeNspnseowe
York, where every police-
man has been converted into a recruiting officer,
the failure has been so conspicuous that the most
wilfully blind have been compelled to see and the
most wilfully deaf to hear it. What are the reasons
for this sudden change in public feeling ? Convinced
of the importance of the inquiry, as a guide to the
comprehension of the new phase into which the
war has entered since the seven days' slaughter of
M:Clellan's army, I have made it my business to
converse with all ranks and degrees of people, and
more especially with the classes out of which the
Federal armies have been recruited—with Ameri-
cans, Irishmen, and Germans—with returned sol-
diers, as well as with recruiting officers, and endea-
voured to ascertain their real sentiments. The con-
clusion to which I have come is that the war is less
popular among them than it was a month ago, and
that each of these nationalities, in addition to gene-
ral reasons common to them all, has its own separate
ground of coolness or dissatisfaction.
The general reasons for the slackness of enlist-
mentarethehigh wages of labour, consequent upon
the withdrawal, from first to last, of fully 700,000
men from the ordinary work of the nation. The
requirements of the armies in the field and of the
harvest, now ready for the sickle, are such that
every working man is certain to find employment.

In addition to this powerful influence there are
deterrents in the highways which every man can
understand—deterrents in the shape of maimed and
wounded soldiers on their way to and from the
hospitals or permanently turned into the strfets,
legless or armless, as living mementoes of the
miseries of war. And then there are the news-
papers which tell the sickening story of the
strife, and which every one reads, however
poor or imperfectly educated he may be, and the
conversation of the rum-shop, the lager beer saloon,
or other resorts of the multitude, where authentic
news is circulated which never finds its way into
print, and which is derived from the private letters
of soldiers to their friends and relatives, or from the
oral testimony of living witnesses who have re-
turned disabled from the swamps of the Chickaho-
miny to mix with their fellows and tell them the
truth. From the newspapers they learn that, while
this call is made upon them by the President, there
are no less than 50,000 men absent from the army
on furlough or on sick leave, the sickness being no-
thing but home sickness, or, if not that, a sham.
They learn at the same time, though not always
from the newspapers, which, as a rule, are disin-
clined to publish any statements, however well-
founded, that tend to diminish public enthusiasm
in the war, that at this moment the army of Gen.
M'Clellan is in a position almost as bad as that from
which it escaped so narrowly a month ago ; that the
heat is excessive ; that water is scarce ; and that
typhoid and other fevers prevail to a frightful ex-
tent. A Federal officer recently returned from Har-
rison's Landing states that the dead are so numer-
ous that M'Clellan has been compelled to burn the
bodies. He cannot bary them within the limits of
the camp for fear of an epidemic. He cannot bury
them beyond the limits for fear of the attacks of the
enemy, The consequence is that every night the
bodies are piled in heaps, and the camp is illumined
with the glare of an incremation horrible to think
of, but absolutely necessary to the health and safety
of the army. Facts like these are repeated from
mouth to mouth; and, combined with the want of
confidence in all public men, and with the high and
certain wages offered in less dangerous spheres of
usefulness than the battle-field, damp the martial
ardour of the people, and throw discredit even upon
the cash in hand, which the State and the Govern-
ment unite to offer, with a liberality unparalleled
in foreign or civil war in any country of the world.
Among American-born citizens—all patriots—all
filled with a desire to conquer the South—the un-
expected duration of the war has had a very seda-
tive effect. They believed at the first outbreak of
hostilities that the South would be •
easily overran
and subdued. They thought with Mr. Lincoln that
75,000 men would be enough for the "
job," They
had faith in the " 90 days" of Mr.
Seward; and
when that term had expired they were not without
confidence that twice 90 days would be amply suffi-
cient to restore the Union. They were ready for a
short, sharp, .and decisive conflict. They were not
ready for an obstinate struggle, to last for years, to
be carried into the heart of the enemy's country
with half a million of men on each side, and fought
to its conclusion famid such a storm of hatred and
bitterness as naw DOWIB over the land. They were
not ready to pay the cost of the war, in the shape of
enormous taxation. They Were not prepared for
the gross corruption of their Public men. They had
no faith in the aboliti on of slavery, or in the poli-
ties that had grown out of the question. They did
not understand the South. —did not believe it would
fight so stubbornly—did not really comprehend the
true causes of the quarrel—. and did not anticipate
that they might lose any of their own liberties in
the vain attempt to deny the liberties of their fel-
low-citizens. Not hating the South themselves,
they could not see why the South should hate them.
And while quite ready for a spar/ ing match with
their brother—to give and to ,take hard blows—
they were not ready for a fien dly, glee and
apparentlyinterminable war. T. hey imagined, in
the boundless conceit which is the Yankee charac-
teristic,that they could con iglo-Saxons as
conquer Ai
easily as they conquered Mexicans. ,In short, they
were deceived in all their calculations, They now
know it—and the result is that they are 110 longer
so se were,, self-confident as they
and are pl•eparing
minds for the day of inevitable comproni`l
their
among the Irish a different feeling prevails.. The
Federal armies have had few, If any, better s°idlers
than they, and in numbers they were far greater
than
the native Americans. But while the native
American had a proud repuanance to the negro,

and persistently refused his aid to do the coarsest
work of the camp, the Irishman had, in addi-
tion to this repugnance, a jealousy of the black
man as a rival and competitor. The negro respects
the white man who employs and feeds him, but he
has no respect for the Irish white man, who conde-
scends to do such rough and unskilled work as pub-
lic opinion reserves for the inferior race. There is
consequently a mutual antipathy between the two;
and the Irishman detests the negro, not only be-
cause he is a negro, but because he believes that
there ought to be no " niggers" in the North to
keep down the price of free labour, and that the
South is the proper place for the black man and
slavery his proper condition. The recent determi-
nation of the Federal Government to employ the
negroes in trenching and fortification, and in the
sanitary occupations necessary in all camps, while
it has been generally accepted by the Americans as
a disagreeable necessity, has displeased the Irish,
and operated as one of the causes preventing any

considerable numbers of them from responding to
the President's invitation. Patrick's love of a fight
is proverbial; and he engaged himself in the civil
andthough
great
deal
a reaping
lLe better.
nitisotci,onlnfnboerwccataanh ilf
maeotea phnl
rsrl
ye-atoisieldnnmotil,l secure
henortra
the war scale against him. So,
tempting, when negro
is a man of peace, and Mr.
himThefor
Germans,the war
wnphoonhcaovme
compulsion.
The a very large
share
ohearecrneelnitethtaemgle of theernitshnian,sFe
peculiar
ddti
soelritakhleeamromefeiletvshe,se.have objections
n Theyegr
o. do n
T They
have no overweening and overpowering love for the
Union, right or wrong, such as burns in the bosoms
of Americans of the " spread-eagle"school of oratory
and politics. They entered into the war as a matter
of business, because a military life is germane to
most Germans accustomed to Austrian or Prussian
conscriptions, and because they had an idea that in
a great democratic Republic, where the poorest citi-
zen is as good as the President, and the private sol-
dier is supposed to be as good a man, politically and
socially, as the Commander-in-Chief, they might
rise by merit and valour to the highest ranks, like
the soldiers of the First Napoleon. This hope has
been disappointed. Soldiers have not been made
captains and colonels from the ranks. Democratic
America is aristocratic as regards military promo-
tion.

Political Generals swarm in every city. There
are Brigadiers without number who have no bri-
gades. A whole squad of attorneys—Butler and
Halleck among the number—have risen to the
highest rank, at one bound, without having passed
through the intermediate gradations ; but the great
bulk of the commissioned officers are graduates of
Westpoint—a class apart, to mix with whom is
about as difficult for the American common soldier
as for the private in the British army to reach any
rank higher than that of sergeant-major. The con-
sequence is that the Germans are disgusted. The
war is not the war they imagined it would be. It
offers them no career. Fifty cents a day, and the
chances of death or mutilation, with 100 dols. at the
end of three years, if they live, are not sufficient
inducement to lure them from the farm, the barber's
shop, the lager beer brewery, and the other com-
mercial pursuits in which both in the West and the
East their countrymen continue to make decent
fortunes. The first bloom of the war excitement
is over as far as they are concerned ; and, though
40 per cent., perhaps, of the 100,000 men that
State and Federal bounty money may yet gleam
from the full harvest-field of labour will be com-
posed of Germans, there is no chance of any further
supply of men from that source, except under the
operation of the conscription.
Altogether the indications of public feeling con-
verge to the idea of an approaching compromise.
No American will alma this to be the case when
broadly stated, especially to an Englishman; but
there are countless little straws in the air which
show how the wind blows to any one who has an
eye for the points of the compass. Three months
ago when several regiments wished to inscribe upon
their regimental flags the names of their victo-
ries the idea was universally scouted. " What,"
said the patriots,
." shall we perpetuate upon the
star-spangled banners of our liberty the record of
our triumphs over our fellow-citizens ? tiV hen we
go to war with England or France our flags shall
bear the names of our victories, but in a war against
our brethren—never !" Now the feeling has
changed, and the South begins to be looked upon as
a foreign nation ; and " Roanoke," " Newbern,"
"Fort Donelson,'i "Fair Oaks," and other words
are flaunted upon Federal flags with as much
Northern pride as if the Southerners were really the
foreigners which it is their wish to become. So also
with regard to a general exchange of prisoners. The
South, when appealed to on this matter, invariably
refused to listen to any terms unless upon full re-
cognition of their belligerent rights. The North as
invariably refused, for this would be to admit that
the South were not " rebels,' but an independent
Power with whom the Republic was engaged in a
legitimate war. This feeling also has undergone a
modification, and on Friday last no less a person
than General Dix went from Fortress Monroe,
under the protection of a flag of truce, to meet the
Confederate General Lee, for the purpose of debat-
ing the terms for a permanent exchange of pri-
soners. The interview is described as having been
highly satisfactory both to North and South. Per-
haps the slackness of the Federal enlistments may
have tended to the production of this better frame
of mind, for prisoners require men to guard them ;
and men employed on such duty are not available
in the battle. field. If, when the exchange is
effected, both parties are released upon the honour-
able understanding that they are to take no further
part in the war, it will tend still further to humanise
the people of both sections, and draught into civil
life a number of good hands that are greatly needed
for peaceful work, and more especially in the South,
where every young and able •bodied man is a com-
batant.

The public has been greatly scandalised during
the last week by the series of charges brought
against General Mitchell, the astronomer of Cin-
cinnati—charges of incapacity, ferocity, and
brutality—involving details that are said to be ut-
terly unfit for publication. Further investigation
has shown that the worst of these charges did not
apply to General Mitchell personally, but to an offi-
cer under his command for whose conduct he was
more or less responsible. The charges will, doubt-
less form a subject for the investigation of a court-
martial, and if substantial cannot but end in the
dismissal of General Mitchell from the service, and
the hanging, on a high gallows, of Colonel Turchin,
the officer principally implicated. Leaving for the
present the minor charges against General Mitchell,
and coming to those affecting Colonel Turchin, a
German, from Cincinnati, it appears that when
General Mitchell was in command at Huntsville, in
Alabama, he ordered Turchin to proceed, with a
considerable force, to the pleasant little town of
Athens, 25 miles distant, and reduce it to obedience
to Federal authority. Athens made an unavailing
e
but obstinate resistance, which so exasperated Tur-
chintured he told
that just before the place was captured
his soldiers that "he would shut his eyes for two
hours" after they took it. The town •
is situated in
Northern Alabama, on high and healthy
ground.
Its coolness renders it an agreeable
summer resi-
dence, and it contains the finest and most celebrated
high school for young ladies in les all
charge is that while Turn • the South. The
-. jai T. 64 shut his
.
town was plundered, '" ins eyes," the
and that the young ladies at
the school, daughters of some of the principal peo-
ple in Alabama,
were
the tongue may name' but
to atrocities that
write or the print n
el but that the pen may not
.
tug press divulge, except by pe-