The Sun.
London, England, 1862-12-13 00:00:00

Mr. Tennant arranges elementary collections of SHELLS,
51INERALS, ROCKS, and FOSSILS, which will greatly
facilitate he interesting study of MINERALOGY, CON-
CHOLOGY, and GEOLOGY, at 2,5, 10, 20, 50, to 100 guineas
each.

PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION in GEOLOGY and MINE-
RALOGY is given by Mr. TENNANr. at 149, Strand, W.C.

llnn—Ropley—Thursday, London Lodge, Stratton Park
—Saturday, Herrard Pk- quarter to eleven.
Hambledon—Monday, Westbury House Wednesday,
Holywell—Friday, Wergate House—Saturday, Mor-
well Hall—Monday (No. 22) Idsworth House—quarter
to eleven.
Hampton-Lewis's, Captain—Monday, Llandyfnan Mill—
Wednesday, Round Table—Saturday, Red Wharf Cross
—eleven.
Hastings', Lord—Tuesday, Gressenhale—Friday, Plum-
stead Mills. •
Haydon —Wednesday, Langley Gate—Saturday, Whitfield
—nine.
Heythorp—Monday,Heythrop Wednesday, Barington
Park—Thursday, Blenheim—Friday, Gawcomb—Satur-
day, Dean Crossroads—half-past ten.
Huraley (Mr. W, C. Standish's)—Monday, Dog and Crook
—Friday, Farley Mount—quarter to eleven.
Hurworth—Tuesday,Willow Bridge—Thursday, Neasham
Village--Saturday, Crathorne—quarter to eleven
Isle of Wight—Monday, Westover—Wednesday, Ashey
Farm—Friday, Beckfield Barn—half-past ten.
Johnstone's, Mr. Harcourt--Tuesday, Hackness Hall—
Friday, Pickering—half-past ten.
Kent, East—
Monday, Ashley— Thursday, Waldershare
Park—Saturday, Acriss Mill—half-past ten.
Kent, West—Tuesday, Otford Mount—Thursday, Porto-
bellow—Saturday, Everlands—half-past ten.
Leconfield's, Lord—Monday, Durfold house—Wednesday,
Cocking Hill—Friday, Pallingham Quay—Saturday,
Waltham Park—half-past eleven.
Ledbury—Monday, Bromabury Heath—Friday, Acton
Green—half-past ten.
Lewis's, Mr.Wyndharn—Tuesday, Brean's Cross—Thurs-
day, Lympsham—Saturday, Banwell Station.
Lord Phillip's, Mr.—Monday, Trewent--Thursday, Yeb-
boston Gate—half-past ten.
Lowndes's, Mr. Sell93—Tuesday, Bletchley Station—Sa-
turday, Nash Common—eleven.
Ludlow—Tuesday, Elhakenhurst—Friday, Cookridge Cop-
pice—eleven.
Meynell-Ingram's, Mr.—Monday, Chartley Park—Thurs-
day, Shirley Park—Saturday, Blythfield—quarter to
eleven.

Brinfl erry—Frid ay, Hendre—

Monmouthshire---___
half-past ten.
Morpeth—Tuesday, Wollington—Thursday, Kirkley—Sa
turday, Morpeth North Gate—quarter to eleven.
Musters's, Mr. Charworth—Tuesday, Aston Hall—Fri-
day, Oxton Hall—quarter to eleven.
New Forest—Tuesday, Fox Lease Park—Thursday, Sher-
field, Hatchet—Saturday, Hill Gate—half-past ten.
Norfolk West (Mr.Villebois's)—Monday, Oxburgh—Wed-
nesday, Cranmer Hall—Friday, Watton—eleveu.
Oakley —Monday, Cranfield—Tuesday, Wilden, Thursday,
Bungee Corner—Saturday, Hall Weston—quarter to
eleven.
Oxfordshire, South—Monday, Postcombo—Friday, Stan-
ton—quarter to eleven.
Poltimore's, Lord—Monday, Wether Cerne—Wednesday,
Wynford—Friday, Buckland—Saturday, Melbury—
eleven.
Portsmouth's, Earl of—Monday, Wornfordbridge—Wed-
nesday, Morchard Bishop—Thursday, Stone-moor—Sa-
turday, Portsmouth Arms—eleven.
Powell's, Mr.—Tuesday, Castle Gorvod—Friday, Landis-
silio--quarter-past ten.
Puckeridge (Mr. Parry's)—Monday, Pelham —Wednesday,
Elmden Lee—Saturday, Laysten—half-past ten.
Pytchley—Monday, Oakley Hay—Wednesday, Swinford
Friday,drockhall—Saturday,Braybrook—quarter to eleven
Radclyffe's, Mr.—Monday, Piddle Wood—Thursday, Mel-
combe—quarter to eleven.
Holies's, Han. Mark—Monday, Roborough Mill—Wed-
nesday, Stapleton Brake—Friday, Dunsland—Saturday,
Atheringtcn Village—eleven.
Rufford—Tuesday, Stuffingwood Hall—Thursday, Caun-
ton—Saturday, Blidworth Dale--quarter to eleven.
Rutland's, Duke of—Monday, Three Queen's—Tuesday,
Leadenham—Wednesday, Croxton Park—Friday, Len-
ton Village—eleven.
Scratton's, Mr.—Monday, Carpenter's Arms—Tuesday,
Stanford-le-Eope—Wednesday, Danbury Cricketers—
Saturday, Billericay-street—eleven.
Seale's, Sir Henry—Tuesday, Oldstone--Friday, Morley
Toll-bar
Shropshire (Mr. C. J. Morris's)—Monday, Fox, Albrigh-
ton—Wednesday, Crudgington—Friday, Cross Gates,
Welshpool Road—half-past ten.
Sinnirrgton—Tuesday, Catter Bridge—Friday, Helmsley—
half-past ten.
Somerset, West—Tuesday, Chargott Lodge—Friday, Hol-
ford—half-pp.3t ten.
Southdown—Monday, Firle—Wednesday, Execet Bridge—
Friday, Poyiing's Crossways—quarter to eleven.
South Wold—Monday, Walmsgate House—Tuesday, Mar-
tin Railway Bridge—Thursday, Legsby Saturday,
Lusby Village—eleven.
Staffordshire, North—Monday, Swynnerkoa Hall—Wed-
nesday, Oakley Hall—Friday, Stallington—half-past ten.
Stamford and Warrington's, Earl of—Monday, Queni-
borough—Tuesday, Narborough—Thursday, the Ruins,
Bradgate Park—Friday, Six. Hills—eleven.
Suffolk—Tuesday, Elwswell Lion—Thursday, Little Sax-
ham—Saturday, Rushbrook Hall-m--quarter to eleven.
Surrey Union—Tuesday, Chauntry Down Thursday,
Ewhurst Windmill—Saturday, Epsom Windmill—half-
past ten.
Sussex, East—Monday, White Hart, Guestling—Wednes-
day, Northiam—Friday, Udmore—quarter to eleven.
Tailby's, Mr.—Monday, Theddingworth—Tuesday, Sil-
ton ood—Thursday, Stonton Wyville—Saturday, Lees-
thorpe—eleven.
Tedworth—Monday, Boscombe Windmill—Tuesday, Man-
ningford—Thursday, Dole's Turnpike—Saturday, Win-
terslow Village—eleven.
pe
sa
ds
at
y ten.,
eaufront—Pri-
day, Bavington—quarter to eleven.
V. W. H. (Mr. Greaves's)—Tuesday, the Greyhound, Sid-
Tickham—Tuesday, Shelve Farm, Lenham—Friday, New-
-A:Wan-s-half- tom
Tivyside—Mon`--rntirsaay, retre—ten.
Trelawney's, Mr.—Tuesday, Buller's Arms, Dean—Satur-
nleLlosadyg—e—Wheadlfn-
Tyndasyd,afett Western
onedsatye
, Bdington—Thursday, Crudwell—Saturday, Cricklade—
eleven.
Vale of Ayron—Tueschty, Derry Ormond—Friday, Llan-
flhangel-ar-arth Bridge—half-past ten.
Vine (Mr. A. E. Whieldon's)—Tuesday, Manor House,
Steventon—Thursday, New Inn, Bonyhurst—Saturday,
Ash Warren—quarter to eleven.
Warwickshire--Monday,Wilnston Bridge—Tuesday, Wes-
ton House—Thursday, Harwood's House—Friday, Rad •
way Grange--quarter to eleven, Saturday—Stratford -on-
Avon—twelve.
Western (Capt. Gurney's)—Tuesday, Coach and Horses,
St. Hilary—Friday, Nancothan—half-past ten.
Wilts, South—Monday,
Knoyle—Wednesday, Fovant
Elm—Friday, Vern Ditch--quarter to eleven.
Worcestershire—Monday, Bishop's Wood—Wednesday,
Wyre—Friday, Monk Wood—half-past ten.
Wynn's, Sir W. W.—Monday, Saur Bridge—Tuesday, As-
ton—Thursday, Vilutchurch—Friday, Pentre, Bychau
—half-past ten.
Yarborough's, Earl of—Monday, Roxton Wood—Tues-
day, Hawerby House—Thursda Pelham's Pillar—
Friday, Wootton Hall—eleven. Y'
York and Ainsty—Monday, Shires Bar—Tuesday, Ancas-
ter—Thursday, Ribston Hall—Saturday, Moreby—half-
past ten.

HARRIERS.
Brampton—Tuesday, Abbey Bridge—Thursday, Walton—
Saturday, Rule Holme—ten (weather permitting).
Brighton—Monday, Patcham—Wednesday, Racecourse
—Saturday, I )yks—quarter to eleven.
Brooksend—Monday, Monkton—Wednesday, Bromfield—
half-past ten.
Brownlow's, Earl—Tuesday, Norcott Hill—Saturday,
Streatham Common—eleven.
Clayton—Tuesday, Lighteliffe—Friday, Calverley—ten.
Cowbridge—Monday, Wallace—Thursday, the Aubrey
Arms—eleven.
Craven— Monday, Silesdenraorre--Wednesday, Syke House
*—Friday, Kilston—eleven.
Eat:clout (Mr. Cowper' \
8,--Wednesday, Kirkby Shore—
Saturday, LongwathbeY—half-past ten (weather per-
mitting).
Eastbourne—Monday, Rodmell—Thursday, Pevensey
station—half-past ten.
Elstow—Wednesday, Barford Bridge—Friday, Maulden
Chestnut Trees—half-past ten.
H. H.—Monday, Wents Hoo—Thursday, Higham Bridge
—eleven.
High Peak—Tuesday, Robin
Elton—twelve.
Langport—Monday, the Kennel—Saturday, Tentenhall
Forts—half-past ten,
Hood Toll-bar—Saturday,
Lonsdale's, Earl of—Friday, Broughton Farm—twelve,
Montgomery—Wednesday, Meadowtown—Saturday, the
Frydd.
Norfolk, East—Monday, Barford Cock—Friday, Hard-
wick Hall.
North Walsham (Mr. Rudd's)—Monday, East Ruston—
Friday, Swafield Bridge—eleven.
Price's, Mr. Lloyd—Monday, Llandilo—Wednesday,
near Llangadoch.
Pryse's, Mr.—Monday, Blaencourt Cross Roads—Thurs-
day, Naut Henfol—half-past ten.
Romney Marsh—Monday, Midley Chapel—Thursday,
Romney Warren—Saturday, the Kennel—half-past ten.
Ruffwell—Monday, More-lane, Sowton, near Exeter—
Thursday, Reed's Farm, Broadclis—Saturday, Thorver-
ton Village—half-past ten.
Sompting—Tuesday, Findon Windmill—Saturday, Bram-
, ber Castle—eleven.

Stockton, Billingham, and Hartlepool—Monday, Newton
past ten.
Tanatßew SideleY— (Ihru.revanaYl:)—edTgeufieesiddaTtlansaintffraid—Satur-
day, Carreg Offa—half-past ten.
Taunton Vale—Monday, Horse and Jockey, Heathfield—
lhursday, Brick Kilns, Bickenall—half-past ten.
Gate. Defford Common—Thursday, Hazeloe Hill, near
B)—Monday, the Marsh
V.EBv.esHham. (111re.lEev.e1111.. S. H.udion:

Whitehaven—Monday and Wednesday, Bootle—Friday,
Monkfoss Whitbeck—ten.

THE YELVERTON CASE.—A. report has been pre-
valent in the Court of Session for the last day or two
that this court is to be immediately advised. It is said,
upon what authority we are not aware, that there is a
division
iopfod to alterpinionam or ev
among
g ther Judges, two of them
being erso the interlocutor of
the Lord Ordinary, while the third is for substantiating it
in its integrity.
_Probably there is no foundation for the
rumour beyond the wishes of its propagators. It will be
recollected that the judges appeared to be considerably
affected by the observations of the Lord Advocate, and that
Mr. Gordon, in his reply for Major Yelverton was unable
to remove the effect of that impression. Very likely the
existing inference has no more substantial basis.
[AnvEn:risEl NT.]
is --.11 elloway. Pills.—The Direct
Remedy.--For the subjugation of disease and the preser-
vation of health, it all important to maintain the purity
of the blood,
and to keep its channels clear, that no foul-
ness or obstructions shall impede the life-sustaining cur-
rent. By these ,means,. are Holloway's Pills all powerful
in restoring and pro`ectulg the human frame and freeing
onhfdeitathl health, and happiness.
it from fevers, influenza, congestions inflammations neu-
ralgic and gouty pains—ln short from the many dangerous
maladies arising from bad blood. A pure circulation is
good security for life and
.health ; when it is right the
ioense;
tavrviodsyosnietmhse
doerpdeenrd,
sh
tahr
perfection
eo r nerves
anda re
oi
completeness
excellente
en energy,
gcy:

The construction of a great breakwater, with a
noble harbour of refuge behind it, is one of those
national acts of charity to all men, of which the
greatest nation may feel justly proud. As a people
we have in these works cast our money upon the
waters more liberally than any other, though it by
no means follows thence that we have better break-
waters or more harbours of refuge than other
nations who have not spent a tithe of our outlay
upon them. It is almost a char,cte:istic of our
great public works that there should be at least
half a dozen failures to one success, and there has
been no exception to this rule in breakwaters till
now, the prodigal history of their construction
being about the last theme which one would choose
by which to illustrate Admiralty wisdom and eco-
nomy. In the minds of economists the very name
of these works has not unjustly been considered a
synonym for waste, and is always associated with
millions of money thrown broadcast into the sea in

___ ...
out-of-the-way bays and inlets, which, even with-
out these obstacles to their entrance, were always

dangerous. Where they ought never to have been
attempted, as at St. Catharine's, Alderney, or even
Dover, the most stupendous works were begun. At
the first named place they were abandoned, many
years ago, after an immense expenditure had been
incurred. At the two latter they are being prose-
cuted with equal zeal and cost to this very day.
Where, as at Holyhead, a small sea wall would
have sufficed, a whole mountain has been thrown

into the sea with such effect that the port is now
difficult to enter, still more difficult to leave, and by
no means entirely safe to remain in. Holyhead will
cost nearly £2,000,000 ; Dover, nearly £700,000;
while Alderney is estimated to require £1,300,000,
of which nearly a million is hopelessly gone, and
said to have been spent in vain. St. Catharine's
has a melancholy pre•eminence in this list, inas-
much as when several hundred thousand pounds
were thrown, as it were, into the ocean, the works
were stopped from their obvious hopelessness and
inutility, and the only further outlay incurred was
to break down what had been constructed, which
made the wretched, rocky bay more dangerous
even than it had been before.

It is a comfort, after such a series of costly ex-
periences, to be able at last to chronicle one great
and complete success in the noble Breakwater and
Harbour of Portland. Compared with the other
undertakings that we have enumerated, and judged
by the results which have been obtained from them,
the money spent upon Portland may fairly be

termed a profitable and a most worthy investment
of our national wealth. The harbour which art has
now rendered so complete is the most spacious of its
kind in the kingdom. The anchorage is admirable,
the water is deep, and the whole bay free from rock
or shoal. It gives us a strong naval station, it is a
refuge for distressed ships where it is most needed
in the Channel ; it has been completed for less than
double its first estimate (£500,000), and in not very
much over the time it was promised. If any one
should think these faint praises, or that in every
case a given outlay should have a commensurate
advantage in return, he can have very little experi-
ence of our public works. Unfortunately, in such
undertakings the greater the pretension the smaller

is often the result. No more was said for making
the Harbour and Refuge at Portland than was said

for all the other schemes of the same kind: the only
difference is in the result, for here the country has
fairly got every iota of advantage that was promised

in return for its money. It contrasts with other
breakwaters and harbours also that whereas our
costly failures were decided on at once this was re-
commended almost year after year for more than
half a century before anything was done. From
1791 to 1847 was spent in suggesting it and pressing
it on the notice of Parliament, and it was not till
1849 that the first stone was laid. Now it is com-
plete; the gigantic circular fortress at its outward
extremity, a fortress almost as stupendous and as
difficult to erect as the breakwater itself, being all
that is required to put the finish to the greatest and
most successful of all our recent national works.
Viewed from the shore beneath the steep bold head-
lands of Portland Bill, the long thin stony reef which
stretches out in a tapering line into the sea till it
would be almost lost to view but for the mass
of black scaffolding which surmounts it, has no-
thing just now very imposing in its appearance.
It does not appeal to the senses, and has little to
point out to the superficial eye where thousands and
thousands have laboured daily for the last 14 years.
The fruits of all these years of toil lie deep beneath
the sea, never to be seen again. If the waves were
away what a monument of persevering ingenuity
and labour would they not lay bare ! The divers
employed see it all, and know that the thin reef
above the water represents a wall of stones beneath,
to which that of China is mere plasterers' work;
a wall of stone nearly a mile and a half long, nearly
100 feet high, and 300 feet at the base, and all
raised beneath the sea. To make this wall nearly
six million tons of stone have been consumed, and
nearly a million cubic feet of timber required for
scaffolding. The mass of stone alone, if built in a
solid column of 100 feet in diameter, would reach
to the summit of Mont Blanc! One, in fact, is
almost at a loss for standards of comparison before
the immensity of this work, the materials for which
were heaped at the rate of 2,600 tons a day, and
sometimes at 3,000. It is only by looking at re-
sults achieved that we begin to understand the
greatness and importance of what is effected by this
submarine mountain. Portland harbour was always
a safe shelter against south-west, north-west, or,
northerly winds. It was exposed on the east and
south, and a mere open roadstead to the strong
gales which blew from the south-east. The break-
water was designed by sheltering it here to shel-
ter it from all points, and this it has most effec-
tually done. The harbour, now almost enclosed
by this stupendous sea wall, has at low water an
extent of no less than 2,100 acres. Taking three
fathoms' depth as the standard at low water, the
acreage of our made harbours is as follows :
Kingston, 140; Holyhead, 267; Dover (when
made), 374; Portland, 1,500; Plymouth, 1,741.
The average of deep shallow water is, however,
greater at Portland than at Plymouth, there being
1,290 acres varying in depth from 5 to 11 fathoms.
The breakwater itself is built in two distinct parts,
in the shape of an obtuse angle. It stretches from
what we may call the island of Portland for a length
of about 3,600 feet towards the north-east, and then
for a length of nearly 5,000 feet more turns due
north into deep water across the bay. The break
of the two parts occurs at the east end, and just
before the angle of turning north. Phis opening is
made in order that ships going out in a northerly
wind may not have to beat up the whole length of
the Breakwater, but pass at once through the open-
ing into smooth water, and take a fair wind down
Channel. There are 11 fathoms of water through

this gap, which is wide enough to allow two line-
of-battle ships to pass out side by side. The length
of this eastern purtion of the work has been en-
tirely completed, even to its round parapet and sea
wall. The roadways along the summit are divided
into two broad platforms. That on the inner side
next the land is 40 feet broad and 12 feet above the
sea. The outer platform above this is carried on a
series of arched recesses, and is 18 feet broad and 28
feet above the sea. These arches are to be used for
Government stores—coals, shot, &c.—of which they
will hold many thousand tons. There has also been
erected a coal storehouse on the land end, capable
of containing 6,000 tons of fuel, and in connection
with this are a series of cranes and coal shoots
worked by machinery, by means of which men-of-
war can be coaled at the rate of a ton a minute.
In fact, the only limit to the rapidity with which
fuel can be poured on board by these means is the
rate at which the crew can fill it away in the bun-
kers. On the east end of this part of the Breakwater

5s a small solid circular granite fort. It mounts eight
68-pounders, which command every wave that
pours through the opening, and would be able to
fire almost down into the decks of any vessel try-
ing to break through into the Harbour, It is ere-
nellated for musketry, too, on all sides, and would
be a formidable defence against anything but an iron
frigate, which would have to be dealt with by the
heavy lines of earthwork batteries called the "east
weir," which are cut in the slopes of the Portland
hill overlooking the whole Breakwater. The
northern portion of the Breakwater has none of its
superstructure yet begun. It is a mere rugged
and very unsightly reef, formed of immmense blocks
of stone, tumbled about in confusion just as they
were " tipped in." The ridge of scaffolding by
which the whole was constructed is still in its place,
taking daily its long trains of hundreds of tons of
granite to the great North Fort we have already
mentioned, at the extreme end of the work. When
the fort is completed it is said nothing further is to
be done, and the northern portion of the Breakwater
is to be left in its present condition. We hope that
this has not been officially decided on. The cost of
building a sea wall along its whole extent, which
would not only give beauty to the structure, but
even strength, by binding like a backbone the top-
most, and therefore the loosest stories, would only
amount to £450,000. For the sake of this trifling
outlay it is surely not wise to leave so important a
work in such an unfinished condition. At the extreme
end of this portion, which is more than 6,000 ft long,
is the great North Fort. It is needless to say that
this gigantic work is not undertaken with a view
of protecting the Breakwater. A Breakwater onoe
built is indestructible alike to friend or foe, and
whatever ruins the celebrated New Zealander may
stand on when he visits England, we may be sure
they will not be those of Breakwaters. The great
North Fort is the vanguard of the defences which
are rising here to protect what is evidently intended
to be made one of the most valuable of our great
naval stations.

The whole conception and manner of execution of
this singular work make it one of the most wonder-
ful defences ever constructed. It is built in a depth
of from 60 to 70 feet of rather rough sea water, and
from base to summit will be more than 100 ft. high,
400 ft. diameter at its base, and 200 ft at its summit,
all of solid stone. The foundations for the great
columns of granite which are to rest upon them are
just finished, and these consist of 140,000 tons of stone
poured in so regularly that they now form a great
circular mound, under water, 45ft high and 250 ft wide
at its summit. The wonderful web of scaffolding
and mechanical appliances by which this has been
accomplished are worth describing, inasmuch as they
show the manner in which the whole Breakwater
has been built. At the first glance nothing seems
easier than to build a Breakwater, though in reality
nothing is more tediously difficult or requires more
care. The tramway, which has to do everything,
is a railway of the most massive kind, but built
entirely of wood, and running out into the sea like
a pier. It is a scaffolding that must be built under
water, strong enough not only to carry its ponderous
loads of stone at an elevation of 90ft., but to resist
the action of the sea as well. Every timber must
be made waterproof, and many must be bolted to-
gether to be strong enough for one pile, and the
tramway, Breakwater, and fortification must ad-
vance simultaneously yard for yard. When all this
has to be done in 60ft. of rough, tumbling waves, a
mile and a half from the shore, it will easily be
seen that the work presents difficulties which do
not at first appear. One night's rough weather
often sweeps away the timber that has cost thou-
sands of pounds and months of labour to fix in the
se The timbers used are always rendered weather-
proof and wormproof—for a very destructive worm
exists in the waters of Weymouth—by creasoting.
This is done as follows :—On the works at Portland
is erected a boiler of immense strength, 100 ft. long
and 7ft. in diameter. This is filled with the largest
timbers that can be procured, and the mouth closed
airtight. A powerful steam pump then exhausts the
air, not only from the boiler, but the very pores of
the timber itself. When the vacuum is almost com-
plete the creasote is let in from tanks at the bottom,
and then forced in by hydraulic power till the pres-
sure is at nearly 3001 b. to the inch. In this the
logs are suffered to remain for two or three days,
till the creasote has been forced into their inmost
fibres. When the logs have been thus prepared
they are built into tremendous beams by bolting
many together, till one huge spar is formed
weighing eight or nine tons, and some two or
three feet square. On the end of this which is
to go into the ground is fixed a powerful screw
of iron. The whole is then lowered into its
place in the sea till it rests on the ground, when
it is worked round by a capstan till the screw
has bitten firmly some eight feet into the earth.
Directly it is thus placed upright it is moored
still more firmly by many wrought-iron tieroads,
which are taken down by divers from the head
of the pile, and secured at the bottom to a number
of screws forced as deep as they can be into the
clay. One pile, however, is never set alone; three
or four are nearly always set at same time, so that
the moment the moorings are complete the group is
bound together by powerful cross timbers,which are
increased and added to, and bound with iron ties,
and under-trussed again, till the mass is strong
enough, not only to carry its loads of tons of stone
for " tipping in," but to resist the heavy onslaughts
of the waves. In the construction of the great North
Fort, at the end of the Breakwater, these piles have
been lowered in two tremendous double circles, the
inner one having a diameter of 112ft.,eorresponding
to the dimensions of the courtyard of the circular fort,
the outer one having a diameter of 224 ft. for build-
ing its outside walls. On the inner circle is a small
steam " traveller" and crane, and from the inner to
the outer circle comes an immense wrought-iron
radial " traveller," which, worked by steam,travels
rapidly, like a minute-hand, round the immense
circle, and gives to the whole work the appearance
of being a wood-and-iron clock of the most colossal
proportions, laid horizontally, but yet in full work.
Out to this monstrous dial the feeding trains run
rapidly aiong the tramway, each with their 60 or 80
tons of stone in tow. As they approach the dial,the
hungry steam " traveller" hurries round its great
circumference to meet them, and takes two or three
waggons into its capacious maw at once, and then is
away again, round and round, till it stops over the
precise spot where more " tipping" is required,
when the waggons, as if by magic, rise on end, and
'
pour their blocks into the waves. From morn till
night all are busy on this great dial, working ma-
chines of some kind, for the masses dealt with here
are too rough and ponderous to be influenced by the
mere direct labour of man.
In contrast with this busy dial above are one or
two quiet boats beneath, the occupants of which
seae
with such eager quietness do they
w
hold in the water. These are
seem fishing,the lines
they
the men looking after the divers beneath, for the
divers are now down every tide, carefully levelling
the masses tipped in, reporting where a little more
is wanted here and there, and making everything
ready for the massive courses of masonry which are
to compose the fort. These divers remain down at
their cold, dark work, sometimes in a depth of
70ft., for a whole tide, even when the sea is rough,
and tumbling heavily, and they can see by the
fluctuations in the gloomy twilight how the waves
are rolling above their heads. Only one accident
has occurred among these men during the progress
of the works, but than, like all accidents to divers
at such depths, was of course fatal. They report
that the foundations are now ready for the great
superstructure of the fort. This is to consist of a
solid column of stone, first of three slabs of" York-
shire landing," very large and thick, then of blocks
of Portland stone, and then of granite up to low-
water mark. On this the various departments of a
great fort will be built. The walls at the base will
have ,a thickness of 4lft. of granite and Bft. of

,e-
-7 .NEWspApeil
1
Portland stone,
fleas of 4fift. of granite
it is to be in three stories-- 5--7, ~,r
..,- -,v,49).\?.
and 4ft. of Illtilit;44-20*,47" Vf".;zn
tairing at the sunsW4-thiepterviA
the bat 4441,1
.4?4- 304 i ':'-i,-*L-I',
for reserve and expense magazine af-d*.t:'*„...... ,s.:1?.1111k.1.*;', ).--ik,,i
I and shell. The two. upper stories wi?•Lk!4*.9411047-;t.,5/47,7
mortar batteries, the two tiers each inotatl343-'''
the heaviest guns that can be made when tia: f is
complete, and certainly not less than4so-pount.4 erB.
On the summit are to be mounted 16100-pounders,
at embrasures and en barbette, making 60 guns in
all. A bird's eye view of this work when finished
would, therefore, show it like a ring of granite over
100 ft. thick, and having a courtyard in its centre
100 ft. in diameter. On this inner court the officers'
quarters will look from the top, and the men's bar-
rack rooms at the bottom. The whole place, in fact,
will be an indepeudent fortress, detached from the
Breakwater; and having a little pier and dock of
its own,
where the vessols which bring it supplies
will remain. It will need 17ather a large garrison,
who are like.y to find the stattusq a secure, though
a dull one; in fact, it will be very ;ittle better than
being quartered in a lighthouse, whit,'( the fort is
a'so to be. The fort, however, ponde,-ous, as it
will be in its size, strength, and armaeent, is
' after all, a mere sea outwork of the tremendous
range of land defences erected or being erected at
Portland. The fort is not likely to be finished for
some time yet to come, but the Breakwater, as we
have said, is perfectly complete, and may fairly be
said to be the most useful structure of its kind in
this country.

PRISON DISCIPLINE.

THE GAOL OF NEWGATE.

---
The following important and interesting report
upon the subject of prison discipline and i,lle treat-
ment of criminals by the Rev. Davis, the Ordinary
of Newgate, was yesterday published. After allziel-
ing to the advantages that have been obtained by"
the recent alterations that have been n2ade in this
prison, and the system of seperate confinement of
prisoners before trial, Mr. Davis says :
"But this is not the conclusion' I come to vei;ll
respeceiTiliabitual, hardened criminals. It is well
known to all of us who see much of these men, that
they leave prison with the intention of returning as
soon as they can to their old habits and pernicious
mode of living. We are now receiving at every
monthly session old returned penal servitude men,
who have been twice or thrice transported. The
conduct of many of these men is not bad in prison.
They discharge the duties assigned them with dili-
gence and assiduity, and frequently leave gaol with
a good "prison" character, but they have not re-
formed, and do not mean to amend their ways.
They have weighed the results of imprisonment,
and are content to bear the inconvenience of re-
newed penal servitude if again detected. Attempts
have been made in Ireland to apply a remedy to
this state of things, and, so far as we can learn,
considerable success has attended this worthy en-
deavour. Four of the visiting magistrates of the
West Riding of Yorkshire, well acquainted with
the internal management and general effect of the
Makefield County House of Correction, part of
which is a Government convict establishment, went
over to Ireland last autumn to inspect and judge of
the results of the discipline exercised in that king-
dom upon convicts. They published a statement
upon the subject, in which they compared the two
methods of treatment adopted towards convicts in
England end Ireland, and if these statistics are
correct, there is a highly important and new feature
in the discipline in Ireland that ought to have the
profound consideration of all to whom these sub-
jects are a care and a duty. It appears that the
Irish system make gradations in the different pri-
sons suited to the stages at which the convicts have
arrived. The first is probationary, separate con-
finement and low diet; no work is allowed, and
this is found a severe punishment. The second
stage gives employment, and ' marks' are assigned
in accordance with the conduct of the prisoner. In
the third gradation further privileges are conceded,
and the ticket of leave is made to depend on the
fitness shown by the convict for liberty.
The rule is that the sentence passed must
be carried out, and will be shortened by nothing
but the confidence created by the offender's own
conduct. These gentleneTn state that the result of
such treatment is that few con Yicts are re-commit-
ted to prison—several of the Irish convict establish-
ments have been closed for want of prisoners, and
since 1854 no Irish convict has been sent abroad as
a transport. In the treatment of Englieh prisoners,
under the present system, there is no attention paid
to the fitness of the convict to be entrusted with his
liberty—many a one leaves the prison with a full de-
termination to return to his old ways, companions,
and habits ; they become a much worse class of of-
fenders, and almost all the garotte robberies, and
crimes connected with violence, proceed either from
them or from others under their instructions. When
twice or thrice subjected to penal servitude with the
same result, it seems necessary to have a sentence of
imprisonment for life, to be relieved only by the
hope of improvement in the criminal himself. The
Yorkshire magistrates I have referred to express an
opinion that the Irish system of treating convicts
would have the same successful issue if adopted in
England, and my own impression is that it is well
worth trying; but at the same time, I believe it is
a hopeless task to expect such advantageous results
from English incorrigible convicts. These men are
devoted to crime—the adventure, excitement, and
plunder are attractive to them ; they associate with
men and women to whom thesegreat and intolerable
crimes are no degradation, and, being nursed in
hardship, imprisonment does not oppress them; they
dread long sentences of penal servitude, but we sel-
dom see any moral improvement in them. Their
conduct in prison is often exemplary, the work they
do is well performed, and they show that with mild,
firm discipline, moderate occupation, and a little
hope of lessening their term of imprisonment, they
can conduct themselves with propriety. But they
have not abandoned their evil habits nor given up a
life of crime. Thee is no opportunity to steal or
plunder, and nothing to be gained by it; the surren-
der of it for a time is only a matter of prudence, it
serves their purpose. As soon as ever they get their
liberty they return to their old ways, and become
much more pernicious and dangerous offenders.
No system, except a determination to show
them that they will never recover their liberty if
again convicted, will keep them from crime. There
are also various defects in the English treatment of
convicts which the Irish system would obviate.
The men are permitted to associate, without much
discrimination as to character, on the public works.
The result is that incorrigible convicts, well-con-
ducted men in prison, gain information from other
thieves,
lihrfoee d
different
aces
bta
hend eemn convict
eorpineev
vne
spent
tli
adnenswdt
other
ahmb e
ari
senphyaamner
eotd
sni
come
ht
eso
andtwwo ht
Londont oohs
ege
yopaar
ienevfd
con-
sequently previous
-
sequently not known to the London police. Many
penal men, however, are not habitual thieves. More
than is generally believed do well on their libera-
tion. With regard to them the system of penal ser-
vitude and imprisonment answers all the expecta-
tions of the public. It is not with these
men the difficulty lies, but with the
hardened, incorrigible criminal, whose con-
duct is irreproachable in prison and execrable
when at liberty." In reference to the crime of
infanticide, the Rev. Mr. Davis makes the follow-
ing observations :—" I greatly fear that this crime
is very much on the increase in the metropolis.
Hardly sufficient protection seems to be given to
young women who fall into immorality to enable
them to support their infants. No person for half-
a-crown a week will undertake to keep a child, and
the wages of a female servant are not sufficient to
provide for the child what nature and necessity re-
quire, and this leads to the result to which I have
alluded."

INNOCENT OR GUILTY P—A Street Dialogue,
Brown—Ah, Jones, how de doe So, Sir George Grey
wouldn't hang that sweep, eh? Jones—No, certainly not.
Sir George believed that he didn't kill his wife. Brown—
But he has given him penal servitude for life. Jones—
Well, what then P Brown—Why—if you put it that way
—to be sure I am a bachelor, and don't profess to be ajudge
of such matters—but doesn't it seem to be a good deal to
give a fellow for not killing his wife ? Jones—You must
settle that with Sir George Grey. (Exit).—Tanch.