The Sun.
London, England, 1862-08-29 00:00:00

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POLAND.
(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)
WARSAW, AUGUST 22.

The sentence of death passed upon Jaroszyski
was carried into effect yesterday morning in front
of the citadel. He met his fate with great courage
and determination, believing himself to have been
actuated to the commission of his crime by no other
motive than that of ridding his country of its pre-
sent oppressors. During the long inquiry before
the trial he would not disclose the names of his
accomplices until he was shown some of the Polish
papers published in Cracow and Posen, where the
liberty of the press is tolerated, which eondemned
his deed as injurious to the cause. Thus disabused
in his sickly patriotism he declared that he had
been inspired to the perpetration of this act by
Radowisz and Chmielenski, the first his fellow-
workman by whom he was introduced to the latter.
Chmielenski then provided him with a revolver and
a dagger, and desired him to watch an opportunity
when he could effectually accomplish his purpose.
A written proclamation to the nation was found
on him at the time he was arrested, but he obsti-
nately refused to throw any light upon it. He was
only 22 years old, and his previous conduct had
been good. I fear that he will find many imitators
among the exasperated youth of this country, not-
withstanding the general indignation of the people.
The Government is to blame more than any one,
for its incessant tyranny and for the deception it
practises upon the nation, deluding it with number-
less promises of reforms and concessions, and yet
kind, and suffering the
effecting nothing of the
police and soldiery to run riot with the most inno-
cent persons. Indeed, it looks as if the Govern-
ment acted with a view to drive the most tempe-
rate and submissive to desperation, and to provoke
an outbreak that it may serve as a pretext to still
more cruel oppression. Hitherto only coercive
measures have been in existence, and even the pre-
sence of the Grand Duke Constantine has produced
no good. The Grand Duke is full of smiles
and politeness, ever ready to promise and offer
butin reality he either has no wish or
everything,
ge the present state of thing. What
power to chan
will follow
now it is fearful to contemplate, so
and excited are the passions of the people.
agitated
To mix up the ridiculous with the tragic, a war
against the hats has been declared by the autho-
rities. When last year the Russian soldiers spilled.
the blood of the Poles, general mourning, abstin-
ence from amusements, and every outward show in
dressing have been carefully observed by the Poles,
to the great annoyance of the Government. For
the sake of economy, as well as modesty, a round
bat with a low crown and narrow brims had been
substituted for the ordinary one, Which is now
looked upon by his Majesty the Emperor of Russia
ate a qmboi of rufaituigan, and accordingly pro-i

hibiled by a ukase published in the official Gazette.
The Czar must have been frightened by the recent
movements of Garibaldi, whose young soldiers
wear a hat similar to the one now condemned.
The decree is as foilovs :—" The emplol es of all
departments have received orders from their chiefs
henceforward to wear cylindrical' hats; thus sepa•
rating themselves from the party of disorder, which
has lately forbidden men from wearing hats of the
shape used in civilised Europe; and the use of any
other covering for the head, of any kind whatever,
will be regarded as participation in the demonstra-
tions forced or Warsaw by a band of malefactors."
But for the last words, " band of malefactors,"
the whole of this childish regulation would be be-
neath notice. To stamp as " malefactors" all the
people, for from one end of Poland to another the
same continued manifestations, the same hat having
been observed—it is rather cool on the.part of the
Government to brand the entire nation with so
infamous an epithet. To call every one that wears
a round hat "a malefactor" is illogical and shame-
ful, as in such a case England, France, and civilised
Europe would come under the same denomination.
Such a conduct of the Russian Government excites
both here and abroad a thorough contempt, not to
speak of this novel tyranny to which the people
will have to submit. Be that as it may, I firmly
believe that the Poles will not give up the lofty
and dignified position they occupy of passive re-
sistance, combined with an unflinching duty to
preserve every mark of national independence.

The Post-office, which during the reign of
Nicholas and until now was absorbed in the Rus-
sian Administration in St. Petersburg, is to be
restored, and to form a separate department in
Warsaw. This apparent concession is insignifi-
cant, and doubtless has beEn volunteered in order
to out off entirely the so-called Kingdom of Poland
from Lithuania and other ancient Polish provinces
belonging to Russia.

LORD BROUGHAM ON 7HE AMERICAN
WAR AND ENGLISH DISTRESS.

On Wednesday Lord Brougham distributed the
• prizes given by Mr. George Moore, of London, to
the children belonging to the several schools in the
rural deanery of Wigton. The proceedings began
by a sermon in the parish church by the Bishop of
the diocese. There was afterwards lunch at the
King's Arms; and then the prizes were delivered
in a marquee before a very large company, not the
least interesting of the members of which were
Lady Havelock and her family. At luncheon Lord
Brougham proposed the toast of "The Queen and
Royal Family ;" and afterwards, when the chil-
dren had sung the National Anthem, his lordship
again alluded to the excellent qualities of her Ma-
jesty as a constitutional sovereign.
His LORDSHIP then said—l am informed that it
is expected I should address a few words to you
before we part, congratulating you upon the sight
which .we have seen this day. To me it is a very
great satisfaction to see the progress which educa-
tion is making in this country, as testified to-
day by the examination of all these pupils.
There was a very great and a very wise king of
Sparta—and the wiser that it happened luckily for
him that by accident he was educated not like a
prince, but like a private individual, with the rest
of his countrymen ; and when he was asked what
boys should be taught, he said, " Teach them what
will be of use to them when they are men." That
was his maxim. Now, our education here proceeds
exactly upon the same principle. The children are
taught what will be useful to them as men and wo-
men, and they are well taught it. It is a most
satisfactory feeling to think that these'poor children,
by being well educated and well trained, are pre-
paring not only for taking their position in life—
the position of their parents in which they were
born—but by their own talents and industry and
virtuous conduct, they are trained for rising above
their station. (Applause.) A friend of mine, Mr.
Simpson, in the examination, more than once re-
ferred to the greatest man of our age—by far the
greateet captain, but amongst the greatest of our
statesmen too—l mean the late Duke of Welling-
ton. The Duke of Wellington, when discours-
ing on the nature of our Constitution, and compar-
ing it with those of other countries, frequently said
—I have heard hint say it both in public and in pri-
vate—that its great benefit was that a person of the
humblest station might, by his merits and his vir-
tue, raise himself to the highest station which a
subject can occupy in this country. (Applause.)
We live in times, happily for us peaceful times for
our country. It is not so in other countries. Across
the Atlantic horrible civil war prevails. Even in
Europe there are doubts and alarms—in the south
of Europe at this hour. Let us hope that those
alarms may be groundless. A great poet, has baid
as to the duty and the office of England—her comae
is, her desire is, by land and by sea, to
" Let barbarous discord cease,
And lull the earth in universal peace."

(Applause.) Unhappily he did live to see the day
when we are imploring people to pat an end to their
civil war—their cruel, their unjust, their unneces-
sary and cruel civil war—when it should be reck-
oned a breach of neutrality in us to interfere with
that war. I have heard people of late thoughtlessly,
and I am quite sure unwisely, recommend that that
civil war should be put a stop to by us, by taking a
part so far as to recognise one of the contending
parties. But I believe that our recognition of the
South in that odious and horrible quarrel would
only make it worse. (Cheers.) It would continue
it instead of putting a stop to it. Absolute neu-
trality, non-intervention in every sense of the word,
is not only security for our own comfort and our
own peace, but it is the best possible contribution
we can make towards putting a stop to that odious
quarrel. I have said we have great reason to be
thankful for the peace we enjoy ; but there is
very great distress in many parts of the country,
notwithstanding the blessings of peace dis-
tress such as it is frightful to think of;
not in this county, perhaps, so much as in
the neighbouring counties of Lancashire and
Yorkshire. Bat it must give the greatest satis fac-
tion to all observers, to all friends of their country
and of mankind, to see the admirable good conduct
of the people in their distress. (Applause.) Never
was anything so touching, never was anything so
affecting—(again his lordship became much affected)
—as the kindly manneT, not only the prudent and
rational manner, but the kindly manner towards
their superiors which the humbler classes, the
working people, have shown throughout. (Ap-
plause.) They have even increased their own
activity to prevent their receiving parish relief
where it is possible; and by co-operative societies
and other means for husbanding their resources,
they have actively worked while they had the
strongest claim on the parish. I must also say
that their masters, the capitalists, have shown
the greatest forbearance and the greatest kind-
ness, as well as the men. It is the grossest mistake
to set the one body against the other—(applause)
—by proclaiming that the wealthy manufacturers,
the mitlowners, have not done their duty to their
men. They have made immense sacrifices for the
purpose of keeping their hands employed, they
have spent enormous sums, and they have done so
from kindness towards the men entirely and at
their own cost or charge. (Applause.) He is no
friend of the working classes, therefore, who would
in any way, or for any consideration urge them or
set them against their superiors, as our Govern-
ment in this country depend upon the upper as
well as the working classes. It is a mixed Govern-
ment, with the Crown, the aristocracy, and the com-
mon people. It is this mixed Government which
has survived all shocks, and which is now the ad-
miration of some countries and the envy of others
—(cheers) and which we have reason now more
than ever to praise exceedingly. I mean when we
see the consequences, the frightful conseque=
that have happened elsewhere—l won't name-wasn't-
-(laughter)----lest i should be thought to btbealt cor-
ing any other country; but when we Beeor pretend
unfathomable
tain countries which have a pure fociroalsrn men t are
don for having
to have a pure form, of Republailomalploaer
plunged •into such deep and
I Deg ytosuerrs, which really are
distress. (Applause.)
inj was told
dwelt so long upon these matt y
ought not
quite self-evident; but !is
theroefoinre'
foundismy
p. lons upon them
to leave without expresi= my
noble lord resumed his seat
by addressing you,l,hle
duty to comply. (-s,
amid loud applobeq

ALARMING FIRES AND
_GREAT LOSS

OF PROPERTY.

This (Friday) morning, shortly before 3 o'clock,
a fire, w hich at one time threatened to be attended
with serious consequences to life and property,
happened on the premises belonging to Mr. I. Law-
rence, a snuff and tobacco merchant, carrying on
an extensive business at 106, Euston-road, St. Pan-
cras. The discovery was made by the police officer
on the beat, who at once aroused the inmates sleep-
ing in the house—the shop being to a certain extent
detached from the dwelling—consequently they had
little difficulty in effecting a safe retreat, although
the smoke from the shop nearly filled every room
in the private house. The Royal Society's fire
escapes were soon in attendance, followed by nume-
rous engines of the London Brigade and the land
steam engines by Shand and Mason. A plentiful
supply of water having been procured, under the
direction of Acting Superintendent Fogo, of the B
district, and engineer Perryer, went to work, and,
being aided by twenty-eight hired auxiliaries, they
succeeded in confining the flames to the shop and
warehouse, but they were not extinguished until a
serious amount of mischief was done to the valuable
stock in trade, fixtures, and other effects, the fire at
one time having obtained such an ascendancy that
it was rushing cut of the ground floor window
across the foot path. The origin of the misfortune
is unknown. The loss will fall upon the Royal and
Union fire offices.

Another fire took place in the same road shortly
before the above-named, and another a short time
Walworth, but the
damage
erddos in
neatPeraocshpwecat-srtorwiflin
g.
A fire of a very alarming character broke out be-
tween seven and eight in the morning on the pre-
mises belonging to M.Louis Lachenal, manufacturer
of the patent concertina, whose factory is of great.
extent, and situated in Little James-street, Bedford
, row. The fire commenced from some unknown
' cause in the ground floor of the factory, at which
time a great number of young females were working
in the premises. Nearly the whole of them ma-
naged to get out without much difficolty, but two
young women became prostrated with the heated
smoke, when Conductor Ross, of the Royal Society,
having obtained a ladder, he rescued the two
jeopardised females from the back windows. The
engines of the London Brigade from several sta-
tions, including the powerful steam land engine by
Shand and Mason, under the command of Acting
Superintendents Fogo and J. Jerrard, and engineers
Perryer and Flyn, were remarkably early in arriv-
ing, and, by great perseverance on the part of the
firemen, the flames were soon extinguished, but not
until great damage was done by fire and water,
every valuable musical instrument being spoilt by
the steam generated from the water used in getting
the fire subdued. It is at present unknown in
what office the sufferer was insured, as he had not
arrived in town at the time of the outbreak.