The Sun.
London, England, 1865-11-13 00:00:00

rilE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 13, 1865.

MARKETS—This Day.

about 55,000 bales, the half of which is from the Cape of
Good Hope.

Current prices of English wool per lb.
2 d
Fleeces—South Down hogets 1 8
Half-bred do 2 0
Kent fleeces 2 0
South Down ewes and wethers 1 8f
Leicester do
Sorts—Clothing
Combing

8 d
1 9
2 1
2 Oi
1 9
2 0
1 11
2 0

SEEDS.

Linseed and rapeseed moved off freely, at enhanced rates.
Canary seed was firm ; but all other agricultural seeds met
a slow sale, at about previous quotations. Cakes were in
improved request, and prices had an upward tendency.

Archbishop Manning on the Reformatory

System.

A large and influential meeting was held at Man-
chester ox Friday evening, in aid of St. Bernard's
Roman Catholic Reformatory. The chair was
taken by Mr. D. LEE ; and among those present
were some of the leading Roman Catholic families
in the county, and the Roman Catholic Bishops of
Salford, Birmingham, Nottingham, Shrewsbury,
and Northampton. The Chairman was supported
on his right by Dr. Manning, the recently-elected
Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster, who
had promised to deliver an address on the reforma-
tory system.

The CHAIRMAN delivered a short speech, at the
close of which he introduced Dr. Manning to the
meeting.
Dr. MANNING was received with much enthu-
siasm, the audience rising. He said the sole
motive which had induced him to undertake the
task of speaking in this city, where the subject
of Reformatories was so thoroughly understood,
was to render some assistance to the Refor-
matory of Mount St. Bernard's. The subject
was one which, if not exhausted, had, at
least, been treated by those whose life had
been spent in the charitable administration
of the justice of the country, such as Lord
Brougham and others, including those who had ex-
ercised the office of chaplains in our great country
gaols. Therefore, it would be imprudent to attempt
to treat a subject—on which he could speak only
superficially—in one of the greatest centres of in-
" telligence and industry in England, whither he
could never come without feeling a deep impression
in the enlightened and civilised discharge of the
duties, both private and public, and the people of
this city. Having visited the Reformatory of St.
Bernard's two or three times since the late Cardinal
Wiseman's inability to discharge the duties of
visitor, he (Dr. Manning) was intimately acquainted
with its condition, which was now greatly improved
He was happy to be able, at the outset, to refer to
a very candid and temperate pamphlet, the report
of a Committee appointed by the Visiting Justices
in Manchester. In this report was a remark, to
correct which he was sure would be an act accept-
able to those gentlemen whb framed the statement.
In it was stated that the disposal of the boys of
Mount St. Bernard's, and the reformatory con-
dition of that institution, were, as might be an-
ticipated, in a less satisfactory state. In answer
to this, he (Dr. Manning) was happy to say that the
details upon which that statement was founded re-
lated to the period before 1863, and not to the ad-
ministration of those zealous and charitable gentle-
men who now had the direction of the institution.
(Hear.) He might further say that since 1863 the
remark made in the Report would not be found ap-
plicable either to the disposal of the boys or to the
reformatory operation of the institution. Now, he
might turn immediately to the subject. In a pam-
phlet written by Lord Brougham some ten years ago,
he found a statement which appeared to contain the
substance of this question. His lordship said, "All
writers upon the subject of penal laws have laid it
down at the outset of their tractates that the only
end of punishment is to teach others by example and
to prevent the criminal himself from repeating his
offence ; but I go a step further, and ask what right
have we, even in the case of perpetual imprisonment,
to leave the criminal unreformed." It would seem to
him (Dr. Manning) that the comment of the noble
lord might have been carried further. By the teach-
ing others by example should be understood also
vindication of justice, teaching that penal evil and
moral evil were linked together, that an offence com-
mitted against right was an offence committed against
a supreme legislator, that that supreme law was the
will of God, that the will of God was the conserva-
tive order of society, or that peace is, as we were told,
the tranquillity of order, and that he who violated it
violated the moral law of right -upon which human
society was founded, and so offended against the I
founder of that society, God himself. (Ap-
plause.) The teaching by example must neces-
sarily include all this. The first end, therefore, of
the administration of justice, was undoubtedly to
teach by example, or rather the vindication of
justice, next the protection of society, for society
should be protected from the wrongs that were
committed against it, and to protect society from
corruption. If moral evil was a corruption which
spread by infection, it was clear that in the execu-
tion of that primary duty of self-defeiice, society
was bound to amputate the festering limb and
protect itself from the corruption which threatened
its life. (Applause.) But, further, the end of the
adminstration of justice included the reformation
of the offender. - All administration of justice in
the form of punishment contained this principle,
that the subject of that punishment ought to be con,.
templated by the legislator and the judge as the
object of compassion and mercy, and that even in
capital punishment, the State was bound to temper
that judgment with mercy, and to provide for that
criminal all that could be required for his good.
(Applause.) Human legislators and human judges
would act unjustly if they were to cut off natural
life without, at the same time, providing the means
of preserving the spiritual and eternal life of the
condemned. This principle ran through the whole
administration of justice. Thank God, that both
the Legislation and the public opinion of this
country had become illuminated and purified
in the last twenty years to such an extent
that the recurrence of what he was about
to relate was now impossible. Still within
the memory of the youngest in the assembly
before him in Norfolk Island, the penal colony of
our penal colonies—in the year 1834, took place a
most solemn and terrific judgment. 130 convicts
conspired to murder their guards, and by that
means to obtain liberty. They were discovered by
the revelation of some of their accomplices. Of the
130 men, about 50 turned evidence against their
companions, about 50 were put on trial, which re-
sulted in ,the condemnation of thirty to capital
punishment. When these were condemned, one
man of singular intelligence, who had conducted
the cross-examination of witnesses against him with
great skill and promptness, begged, with tears and
lamentations, that he might not die without first
seeing his priest. Another of the condemned men
appealed to the corruption which prevailed among
convicts as a ground for mercy. Eventually, the
Judge was so impressed that he took upon himself
to reprieve the condemned men until he could re-
ceive instructions from the Home Government. In
the end, 11 of the menrwere condemned to die ;
those of them who were Protestants had the assist-
ance of clergymen sent to them specially, and those
who professed the Catholic faith received the spi-
ritual consolation of the Rev. Mr Ullathorne, vicar-
general, and now the Bishop of Birmingham, who sat
on the platform. (Applause.) Penal administra-
tion of justice, not tempered by the mercy which
provided for the reformation of the criminal, espe-
cially in case of capital punishment, was a violation
of justice, human and divine. He extended the
principle he had just laid down to the case of those
who, though not condemned to capital punishment,
were subjected to prolonged imprisonment, and he
affirmed that it was a violation of justice, human
and divine, to imprison any man not having free
access to his pastor. (Hear, hear.) lie was thankful
to know that from the •statute-book of England the
iniquity had been lately expunged, and that now a
man could have the privilege which was before denied
him. This principle he held to be safe, and, in
touching it, he must refer again to Norfolk Island,
because so recently as 20 years ago the principle was
not recognised as it now was. In 1845 or '46, the
late Duke of Richmond, one of the most benevolent
and zealous of our public men in matters relating
to penal discipline, put into his (Dr. Manning's)
hands a written report given to him by a person
whom he (the Duke of Richmond) had recommended
for appointment in Norfolk Island, a very superior
person, who had been for many years in the Penton-
prison In reading that report, he (Dr. Man-
ning) sickened, for it was such a narrative of hor-
rors, such a history of abominations, including
attempts to murder, to poison food, and other things
as he had never before gen. He put that report in
the hands of the Colonial Minister of the day. What
passed he (Dr. Manning) knew not, but he quoted
it only for this reason let us never hear the

condition of the prisons in foreign countries.
spoken of as justifying the pretext for revolution,
The principle, then, to which he had brought them
was this, that the administration of justice required
that any man imprisoned ought to have the means
of reformation, and that the means of reformation
could only be provided by giving him a free mini-
stration of his own religion. (Applause.) An attempt
to reform a Catholic prisoner except through the
Catholic faith and holy sacraments was an absur-
dity, and more. (Applause.) He knew that it was a
principle of human law volenti non fit injuria, and it
might be said that the poor who entered willingly
after application into the workhouse was not injured,
but it was a principle of Christian morals that
esurient quam maxime fit injuria. If a man and his
family came under the pinch of hunger, his only
way of getting bread for them was to accept that
form of compulsory relief, and it was doing him an
enormous wrong to incarcerate him in a workhouse
and not to give him free access to his religion, and
his pastor free access to his children. He quite ad-
mitted the principle that if a man voluntarily ac-
cepted the legal relief, knowing that he was to be
deprived of that spiritual blessing, no legal wrong
was committed ; but he was not arguing upon legal
wrongs, but that which was beneath them—moral
and Christian wrongs. (Hear, hear.) The con-
duct of Liverpool, Preston, Manchester, and other
parts of Lancashire, was a luminous example to
the whole of England. The magistracy of that
county had, in the face of the whole coun-
try, exhibited an enlightened and civilised ad-
ministration of justice, and he rejoiced to have
that opportunity of offering his thanks for it.
He was bound to my, also, that the Govern-
ment had set an example in some of its at-
ministrators— especially Sir George Grey and
Colonel Henderson—which nothing could exceed
for fairness and and equity to all questions in which
the Roman Catholics were concerned. (Hear, hear.)
He hoped that the spirit and the principles which
directed Lancashire would be followed by other
counties. What he had said about the reformation
of adults applied a thousand times more cogently to
children, and ten thousand times more so to the poor
children in reformatories. It was a maxim qui non
habet patrem populi est flies, and he maintained that
the State was invested with the duty of taking care
of those children not only in their temporal but in
their spiritual condition. Every child that contra-
vened the public law became the ward of the state,
not so much for punishment as for reformation.
Our Saxon forefathers venerated childhood more
than we, and punished parents for the offences of
their children. The principle which dictated that
law should direct us now. Before they w ere punished,
children should be taught what was right and what
was wrong ; and unless the administration of public
justice was tempered with mercy he feared that it
would have little real effect. He hoped we had
merged from that period when the iron hand of the
law came down on a man without offering him the
means of repentance, and that we had come to see
that it was not only better and safer, but that it
was cheaper, to reform our criminals than merely
to punish them. The late Mr. Clay, of Preston,
had stated that the estimated amount of annual
depredations in Liverpool was £700,000, and
in 1853 the Times calculated that every pick-
pocket sent to Holloway prison cost the pay
of a curate. In 1856, Mr. Murray, of Dublin,
estimated the cost of the administration of
justice at 3i millions. He (Dr. Manning) should
like to put as a parallel the amount of money
spent in education and reformation. Mr. Rushton,
of Liverpool, stated to a committee of the House of
Lords in 1847 that 14 boys were arrested and tried
for certain offences ; 10 were transported and cost
Liverpool £1,400, whereas 77 boys placed in the
asylum at Warwick cost £1,200, and 40 were re-
claimed. The reformatory schools of this country
were now costing the country £66,000 annually ;
towards this the parents paid £2,000, and £lO,OOO
was contributed by charitable people. The money
which had been spent D n the children in reforma-
tories to which the £66,000 related was dispropor-
tionately small compared with that which had been
lavished on our prison system. (Cheers.) We had
passed, he hoped, from inflicting penalties without
seeking for the reformation of criminals, and had
entered into what he might call a penitential sys-
tem tempered by mercy. (Hear, hear.) He was
glad to see that the Roman Catholics, who num-
bered only one-twentieth of the whole population,
had promptly taken advantage of the Refoimatory
and Industrial Schools Act, so that they now pos-
sessed one-eighth of the reformatory schools and
one-tenth of the industrial schools in the country.
(Cheers.) He was glad also to find that of the 12
largest reformatories six belonged to the Roman
Catholics. This was evidence that at any rate they
had been doing their work like men. (Hear, hear.)
IHe strongly denounced the system of punishing
children who had never heen taught the
difference between right and wrong ; but, on the
other hand, he would not say that hunger would
perfectly justify stealing. Certain jurists, casuists,
and moral writers laid it down that hunger would
justify many acts which he had not and would not
describe, because he had the terror of those well-fed
theological controversialists who, whether he was
right or wrong, would misrepresent what he said.
(Laughter, and hear, hear.) His experience in the
reformatory at Hammersmith had confirmed the
observation of Lord Brougham, " the first offence
wisely treated became the last offence." He was
glad to find that parents were being made respon-
sible to the State for the support of their children,
and he hoped that the suggestion of Mr. Sydney
Turner would be made law, and that parents would
become chargeable on the first term. Cases were
continually occurring, and one, in which eight
young heroes had become generally known through
the country had just occurred, which proved that
education ought to precede punishment, and that
punishment ought to be tempered with great mercy
towards those who had not been so educated.
(Hear, hear.) Notwithstanding the great efforts
that had been made during the last twenty years to
promote education, he feared they had failed to
accomplish that moral change which they had a
right to expect—to form the religious conscience
of the people. State education alone would
never suffice, but there was one system sufficient,
and it would be sufficient whether helped by the
State or not. It was the true education and culti-
vation of the conscience and heart by the faith and
by the church. The conviction forced upon him by
the observation of the last 25 years was that a
general system of State education in England was
not only morally impossible, but would be morally
unjust and morally ruinous to the Christianity of
England. (Applause.) The only form of education
which was just and morally possible, and which
would make the English people Christian, was a sys-
tem of free, independent, denominational education,
in which every body of Christians in the land should
receive from the State, which was of mixed religion,
from a Legislature of mixed religion, from revenues
raised from mixed religion, a proportionate assist-
ance to their voluntary efforts. (Applause.) This
he said more gladly in Manchester, because he knew
that this was the principle which had guided the
people, and especially the public men, of this city,
and that they had stood forward, at all times, to
vindicate the perfect independence and freedom of
every religious body in this country, and to protest
against all attempts to interfere with the religious
convictions of those who were sincerely convinced of
their own faith. (Applause., In conclusion, he had
only to say that the condition of poor children was
the most urgent work to be done. It was said that
the majority of the children of the working classes
were neither at work nor at school, and that of the
their parents
schooling
of these
if childrenthey t the
would; majorityan d hceo
hadlld.
.pay
.f
heard,for
Society"—(applause)—
which namedthtahte there
Amiodstseeexiecteyllent. insititution
"Educationwas a
ems,heiscehithlevaws
aishheidhsGtitoudtisepeeefeduNividitehdaflelrhtlisiehaeiadret, be-
without interfering with conscientious belief. (Ap-
plause.) He heard one singular remark in respect of
reformatory schools. It had been said that the aver-
age of those reformatory children who were recom-
mitted after leaving the schools was larger in the
case of Catholic institutions than of Protestant.
Mr. Sydney Turner had made that assertion, and
he believed it was correct. Why was this the case ?

Because the Catholics had not the means of finding
employment for their poor children after they came
out of the reformatory school. Catholic tradesmen
and employers were few and poor, because Protestant
employers and tradesmen possessed the wealth of
this commercial country, and because there were so
many Protestant reformatory schools, though small
in the aggregate number in agricultural districts,
surrounded by those who were ready to take the
boys when they left those institutions. (Continued
applause.)

On the motion of Bishop TURNER, of Salford,
seconded by Bishop ULLATHORNE, of Birmingham,
a vote of thanks was passed to Dr. Manning for his
address.--Sir R. GERARD, Bart., proposed a reso-
lution acknowledging the benefits of the reforma-
tory system, and pledging the meeting to sup-
port it.—The Rev. G. NLTGENT, of Liverpool,
seconded the resolution, which was passed.—ln pro-
posing a vote of thanks to Mr. Lee for presiding,
Archbishop MANNING acknowledged the large
amount of good which Mr. Lee had rendered to
the Roman Catholic cause in Manchester. The
vote was adopted, and the proceedings terminated.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE—This Day.

VICTORIA CLUB BETTING-7-THIS DAY.

SHREWSBURY CUP.
sto 1 agst Bally Edmond (taken)
sto 1 agst Raglan (taken)
6to 1 agst Windham (taken)
7to 1 agst Bradamant (taken)
7to 1 agst Joco (taken)
10 to 1 agst Holstein (taken)
DERBY.

1000 to 30 agst The Bribery colt (taken)
1000 to 30 agst Blue Riband (taken)
1000 to 15 agst Westwick (taken)

Liverpool Cotton Market—This Tay,

Market opens rather quiet.
7,000 bales.

Sales, probably

SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE—This day.

LONDON, Nov. 13.—Wind this day at noon—North.
westerly; moderate breeze, and fine weather, but rather
cloudy.

PLYMOUTH, Nov. 12.—Wind S.E.--Arrived—Liyorpool,
from London for Auckland, N.Z.

FALMOUTH, Nov. 12.—Wind N.E.—Sailed—Caradoc,
for Matanzas.

CARDIFF, Nov. 12.—Wind S.W.—Sailed—Sailor Prince,
for Manilla.

SWANSEA, Nov. 11.—Wind S.E.—Sailed—Roncano, for
Monte Video.

SOUTHAMPTON, Nov. 12.—Wind S.E.—Arrived—Mon-
golia, steamer, from Alexandria. Sailed—Ripon, steamer,
for Alexandria. •
CLYDE, Nov. 11.—Wind S.W.—Sailed—Ptarmigan,
steamer, for Rio Janeiro.
QUEENSTOWN, Nov. 11.—Wind S.—Arrived—Her Ma-
jesty's ship Achilles.

HOLYHEAD, Nov. 12.—Wind B.W.—Arrived—Vatella,
from Liverpool for Surinam
OFF FALMOUTH, Nov. 11.—Arrived—Johanna Emilie,
from Bremen for New York.

OFF PENZANCE, Nov. 10.—Arrived—Dazette, from Bre-
men for New York.

BRISTOL, Nov. 12,—Wind N.E.—Arrived—Thomas
Ridley, from Newfoundland.

KEcGROAD, Nov. 12.—Wind N.E.—Sailed—Blanche, for

Demerara.

[BY ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. 1
GRAVESEND, Monday Morning.

Arrived, Nov. 12—Aurora, from Landscrona ; John
Allen, from Havre ; Annette, from Sundswall ; Dolphin,
from Cronstadt; Idilia, from Dram; Sarah Anne, from
Jersey ; Reine, from Norkioping ; Sara, from Boulogne ;
Salem, and Useful, from Cronstadt ; Elida, from Emden ;
Agenora, from Guernsey.
Arrived, Nov. 18—Mary Russell, from Archangel ; Mail,
from Cronstadt.

DEAL, Monday Morning.

Passed, Nov. 12—Conference, from London for Koko-
hams ; Ironside, screw steamer,f rom Sunderland, for Ale-
xandria, ; Odessa, screw steamer, from the Mediterranean,
for London.

The accounts from the manufacturing districts
for the past week state that business generally has
been steady. At Manchester both cloths and yarns
at one time were depressed, but a slight recovery
has taken place. The operations, however, have been
on a very limited scale. The woollen trade of Leeds,
Bradford, and Huddersfield has been rather dull as
usual at this season of the year, while at Leicester
and Nottingham the hosiery and lace trades have
not exhibited any material change. In the hard-
ware districts of Birmingham, Sheffield, and Wol-
verhampton no material alteration has taken place.
The Port-Philip Company's advices show the fol-

lowing return for the month of August :--4,787 tons
of quartz crushed, yield per ton, 9 dwts. 10 grs.,
and realized a profit of £4,011 ss. 11d., Of which
thirteen twentieths belong to the company. The
returns for September, which will comprise 6 weeks
returns, gives for the first 4 weeks 4,604 tons with
an average yield of 10 dwts. 5 grs. per ton. A re-
mittance of £2,000 has been received.
The Norstadt Zeitung of Vienna states, on what

it believes to be good authority, that the loan to be
raised by the Austrian Government will be issued
directly to the public, without intermediation of any
banker. The capital will be 150 million florins
(375 millions of francs) ; the rate of emission 62 ;
the interest 6 per cent., free from taxation, and the
whole to be reimbursed in 15 years.
M. Guizot's last volume of his " Memoires" is in
the press.
The second volume of the Emperor Napoleon's
" Life of ()mar" is not to appear till next year.

It is stated that a few unpublished pages of the

"Republic" of Cicero have been found in the library of
the old convent of Fucino ; as also fragments of the lost
books of Livy's history.

A NEW ENCYCLOPEDIA is to appear in Paris,
under the auspices of M. Pereire, who will advance 500,000
francs towards the expenses of the undertaking. A great
number of distinguished writers, including several famous
political economists, have promised to contribute to this
work.

The interior of the Elyse() Palace, at Paris, has
been redecorated under the superintendence of M. Lacroix,
the architect, who resided at Arenenberg at the same time
as Prince Louis Napoleon and Queen Hortense. There
are 400 locks in this palace, all of which are opened with
a passe-partout in the shape of the letter N.

THE HEALTH OF SIR CHARLES WOOD.-.-The
Army and Navy Gazate states "that the account of the
accident to Sir Charles Wood is very much exaggerated,
and that an ordinary cropper' and some ordinary scratches
about the forehead constitute the injuries snstained by the
right hon. baronet."

FALMOUTH.—The new screw steamer Achilles, of
1,500 tons, Captain. Thompson, the first of Demerara line
of steamers from London, called at this port for mails and
passengers on Friday, and sailed for Barbadoes and Deme-
rara., touching at Madeira. This vessel will be followed
by others of the same line, calling periodically at Falmouth
for mails and to embark passengers, and also on their re-
turn voyages.
A WITTY SAYING OF LORD MELBOURNE'S.—Tho
world is a comedy to those who think, a tragedy to those
who feel.
A 4, FIND" OF STAINED GLASS !—ln one of the
lofts of the Louvre a large quantity of fine stained
glass, of the latter part of the 16th century, has recently
been discovered, and it has been decided to mount it and
place it in the windows of the rooms known as the salles
opfortilieonnisi eenrixistlinVg building..,aAnna d'Autriche, the oldest
of the
OF AN ANTIQUE STATUE A fine
marbleA ND
‘ ‘statueFl o"f the Emperor Tre.jan has been discovered
on an estate at Civita Larinio by some workmen while
digging in a field.
Mexico contains 712,850 sqAucartruesmurriless._oi
shoe of
terri-
to
,population of
IN 31
o f 8,2181, oAosos.
r andna aup
FEMALEmanufacturing WAGES
facturing towns girls at work upon sewing ma-
chines aro paid $7 or $8 per week for ten hours per day.
Girls who understand coat-making are in some places paid
610 per week.—Boston Traveller.

tsttaor account forg iet
eColourt of
wvh r
ea b epps
An astronomer in the United States, in an
wh
athtteatmap
rtaroasc'hasinsgumthees
earth, would, by reason of its velocity, appear to us of a
reddish colour. At its perigree it would be white, chang-
ing to blue as it moved away, and becoming white again
at the apogee. To illustrate his view, he finds an analogy
in the whistle of a locomotive. " Here," he says, "as you
approach the sound its impulses reach you more frequently
than if its source and you were at rest. At the instant of
passing you receive the normal number of impulses, and
after passing the impulses reach you less frequently. The
shrill shriek, the real tone, and the low roar in this case
are facts which I suppose to ho parallel to the red, the
white, and the blue light of a star moving swiftly, first
toward, and then from us."
CRYSTAL PALACE.---HALF-CROWN DAY
day the admissions on payment were 925 do. by seasoli
tickets, 4,663 ; total yieltors, 5,583.

First Report of the Commissioners upon lute or limited, the commissioners suggest that no
the Cattle Plague. cattle should be allowed to be turned on common or
uninclosed land.
5. The commissioners suggest that steps should
, be taken for obtaining periodical returns of the
horned cattle and sheep within the area of every
parish of Great Britain, and of their sanitary condi;
tion, with especial reference to the present disease.
6. The commissioners deem it their duty to make
some reference to the peculiar circumstances of Ire-
land. The disease, they state, has not yet broken
out in that country, therefore there is no necessity
for the measures which have been recommended by
Great Britain. It is still possible, by the adoption
of suitable precautions, to avert the calamity from
Ireland altogether. The importation of cattle into
that country has already been prohibited for some
weeks past. Considering, however, the destructive
character of the disease, it will not be judicious to
reply upon that precaution alone for escaping it.
The evidence which has been laid before them leaves
little doubt that it can be conveyed by persons who
have been in contact with infected animals, as well
as by the animals themselves. In case it should by
any accident be carried over, the Government should
be in readiness to eradicate it from any spot in
which it may appear ; and unless preparations are
made for doing so before the plague shows itself,
the authorities will hardly be in a condition to act
with the necessary speed and vigour when the emer-
gency arises. In Prussia, upon whose eastern
frontier the disease frequently appears, a system of
precaution has been adopted for stopping its further
progress which has hitherto met with invariable suc-
cess. It would probably not be difficult to make
provision for the application of similar measures to
Ireland, and so to secure to it a permanent immunity
from the calamity under which Great Britain is at
present suffering. But the extreme rapidity with
which the disease spreads makes it important that
all arrangements for stamping it out, in case of its
possible appearance, should be made without delay.
A separate report, signed by Earl Spencer, Vis-
count Cranbourne, Mr. Read, and Dr. Bonce Jones,
is appended, stating that these commissioners are
unable to join the other members of the commission
in recommending the total stoppage of all move-
ment of cattle in Great Britain. If such a measure
were practicable, they say it would be more effectual
than any other in extirpating the disease. But they
do not believe it to be practicable. It would involve
an interference with the course of trade at variance
-with our national habits, and it would demand sac-
rifices from large numbers of people, who are re-
moved from the presence of the disease, and who
will therefore not see the necessity for so stringent
a measure. The sudden transformation of the enor-
mous cattle trade, by which the large towns are
supplied, into a dead meat trade, would involve
difficulties and dangers of the most formidable kind.
The foreign trade, which at this moment furnishes
a considerable proportion of the meat consumed in
the large towns, would be seriously interfered with.
The price of meat would in consequence rise mate-.
rially, and suddenly these difficulties would lead to
the evasion of the prohibition ; and if it is largely
evaded, as they think possible, it will become then
useless.
Earl Spencer and Mr. Read are, however, of
opinion that store animals maybe permitted to move
from the farm of the seller to that of the buyer,
provided they have a certificate from a justice of the
peace, acting in the district where the sales takes
place, showing that they are free from disease, and
that they have been located for a certain time on
the farm of the seller.
There is also a separate report of Mr. M'Clean,
who is opposed to the interference with the trade in
cattle ; and who states that the evils arising from
it would be greater than those arising from the
disease itself.
The commissioners have likewise give some sana-
tory recommendations to prevent the spread of the
disease, certain remedies when the disease had at-
tacked a locality, and measures for disinfecting
sheds and cattle.

The first report of the commissioners on the cattle
plague was held on Saturday afternoon. After a
few preparatory remarks upon the purpose of the
commission, the report states that the disease was
first observed and recognised in Great Britain
towards the close of the month of June. Two Eng-
lish cows had been purchased on June 19 in the
Metropolitan Cattle Market by a cowkeeper resid-
ing in Islington, in whose shed they were when the
symptoms of disease attracted, on the 27th, the no-
tice of the veterinary surgeon in charge. Similar
symptoms of disease were observed on the 28th by
the same surgeon, in a cow belonging to a dairy-
man in Hackney, which had been purchased in the
same place, and on the same day. Two Dutch
cows in a Lambeth shed, likewise bought in the
market on the 19th, were attacked on the 24th. The
malady broke out immediately afterwards in many
London dairies, and spread with extreme rapidity,
destroying great numbers of animals. The Islington
cowkeeper lost her whole herd of 93 ; she afterwards
bought more, and lost them also, making 106 or
107 in all. An inspector who had charge of a great
part of the north and north-east of London states
that in his own district more than four-fifths have
either died or been slaughtered, and the 'general
average within the precincts of the metropolis is
probably at least as high. Very early in July it
appeared in Norfolk ; a little later in Suffolk and
Shropshire ; then in one county after another, and
before the end of the month it had invaded Scot-
land. In all the earlier cases, at least, it seems to
have been directly traceable to purchases made in
the Metropolitan market ; but Norwich-hill and
other country markets speedily became, in their re-
spective districts, subordinate centres of infection.
On the 14th of October it had extended to 29 coun-
ties in England, two in Wales, and 16 in Scotland,
and was still advancing. From the Metropolitan
market the disease appears to have crossed the sea
to Holland with some oxen which had been shipped
from Rotterdam to London, and had been exposed
during three.successive marketdays, and, not finding
a sale at an adequate profit, had been reshipped
from London to Rotterdam.
The commissioners come to the conclusion that
the disease is contagious, and that the contagion is
extraordinarily swift and subtle, being most destruc-
tive in its effects. The commissioners also conclude
that it is the same disease as the rinderpest, or steppe
murrain, the symptoms during life, the results of

post mortem examination, and the whole train of

general characteristics leading them to that conclu-
sion. Nor is it the first time the disease has made
its appearance in this country. As early as 1348-9,
after the Black Death had produced great mortality
among men, a grievous plague attacked cattle, which
perished by thousands. Again, at long intervals, in
1480 and in 1715, 1745, and 1757 it decimated our
herds of cattle, and appeared to have taken deep
root in the country. A commission for Middlesex
was appointed on Nov. 25, 1745, to inquire into,the
disease, and they appointed cowkeepers and butchers
as inspectors of cattle, and instructed them, among
other things, " to certify to the destruction of cows,
for each of which the Treasury gave 405." Orders
in Council of a very rigid nature were issued ; and
in 1746 one of these orders declared the disease of
" an incurable nature," and framed regulations to

prevent its spread. In 1757 an act was passed de-
claring " that sales of cattle should only take place
when the seller had them in his possession for 40
days; calves not being allowed to be sold, in order
that they might be preserved for breeding purposes,
and severe restrictions were put on the sales of the
hides of diseased animals. Various orders were
issued stopping local fairs, and the plague, in con-
sequence of these orders, was extinguished where
the local authorities acted with vigour, but lingered
in other places, from whence it spread, after a time,
as rapidly as ever.

The recommendations of the commissioners for the
suppression of the disease are six in number :-
1. They recommend that Government should have
the power to suspend for a limited time the move-
ment of cattle from one place in Great Britain to
another ; that they should extend or shorten such
period, and renew the prohibition as often as circum-
stances may render necessary. IA. The commis-
sioners suggest certain regulations as to cattle traffic,
should recommendation 1 not be adopted. These,
they believe, are the only means to eradicate the
disease, and that the end fully justifies the means
suggested :—First, a periol to be fixed, and which
might, if necessary, be extended ; no lean or store
stock should be permitted to be sold at any fair or
market ; and sale of such stock by auction or ad-
vertisement, or in any other manner whatever,
should be prohibited. Second, cattle might be
moved for immediate slaughter to a market, or to a
slaughter-house licensed for use, but only under
a license for transit granted by the magistrates in
petty sessions. The licence for transit should cer-
tify to the healthiness of the district from which the
cattle came. With this exception, the transit of
cattle over any public road should be prohibited.
Third, precautions should be taken that every
animal sold for butchers' meat be slaughtered within
a short and fixed period. For the convenience of
this purpose no slaughter-house should be used
without a licence from the local authorities, and no
such licence given except on the butcher under-
taking to have all cattle which may be sold or con-
signed to him driven direct to the slaughterhouse or
premises attached to it, from whence they are not to
be removed alive. Cattle sold at a fair or
market should not be allowed to leave the
precincts of the borough, or other place
where the fair or market is held, alive. To in-
sure this object it might be required that cattle
entering a fair or market should be branded on
entrance, and cattle sold elsewhere to a butcher
similarly marked at the time of sale, and that it
should be penal for any one but a butcher to
have a marked animal in his possession. In
every place where a public market is held
lairs should be provided, in which unsold
animals could remain from one market-day to
another. Fourth, it would be desirable to
draw some distinct line between infected and
uninfected districts, so that whenever a case of
infection is discovered the district should be " pro-
claimed" as infected in the Gazette and the country
papers. The egress of cattle from a proclaimed district
should be strictly prohibited, but cattle slaughtered
within it and certified by the inspector to be fit for
food might be sent out of it under proper safe ds
for disinfection. Provision should be made for en-
abling districts which had been proclaimed to be
publicly set free on proof being furnished that all
risk from infection was at an end.

The Financial Condition of Mexico•

The following account of the financial condition
of the Mexican Empire is given by Mr. Middleton,
her Majesty's secretary of Legation iu Mexico, in
a Foreign office commercial report which has just
been issued :

As near as I have been able to ascertain, the following
is an approximate calculation of the amount of the revenue
and expenditure of the Mexican Empire for the present
year :

2. The commissioners are of opinion that the power
to seize and slaughter vested in inspectors by the
consolidated order may properly be withdrawn ; or
that, if retained, it should be exercised only in cases
where the inspector's directions as to the separation
of sound from diseased stock, &c., or any general
preventive or sanatory regulations issued by the
Government are not complied with. This power is
right and useful when the disease has appeared only
at isolated spots and attacked a few animals ; the
public benefit is then very great, and the private
sacrifice very small ; but in proportion as it extends
the hope of thus arresting its march diminishes, the
inevitable Waste increases, and the sense of hardship
tends to become insupportable. In principle a sys-
tem of compulsory slaughter should be complemented
by a system of compensation, and the objections to
promising compensation to individuals out of the
pulilic treasury on an extensive scale appear to us
insurmountable.

cattle, the commissioners
3. As regards foreign
state that, should their first recommendation be en-
tertained, and an absolute embargo placed on ali
traffic in cattle within Great Britain, they think that
imported cat tle should be slaughtered at the ports of
landing. They are further of opinion that cattle
should be allowed to land at certain Ports only,
where proper facilities can be afforded for inspection
and transport. In the other aliernative, it will be
sufficient to say that foreign cattle, if passed by the
Customs insrectors, and notcomingfrom an infected
district, may be sent by railway to any market in
Great Britain, but shall then be subject to the same
regulations as British cattle.
4. During the period of prohibition, whether abso-