The Sun.
London, England, 1862-01-16 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, JANUARY 16, 1862.

the Roman Catholic Bishop of Montreal placed his
own palace at the service of the Government for
barracks, and all the secular buildings belonging to
their body for the same purpose. It is worth not a
little for foiture peace with Federal Americans that
they should: have received this lesson, Canada is
indeed easily invaded in a hundred places along its
vast frontier, but to penetrate beyond the edge of
the country while its spirit is what it is, would be
quite another task—a harder one than to get past
Manassas on the south of the Potomac.

We may hope that this misunderstanding will
have another effect, that it will induce England as
a military measure to complete the railway between
Halifax and the Grand Trunk Railway, to Rivilre
du Loup. We have already adverted to the sub-
ject, and hope it will become a topic of next session.
The Colonial Governments are all willing to aid
in the cougtruction. Commercially it would not pay,
at first; ultimately it certainly would. It must
therefore have Government aid. But as a part of
our defence of Canada it would amply recoup the
national Treasury for any aid it might furnish. It
would supersede the necessity of a large force in
Canada by rendering it accessible more speedily in
all weathers.

January has scarcely advanced beyond its first
fortnight, and already the signal of preparation has
been sounded again and again by General GARI-
BALDI. He who is constitutionally taciturn has
spoken out of late as plainly as man could speak,
and that not once but repeatedly. It is remarkable,
indeed, that the General appears most eagerly to
avail himself of every possible opportunity pre-
sented to him by circamstances—to announce the
proximity of the beginning of the end to his com-
patriots. As yet, there is no doubt of it, the work
of Italian regeneration is only very partially
achieved. Immense strides, it is true, have been
made towards the unification of the Roman penin-
sula. Wonders have undeniably been accomplished.
Such wonders as would—in the north—have glad-
dened the heart of poor CHARLES ALBERT, and
have assuaged the anguish of his death-bed in exile
at Lisbon. Such wonders as would—in the south
—have carried an exquisite sense of conso-
lation ;to the patriotic soul of PEPE could
he but have foreseen it, whether in prison or in
banishment. The situation of affairs in Central
Italy, it is true, however, has gradually
become, if that be possible, more problemati-
cal than ever insomuch so, that GIOBERTI
himself might be bewildered as to his antici-
pations in its regard, could he be recalled to life.
The anomaly of the position is this—that while the
chosen King of the nation, the accepted chief of that
expanding sovereignty, has absorbed into his do-
minions a whole kingdom at the southern extremity
of the peninsula, and numerous principalities in the
north, including among them the whole of Tuscany
and the whole of the magnificent province (the
Austrian province that was) of Lombardy—these
considerable portions of Italy, now reclaimed to the
Italians, are, in a manner, divided from each other,
kept inexorably apart by the continued interposi-
tion of foreign troops, and those troops, the
skilled and veteran soldiers of that most enigmatical
of allies to the Italian people, the Emperor NAPO-
LEON 111.

He it was, of course, who gave the signal
for the war of Emancipation. He it was, who not
only gave the signal for it, but himself conducted it
so far towards a successful issue, that he wrested
Lombardy from the rule of the Emperor FRANCIS
JOSEPH, and handed it over, with a magnificent air
of magnanimity, t 3 King VICTOR EMMANUEL.
Marring the effect of his gift, however, by showing
to the world directly afterwards that he had
been doing all this—for a consideration 1 For the
paltry consideration of absorbing within the limits
of his ;own empire, Nice and the Nizzards,
Savoy and the Savoyards. Numbering amongst
his liege subjects, however, not all the
Savoyards—of that we may rest perfectly
satisfied, and seeing that facile princeps among the
natives of Savoy is the heroic patriot GARIBALDI.
The position assumed very nearly thirteen long
years ago by the now Emperor of the FRENCH—
then occupying the incongruous post of ruler over
the Gallic people under the name, style, and title of
His Imperial Highness the Prince President of the
French Republic—the position assumed by Louis
NAPOLEON thirteen long years ago in the centre of
Italy has ever since then held the hopes and fears
of that peninsula in a state of bewildering equili-
brium. ORSINI'S attempt at the assassination of the
French EMPEROR startled the latter apparently into
activity after a very prolonged silence and an inac-
tion that might, but for the hand grenades thrown
upon the pavement of the Rue Pelletier have been
uninterrupted even to this moment. Then came
the dawning of so many magnificent hopes
as to Italy becoming at length the property of
the Italians themselves, and of the Italians exclu-
elusively. These hopes attained their acme upon
the publication of the famous Proclamation written
by the Emperor-Commander-in•Chief in the crisis
of the campaign, and given to the world imme-
diately after his triumphal entry into the capital
of Lombardy. According to that Milan Proclama-
tion, Italy was to be free, not partially, but com-
pletely—from the Alps to the Adriatic. And so
the ball rolled on from Magenta to Solferino—
until suddenly brought to at the foot of the granite
fortifications of the Quadrilateral. From the moment
when that brilliant campaign which had struck the
Austrian chains off Lombardy had been abruptly
terminated by the anti climax of the Treaty of
Villafranea, NAPOLEON resumed in regard to
Italy the whole anomaly of his previous position
in respect to her political aspirations. Never had
those wise, and more than once before this, strangely
prophetic verses of Lord BYRON been more singu
larly applicable than to the conscience, and the
patriotism, and the self-reliance, and the unconquer-
able determination of the Italian multitude :

"Trust not for Freedom to the Franks,
They have a King [or Emperor] who buys and sells—
[Ex. gr. Savoy and Nice 1]
In native swords and native ranks,

The only hope of Freedom dwells I"
GARIBALDI and his compatriots acted instinctively
upon this conviction. And, if it be now dreaded in
their regard by the more timorous among their
sympathisers, that they may have formidable odds
against them if again they resolve (as their chief
evidently enough intimates that they have resolved)
upon taking arms again for the completion of the
work as yet but half accomplished—it is only neces-
sary to bear in mind what has already been effected
there by them under similar circumstances! Who
shall say that the campaign of GARIBALDI in the
south was not far more marvellous in its way than
the campaign of NAPOLEON in the north. True
that, in liberating Lombardy, the French
EMPEROR had to beat hack before him, in
a succession of pitched battles, the whole
of the accumulated forces of the KAISER.
But then NAPOLEON bad under him for the accom-
plishment of this, one of the most highly-disciplined
armies the world had ever seen martialled against
an antagonist. Whereas, in emancipating the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, GARIBALDI had (to
begin with) hardly 2,000 volunteers in all under
his banners—he himself completing his conquest by
entering Naples outwardly as an ordinary railway
passenger, attended only by one or two companions.

His progress, by the way, from Genoa to Naples
being indicated almost as pointedly as that of
NAPOLEON when he passed from his little insular
empire of Elba to Cannes, to Grenoble, to Lyons,
and so on to the gates of Paris and to his palace of
the Tuileries—the Noniteur chronicling the pro-
gress made by the great adventurer from day to day
after this crescendo or diminuendo fashion, accord-
ingly as we view the words with an eye to praise
or blame—" The Monster has left the Isle
of Elba "—" The Usurper has landed at Cannes"—
" BONAPARTE has entered Grenoble"—" The EM-
PEROR is at Lyons"—" his Imperial Majesty is ap-
proaching the capital." So also when first the news
was bruited about that General GARIBALDI had em-
barked at Genoa with a little band of followers, bent
to all appearances upon winning freedom for the
Neapolitans at the point of the sword—many of
those who wished him well the most sincerely, were
fain to look upon his enterprise as the rash project
of a Desperado. The whole world soon saw reason
enough to think otherwise. We have
learnt now, long since, to appreciate
the heroism of GARIBALDI at its right
value. We cannot well exaggerate it. The
feats it has accomplished, in a manner defy exag-
geration. They ara marvels wrought by a blend-
ing of supreme audacity with consummate pru-
dence. And the man himself is in his whole
genius and temperament so gentle as well as so
great that even his bitterest foes have
come to look upon him with respect. When
he speaks, we know that he speaks from the depths
of his own earnestness, from the fullness of his
own conscientious convictions. And latterly, has
he not spoken plainly enough? He has said, again
and yet again, within the last few weeks, that the
hour for action—and this time for final action—has
arrived. He speaks of this not as a probability,
but simply and explicitly, as of a thing actually
decided upon. In what direction it is proposed to
act—ah, well, that is a different manner ! In re-
gard to that, the event itself will show what it is
that has been determined on. But that the close
of the Italian War of Emancipation has been deter-
mined on, there cannot remain now any longer one
instant's doubt. Italian soIdiers—GARIBALDI will
nowhere now have to contend with. The
only forces that can be opposed to him are
foreigners. Here the French—there the Austrians.
Thosa are his only possible antagonists in arms.
And if it be doubted that the great leader of the
Italians is now in his designs too rash and too
audacious—remember only for one moment the
rashness and audacity of his last astounding enter-
prise, and remember the perfect success with which
it was begun and ended.

The King of PRUSSIA cannot, even in a speech
from the Throne, conceal his chagrin at the result
of the late elections. Even such an occasion as the
opening of a Church was imprudently laid hold of
to let off a little of the Royal irritation in somewhat
explicit language. At the opening of the Cham-
bers the expression was somewhat more generalized
but not the less intelligible. He began by inform-
ing them that he remained true to his principles,
would keep steadily in view the development
of the constitution, and that the bills he should
introduce would shew this. Language, suggesting
the comment, that a Sovereign ought not to need to
assure his people that he would not deceive them.
His actions might have been sufficient, The sore
point, increased votes for the army, which the
Liberals do not relish, unless the KING would take
the lead in more liberal measures for a united
Germany, is got over by telling the deputies that.
the improved condition of the revenue will enable
him to compromise the matter, as he shall need less
than he had feared.

Having touched on that favourite topic with the
sailor-less fatherland—a German fleet, and on the
reforms he meant to introduce into the federal con-
stitution of Germany, and having dropped a tear
over Electoral Hesse, robbed by her right-divine
Sovereign of a right-diviner constitution, he comes to
what lies on his heart. Earlier in the speech he had
promised development of the constitution; whatever
that phrase may mean, lest however it should be
misunderstood he now tells them, that " the deve-
lopment of our institutions must be subordinate to
the strength and power of the country." And lest
even that should not strongly enough imply that
the strength of a monarchy was of more consequence
than the extension of popular freedom and power,
he adds—" I can never permit"—as if the Chambers
were entirely at his bidding and not a !co-ordinate
power—" that the progressive development of interior
political life should question or endanger the rights
of the crown and the power and security of Prussia."
That is, the Right Divine is, after all, that which
transcends in importance everything else: The
truly autocratic-minded man believes that the secu-
rity and power of a country depend not on its having
liberties, for which, as we now see in Canada, the peo-
ple would fight spontaneously, but on having a mo-
narch, the Elect of GOD, whose power to coerce to
military service shall be the safeguard of the State.
Prince ALBERT of late years began [to know better
than this. Bat there is no Prince ALBERT now to
suggest to these Continental wrongheads that, after
all, real constitutionalism does keep a Sovereign
very comfortable, save her much anxiety, makes
people very contented and a nation very strong—
makes them, in fact, a nation of soldiers and sailors,
ready at any moment to volunteer for the country
and the Sovereign they have such good reason to
love.

THE TESTTMONIA T, Tr) PRINCE ALBERT.—This
national movement, inaugurated by the Right Hon. the
Lord Mayor, appears to be progressing favourably. In the
course of yesterday the committee, who sat at the Mansion-
house, received various amounts towards the fund, but at
present there has not been time to take an exact account of
what has already been received. It may be mentioned,
however, that Lord John Russell has centributed £lOO,
and the Lord Mayor also £300: No public announce-
ment of the various sums received will take place until
Monday next.

NEW COMET.---On the morning of the 9th inst. a
telescopic comet was discovered by Dr. Winneeke at the
Imperial Observatory of Poulkova, near St. Petersburg.
Its approximate position at 2h. 21m. a.m. was in Right
Ascension 14°. 35m., and north declination 25 deg. 22 min.;
the diurnal motion in R. A. appeared to be about 4m., and
that in declination about 4 deg., both increasing. M. Le-
verrier obtained a complete observation of the great comet
of June last on the night of December 27. lts distance
from the earth was then 313,000,000 miles. The first dis-
covery of this comet is due to Mr. Tebbutt, a young Aus •
tralian farmer and amate4rhastronomer, who saw it as early
as May 13.

The course of Exchange at New York on London
for bills at 60 days' sight is 112 to 113 per cent. According
to thA usual calculations this rate would yield a large profit
on the importation of gcdd from the United States, but the
gain is considerably diminished by the premium at which
the gold would hwa to be purchased, which is now quoted
at fully 11 per cent,

OXFORD DRAMATIC CLUB.—The Grand full dress
ball, which took place on Wednesday night, at Willis's
Rooms, was a great success, and was attended by nearly
500 visitors. The list of stewards comprised the names of
no less than 25 gentleman ; of these three deserve especial
mention, Messrs. Purtziss, Morgan, and Mitchell, who by
their great exertions wade it a most brilliant and pleasant
assembly. The musio was performed by Jewell's band.
We read in the. Post :—" Several of our contem-
poraries have stated that the expense of our preparations
for a possible war 'with Araerica have cost four or five
millions sterling. Vire believe it will be found that the
amount is not likely Lo exceed two millions."
TIIE EXPORT T:RADE OF LIVERPOOL.—An elabo-
rate table has been issued from the Custom-house, in which
it is shown that a dee rease of £13,134,593 in the value of
the exports of British and Irish goods has taken place in
the course of last yeair.

LATEST NEWS.

TURIN, JAN. 16.
The following is a more detailed report of yester-
day's debate in the Senate :
Baron Ricasoli, in reply to a question addressed
to him by Signor Loreto in reference to the general
policy of the Government, said that he had endea-
♦oured to complete the Cabinet by the appointment
of a Minister of the Interior, but that the pending
reforms created insurmountable obstacles. He was
not disposed to make a compromise with politica
parties.
The Ministry, he continued, did not consider that
it would be dignified on their part to resign without
a declaration of want of confidence from the House.
Should it condemn their policy they would know
their duty.
As regards the affairs of Naples, he said the Go-
vernment had accepted a heavy responsibility in
order to hasten the accomplishment of the unifica-
tion of Italy.
Touching the Roman question, Baron Ricasoli
said—" At Rome the destinies not only of Italians
but of humanity in general will be accomplished.
It is not possible to determine the time of our
triumph. It may be that at this very moment our
destinies are ripening."

The Ministers Cordova, Menabrea, Bastogi, and
De Santis gave explanations relative to their several
departments.
The Commander San Martino said he had had
two interviews with Baron Iticasoli on the subject
of his entering the Cabinet. In the first he gave a
decided refusal, and in the second he explained his
views in reference to the policy of the Government.
He did not think the finances corresponded with
the vigour infused by the Ministry into the national
policy.

He should wish to see the questions relating to
diplomacy, finance, and the army progress harmo-
niously to a settlement. As it was not likely that
the political questions now pending in Italy would
be resolved within a brief period, he should wish
the Government to declare to the country that
without renouncing their object, they would have
pursued it with means not of such a character as
to entail financial ruin.

The Marquis de Villamarina then requested
Baron Ricasoli to explain the passage in his speech
—" It may be that at this very moment our desti-
nies are ripening."
Baron Ricasoli replied—" I expressed myself
thus, because the Roman question, being a moral
question, makes progress every day. He requested
from the house an explicit vote either approving or
censuring the Ministerial policy."

The following resolution was then almost unani-
mously adopted :
" The Senate being satisfied with the declaration
of the Ministry, passes to the order of the day."

TURIN, JAN. 15.

In to•day's sitting of the Chamber of Deputies
Signor Dondes addressed a question to the Govern-
ment respecting recent disturbances at Castellamare,
in Sicily. He censured the local authorities for
not having taken regular legal proceedings against
the disturbers of public order, and expressed his
disapproval of persons having been shot without
trial.

The Minister of Justice replied that the Govern-
ment had not yet received an official account of the
disturbances. He said it was very difficult for the
judicial authorities to obtain the evidence necessary
for conviction.
The Minister added that the efforts of the soldiers
to repress the disorders would have been ineffectual
but for a spontaneous movement on the part of the
inhabitants against the robbers and assassins.
Several Deputies took part in the discussion, and
the Chamber decided by a vote to defer the expres-
sion of its opinion until better able to appreciate
the facts contained in the Ministerial reports.
The Chamber then adjourned.
In the Senate to-day Baron Ricasoli made a gene-
ral statement of the policy of his Ministry, With
regard to the Roman question, he said " that at
Rome not only the interests of Italians, but of
humanity in general, were at stake. Perhaps at this
very moment our destinies are ripening. The Go-
vernment, firm in the alliance with France, will con-
tinue to follow its present policy."
The Marquis de Villamarina requested Baron Ri-
casoli- to explain the passage in his speech, " Per-
haps at this very moment our destinies are ripening."

Baron Ricasoli replied, " I expressed myself thus
because the Roman question, being a moral ques-
tion, makes progress every day."

The Senate, being satisfied with the explana-
tions of the Ministry, passed to the order of the
day.

ROME, JAN. 14.

The Pope, in announcing to-day to the Cardinals
that Russia had consented to the re-establishment
of a Papal Nuncio at St. Petersburg, said— " I
hope that this first concession on the part of the
Emperor of Russia will be the signal for others
in favour of the unfortunate Polish nation."

The Pope announced further, that he had re-
quested of the Czar the liberation of the priests
confined in the citadel of Warsaw, and the recall

of those who had been sent to Siberia.

FRANCE.

BOURSE, Jan. 15.—The market continues firm,
with a fair amount of business doing, but no further
improvement in quotations has taken place to-day.
Threes, for the Account, are now at 69f 20c. Rail-
ways quiet, but for tho most part firm.
The following are the last quotations :-
4f per per Cents 97 50 , Credit P wider 1215
Do. end month.... 97 35 ' Belgian 4f —
3 per Cents
Do. end month 69 20 Roman
Bank Shares 2950 Austrian
Credit 727 50 SpaniAl Threes - --
Do. Account 730 Home Debt

RAILWAYS.
Cash. Account.
Orleans 1398 ~, 75 .. 1400
Northern
New ditto _ 915 ..
Lyons and Mediterranean 1033 75 .. 1035
Geneva 351 25 .. 352 50
Southern 676 25 .. 677 50
Western
Eastern .
Sardinian 328 75 .. 330
Austrian
Lombard .........