The Sun.
London, England, 1862-03-28 00:00:00

ITALY,

The following is taken from a Naples letter dated
the 22d :—" The fete of Victor Emmanuel was cele-
brated with every demonstration of joy. The city
was illuminated as well as all the public establish-
ments. ATe Deena with full orchestra was per-
formed in St. Francisco di Paolo, in presence of the
principal authorities. The Government at Turin
is now busy devising further improvements for this
part of Italy, and I am assured on good authority
that in the provinces the public work for roads,
bridges, and railways, will give occupation and food
to all who will labour ; for which the account of this
year 1862 reports an outlay or near five millions of
lire. Of course the drain on the Treasury is heavy
and gives great uneasiness, but it is to be hoped the
sale of the rich church property and beni demaniali
will soon more than remedy this grievous evil.
Garibaldi's fete was even more glorious than that
of the King. The hymn of the great hero was called
for twelve times at the Opera by a crowded
audience, whose applause deafened me for the time.
San Carlo was brilliantly illuminated on the occa-
sion, and the performance gave general satisfaction,
particularly the ballet of John of Procida,' which
had never been allowed at Naples on account of its
liberal and patriotic display. The ballet of Masa-
mello' is also much admired, both from its former
prohibition and the various national emotions it
recalls. There is a report of Garibaldi coming here
soon, to organise the society of rifle• shooters, but
many flatter themselves that he will remain here
in quite a different and higher capacity. The de-
devoted affection felt for the General here is beyond
description, and far too demonstrative for the
noble and single-hearted hero, whose love of peace-
ful enjoyments is too well known to require expres-
sion."

Another Naples letter contains the following :
" General Franzini, the military commandant of

the province of Avellino and the district of Nola,
has just had his command extended to the districts
of Bovino, in the Capitanate ; and Melfi, in the Ba-
silicate. He will thus direct the pursuit against
the 130 brigands forming the bands of Crocco. Cop-
pa, Caruso, and Chiavone, at the same time that he
continues to watch the 15 brigands, the remnants of
the bands of Cipriano, La Gala, Miseria, and Zip-
patore, which remain in the mountains of Summium,
under the orders of the last-named chief. Avenati
replaces Della Chiesa, and Regis will for the present
hold the command of Foggia, as well as Bari.
He arrived at Foggia this morning. To those who
ask how a handful of malefactors can thus hold
their ground, notwithstanding the energetic atti-
tude of the national guard and a cordon of care-
bineers, the answer is easy. This same Crocco
was the chief of a band under the Bourbons, and
defied all the efforts :of the royal troops from
1848 to 1860. The other chiefs—Morra, Pipolo,
and Sallarico—also did the same.
A Turin letter of the 24th says :—" As Baron
Ricasoli was absent from Turin, it was impossible
to realise the idea of electing him to the pre-
sidentship of the Chamber, an effective pre-
sident being indispensable at the present
moment. M. Tecchio, who is a Venetian, is
held in high esteem, and belongs to the same
political party as M. Ratazzi, whose personal
friend he is. The majority was less than on
Monday last. It is natural enough to see a portion
of the late majority yield to its old sympathies in
personal questions. M. Ratezzi will have to fight
another battle on the subject of the provisional
twelfths (liberty to collect the taxes for two or

three months as may be agreed to) the Budget not
being yet voted. It seems likely, however, that on
that question he will have as great a majority as in
his first battle. All the Ministers and Secretaries-
General have been re-elected without opposition.
The college of Aosta has replaced M. Cerutti, now
Minister at the Hague, by M. Berti, Secretary-
General of the Ministry of Commerce, a dis-
tinguished author and professor, who was elected
unanimously. I mention this election as a decisive
answer to those who represented the Valley of
Aosta as tyrannised over by the Italian Govern-
ment."

AMERICA.

(Per Steamer City of New York, via Queenstown,
NEW YORK, MARCH 14 (Evening.)

The Evening Post says the balance of advantage
in the late movement of the rival armies on the
Potomac is generally considered to be on the side
of the Confederates, even by the Federal Generals
and the warmest friends of the Union.

The correspondent of the New York World says
that the Confederate army made the most success-
ful evacuation and the most secure and perfect re-
treat of which history furnishes example.
It escaped safely with its entire right and left
wings from every point threatened by the Fede-
ral lines, and securely carried off all its guns and
three-fourths of the population, black and white.

The next stand will be made on the banks o
Rappahannock River, from Port Royal to Frede.

ricksburg.

The Confederates have evacuated New Madrid,
leaving guns and stores, which they could not
carry away. The Federal troops have occupied
the town.

A rumour is current that island Number Ten has
also been evacuated by the Confederates.
Reports have reached this city that General
Beauregard has been appointed Commander-in-
Chief of the Confederate army, and that Manassas
was evacuated at his suggestion.

The Naval Committee has introduced a bill in
Congress providing for the construction of an iron-
clad steamer of 6,000 tons burden, to be used only
as a ram, and appropriating 1,000,000 dols for this,
and also 13,000,000 dols for iron-clad gunboats. The
bill also appropriates 700,000 dols for Stevens' bat-
tery, and 500,000 dols. for the extension of Wash-
ington Navy Yard, by erecting machinery to roll
and forge plates for armour-clad ships.

President Lincoln has issued a war bulletin
assigning General Fremont to the command of the
military department of the country west of the
Potomac and east of the departments of the Missis-
sippi, to be called the Mountain Department.
General Fremont's appointment is regarded un-
favourably in some quarters, and is looked upon as
a conciliatory concession to the Republican party.
Mr. Wadsworth, of Kentucky, in a speech in
Congress opposing ill ° tax bill, said that Fremont's
appointment proved that an ultra class were all
powerful with the Administration.

The _Richmond Examiner says:--,‘ We have a
positive assurance that the evacuation of Manassas
was not caused, by pressure of the enemy, but took
place purely from strategic reasons.

"A new line of defence will be organised, which
will probably extend from Staunton to Gordons-
ville."

A portion of Gen. Banks's division has occupied
the important town of Winchester, Virginia.
Twelve hundred Confederate cavalry, after a slight
engagement, fled, and the Federals occupied the
town.

Associated Press despatches state that the Fede-
rals were received with loud cheers by the inhabi-
tants of Winchester.

A bill has been brought forward in the House
of Representatives proposing territorial Govern.-

went for the seceded States. It was ordered to be
laid on the table by a majority 9.
President Davis has suspended Generals Floyd
and Pillow for their unsatisfactory report of the
evacuation of Fort Donelson.

The Merrimac is at the Norfolk Navy Yard. A
large force of workmen is engaged in repairing
her. One of her prows was seriously damaged,
and the forward part of the vessel was stove iu.
These are being strengthened.
General Bragg has arrived at Memphis from
Pensacola with 20,000 men.

Memphis is reported to be in a state of anarchy,
and martial law has been proclaimed there.
General Halleck officially reports that the
Union forces had driven the Confederates from

Paris, Tennessee.
The Federal loss was 100 killed and wounded:

A desperate fight, lasting one day, occurred on
the 21st ult., near Fort Craig, New Mexico, but
with no decisive result.
COMMERCIAL.
NEW YORK, MARCH 14, EVENING.

Money easy. Gold, 11 to 1„ premium.
Exchange dull. Bankers' Bills, 1121. Stocks
very firm. New York Central, 834 ; Illinois, 66 ;
Erie, 36a.
Cotton quiet. Middling Upland, 28c. to 29c.
Flour steady. What inactive. Corn, good in-
quiry. Provisions dull.

Coffee quiet. Sugar in good demand. Molasses
flat.

ARRIVAL OF THE BORUSSIA.

SOUTHAMPTON, MARCH 27, Evening.

The Hamburg and American Company's steam-
ship Borussia, Captain Trautmann, arrived off
Cowes this evening, en' route for Hamburg.
The Borussia brings 94 passengers, 14 of whom
are for England and 80 for Hamburg. Also
258,467 dole. in specie, of which £lOO,OOO are for
England, 155,717 dole. for France, and 2,750 dols.
for Hamburg.
She left New York at 3 p.m. on the 12th instant.
During her passage she spoke the following ships :
—At Staten Island, the English barque Hadding-
ton, going in ; on the 13th, at 12m., in lat. 4 26 N,
long. 69 46, the British ship Edward Parry, steer-
ing westward; on the 20th, at 4 p.m, French brig
Jacques Granrible, in lat 47 25 N, long 36 W ; on
the 24th, at 5 p.m, in lat 49 40, long 18 10 W,
American brig Eliza Jane, from Boston ; on the
25th, at 8 a.m, in lat 49 40 N, long 14 40 W, Eng-
lish steamship Saladin, from Jamaica to Liverpool,
with engine shaft broken six days before, did not
want any assistance, wind south-easterly; on the
26th, at 10 a.m., in lat 49 25 N, long 8 45 W, the
English barque Maria Louisa.
The Borussia, during her passage, encountered
easterly winds and high sea. Her news has been
anticipated.
The steamship Hammonia arrived at New York
on the 10th inst. at 11 p.m.

ENGLISH AND AMERICAN IRON-;

CASED SHIPS.

The opening meeting of the Institution of Naval
Architects, held yesterday at the hall of the Society
of Arts—the Right Hon. Sir J. S. Pakington in the
chair—was signalised by a circumstance of great
scientific and scarcely less public interest. After
reading the report of the Council, in which the
members and associates were congratulated upon
the extraordinary success of the institution, the
secretary, Mr, E. J. Reed, announced that he had
received a letter from the Hon. Captain Cochrane,
in command of her Majesty's steamer Warrior, ac-
companied by a chart or diagram of a perfectly
novel kind, in which what might be called a com-
plete scientific record of that vessel's voyage to
Lisbon and Gibraltar and home again was set forth.
Some idea of the value of this document and of the
extraordinary knowledge and skill exhibited by
Capt. Cochrane in its composition may be gathered
from the remarks with which the secretary laid it
before the institution. Mr. Reed stated that the
paper had been placed in his hands only a very few
hours before the meeting assembled, and that he
had consequently had no time to give it a detailed
examination, or to extraet from it those valuable
facts which it manifestly contained ; but he had
found opportunity for examining it sufficiently to
discover that it was by far the most perfect and
important record of a steam voyage that had
ever been brought to the notice of a scientific
man,

This statement was made not alone on
account of the variety and exactness of the in-
formation which it afforded, but also because
a very remarkable amount of scientific acumen and
judgment had been brought to bear upon the
methods of record which Captain Cochrane had in-
troduced into it. The diagram consisted substan-
tially of three sets of facts. First, those which
related to the state of the wind and sea at every
point of the ship's progress ; secondly, those which
concerned the ship herself, especially as regarded
her behaviour; and, thirdly, those which depended
upon the performance of the engines of the ship.
Under the first head are recorded from hour to hour
, throughout the entire voyage the force of the wind,
and its direction relatively to the ship's course, the
atmcspheric pressure indicated by the barometer,
and the direction and amount of the sea's swell.
Under the second head are given the draught of
water, displacement, and midship section of the
ship, the speed at which she went, the sail which
she had set, and the duration and extent of her
pitches, rolls, and lurches. Under the last head
Captain Cochrane states the quantity of fuel con-
sumed, the number of boilers at work, the grade of
expansion to which the side links were set, the
actual indicated power given out by the engines,
the number of revolutions made by the screw, the
proportion of coal burnt per horse-power per
hour; and the miles run per ton of coal under
all circumstances. Those various facts, which
are of vital importance in a scientific point
of view, and by no means unimportant in their
bearing upon the economical working of our im-

manse navy, are brought together in so ingenious
and perfect a manner in Captain Cochrane's
diagram that all of them may be ascertained at
a single glance for every hour throughout the entire
voyage to Gibraltar and back. There can be no
doubt, as the Secretary observed, that if the Admi-
ralty could secure records like these from officers
in command of our seagoing ships, and would liber-
ally sanction, as they have done in this case, their
communication to such professional persons as were
then assembled, most valuable results would
speedily follow. It may, perhaps, be doubted
whether some of our naval captains would be com-
petent even to imitate the work which Captain
Cochrane has so ably and laboriously initiated ; but
there are many by whom the task would be speedily
mastered, and others would gradually fit themselves
for it when they knew the Admiralty were anxious
to see it done. It may bo interesting to mention
that, from Mr. Reed's explanatory statement it ap-
peared that the Warrior rolled or lurched worst on
January 24, when entering the Bay of Biscay,
where she met with exceedingly heavy rollers nearly
a-beam, and a head sea. The greatest angle through
which she lurched on that day was 39 deg., mea-
sured from the extremes. This was at 7 o'clock in
the morning, and she continued to lurch through
angles exceeding 30 deg at intervals until 12
o'clock, the rolls being measured in all cases
by a clinometer placed 20ft. bin. before the
foremost sternpost, and 3ft. 6in. below the upper
deck. It was even stated by some on board
that the ship inclined three several times on
this 24th of January through angles exceeding
39 deg.; bat the correctness of the observations
in these cases is doubted. On the homeward
voyage on such extreme rolling was experienced,
the greatest inclinations then attained being 17 deg.
to port and 6 to starboard on ono and 10
to part and 15 to starboard on another. It should
be observed, however, that the time of rolling, taking
the worst days on the outward and homeward

voyages respectively for comparison, did not vary
greatly, the average oscillation being in the former

case 6.5 per minute, and in the latter 6.25. The
average number during the whole outward voyage
was 0•; during the homeward 4.77. The
horse-power developed by the enginet, of the Warrior
on the trial trip at Portsmouth was 5,471.4, but the
greatest ever developed during the trip to Gibraltar
and back was but, slightly over 3,000, and this was
kq>t up for a very t period only, showing that
on an experimental voyage it is not thought desir-
able even to approach the circumstances of a trial
trip at the measured mile. It is highly satisfactory
to learn, however, that, even when unassisted by
her sails, the good ship :everal times approximated.
towards the speed produced at the measured mile,
which was 14.35 knots. On leaving Lisbon for
Gibraltar, for example, with all sails furled, she
ran at more than 13 knots for nearly a day,
and part of the time actually exceeded 14 knots.
These are the kinds of facts with which
Captain Cochrane's diagram abounds, and they
are recorded, not loosely, or in a written report,
but in a rigidly scientific form, and with-
out colouring or modification of any kind. Both
the officer who recorded them so carefully, and
the Admiralty who permit their publication, cer-
tainly deserve great credit. It should be added
that Captain Cochrane has appended to his diagram
a track chart of the voyage, in order that the ship's
position at any period of it may be known, and a
figure showing the deviations which the ship's com-
pass underwent as she proceeded to sea and back
again. He oven heeled the ship over when in port,
in order to determine the effect which her inclina-
tion exerted upon the compass, so that no pains
should be spared to make the record complete. It
may not be out of place here to state that the
Astronomer Royal has sent in to the Institution of
Naval Architects, to be read at one of the meetings
this week, an important paper setting forth the
manner in which the magnetic character of the iron
employed in shipbuilding may be improved by cer-
tain modifications in the mode of rolling it. The
compass question will at the same time be explained
with regard to iron cased ships by Mr. Archibald
Smith, F.R.S., and Mr. Evans, of the Admiralty,
and with reference to merchant vessels by the se-
cretary of the Liverpool Compass Committee. As
the brief letter in which Captain Cochrane submit-
ted his diagram to the institution contains an im-
portant and characteristic expression of opinion
concerning the general qualities of the Warrior, we
will add it here. It is addressed to the Secretary,
and is as follows :

" March 26.

" Sir,—l have the honour to state that the Lords Com-
missioners of the Admiralty have allowed me to forward to
the Institution of Naval Architects the enclosed diagrams,
which I hope may prove interesting, relative to the cruise
of her Majesty's ship Warrior; and I cannot refrain flora
taking this opportunity of mentioning that the Warrior tie-
hayed nobly in the severe gale and heavy sea she encoun-
tered, and that on her return to England she had suste.ined
no damage, and was perfectly ready to proceed on active
service to any part of the world.—l have the honour to bet
your obedient servant,

"ARTHUR A. Coutißotu.
‘‘ To E. J. Read, Esq., Secretary, Institution
of Naval Architects, &c."

Sir J. PAKINGTON read a letter, handed to hire
by a friend and written by Commander Tryon, Of
the Warrior, in which the ship was spoken of in
the highest terms.
Sir J. C. D. HAY, M.P., !chairman of the Iron
Plate Committee, in the course of his remarks upon
ships' armour, stated that the report of the com-
mittee was now in the printer's hands, but that no
satisfactory conclusion had been reached as re-
garded the best mode of attaching the armour to
the ship's sides. He stated, however, the committee
were persuaded that what is called angulated sides
possessed no real advantages as compared with the
usual upright sides, when all the circumstances of
the case were considered.

At the evening meeting of the institution, 3.11r'
John Laird, M.P., presided, and, after giving a
general description of the Merrimac and Monitor,
and exhibiting drawings of these 'vessels, he read
an extract from a private letter which he had re"
ceived from a reliable friend at New York, to the
following effect :

" The success of the Rodman gun has induced our
Government to try experiments on a scale still,
larger, and they are about constructing guns 01.
20-inch bore, throwing shot of 1,0001 b., which, it i$
thought, will crush in the side of any iron-plat
ship, no matter what the thickness of the plates:
The little Monitor iron-plated gunboat,
with revolves
tower, built by Ericsson, has proved a great
success, and withstood a storm of shot and shell for
ni
six hours from guns of very heavy calibre.
I a
quite satisfied that gunboats will be of more service
than large ships with iron sides. We are
making
rapid progress in building up a navy effective and
not expensive. It is the intention to make oar
power on the ocean equal to that of any other natiorly
and then we are sure of peace from all parties."