The Sun.
London, England, 1862-10-04 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENIiG, OCTOBER 4, 1862- ,

RAILWAY. INTELLIGENCE,

TRAFFIC RECEIPTS.

Tho traffic receipts of railways in the United Kingdom
' amounted for the week ending the 27th of September, on
10,485 miles, to £611,624, and for the corresponding week
of last year, on 10,146 miles, to £576,005, showing an in-
crease of 339 miles, and of £35,619 in the receipts. The
gross receipts on the following 14 railways amounted in the
aggregate; on 7,207 miles, to £487,098 ; and for the eorres-
ponding week* of 1861, on 6,966imiles, to £457,872, showing
an increase of 241 miles, and of £29,226 in the receipts.
The increase on the Caledonian amounted to £540 ; on the
Great Eastern to £1,986 ; on the Great Northern to £1,604 ;
on the Great Southern and Western to £905; on the Great
Western to £5,233 ; on the London and North-Western to
£3,612 ; on the London, Brighton, and South Coast to
£5,228 ; on the London and South-Western to £4,447 ; on
Midland to £450; on the North British to £1,155; on the
North Eastern to 2,270; and on the South-Eastern to
15,201; total, 32,631. But from this must be deducted
£2,491, the decrease on the Lancashire and Yorkshire;
.L 914 on the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire ; to-
gether, £3,4os,leaving the increase, as above, £29,226. The
goods and mineral traffic on those lines amounted to
£226,469, and for the corresponding week of 1861 to
£225,601, showing an' increase of £B6B. The receipts
for passengers, parcels, &c., amounted to £260,629, against
£232,271, showing an increase of £28,358. The traffic re-
ceipts on 64 lines amounted on 3,279 miles to £124,626, and
for the corresponding week of last year, on 3,180 miles, to
£118,133, showing an increase of 99 miles, and of £6,393
in the receipts. . The increase in the traffic of the past
week, as compared with the corrresponding period of 1861,
arises chiefly from the passenger traffic to the International
Exhibition. The traffic receipts of the past week show a
decrease of £12,968 as compared with thoto, of the preced-
ing week, enaing the 20111 inst.

TRAFFIC RETURNS FOR THE WEEK.
Miles Opened. Receipts,
Railways. ....—_,„.---.4—___.„,
1862. 1861. 1862. 1861.
Z' £
Belfast and N. Counties 136 136 2,250 2,229
Belfast and Comity Down 49 49 631 655
Blyth and Tyne 22 22 2,260 2,160
Bristol and'Mr.eter l2ll 107 7,669 7,491
CaledOnian 230 230 17,035 16,495
Cockermouth& Workington Bl 81 262 259
Cork and Bandon 2O 20 316 344
Cork, Blackrock, &Passage 6l 61, 207 267
Cork'and Youghal
Cornwall 531 531 1,401 1,423
Deeside - l7 17 _ 330 _ 291

Dublin & Belfast Junction 63 63 1,438 1,494
Dublin and Drogheda 63 63 1,699 1,685
Dub. &Wicklow(in.Kingst.) 484 484 2,225 2,099
Dundee, Perth, & Aber. Jun 3l 31 1,107 1,213
Edinburgh and Glasgow 1694 1694 8,055 8,210
Forth & Clyde Junction 3O 30 282 251
Furness, &c 5O 50 2,727 2,225
Glasgow & South-Western .... 198. 198 8,383 8,675
Gt.Eastern,Nrfk.,&E.Union
Great Northern 330 830 31,883 30,279
Great North of Scotland 5B 58 2,212 1,777
Gt. Northn. & Westn. (Irel.) 564 454 628 365
Gt.Southif.&Westn.(lrind.) 329 329 9,415 8,510
Great Western 992 ' 9644 65,015 59,818
Inverness & Aberdeen Juno 734 55 1,546 1,273
Irish North-Western 145 130 1,753 2,084
Irish South-Eastern 254 254 233 273
Lancashire & Yorkshire 3954 3954 35,274 37,765
Leominster and Kington
Limerick and Ennis... 24 243 159 150
Limerick and FoyneS . 2 2 139
136
LlaneLly 4 694 566
London & North-Western
Dover.„ '.75 724 5,764 2,131
Coast 24145 24.541 241,859959 191,56:91
25,461 21,014
thend
-Western
LLoonnddoonn
&ansdoßultackwh
London,LL
oo i
In d. , 1 Brighton,
iclbuah,a
m,,
t &S
oSesu.
Man.,Sheffield,&Linoolnelf 236 236 I 15,000 15,914
Manch. S.Jun.& Altrincham 94 94 1,262 1,318
Maryport and Carlisle 2B 28 1,297 1,064
Midland (inoL N.-Western) 630 6144 43,921 43,481
Midland Gt.Westn. of Irind ' 1924' 1924 4,5 V 4,471
Monkland 72i 56 1194 1,471
Monmouthsh. Rail. & Canal 44 44 2,464 2,566
North British, Edin., Perth
and Dundee
N-Eastern and New. & Car , 8944 • 8674 46,349 44,079
North-London 9 9 '2,731 2,494
North Staffordshire 248 246 8,519 7,459
Oswemnstry and Newton.... 42 42 1,134 781
19 • 857 755
St. Helen'eys Canal & Railway 52194 524 2,096 1,917
Scottish •Central
Scottish North-Eastern 13723191 1274_35325444
343,,8:5332r255 ,
343,,894865113001
Shropshire lJnion..-
Somerset and Dorset 396
South Devon . .. .• • as
South-Ea5tern..........- BO6 306 29,292 24,091
Stockton and Darlington
Taff Vale ....-..... .....
Ulster 5l 51 1,851 1,914
_

Vale of Clwyd .. 10
Vale of Neath 35
Waterford and Kilkenny 3l
Waterford and Limerick 77
West Cornwall _ _ _
._ 27i

10 ,
253 175
35 2,028 1,807
31 459 • 403
77 1,162 1,410
274 883 853

W.HartlepoolHarbr.&Rail... 39
W'haven,Cleator,&Egrmnt... 7
Whitehaven Junction........ 12
Whitehaveat & Furness Jun... 35

39- 3,663 4,059
7 472 29
12 705 660
35 609 647

FOREIGN AND COLONIAL.

Antwerp and liciterdam
Austrian, B2B
Belgian Eastern Junction 26i
Buffalo and Lake Huron
Detroit and Milwaukie lB5
Dutch Rhenish lost
Eastern of France ....... ... • • 1078
East Indian ..
Grand Trunk of Canada lO9O
Great Indian Peninsula 437f
Great Luxembourg 134
Great Western of Canada 345
Italian Junction 4O
Madrid, Saragossa dlcAlicant 4lO
Northern of Canada ... .....
Northern of France 7Ol
Norwegian Trunk 44
Ottoman 4O
Paris, Lyons, & Mediterrn 1491
Paris and Orleans 1340
Pernambucci 6O
Royal Danish
Sambre and Meuse
South Austrian , 124.
Southern of France ............ 777
Welland— .. ........... • •••••• 25
West Flanders •• •• • 75
W. and N.W. of France 770

52 1,656 1,444
673 40,010 52,401
264 320 274
1614 1,331 1,727
185 4,262 3,359
1084 5,518 5,124
1060 60,574 64,412
371 10,143 7,523
1090 12,951 11,243
3504 3,909 3,097
128 4,639 3,523
345 9,891 8,018
40 - -
350 17,812 14,544
94 1,590 1,857
680 63,478 60,306
44 -

27 409 225
1354 139,519 128,663
1204 68,393 63,663
- 529 -
69 69 - 648

68 1,626 1,490
1234 57,056 60,933
777 30,582 28,476
25 414 513

75 1,69 1,071
754 51,154 63,664

SPOR7ING INTELLIGENCE.

NEWMARKET FIRST OCTOBER MEETING.

FRIDAY.
This meeting concluded with a nice day's sport under a
bright sun, and with a soft breeze from the west. The sole
race fraught with any great degree of interest was the
October Handicap, but the field was by no means so large
as had been expected, and the number going to the post
was smaller than that of last year, although the subscribers
amounted to 87. The favourites won six times out-of eight,
yet this did not damp the ardour of the bootmakers, who
were busy with their pencil during the afternoon,
lost no opportunity of betting on the Cesarewitch between
the races, and on the platform at Cambridge, where a very
long ti ain stopped 10 minutes on its way to London. A
very successful First October Meeting closed at three
o'clock, and in a few minutes later not
,a , horseman was
seen upon the heath.
Maiden Plate of 50 soya, for 2-yr-olds ; colts, Bst 91b ;
8 Stakes Course. 6 furlongs.
Mr. kssey (Fordham) 1
Mr. Bevill's Lady Abbess, Bst 6lb .... (H. Grimshaw) 2
a Lady Harriet colt, Bst 61b
Mr. W. C. Crawfurcr- - ; (Custance) 3
it, 61s b. B
FlukreeByst
evetlati.cator,
sto agst Lady Abbess, and
Betting—Even on Fluke,
10 to 1 agst any other.
• -
JeTtthyeTrfeoffzllowcoinitg, rthane :S—ePcoenrfdec, ant dCGuriraffe,

The lot left the post at the first attempt, the favourite,
on the far side, having a slight lead, Lady Abbess going on
second, the Lady Harriet colt next, and the others lying
wide on the lower side. On reaching the Bushes-hill the
first three drew away, and came on nearly abreast into
the bottom, where the favourite obtained a decided advan-
tage, end won a good race by a neck ; a bad third.
Match ; 100 soys, h ft; Bst 71b each; last three-quarters
of R.M. 1 mile 17 yards.
Mr. Greville's Ossian
outß ettin
Mr. Greville's Ca
Lord Westmoreland's Ireton
within
fewstrides ocnolfelvareretoolyonh,bowyirhhal,o made the (Fordham) 1
J.rumGoaintegr)th2
when eanleFngotrhdh. am brought
130ttin
Ossian,ag-6an d to
won 5
g-9 to 4 on eCraguempar4dYreown.
Count Batthyvia:
Match-100 soya, h ft ' Bst 71b each. A.F.
(J. Goater) 1
(tFhoerdhrannami)ng2
Perdown, 4' yrs
maa I:light lead, came on with to the Ab M post, where he was headed by the favourite,
The Newmarket
Pergus, ha •
_c by three lengths.
extra; the second received with 100
who won in a c
added,
ftoorbe3r Handicap of 15 sous each, 5 ft,
yrs, 6st
-yr-olds and upwards ; winners
yarveddo 25 soya out of the stakes. A.F.
1 mile 2 furlongs 73
Lord de Freyne's Ophelia,
risbrook, Magg
• 87 subs.
Mr. Elphinstone's Lspidist,s3:yrs,
Myrtle, 4 yrs, 6st 91b.. (Daley) 2
Fitzwilliam'isak3
man,The
cfaothlloerinwinog, al rapist,
COsat,6lBAti.P.lnsb.,*(WA.
(.
aWWIpo: 1 °lll ed a,
hius ous nre c)) 2:
Betting-7 to 2 each agst Caripsborook and Ophelia,iare,A 1 e6rttoe,
8 each agst.
10 to 1 each
Stanton, and Balham.
1 eget Churchman, 7 to 1
agst
an excellent
agst Myrtle and Costa, 100 to
raped away
Stanton and Balham, 100 to 7 ac,„t y 11 Camerino,
.) c.. -a-m Pus, and 25 to 1 agst
Lapidist.
After one failure the flag was lowered to
legs •
start. Lapidist, being the quickest on his
with a clear lead, having for his iraatedi'ajtue
Chrchman, Balham,Costa,Camerino, and Doncastertlttendants
in a; line ; Myrtle, with Maggiore and Carisbro
o nearly
headed the ruck, lying two or three lengths in thekir, who
Thus they ran to the first half of Ab M post, where Lraear.
dist gave way to Balham, who came on with th® running,
the favourite, Lapidist, and Doncaster on his left
with Camerino, Costa, and Churchman on the uPper
ground. At the Bushes-hill Balham appeared in difficulties
and Ophelia, with Lapidist at her girths, at the atune time
took the command, coming on with a clear lead, followed
by Camerino, Costa, Stanton, Doncaster, and Myrtle. At
the Ab.M. post Myrtle, full of running, ran past her horses
and joined the two leaders, and the three ran together into

the cords, where Ophelia gradually drew away, and won in
a canter by three lengths, Myrtle beat Lapidist by half a
length for second place, Camerino was fourth, Stanton fifth,
Costa sixth, Doncaster seventh, and Carisbrook next ; then
came Balham, Alerte, and Maggiore close together, the last
three being Walpole, Churchman, and Lupus, the last of
whom broke down. Net value of stakes, £635.
Sweepstakes of 30 sou each, 20 ft, for 2=yr-olds ; colts, Bst
101 b; fillies, Bst 81r; 'maidens allowed 41b. First half
of Ab. M. 3 furlongs 215 yards. 9 subs.
Baron Niviere's Gentilhomme, Bst 61b Grimshaw) 1
Lord Stamford's lEtna, Bst 8113 . (Edwards) 2
Lord Exeter's Fantail, Bst 41b... (Fordham) 3
Betting-11 to 8 agat .lEtna, 7to 4 agst Gentilhomme,
and sto 2 agst Fantail. 1
Gentilhomme made -play, closely followed by .iEtna and
Fantail into the cords, where 2Etna weal in front, and run-
ning out immediately afterwards the lead was once more
taken by the Frenchman, who won cleverly by half a length;
a bad third.
Handicap Sweepstalges of 10 soya each, h ft, for 3-yr-olds
and upwards. T.Y.C. 6 subs.
,
Mr, P. Frice's Welland, 3 yrs, Est 41b (Hunter) 1
Mr. Saxon's Hopeful Duchess, 3 yrs, 6st (J. Grimshaw) 2
Lord Stratford's Tisiphone
Mr. Mundy's Bolero, 3 yrs, 7st 61b (Reeves) 4
Mr. W. S. Crawfurd'a Disdain, 3 yrs, bat 71b (T.French)
Mr. T. Boyce's Confectioner, 5 yrs, Bst 71b (W. Boyce) 6
Betting-6 to 4 agat Welland, 7to 2 apt Disdain, 4to 1
3 Yrs, Bst .... (A. Edwards) 3
agst Tisiphone, and 5 to 1 agst Confectioner.
Disdain in company with Hopeful Duchess and Welland
were the first off, and carried on the running to half-way in
the bottom, :where they were joined by Tisiphone, and the
lot came on together into the cords, where Welland, full of
running, came out, and won in ananter by two lengths; a
head between the second and thir and a like distance be-
tween the third and fourth; bad fth.
Sweepstakes of 30 says each, h, t, 2-yr-o_ida; fillies,
fist 71b. 'Whmrs extra. 22 subs.
Lord Stamford's Cerintha, 9st (including 71b extra)
Edwards) 1
Lord Exeter's Amelia, Bst 71b
Count F. de Lagrange's Villafranca, Bst 71b .. (Hunter) 3
The following also ran :—Devoniensis, Columbine, and
the Miranda filly.
_ _

Challoner.weighed for Mr. Naylor'a Mistress Quickly)
Bst 71b, but her number was subsequently taken down, and
she did not start.

Betting-7 to 4on Cerintha, and 4to 1 agst Amelia.
Villafranca lying wide on the far side, made play, fol-
lowed by Columbine, the favourite, and Amelia, to within a
distance of home, where they were headed by Cerintha and
Lord Exeter's filly. The pair finished a close race home, the
favourite winning, but not easily, by half a length, Villa-
franca finished third, four lengths in their rear; Columbine
was fourth.

Match, 100 sous, h ft. Last half of Ab. M.
Mr. Wyon's Michel Grove, 3 yrs, 7st 101 b (car 7st 131 b)
(Fordham) 1
Mr. Trowson's Tarragona, 3 yrs, Bst lib (canied Bst 41b)
(J. Nightingall) 2
Betting
—Any odds on Michel Grove, who made all the
running, and won in a canter by two lengths.

Match, 200 sovs, h ft. T.Y.C.
Lord Coventry's Newsmonger, 2 yrs, Bst 711 a (reed)
Mr. Craven's Lady Fanny, 2 yrs, Bst 41b (paid)
BETTING AT CAMBRIDGE (en route)

CESAREWITCH.

11 to 2 agst Silkstone (taken)
15 to 1 agst Henham Lass (taken)
100 to 6 agst Umpire (taken)
20 to 1 agst Chere Amie (taken)
25 to 1 agst Balder (taken)
25 to 1 agst Catch=em-alive (taken)
25 to - 1 agst Hartington (taken)
60 to 1 agst Flirtation (taken)
60 to 1 agst Phemy filly (taken)
50 to 1 agst Balham (taken)
50 to 1 agst Audrey (taken)
50 to lr.agst Bedouin (taken)
50 to 1 agst Alehymist (taken)
CAMBRIDGESHIRE.
50 to 1 agst Lapidist (taken and offered)
DERBY.

3000 to 30 agst Baldwin

MAZZINPS ADDRESS 70 THE ITALIANS.

The following is the address in full by Mazzini
to the Italians, to which reference has been made
within the last few days by the Continental jour-
nals :

' enterprise. Monarchy, crouching to the foreigner, sud-
denly assumed revolutionary energy, declared Garibaldi a
rebel, and traitors to their country all those who meant to
constitute it one and free—boldly initiated a fratricidal
war, and, for the benefit of Austria and France, pointed her
weapons against the man who made her what she is, who
gave her the republican ;party for allies, who accustomed
the people to mingle in one love, Italy and Victor Em-
manuel.

If we except the Lombard wars, :rendered inevitable by
Austrian invasion, fought side by side anti under the or-
ders of the Emperor of the French, tha, feats of Monarchy
in the development of our resurrection arc, the invasion of
"Umbria and the Marches rendered necessary by our de-
signs on`Rome, the cession of Savoy and Nice, and the
wounding of Garibaldi.

conquering
cannot Make Italy ; and, if, owing to our
sacrifices
f r
theanyt
great
greatdh—r
eea t
lechtnt
Italy—the
Crowntivi
entire
trecyos a
oonmunceso, theonwfs oneeitoohsumehr
00l
should
ead:ndrht
h,d
aspirations,
sat;
veha npeeoi
object
jahhetoheciulotenrodsform,f, ownisa
n oure
ne
succeed
toils.
sanctified
ehi ambi-
tiondne
Aro unNe
country,
nue fel
by love and peace, free as God wills it to be, initiator for
the third time among the people of Europe—Monarchy can-
not give us this. Possessing no prestige of thelpast over the
masses ushered into Italy by the foreigner, nurtured in tra-
ditions which ever oscillated between one foreign Power and
another—conscious of sanctity in her own life, with no re-
ligion of memories since she betrayed to the foreigner the
brave and faithful people which made her powerful—sold
the tomb of her ancestors—with no faith in her own acts
over which she feels the weight of the condemnation of the
progressive intellect of Europe; with no love for the people
which she fears, even when it applauds—tormentedby terrors
which re-awake at every sign of life in the country—im-
pelled by her own nature to strengthen herself against it
space of tw
with the supportoyears,
osf,forree.irreadw all theseeipotism—M
oonbastarechlyes to has,inunithtye
which the first uprising of our peoplehad cancelled in a mo-
menL Strong in the assent of 22,000,000 of citizens,she, in
her cowardice, has remained yoked to the policy of a
foreigner, who does not, cannot logically desire to see us
strong in national unity. Surrounded `by the enthusiasm
and love of an entire people, she attained to no other con-
ception of Government save that of repression. She has
engendered antagonism between provinces, classes, army,
and people, which, if not stifled in time, will prove tremen-
dous in their consequences; she has inaugurated in Italy,
young and exuberant with new life, a system of corruption
borrowed from the Monarchies of declining nations. To-day
only two years after the dawn of life in Italy, Monarchy
governs as Louis Philippe governed after 18 year of strife
—by state of siege, by the systematic violation of individual
liberty, by the negation of the rights of the press and the
duty of association by cavalry charges, by infamous battles,
impudently rewarded, between brothers and brothers; and
all this in order to maintain the country in a provisional
state, which brands dishonour on our brow, hinders legisla-
tive assessment, fetters commerce and all industrial develop-
ment, perpetuates dismemberment, leaves foreign influence
predominant, sows despair and distrust, gives opportunities
for subterfuges and reactionary attempts, fans the worst
passions, drains our finane,esuselessly,and condemns Its to all
the dangers and evils of a revolution, without giving us any
of its advantages.

And the teaching contained in this disgraceful page of
our history is confirmed by the entire history of Europe
during the last half-century. In France, in Spain, in Bel-
gium, in Germany, in Greece, everywhere, save in England,
where, owing to social conditions, the political order of
things, sanctioned by a traditional life of more than six cen-
turies, concedes to the people unlimited individual liberty,
and omnipotence to the opinion of the majority. Constitu-
tional Monarchy has proved itself irreconcileable with the
progress of nations, and inevitably oscillating between re-
trogressive and violent movements, between despotism and
periodical revolution.

•
It behoves the thoughtless, or such as are guided by per-
sonal calculations to persist in an impossible concord, to
pretend that we may give the lie to European history; if
men Who for years called themselves ours, convinced by us,
to-day find it useful to style their old comrades anarchists,
to insult as a rebel the man they flattered yesterday, and
under whose flag they acquired their renown—we are not
such as these.

We, who flattered and served no one—who yielding to
the vote of the majority consented that an experiment con-
cluded for us in 1848 should be again attempted—we, who
above everything love the future of our country, who re-•
cognise no masters save God and the people, we can no
longer resign ourselves silent and unprotesting to see the
country running to anarchy, and thus lose the fruits of long
sacrifices endured in order to conciliate two elements radi-
cally contrary. It is time that, without making calculations
as to immediate success, some one should say to Italywith-
out reticence (which to-day is culpable) the entire truth.
It is time that some one profoundly convinced that the
moral question takes the precedence of all others should
recall our youth to the worship of principles without which
we cannot hope to become a nation. This duty we under-
take, come what will.
The people of Italy is misled by a lie.
A country cannot be liberated without a principle, with-
out the courage to deduce thence the natural consequences.
Monarchy is not a principle with us, it is a calculation of
opportunity, erroneous according to us. Men have no faith
therein ; they regard it' as an obstacle in their path, but
dare not affront it deliberately; but deceiving themselves
and others, hopo to use it as a lever.
Monarchy, meanwhile, feels that she cannot trust the
people that for tactics' sake lies to her and to itself, and so
forms all her plans in order to exclude it from action, and
prepares, in alliance with a foreign despot, a defence against
its exactions.

And foreign despotism, which has its own interests, its
own fears, its own logical tendencies, avails itself of these
necessities of Monarchy in order to exact, in payment for
its assistance, territorial concessions, a political system akin
to its own, alliance with its allies, the choice of its men in
the government of Italy, and endless delays in the comple-
tion of the national edifice ; which, giving unity and con-
sciousness of strength to the country, would emancipate it
from all protection, would wrench from Louis Napoleon the
key of Italian policy, which is in Rome ; the key of the
Mediterranean, which is in Civita Vecchia.

Since 1859 we move in that circle, and until the country
comes out of it we shall have neither Venice, nor Rome, nor
national being, nor internal peace, nor liberty.
The fall of one minister, the rise of another, matters little.
The obstacle lies higher; it dates from the necessities of an
institution which, without inherent life in the country which
it governs, seeks that life from without ; this dominates and
will continue to dominate, more or less, every Cabinet.
Men who, for what reasons we know not, believe it their
duty to defend an institution condemned by logic, by his-
tory, by the traditions of the country, by the sentiment of
civil equality which exists among us more than elsewhere,
have but one way of prolonging its existence; they must
compel it to national armament, to a policy which leans on
Europe, in order to emancipate itself from French Imperial-
ism, to a daring decisive move on Rome, to war with Venice,
to a national pact substituted to the Piedmontese statute of
1.848

Let Monarchy assume Garibaldi's undertaking. At that
price she may yet live a temporary life in Italy.
We believe her incapable of that initiative ; therefore we
detach ourselves from her. We detach ourselves from her,
and the bold frankness of which we give proof ought to
insure to ue absolute belief from honest men in the follow-
ing declaration :—Not to fight resolutely against her; not
to impose, even if we could, the only logical form of Go-
vernment; not to subject the political to the national ques-
tion, but to revindicate the right, without laying ourselves
open to the charge of disloyalty, to say to our brothers—
Italians 1 Does it behove you to perish miserably be-
tween anarchy—engendered by an impotent Government—
and the snares of the enemies of our King ; or to hasten the
rapid completion of our national revolution, and winning to
the country Rome and Venice, put an end to the provisional
conditions artfully perpetuated by our enemies in order that
the discontented may divide from the sacred idea of unity ?
From the monarchy which rules you subservient to Bona-
parte's inspirations you will have neither Rome nor Venice.
True, you will have endless promises if you consent to
remain inert and crouching slaves ; but, during the last two
years, have you not received similar promises from every
successive Minister ? And have they brought the question
a single step nearer its conclusion? All that has been
obtained, from Villafranca to now, has been obtained by
the insurrection and by the action of the people. Prepare,
then, in the name of Rome and Venice to arise, to have
faith only in yourselves—in the 26,009,000 who people our
country. If at Garibaldi's first generous cry you had arisen
up, Willing and unanimous—if the ardent and languid
alike, forgetting for the time all strife, had understoodti
.01a,.
d
that cry must either not be raised or rendered irrewsisa:and
at this moment Rome would be yours without _ long
History would not register the shameful recur d which
incar-
nation sacrifices alone can cancel, that Garibaldi, the living
bullet
on
nation of our unity, was wounded by an Italian
the path to Rome.
with
an entire
is hostile to him, nor any other, coulsd.
Neither Louis Napoleon, face to face
who withholds them
ith Europe, which
people. Venice and Rome are yours
an
plays the part of a
enemy- - an enemy
because
that enemy, and
allsevered them fromo
r e toourbe common
abhorred,m
friend ; who hinders you from
also
an
enemy—
all the more
revendicating what is youorisl,as
he calls himself Italian, and
base and disloyal, inasmuch
fsnlyuour nationality. You can prevail
mother
so
be
the representative
of
other by strength of will, by con-
against the one and
by audacity. in action. Free yourselves
false prophets
aotfi°line's which your have woven
fcroormd itnhea abnegation,
country—and to-day honour is added to 634' ;
around you. You have but one duty to-day :—Make Italy,
youi have ore affirmed too much, too loudly asserted your right
to be able now to halt on the road without diehonotuWg

PRICE..... ~..4d.
STAMPED ....sd.

yourselves as senseless and cowardly before Europe. And
mind that a stain of dishonour on the brow of an
awakening people may corrode the famine and power of a
nation for half a century. Then, if you have a breath of
love in your soul, if you do not intend to burden yourselves
with the blackest sin—ingratitude—think of Garibaldi pri-
soner—prisoner for you. Today you ought to repay him
—repay him for all he has done and meant to do ; to incar-
nate his spirit in yourselves, even as he incarnated in him-
self the spirit of Italy.
Create Italy. Despite the opposition of one and all this
is the gaol. Convince the people that you must do this by
your own strength, this is the path thereunto.
Monarchy will not give you Venice. She cannot without
your aid, and she does not choose to have you either armed
or militant—does not choose that you shall imbibe the con-
sciousness of victories really yours, denies to you the rights
that would emerge therefrom.
Monarchy will not give you Rome. The compact of
Plombiereg binds her to the invader. The hope of finding
in Louis Napoleon a defence against your just demands for
liberty, her affection for Turin, where aristocracy, monar-
chical traditions, and the long centralisation of administra-
tive corruption assures the institution. But you have against
Austria the war of the nationalities to whom your rising
will be the signal; against Louis Napoleon, the love of the
nations hostile to him, who will second you the day on
which they shall see you arise resolute and unanimous, and
the opinion of France increasing in your favour. Then the
eternal Right, the omnipotent power of the People—which
a first victory would arouse—and God. And in Rome con-
quered by the People, remember that to the People alone,
not to those who barred the road, belong the fruits of th
victory.
By means of universal suffrage you will make your own
laws—harmonious and progressive definition of the life that
lies within you. Then we will remind you pacifically of the
grand .ww.d of your unification, the word uhich to-day we
write once more upon our flag. The iupreme decisiat tests
with you. If even then, victors and freed from all false
and equivocal conditions, you choose to repel it, you will not
find us apostates or rebels. For ns a free conscience, a
free expression of beliefs, the certainty of the future, will
suffice. JOSEPH MAZZINI.

September, 1862.

THE GORILLA AND MAN.

At the British Association a paper was read by
Professor Owen "On the Zoological Significance of
the Brain and Limb Characters of Man, with Re-
marks on the Cast of the Brain of the Gorilla."
The Professor exhibited two casts, one of the hu-
man brain, which had been hardened in spirits, and
had therefore not preserved its exact form, but to
all intents and purposes it would serve as an illus-
tration of the human brain. The other cast was
taken from the interior of the cranium of the gorilla.
From an examination of these the difference be-
tween the brain of a man and that of a monkey was
at once perceptible. In the brain of man the pos-
terior lobes of the cerebrum overlapped to a con-
siderable extent the small brain, or cerebellum,
whereas in the gorilla the posterior lobes of the
cerebrum did not project beyond the lobes of the
cerebellum. The posterior lobes in the one were
prominent and well marked, in the other deficient.
These peculiarities had been referred to by Todd
and Bowman. From a very prolonged investiga-
tion into the characters of animals he felt persuaded
that the characters of the brain were the most stead-
fast; and he was thus induced, after many years of
study, to propose his classification of the mammalia,
based upon the differences in the development of
their brain structure. He had placed man—owing
to the prominence of the posterior lobes of his brain,
the existence of a posterior cornu in the lateral
ventricles, and the presence of a hippocampus
minor in the posterior cornu—in a distinct
sub-kingdom, which he had called archan-
cephala, between which and the other mem-
bers of the mammalia the distinctions were very
marked, and the rise was a very abrupt one. The
brain in his estimation was a far better guide
in classifying animals than the foot, but the same
difference that existed between their brains was also
observable between their feet. The lecturer referred
to a diagram which represented the feet of the aye-
aye, the gorilla, and man, pointing out the chief
differences in the structure of the skeletons. These
differences he considered sufficiently great to ele-
vate man from the sub-kingdom to which the mon-
keys belonged, and to place him in a distinct sub-
kingdom by himself.
Professor HUXLEY observed that the paper just
laid before the section appeared to him in no way
to represent the real nature of the problem under
discussion. He would therefore put that problem
in another way. The question was partly one of
facts and partly one of reasoning. The question of
fact was, what are the structural difference between
man and the highest apes ? The question of rea-
soning, what is the systematic value of these differ-
ences ? Several years ago Professor Owen had
made three distinct assertions respecting the differ-
ences which obtain between the brain of man and
that of the highest apes. He asserted that three
structures were " peculiar to and characteristic" of
man's brain—these being the " posterior lobe," the
"posterior cornu," and the " hippocampus minor." In
a controversy which had lasted for some years, Mr.
0 wen had not qualified these assertions, but had re-
peatedly reiterated them. He (Professor Huxley), on
the other hand, had controverted these statements,
and affirmed, on the contrary, that the three struc-
tures mentioned not only exist, but are often better
developed than in man, in all the higher apes. He
(Professor Huxley) now appealed to the anatomists
present in the section to say whether the universal
voice of Continental and British anatomists had not
entirely borne out his statements and refuted those
of Professor Owen. The Professor then discussed
the relations of the foot of man with those of the
apes, and showed that the same argument could be
based upon them as on the brain—that argument
being, that the structural differences between man
and the highest ape are of the same order and only
slightly different in degree from those which
separate the apes one from another. In conclusion
he expressed his opinion of the futility of discussions
like the present. In his opinion, the differences
between man and the lower animals are not to be
expressed by his toes or his brain, but are moral and
intellectual.

Professor ROLLESTON said he would try to supply
the members of the Association with the points of
positive difference between the human and the ape's
brain. For doing this we had been abundantly
the poste.
shown that the hippocampus
minor and
rior lobe were insufficient. As differentive they must
be given up at last. But as
oirty
of the brain by
much had recently been
done for the descriptive a
been done for astronomy
anatomy
Gratiolet and others as had
language by Max Muller,
by Stokes and Adams,f o
r ig.nored in this discussion
and that this had been
British science. This analysis
was little creditable to
structurea had established as dif-
n and the ape four great
of the brain's
ferentive between man
two quantitative.
differences--g".
The two Van°tative are the great absolute weight
# height of the human brain ; the two
and the great
the multifidity of the frontal lobes
he
aine:to the forehead, popularly, and, as
correoPoll---0
analysis shows, correctly,
this taken as a fair ex-
ponent of man's intelligence,
and the absence of the
external perpendicular figure. This had been
abundantly shown by Gratiolet. No reference to
these most important matters had been muds by
Professor Owen, and this omission could not fail to
put the British Association's repute for acquaint-
ance with the work of foreign fellow-labourers at
great disadvantage in the eyes of such foreigners as
might be present. Professor Rolleston concluded
by saying that if he had expressed himself with
any unnecessary vehemence he was sorry for it,
but that he felt there were things less excusable
than vehemence, and that the laws of ethics and
love of truth were things higher and better than
were the rules of etiquette or decorous reticence.
Mr. W. H. FowLER, looking at the subject solely
in an anatomical view and as a question of fact,
stated that the result of a considerable number of
dissections of brains of various monkeys was that
the distinction between the brain of man and
monkeys did not lie in the posterior lobe or the
hippocampus minor, which parts were proper-