The Sun.
London, England, 1862-03-10 00:00:00

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COTTON.-CAPABILITIES OF INDIA.

(From the Money iii arket Review.)

The question of an adequate supply of cotton to
Lancashire, equal to the ordinary qualities of Ameri-
can slave grown, is of the highest importance to com-
merce, to the welfare of civilisation, christianity,
and humanity. Recent accounts from India bring
the cheering intelligence of success attending expe-
riments by Europeans for improving the quality of
its cotton, both from indigenous and from foreign
seed. Correspondents who have passed up and
down the Nile, between Atfee and Cairo, and the
Ganges, between Calcutta and Benares, in the dry
season, testify that the vegetation upon the banks
of either river appears to be upon a par with the
other, yet Egyptian cotton is longer in the staple,
and brings a better price.in our markets than that
of India. The soil of Egypt, generally, cannot be
superior to that of India, and has been under culti-
vation from time immemorial, while land in India,
under the poor farming of the natives, with no
manure, gives from two and a half to three and a
half quarters of wheat to the acre. Seeing also
that India has the advantage over Egypt in possess-
ing a rainy season of some four mouths' duration,
one is at a loss to comprehend why its cotton, both
in quality and quantity to the acre, should not equal
that of Egypt. India, however, has greater proxi-
mity to the sea, the air from which is said to be so
beneficial to the full development of the cotton pod.
The want of European superintendence, skill, and
enterprise must be the real cause of the inferiority
of Indian cotton ; the rulers of Egypt of late years
have availed themselves of the services of Euro-
peans in developing the resources of that country.
As Egypt without the Nile would be a barren waste,
all the cotton it produces must be grown in the im-
mediate vicinity of the river, and chiefly by means
of irrigation, after the fall of the Nile, from the
river, while the greater portion of the cotton grown
in India is by irrigation from wells, far distantfrom
any river ; and well water, we know, does not con-
tain the same amount of fertilising matter that
river water does. Hence the necessity for canals
in India to distribute the waters of its rivers
for the irrigation of the soil, and the improve-
ment of the quality and quantity of its cotton.
The full effect of irrigation in a rainless climate
may be seen at the Pasha's garden at Shubin,
near Cairo ; everything there grows in wild
luxuriance, and the fiery atmosphere is sof-
tened by the exhalations from the moist soil,
through which little streams of water run in all
directions. _ _

In a pamphlet written by Mr. Fowler, respecting
cotton cultivation in Egypt, he says :—" On the
Miseoweh cotton land the plants are watered seve-
ral times at certain periods of their growth by arti-
ficial irrigation; but on the Belieh cotton land the
means of doing so do not usually exist, and the re-
sult of the crops is strikingly illustrative of the
great benefit of artificial irrigation, both in the
quality and quantity of the cotton produced ; for
while the Belieh land usually gives only two to
three conturs (941 b. each) per feddan (nearly an
English acre), the Miscoweh land will produce
three to five, and often Seven to eight concurs per
feddan . . . by sufficient irrigation, and those
other appliances of improved husbandry referred to.
. . . Belieh land is watered only by the inun-
dation when the Nile rises to its greatest height."

If Mr. Fowler's statements are facts, which [here
appears no reason to doubt, they are conclusive as
to the vast benefit to be derived by cotton cultiva-
tion in India from artificial irrigation with river
water.
In the Cotton Supply Reporter of December last
there is a letter from a French gentleman in Alge-
ria respecting the cultivation of cotton there. He
complains of the want and dearness of money as
being the obstacle to the extension of the cultiva-
tion. He saya:—" With money the clearing of the
land, canals, irrigation, and the sowing of cotton
will be' effected, and we shall see our produce in-
crease a hundred fold." If such can be effected in
Algeria with no river of any importance, what
might there not be done in our eastern empire with
its numerous rivers and adequate population ?
Emancipate the 4,000,000 slaves in the Confederate
States, suppress the slave and coolie trade effectu-
ally, and there would be no lack of capital and en-
terprise for India, where labour is plentiful; and
probably for Algeria also.
Of the capabilities of India, the following, taken
from " Generals Rose and Stewart's Indian Cam-
paigns," by T. Lowe, will convey some information
He says :—" No man can form an idea of the phy-
sical beauty and grandeur of Indian scenery whose
experience is limited to the arid districts of its
coasts. Once removed from the scorching, dazzl-
ing, arid climate of the sea-board, and over
the ranges of the mountains which divide Central
from Southern India, a totally different climate is
entered, and every feature of the country is al-
tered. Here is, indeed, a land suited to European
colonisation and enterprise at least a thousand-
fold better than the torrid, swampy, pestiferous
deltas they appear to have tried and failed in.
Every kind of vegetable required by man and beast
flourishes—the plains are like extensive parks, the
jungles very often like mighty forests—the rivers,
to which our rivers in England are but rills, are
beautiful, and burdened with wealth—and the hills
are clothed with stately trees, sweet smelling
shrubs and plants, rich in perfume and medicinal
virtues ; iron ore of the most superior quality
abounds in many districts, but is only worked in a
rude way. With such rivers and tanks, hills and
scantyi c h
lavishlyverdure,
fsourc hther ness
noafrenatntuereswpaornthreydsoounts soot,
India bestow upon her, one is perpetually con-
strained to exclaim What a lovely country and
what would it not produce were Englishmen
blessed with such a charge."
_ _

In a letter written by Mr. Temple, secretary to •
the Chief Commissioner bf the Punjaub, it is stated
on the authority of the Friend of India, that wheat
was selling in the Punjaub at two maunds, of 801bs
each, per rupee (25.) which is less than one-third
the price quoted for the like produce at Kur-
rachee. . . . But thePunjaub, unlike Scindh,
has no remunerative outlet for her surplus produce.
We are authoritatively informed that " In a sea-
, son of superabundance there is not a sufficient mar-
ket to secure its sale at remunerative prices." Here
is shown the want of railways to bring the surplus
produce of the interior to a marketormsd
shipping
place. place. Land that will .grow wheat in
also grow sugar, cotton, tobacco, &c. theg;two maunds, or 1601bs. of wheat at 6s. at Kur-
rachee, the shipping place, the same quantity of
wheat at the rate of ss. the bushel of 601bs. in Eng-
land would realise 13s. 4d., thus leaving ample
margin of profit, after paying freight and charges
to England, on wheat bought at the above prices
at Kurrachee ; and no better bread has man ever
tasted anywhere than in India.
Mr. Low also says :—" There is a striking simi-
larity, in many respects, between the climate of
Scindh and that of Egypt. The common characters
are, great summer heat uninterrupted by rain, great
winter cold, a dry soil, and similar geological for-
mation. These characters, says Dr. Stock, in his
able report, ' determine the wild vegetation, which
is the same. Both Central and Upper Scindh are
almost out of the range of the monsoon, but the
annual overflow of the Indus makes up to a certain
extent, as does the overflow of the Nile, for the de-
ficiency of rain above noticed. The borders of the
Indus, like those of the Nile, are charged with fer-
tilising matter.'"
With such varied climes, such land and rivers as
India possesses, any other country save our oast
would have done its utmost to develop its vast
resources to their fullest extent,
itself independent of slave labour, which does no
reciprocate fairly with commerce. Let free labour
and to make
we say be pitted against the wretched slave sys-
tem, in far more genial climes, where cultivation
can be carried on at much less expense. Hitherto
we seem to have tried to reduce the profits of the
cultivator of the soil in India to the lowest point,
and thus to disable him from reciprocating with
ursued, and- thus is
and extending the compomliecrycep of England. Such
appears to us to be the
l. .
slavery protected in the equalisation of the duties
on its produce.
andl,sord Castlereagh said, " Besides
gton,
In his instructions rteoprtehseenDtaitikiveeofatWtehllein
Con
grass o
who wafs
questions, England had some of her
own, which the statesman who is to represent her
those general
Verona,E ngl
at the Congress will bring forward. Foremost
among them all is the suppression of the slave
trade, either by general declaration from the allies
that it should be treated as piracy, or by obtaining
from them an engagement that they would
not
ad-
mit into their markets
any article of colonial pro-
duce which was the result of slave labour." Lord
Castlereagh here points
out the obvious way to de-
stroy the iniquitous and cruel slave system, and
1 which has, since h
an increase th h
e wrote, assumed so portentous
roug th edi rough encourage-
ment given to it by Great Britain, to the injury of
her own colonies and possessions, and to none
more than to India,

EXICAN AXPI.I9Z2IOIv:

0

Via Havannah, we have advices from Mexico
to the Bth ult. No 'advance had been made by
the Allies, and there were over 1,000 sick in the
- hospitals of Vera Cruz, besides many at Teklia
atid Medellin. The yellow fever had mate its
appearance among the fleet, and the English were
suffering severely from the epidemic, and Were at
.work in full force making tents for their,blek•
The Spaniards were dail3-
.returning their sick to
4avannah. The -Mexican Govcrnnient still in-
sisted upon the re-embarkation of the Spanish
troops,.-but that an eccort of 2,000. of -the three
Powers might attend the negotiatiens to he held
at ,Orizaba.-. The A lies, in replyihg to Jnarez's
answer to their lellinwhim, stated that in the
month of February they should advance to Ori-
zaba, stationing some troops, at Jalapa. General
Prim had said he should give battle at Cerro
Gordo if ho found opposition to his march. A
letter of the 8111, published in a New York paper,
says

" Matters here wear anything but a pleasant
aspect, and if negotiations do not soon come .to a
conclusion the greater portion of this allied force
will find a resting-place at Campo Santo before they
receive marching orders for the interior. The
officers are very anxious to get their men away from
here, and twice have decided to march for the in-
terior; but, for reasons best known to themselves,
their decisions have been changed, and they still
remain here. The French Admiral, however, has
given oraers for his forces to be ready to march on
the 22d of the present month. This city long has
been called the City of the Dead. It never was in
such a filthy condition as at present, the Spaniards
having voted and stolen all the money they could
find to furnish General Prim's residence, and the
city is the suff
erer ; but if these, troops aro not soon
removed this ominous name will be too sadly true.
The French are daily expecting reinforcements from
Martinique and Brest,' and report says that General
M'Mahon is to assume the command. The Spaniards
are daily receiving additional forces, but in limited
numbers—hardly enough to counterbalance the num-
ber of sick returned to Havannah. General Prim
still rules with a'thigh hand. They have commenced
'confiscating. Mexican property, of whatever nature
and m herever found, without regard to the protests
'of the owners and occupants. The English and
French interfere only in behalf of their own citizens.
Sir C. Wyke, the British Minister, is the advocate
of General Prim and his go-between. The fellow.
appears to be perfectly mad, and has been condemned
by all the English residents of the interior, who
have petitioned the Government to have him re-
moved from here as being an enemy to their inte-
rests. The French Minister is the only one who
keeps to a consistent course in all this business. He
adheres to the original programme of the three
Powers, and refuses to have anything to do with the
intrigues of Prim. The Mexicans have 500 women
in the field, from Guadalajara, dressed as Zouaves,
and armed with the lance and lasso, who, if allowed
to come into action, will do good service. They also
have several very fine volunteer companies in the
field, composed mostly of young men of both
wealth and influence. The Mexicans do not com-
plain of want of men or money. They are in good
positions, and have but remain firm and wait the
movement of the Allies, and they will oblige this
great expedition and the inventors of it to show to
the world that either they have made a great
mistake or that they relied too much on diplomacy
and too little on force. Mexico and the friends of
Mexico hardly begun to congratulate the English
upon their happy and successful capture of the arch
traitor Miramon when they were astonished and
chagrined to learn that he was to be taken to
Havannah and liberated. Their reason for so doing
is not known. The English claimed that they
arrested Miramon upon an order issued more than
a year ago by the English Government, that Mira-
mon should be taken prisoner whenever found, on
board any English vessel or English ground, and
that this act was done without any connection with
their present position. If this is true, why do
they give him up ? He is certainly a criminal.
They know that Miramon is one of Mexico's
greatest enemies; that his mission hero was to
ferment and revolutionize this country ; that he
brought with him, to assist him in his nefarious
designs,.a party of fellows that have been guilty in
this country of every crime committed by man, and
who are here still waiting but for their leader ; that
the act of capturing and holding Miramon was of
the most vital importance to the interests of Mexico
and the peaceful accomplishment of their own ends,
and an act that the world would have justified.
Still, in face of all these, they have quietly placed
him on board her Britannic Majesty's war
steamer Phaeton, for Havannah, where he will bo
set at liberty. And the result will be that Mira-
mon will be in this country before a month ; and,
unless a change is made in matters hero, Spain will
carry the day."

THE GALE.

PLYMOUTH, SUNDAY.

Yesterday afternoon Admiral Fitzroy's signals
were hoisted at all the various stations—a drum,
with an inverted cone beneath, indicating " dan-
gerous winds—a gale probably from the south-
ward." A very severe gale from S.S.W. has been
blowing throughout last night, accompanied by
constant heavy showers of rain, which fell occa-
' sionally like hail. At noon to..day the wind veered
more to the westward, but there was very little
abatement in the severity of the weather. The
breakwater is one white foam from end to end, and
all the base of the lighthouse is at times enveloped
in spray. The ships in the Sound have their top-
masts struck. No damage has occurred either there
or in the harbours. The Royal Mail steamship
Athens, Captain H. R. Clarke, which should have
sailed on Thursday afternoon for the Cape of Good
Hope, was detained until yesterday (Saturday),
when she took her departure.

6 r.m.

During the storm this morning a mackerel boat,
making for the western entrance, shipped two seas
e
while crossing the Knapp and Panther shoal, and
went down immediately, when all on board perished.
From the character of her spars and the apparent
size of her water barrels some of the fishermen con-
:tina l PPh raleYa o,f also Hast
ol
tinge. The
jecture that she is French, while others conclude
ttihatit isthopPaalalacce and
nlaVill the William P
Crystal
Hastings, are the only boats not returned out of 14
which left Plymouth yesterday for the fishing
ground,
fishing
ground, from which they were driven this
morning.
The Christiana came back with loss of masts, the
Emily and Alice with broken bulwarks, and the
Mary Ellen with loss of 20 nets, punt, &c. These
three belong to Worthing. Pilot Glynn, in the
cutter Drift, went out nobly from Cawsand Bay to
save the crew of the foundered boat, but was
driven back by the storm with his main halliards
down to two blocks.

7 P.M.

Several portions of the wreck of a mackerel boat
have been picked up this afternoon in the Sound.
il'aosfsaGeorge Page,
They belong to the Crystal Palace, and there is now
no doubt that she is the boat which
afnodunmdreerbe:
toSargent,er Messrs.
cr e w C
consistedobb e ,
Joseph
outside the Breakwater this morning. The Crystal
Cramp, James
dgn det
Peters, William Down, Edwin Chatfield, Henry
slo:flarlpapacesertb,inelgGosneroaer,
Swain, and the boy William Bates.

...41...m. M....

PORTSMOUTH, SUNDAY, 5 P.M.
It has blown a hard gale here all the fore part of
to-day from S.S.W. to S.W., accompanied by a con-
tinuous rain. Since 4 p.m. the wind has greatly
moderated and the rain ceased. The barometer,
one of Negretti and Zambra's seacoast, now marks
29.5 ; thermometer, 51. Yesterday, at 10 a.m., the
card indicated—barometer, 29.6 ; thermometer, 48.

LIVERPOOL, SUNDAY.

The screw steamer Annie Childs, from Wilming-
ton, South Carolina, for Liverpool, with cotton,
rosin, and tobacco, put into Queenstown on Satur-
day, short of coals, having run the blockade. She
Marian,
thear-
rived has on board the crew of the Kitty Cords, aban-
doned on the 23d of February.Th4eo
on
at this port to-day from Bombhaey,i‘flealrliiann withh
the brig Esperio in lat. 22 N., long.
6th of February, three months from London for
New York ; the crew stalling. The
plied them with provisions and water.

SOUTII-EASTERN RAILWAY.—The contest RP: a
seatn
South-Eastern board, between Mr. John Br
majority was
declaration
Ilalr,B4ati 40,n010 was i n s' cock k e glow
on
d an ow
d
has terminated in favour of me for-
aa:lr. the
co los outhchild,
mar. Mr.
21,504 in Vte Barlow
'e
afternoon by the Hon. James Byng (the chair.
roan of the company), at the Bridge Rouse
votes. The official