The Sun.
London, England, 1862-01-28 00:00:00

RAILWAYS.

Cash.- Account.
OrleanH 1335 .. 1337 50
Northern
New ditto • -- • • --
Lyons and Mediterranean 1072 50 .. 1073 75

Geneva.. -
Southern
Western
Eastern
Sardinian 330 ..
Austrian
Loirbard o 536 25 .. 537 50

POLAND.
(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)
WARSAW, JAN. 20.

After the departure of the Administrator of the
Diocese of Warsaw, Bialobrzewski for the fortress
of Bobrujsk, whose sentence of death had been
commuted by the Emperor to one year's imprison-
ment, the authorities have published there a long
official report of the prelate's trial by a court-mar-
tial, evidently with a view to praise and to magnify
the Imperial clemency, however difficult it is
to believe that there was a real intention of
shooting this worthy and patriotic priest. It is
much more probable that public indignation raised
in Europe against the unjust and cruel treatment
of Canon Bialobrzewski and other Polish priests
had not been without effect even on the hardened
nature of a Russian Czar.

The nomination of a new Archbishop, Pelinski,
who was Professor of the Catholic Academy at St.
Petersburg, appears to have produced here a favour-
able impression. His noble character, his fervent
piety, are generally appreciated ; and it is believed
that his comparatively young age will command
the necessary firmness for so difficult a post. The
clergy in Poland, being the representatives and the
guardians of the national sentiment, it may easily
be conceived with what interest and anxiety the
first acts of the newly appointed Archbishop will be
watched and judged. All people say, that if he
prove to be another Bialobrzewski, he shall have
well deserved of his country.
We are still in the full expectation of the long-
promised opening of the Council of State, whose
decision on the present question has been so much
delayed, and I should not be surprised if, at the
moment of the door of the deliberating hall being
about to be opened, some Russian subterfuge should
not be used to postpone the sitting this die. The
same may be said of the schools ; the system of
education, which the Marquis Wielopolski was to
improve, remains just as it was, with some trum-
pery alterations, and no University is to be restored
to Warsaw. Even the more important towns are
deprived of the privilege of procuring high schools,
and the Polish youth will be again compelled for
the completion of their studies to proceed to St.
Petersburg or Moscow.
It has been reported that the Marquis
Wielopolski was to return to Poland, and again to
occupy a very high post. It would be certainly the
height of impudence to resume an official life after
so sad a failure and a cavalier-like treatment he
received from the Russian Governor-General Narc.
He is lost in the estimation of his countrymen and
the Russians.

In addition to the war against the dresses and
deportment of the people, which is raging as
furiously as ever, a new campaign has been com-
menced byMr.Kreusenstein, Director in the Ministry
of the Interior, against the moustaches of the gen-
tlemen employed in that office. An elaborate
circular, printed in large type, duly signed, counter-
signed, and registered, prescribes all the officials to
shave their moustaches and beards underthe penalty
of being summarily dismissed. Considering the
severe season, cold and snow, which we now expe-
rience, this absurd and tyrannical regulation causes
no less annoyance than physical suffering. M.
Krusenstein, who is a German in the Russian ser-
vice, is but too happy to tax his brains for the pur-
pose of inventing every possible mode of oppressing
the Poles. Nothing can prove more clearly than
such conduct the futile pretexts employed by the
Russians solely to administer the most severe
punishments for offences which ycu in England
would consider childish. Then again, among those
sent to the penal regiments at Orenburg, as stated
in the official Gazette, were—Jackowski, for tear-
ing off the placards posted by the police ; Belkhir, for
reading and spelling the same, Parnewski for chaf-
fing a patrol, and Barbinski for using coarse lan-
guage towards a soldier. What would be said in
England or in France, were such trifling offences
to be punished with transportation or even penal
servitude.
But in Russia, for want of any other occupa-
tion, there must be sitting a permanent judicial
board for no other apparent object than framing
ukases and passing sentences. Not 'long ago the
St. Petersburg journal published an ukase signed
by the Emperor in the following terms
The regulation for military measures gives the
Governor-Generale, and in the provinces where there
are none, the military governors, provisionally
appointed, the right of proclaiming the state of
siege wherever and whenever they will deem it
necessary. This done, they can dismiss public
functionaries at one moment's notice. and delegate
to the martial court all the duties of the police.

Every inhabitant, be he a civilian or a military man,
is amenable to the court martial, which tries accord-
ing to the military laws. In case of resistance,
recourse can be had to arms without any responsi-
bility whatever. The police and the patrols can
arrest any suspicious person, and deliver him over
to the military authority."
In the town of Kalisz, the chief of the district,
Bakowsig, has issued the following order :--
"If a woman wears the prohibited dress or attßmpts
to sing the hymns forbidden by the police, her hus-
band, father, or master, shall be arrested without
exception. Those who would fail in denouncing to
the nearest military authority the meetings of the
landowners, even in private houses, will be amenable
to be tried by a court-martial. The mayors of the
towns and villages will be responsible for the execu-
tion of this order."

Similar and perhaps more stringent regulations
have been issued by the notorious Nazimow, Go-
vernor-General of Lithuania, and in view of such
a treatment I ask what can be expected from the
Poles, save eternal hatred and a thirst for vengeance.

BARRISTERS AND ATTORNEYS.

(FROM A CORRESPONDENT.)

We lately drew attention to the very defective
state of legal education which has for so many
years existed in the Inns of Court and the necessity
of a compulsory examination for every student pre-
viously to his call to the Bar, which has now been
in existence for upwards of a quarter of a century,
for what is usually denominated the lower branch.
of the profession. It may well be worthy of con-
sideration whether there be any real reason why the
two branches of the legal profession should not be
amalgamated, as they have so long been with such
good effect in America. We would ask, in all
humility, who is the real sufferer by the forced
division of the profession into branches ? Why,
the answer is very obvious—the public; the only
body for whom professional men of any kind
ought to exist at all. They are compelled to
employ two professional meu where one would be
amply sufficient for all. purposes. Thus does the
public pay double fees without getting his work
at all better done. It will be said in objection
to this change, that there must be a division of
labour, that the offices. of Barrister and Attorney
aro totally distinct, that they have nothing to do
with one another, that they require a totally dif-
ferent training, different education, different men,
&e. Now, in answer to the first objection, of course
a division of labour there must of necessity be the
same individual who collects the evidence
cannot in all cases, perhaps seldom or never,
conduct the case, but then this could very
easily be remedied by increasing the number
of partnerships and clerks. The partner
cleverest in speaking could go into court and openly
conduct the case, and the other partner, or partners,
more adapted to writing letters and conversing
with clients, could remain in chambers and transact
what is now termed the attorney and solicitor
•
branch of the profession.
Thus, would the public not only get their busi-
ness much better done, as well as at afar less expense,
but what is perhaps far more to the point even
than this, the attorneys would save themselves
much time and trouble, and would have the advan-
tage of having an advocate in one of their own
body as well as in the person who manages the
routine part of the profession. Now, in answer to
the second objection, that the respective offices of
barrister and attorney are totally distinct—that
this is nothing but an, assumption, and an assertion,
it is not very difficult to prove. An attorney must
know and prepare his case well before he delivers
it to counsel. It is necessary for him to know all
the inns and outs of it. Therefore, having done
this, why should he not be competent to conduct
his own case. In very many cases, we might
say almost in all, an attorney has to instruct
counsel far more than to gain instruction from him.
He has oftentimes to hand over his brief to a man
his inferior both in years, knowledge, and power of
speech. It would be an endless task were we to
enumerate the cases continually lost through the
ignorance or incompetency of junior barristers.
And this, to a great extent at any rate, through the
prejudiced narrow-minded idea that the respective
offices of barrister and attorney are per se
distinct and separate. Lastly, as regards the educa-
tion of the two. In what respect is it necessary for
the education of barrister and attorney to be diffe-
rent. Why should not the Inns of Court and Chan-
cery, as well as the Law Institution, be amalgamated
and turned into one legal university for the educa-
tion and instruction of students about to become
members of the legal profession ? Or, if this be
impracticable why should not the Inns of Court
(like the Law Institution did now upwards of a
quarter of a century ago) be compelled to institute
an examination which should be compulsory upon
all their members. Since the year 1836, which was
the year the legal examination for articled clerks
commenced, the Inns of Court have (until within
the last 10 years, since which time there has been
a slight improvement, but very slight indeed, as we
in a recent article explained), for all practical pur-
poses, been worse than useless. The present sem-
blance of an examination does not do any good, as
we are now about to show. There have not been
wanting instances of men being called to the bar,
under the present system, who have attempted to
pass the present examination, but have failed:
Having pointed out in a recent article a short
analysis of the changes brought about in legal edu-
cation at the Inns of Court and the Law Institution,
during the last 15 years, we deem it wholly unne-
cessary to carry our readers over the same ground
again. In conclusion, therefore, we would add
that while the two branches of the legal profession
are kept distinct, we would, as we have ever done,
highly recommend an examination which should be
compulsory upon all students, previously to their
having the degree of barrister-at-law conferred upon
them. And we hope the question of an amalgama-
tion between the two branches of the legal profes-
sion may shortly receive, both from politiciaes and
political economists, that degree of attention to
which it is so highly entitled.

TILTS DAY'S JIARKETS.

HAY MARKETS.

SMITIIFIELD.—Meadow hay, £2 5s to £5 ' clover, £3 lOs
to £5 15s Od ; and straw, Ll 8s to £1 16s Od per load.
Trade very slow ; supply moderate.
CUMBERLAND.—MezvIow hay, £2 5s to £5 Os ; clover
do., £3 lOs to £5 15s; and straw, £1 8s to £1 16s per load,
Trade dull.

WIIITECHAPEL.—Meadow hay, £2 5s to £5 Os; clover,
£3 10s to £5 15s Od ; and straw, 41 85 to £1 16s per load.
A heavy demand.

COLONIAL.

TEA.—The market 11a; eontin;eclmoderately active, and
steady prices have been obtained for all descriptions.
SUGAR.—Rather more demand has been experienced for
good grocery descriptions, and prices have been fully main-
tained. In the refined market the operations have been to
an average extent at steady prices.
COFPEE.—For most kinds there has been a moderate en.
quiry at fully late quotations. The stocks on hand, com-
pared with those of the same period of last year, show an
increase of about 260 tons.
Rtm—The dealings have been restricted to immediate
requirements, and prices show no change of importance.
SALTPETRE.-OWlllg to the removal of the prohibition
to export the deliveries have been heavy, but the imports
have also been extensive, and stocks exhibit little change
of importance. Prices generally remaining steady.
TALLOW.—A firmer tone has been apparent owing to
inquiries for exportation. P.Y.C. on the spot is quoted
475. 3d.; March delivery, 475. 9d. to 48s. per cwt.

.DESTRUCTION OF LIGHTHOUSES BY THE CON-
FEDEIRATE GOVERNMENT.—TIIO Neu; York World pub-
lishes a list of 131 lighthouses destroyed and lightships
ronicTetl by the rebels since the war began, furnished by E.
and. G. W. Blunt, the well-known nautical publiahers,
The Charleston lighthouse on Morris Island was blown up
by order of the rebel military authorities on the night of
the 25th ult.