The Sun.
London, England, 1862-01-28 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVE NI NG, JANUA R Y 28, 1862.

.ROYAL PRINCES S'S THEATRE.
Lesmee, Mr A. Hurl&

THIS EVENING, THE IRISH EMIGRANT. Mr. W.
J. Florence.

Followed by THE YANKEE HOUSEKEEPER. Mr
and Mrs. W. J. Florence:

After which a Comic Christmas Pantomime, WHITTING-
TON AND HIS CAT ; or, Harlequin King Kollywobbol
and the Genius of Good Humour. The grotesque opening.
invented and written by Hem y J. Byron, Esq., author of the
Princess's Pantomime of "Jack the Giant Killer." The
Scenery by Mr. James Gates, Mr. H. Cuthbert, and numerous
assistants. Good Humour, Miss Helen Howard ; Princess
Popsiwopsi, Miss Rose Leclercq; Alice, Miss Pauline Le-
clercq ; Messrs. Garden, Cathcart, Morland, Collett, Hast-
incrs, Raymond; Dick Whittimrton, Miss Maria Harris;
Robin Goodfellow and the Cat, Master John Haslem, (pupil
of the celebrated Gabriel Ravel; Clown, Mr. Hildyard ;
Harlequin, Mr. John Lauri; Pantaloon, Mr. Paulo; Colum-
bine, Miss Caroline Adams. Morning Performances will
take place at Two o'clock every Monday till further notice.

NEW THF,ATRE-R0 VAL, ADELPHL-
Sole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. B. Webster.
THIS EVENING, and during the week the great Drama,
entitled THE OCTOROON ; or, LIFE IN LOUISIANA :
Messrs. Grace, Billington, Emery, Phillip Jamison, Smith,.
Stephenson, Romer. Lewis ; Mrs. Billington, Mrs. H. Mar-
ston, Miss C. Denvil, Miss Latimer, and Mrs. H. Lewis.
After which, at 20 minutes past 9, the great Irish Drams
of THE COLLEEN BAWN. Mr.D. Bouoicault, Missßanoe,
Mr. Fisher, Miss Woolgar, Szc.
Box Office open from 10 till 5.

N
E W ROYALTY THEATRE,
Dean-street, Oxford-street.
Immense success of the new Operettr.
THIS EVENING, A NICE QUIET DAY.
After which Offenbach's Opera Buffo, entitled LE MARI-
AGE AUX LANTERN ES. Mr. John Morgan, Mesdames
Stanley, Payne, and Mason.
To conclude n ith THE EARLIEST EDITION OF IL
TROVATOR E.

C ANTERI3URY HALL AND FINE
ARTS GALLERY.
"THE ENCHANTED HASH " (SECOND EDITION)
by Mr. E. Marshall, with Eleven Wonderful Transformations
(the most talented performance ever attempted by a single
person), at a quarter-past ten. Also the following- extraor-
dinary combination of Comic talent, viz.: Mr. Randall, Mr.
Frederick French, Mr. J. G. Forde, Miss Harriet Coveney,
and Miss Greene.

Grand Selections from LA TRAVIATA, by Mdlle. Negri,
Mr. Herbert, Signor Tivoli, and a powerful Chorus, at Ten
o'clock.

Musical Director, Mr. Jonghmans.
Admission—Hall, 6d.; Stalls and Balcony, ls.

VICTOR JULIEN, " THE FLYING MAN,"
at CANTERBURY HALL, Every Evening at half-
past Nine o'clock.

T HE 0 X F O R D,
6, OXFORD-STREET,

OPEN EVERY EVENING AT 7 O'CLOCK.

Selections alternately from" Et nani," " Lucrezia Borgia,"
"La Circassienne," "La Traviata," "Simon Boccanegra,
.tc., by the entire Company, Full Band and Chorus.—Conduc-
tor, Mr. F. Jonghmans. Solos by Mr. Viotti Collins (the
great English violinist). And other attractive Entertain-
ments, the Comic portion by Miss Harriet Coveney, Messrs.
Sam Collins, Mr. and Master Wood, E. Marshall, M. P.
Foster, and W. Randall.

Hall, 6d. ; Stalls and Balcony, is. ; Private Boxes, 10s. 6d.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
Tx's DAY.—Morning, 12h. 9m.—AfLernoon, 12h. 40m
To-MORROW. -Morning, lh. 10m.—Afternoon, lh. 38m

THE WEATHER.—SUN ()mu, JANUARY 28, 1862.
THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADE.
44—highest since noon yesterday.
23—lowest this morning and during the night.
45—this day at noon.
BAROMETER-29.84.
WlND—Westerly; rain during tho night and morning;
afternoon fine.

, • ' ,
• %, • r
•
- S.

THE SUN.

LONDON, TUESDAY, JAN. 28, 1862.

FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND - men, and FIVE
HUNDRED MILLIONS of dollars, was the magnificent
vote of the extra session of Congress convened by
Mr. LINCOLN last summer. The men have bun
obtained, and do not seem to be too many if the need
of numbers is to be tested by their capacity to move
against the enemy. On that point we are imperfect
judges; some, we know, think that fewer men
better drilled, handled, and equipped, would have
been a much more effective body. But whether
or not the men be all needed, the money, and much
more will certainly be required, ;if disbursement is
to go on at the present rate. A Mr. DAWES, who
seems to be a kind of JOSEPH HUME in the
louse of Representatives, has given us an American
photograph of the American contractsystem, which
beats anything we can recollect in our own times,
thoagh it appears to be entirely founded on official
data. Our Admiralty Board and Crimean managers
may now hold up their heads and save their blushes,
even for old shortcomings. Dover and Galway
contracts will' appear but modest doings when com-
pared with the wholesale purchase of political sup-
port by contracts of all kinds with Union patriots,
for the supply of the patriot army.

Here a few specimens from Mr. DAWES' select
beauties of the army contract system. No. I. is a
contractor for beef. He was to find the army 2,200
head of cattle. Now, No. I. knew nothing about
beef, but he could by looking into price lists know
the whereabouts of the price of cattle. He takes,
therefore, so good a margin, that within twenty-
four hours he sublets the contract to No. IL,
who does know the price of beef, and by
the transaction No. I. puts into his pocket the nice
little sum of 32,000 dollars, or about
£6,400. But No. 11. and his copartners had their
pickings out of the affair. They apply to the
actual dealers in cattle, and pocket in their turn
more than £5,200 above the real value of the cattle.
So that these animals, by the time they reached
the patriots who were to eat them, had, through
the operations of the patriots who furnished them,
cost about £5 a piece more than they were worth !
To this was to be added the cost of conveyance, for
it seems it took the cattle longer to reach Washing-
ton than it did the heroes of the Potomac to eat
them when they got there. Perhaps those heroes
have learned in the school of ULYSSES, and can
can manage each three whole chines of a fat hog at
three dinners in one day.

Men must eat now, as well as in the days of the
siege of Troy. But, as the patient Greeks

" Were renowned as HOMER writes
For well-soled shoes no less than fights"—

so, the heroes of Bull's Run certainly "required a
good supply of the same articles. Mr. DAWES com•
plains, however, that they were poorly supplied
with them, which may help to explain the non-
advance of Al' CLELLAN, shoes being as essential to
an advance as to a retreat or " Run." The accuser
says, however, that the army has already worn out
a "million of shoes"—(is that a pair a piece for the
500,000)—and that on every one of these there has
been a waste of more than three shillings, which
should mean that in the little matter of shoes, some
Northern patriots have shared £150,000 among
them. We can only hope they are not paid yet, and
that the money will reach them in the shape of Mrs
CHASE'S inconvertible and depreciated paper. Mr.
DAWES adds that " three-quarters of a million of
dollars have been already worn out, and another
three-quarters of a million of dollars upon shoes is
now
being manufactured." He tells us that con-
tracts in this department have been so plentiful
that Government officials have gone about the
streets with their pockets full of them---made
presents of them to clergymen of parishes, and
used them as plaisters for old political sores.
Mr. DAWES enumerates other things which have

not escaped the corruption of the contract system,"
but he next fastened at some length on the cavalry.
The Northerns have not the reputation of being
much of riders—not, at least, in comparison with
the South. They found, however, that they needed
cavalry, and sot about to create that also
in the Northern style. Horsedealers are
not proverbial for scrupulosity either ix quality
or in price in the old country, but the
Northerners can " whip us," in horse selling as in
everything else. One regiment of cavalry 1,000
strong on arriving at Louisville had 485 of its horses
rejected as utterly worthless ; not one of them was
worth £4 ! They " were blind, spavined, ring-
boned, afflicted with the heavers, with the glanders,
and with every disease that horseflesh is heir to."
Yet these 485 horses had cost the Government
about £24 each, besides £2OO to get them to Louis-
ville to be condemned . It requires at least £50,000
to start one of these regiments, and after they are
started the horses come back by hundreds. " Any
day hundreds of them may be seen round this city
chained to trees, where they are left to starve to
death." Indeed they have " died and rotted" till
the sanitary authorities in Columbia have been com-
pelled to seek legislative aid to save the city from
the dangers attendant on these "Horse Golgothas."
According to our American HUME, the raising of
these regiments, and the enormous profits upon
doing it, is made a subject of shameless calcula-
tion and traffic between men of the class of ex-
governors and ex-judges.
It is, of course, impossible to follow Mr. DAWES
through the detail of all his charges. lic gives
examples of contracts of arms furnished to mem-
bers of Congress who know no more of arms than
does a Methodist minister ; of immense supplies of
muskets, ordered at an enormous price, and that
not for present service, but for a time when the
war is to be over and done with. When they last
appropriated twenty millions of dollars, thirty-
seven millions had then been pledged to contractors.
A costly contract was made for wood for the army.
The contractor took the trees which the army
had been obliged to cut down, carried them to the
camp in the army waggons, and had, of course, no
further trouble for his money. A hundred millions
of dollars had thus been expended on the army,
in repose, between the 22d of December and
the 13th of January, when he was speaking.
What would the expenditure be when the grand
army was put in motion ? Two hundred millions
more would be expended before the 4th of March,
the dying day of Congresses. Sixty millions ster-
ling in three months ! This reads, indeed, like
exaggeration, but the speaker included, of course,
all the reckless contracts by which so much would
be swallowed up. - He concluded his unsparing
exposure with professing willingness to incur any
expense to put down the rebellion—with declaring
that the Treasury Notes, without corresponding
taxation, must pall on the country—with exposing
the effect on the wages of the soldiers, of the depre-
ciation of government paper—and with the declara-
tion that sixty days longer must bring about a
decided result, either an ignominious peace, or a
taxation which would sustain the credit of the
country—and that they would treat as traitors,
"not only those who are bold and manly enough to
meet us face to face in the field of strife, but all
those who clandestinely and stealthily suck the life-
blood from us in this mighty struggle." It seems
that we are not alone in expecting that a year, or
even half a year may see the American Treasury
bankrupt, through the issue of paper, and creation
of loans, without corresponding taxation ; and that
this may really be the ignominious close of the
monster civil war in America—North as well as
South—Bankrupt.

NAPOLEON'S speech yesterday, in opening the
French Chambers, will be road in this country with
almost complete satisfaction. It is, with one excep-
tion afterwards to be particularised, entirely pacific
throughout. It is (wonderful to relate !) economic
in its financial foreshadowing% It is, moreover—
still more wonderful to tell ! —in several respects
almost the speech of what we regard, on this side
of the Channel, as a Constitutional Sovereign. Yet
after having said all this, it is but right that we
should add immediately that it is, in one or two
particulars, very far removed, indeed, from perfec-
tion. It is, in regard to the core and heart of the
European difficulty—that is to say, in reference
to Italy, in reference to Rome, in reference to
Venetia—as problematical as well could be. What
the French EMPEROR remarks upon that delicate
and difficult point—upon that tangled centre of
the Gordian knot of Continental diplomacy—is,
as we shall show forthwith, an enigma as in-
scrutable in its way as any ever vouchsafed
from her tripod by the foaming priestess
of Delphos. The Oracle at the Tuileries might
for all the world, upon this subject at least, so far
as relates to the discovery of any revelation from a
careful examination of the meaning of his actual
utterance—the Imperial Oracle of the Tuilories, we
say, might just as lief have been "dumb" altogether.
" Dumb " that Oracle is not, however, upon the
great Italian Question, which is still also the great
Italian Difficulty. It'emits still from its inscrutable
lips what GARIBALDI, among others, might yet not
inaptly define by the English Poet's phrase as a
sound of " Hideous Hum "—for that, and scarcely
anything less than that, it is beyond a doubt of it.
First of all, however, it is worthy of remark that,
twice in the course of his speech, yesterday,
NAPOLEON refers with a very comprehensible and,
under the circumstances, a very allowable com-
placency to the duration already for ten years of
his Imperial Government. With almost equal
complacency his MAJESTY has prefaced his
inaugural address of the session of 1862, by
saying of 1861—" The year which has just passed
has, notwithstanding certain uneasiness, seen the
consolidation of peace. All the rumours designedly
propagated respecting imaginary pretensions have
fallen to the ground themselves before the simple
reality of facts." And as if to render wholly unmis-
takeable his allusion here to certain designs imputed
to him a twelvemonth since, having refetence.to a
scheme of territorial aggrandisement along the banks
of the Rhine, at the expense of German interests,
but especially of the interests of the Prussian
Government, the French EMPEROR, after observing
relations with. foreign
in
Powersgen e r a 1
afford terms-
in e A
mosty
the visit of several Sovereigns has still more ientire satisfaction, and
con-
tributed to rivet our bonds of friendship "—NAPO-
LEON immediately goes on to say—" The King of
PRUSSIA, by visiting France, has been enabled to
judge for himself of our desire to unite ourselves
more closely with a Government and with a people
who advance with calm and steady steps towards
progress." It is conceived, all this, as will bo re-
marked, in a truly magnificent strain of Imperial
patronage. Their responsible lord of the most nume-
rous and highly disciplined army in the world, the
supreme ruler who wields a sceptre of absolute
authority over 40,000,000 Frenchmen—is here
recognised as patting on the back that haughty
King of PRUSSIA, Who made himself so intensely
ridiculous a few months back upon the occasion of
his self coronation—the despotic Sovereign of
France is hero seen commending the Prussian
monarch and the Prussian people, for inasmuch
as they are, he says, making a calm and
steady advance—not, observe! in progress, but

towards progress," vers le progres, Yet NAPO - I
LEON, after all, is not talking thus without a
certain right on his part to do so, without suffi-
cient and visible reasons having been given by
him to France, and, for that matter, even now,
be it said, to Europe, for so speaking. Not
without a certain justification can he say as he
does towards the close of his speech yesterday to
his Senators and Deputies, " You are aware that
upon every occasion when a useful reform was pos-
sible I have resolutely taken the initiative." Adding
here, however, " But I shall nevertheless maintain
intact the fundamental basis of the constitution,
which has already given to the country 10 years of
order and prosperity." The allusion made in this
manner yesterday by NAPOLEON to his rea-
diness at all times (when he himself
deems it fitting or convenable) to conciliate
" a useful reform" of one kind or another
—had reference manifestly, as the preceding
part of his MAJESTY'S address had indicated, to the
Financial changes, changes of a fundamental cha-
racter and of the widest scope, recently adventured
upon by the Imperial Government.

The bulk of his MAJESTY'S speech yesterday,
the most conspicuous, and, in all essential
resrects, the most satisfactory part of that
speech, has reference, indeed, to those fun-
damental and comprehensive change. in the
financial department of the Napoleonic scheme
of administration. Speaking of the financial affairs
of France, it was a novelty to hear the EMPEROR
remarking frankly yesterday, " A candid statement
has acquainted you with our real conditions."
That, as we all know, being actually the case !
While his MAJESTY acknowledges, however, the
concern not unnaturally felt by the pub-
lic at large throughout his Empire on
learning, SE they did the other day, the stupen-
dous amount to whieh the public debt had risen,
i.e., to 963 million, he especially takes care to dis-
tinguish very pointedly, though in a very long and
tortuous sentence, the necessity there is for
"subtracting from this amount the 652 millions,
which were a charge on the State at a period prior
to the empire, and also the 78 millions repaid to
the holders of public bonds at the time of the con-
version of the Rente, and finally, the 233 millions
of deficit caused during the last two financial
periods by expeditions to distant countries,
and which might have been covered by a loan, it
will be seen that since the establishment of the
empire, owing, it is true, to the consolidations of
public debt which have been successfully effected,
the deficits have not been increased in proportion
to the necessities for which we have been obliged
to provide, and to the advantages obtained during
the last 10 years." Later on, moreover, he takes occa-
sion to observe, with a certain grand air of satisfac-
tion, that " the 622 millions, independently of the
three milliards made use of by the companies for the
construction of 6,553 kilometres of railway, have
btenexpended by the Treasury upon great works of
public utility, the execution of the network of tele-
graphic lines, the amelioration of the position of
nearly all the servants of the State, the increased
comfort of the soldier, the proportioning of the
regimental lists of the army to the requirements of
the dignity of France in time of peace, the trans-
formation of the fleet and of all eur ordnance, and
the rebuilding of our religious edifices and of our
public monuments." Nay more, observes his
MAJESTY, " This outlay has imparted a beneficial
impetus to all useful works throughout the empire.
Have we not seen our towns metamorphosed,
the country enriched by the progress of agri-
culture, and our foreign commerce rise from
2,600,000,000 fr. to 5,800,000,000fi. ? Finally, by
the mere increase of public prosperity, the revenue
of the State has increased by several hundred
millions." The allusions throughout those portions
of the Imperial Speech yesterday, we cannot but re-
gard as of such paramount importance at this mo•
ment both to France and to Europe that we have
found it impossible not to quote the very words
uttered, in regard to his financial doings, by NAPO-
LEON 111.

There are yet two portions of the Imperial
Speech to which we have already alluded inciden•
tally, and to which we must now for a moment
revert, as indeed we have already promised,
to revert to them. The one is an enigma,
and it is this NAPOLEON is speaking of, the
partially consolidated sovereignty having Rome
in its centre and Venetia to the north-east ! And
upon this point his MAJESTY observes—" I have re-
cognised the Kingdom of Italy, with the firm inten-
tion of contributing by sympathetic and disinte-
rested counsels, to conciliate two causes whose anta-
gonism everywhere disturbs minds and consciences."
A sentence, leaving the problem unsolved—as pro-
blematical as ever—without a glimmering of its so-
lution ! The other utterance, yet remaining to be
particularised according to promise, is the
ono only portion of this otherwise singu-
larly pacific manifesto in which the EMPEROR
seems to imply just a hint of a possible resort to
arms. " The civil war," he says, " which desolates
America has gravely compromised our commercial
interests. So long, however, as the rights of
neutrals are respected, we must confine ourselves
to expressing wishes for the early termination of
these dissensions." Cependant tant que les droits
des neutres serent respectes. Mr. SEWARD can
hardly do better than take those few and moderate,
but perfectly sufficient words, well to heart—and
that betimes.

I)AN7ESQUE GALLERE-Sr. JAMES'S

BALL.

-

A novel and interesting exhibition is now open
at the St. James's Hall, of which the first repre-
sentation was given last week. It consists of a
series of large paintings, 27 in number, illustra-
tive of Dante's immortal poem, the "Diving
Commedia." The pictures are of large size, and
are executed with considerable skill. Many of
them are bold- and effective in design, and elicited
loud applause from the visitors during their exhi-
bition, which was managed in the form of a
panorama. Appropriate extracts from the great
poet were read in explanation of the scenes re-
presented, and once a week the accompanying lec-
ture will be given in the Italian language, an oppor-
tunity that would, we should imagine, be gladly
taken by Italians residing in this country. There
are also so many persons of education among
us Ns ho are able to appreciate the beauties of the
great Florentine's chef dceuvre that we should an-
ticipate decided success for this striking and in-
genious representation.

Frances Ann Marchioness of Londonderry has
been surrounded the last few weeks by a family circle at
Wynyard Park, amongst whom were the Duchess of St.
Albans and Viscount Falkland and Lady Diana Beauclerk,
the Duke of St. Albans, the Puchess of Marlborough, the
Earl and Countess Vane and Lady Frances Vane, Lord
Adolphus and Lady Susan Vane Tempest, Mr. Henry
Millbank, Sir Hedworth Williamson, Mr. George Late_
son, &c.

SPECIAL SERVICES AT ST. PAUL'S.—The fol-
lowing is the list of preachers for February :—Feb. 2, Rev.
T. Rowsell, rector of St. Margaret's, Lothbury ; Oth, Rev.
J. liempe, rector of St. James's; IGth, the Bishop of Ohio,
Dr. Macllvaine ; 23d, the Rev. Daniel Moore, incumbent
of Camden Church, Camberwell, and lecturer at St. Mar.
garet's, Lothbury.

Large exports of arms continue to take place
from the German and Belgian ports fur America. The
lita has just sailed from Antwerp for Now York with
16,000 stand of arms—old flint locks converted into percus-
sion muskets at Liege, at a cost of £3,000. Their value is
estimated at £20,000. The Sumpter, fortunately for this
vessel, is out of the way, cruising in the Mediterranean.

LATEST NEWS.

PARIS, JAN. 28.

The Moniteur of to-day announces that the Go-
vernment will make a communication to the Corps
Legislatif to-day,

The Paris papers contain the following :

" It is asserted that the Archduke Maximilian
has accepted the throne of Mexico, on condition
that the allies agree to maintain the occupation of
Mexico for 10 years."

The battery of artillery, whose departure was
adjourned, left yesterday for Mexico.

MADRID, JAN. 27.

In to-day's sitting of the Congress Marshal
O'Donnell expressed his approval of the conduct of
General Serrano, and declared that Vera Cruz was
occupied in the name of three Powers.

VIENNA, JAN. 27.

The Emperor has created a new Ministry of
Marine, the portfolio of which has been entrusted
to Count Wickenburg, Minister of Commerce.

COPENHAGEN, JAN. 27.

In to-day's sitting of the Rigsraad, bills were
introduced by the Government granting very
liberal reforms in the common constitution of
Denmark and Schleswig.
The franchise is lowered 50 per cent.

Until 1858, when Holstein ceased to send
representatives, the Rigsraad was composed of 80
members, but there being now only 60, the
number sufficient to form a quorum is reduced
from 41 to 31.

The Rigsraad is to elect its own President and
Vice President, and is invested with the right of
drawing up bills and of putting questions to the
Ministry.
The articles of the Constitution which relate to
Holstein and Lauenburg are cancelled, because the
difficulties in regard to those two duchies can no
longer be allowed to stop the constitutional deve-
lopment of the Rigsraad.
The votes of supply for 1862.G3 include large
sums for the navy.

FRANCE.
PARIS, JAN. 27.

BOURSE, Jan. 27.—Firmness continues to be the
order of the day, and a fair amount of business was
transacted at a further advance on the closing rates
of Saturday. Threes, for the Account, are now
at 74f. 25c. Railway shares also firm, and quota-
tions in many lines rather higher.
The following are the last quotations :
ft per per Cents 99 25 Credit Fancier 1270
Do. end month.... 99 501 Belgian 4/ lOl
3 per Cents
Do. end month 7l 25 Roman
Bank Shares 2960 Austrian -
Credit Mobilier.... 743 75 Spanish Threes —
Do. Account 745 —lllome Debt

RAILWAYS.
Cash. Account.
Orleans 1335 —•- .. 1337 50
Northern ....
New ditto
Lyons and Mediterranean 1072 50 .. 1073 75

Geneva — • •
Southern 685 .. 686 25
Western
Eastern
Sardinian
Austrian
Lombard 536 25 .. 537 50

POLAND.
(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)
WARSAW, JAN. 20.

After the departure of the Administrator of the
Diocese of Warsaw, Bialobrzewski for the fortress
of Bobrujsk, whose sentence of death had been
commuted by the Emperor to one year's imprison-
ment, the authorities have published there a long
official report of the prelate's trial by a court-mar-
tial, evidently with a view to praise and to magnify
the Imperial clemency, however difficult it is
to believe that there was a real intention of
shooting this worthy and patriotic priest. It is
much more probable that public indignation raised
in Europe against the unjust and cruel treatment
of Canon Bialobrzewski and other Polish priests
had not been without effect even on the hardened
nature of a Russian Czar.

The nomination of a new Archbishop, Pelinski,
who was Professor of the Catholic Academy at St.
Petersburg, appears to have produced here a favour-
able impression. His noble character, his fervent
piety, are generally appreciated ; and it is believed
that his comparatively young age will command
the necessary firmness for so difficult a post. The
clergy in Poland, being the representatives and the
guardians of the national sentiment, it may easily
be conceived with what interest and anxiety the
first acts of the newly appointed Archbishop will be
watched and judged. All people say, that if he
prove to be another Bialobrzewski, he shall have
well deserved of his country.
We are still in the full expectation of the long-
promised opening of the Council of State, whose
decision on the present question has been so much
delayed, and I should not be surprised if, at the
moment of the door of the deliberating hall being
about to be opened, some Russian subterfuge should
not be used to postpone the sitting sine die. The
same may be said of the schools; the system of
education, which the Marquis Wielopolski was to
improve, remains just as it was, with some trum-
pery alterations, and no University is to be restored
to Warsaw. Even the more important towns are
deprived of the privilege of procuring high schools,
and tho Polish youth will be again compelled for
the completion of their studies to proceed to St.
Petersburg or Moscow.

It has been reported that the Marquis
Wielopolski was to return to Poland, and again to
occupy a very high post. It would be certainly the
height of impudence to resume an official life after
so sad a failure and a cavalier-like treatment he
received from the Russian Governor-General Narc.
He is lost in the estimation of his countrymen and
the Russians.

In addition to tho war against the dresses and
deportment of the people, which is raging as
furiously as ever, a new campaign has been_ com-
menced by Mr.Kreusenstein, Director in the Ministry
of the Interior, against the moustaches of the gen-
tlemen employed in" that office. An elaborate
circular, printed in large type, duly signed, counter-
signed, and registered, prescribes all the officials to
shave their moustaches and beards under the penalty
of being summarily dismissed. Considering the
severe season, cold and snow, which we now expe-
rience, this absurd and tyrannical regulation causes
no less annoyance than physical suffering. M,
Krusenstein, who is a German in the Russian ser-
vice, is but too happy to tax his brains for the pur-
pose of inventing every possible mode of oppressing
the Poles. Nothing can prove more clearly than
such conduct the futile pretexts employed by the
Russians solely to administer the most severe
punishments for offences which you in England
would consider childish. Then again, among those
sent to the penal regiments at Orenburg, as stated
in the official Gazette, were—Jackowski, for tear-
ing off the placards posted by the police ; Belkhir, for
reading and spelling the same, Parnewski for chaf-
fing a patrol, and Barbinski for using coarse lan-
guage towards a soldier. What would be said in
England or in France, were such trifling GM n ces
to be punished with transportation or even penal
servitude.

But in Russia, for want of any other occupa-
tion, there must be sitting a permanent judicial
board for no other apparent object than framing
ukases and passing sentences, Not long ago the
St. Petersburg journal published an ukaso signed
by the Emperor in the following terms :
I, The regulation for military measures gives the
Governor-Generale, and in the provinces where there
are none, the military governors, provisionally
appointed, the right of proclaiming the state of
siege wherever and whenever they
will deem it
necessary. This done, they can dismiss public
functionaries at ono moment's notice, and delegate
to the martial court all the duties of the police.

Every inhabitant, be he a civilian or a military man,
is amenable to the court martial, which tries accord-
ing to the military laws. In case of resistance,
recourse can be had to arms without any responsi-
bility whatever. The police and the patrols can
arrest any suspicious person, and deliver him over
to the military authority."

In the town of Kalisz, the chief of the district,
Bakowsig, has issued the following order :
If a woman wears the prohibited dress or attmpts
to sing the hymns forbidden by the police,. her hus-
band, father, or master, shall be arrested without
exception. Those who would fail in denouncing to
the nearest military authority the meetings of the
landowners, even in private houses, will be amenable
to be tried by a court-martial. The mayors of the
towns and villages will bo responsible for the execu-
tion of this order."

Similar and perhaps more stringent regulations
have been issued by the notorious Nazimow, Go-
vernor-General of Lithuania, and in view of such
a treatment I ask what can be expected from the
Poles, save eternal hatred and a thirst for vengeance.

BARRISTERS AND ATTaRNETS.

(FROM A CORRESPONDENT.)

We lately drew attention to the very defective
state of legal education which has for so many
years existed in the Inns of Court and the necessity
of a compulsory examination for every student pre-
viously to his call to the Bar, which has now been
in existence for upwards of a quarter of a century,
for what is usually denominated the lower branch
of the profession. It may well be worthy of eon-
sideration whether there be any real reason why the
two branches of the legal profession should not be
amalgamated, as they have so long been with such
good effect in America. We would ask, in all
humility, who is the real sufferer by the forced
division of the profession into branches P Why,
the answer is very obvious—the public; the only
body for whom professional men of any kind
ought to exist at all. They are compelled to
employ two professional men where ono would be
amply sufficient for all purposes. Thus does the
public pay double fees without getting his work
at all better done. It will be said in objection
to this change, that there must be a division of
labour, that the offices of Barrister and Attorney
are totally distinct, that they have nothing to do
with one another, that they require a totally dif-
ferent training, different education, different men,
&c. Now, in answer to the first objection, of course
a division of labour there must of necessity be : the
same individual who collects the evidence
cannot in all cases, perhaps seldom or never,
conduct the case, but then this could very
easily be remedied by increasing the number
of partnerships and clerks. The partner
cleverest in speaking could go into court and openly
conduct the case, and the other partner, or partners,
more adapted to writing letters and conversing
with clients, could remain in chambers and transact
what is now termed the attorney and solicitor
branch of the profession.

Thus, would the public not only get their busi-
ness much better done, as well as at afar less expense,
but what is perhaps far more to the point even
than this, the attorneys would save themselves
much time and trouble, and would have the advan-
tage of having an advocate in ono of their own
body as well as in the person who manages the
routine part of the profession. Now, in answer to
the second objection, that the respective offices of
barrister and attorney are totally distinct—that
this is nothing but an assumption, and an assertion,
it is not very difficult to prove. An attorney must
know and prepare his case well before he delivers
it to counsel. It is necessary for him to know all
the inns and outs of it. Therefore, having done
this, why should he not be competent to conduct
his own case. In very many cases, we might
say almost in all, an attorney has to instruct
counsel far more than to gain instruction from him.
He has oftentimes to hand over his brief to a man
his inferior both in years, knowledge, and power of
speech. It would be an endless task were we to
enumerate the cases continually lost through the
ignorance or incompetency of junior barristers.
And this, to a great extent at any rate, through the
prejudiced narrow-minded idea that the respective
offices of barrister and attorney are per SO
distinct and separate. Lastly, as regards the educa-
tion of the two. In what respect is it necessary for
the education of barrister and attorney to be diffe-
rent. Why should not the Inns of Court and Chan-
cery, as well as the Law Institution, be amalgamated
and turned into one legal university for the educa-
tion and instruction of students about to become
members of the legal profession ? Or, if this be
impracticable why should not the Inns of Court
(like the Law Institution did now upwards of a
quarter of a century ago) be compelled to institute
an examination which should be compulsory upon

all their members. Since the year 1836, which was
the year the legal examination for articled clerks
commenced, the Inns of Court have (until within
the last 10 years, since which time there has been
a slight improvement, but very slight indeed, as we
in a recent article explained), for all practical pur-
poses, been worse than useless. Tha present, sem-
blance of an examination does not do any good, as
we are now about to show. There have not been
wanting instances of men being called to the bar,
under the present system, who have attempted to
pass the present examination, but have failed:
Having pointed out in a recent article a short
analysis of the changes brought about in legal edu-
cation at the Inns of Court and tbeLawlnstitution,
during the last 15 years, we deem it wholly unne-
cessary to carry our readers over the same ground
again. In conclusion, therefore, we would add
that while the two branches of the legal profession
are kept distinct, we would, as we have ever done,
highly recommend an examination which should bo
compulsory upon all students, previously to their
having the degree of barrister-at-law conferred upon
them. And we hope the question of an amalgama-
tion between the two branches of the legal profes-
sion may shortly receive, both from politiciams and
political economists, that degree of attention to
which it is so highly entitled.

THIS DAY'S fit .11?K_ETS.

HAY MARKETS.

SMITTIFIELD.—Meadow hay, £2 .5s to £5 ; clover, £3 10s
to £5 15s Od ; and straw, £1 8s to £1 16s Od per load.
Trade very slow ; supply moderate.

CumnEuLaNn.--Meadow hay, £2 55 to £5 08; clover
£3 lOs to £.5 155; and straw, £1 85 to £1 165 per load.
Trade dull.
WHITECHAPEL.—MeiIdOW hay, £2 55 to £5 Os; oloveT,
13 10s to £5 15s Od ; and straw, £1 84 to £1 Ms per load.
A heavy demand.