The Sun.
London, England, 1862-09-24 00:00:00

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CONT.
The Opium Revenue of India
Considered in Connexion
with ➢ir. Laing's Last
Budget.
A First Friendship. A Tale.
Chapters XII.—VIII.
North and South. The Two
Constitutions. By a White
Republican.
Notes from Numidia.—The
"Grande Kabylie."

What is Truth ?-A Page from
the Covenant. By Shirley.
Autumn. By Astley H. Bald-
win.
Adrian.—A Tale. Chapters
XI. —XIV.
Art for Artificers. By G. J.
Cayley.
Concerning Sundays Long
Ago. By A. K. H. B.
The Sixth Quarter of the
World.
Spiritualism.

London: Parker, Son, an,

Bourn, West Strand, W.C.

TEETH.--By MR. ESKELL'S INVENTION
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imperishable base of the colour of the gum, to which it ad-
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is, the readiness with which these teeth can be re-adapted to
any change of the mouth (even by the wearer); and as they
act independently of all disturbing causes which affect teeth
of ordinary construction, they are guaranteed to last a life
time, as well as for mastication and articulation. Mr.
ESRELL'S TREATISE, which fully exnlains his invention,
post free for seven stamps.—lnspection of
specimensi and Con-
sultations free. Terms strictly moderate.--8, Grosvenor-
street, Bond-street, London ; and 39, Bennett's-lull, Bir-
mingham.

The annual meeting of the Cotton Supply Association
took place at the Town-hall, Manchester, yesterday. Mr.
John Cheetham, the president, took the chair. Mr. Bazley,
M.P., Mr. Edmond Ashworth, Mr. Malcolm Rose, Col.
Cotton, Mr. Cross, and M. Kt eitzer Rassaertz (the French
consul), were amongst the gentlemen present.
The CHAIRMAN said—Owing to the great length of the
report, and its being printed, Mr. Heywood, the secretary,
would read only a portion of it, and the rest would be taken
as read.
Mr. HEYWOOD then read the following exiracts :
" Your association, since its first formation, has unceas-
ingly laboured, with the means placed at its disposal, to
awaken and fix attention upon the approach of the prt sent
crisis; and no country, in either hemisphere, has been
allowed to slumber in ignorance of the coming calamity.
Through evil and through good report your committee have
resolutely struggled against inert indifference, and have
combated opposition, Nor have they laboured without suc-
cess, as their accumulated records prove, as the public press
has testified, and the activity now displayed in numerous
cotton-growing countries undoubtedly proves. India is our
chief reliance, and from the first formation of your associa-
tion your committee have never ceased to direct their chief
attention to that country, possessing as it does every ele-
ment of climate, soil, and labour, necessary to furnish us
with adequate supplies of the cotton. Your committee
cannot but refer with satisfaction to the adoption of several
great and important measures or proposals which have been
urged upon the attention of the Indian Government by
your association, with a view to the improvement of the
system of land tenure, the construction of roads, and the
creation of greater facilities for communication in that
country. But your committee regret to observe that
the wise and beneficent policy of his Excellency the
late Lord Canning, by resolutions in October last, sanc-
tioning the redemption of the land revenue and the sale
of the waste lands in fee simple, is again likely
to be reversed. They cannot but regard the present
intention of the Indian Government to reverse the policy of
Lord Canning as highly injurious not only as regards
India itself, but as totally destructive of all confidence and
reliance in the promises of our Indian rulers. Moreover,
the Landholders' and Commercial Association of British
India have protested against the intentions of the India-
house on these subjects as 'an injustice, and as involving
great confusion and possible loss to parties who have made
arrangements, on the faith of Lord Canning's resolutions,
for the sale, transfer, and cultivation of land. In the month
of July, 1861, your committee, with the view to obtain as
reliable information as possible upon various subjects of
great interest and importance in relation to the cotton trade
of India, in conjunction with the Manchester Cotton Com-
pany, deputed Mr. Haywood, their commissioner, to visit
that country. In another part of this report reference will
be made to an interview which he solicited and obtained
with his Highness Said Pacha, the Viceroy of Egypt. Pro-
ceeding to Bombay, and after an interview with his Excel-
lency Sir G. Clark, Mr. Haywood visited the several dis-
tricts of Sholapoor, Dharwar, Bellary, Rhaxtdeish, Westernßerar,
u unable
whichabl
result e to
it y w
i of
hissaist
Berar, Guzerat, and Kattiwar. Your committee regret to
state that owing to a series of delays arising
out of the de-
ferred transfer of the district of North Canara from the
theo
onteMadrasoottni-t
g o r
no
wlPeiranevgsi inddgiesntErc
districts
shi
England,
. Indiaa
The s
sßeovernba taley t i
his
n investigations have already, to some extent, been published
mi
othert
in this country; and your committee are now in a position,
through the information thus obtained by their commis-
sioner, to deal in a practical manner with many of the
difficulties they have had to contend with upon Indian
questions. the conclusions arrived at by Mr. Hay Wood,
in reference to India, may be summarised as follows :-
1. It is erroneous to suppose that a stock of 6,000,000
bales of cotton exists at this moment in India, only
awaiting the means of purchase and export. 2. That
had land and water communications been more exten-
sively opened throughout India our present exports from
that country would now have been doubled. 3. That it is
impossible, in the absence of reliable Indian statistics, with
any proximate accuracy to estimate the annual growth of
cotton in India. Various estimates have been assumed,but
the truth lies between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000 bales per
annum. It is disputed by some that this quantity can be
produced from the fact that a large proportion of the native
children have no clothing—but apart from clothing, cotton
is also used as stuffing for beds and pillows, as wadding,
for the manufacture of ropes, cord, and multifold other pur-
poses; add to this the annual waste occasioned by the de-
fective cleaning, damage from the monsoon, careless pack-
ing, and the probability is that the above estimate cannot
be excessive. 4. That the rapid completion of the leading
lines of railway in India will prove an enormous advantage
by hastening the establishment of European agencies in
the interior, whether by public companies or merchants,and
by bringing the crop down to the ports in time for export,
before the setting in of the monsoon. 5. That branch
feeders, whether railways or roads, will be required to con-
nect the main lines with the remoter districts. 6. That
especial attention ought to be given to the immediate con-
struction of bridges upon lines of road that are now useless
for want of them, the construction of which would save
thousands of miles of circuitous traffic. The natives in
various parts of India would willingly subscribe towards
their construction if solicited, and fairly dealt with. With
a view to alleviate the approaching distress, the association,
at the close of 1861, took active measures to encourage the
consumption of East Indian cotton, and encountered se-
rious difficulties arising from prejudice alone. Some alarm
was created among importers from Bombay,in consequence
of reports which were circulated as to the refusal of the
trade to use it. Your committee at once procured samples
of every description of East Indian, cotton in the market,
and samples of yarn spun therefrom were procured from
those spinners who had become alive to the practicability of
the consumption. Messrs. Simpson, of Preston, furnished
samples of 30's, 36's, and 40's;yarn made entirely from East
Indian cotton, which were exhibited at the rooms of the
association. Numerous objections were raised as to its
capability of being woven, bleached, dyed, and printed
equal to yarn and goods made from American cotton. Cloth
was at once procured from Messrs. Simpson and Co., which
was considered of very fair marketable quality. Messrs. J.
Pander and Co. had it bleached and dyed together with
similar pieces made from American cotton, when the dif-
ference was scarcely perceptible. Through Messrs. Mosley,
Hurst, and Co., they procured a number of pieces printed
by Messrs. Fernihough and Co. These were admitted to
equal similar styles in American cloth; and it was proved
that East Indian was admirably adapted to Turkey red
dyeing. From numerous spinners a large collection of yarns
was obtained, ranging from No. 4's to No. 70's,all guaranteed
exclusively from East Indian cotton, including sample
bundles of 40's and 50's, presented by Messrs. Robinson,
Crum, and Co., of Aberdeen, and also cloth from Messrs.
Simpson and Co., of Preston; Messrs. Eskrigge and Barr,
of Stockport ; Mr. John Walker, of Bury. The latter were
successively bleached, dyed, and printed, in order effectually
to remove the objections that were brought forward from
week to week at the exhibition at the rooms of the asso•
ciation."

The CHAIRMAN said, under the grave circumstances
by which the cotton trade was surrounded at the present
moment, the thoughts and attention of all present would
probably be directed as to what, supposing the continuance
of the unfortunate struggle in America, would be the po-
sition in which they would be placed as to the supply of
cotton from other countries. Unquestionably India was
the chief source to which they must look for any large in-
crease of supply in replacement of that which had been
withdrawn by the troubles in the United States. Mr.
Laing, in his recent speech at Manchester, had stated
what he (the chairman), from all the information possessed
by the association, believed to be true, that, as re-
garded the increase of cotton supply from India and on
which many persons were relying, they must bring
their anticipations within a narrower boundary than many
of them had contemplated, and not calculate upon this year's
crop exceeding the last. He confessed that he, individually,
was disappointed. He had calculated that, even assuming
there was no increased cultivation in India, the wider area
e have
twelve
l beene months. s
which would be created, the high price enabling a much
greater expenditure in transit to
oe laid out, and enabling
us to gather from more remote districts than previously,
would
ufficientutnofoindcurneaasteelyt,hehesubeplpielyvefdorththaet eltnn tw ev
was not to be the result, and we could not safely expect
more in that period from India than the million bales we
received last year. What, then, was the future of India ?
He believed that in some districts there was a larger breadth
of cotton sown for the forthcoming year, but not at all in
proportion to what might have been expected by the sti-
mulus of the present high prices. The fact was that India
was a peculiar country. There were difficulties attending
it which did not exist in other countries. The chief diffi-
culty was that the English purchaser did not deal with the
cotton growers' The attempt to do so was surrounded by
obstacles which in the opinion of many rendered it next to
impossible. The only district which he looked upon with
satisfaction in India was that of Dharwar, one of those
selected for experiment when the East India Company em-
ployed certain American planters to cultivate American
cotton in India. He believed four districts were then set
out, of which Dharwar was one. After the expenditure of
a considerable sum, those American planters officially re-
ported that the climate and soil of India were unsuitable
to the growth of American cotton, and they retired, leaving
failure.
three out of the four districts a complete The fourth,
, had it not been for
Dharwar, would have been the same
an active civil commissioner, who without authority from
government, and instigated by his own desire that this,
to hfm, promising enterprise of cultivating exotic seeds
should be persevered in, undertook on his own responsi-
bility the toil and labour of encouraging and enforcing
in some degree upon the natives the cultivation of the

plant. He had to pass for some years through serious
difficulties, but finally accomplished his object; and now
throughout that district the ryot had ascertained that for the
cultivation of American seed he received a higher price and
a larger product from the soil. In that'district, therefore,
had been carried out to some extent the sound principle
that the cultivator should know the wishes and wants of the
consumer, but that was the only part of India where such
an experiment had progre: sod or even been attempted. In
that district Mr. Haywood said the cultivation of Ameri-
can seed was extending. He told the Association so in one
of his communications from India, when, by a singular ac-
cident, the same mail brought them two other communica-
tions, one by the late Governor-General, telling them that
they had completely misunderstood the intelligence and
skill of the ryot, who wanted no instruction whatever,
also that the attempt to introduce exotic seed would be a
failure ; and one from the governor of Madras, containing
the same prediction. They had also before them a large
octavo book published by authority of the Government and
edited by the President of the Bombay Chamber of Com-
merce, telling them that the Indian climate and soil were
unfavourable to exotic seed, and that they must no longer
direct their exertions in that channel. Notwithstanding
these statements, contradictory of the report of their com-
missioners of what he saw with his own eyes, it was
found that at Liverpool the results of American seed
obtained the highest value of any kind of cotton sold
under the name of Indian. (Hear, hear.) In the posi-
tion in which they were now placed, and likely to re-
main for some time to come, this slow progress was
exceedingly unsatisfactory. They were in a position un-
exampled in the history of the trade, and it appeared to him
that efforts unexampled should also be made to alleviate
that position and the distress which was being endured by
their operatives. He thought that for the future interests
of this country and of India also, it was far more important
that the quality of the cotton sent from India should be
improved, even more so than the quantity. They were de-
sirous not to return again to what Mr. Laing hinted at, and
which if the present state of things continued would inevi-
tably come to pass, their allegianze to the slave-grown
cotton of the Southern States, but were desirous to see some
large competitor, who should hereafter take ue the supply
of this country in place of America, permanently, and to
the satisfaction of the consumer. He confessed that except
as regarded the district of Dharwar, he saw no present pro-
spect of anything being done to realise that great prospect
in India, and consequently we should live to see, if a return
of peace took place in America, and the energies, and skill,
and capital of the Southern planter were again directed to
the cultivation of cotton, he would be again in possession of
the market, and this advantageous opportunity for India
would have passed away without that beneficial result
which the best friends of India would have desired to see.
But they were told by high authorities who cared to instruct
them in the details of their own business, that the quality
of the cotton needed no improvement, that the quantity
was there, and it was only in short supply because of their
own inaction and stupidity in not sending agents to buy it.
The same opinion prevailed moreover with regard to every
cotton-growing country. But all practical men knew that
there was no cotton-growing country on the face of the
earth where there were not agents who would buy any
amount of cotton that was there. There were no agencies
wanting. In Turkey, in Syria, in Egypt, and in South
America, the native buyers were alert enough to get what
cotton was grown. What was wanted was to take steps to
improve the quality of Indian cotton, in order that it might
take its own place in the market hereafter, and that we might
no longer hear the foolish statement that India did not grow
cotton because it did not get the price that would pay the
grower. We heard no such complaint from any other cot-
ton-growing country. The Indian grower did not get the
required price because he sent US the most inferior cotton
that was grown, and he got a reward in proportion. Unfor-
fortunately the grower happened to be an individual with
whom we could not communicate, and there it was that
a duty devolved on the consumer of endeavouring to place
himself in more direct relations with the natives. But he
(the chairman) contended that it was not solely the duty of
the consumer to do this. The important duty of raising
India into the settled competitor of America was one the
responsibility of which seemed to rest on three parties. A
number of gentlemen had already testified their admission
of the fact that the consumer was one of those parties, by
the formation of the Indian Cotton Company, for the pur-
pose of direct communication with the ryot, and teaching
him what was the precise quality required. In the next
place, the Government of Bombay had a very responsible
duty as well as interest in this matter. It had frequently
been said to him in London, 4, Why don't you do in India
with cotton what was done with sugar and indigo ? The
native sugar and indigo were so inferior that they were not
to be consumed in the English market, but Englishmen
went and superintended the cultivation of those articles,
and now they have taken a stand equal to any others." But
who were the gentlemen who superintended that cultivation?
Were they the importing merchants, or the shopkeepers
and buyers ? No ; they were the Madras and Calcutta
merchants, who wanted the article for export in return for
the goods they brought in. The committee of this associa-
tion have not been unmindful of bringing this matter before
the Bombay merchants, and their answer was a very simple
and businesslike one. They said, "We have tried to come
in contact with the ryot; we have sent English agents into
the interior, and we have found it won't pay." Of course
there was an end of the argument; those gentlemen best
knew their own business. The third party which would
be benefited by improving the quality of cotton, so as to
make India an exporting country to the extent of two or
times her present trade, was the Government of India.
Would not the Government derive a better rent for land ?
And were the Government, nevertheless, to lie by and say
"It bblongs to you, as manufacturers, to do it ; you are free,
traders, and it would be contrary to all political economy if
the Government of India trespassed on ground so delicate."
Well, what were these gentlemen actually doing—strict free
traders as they professed to be ? The Government of India
were tea planters and opinm growers, making a fair profit.
They had iron foundries on their hands, which he was afraid
did not yield much profit, and they had found funds and
assistance along the banks of the Indus for the Belfast flax
growers. To come nearer home, the British tax payer was
charged for annual prizes and premiums given by the Go-
vernment for the cultivation of flax in Ireland, while in
England the Government voted funds for a commissioner to
increase his breed of salmon, who had his offices and his
clerk in London, and his salary, all paid out of our taxes.
It appeared to him monstrous, in the present grave position
of so large a portion of our population, that we should be
met by quibbles of this kind, and he maintained that there
was a duty and a responsibility of the Government to aim
to assist in the attainment of the desired object. He was
convinced that without the introduction of exotic seed, im-
proved system of cultivation, and the elevation of the qua-
lity of the article, we should be compelled to abandon India
as our great reliance for the growth of cotton. But there
was another country to which he was hopefully looking for-
ward, and that was the empire of Turkey. The moment we
heard speak of Turkey we were accustomed to associate it
with unsettled government, disturbed peoples, and the ab-
sence of security to life and property. He believed that
all this was mainly chargeable to only a portion of the
Turkish dominions. But there was in Turkey in Europe,
and especially in Turkey in Asia, along the Syrian coasts,
a population capable of cultivating cotton very superior in
quality to that of India. This association, during tho last
12 months, had sent out a considerable quantity of Ameri-
can and Egyptian seed, and, in contrast to the Bombay
merchants, the Smyrna merchants had said, "If we can
increase the exports from Syria, we can materially increase
the imports," and they had subscribed a sam for the pur-
chase of seed, sent one of their number to this country to
communicate with the association, and now the pleasing
statement was made, from various channels in that coun-
try, that the next 12 months' supply of cotton, a large pro-
portion of which would result from American seed, would
not be less than 60,000 bales from Turkey in Asia alone.
Some time ago a deputation from the association had a very
interesting interview with the Turkish ambassador in Lon-
don to direct his attention to certain difficulties ; he entered
fully into their views, and requesteol them to memorialise
the Sultan. Before that could be done the Turkish Govern-
ment had sent a despatch to London, from which it ap-
peared that instructions were already given for the removal
of many of those obstacles, one of the most serious of which
was the exaction of a tithe on the growth of cotton. In
order to encourage cultivators all taxes were abolished upon
uncultivated land that should be devoted to cotton growing
for the next five years, and a sum of money was set apart
for making roads in Turkey and Syria. The prospect of
an increased supply also from Egypt was some further con-
solation for the somewhat disappointing prospect as to In-
dia. (Hear.)

Mr. T. BA ZLE Y, M.P., moved the adoption of the report,
which, ho said, was replete with encouraging facts. For
himself he was very much indisposed to address the meet-
ing at all. He felt somewhat disheartened. He felt that
he might perhaps be in a false position, for during 25 years
he had been incessantly calling the attention of the trade
to the probable dilemma in which it would be placed.
(Applause.) The anticipated crisis had arrived, and al-
though universal sympathy was extended to them, he deeply
deplored that the cotton trade was now dependent on the
charity of the benevolent, and that those prudential exer-
tions had not been called forth that would have placed the
great industry of the north of England
in a position of se-
curity and independence. In the Exhibition of the present,
year were oontributions of cotton from 35 fields
of
supply,
and yet this country had essentially depended on one of
them. Why should not efforts be made to develop some half
dozen ? People were either lacking in moral courage or lack-
ing in spirit to invest for their own profit and security. There
were in that room three bales of very beautiful cotton sent
by Mr. Moseley from Calcutta ; the staple was excellent, the
colour beautiful, the preparation unsurpassed; and if we

Mr. HUGH MASON seconded the resolution, and said he
was sorry he had to follow the two previous speakers in a
strain of strong censure on the doings of Sir Chas. Wood.
He did not know what the constituency of Halifax thought
of their member; but if the Manchester people had such
an incompetent Minister as Sir C. Wood for its member, a
huge memorial would soon be got up demanding the imme-
diate dismissal of a man who so much represented them,
and who used the high office with which he had been en-
trusted to obstruct the operations of those persons who
were trying to bring relief to Manchester. (Cheers.) Was
there no way of reaching this incompetent Minister ? He
(Mr. Mason) saw nothing for it but for the Manchester
Chamber of Commerce—to whom Mr. Laing had thrown
down the gauntlet—and the Cotton Supply Association,
and the Mayor of Manchester with all the municipal consti-
tuency at his back, to arise and demand the impeachment of
a man who had so misconducted himself at the present
crisis of our great national industry. (Loud cheers.) It
would not do to be silent any longer. They were bound to
speak out on this question, and if Lord Palmerston would
not dismiss that man from his Cabinet, let them dismiss
Lord Palmerston from his premiership. (Cheers.) Who
obstructed all the measures ; who was the man who
seemed to stand in the way of everything good P He (Mr.
Mason) hesitated not to say that it was Sir Charles Wood.
(Cheers.) Let them, the men of Manchester, get up a
memorial demanding that officer's dismissal ; it would soon
be filled with facts of the most startling character. Let the
President of the Chamber of Commerce and Mr. Bazley be
the first two to write their names; and he (Mr. Mason)
would undertake that the example would be followed by
hundreds of thousands in Lancashire; and an appeal of
that character surely would not be disregarded by such a
man as Lord Palmerston. (Loud cheers.)
A vote of thanks was passed to the president, acknow-
ledged by him, and the proceedings were brought to a
close.

TRIAL OF YHE .RAO SAHIB AT CATVIV-

PORE.

The Bombay journals received by the last mail give de-
tails of the trial of the Rao Sahib, nephew of the Nana
Sahib, at Cawnpore, before the sessions judge, Mr. Pear-
son. The prisoner, it would appear, was arraigned on two
distinct charges, one of which was for the murder at
Bithoor of the toll-keeper of Sheorajpore and his family.
The more atrocious crime, however, charged against him
referred to the murder of European officers at Cawnpore
during the period of the mutiny. He was also charged with
aiding and abetting the rebellion. The trial of this man
excited great interest in the Mofussil. The witnesses who
were chiefly natives, deposed that Rao Sahib offered a re-
ward to the sepoys and sowers, if they brought the heads of
the European officers. After hearing this, the horsemen
all went away, and, as one witness said, at evening they
brought the heads of the officers. The prisoner was at that
time standing in his balcony or ballakhana. The rebel
officers showed him the heads; the prisoner then ordered
them all to stay in the Rothee of Man Sain Sahib, and told
them that the next day they should be rewarded. Next
morning the prisoner inspected them all, and instructed
them to obey their officers, and gave them four months' pay
in advance and some reward. This force consisted of 300
horsemen and two companies of infantry. Twelve wit-
ness in all were examined for the prosecution, and three or
four witnesses were called on behalf of the prisoner. With
respect to the charge of murdering the toll-keeper
_
acted
and his family, the evidence went to show the),
arut
killed by order of the Rao Sahib, who
authority
Bithoor on behalf of the Nana, and
in that position was fully recognised. On thiswh latterwhose
has been
he was acquitted, but on the heavier indicrtina,
he has b"
tioning the murder of three European officers,
The case has been
convicted, and sentenced to be hanged.
and there is little
sent for confirmation to the Sudder Court,
mail we have re -
doubt it will be confirmed. By the seatsfpoorga Mooyre and
o,charge
ceived an account of the execution
of fl,O, 28th ult., in front of
tooccauqrrueeds:
Aimed Shaik, on the morning coThvicted of the murder of
the common jail. They had been they belonged. The
the havildar of the regiment to whichvl3FBd:ener:airlindfliulohgosgwweedirt. He sub-
tcioonnvpicuttDtoohorimgainMroeoferryeenteoeldcirh.
ea. g
that it happened through
h the malice of his enemies
statement, and asserted that he
The other man confessed his
sequently retracted tithisrunugt.
people to forgive him. The other
belhadonbgienegg
guilt, and prayed
ceremony laving been got ready by the per-
tcoontrilectedrer
two criminals were launched into
sons in attendave" .
Doerga Moorye died almost instan-
parts; of tThehecutrihte
eternity.
and without a struggle; the other convict being
tane°ls ht man, suffered more, but the medical officer
a veryt
LaAce declared ed life extinct' in three minutes after
drop fell. Their bodies were delivered to their friends
and relations at the expiration of one hour after their
death, as is the custom in ouch cases.