The Sun.
London, England, 1865-07-06 00:00:00

CARLISLE RACES.-WEDNESDAY.

The Scurry Handicap of 3 sous each, with 30 added. T.YC.
Mr. Anderson's Miss Vulcan, 2 yrs, 6st 41b (Sopp) 1
Mr. J. Watson's Jack's Alive, 5 yrs, Bst 101 b (Clarkson) 2
Mr. J. Osborn's Mackintosh, 3 yrs, ist 71b ...(Whiteley) 3
__- - -

The following also ran:—The Tyke, Measure for Mea-
sure, Deerhound, and Barbara Allan.
Betting opened at 6 to 4 agst Miss Vulcan, but closed at
2 to 1 each against Miss Vulcan and Mackintosh, and 5 to 1
eget any other.

zitt.,,A.±V2l_6 Handicap of fund,tbe
i ac
; winners-6X ra. .
Mr. J. Osborne's Lady of Coverdale, 3 yrs, Gst 9lb
(Carroll) 1
Mr. C. Winteringham's Madame Tagliafico, 4 yrs, 7st 21b
(Clarkson) 2
Mr. Dawson's Curtain Lecture, 3 yrs, Gst (Cameron) 3
Mr. Watson's Jack's Alive, 5 yrs, 7st 1.1.1 b., (Whiteley) 4
Miss Pickle also ran.

Betting—Even on Lady of Covordale, 2 to 1 agst Cur-
tain Lecture, 6 to 1 agst Madame Tagliafico, 10 to 1 agst
any other.
Won by a length ; the same each between tho second,
third, and fourth.

The Holm Hill Stakes of 3 sovs each, with 20 added, for
all ages ; selling allowances, &c. Three quarters of a
mile. 4 subs.

Mr. T. Whitehead's Reviver, 5 yrs, 9st 31b (.£3O
(J. Snowden 1
Mr. T. S. Dawson's Well Done, 3 yrs, 7st 61b (£3O
(Craddock 2
Mr. Harrison's Barbara Allan, 6 yrs, 9st 111 b (£3O
(Clarkson 3
Betting-3 to lon Reviver, who won by two lengths ;
three lengths between second and third.
The winner was bought by Mr. Watson, of Bolton Park,
for 73 guineas.

Her Majesty's Plata of 100 guineas ; weight for age.

Two miles.

Mr. W. I'Anson's Caller Ou, aged, 9st 131 b Snowden) 1
Mr. Harrison's Barnoldby, 3 yrs, Bst 31b (Whiteley) 2
Betting-20 to 1 offered on Caller Ou, who won in a can-
ter by a length.
The Consolation Scramble Handicap of 3 save each,
with 20 added, for beaten horses. Half a mile.

Mr. Dryden's Yarrow, 3 yrs, 7St 31b (Carroll 1
Mr. J. Unwin's Gayous, 4 yrs, Bst 101 b (Whiteley 2
Mr. Lindsey's Measure for Measure, 4 yrs, ist 51b(Cameron 3
Mr. Davison's Deerhound, 3 yrs, 7st 51b (Colpitts 4
Betting 5 to 4 on Gayous, 2 to 1 agst Yarrow, 4 to 1 agst
any other.

Won by three-quarters of a length ; a head between
second and third.

Discovery of Peter the Great's Real Political

Testament.

(REUTER'S TELEGRAMS.)
DRESDEN, July 3.

The last number of the Archives for the History
of Saxony contains an extremely important article,
showing that the document hitherto believed to be
Peter the Great's political testament, and which con-
tains a plan for the subjugation of Europe, and
notably for the partition of Poland, is not genuine.
The author of the article, Count C F. Vitzhum of
Eckstadt, proves from reports of Herr von Pezold,
Saxon Minister at St. Petersburg in 1747, that Peter
the Great really did leave a political testament, but
that its contents are diametrically opposite to those
of the document hitherto put forward as the true will.
From the diplomatic reports of llerr von Pezold,
now first discovered, it appears that when Russia
was upon the point of declaring war against Tur-
key in 1737, a Privy Council, presided over by the
Empress Anna, was held at St. Petersburg. Upon
this occasion Baron Schaffirow, formerly a most con-
fidential adviser of the Czar, alluded to certain poli-
tical instructions left by the Emperor for his succes-
sors. The Empress then recollected that a small
casket, containing papers, had been handed to her
after the Czar's death by Makarow, his secretary,
which she had hitherto laid aside. The box was
opened, and Count Biron, the Empress's favourite,
then present, communicated its contents confiden-
tially to the Saxon Minister. Herr von Pezold im-
mediately forwarded a report upon the subject to
the Saxon Government. Count Vitzhum d'Eck-
stadt has recently been fortunate enough to discover
this report in the Saxon Record Office, at Dresden,
and publishes very important extracts from it in the
above magazine.

The following are the maxims of Peter the Great
on the policy to be pursued by Russia towards
Poland, and which are in direct contradiction with
Article IV. of the apocryphal last will, recommend-
ing the partition of that kingdom :
" Perfectly good friendship must at all times be
kept up in Russia with Poland, and no opportunity
be looked upon as so favourable as to want to
gain something fresh at her loss and damage. For
as the latter is a large, favoured, and well-peopled
country, we must the more avoid driving her to
desperation by any sort of oppression, and thereby
letting her know her force, because Russia on the
other hand is not so populated, but is just as much
exposed as Poland.
" It must, therefore, be considered that owing to
the interest other puissances would take in the con-
servation of the Poles, she herself, in case of neces-
sity, would never fail the allies ; but that rather the
Turks, Tartars, and Swedes would stand ready to
give help, and it would be just as easy for the for-
mer, if obtaining free and assisted passage through
Poland, to fall upon Russia with effect, as it would
otherwise be difficult.
" Russia has, therefore, only to take care that
Poland remains in her present shape, and the means
to that end are mainly these :--Followers of the
Greek creed in that country are not to be oppressed;
the augmentation of the regular army is most care-
fully to be avoided; and by the grant of certain
pensions among the magnates, to have at all times
a hold upon some of the cleverest andmost respected,
in order, with their help, to be able to advance or
counteract, as may be desired, any matter at the
Dints.

" Further, Russia must establish a close and "secret
understanding with the King of Poland, especially
in his quality of Elector of Saxony. In this last
quality she owes to the same the preservation of her
Crown, as had not the Saxons advanced before Riga
after the action at Narva, which terminated so

disastrously to Russia, thereby causing the Swedish
armies to move thither, and divert the whole
theatrunz belli to Poland, all ways of recovering her-

self would have been cut off.

" It is now seen that the King of Prussia con-
stantly lays by more money and collects troops. As
now the King of Poland, especially as Elector, has
one and the same interest with Russia to keep a
watchful eye upon this neighbour, whose alliance
experience has shown cannot be trusted—and to
prevent the same making any new conquests, in
order therefore to anticipate the same, and in sud-
den cases to be able reciprocally to give each other
aid, no better and safer means can be found than to
remain at all times in alliance and understanding
with the Electoral House of Saxony."

g Sarcey, he theatrical feuilleton of the
Opinion Nationale, gives a melancholy account of the
position of the musicians at the Thatre Francais. He
affirms that they receive only from 30 to 40 sous per night,
or barely 7 sous each hour. The conductor of the
orchestra, for a fixed yearly sum, furnishes so many
musicians, and in orper to make as much profit as possible,
pay almost nothing,

c~LI

fz-0 r::,'71,7:7---. --ii,-.7:Z2.:..f,...1
/3.:0.: '^i`;4:.:-,-.4)-- t
, j''.l
i .Zll -..,': V7:c
_,,nt...•,%,-,7,-;
The House of George Rettledge-aud, Co ;--1.47
Tho change that takes place to-day iiithe zonstitutioNof
this firm will naturally attract much attienlion,"and many
of our readers will therefore be glad to have some particu-
lars respecting the rise and growth of the house—a house
to which more than to any other is due the entire change
of business which the last quarter of a century has wit-
nessed. Mr. Routledge, like many other notable men of
the time, owes his position as an opulent, honourable man
of business, not to adventitious aid, but to that best source
of reliance for success in the battle of life to all pos-
sessed of energy and perseverance—self-help. He is a
native of Cumberland : and after serving an apprenticeship
to Mr. Thurnam, of Carlisle, came up to London in the
year 1833, when he procured employment in the house of
Mess's. Baldwin and Cradock, of Paternoster-row. But
ere long he quitted this to start in the bookselling busi-
ness, in a very small way, in Ryder's-court, Leicester-
square. Finding that he had much leisure time on his
hands, he sought. for, and obtained, a subordinate position
in the Tithe-office, Somerset-house, the duties of which
were light, while the emolument opportunely enabled him
to turn his savings to account in increasing his business.
From this starting-point, his sagacity and foresight in-
duced him to become the purchaser of remainders of
modern books, tho sale of which at the original prices had
ceased. The success that attended his first ventures stimu-
lated him to more strenuous endeavours to develops into
activity a principle in the bookselling trade that had
hitherto been comparatively dormant—that of creating
an extensive and permanent market for works of a kind
likely to prove popular, by issuing them at prices that
would place them within the reach of all—prices so low as
to have appeared to the trade generally, at the time, ab-
surd, in view of any profitable result. Indeed, Mr. Rout-
ledge's first efforts in this direction were far from being
favourably received by the London booksellers, who re-
garded
him in the light of an innovator. But his views
reached farther than the limits of their forecast or influ-
ence. He had, while on two or three experimental journeys,
made during the holiday time granted him when in the
Tithe-office, not failed to notice that the resources of the
country bookselling trade were allowed to remain inert ;
that there was, consequently, a wide field open to any en-
terprising spirit who would undertake the herculean task
of developing them. Resolving to follow up this idea
to its fullest practicable extent, he resigned his official

sivoly to his own business ; and being fortunate in the
selection of books that then formed the nucleus of his stock
of cheap literature, he went to work in earnest to create a
machinery throughout the kingdom, by the establishment
of efficient agents, on whose co-operation with his own
efforts he could rely, that would have the effect of giving
the widest possible circulation to his publications.
The creation of this machinery eventually led to the
issue by Messrs. Routledgo of the variDus popular series
known as " The Railway Library, " The Popular Library,"
and similar collections, comprising many hundred volumes
of standard works. It may not be out of place to note here
that, among the authors whose works were first intro-
duced into the cheap series, at the then almost unprece-
dentedly low price of one shilling for a complete work, were
the late Fenimore Cooper, Captain Marryat, and Wash-
ington Irving. "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which soon after
followed, was a still greater sucooss, about half a million of
copies having been sold.
Mr. Routledge commenced his brilliant career in
Ryder's Court, September, 1836, with one assistant, his
brother-in-law, the late Mr. Wm. Henry Warne, then a
youth of fifteen ; but before long the business increased so
much that larger premises were necessary ; and in 1845 it
was removed to 36, Soho-square. More attention was now
given to the purchase of good remainders, and a little pub-
lishing entered upon, ono of the earliest of the larger ven-
tures being the " Notes on the Old and New Testament,"
by Albert Barnes, a popular American author. In 1848
Mr. William Warne was taken into partnership, and in
that year was commenced the Railway Library, of which
a volume was published monthly until the series now
numbers nearly 400 volumes. In 1851 Mr. Routledge took
his brother-in-law, Mr. Frederick Warne into partner-
ship, and at the end of the same year removed to Farring-
don-street.

Up to this period Messrs. Routledge had confined them-
selves chiefly to the re-issue of standard works by British
and American authors, but now they began to compete
with the principal publishers in direct dealings with many
of the most eminent authors of the day. Conspicuous
among transactions of this kind was the bold (and by
many deemed Quixotic) venture of purchasing in Decem-
ber, 1853, from Sir E. Bulwer Lytton, for the enormous
price of £20,000, the limited right of issuing a cheap series
of his works for the term of ton years—an enormous price,
indeed, when it is borne in mind that the works in ques-
tion had for most part been for a long time widely circu-
lated by different publishers in various forms, and more
recently also at low prices. There can be no doubt, how-
ever, that it was a masterly move on the part of the saga-
cious publishers ; and that it really answered the purpose
intended by them is clearly proved by their having re-
newed the contract for a further term of years. Through
their association with the great literary baronet., by the
acquisition of the privilege of publishing this popular edi-
tion of his works, Messrs. Routledge obtained a prestige
which has ever since stood them in good stead. Arrange-
ments of a similar kind with authors scarcely loss popular
—Mr. Disraeli, Mr. W. 11. Ainsworth, Howard Russell,
G. I'. R. James, &c.—quickly followed, to say nothing of
the publication of original works by Grant, Mayne Reid,
Longfellow, Prescott, and other eminent authors.
Among many other claims to honourable mention, the
liberal spirit in which Messrs. Routledge have embarked,
on the publication of various editions of the works of our
greatest poet deserves special notice. Foremost amongst
these is the renowed " Pictorial Shakspere," originally
published by Mr. Charles Knight, and which is now being
thoroughly revised by that accomplished editor, and re-
issued in a serial form ; next in importance is the edition
prepared by Howard Staunton, who received for his lite-
rary labours the very large sum of £l,OOO. Messrs. Rout-
ledge are also the proprietors or llazlitt's, Thomas Camp-
bell's, and other editions of Shakspere.
Nor has the publishing career of this remarkable house
been less conspicuous for the liberal encouragement it has
given to natural talent in art, having expended vast sums
in the production of such costly works as " Wood's Na-
tural History," (3 vols. imp. 8vo), " Routledge's Illustrated
Shakspere," edited by Staunton (3 vols. imp. 8vo), &c. ;
besides various highly embellished gift-books, such as the
"'lllustrated Edition of Longfellow's Poems," " Poets of
the Nineteenth Century," " English Sacred Poetry."
" The Home Affections," "Montgomery's Poems," " Eliza
Cook's Poems," " Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress," " Words-
worth's Poems," " Robinson Crusoe," "Birket Poster's
English Scenery," &c. &c. Many of these works contain
some of the best pictorial illustrations of this eminently
prolific age in that branch of art, in designs by Birket
Foster, Milais, Watson, Gilbert, Holman Hunt, Harvey,
Pickeragill, Tenniel, Weir, Wolf, Clayton, Godwin,
d the
ertment transactions
of
Cor-
bould, Duncan, Dodgson, Read, &c. How extensive have
been
heufis e
sos of Routledgebest shown
and
byC
Co. . in
this pathe
of
their business
fact that they have paid to one house alone, eminent
for furnishing woodcuts, Messrs. Dalziel Brothers,
upwards of £50,000. Of Longfellow's Poems, the first of
the magnificent series of illustrated quartos, nearly 12,000
copies have been sold, a fact which the author will be de-
lighted to hear, and at the same time it is one that will
make him and every lover of justice regret that in conse-
quence of the want of a reciprocity treaty, no portion of the
profit should have reached the pocket of one to whom it
was so justly due.
Truly marvellous has been the sale of many of Messrs.
Routledge's publications; and if we had not obtained our
information from trustworthy sources, the numbers would
have appeared almost incredible. Of Russell's " Narrative
of the Crimean War," more than 20,000, of " Soyer's Shil-
ling Cookery," more than 250,000, of Rarey on " Horse
Training," more than 150,000 copies wore sold in a very
few weeks. A specimen of Messrs. Routledgo's energy was
displayed in the production of " Queochy," the copy for
which was placed in the printer's hands one Monday morn-
ing, the sheets at the binders on Tharsday, and 20,000
copies disposed of and sent out to the tracte by the following
Monday.
In further proof of Mr. Routledge's energy and enter-
prise, we must not omit to mention that, in the year 1854,
he paid a visit to the United States, and there established
abranch of his business in New York,which is still carried
on, and to which books to the value of £B,OOO were for-
warded in one year. On the 9th of November, 1858, he
took into partnership his eldest son, Mr. Robert W. Rout-
ledge, when the firm, previously styled George Routledge
and Co., became Routledge, Warne, and Routledge ; but it
did not so continue long, Mr. Wm. Warne dying in the
following May. Mr. Frederick Warne having now, on the
termination of the partnership, left to establish a fresh
business for himself in Bedford-street, Covent-garden, Mr.
Edmund Routledge enters the firm; and the style is ac-
cordingly changed to George Routledge and Sons.
to o
It would occupy too much of our space were wes
more into particulars, but much that is of interest remainss.
to be said on some future occasion: we, I?""etvheer'3oll years
remark that all has not been sunshine during
legal
stormsy
Mr. Routlodge has carried on the business,
calm. Of these
having occasionally disturbed the ordinary .
the
the most notable have been the involvingcase
Cooper, and copy-
rightsll. of Washington. Irving,
Fenimore we believe, have
been : this last is not settled. All,
in connection with the rights, or supposed rights, of
alien au
authors. In no case that we can call to mind have
acknowledged legal rights of English authors been
the
invaded.
The business was carried on in Farringdon-street, where
it continued until the alterations in that neighbourhood
made by the London, Dover, and Chatham Railway Com-
pany, when it was transferred to the more commodious
premises at Broadway, Ludgate-hill.—The Bookseller.

A ANOMALY OF THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION.-
Strange things occasionally happen under the British Con-
stitution. Within the last few days its operation led to an
occurrence of a very curious incident. About midnight on
Monday the Attorney-General of England was speaking n
defence of a person on his trial before the House of Com-
mons and subsequently condemned by a vote of that house.
On the following evening, at 4 o'clock, the same Attorney-
General was addressing in the House of Lords, as the
supreme judge in that house, the person whom he defended
in the House of Commons on the previous night. If such
a thing happened in the United States of America what a
shout 4 ridicule would be raised against Republican insti-
tutions!

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