The Sun.
London, England, 1862-06-09 00:00:00

LITERATURE.

Life and Letters of Washington Irving. Edited
by his nephew, Pierre M. Irving, Vol. 1.
Bentley, New Burlington-street.
Fearful, perchance, of giving us too much of a
good thing at once, Mr. Irving is publishing the
biography of his uncle in instalments, and we must
say that the- present sample makes us wish
for more. The task was undertaken, it seems,
the Author's express request, who placed in the bio-
grapher's hands "a mass of material, consisting
of journals, note-books, diaries at scattered inter-
vals, and a large collection of family letters, with
files of others from ♦arious correspondents, which,
as he said, he had neither time nor spirit to exa-
mine or arrange." Other letters, too, were contri-
buted by various friends, and these have been so
used as " to make the author, in every stage of his
career, as far as possible his own biographer," a
mode of procedure which has in this case been
eminently successful. This first ♦olume brings us
up to Washington Irving's 37th year, when he had
published his " Sketch-book," and his reputation as
an author was established ; but it commences, very
properly, with his "birth, parentage, and ances-
try." The former event took place in the city of
New York, April 3, 1783, and he was the youngest
of eleven children. His Either was a native of Sha-
pinsha, one of the Orkney Islands, and his
mother of Falmouth ; and his descent on the pater-
nal side is traced to William De Irwin, who
was the secretary and armour bearer of Robert
Bruce. "According to the current legend, Bruce,
when a fugitive from the court of Edward 1., was
secreted for a considerable time in the house of
William de Irwyn's father,who was of the Irvines
of Bonshaw, the oldst branch of Irvings of which
we have any reliable record ; and on leaving, took
with him his eldest son, made him his secretary and
armour bearer, and for his continued fidelity
knighted him and conferred on him his private
coat of arms." This coat of arms consisted of
" three holly leaves, with the motto, Sub sole sub
umbra virens." And it was adopted by Bruce from
his having lain concealed in a copse•of holly, and
thus escaped his pursuers, after his defeat at
Methven. Irving's father in the earlier part of his
career was a petty officer on board an armed packet
ship plying between Falmouth and New York, but
after his marriage he settled at the latter city and
engaged in trade. He, " a sedate, conscientious,
God-fearing man, with much of the strictness of
the old Scotch covenanter in his composition, had
small sympathy with the amusements of his
children, and lost no opportunity of giving their
thoughts a serious turn. Of their two half holi-
days for the week one was required for catechism,
and on Sunday the only variation from the regularh
routine of church, morning and afternoon, i
lecture in the evening, was the reading
of
in
" Pilgrim's Progress," the wonderful adventureslishthough
which they devoured the deepest re
y followed
,fwthte
it is questionable whether they
°closely as
the spiritual import of the narrativaeelmwaeasd-
their father might have wished or d edifying."
genesntiaaltctahcahrmacetnert:
But his mother was a much moren
and it was to her he felt the strfo
regligious training
Indeed the father's
s
offspring. " When I was
seems to have repelledsystem rather
ntumhneoegrh saidaonr
wrot attractedhaesrhevery-
thing t
ohni
" I was led to think that so
pleasant was wicked."
tAh.endlithtlee,
eyedearlyage
that was
with all his brothers and save one, ultimately
to his great name-
sake
ton's work is ended," said the mother, "and
joined
Washington ot her
wasset
thuss. Ai
introduced
tar
ovdeur
t 4 Was
the child shall be named after him." The appellation was
the means of procuring him an early introduction to that
illustrious personage, when he came back to I:ew York,
then the seat of Government, as President of the United
States. A young Scotch maid servant of the family, struck
with the enthus,asm which everywhere greeted his arrival,
determined to present the child to his distinguished name-
sake. Accordingly, she followed him one morning into a
shop, and pointing to the lad who had scarcely outgrown
his virgin trousers—" Please your honour," said she,

" here's a bairn was named after you." In the estimation
of Lizzie, for so she was called, few claims of kindred could

be stronger than this. WashingCondid-notzaain. the
delicate affinity, and placing his hand on the head of her
little charge, gave him his blessing.
It was at the age of 10 that his love of reading
first developed itself, when he met with Hoole's
translation of the " Orlando Furioso," and he next

had a fancy for books of voyages and travels, to
which succeeded a longing to go to sea. A rooted
antipathy to salt pork, however, nipped his resole-

tion in the bud. He turned for—consolation to
poetry, and at the age of 13 wrote a play. At 16
his education was finished, and he then entered a

lawyer's office. Three years afterwards he began
his literary career by contributing a series of humo-
rous articles to a paper called the Morning Citro •
nicle, of which his brother Peter was editor. These
were collected in 1823, though without his know-
ledge or consent, and given to the world under the
title of the " Old Style Papers." His first journey
from home was to Ogdensburg, Montreal, and
Quebec with a party of friends—a tour at that time
of no little difficulty, as the following extract will
show

The next day the waggon in which Irving and some of
the ladies were riding stuck fast, and one of the horses laid
down, and refused to move. They had therefore to get out
and travel after the other waggon, into which the ladies
mounted ; but soon that alao mired, and there was no al
ternative but for them to take to their feet. " The rain by
this time," proceeds the journal, " descended in torrents.
In several parts of the road I had been up to my middle in
mud and water, and it was equally bad, if not worse, to at-
tempt to walk in the woods on either side. We helped the
ladies to a little shed of bark laid on crotches, about large
enough to hold three, where they sat down. It had been a
night's shelter to some hunter, but in this case it afforded
no protection. One-half of it fell as we were creeping under
it, and though we spread greatcoats over the other, they
might as weal have been in the open air. The rain now
fell in the greatest quantity I had ever seen. The wind
blew a perfect hurricane. The trees around shook and
bent in the most alarming manner, and threatened every
moment to fall and crush us. The ladies were in the
highest state of alarm, and entreated that we should
walk to a house which we were told was about half a mile
distent."

They therefore dragged along, and after a most painful
walk arrived at the hut, which consisted of one room about
eighteen by sixteen feet. In this small apartment, fifteen
people were to pass the night; for besides the owner, they
found here two men who were driving an ox-team through
to Oswegatchie, both noisy and boisterous, and one of them
stigmatized in the Journal as "the most impudent, chatter-
ing, forward scoundrel" the writer had ever known. There
was much noisy greeting between these and the drivers,
and, to add to the confusion of the scene, they soon seated
themseh es in a corner, and "began to play cards for liquor;"
an amusement from which they retired after a while almost
intoxicated, and stretched themselves on the floor to sleep.
" I never," says the journal, " passed so dreary a night in
my life. The raia poured down incessantly, and I was
frequently obliged to hold up an umbrella to prevent its
boating through the roof on the ladies as they slept. I was
awake almost all night, and several times heard the crash
of the falling trees, and two or three times the long dreary
howl of a wolf."

He was now turned 21, and as the delicate state of
his health inspired his friends with alarm, they de-
termined to send him to Europe for a change.
Accordingly he set sail for Bordeaux, where he
stayed six weeks to study the language, and then
started for Nice, where, through an informality in
his passport, he suffered a long and vexatious deten-

tion. Genoa was the next place he visited, meeting
there some very pleasant society. And on his
voyage thence to Messina the vessel was boarded by
pirates ; but, being American, was suffered to pro-
ceed with but little loss. He now made a tour
through Sicily, being forcibly struck with the
beauty of the scenery and the wretchedness of the
inhabitants. And at a town called Termini he met
with the following adventure :

Two days more brought them again to the seaside, and
they pursued the road along the coast to Termini, a town
of some three thousand inhabitants, delightfully situated
on the side of a hill, and commanding from its higher
parts a fine view of the Mediterranean and of the Sicilian
coasts. Here they arrived after dark. Irving was much
fatigued, and on reaching the inn, threw himself on a bed
in a corner of the large room into which they -were shown,
and fell asleep. He was roused from his niumber by the
sound of voices in conversation at the other end of the
apartment, and listening, perceived the language was
English. Hall, observing that he was awake, immediately
turned to him, and told him there was to be a ball that
evening, it being the season of the carnival, and that the
gentleman with whom he was conversing, and whO was in
mask of a Turk, had promised them admittance; and being
ever ready for a frolic, he proposed that they should go.
His fellow-traveller made some demur on the score of
fatigue, and the trouble of unpacking his trunk to dress,
but finally consented to appear in one of Hall's uniform
coats, as a captain of Marines. The stranger then took
leave, promising to return after supper, and conduct them
to the place. At the appointed hour he came, dressed as
a Turk, and masked as before, and the two set out with
him, supposing they were going to a public entertainment.
They were somewhat staggered, however, when they found
themselves ascending the stairs of a stately mansion,
through rows of servants in livery, and a brilliant array of
lights, and the feeling was not dissipated when they were
ushered into a spacious saloon adorned with taste and mag-
nificence; and casting a startled glance upon the numerous
company, they saw in their conductor the only mask in the
room. Before they had recovered from their surprise, the
Turk marshalled them to the p'irt of the saloon where stood
the master of the entertainment and his daughters, in wait-
ing to receive their guests. Pointing to his companions as
they drew near, then crossing his arms and making a low
salaam, without a word of explanation or introduction, ho
stood as mute as a statue. It was an awkward situation for
the two guests, and the idea flashed across their minds that
th,j Leo ;.to could not but seem a
graceless intrusion upon the hospitality of a stranger. With
much confusion, therefore, and in the best Italian he could
muster, Mr. Irving announced their names, and attempted
an explanation of the apparent indecorum, by stating their
impression that they were coming to a public entertainment.
Their host replied very graciously, that they were at the
house of the Baron Palmeria, and asked the name of their
conductor. Here was a new embarrassment, for they could
not give it. "Whoever he is," he rejoined, "I am indebted
to him for introducing to my house gentlemen 'whose uni-
form is a sufficient passport anywhere " 'Upon this the
Turk whispered a rapid explanation of his interview with
the strangers, and the Baron, turning to them with a
smile, informed them that their unknown conductor was a
teacher in his family, who was engaged in instructing his
daughters in English. Confiding in the general popularity
of strangers in Sicily, and the special attraction to his
pupils of two who could converse with them in the language
they were acquiring, it turned out that he had assumed
the responsibility of contriving what he had little doubt
would prove to both parties an agreeable surprise. Renew-
ing his welcome with genuine hospitality, the Baron now
commenced a conversation with the spurious captain,
in
ott
frhae ignorancengcompanyers,on
n of
fepitrnhe-
ge
the midst of which the folding-doors were suddenly thrown
open, and a corps de ballet made its appearance to com-
mpaernecdeta_ jointheballin Afterrh e d this the ;
th
erest
aof
urged, excused themselves on the plea w
figures. Perceiving, however, the dance to be a country
dance with which they were familiar, they were induced to
change their minds, and Mr. Irving having been introduced
to a daughter of the Baron, and his companion to one of
the belles of the place, they soon entered with zest into the
spirit of the scene. Other dances followed in which they
took part, and before they had finished the evening, their
spirit had risen to so high a point, and they abandoned
themselves with so little constraint to the animation of the
scene, that they heard a Sicilian whisper, as they raced by
him in the dance, " Son diavoli I"
When the assembly broke up, the master of the house
expressed great regret at parting with them, and pressed
them to remain some days at Termini. tendering them the
hospitality of his own mansion, and offering to send for an
American in Palermo to keep them company. This was
Mr. Nathaniel Amory, of Boston, whose brother was an
officer in the fleet, and to whom the author bad a letter of
introduction. The invitation, however, was declined, The
Baron then despatched a servant withthem, with torches'
to light them to their lodgings, and bade them farewell.
There was a strangeness and a spice of romance about
this adventure that gave it a wonderful zest to the young
traveller, and separated it in his after recollections from
all his commonplace experience. Twenty years later he
records in his note-book a meeting with a cousin of his
"chance acquaintance, the Baron Palmeria."
He then made short visits to Naples and Rome,
making the acquaintance at the latter place of
Allston, the painter, and meeting with Madame de
Stael, but he was eager to get to Paris, where he
stayed four months and then left for London. At this
time he was an enthusiastic theatre goer, and his
letters and journal contain some very interesting
comments on the great performers of the day ' • we
meet with the following description and anecdote
of Mrs. Siddons

my praises of Mrs..
tem
.hyperbolical.
veryon Itrssvtatairae I saw her,
SidWdoenres,l It on
In indulge
afraid wyintuh owunt
urleds reserve
think
nt
me.
her'dmirati.gestures,delightedin the part of
perform,W ha t a wonderful o
wasnd e rt'
strucku l woman w
with
I The
She penetrated in a moment
wholeot ofml nhy eyr. e
feelingsey aberr
Calista. Her looks, her voice,
h heart.
start, She
a n
excla-
mation, and.
melted it by turns; a glance
I hardlyframe.
ea'atthi
till
while hale
is,Alii.ee i:
The more t exe
thrilled through my
wupoman is old, and has Lrat all
hner to mstaogree!
of figure j think then what must be her powers
elegance
' and
that she can delightastonish even in the churacters of
• and Belvidere. In person Mrs. Siddons is not un-
likeCalista
Mrs. Whitlock, admire ire
worksh.is her.
her sister,
on
child. And yet
outgrown in size the limits even of embonpoint. I even
think there is some similarity in their countenances, though
that of Mrs. S iddons is infinitely superior. It is in fact the
very index of her mind ; and in its mutable transitions may
be read those nice gradations of passion that language is
inadequate to express. In dignity and grace she is no way interior to Kernble, and they never appear to better advan-
tage than when acting together. What Mrs. Siddons may
have been when she had the advantage of youth and form, I cannot say, but it appears to me that her performance at
present leaves room to wish for nothing more. Age has
planted no visible wrinkles on her brow, and it is only by
the practice and experience of years that she has been en-
abled to attain her present consummate excellence.
The enthusiasm here expressed for the great actress,
leads me to step aside from the regular order of events to
give an anecdote of a later date, for which I shall not find
a more appropriate introduction.
Not long after the Sketch Book had been published in
London, and made its author remarked
.am?ng its literary
' circles he met Mrs. Siddons in spill() fashionable assem-
blage, and was brou ;ht up to be introduced. The Queen
of Tragedy had then long left the stage, but her manner
and tines to the last partook of its measured stateliness.
The interview was characteristic. As he approached, and
was introduced, she looked at him for a moment, and then,
in her clear and deep-toned voice, she slowly enunciated,
o You've made me weep." Nothing could have been fincx
than such a compliment from such a source, but the
g, accost" was so abrupt, and the manner so peculiar, that
never was modest man so completely disconcerted, and put
out of countenance. The appropriate response would have
been obvious enough at a more collected moment, but
taken entirely by surprise, Geoffrey had not a word to say
for himself; and very soon took occasion to retreat and join
a group of talkers that were near. After the appearance
of his Bracebridge Hall he met her in company again, and
was asked by a friend to be presented. He told him ho

had before gone through that ceremony, but he had been
so abashed by her address, and acquitted himself so shab-
bily, that he was afraid to claim acquaintance. Come then
with me, said his friend, and I will stand by you; so he
went forward and singularly enough. was met with an ad-
dress of the self-same fashion— "You've made weep again."
But now he was prepared, and immediately replied with
a complimentary allusion to the melting effect of her own
pathos, as realised by himself at the period we have been
tracing.
He now returned to New York, and in connection
with James K. Paulding and other friends, he
started the periodical called " Salmagundi," which
was continued for a year, and met with great suc-
cess, though as the contributors neglected to secure
the copyright they gained more fame than profit.
Shortly after this he suffered a severe loss in the
death of a young lady to whom he was engaged.
and he ever after remained a bachelor. "It is,"
says the biographer, " in the light of this event of
Mr. Irving's history that we must interpret por-
tions of his article on " Rural Funerals in the
Sketch Book, and also that solemn passage in " St.
Mark's Eve" in Bracebridge Hall, beginning " I
have loved as I never again shall love in this world
—I have been loved as I never again shall be loved;"
but to this event in his life he never, in conversa-
tion, alluded. Now, at the age of 26, he published
his " History of New "fork, which put ported to
be written by a Mr. Diedrich Knickerbocker, and at
first disgusted the descendants of the Dutch settlers,
though it considerably enhanced his reputation. Still
fearful of not being able to gain a living by litera-
ture, he entered into partnership with his brothers
as merchant, the firm being represented both in
New York and England; and on the occasion of
the war between the two countries in 1812 he be-
came aide-de-camp to Governor Tompkins, with the
title of Colonel, though his military achievements
were confined to calling out some battalions of mi-
litia. Peace being proclaimed, he started for Liver-
pool, where, owing to the illness of his brother, he
was forced to take an active part in the manage-
ment of the business, but tnev became embarrassed
and shortly after became bankrupt. Meanwhile he
paid a visit to Edinburgh, with which city he was
delighted, declaring that, except Naples, it was the
most picturesque place he had seen ; and now, hav-
ing a letter of introduction to Scott from Campbell,
he took the opportunity of going to Abbotsford and
delivering it. He thus recounts his reception :
On Friday, in spite of sullen gloomy weather, I mounted
the top of the mail coach and rattled off to Selkirk. It
rained heavily in the course of the afternoon, and drove me
inside. On Saturday morning early I took chaise for Mel-
rose; and on the way stopped at the gate of Abbotsford, and
sent in my letter of introduction, with a request to know
whether it would be agreeable for Mr. Scott to receive a
visit from me in the course of the day. The glorious old
minstrel himself came limping to the gate, took me by the
hand in a way that made me feel as if we were old friends ;
in a moment I was seated at his hospitable board among
his charming little family, and here have I been ever since.
I had intended certainly being back to Edinburgh to-day,
(Monday), but Mr. Scott wishes me to stay until Wednes-
day, that we may make excursions to Dryburgh Abbey,
Yarrow, &c. as the weather has held up and the sun begins to
shine. I cannot tell you how truly I have enjoyed the
hours I have passed here. The fly by too quick, yet each
is loaded with story, incident, or song ; and when I consi-
der the world of ideas, images, and impressions that have
been crowded upon my mind since 1 have been here, it
feems incredible that I should only have been two days at
Abbotsfold. I have rambled the hills with Scott ; visited
the haunts of Thomas the Rhymer, and other spots ren-
dered classic by border f ale and witching song, and have
been in a kind of dream or delirium.

As to Scott, I cannot express my delight at his character
and manners. He is a sterling golden-hearted old worthy,
full of the j )yousness of youth, with an imagination con-
tinually furnishing forth picture, and a charming charming
simplicity of manner that puts you at ease with him in
a moment. It has been a constant source of pleasure to
me to remark his deportment towards his family, his neigh-
bours, his domestics, his very dogs and cats; everything
that comes within his influence seems to catch a beam of
that sunshine that plays round his heart ; but I shall say
more of him hereafter, for he is a theme on which I shall
love to dwell.

All hopes of success in business being now at an
end, he went up to London to try his fortune with
the pen, and although he was offered a Government
appointment in his own country, he declined it
through antipathy to the location. It was at this
time, in his 35th year, that he began the Sketch
Book, which was first published in America in num-
bers. Its success was immediate and decisive, and
the author was overwhelmed with praise; never-
theless, his first efforts to republish it in this coun-
try met with no encouragement. Murray declined
it. He then applied to Miller, who undertook it,
but shortly after failed, and eventually, at Scott's
recommendation, Murray purchased the copyright
for £2OO. Still, if he got but small profit here, he
reaped a harvest of fame, and became acquainted
with all the leading literary men. He gives the
following account of the society frequenting Mur-
ray's drawing-room :
As I am launched upon the literary world here, I find
my opportunities of observation extending. Murray's
drawing-room is a great resort of first-rate literary charac-
ters ; whenever I have a leisure hour I go there, and sel-
dom tail to meet with some interesting personages. The
hours of access are from two to five. It is understood to
be a matter of privilege, and that you must have a general
invitation from Murray. Here I frequently meet with such
Personages as Gifford, Campbell, Foscolo, Hallam (author
of a work on the Middle Ages), Sonth7, Milman. Scott,
Belzoni, &c. &c. The visitors are men of different politics,
though most frequently ministerialists. Gifford, of whom,
as an old adversary, you may he curious to know something,
is a small, shrivelled, deformed man of about 60, with some-
thing of a humped back, eyes that diverge, and a large
mouth. He is generally reclining on one of the sofas, and
supporting himself by the cushions, being very much debi-
litated. He is mild and courteous in his manners, without
any of the petulance that you would be apt to expect, and
is quite simple, unaffected, and unassuming, Murray tells
me that Gifford does not write any full articles for the Re-
view, but revises, modifies, prunes, and prepares whatever
is offered ; and is very apt to extract the sting from articles
that are rather virulent. Scott, or Sir Walter Scott, as he
is now called, passed some few weeks in town lately, on
coming up for his baronetcy. I saw him repeatedly, having
formed an acquaintance with him two three years since at
his country retreat on the Tweed. He is a man that, if you
knew, you would love ; a right honest-hearted, generous-
spiri tei being ; without vanity, affectation, or assumption of
any kind. He enters into every passing scene or passing
pleasure with the interest and simple enjoyment of a child ;
nothing seems too high or remote for the grasp of his mind,
and nothing too trivial or low for the kindness and pleasan-
try of his spirit. When I was in want of literary counsel
and assistance, Scott was the only literary man to whom I
felt that I could talk about myself and my petty concerns
with the confidence and freedom that I would to an old
friend—nor was I deceived—from the first moment that I
mentioned my work to him in a letter, he took a decided and
effective interest in it, and been to me an invaluable friend.
It is only astonishing how he finds time, and with such ample
exercise of the pen, to attend so much to the interest and
concerns of others ; but no one ever applied to Scott for
any aid, counsel, or service that would cost time and trou-
ble, that was not most cheerfully and thoroughly assisted.
Life passes away with him in a round of good offices and
social enjoyments. Literature seems his sport rather than
his labour orhis ambition, and I never met with an author
so completely void of all the petulance, egotism, and pe-
culiarities of the craft; but I am running into pro-
lixity about Scott, who I confess has completely won my
heart, even more as a man than as an author; so, praying
God to bless him, we shall change the subject.
Thus closes the first volums. The author is in his
37th year, has found his vocation, is known to fame,
and is, moreover, from the amiability of his charac-
ter, universally esteemed. So far the work is ex-
tremely interesting. It contains many curious pic-
tures of society at that period, interspersed with
amusing anecdotes, and there can be little doubt
that it will be hailed with unmingled pleasure on
both sides the Atlantic.

Mrs. Blake. By Mrs. Newton Crossland, 3 vols.
Hurst and Blackett.
The aim of the author in this novel is to show
how destiny is moulded by disposition. To prove
in fact that—
" The gods are just, and of our pleasant vices
Make Instruments to scourge us."
For this purpose she stretches the story over a
period of twenty years and fills the stage with
actors, Mrs. Blake being nominally the chief. We
say nominally, because there are several others who
occupy quite as much of the reader's attention and
claim a large share of his sympathy. Such, for in-
stance, are Millie Farrell and Agnes Bendoran, the
t
former devoting herself literature, the latter to
painting ; and, as
Mrs. Blake has a musical gift,
the author
by thus introducing variety of talent
and occupation affords herself scope for the
expression of opinions upon art as well as
upon morality and religion. The story is briefly
this. Clara Bendoran,
clever and beautiful, being
left with her youngdaughter in poverty, by the
death of her husband,
determines to repair her for-
tunes by a wealthy match,
and meets an offer to
Blake, a rich merchant,
her taste from Compton
whom she ultimately ruins her extravagance,
byhis feelings a shock
4n d then, by her deceit, gives
which results in his paralysis and death. Thus re-
duced once more to straightened circumstances she
reflects on the error of her ways, repents, and
undergoes a material change for the better. Mean-
time her daughter Agnes, whom, in the days of her
adopted by
Prosperity, she had
neghad
le.;ted, has been
4 poetess, named Lady Isabella Clinton, who _
been jilted by Ca tain Bendoran, Mrs. Blake's first
husband, but who still cherishes his memory, and
loves his daughter for his sake. fines, having a
talentf for paintin—,
s determines to follow it as a pro-
ession on the su od l f f rtune with which
Lady Isabella pp se oss o a
had endowed her,o but the property
ell ltimately restored to her, and she marries hap-
py. Millie Farrell again,poor relation of Mr.
Blake's, takes to the pen
p for a livelihood
and with success; and having charitably succoured
Zwyoung girl, who, having been seduced, dies, she
Admix e "easlacquainted with her father, a distinguished
the , and is rewarded with his hand. Whilst
. seducor, conscienc • is killed ar-
e-stricken,
nage in theives
carried forth y street whence his victim hadibeen
written, it tcont,° burial. The tale is agreeably
and cannot fail t
ins considerable variety of incident,
0 Please,
AMERICAN NIA//, ed :_______
__
Captain Anderson, sailed fromhe Cunard steamship China,
Saturday. Besides the esi Liverpool for New York on
passengers, and had also a
_mails she took 9ut about 70
goods. a rull cargo of manufactured