The Sun.
London, England, 1865-04-19 00:00:00

Liverpool Cotton Market—This Day.

Market opens with a good demand. Sales pro-
bably 8,000 bales or more.

VOLUNTEER REVIEW IN HAGLEr-PARK.----The
volunteers of the counties of Warwick, Stafford, and
Worcester, combined for the purpose, had their annual
review on Easter Monday, in Hagley Park. The weather
was as favourable as could be desired, with the exception
of a thunderstorm in the after part of the day, which pro -
vented a portion of the programme being carried out.
Battalions of volunteers from each of the counties named
were mustered at the review, and Lord Lyttelton was
present on the ground, in his uniform as Lord Lieutenant
of Worcestershire, and the Volunteers went through their
manoeuvres under the practiced eye of General Sir Edward
Fitzgerald Campbell, Assistant-Inspector of Volunteers,
the successor of the late Colonel Dick. There were
between 5000, and 6,000 spectators assembled in the
Park. The Warwickshire battalion formed the centre, the
Staffordshire battalion the right, and the Worcestershire
the left. The brigade advanced in open column of com-
panies on the left, covered by a wing of the First Worces-
tershire battalion. The force then changed front to its
right on its right battalion, the skirmishers accommodating
to the change. At the same time the movements became
more developed by the left wing of the Worcestershire bat-
talion being detached to protect the left flank, and extend-
ing itself along the crest of Milton's Hill. After this, the
brigade advanced in a new direction, passed through the
skirmishers, halted, and opened a rapid and continuous
file firing. The rifles were directed at the fencing on one
side of the park, over which the imagination portrayed a.
strong body of foemen attempting to make their way. Other
evolutions were afterwards effectively carried out, in which
a violent storm came on, which drove the spectators pell-
mell wherever• a shelter offered, and the volunteers would
perhaps have been glad of a sauve qui peu from the drench-
ing torrent. Discipline of course conquered in inclination,
and, having reformed quarter distance columns, they
marched down to the ground near the church, and the
officers being called to the front, were briefly addressed by
the Lord-Lieutenant. General Campbell, it is understood,
expressed himself well satisfied with the bearing and dis-
cipline of the volunteers and the promptitude with which
the manoeuvres were executed.

THE NEWSPAPER PRESS FUND.---Amongst the
artists who have kindly promised their valuable aid
at the banquet on the 20th of May—Mr. Charles Dickens
in the chair—are Miss Louisa Pyne, Madlle. Enequist
(the Swedish vocalist), Madame Weiss, Miss Emily Sol-
dens, Madame Sainton-Dolby, Mr. W. Harrison, Mr. G
Perrin, Mr. Weiss, and Mr. Sims Reeves, with M. Benedict
as conductor.
BOBBERY AND ATTEMPTED MURDER.---A ferocious
attempt at murder was made on Saturday afternoon,
in broad daylight, on a man nearly 80 years of age, named
William Hulme, toll collector, at a lonely crossing on the
Middlewieh road, about a mile from Congleton. A tramp,
who is described as dressed in a white slop, with black cap
and cord trousers, patched on one leg, walked up to the
collector's box and entered into conversation with the old
man, who allowed him to sit down. After talking some
time the fellow took up a small axe with which Huhne had
been employing himself in chopping billets of wood, and,
pretending to play with it, he watched his opportunity,
and suddenly struck the old man a tremendous blow
on the back of the head, which brought him to the
floor. He then hacked away at the head, inflicting no
fewer than 11 scalp wounds, and striking deep into the
large muscles at the back of the neck. The ruffian then
seems to have searched the box and made off with three
sovereigns, some silver and copper, and an old-fashioned
German silver double-cased watch, with bull's-eye glass
and braid guard attached. A young,lady, named Washing-
about a quarter of a mile
ft
roonn,
theivin gs
paott Phaadpspbeenr
nyg2h °use,
to be passing, heard the old man's
groans, and at once gave the alarm. Mr. Harrison, surgeon,
was quickly on the spot, and rendered every possible as-
sistance. The old man was removed to his house, and
had his wounds dressed. After a time he became quite
sensible, and was able to make a coherent declaration as to
the circumstances of the outrage. It is feared, however,
that he will not recover. The police have not yet succeeded
in apprehending the ruffian who attacked him.—Manchester
Guardian.

THE FENIAN BROTHERHOOD.—As to the pervad-
ing sentiments and present position of the Irish
abroad and at home, we are told that it is a self-evident
proposition that they are actuated by au intense and undy-
ing hatred of the monarchy and oligarchy of Great Britain,
which have so long ground their country to the dust,
hanging her patriots, starving her people, and sweep-
ing myriads of Irishmen, women and children,
off their paternal fields to find a refuge in foreign
lands. That the present position of Irishmen in America
is more favourable now, or than it ever will be in future, to
carrying out their wishes. That it now holds a more power-
ful position among the peoples of the earth in point of num-
bers, political privileges, social influence, and military
strength than was ever held before by any exiled portion, not
alone of the Irish people, but of any subjugated nation what-
soever ; but that it is now at its greatest strength, and in
the hard battle of the exile's life the race is dying out. To
obtain their ends they inculcate a strict observance of the
pledge as regards the promotion of a brotherly feeling
towards each other by the practice of mutual forbearance.
And the crowning resolution of the Congress runs thus—
" That we declare the said Irish people to constitute ono
of the distinct nationalities of the earth, and as such justly
entitled to all the rights of self-government."--Onee a Week.

Proposed Statue to Mr. Cobden at Man-

so many of those present had lost in Mr. Cobden a
personal friend, as well as a man whom they might
entitle the friend of the human race, was too recent
to allow of more being said than to express the
sorrow which every one must feel, and, 1 erhaps, to
speak of the example that had been left behind. In
that meeting were gathered many of those earnest
men, often plain and unpretending, who formed the
rank and file of that phalanx which finally carried
free trade ; and it touchingly recalled old associa-
tions—not the brighter associations of the day of
success, but the stormier ones of the days of struggle
and embarrassment which attached to the history of
the proceedings of the League. Probably no man
had ever departed from among us of whom it might
be said that although a politician for a quarter of a
century he had not left behind him a single enemy ;
still more, it might be said that no politician had
ever left behind him an example in which more
personal purity of life, entire spotlessness of charac-
ter, and thorough absence of even the ordinary
selfishness of men, had mingled with the truest
and noblest patriotism. (Cheers.) That was in
Mr. Cobden's character an attribute certainly not
usual among the politicians of democratic countries,
—an intensity of modesty and personal diffidence
which perhaps those who knew him intimately
would say was never equalled among those whom
in the political circle they had known. It was his
(Mr. Watkin's) good fortune to hear the first
speech Mr. Cobden delivered to anything that de-
served to be called a public meeting, and also to
hear the last speech he made in the House,
and although so often addressing the most intel-
lectual audiences, on that occasion Mr. Cobden
was suffering so much from - diffidence that he
positively asked a number of his friends to be
sure to attend, because he was afraid he should
hardly " get a house." But it need hardly be
said that there was no occasion for a whip up to
hear Mr. Cobden on that occasion when he spoke
in condemnation of the system of the Government
being its own contractor. (Laughter and applause.)
Undoubtedly the best monument to Mr. Cobden
was to be found in the increased happiness and in-
telligence of the people. But apart from free trade,
Mr. Cobden did more perhaps than any other man
of his age to teach politicians all over the world that
it was possible for nations to be great, and free, and
glorious, and still to be at peace. (Cheers.) No
description of Mr. Cobden was more happy than
that of a distinguished Frenchman, in which he said
that Mr. Cobden was essentially an international
man. (Cheers.) He taught also many of his own
generation, and his memory would teach their suc-
cessors a lesson which ought to be learnt in these
industrial committees, that men had duties higher
than the ordinary labours of the day—duties affect-
ing the advancement, freedom, intelligence, and
happiness of the community, Mr. Cobden was a
man constantly educating himself—(hear, hear)—
one of those who never believed they could know
too much, one who was never ashamed of acquiring
knowledge from any honest source, one who was
always ready to listen even to the humblest who
could give him information or in any way clear the
views he entertained on any question. And pro-
bably he had done more than most men to fire the
ambition of the young men, and all the men who
had any public spirit at all in these districts, by his
example of what men could do who day by day
were attending to their business, and gave their
leisure hours to serious and sacred purposes for the
improvement of those around them. (Cheers.)
The resolution was passed unanimously.

chester.

Yesterday a meeting of the citizens of Manchester
was held in the Town-hall, according to a requisi-
tion addressed to the Mayor, for the purpose of re-
solving upon the erection of a memorial to the late
Mr. Cobden. The attendance, though highly in-
fluential and respectable in its cdmposition, was
rather select than numerous. The Mayor (Mr. J.
M. Bennett) took the chair, and among the other
gentlemen present were Mr. Henry Ashworth, Mr.
M. Ross, Mr. Watkin, M.P., Mr. T. B. Potter,
M.P., Mr. 0. Heywood, Mr. Abel Heywood, Mr.
Ivie Mackie, Mr. F. Taylor, Mr. James Edwards,
Mr. W. Stokes (of the Peace Society), Mr. R. G.
Underdown, Mr. J. Slagg, Mr. T. Ashton, and Mr.
Heron (Town Clerk).

Dr. WATTS said letters had been received from the
two members for Manchester, Mr. J. A. Turner and
Mr. Baxley, expressive of their regret at being un-
able to be present. Mr. Cheetham, the member for
Salford, was also prevented by an appointment with
some of his constituents.

Mr. HENRY ASHWORTH (late President of the
Chamber of Commerce) said he had great pleasure
in moving the following resolution :

" That, in the opinion of the meeting, a statue of
the late Richard Cobden, M.P., would constitute a
suitable memorial of his eminent services to the
country generally, and to this locality in particular."
He said it would be utterly impossible for any one
to do justice to the memory of Mr. Cobden in the
brief space of time at the command of the meeting.
The leading particulars of his eventful life were,
however, familiar to everybody. Previous to the
year 1816 our Legislature had become more or less
under misapprehension respecting what should be
our commercial policy, and was so far carried away
by the delusions of the time as to enact a corn law,
which existed from the year 1816 to the year 1846.
To appreciate the evil effects of that law and the
advantages of those free-trade principles with which
Mr. Cobden's name was associated, it was only ne-
cessary to recall two or three indications of both.
In the year 1815 the declared value of the exports
of this country was £49,000,000 ; in 1842, after 26
years' existence of the corn law, it had fallen to
£47,000,000, and during the same period the
declaredvalue of our exports of cotton manufactures
fell from £18,100,000 in 1815 to £12,800,000in 1842.
It was in 1846 when the corn laws were repealed,
and by the year 1864 the 47 millions of exports of
1842 had grown to 160 millions (cheers), and the
£12,800,000 of cotton manufacture had become
£54,000,000 ; and if we were to add the amount of
cotton manufactures embodied in haberdashery and
other articles, probably the amount might be
reckoned some six or eight millions more. But be-
sides looking merely to what some might regard as
a Manchester view of the matter in bare figures, let
it be borne in mind that the 113 millions of increase
in exports had not been given away, but exchanged
abroad for some substantial return. In the first
place we received 39 millions in value of human
food ; and remembering how low the price had been
for some years past, that sum would represent to us
a far greater quantity than it could have purchased
some 20 years back. By its consumption we might
easily imagine the consequences to the well-being
and comfort of our population and the contrast to
the starvation of 20 years ago. (Applause.) It had
been the source of greater hospitality and goodwill
between families, of increased numbers and strength
in the population, and of great increase in their
clothing and other comforts of life which the money
they had to spare now enabled them to purchase.
Education, from the same cause, had become more
common ; not only had schools been erected, but
the press had been at work, and now we had hundreds
of thousands of papers circulating daily in London
and all our chief cities and towns. There were many
other indications of the improving conduct and de-
meanour of the people. We saw men on the rail-
way platforms with their wives and children taking
excursions to different parts of the country. This
was a feature of common life unknown in former
days. The middle classes, too, had had their share in
the benefits of this enlarged export trade. It was
apparent in their bankers' balances, in the profits of
their undertakings, in the architecture of our streets,
and in the equipages that thronged them ; it was
denoted in the improved character of the shops and
the development of shopping among the ladies of
their families ; it was denoted in the numerous villas
and Mansions erected on every pretty view around
our towns. Another fruit of middle-class prosperity
was the establishment of free libraries, publicparks,
and means of recreation for the people --all attribu-
table to the:effect of that wise policy this meeting
desired to memorialise. (Applause.) There were
yet other objects of the matter to be viewed. It was
the quaint observation of one who knew something
of human life that no Englishman need expect his
memory to survive more than six months unless he
built a church. (Laughter.) Without saying that
Mr. Cobden was a churchbuilder, it could be shown
that he had contributed to the increase of churches.
In his (Mr. Ashworth's) locality, the neighbourhood
of Bolton, up to the year 1842 there were four
churches in that town, and three or four small
Episcopalian chapels in the surrounding townships.
But now there were five or six and twenty, which
was a considerable increase in 22 years, taking into
consideration the slow progress of all previous time.
And the Dissenters had progressed in like manner.
Thus there were three points of observatioa, at all
events, from which the question of a monument to
Mr. Cobden was deserving of being regarded.
(Applause.)
Mr. OLIVER HEYWOOD, who seconded the resolu-
tion, said there was a custom with an ancient nation
which held its highest festival at this very Easter
season, to gather a sheaf of early corn and bring it
among the people, and in the midst of their cere-
monial to wave aloft this symbol of thankfulness
for the richness and abundance of the land into
which that people had entered. It was not fanciful
to say that no more fitting action could be done
than, so to speak, to bring a sheaf of corn and wave
it among the people (applause), for, if to any one,
to whom more than to Mr. Cobden did they owe
it that the beneficent gifts of Providence in the
richness, and abundance, and fruitfulness of the
world had been brought in to contribute to the
strength and wealth and welfare of our nation ?
(Cheers.) As little children by the seaside built
their little island and made their little channels for-
ward so as to gather in the great ocean of abund-
ance which was about them, so did Richard Cobden
and those who were associated with him work to
bring in the fruitfulness of the world for the enjoy-
ment and prosperity of the nation. (Applause.)
The childish illustration was suggested by the cir-
cumstance that it was with his (Mr. Heywood's)
boyhood that he connected the name of Mr. Cobden,
and that for which his name stood pre-eminent. It
so happened that on the very night when the First
Minister of the Crown and the gentleman who leads
the Opposition were commenting on Mr. Cobden's
great services, a debate was going on in the House
of Lords on the question of the public schools, and
the school to which reference was no doubt chiefly
made on that occasion was the one in which he
(Mr. Heywood) spent the early years of his life, and
the subject carried him back to the very year 1841,
when he suffered a good deal of boyish persecution,
as being a member of a community- that was at that
time sending up to Parliament men who were dis-
posed to turn the world upside down and introduce
a great number of very novel ideas. But what he
felt about Mr. Cobden had been in a very few words
expressed by Mr. Bright—(loud cheers)—when he
said that he came fresh from the bedside of a depart-
ing friend, and spoke of the passing away of " the
manliest and the gentlest spirit that he knew."
That manliness and gentleness—what did it de-
scribe but the gentleman ? (Cheers.) It was pre_
cisely those characteristics of Mr. Cobden that had
stirred up the heart of England and of the world to
grieve over his loss, all differences of opinion being
forgotten in the man whom all felt to be at once
full of manliness and courage and gentleness. (Ap-
plause.)
The MAYOR said it was for the town of Stockport
that Mr. Cobden was first returned to Parliament,
and it had been fittingly arranged that one of the
present members for that borough should now ad-
dress the meeting. (Applause.)
Mr. WATKIN, M.P., said the occasion on which

Mr. M. Ross, President of the Chamber of Com-
merce, moved a resolution for the opening of a sub-
scription and the appointment of a committee. In
relating some of the difficulties Mr. Cobden had
to contend with while negotiating the French
treaty, he said he remembered one day when, after
four or five hours had been spent in the discus-
sion of trivial matters with the French Plenipoten-
tiaries, with what mortification Mr. Cobden had
exclaimed, " Really I had more power as a commer-
cial traveller than I feel I have had to-day as Pleni-
potentiary." (Laughter.)
Mr. POTTER, M.P., seconded the resolution,
which was passed.
The meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to
the Mayor. Several subscriptions of £5O were
announced, and it was understood that no larger
sums would be invited.

HEALTH OF LONDON,

(From the Registrar-General's Weekly Return.)

In the week that ended last Saturday the births
in London and nine other towns of the United King-
dom were 3,810 ; the deaths 2,927. The annual rate
of mortality in the week in those ten large towns
was 27 per 1,000 persons living, and was less than
in the previous week, when it was 30.
In London the births of 1,036 and 937 girls, in
all 1,973 children, were registered in the week. In
the corresponding weeks of ten years, 1855-64, the
average number, corrected for increase of popula-
tion, was 2,074.

The deaths in London in the same period were
1,533. The average number for the 15th week in 10
years (corrected) is 1,412. There is an excess in the
present return of 121 deaths over the estimated num-
ber.

Whooping-cough was the most fatal in the list of
zymotic diseases ; it carried off 92 children, about
two-thirds of whom were under two years of age.
Seventy-two deaths by typhus were recorded, 46 by
scarlatina and diphtheria, 16 by measles, and 14 by
small-pox. There were 224 deaths from bronchitis,
99 from pneumonia ; the respective averages being
155 and 98. Bronchitis is very fatal for this period
of the year.
The following carriage accidents occurred :--A
carman, aged 50 years, was killed by falling from his
van ; a boy, aged 13, was run over by a van at St.
Luke's ; and a labourer, aged 54, fell from a waggon
at London-wall.

On March 27, at the workhouse, Bethnal-green,
a sawyer, aged 53 years, died from disease of the
lungs, accelerated by the want of proper nourish-
ment. (Inquest).
On the 12th inst. a child died at 1, Skinner's-
court, Greenwich, of scarlatina. The Registrar states
that three deaths from fever occurred recently in
the same room, which is described as in a wretched
condition.

The rate of mortality last week was 27 per 1,000
in London, 27 in Edinburgh, 26 in Dublin, 34 in
Liverpool, 27 in Manchester, 28 in Salford, 25 in
Birmingham, 24 in Leeds, 22 in Bristol, and 32 in
Glasgow. The rate in Vienna was 28 per 1000 dur-
ing the week ending Ist inst., when the temperature
was 3.8 deg. Fahrenheit lower than in the same
week in London, where the rate was 29 per 1,000.
In Liverpool the births were 310, the deaths 308 ;
in Manchester the births 228, the deaths 187 ; in
Salford the births 74, the deaths 60 ; in Binning-
ham the births 281, the deaths 160 ; in Leeds the
births 139, the deaths 105 ; in Bristol the births
101, the deaths 67 ; in Edinburgh the births 144,
deaths 91; in Glasgow the births 409, the deaths
262 ; and in Dublin the births 151, the deaths 154.
There were 304 deaths in Vienna during the week
ending the Ist inst.
At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, the mean
height of the barometer in the week was 29.963 in.
The mean daily reading was above 30 in. on four
days. The reading rose to 3014 in. on Monday,
and declined to 29.78 in. on Thursday. The mean
temperature of the air in the week was 524 deg.,
which is 7.3 deg. above the average of the same week
in 50 years (as determined by Mr. Glaisher). The
mean daily temperature was above the average
throughout the week ; and on Sunday and Monday
this excess was as much as 11 deg. The highest day
temperature was 72 deg., and was attained on Sun-
day. The lowest night temperature was 37.4 deg.
on Tuesday. On Sunday and Tuesday the range
of temperature was 32.6 deg. ; on Saturday the
range was only 9 deg. The highest reading of a
thermometer in the sun was 122.4 deg. on Tuesday.
The mean degree of humidity of the air was 72,
complete saturation being represented by 100. The
humidity varied from 60 on Sunday to 88 on Satur-
day. Rain fell to the amount of 0-15 in.. nearly all
of it on Good Friday. At Manchester the range of
temperature on that day was only about 2 deg.

NEW YORK, April s.—The Confederates have
captured the propeller Fallnacent, and converted her into
a cruiser. She has since captured 17 schooners.

The Epidemic in Russia,

The Journal de St. Petersbourg of the 12th inst
publishes the following :

" The Minister of the Interior has communicated to us
the following replies which have been made to the questions
addressed by his Excellency the Ambassador of England to
the Russian Government respecting the prevailing epidemic:

" ' Question I.—What are the names in French and in
German by which the doctors at the hospitals and the phy-
sicians at St. Petersburg designate the malady ?
" Reply.—The epidemic does not offer any new features
of note, nothing unknown to science, no special form but
the typhoid class with various known modifications ; thus
typhoid fever, petechial fever, bilious typhus fever (bilia3ses
typhoid of the Germans), fierrt3 recurrens (febris recurrens),
recurrirends feber, of the Germans ; relapsing fever of the
English.* Typhus and typhoid fever prevail at St. Peters-
burg nearly every year in the autumn, and diminish to-
wards the month of November—a period at which a great
number of workmen leave the capital ; towards the follow-
ing months of March and April, the period of the great
care= (Lent), of the melting of the ice and the return of
the vagrant workmen to the capital, these fevers reappear,
and always without offering any particularities unknown
to medical science. The typhus which is now committing
ravages does not differ from the fevers of which we have just
spoken, except by a greater.extension and a greater intensity
of the symptoms which characterise it ; yet, other mala-
dies appertaining to the same species of typhoid maladies,
have shown themselves for the first time at St. Petersburg,
and the number of cases returned has exceeded that of the
typhoid fevers during the months of November and Decem-
ber, 1864, and January, February, and March of this year.
They are bilious typhoid fever, and especially relapsing fever
(pure typhoids bilieuse, and especiallyfievre recurrente).
" Question 2.—Was this malady known previously in
Russia, eithe • 7: _ or elsewhere, and, in such case,
what point ; • ent did it reach ?

"'Reply.—Although the relapsing fever (flierericurrente)
had never been observed at St. Petersburg, it has been pre-
viously observed in other localities. In 1840 that malady
committed great ravages in Moscow, especially under a
bilious form,f and in 1857-58 at Novo-Archangelsk(Russian
America), where it was studied by Dr. Govorlivoy, and last
year it made its appearance at Odessa. At the present mo-
ment, while it prevails in the capital, it has also shown itself
in various districts of the St. Petersburg radius (Novaia-
Ladoga, Gdow, Peterhof, and Tsarskoe-Selo), and on some
points of the district of Novogorod, especially on the railway
line, whither it seems to have been brought from the capi-
tal. But it is especially the petechial typhus which has com-
mitted ravages in this latter district, as also in the districts
of Penza, Tauris, and Kharkow ; in some other districts
(Astrakhan, Vitebsk, Minsk, Volhynia, Vladimir, Kalouga,
Dieu, Koursk, and Toula) the typhoid fever has attained
but a slight development, and the returns do not show a
high rate of mortality. With the exception of the epidemic
of 1840 at Moscow, which was followed by the simple
typhoid fever, in no part of Russia has the epidemic of the
relapsing and bilious fever acquired any considerable de-
velopment.
" Question 3.—ln the opinion of the highest authorities,
have there been any cases in the hospitals of St. Petersburg
or elsewhere where the disease has been communicated by
touch ?

" ' Reply.—The relapsing fever simple and bilious (la
.flevre recurrence, simple et bilieuse), has shown itself to be
contagious, like the general typhus. Some doctors, sur-
geons, attendants, and nurses have caught the malady in
the hospital wards; as yet but two cases of death are re-
ported among the doctors, and a few cases among the atten-
dants and nurses. It is especially, as in the case with all
epidemics, in the dwellings of the working men of the in-
digent classes that the contagion spreads, on account of
the bad ventilation and the immediate contact with the
clothing.
" Question 4.—What is known respecting the origin,
nature, and progress of the malady, of the symptoms by
which it declares itself, and of the best treatment to be fol-
lowed to effect a cure ?

" Reply.—The origin of this epidemic may be attributed
to the bad hygienic arrangements (mauvaises d'hygiene
conditions) ; to the consumption of vegetables (cabbages
and potatoes especially) which have been grown under
unfavourable climatical conditions which has produced
a considerable increase on all articles of food ; to the
immoderate use of spirits made form grain by the work-
ing and lower classes ; to an unusual conglomeration of
workmen in the capital towards last autumn, which occa-
sioned a considerable crowding in their dwellings ; a
crowding very baneful to health (a une bonne hygienie),
especially in the Russian climate. To these accidental
causes there must still be, added (and this is applicable to
all epidemics) the frequent atmospheric variations, espe-
cially so common on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, and
which produce what physicians call genius morbarum epi-
demicus. The relapsing fever (fcerre recurrente), which
made its first appearance towards the end of last August
at the rate of five to six cases daily, progressed rapidly.
In November there were already no less than 500 cases of
disease in the town hospitals ; towards the end of January
and at the commencement of February the epidemic had
reached its height, as many as 150 persons being taken to
the hospital in one day, and if wo include the cases of ordi-
nary typhus and other severe diseases the number arose
to 250 and even 300 per diem. We must, however, observe
that this last number does not give'the exact number of
the sick, as for many days during the time requisite for pre-
paring temporary hospitals numbers of sick had to remain
•in their own domiciles. During the last week the number
of cases of relapsing fever (fidvre recurrente) has consider-
ably diminished, and the petechial typhus, the typhoid
fever—to which the relapsing fever often turns in its se-
cond paroxysm—takes the place of the relapsing fever. At
the present moment the average total admission into the
town hospitals is from 100 to 150 per diem, including the pe-
techial typhus, or typhoid fever, and other severe maladies.
As regards the symptoms, the relapsing fever (flerre recur-
rente) has shown itself under two forms--a simple and a
bilious form. It always commences by prodromes; the persons
attacked have a shivering fit, sometimes two attacks at
a short interval, sometimes they have a continuous
attack. When the attack is over the patient is
much prostrated, he complains of headache, thirst, sick-
ness (mal au cceur), and want of appetite ; vomiting occurs
at times, the patient is generally constipated ; the prostra-
tion then increases, and he suffers extreme pain at the ex-
tremities; however, these latter symptoms might not appear
or might diminish in a short time ; they are neither perma-
ment nor constant. Generally speaking, this period of incu-
bation is not of long duration ; often after 24 hours only the
disease displays itself in most distinct characters. The face
has an altered appearance, the lines are depressed, the colour
of the face, red with some and of a grey yellow with others,
is sometimes icterical ; the skin is hot and dry, the head
heavy and burning. If a thermometer is placed under
the armpit of the patient it marks 30 deg., 40
deg., and 41 deg. de Celse, and this temperature is
nearly the same all over the body. The tongue is gene-
rally moist, never quite dry ; red at the edges and point,
it is furred at its base. In the greater number of cases
respiration is perfectly free, while in others the patient
has a slight cough without much expectoration. The abdo-
men is not much swollen, yet it is sensible to touch, espe-
cially under the pressure of the left hypocondrium. The
liver is much larger than in a natural state, as it often deve-
lopes itself as far as the navel, and completely occupies the
left hypocondrial region. The spleen is in a constant state of
great swelling. The invalid does not eat, and even shows dis-
gust for every species of food, but he has intense thirst; he
goes easily to the closet, and the motions do not show any-
thing extraordinary—they are rather liquid than solid ;
the urine, passed without difficulty, is slightly acid, at times
albuminous. The patient, much prostrated, is taken with
giddiness and cannot stand upright. The pulse is weak and
slow; from 100 pulsations it reaches 130, at the rate of 140
pulsations per minute. Delirium very seldom occurs. The
state which we have just described lasts four, seven,
and even ten days ; the patient then begins to perspire ,
copiously, and that perspiration, accompanied by a
most marked diminution of all the symptoms, continues
sometimes from 12 to 36 hours ; but the prostration remains
the same, and the twitches of the muscles continue unabated.
This state continues for many days, when suddenly cold
ensues, followed by shivering fits, and they are followed
by all the symptoms above mentioned, and torment the pa-
tient for many days more. Yet, generally, this second at-
tack is not so violent or so long as the first, and the patient
enters into a state of convalescence. The convalescence is
very slow. Very often the patient has one or two relapses,
apparently less violent, but leaving him in a most prostrate
condition. In some rare cases death occurs in the first
paroxysm—that is to say, before the second attack of shiver-
ing consequent upon a cerebral or pulmonary hemorrhage,
or from an inflammation of the coats of the brain (meninges)
or from paralysis of the heart (Dr. Hermann, Aboukhoff
Hospital). Later, the patient dies either from inflammation
of the lungs or rather from a stoppage (stale) in the lungs,
or from an abscess in the spleen or loins, catarrhs in the
bowels, or hydropsy. At the workmen's hospital extensive
phlegmons of the trunk and extremities have been observed
with suppuration of the inguinal glands, often resulting in
death. Recently, as already previously observed, the relap-
sing fever at its second paroxysm has turned into typhus
or typhoid fever. The second form of the malady—bilious
relapsing fever—Lafievre recurrente bilieuse, may arise from
the first just described ; however it shows itself at once.
From the first day the patient is in an icterical state, he
vomits bile, and has fearful headaches. Ho becomes deli-
rious, and remains in a prostrate state. This very dan-
gerous condition does not always end in death, but conva-
lescence is always slow, The autopsy has always shown
that the seat of the malady is in the organs of the abdomen,
especially the spleen and liver which are always greatly
enlarged and completely changed : sometimes the loins are
also affected by this inflammation ; a catarrhal affection of
the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels is also
observable, which sometimes reaches the mucous membrane
of the hilarious channels, and which occasion icterical phe-

nomena during life. Moreover, in complicated cases con-
sequences are found of the inflammation of the lungs, of
suppurative pericardito and the hemorrhagical cells in the
tissue of the spleen, even with the rupture of that organ.
Men are more subject to the malady than women. The
workmen who are addicted to drink have been chiefly vie-
tims to it. As yet no treatment suitable to every case has
been discovered ; the physician who turns his attention to
the fever and to the state of the abdominal organs succeeds
best. Mineral acids (acid elixir of Haller) and chloride are
mostly preferred. Symptomatic and palliative treatment
suited to local complications always find their indication ;
also laxatives, resin oil, calomel, warm applications, opium,
&c., according to circumstances. Sulphate of quinine re-
commended by some has not always been attended with
good results. But its usefulness was chiefly admitted as a
palliative to relieve pain and as a strengthening remedy
during the period of convalescence, where it has at times
been used with preparations of iron, and a nutritious diet,
especially when anemic had to be met with in the con-
valescent.'

" For further details we refer to the article of Dr. Hermann,
which contains a description of this disease, as also to the
anatomical-pathological report of Dr. Buttner, which are
to be found in the first numbers of the medical St. Peters-
burg Gazette (St. Petersburger Ilfedicinische Zeitschrin of
this year. The Government has not neglected anything
to alleviate the sufferings of the sick. Thus, 3,500 addi-
tional beds have been provided. The Board of Health of
St. Petersburg, under its president, Governor-General
Prince Souvorow, has taken every possible precautionary
measures to stop the disease. An infantry barracks and an
imperial manufactory have been converted into hospitals.
Special committees have been appointed to visit the dwell-
ings of the working classes ; the surveyors have been or-
dered carefully to inspect the: markets. Short and clear
rules to follow have been drawn up and posted in every
quarter; a subscription has been opened for the sufferers
and has been responded to by all classes of society. The
sudden and important diminution of the malady must be
attributed to these useful measures.

" Question s.—What has been the proportion between
the population of St. Petersburg and the daily number of
persons attacked by the malady ?
"'Reply.—lf we take 500,000 as the approximate number
of inhabitants we have as a maximum during some weeks
only of February 300 cases daily of relapsing fever, typhus
and other maladies included. We add :—The number of ad-
missions to the hospitals in the last months of 1864 showed
upon the admissions of the corresponding months of 1864 an
increase of 30 to 40 per cent. ; in January, 1865, it was 50
per cent. above those of 1864, and the number of admissions
of February, 1865, exceeded that of 1864 by 100 per cent.
" Question 6.—What has been the proportion between
the cases of sickness and of death ?

" Reply.—lt is not to relapsing fever that the greatest
number of cases of death must be attributed, but to pete-
chial typhus and typhoid fever. Thus, at the commence-
ment of the epidemic the relapsing fever showed the pro-
portion of (1.20) one death on 20 sick in the hospitals ; in
its greatest development it gave (1.12 and 10) ono death on
12 or 10 sick and even less in some hospitals. The pete-
chial typhus always showed much more favourable pro-
portions (1.5 and 1.4), one death out of five, or even four
sick in some hospitals. Generally the number of deaths
during the last six months of 1864 and January, 1865, ex-
ceeded that of the corresponding month of 1863 by circa
2,000. The relative mortality in the hospitals had also
greatly increased, especially during the first months of 1865.
If, therefore, we compare the month of January, 1864, with
the month of January, 1863, we find :—For the first (1.17)
one death on 17 sick, and for the second (141) one death
on 11 sick, comprising all violent and chronic diseases. It
is evident, then, that if we only include the relapsing fever
and typhus the proportion would be still more favourable.
" Question 7.—What has been the greatest rate of mor-
tality in one day at St. Petersburg ?

" Reply.—The daily mortality from epidemic maladies
in the hospitals from typhus and relapsing fever has not
reached the maximum of more than 60 per diem, and the
average has been 25 to 30 per diem.' "

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.

NEWMARKET CRAVEN MEETING.—TrEspAy.

The eight events on to-day's card dwindled down,
through the cases of paying forfeit, to six, and of these
only the Seventh Biennial and the Newmarket Handicap
commanded the slightest interest.
Siberia, despite her 51b penalty, made a shocking exhi-
bition of Klarinska and Sister to Queen of the Vale in the
100 Sovs. Sweepstakes over the Ditch Mile, and Mr.
Merry's beautiful Mcestissima filly had no difficulty with
her two opponents over the same course. The winner is
one of the finest and most racing-looking fillies seen for
some time, and her two engagements—the City and Subur-
ban and the Chester Cup—look, especially the latter, as
almost certainties.

The Biennial broUght out the large field of 20 runners,
of whom Koenig, as the best public performer, was made
the favourite. The start, effected to the very minute, was
a fine one, the Marquis of Hastings's colours on Pantaloon
showing in front with the favourite, King Charming,
Kangaroo, Audax, and Island Chief lying well up.
Ascending the hill the Duke -of Beaufort appeared to be
winning, but was caught at the half distance by Kangaroo,
a fine-looking son of Hobble Noble, and defeated cleverly
by a length. The winner will be a dangerous customer in
the Two Thousand. Dollar proved himself a great horse
by, running under the top weight a good second to Acci-
dent for the Handicap, over the severe ground of the last
mile and three quarters of the Beacon Course.
The weather has been most delightful, and the attend-
ance to-day was much larger.
Match—Last half of Ab. M. 100, h ft.

Mr. John Graham's Vision, 3 yrs, Bst 71b, paid ; and Mr.
E. Brayley's Viceroy, 3 yrs, 7st 71b, received.
Sweepstakes of 100 sovs each, 13. ft, for 3-yr-old colts, Bst
101 b each, with certain allowances, D.M. 5 subs.
Mr. Watt's Olmar, Bst 101 b (Challoner) w.o.
Sweepstakes of 100 sovs each, h ft, for fillies Bst 9113 ; a

winner of 400 sovs to carry 51b extra. D.M. 6 subs.
Duke of Beaufort's Siberia, 9st (inc 51b extra) (Fordham) 1
Mr. Bowes's Klarinska, Bst 91b (Ashman) 2
Baron Rothschild's Sister to Queen of the Vale, Bst 91b
(Wells) 3
Betting-3 to lon Siberia, 4to 1 agst Klarinska, and 100
to 8 agst Queen of the Vale.
The favourite, on the whip-hand, jumped away with a
clear lead, which she retained to the end, and won in a
canter by 20 lengths; a bad third.
Renewal of the Sweepstakes of 50 sovs each; colts, Bst 101 b;
fillies, Bst 71b. D.M. 5 subs.

Mr. Merry's Mcestissima filly, Bst 71b (Fordham 1
Count Batthyany's Puritan, Bst 101 b (Custom())) 2
Mr. Naylor's Sir Charles, Bst 101 b (Challoner) 3
Betting-3 to lon Mcestissima

The favourite, after running in company a few strides,
went to the front and won in the commonest of canters by
a length.
Plate of £5O, for 2-yr-olds ; colts, Bst 101 b ; fillies, Bst 71b.
Winners extra. First half of Ab.M.

Count Batthyany's Mazeppa, Bst 101 b (Custanc 1
Mr. C. Rawlinson's Henbane, Bst 71b (C. Maidment) 2
Mr. Hodgman's Venturous, Bst 101 b (Morris 3
The following also ran :—Pinchbeck, Flash of Lightning
filly, Gazna, Seam, Woodbine filly, Blue Bell colt, and
Barege colt.
Betting-7 to 4 agst Mazeppa, 9to 4 agst Flash of
Lightning filly, 8 to 1 agst Henbane, and 100 to 8 agst any
other.

With little or no loss of time the flag was lowered, when
the lot left the starter nearly in a line, but after they had
run a few strides the favourite carried his colours to the
front for a quarter of a mile, when he was eased, and Hen-
bane, his immediate follower, was indulged with the com-
mand ; the pair as they entered the cords drawing away
from their horses to half way up, where Mazoppa again
assumed his position, and won cleverly by a length ; six
lengths separated the second and third, Seam was fourth,
Woodbine filly fifth, and the Barege colt next.

First Year of the Seventh Newmarket Biennial Stakes of
10 sovs each, with 100 added by the Jockey Club ; for
3-yr-olds ; colts, Bst 101 b ; fillies, Bst 61b ; the owner of
the second horse to receive a sum equal to 10 per cent. on
the whole stake, and the owner of the third horse a sum
equal to 5 per cent. R.M. 80 subs.
Mr. Henry's Kangaroo (J. Grimshaw) 1
Duke of Beaufort's Kcenig • Fordham 2
Count Batthyany's King Charming (Custance 3
Lord Coventry's Tennyson (J. Adam 4
The following also ran :—Pantaloon, Verona colt, Bar-
barossa, Chimney Sweep, Audax, The Caloyer, Argences,
The Lily of • Devon, Vest colt, Contraband, Island Chief,
Cobweb, Zulette, Jezebel, Joker, and Dux.
Betting-7 to 4 agst Kcenig, Bto 1 agst Joker, 10 to 1
each agst Kangaroo, The Caloyer, King Charming, and
Andes, 12 to 1 agst Barbarossa.
Pantaloon was the first away, and came on with the run-
ning, having Island Chief, Tennyson, and Kangaroo in
close attendance, and wide on their left came Kcenig, King
Charming, Chimney Sweep, and Audax heading the rear-
ward horses. They ran nearly in these positions into the
Abingdon Mile-bottom, where Pantaloon droppedback, and
Kangaroo, with the favourite and King Charming, came on
in advance to half way up the hill, when Mr. Henry's colt
drew away and won very cleverly by a length. There were
two lengths between the second and third, and a like dis-
tance separated the third and fourth, close up with whom
were Joker, Cobweb, The Caloyer, and Audax.
Match ; Bst 71b oach.
(R.M.) 200, h ft.
Mr. Hodgman's The Monk, aged (Fordhatn) 1
Mr. Perry's The Principal, 6 yrs
(V. Boyce) 2
Betting-6 to 4on Principal.
The non-favourite made all the running, awl, won in a
canter by two lengths.
The Newmarket Handicap of 25 sovs each, 15 ft, and 5 if
declared, with 10 soya added, for 3-yr-olds and upwards ;
winners extra. From the starting-post of the R.M. to

third.

About five fur.

the end of B.C. 67 subs., 37 of whom pay 5 sous each.
Mr. B. Drewitt's Accident, 5 yrs, 7st 51b (Deacon 1
M. Lupin's Dollar, 5 yrs, 9st 71b (Fordham 2
Mr. T. Wadlow's Wandering Minstrel, 4 yrs, 7st 41
(Tomlinson) 3

*lt is especially to the English doctors MM. Kennedy,
Jenne; Christison, Dundas, Bennet, who have watched
latter species of typhoid fever, particularly to Professor
Bennet, who studied it in 1846 and 1847 in Scotland, that
we are indebted for a knowledge of all its characters. Pro-
fessor Griessinger, of Zurich, on his part, who watched an
epidemic in Egypt, has also greatly contributed to define
this teciee of typhoidal affection.
byThe malady was most carefully watched and described
Doctors Pehkan (elder), Heimann, and Levestamm.

The following also ran:—Raglan, Troubadour, Spring
Gun, Kate Hampton, Grace Darling, Glen 2:81a, Tomato,
Fantail, and Suspicion.
Betting-3 to 1 agst Wandering Minstrel, sto 1 agst
Accident, 6to 1 agst Grace Darling, 7 to 1 agst Tomato, 8
to 1 agst Raglan, 10 to 1 agst Troubadour, and 100 to 8
agst Dollar.

Kate Hampton, wide on the right, got away with the

THE SUN, LOADON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL 19, 1865.

DERBY.
7to 1 agst The Duke (taken)
Bto 1 agst Breadalbane (taken)
10 to 1 agst Liddington (taken)
20 to 1 agst Zambesi (taken)
20 to 1 agst Wild Charley (taken)

20 to 1 agst Archimedes (taken)
20 to 1 agst Oppressor (taken)
50 to 1 agst Bedminster (taken)
20 to 1 agst Broomielaw (taken)
25 to 1 agst Longdown (taken)
30 to 1 agst Kangaroo (taken)

DURHAM RACES-TUESDAY.

BLACKHEATH AND WOOLWICH RACES.
TUESDAY.

running, followed by Grace Darling, Suspicion, Fantail,
the favourite, and Accident, the others, who were headed
by Raglan and Tomato, lying off, in the rear of whom was
Dollar. They ran thus across the flat, but as they came
past the bushes the leader dropped back, followed in a few
strides further by Suspicion, who broke dAn. This left
the French representative and Wandering Minstrel in front,
the pair being joined by Accident at the New Ground ; the
latter rising the hill obtained a slight lead, and as they neared
the site of the old Duke's stand Dollar became his immedi-
ate follower, and as they reached the distance Fordham
made his effort, and for a stride or two appeared to have an
equal chance, but tiring under the weight as he came on,
he was beaten easily by a length; a bad third; Grace Dar-
ling fourth, and Tomato fifth.
John Davis was struck out at 2.30 p.m.
Broomielaw was struck out of the Two Thousand at 4.10
p.m. this afternoon.
LATEST BETTING ON THE COURSE.
CHESTER CUP.
100 to 9 agst Victorious (taken)
100 to 9 agst Mcestissima filly (taken)
TWO THOUSAND.
100 to 30 agst Liddington (taken)
9to 2 agst Kangaroo (taken freely)
6to 1 agst Breadalbane (taken)

Theßaby Stakes (Handicap) of 50 sovs, added to &Sweep-
stakes of 5 sovs each, 2 ft, for three-yr-olds and upwards;
the winner of any handicap value 50 sovs after April 5,
at ten a.m., 51b ; of one of 100 sovs value, 71b ; or of any
race of 200 sovs, 101 b extra ; the second to save his
stake. One mile. 18 subs.

Mr. Wilkinson's Wetsail, 5 yrs, Bst (Doyle 1
Mr. Sidney's Portrick, 3 yrs, sst 81b (car. sst 91b) (Dunbar 2
Mr. John Osborne's Nell Digby, 4 yrs, 6st 101 b (Carroll 3
Mr. C. Winteringham's Stiff. 4 yrs, Est 101 b (Lawrence 4
Mr.T.S.Dawson's Curtain Lecture, 3 yrs, 6st 21b(Cameron 5
Mr. Bowes's Theobalda, 4 yrs, 7st 101 b (Oram 6
Betting-3 to 1 each agst Nell Digby, Curtain Lecture,
and Stiff, 4 to 1 Theobalda, 6 to 1 Portrick.
Won by a head ; three quarters of a length between the
second and third ; a head between third and fourth.
The Lambton Stakes of 5 sous each, with 50 added ; two-
yr-olds, 7st; three, 9st ; f. and g. allowed 31b ; a winner
of a sweepstakes of 100 sovs, 31b ; of 200, 51b ; of 500,
71b extra ; three-yr-olds which have started twice with-
out winning, allowed 31b ; thrice, 51b ; four times, 71b ;
the second to save his stake. T.Y.C. 16 subs.

Mr. Jackson's Split the Difference, 2yrs, 7st 51b (in 51b ex)
(Marsol 1
Mr. John Osborne's Xi, 2 yrs (Carroll 2
Mr. T. Masterman's Honesty, 2 yrs, 7st (Dunbar 3

The following also ran :—Lady Elizabeth, Integrity,
Plora.

Betting-2 to lon Split the Difference-4 to 1 agst any
other.

Won by a length, and a head between second and third.
Flora bolted.

The Weir Selling Handicap of 3 soya each, with 25 added,
for all ages : the winner to be sold for £4O, and any sur-
plus to go to the race fund ; winner of any race after the
weights are published 51b extra. Five furlongs.

Mr. J. R. Watson's Eola, 4 yrs, 9st 21b (J. Snowden 1
Mr. Harrison's Barbara Allan 6 yrs, 9st 21b ...(Reynolds 2
Mr. Mares Deerfoot, 4 yrs, 9st 41b (Howey 3
Queen and Lambton colt also ran.

Betting-6 to 4on Eolo. ;4to 1 agst Barbara Allan.
Won by a length ; a head between the second and third ;
a bad fourth.

The winner was bought in for 45 guineas.
The North Durham Handicap of 50 sovs, added to a sweep-
stakes of 7 SOTS each, 5 ft, and 2 if declared, for three-
yr-olds and upwards; winners of any handicap extra ;
the second to receive 10 sovs. One mile and a quarter.
17 subs.

Mr. C. Winteringham's Stiff, 4 yrs, 7st 61b (Marlon) 1
Mr. Goodlass's Pretty Girl filly, 4 yrs, 7st 81b (Whiteley) 2
Mr. Bowes's Theobalda, 4yrs, Bst 41b (Oram) 3
Club Queen and Industry also ran.

Betting.-5 to 4on Club Queen ;4to 1 each agst Stiff
and Pretty Girl filly.
Won by half a length ; a neck between seconcrand third;
a bad fourth.

The Wynyard Plate (Handicap) of 40 sovs, for all ages ;
winner of any race after April 5, at ten a.m., 71b extra.
T.Y.C. 19 subs.

Mr. C. Winteringham's Stiff, 4 yrs, Bst (in. 71b ex.)
(Dickson) 1
Mr. Singleton's Mrs. Lirriper, 3 yrs, 6st 61b ...(Dunbar 2
Mr. Wilkinson's Wotsail, 6 yrs, Bst 101 b (Snuwden 3
Arkensido and Holstein also ran.

Betting.-5 to 2 agst Arkenside ;3to 1 agst Wetsail ; 4
to 1 agst Mrs. Lirriper.
Won by a head ; a head betwetn second and third.
The United Hunters' Stakes of 25 sevs, added to a Sweep-
stakes of 3 sovs each, 1 ft to the Race Fund, for hunters;
four-yr-olds, lOst 10Ib ; five, list 71b ; six and aged,
12st 21b ; certain allowances and penalties ; gentlemen
riders ; jockeys, &c., 71b extra ; the second to save his
stake. Two miles. 19 subs.

Mr. Gardur's Fly-by-Night (h. b.), aged (Mr. Wilkinson) 1
Mr. W. Miller's Skipjack, 6 yrs (Mr. Miller 2
Mr. E. A. Wilson's Alexandra, 4 yrs (Mr. T 11. Marten 3

Tho following also ran :—Extra Number, Maid of tho
Mill, Miss Amy, and Cock Robin.

Betting.-5 to 4on Fly-by-Night ;2to 1 agst Extra
Number.

Won easily by six lengths; same between second and

The Scurry Stakes of 40 sovs ; weight for age; gentlemen
riders; professionals, 71b extra. Five fur. on the flat.
Mr. Newland's f. by Tadmor---Lady Wilson, 3 yrs, lOst 41b
(Mr. Grant) w.o.
Match-40 ; 11st each.
Mr. Harvey's Trapper, aged, 11st (Mr. Grant) 1
Mr. New's Annington, 4 yrs, list (Welch) 2
No betting.

Mr. Grant, on Trapper, made the running to the turn,
where Annington ran out and threw Welch at the ropes,
and Trapper cantered in alone.

The Hunters' Stakes, a cup, value 20 sovs ; llst 71b each,
thorough breds-71b extra. One mile on tho flat.

Mr. Ranford's Bay Gelding, 12st (inc.7lb extra)(Horagan 1
Mr. Shepherd's Done Brown, list 71b (Owner) 2
Mr. H. Moore's Villeggiatura, 4 yrs, 12st (inc. 71b extra 3
Betsy Copeland and Eryx also ran.
Betting-6 to 4 agst Done Brown, sto 2 agst Bay Geld-
ing, 3 to 1 agst Sequence, 4 to 1 agst Villeggiatura.

Villeggiatura made the running to the far side where Bay
Gelding, who had been lying second, challenged and ran
into the first place ; after him were mare by Eryx, Done
Brown, and Sequence to the distance, where Bay Gelding
came away, and won easily by four lengths ; two lengths
separating the second and third. An objection was raised
in consequence of the winner going the wrong side of a
post, but it was not sustained.

The West Kent Handicap of 5 soya each, 2 ft (to the fund)
with 50 added ; winners extra. One mile and a half.
Mr. Sacul's Vision, 5 yrs, Bst 31b (Gregory 1
Mr. C. P. Hudson's Warwick, 4 yrs, Bst 51b (Arnull 2
Mr.A. W. Howe's Spitfire Kitty, 5 yrs, Bst 9jl)(E.Foster 3
The following also ran—Turcos, Peignoir, Pam, Betsy
Copeland, Walpole, Generalissimo, and Amy.
Betting—Even agst Peignoir, 4 to 1 agst Spitfire Kitty,
5 to 1 agst Generalissimo, 6 to 1 agst Walpole and Amy, 7
to 1 agst Vision.

After a delay of nearly an hour, in consequence of
the disobedience of I'Anson, Arnull, and Nightingall,
a start was effected. Betsy Copeland got off with the
lead, followed by Vision and Turcos. Walpole then
took up the running, and retained it till reaching the
turn on entering the straight, when he ran out and
allowed Vision to take first place, the latter winning by
two lengths; half a length between second and third,
After passing the post Amy cannoned against a cob that
was being ridden up the course, and received considerable
injury.

The Woolwich Plate of 30 sous, for 3 yr olds and upwards.

Mr. Breary's Xurullo, 6 yrs, Bst 91b ...(R. I'Anson, jun. 1
Mr. John Pugh's Walpole, 6 yrs, 7st 111 b (Attwood 2
Mr. J. New's Annington, 4 yrs, 7st 61b (Welch 3
Mr. R. Oldham's Tom Sayers, 6 yrs, 7st 101 b ...(Bunker 0
Betting-6 to 4on Tom Sayers-2 to 1 agst Xurullo-
-3 to 1 agst Walpole.
Approaching the straight run-in, Walpole held the lead,
and Xurullo drawing up to her shoulder, a fine race ensued,
the latter ultimately winning by a neck; two lengths
between second and third.

A Scurry Race, for a cup; 10st 71b each. One mile.
Mr. Breary's Xurullo, 6 yrs, lOst 7lb (Mr. Grant) 1
Mr. T. Lines's Peignori, 6 yrs, lOst 101 b, (inc. 31b extra)
(T. Burton) 2
Mr. &Ilford's Bay Gelding, 10st 71b (Horagan) 3

The following "'also ra;;—Walpole, Remunerator, An.-
nington, Tom Sayers.
No betting.
Peignoir led, followed by Walpole, second, and Xurullo
third. On coming into the straight, Walpole appeared to
tire, and Xurullo collaring Peignoir, won by a length ;
Bay Gelding a bad third. Tom Sayers and Anniugton
were left at the post.
The Selling Hurdle Race, one mile and a half, did not fill.

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casionally by every one, to keep the blood and system free
from the seed of the prevailing pestilence.

SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

-'

TI rEs.—That the people of the Northern States
should be excited to an extraordinary degree of en-
thusiasm by the capture of Richmond is not surpris-
ing. The fall of that city, the possession of which
has been purchased at such enormous cost, must
seem the actual end of the great rebellion. " On to
Richmond" was the first demand of the people, and
that the seat of the Confederate Government could
resist so many attacks first opened the eyes of
the nation to the difficulty of the task it had under-
taken. Those who reckoned the existence of the
war by days saw it lengthened to months, and the
months prolonged to years, without any indication
that the last operations would prove more success-
ful than the first. Not till all the military power of
the Federation was gradually directed against Rich-
mond could the end be achieved. Three armies have
been required to do the work that was thought an
easy exploit for the one half-organised force that
began the first march southward in 1861. The last
intelligence from New York exhibits that city in all
the intoxication of triumph. It has had its occasions
of exultation before, but till the recent change in
the prospects of the war they were so often followed
by such qualifications of„ the success that at last the
announcements of victory were distrusted, or even
disbelieved. Then came periods of depression, and
not a year has elapsed since it was possible for a
few advocates of peace and compromise to speak
and write in favour of both. Now, however, there is
no visible cause of doubt or misgiving. Charleston
and Richmond are again Federal cities, President
Lincoln is lodged in the house of President
Davis, and the army of Lee has retired to the
interior. The catastrophe seems complete, and in
all its accessories calculated to impress the people
with a feeling that the work is accomplished and
that the civil war is really at an end. Suppose the
whole nation impressed with that conviction, and
impulsively and at the same moment expressing
what they feel under its influence, and we
cannot be surprised at the somewhat de-
lirious forms the jubilation of New York has taken.
We shall hear similar accounts from every great city
of the Union, Baltimore perhaps excepted. It must
be recollected that the reported manifestations were
spontaneous and improvised at the moment. Nothing
was organised by committees or authorities ; the
public feeling took its own methods of declaring
itself, and the result was a display eminently charac-
teristic of the nation. The extemporised public meet-
ings, the instant appearance of a host of orators
competing with each other in extravagance of lan-
guage and sentiment, the singing hymns in the
street of the money changers, and the reading mili-
tary telegrams from the pulpits of churches, all this
reversal of the ordinary course of things does not
appear so extraordinary to Americans. When we
recollect the trifling incidents that have sufficed to
produce an amazing sensation in New York,we can-
not wonder at the outburst of feeling which has
marked such a crisis in American history. But no
violent excitement can be very enduring, and no
people more readily recover their faculty of taking a
cool and practical view of things. The transition,
indeed, from the hot fit to the cold is often exceed-
ingly rapid, and when the reaction sets in topics may
be discussed with perfect calmness which in the ac-
cess of fever would have excited a paroxysm of
wrath. We therefore merely regret the first sugges-
tion of the public orators on this occasion was that,
one war being terminated, the whole nation should
embroil itself in another—nay, in a series of wars.
But at the moment of utterance much was overlooked
that will, in a not distant future, ask very serious
consideration. We also regret that, next to the idea
of war generally, the most popular suggestion was
war with England. But we cannot regard these fiery
denunciations seriously. In a bidding for applause
there is no check to the extravagance of promise; how-
ever wild it may be, the speaker is always comfort-
ably aware that he runs little risk of being called
on to fulfil it. Passion ruled the hour, and the
orators would not have been listened to had they
not complied with the time, and spoken with the
unchecked vehemence that suited it. We are not
disposedto attach over-much importance to allusions
to the " Fenian Brotherhood." It is told off in good
round numbers, but we know enough of the appari-
tion and how it has been got up to deprive the threat
of any significance. Every generation has had some
political scooped turnip of this kind held up to it,
with assurances that it is very terrible. But that
the Americans will not countenance the imposition
beyond the point of political utility in their own
elections, we may feel assured. The much truer ex-
pression of American feeling was given, we trust, at
Washington,where the members of the Government
were summoned, as usual, on far less important oc-
casions, to address a public gathering. They spoke
under a double responsibility, as Ministers and the
representatives of the Republican party. Public
enthilsiasm cannot entirely carry away men holding
such a position. They must consider something
beyond momentary applause. They must avoid
official embarrassments, and not endanger the
" party" interests. The Washington speeches, there-
fore, are pitched in a more moderate key than those
of New York. Statesmen cannot indulge in the
" Cambyses' vein," living as they do in terror of
after-explanations. Mr. Seward, therefore, did not
encourage the New York suggestions of vengeance
and war. He adopted a lighter mode of treatment
for the crisis. He very skilfully evaded the perils
of a set speech, and rather amused his audience than
stirred them. His address served the purpose.. He
could not let England escape altogether, but he.did
not threaten her with extermination, or to annex
Canada forthwith. He dealt in innuendo, which, as
it pleased his hearers, we have not the slightest wish
to quarrel with. There was far less bitterness in
his speech than in the tone of many of his despatches
written when a European intervention was really
apprehended. The Americans must now acknowledge
that the apprehension was groundless. Against the f ew
reproaches Mr. Seward launched at us, we set the
instances in which, by his official acts, he checked
the rashness of subordinate officers of the Govern-
ment. If such inflammatory harangues as those de-
livered at New York do not affect the policy of the
Administration, it would be unreasonable to attach
too much importance to them. Very possibly Mr.
Seward could not have spoken so temperately to the
excited thousands of New York. But we believe
the more moderate tone of the official addresses at
Washington is a more reliable index of American
policy.
HERALD.—The inspectors of factories, in his re-
port upon the fire-brickyards of South Staffordshire,
has opened up a curious view of life in England, as
it exists in the remoter districts. It is worth glanc-
ing at, principally because the details are melancholy,
and such as to challenge at least the inquiring atten-
tion of the Legislature. The Black Country is a
part of England totally distinct from the rest. It
is a region of perpetual twilight, never subdued into
total darkness, for the furnaces are incessantly
glowing, and the nights are dimly reddened by their
reflections. It contains scarcely a single green pas-
ture ; in its dark and unwholesome rivers swim no
fish ; its black and fiat landscapes are relieved by
mountains of grit and cinder, smoking and steaming
engine works, gin-horses walking their weary
rounds, and ranges of roofless cottages, indicating
the neighbourhood of deserted pits, while, as across
the Dead Sea, few birds ever fly over the sterile sur-
face. We have been accustomed, moreover, to hear
of the people as rude and gross, grimy and besotted,
coarse in language, and animal in manners—the
men hidden down in the mines by day, while the
women, in male attire, drive donkeys along the roads
laden with articles for the manufactories. Yet this
region of England is important, and its industry is
exceedingly valuable. With regret, therefore, we
learn, upon official authority, that its social condi-
tion is so low. But, after an examination of the
facts, all surprise ceases. The men, as a rule, are
in the mines or at the iron-works, the women have
their seperate occupations, the children—or a vast
number of them—are employed, promiscuously, in
the clay-yards. Boys of five, says Mr. Baker, are
broken in to toil ; infants, literally, are tutored to
carry heavy weights of green bricks on their heads,
and young lads, walking 16 miles a day to and from
their place of labour, have to undergo tasks to
which the severest allotments of the treadmill,
the crank, and penal servitude, are but trifles.
Shot-drill is as nothing in comparison with
the severities of labour thus enforced, in which
little children are the principal sufferers. They
work as did the wretches who are believed to have
reared the Pyramids ; they have to carry enormous
loads, and travel, within a narrow space, incon-
ceivable distances ; tons of weight and miles of
walking and twelve hours of unremitted duty, half-
clad, in a hot atmosphere, over heated drying-stones,
and scandalously destitute of any supervision except
that which drives them to the due fulfilment of
their average task. The Government. inspector
writes, " It makes one feel for the honour o f the
country that there should be such a condition of
human labour existing in it." Certainly we may
leave Africa and New Guinea, not to speak of the
North Pole alone, until these English deserts have
been reclaimed. Their inhabitants, to all intents and
purposes, are savages ; they do not dress decently ;
their women are hardly distinguishable, in point of
attire, from their men ; their children are outcasts
from the civilised world; not one in twenty can
read or write ; and perhaps 5 per cent. have a dim
notion of religious responsibility. They go, perhaps,
at a very tender age to school, but are wanted at
the clay works before they have learned enough to
remember. Is it marvellous that, under the circum-
stances, in the bleak monotony of their hard-wrought
lives, they should grow up to habits of improvidence
and excess, and even when weary of their existence,
throw themselves on the workhouse, or seek excite-
ment in strikes and quarrels with their employers ?

Yet this is not, we would hope, an irreclaimable
population. Among the truths—not many in them-
selves—which Rousseau pointedwas one to the effect
that it is the condition of the labourer and not the
nature of the labour which can degrade a man. The
South Staffordshire brickmakers the Government
inspector assures us, are full of kindly feelings, and/
although they transfer even their infants from the
school to the clay-yard, never let an orphan grey!
hungry. The young, moreover, are singularly Cake"
ful of the aged. Thus, amid the shadows, there are
some redeeming lights thrown athwart the picture.
Upon the whole, however, the perspective is Key-
ening—a wide scene of odious and dissolute secial
customs—of precocious youth, daring in its
rahty; of untaught vice, of ribald amusement, of
swearing, profanity, and the defiance of all those
laws which make social life, whether among the poor
or among the rich, respectable. What is the reason
why these earthy and metallic districts of a country
are almost invariably the last to feel, practically,
the influences of civilisation ? Is it that there are,
certain social zones in which particular qualities of
human nature flourish or decay? The surface and
the caverns of the ocean have each their inhabitants,
embraced by the same element, yet ever strangers
to one another. We must not, however, take shelter
m these parallels, or in these suggestions of fatuous
theory. There is a race of men, women, and children,
the troglodytes or the ants of our midland; and after
accumulations of blue books and successive investi-
gations, with any amount of declared good inten-
tions calculable by philanthropy, the light is held
up, and we see them still black in body and mind,
grovelling, rude, and illiterate. How is it ? Why
these strange prejudices of the South Staffordshire
population, whether in the recesses of the earth or
at the clay-works described by the Governmentin-
spector, where the earth itself is wrought up into a
solid form ? Why those men, all brawn and bulk,
who seem incapable of a thought beyond the pot of
ale before them and the pipe between their lips?
Why those emaciated women and squalid children ?
Their occupation is not, of necessity, injurious to
life ; their earnings are not, on the average, con-
temptible ; yet after years, twenty-two years, in-
deed, of official reports, we open the book at the
same page, and hit on the miserable picture of life in
a large English district drawn by Mr. Baker—a pic-
ture of life where the people are blank in their minds,
brutal in their enjoyments, sensual, impious, and
with scarcely an active influence to foster their
moral or social energies. We can better understand
the report we, at the same time, have received
from the South Staffordshire miners. They dwell,
for the most part, below the sight of heaven. The
darkness of their work operates with wondrous
effect on their characters. They toil amid the
constant rattle of engines and roar of furnaces,
and in a dim irreligious light, with activity rest-
less and violent, in a feverish atmosphere, per-
petually.. in the presence of danger, away from their
families, and earth, or air, or fire, or water, mai
at any instant overwhelm them. This seems 10
account for a certain recklessness discernible among
miners ; but why the brickmakers of the Black
Country should be inferior to those anywhere else
appears a fact unaccountable, although unquestion-
able, unless we admit that while eager on the sub-
ject of Arctic explorations, West African missions/
and interesting provinces of Borneo, we have ne-
glected a great social duty at home. For even
among the almost wild people who• live so near to
us, and of whom we know so little, that are de-
scribed by Mr. Baker, tourists who travel to 01
human nature rather than dead scenery have told
us that they have observed indications of a faculty
for adopting and enjoying better manners—an idea
of accepting, even though unreadable, tracts fro'
the clergy, and listening to their exhortations ;
fondness for neat furniture and bright ornaments!,
when they can be procured—the cultivation 0f
flowers on the most unthankful soils, and a general
love of music and dancing. But the dark features
predominate—ignorance, brutality—the beer-shop
—every man with a bull-dog between his knees;,
nostrums of opium and gin—cock-fighting and
card-playing ; and, :withal, ragged clothes ao._,'•
half-famished families. We aro glad that offiela'
attention has been directed to this wretched state
of affairs in the South Staffordshire districts, esP„e"
cially those where the great clay-works are chiefly
situated, because it is not a fact honourable to a
Christian community that, after an exposure dating
22 years back, a Government inspector should go'
down, and return reporting that there is no nu;
provement, and that a fearful condition almost of
infant slavery, and certainly of general degrada-
tion, exists.

COUNTRY MARKETS

LIVERPOOL-TUESDAY.

At this day's market there was a good attendance of the
town and country trade, and some buyers from a distance.
Wheat met with a fair demand at the rates of this day
week. Flour neglected, but no change in value. Oats old
oatmeal in request, at an advance of ld per 451 b. and is per
load. Barley, beans, and peas may be quoted 2d per 601 b.
and Gd per qr. dearer. Indian corn attracted considerable
le
and prime Danube was saleable at 29s to 29s 3u
per 4801 b., and mixed American at 295, showing an ad-
vane° of is 3d to is 6d per qr. on the week.