The Sun.
London, England, 1862-09-05 00:00:00

GARIBALDI.

(From th,e Times' Correspondent.)
TURIN, SEPT. 2.
Garibaldi is on the ground, never again to rise.
Whatever events the future may have in store for
Italy, Garibaldi's game is played out. He is old,

prematurely old, broken in health, worn by fits of
excessive activity, still more wasted by long periods

of involuntary repose. The gout tortures and para-
lyses his limbs, sorrow will soon knaw into his very

soul.

The lion is down; there will be no lack of
ignoble animals eager to administer the last kick.

But Garibaldi belongs to history; justice must be
done to a name which cannot pass away. It is not
enough for his enemies to descant on his lack of
prudence, on his overweening self-conceit, his igno-
ranee, his obstinacy, they even impugn his veracity,
his self-denial, his boundless generosity, his consis-
tency, his singleness of mind and purpose. Gari-

baldi, however, may well afford to abide the judg-
ment of public opinion. Had he never spoken or
written, or suffered others to write and speak in
his name, the sentence would be all the more
favourable to him. As it is, if he is brought before
the Senate at Turin, before a council of war, or be-

fore any civil or military court, silence beseems him

as the most efficient defence. Like the great Roman

of old he may ask his judges to follow him to the
temple of the gods. "On such a day I gave Italy

her Southern provinces and achieved her unity ; let
us give thanks to the Almighty !" It would be mere
cavil and chicane to inquire by whom the conquest
of the Two Sicilies and their annexation were
achieved. The initiative of the enterprise belongs
to Garibaldi; it could belong to him alone.
Whether or not Garibaldi be prosecuted and tried
for high treason, it is not from an official tribunal
that he awaits condemnation or acquittal. The world
will judge him by the light of his own conscience,
by the precedents of his early training, his wild
adventurous life, his teachers, his associates. Gari-
baldi was born a patriot, as every Italian was since
1814. He was a disciple of Young Italy, as all his
countrymen were since the failure of the Carbonari
of 1820. He was a countryman, almost a towns-
man, a friend, a fellow exile of Mazzini, at a time
when Mazzini was all bright with hope and enthu-
siasm, free from the bigotry, the vapid idealism, the
rancoraus exclusivism, which estranged his steadiest
friends from him. Garibaldi was a Mazzinian when
all Italians between 20 and 25 years of age were
Mazzinians. As a Mazzinian he left Italy; he
quitted Europe, he .was away for years and years,
seeing none of his countrymen, or only those who
like him took extreme views of their country's ques-
tion, men to whom Europe offered no resting-place,
who out-did Mazzini himself, whom Mazzini him-
self deemed unsafe and untrustworthy instruments.
These men were Garibaldi's companions in the South
American republics. Those Spanish communities
in the New World are without contradiction the
very worst political school on the face of the globe.
The Italians were a superior race among those dege-
nerate creoles. They took a prominent station as
fighting men; as statesmen swayed the councils of
those unruly States, wielded their destinies. Gari-
baldi and his Italian Legion was for a long time the
anchor of hope of Montevideo, the terror of Buenos
Ayres and other uneasy neighbours. But South
America was a bad school for the champion of an
orderly and civilized country. Garibaldi, who
brought with him not one sound idea of political
right from Europe, borrowed his notions of freedom
from those supremely, incorrigibly anarchic States.
Bolivares and Francis were his beau ideals of patri-
otic heroism. His pattern Government was a mili-
tary dictatorship tempered by universal suffrage.
Imbued with these notions, panting for action, and
shrinking from reflection, he returned to Italy on
the first outbreak of 1848. He came to fight under
Charles Albert, but fell into the toils of Mazzini, of
that Mazzini who, safe at Milan, was mining the
ground under the Piedmontese as they grappled
with Austria on the Mincio and the Adige. Charles
Albert was prostrated ; he fled to the Ticino, and
Mazzini put forth his famous manifesto : " The war
of the Kings is at an end ; that of the peoples
begins." The author of that emphatic proclama-
tion went off to Lugano, in Switzerland ; but
Garibaldi held his ground in Lombardy, then
took to the water on Lake Maggiore, laid hold of
the Sardinian steamers, put Arona and other towns
on the Piedmontese side under contribution, and to
those who pleaded the armistice then extant be-
tween the belligerents he answered, " La tregua
ha fatta it Re ; not non c' entriamo. (" The King
has made the armistice; we will not enter into it.")
With those steamers and that money he effected a
landing at Luino ; he carried on the struggle for a
few days at Varese ; then he had to cross the fron-
tier and seek safety in Switzerland. On the fol-
lowing year he was at Rome, in a Republic after
his own heart, with all the powers concentrated in
the hands of a Triumvirate. However Mazzini

may have governed, there is no doubt but Garibaldi
fought well. He humbled the ever-crowing French,

defeated and all but captured King Bomba, and
raised the character of the Italians, who henceforth
were hailed in Europe as men who did fight. Loth
to surrender, unwilling to stoop to compromise,
Garibaldi led as many as had faith in him all across
the Peninsula, baffling both French and Austrian
pursuit—an epic retreat ending in a tragic cata-
strophe—the death of his wife. He then vanished
from the scene of the world; as usual, when no
field for action was open, he sank into silence and
obscurity—a sailor, a farmer, a quiet, unassuming,
inoffensive, self-sufficient man. In 1859 he was
again on Lake Maggiore, at Varese, at Como, on the
Alps, the leader of raw youths against the best
trained soldiers and the most enterprising generals
of the A ustrian. He outstripped the march of the
Franco-Sardinians, determined their movements,
and paved the way for their victories. He then
withdrew to Caprera, abjured republicanism, broke
loose from Mazzini, and swore eternal brotherhood
to Victor Emmanuel. It was no allegiance on his
part as from subject to Sovereign; it was the good
..
will and stanch friendship of a soldier to his con'
rade. Yet, no doubt, the King of Italy
h an.
truer partisan, no safer supporter in his: °,warib blunt
truer partisan, no safer supporter in his O;ribsldi
way than " the hermit of Caprera.
ome to the
used to say that, "should things even cbe
the Pre.
worst, Victor Emmanuel would al_waaY:ould be bail
sident of an Italian republic.

for it.
Unfortunately, the task of Italian patriotism Was
not accomplished. The first proraoter of the Italian
prescribed its limits, and
movement, Napoleon 111.,
shall go and no further."
intimated that " so far it
Rome and Venice were still to be
.reseued from
foreign bondage ; Bourbon tyranny still
gazzi.m had full scope foi inces-
Weighed on
the Two Sicilies.
In all his endeavours
sant agitation. he strove to
enlist the hero of Varese in his ranks. Garibaldi
was made to plan an expedition across the frontier

STAMPED ....sd.

of La Cattolica, to put his name at the head of an

association called La Nazione Arnzata. He even

was made to join notorious swindlers who professed
to prepare a rescue for Venice. Of a childlike sim-
plicity and ingenuousness, guileless and confiding to
a fault, he took his own truthfulness as a warrant
for other people's sincerity. He believed every
assertion, gave in to every device, dived into every
illusion, and it was only when a real friend, an au-
thoritative person, generally the King, made him
aware of the pit that had been dug under his feet
that he drew back, alarmed and disgusted, mis-
trusting his own judgment, disavowing his evil
counsellers, and again and again repairing to his soli-

tude, satisfied that he could not mend matters, and
should, at least, not mar them. Then came the affair
of Marsala, the campaign of the Thousand, the libe-
ration of Sicily and Naples. The knot of Italian
politics had got entangled beyond the power even
of the shifty Cavour to untie it. It had to be cut,
and Garibaldi's sword alone could do it. Cavour
had no faith in the successes of Garibaldi's under-
taking ; he did not prevent, did not encourage it; he
knew, he ignored it; he would either turn Garibaldi
to good purpose, or be rid of him : he watched his
progress, stepped in at his various stages ; he would
have stopped Garibaldi at Messina ; he would have
hurried, he would have delayed annexation ; he did
not know what he wished. The adventurer's in-
stinct was better than the schemer's wisdom. Gari-
baldi and fate went their way, and Cavour was too
long used to bow to events and to profit by them. The
Two Sicilies were won. Garibaldi got cold thanks; he
withdrew to his island home, bitter against Cavonr;
who had sold his native town, who jockeyedhim, as
he conceived, out of the reward of his achievements
—the only reward he aspired to, the preferment of
his friends and followers.

Still Garibaldi remained in Caprera, and was
quiet. Cavour came to an untimely end ; Ricasoli
had his short tenure of. office ; Garibaldi did not
stir from Caprera. He harboured no resentment,
he cherished no ambition, he had no wish for him-
self. He was humbled, not angered, by Cialdini's
letter; he shook hands with his bitter censor,with-
drew from public life, and went back again to
Caprera. Twice and three times recalled thence by
false friends, he always went back by the advice of
true friends. He had long disavowed Mazzini. He
had withdrawn his countenance from the so-called

"party of action." He went hand in hand with
Victor Emmanuel. He would not believe that the
hour of action had struck till the King himself gave
the signal.
Most fatally, he was made to believe that the
signal had been given. King's agents, or men
professing to be such, whispered to him that the
King was tired of diplomacy and Ricasoli; that he
was bent on a move ; that a blow should be struck,
first for Venice, then for Rome. Garibaldi trusted
and acted. He landed at Genoa; Rattazzi super-
seded Ricasoli; Garibaldi organised the Lombard
youth into rifle clubs, he headed the Emancipation
Society. He prepared the attack on Sarnico;
equipped an expedition to Montenegro. France
protested ; the Sarnico affair blew up ; Garibaldi
embarked for Caprera, but he was allowed to sail
for Sicily ; was welcomed at Palermo by the Royal
Princes at his landing ; sat at table on the right
hand of the heir of the throne, at the post of honour,
received the homage of all the civil and military
authorities in the island. He thought he was acting
for the King, in the King's name, at the King's
bidding. He thought the farce of Count Cavour
and 1860 was being played over again. He consi-
dered all Ministerial disavowals and Royal procla-
mations to be only proofs of the consummate cun-
ning, of the profound dissimulation of the authors
of the plot. The encounter at Aspromonte dispelled
the illusion.

Most assuredly Garibaldi is guilty of insanity.
He was determined to march upon Rome; he de-
clared war against France, and in the meantime
waged war against Italy. He was too sure he

could shun civil strife ! he reckoned too much upon

the enthusiasm of the people, on the eventual co-
operation of the national army. Had his calcula-
tions even proved true, had he dragged along with
him the whole people of Naples and Sicily, Cialdini,
La Marmora, and all their brigades and divisions,
still he was no match for France. He could hardly
engage France without at the same time drawing
Austria also upon his arms. But, on the one hand,
he had been taught by Mazzini that there was
nothing that could not be achieved by the people.
The French army might be half a million—a mil-
lion—but the Italians were twenty-five millions !
Then, Napoleon stood alone in France ; "he had,"
as he was fond of repeating, " a straw tail," sure to
be set on fire as soon as his back was turned. An
attack on the Imperial, garrison at Rome, Mazzini
had told him, would be the signal for a republican
revolution in France. The fall of Napoleon would
bring about a covenant between the two Celto-
Latin nations, which would make them more than
equal to all the Powers of the world. Add to this
that Garibaldi had hardly ever failed in any of his
former enterprises, he felt sure that success could
never forsake him ; he was conscious he had per-
formed miracles, and was sure of his power to
achieve any prodigy. He had seen multitudes
kneeling at his feet ; the world's incense had in-
toxicated him; he was, indeed, superior to idle
vanity; he shunned plaudits and ovations so far as
he was himself concerned ; but if he could turn all
this power—all this prestige—to the benefit of his
country, would it not have been meanness, would
it not have been madness on his part to shrink from
the task which popular enthusiasm designated him
to accomplish, to shirk an enterprise to which the
world's cheers urged him
Such were Garibaldi's reasonings, such his motives
and actions. His countrymen—the world may well
pause before they sit in judgment against him. %Ito
life is all of a piece—consistent from beginnilB49,
end. The men who applauded Garibaldi 10
who worshipped him in 1860, have no right tartoner-
demn him in 1862. He acted without
thought or a selfish motive. His was ai.eat
1118 case
error
—a sublime misconception. Ouccerl
the purity of
was clearly out of the question ;
his motives only must he be justi6o'

jzocIiESTER, Sept.
l and notwith-
THE HOP PLANTATIONS.- - lit ,
t fortaig has very much
3..—The genial weather of the P otations,
improved the appearance of tlicliffew weeks past, that tho
standing the fears entertains 310 e. thereis s now every pro-
crop would prove a partial foe very
lunch in excess of that
bability that the yield will Although very far below the
originally calculated utPio°lof4 of the county advantage has
of pickers
average. In some Pltious weather to commence the pick-
been taken of the Prt.se of a few days will become gene-
ing,
been a large influx
ttlailee.,„reeviteasand more distant
rai wAhiireheadiny
immigrants. Thek suggestion
employment
ent
from the tfheoarerattriolo ambtheerreef
irewmilil
districts is not likPeilc;
for one-fou,, p ince of employing the etersbefrocmarrtihede
70attodZ,Frefrtiacturithelicgircumstance of so few from those dis-
into e".` aids having as yet found their way into Kent. In
botaynitiocitaill't(zewvberisc7hbiesstengrtohuendsthe plant has been attacked.
increase, and here the yield will
1,0 small. While some of the best and most highly culti •
vated plantations will yield from 10 to 12 cwt. per acre,
others will barely produce 2 cwt. to the acre. Taking the
entire hop-growing district, the yield is estimated at from
5 to 7 cwt, per acre, which, taking the estimated acreage of
hops under cultivation at 48,000, would give a return equal
to about £140,000 under the old scale of duty.
[ADVERTISMENT.]--Holloway's Pills.--Sallow com-
plexion, weariness, loss of appetite, impaired digestion, and 1
depression of spirits, which foreshow the coming of dis-
orders of the liver, should be vigorously met by an efficient
regulator of that organ, such as Holloway's pills. They
address themselves directly to the particular cause of irre-
gularity, remove it, and the functions subside again into
order. The sallowness often seen on the delicate youth of
both sexes, especially when growing fast, may be chased
away by occasionardoses of these pills,without the weakness
and enervation resulting from mineral medicines. They
purify the blood, and so regulate its circulation that the
alternate paleness and flushings of the face are banished,
healthful energy supplants the lassitude, and the flesh
gains firmness.