The Sun.
London, England, 1865-10-07 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 7, IE€E.

yoke of the invader and maintaining the struggle in all our
States."

Poor Juarez ! his cause his gone ; and he on the
border of the Rio Grande is but awaiting some final
stroke to send him an exile across to Texas. " The
Mexicans everywhere resisting" are a few indepen-
dent guerilla bands, which think more of plunder
than of [patriotism. The United States refused to
aid the Liberals, and from that moment their cause
waned ; and, although we may not like it, Maxi-
milian is the ruler of Mexico as much as any man can
rule such a restless and rebellious people. Juarez
will remain in " the Mexican territory" at El Paso,
but -from his castle he can see all his dominions.

Naval and Military Intelligence.

The Himalaya screw troopship, Capt. Thomas
Bridgman Lethbridge, is hourly looked for at Spit-
head, from Canada, with Lord Monck and suite on
board and other passengers, and a full complement
of troops. The Fire Queen, steam yacht, Staff-
Commander Paul, is ordered to be held in readiness
in Portsmouth harbour, with fires banked up, to
disembark Lord Monck from the Himalaya imme-
diately on the ship's arrival at Spithead.
The Swedish corvette Gefle, Captain Kiernan,
weighed her anchor at Spithead yesterday, and
steamed into Portsmouth harbour to complete coal-
ing, the wind showing an inclination to veer round
south from the eastward, and raising a considerable
swell, in consequence, through the anchorage at
Spithead.

The Fox, screw transport, Staff- Commander
Moriarty (of Atlantic Telegraph fame), arrived at
Portsmouth yesterday from the Channel ports.
The Helicon, Commander Singer, and the Sala-
mis, Commander Suttie, paddle despatch vessels, of
equal tonnage and horse-power of engines, are both
held still in readiness in Portsmouth harbour to
start on their competitive sea-trial trip. Nothing
definitive is yet known respecting the distance to be
run by the two vessels, but it is reported they will
only go round the Eddystone and back to Spithead
in the first instance, whatever they may do after-
wards. The Helicon and Salamis are sister vessels
in all respects, in both hull and engines, excepting
that the former possesses Mr. E. J. Reid's much
talked-of U-shaped fore body, while the Salamis
possesses the forward lines designed for the two
vessels previous to Mr. Reed's receiving the appoint-
ment as Chief Constructor of the Navy. The trial
is exciting great interest.
Her Majesty's ironclad screw steam corvette Pal-
las, partially rigged and in a forward state towards
completion, was yesterday floated out of dock at
Woolwich, and in consequence of her draught of
water—viz., 21 ft. Bin. aft and 15ft. 6in. forward—
it was deemed unsafe to bring her up for the night
at the moorings off Woolwich as formerly intended.
She was consequently taken down to Greenhithe in
tow of the steamtugs Monkey, Bustler, and Wid-
geon, to await the favourable tide to-day, which
will serve at a sufficient depth at 3 p.m., when she
will return to Woolwich, and will be hauled into
the fitting-basin to complete her rigging and equip-
ment in preparing for sea. The re-adjustment of
her screw propeller, with a view of increasing her
rate of speed to 13i or 14 knots per hour, suggested
conjointly by Mr. Humphreys and Mr. Reed, has
been successfully carried out, with every prospect,
it is stated, of a beneficial and effectual issue. She
has been fitted with four of the most approved
Downton pumps, supplied by Messrs. J. Stone and
Co., of Deptford. Under the experienced judgment
and personal attendance of Captain Matthew Con-
nolly, appointed to the command, the cabins and
internal and gunnery arrangements are diligently
superintended. The port-beds and doors are served
with a newly-contrived hinge, which works univer-
sally, on the cup and ball system, invented by
Messrs. J. Stone and Co., and is ordered to be
adopted generally in the service. The hinges are
of cast-iron, the cap being cast loosely, and without
the possibility of giving way under ordinary usage.
The Pallas will leave Woolwich, as at present
arranged, on the 4th prox. for Sheerness, to receive
her final equipment, preparatory to her departure
to join the Channel fleet.
The old sheer hulk Chatham was yesterday de-
spatched to the Victoria Docks, having been lent
by the Board of Admiralty, at the request of the
Turkish Ambassador in London, to assist, it is
stated, in masting and rigging a Turkish yacht.
The Basilisk, 6, paddlewheel sloop, 1,031 tons,
400 horse power, Captain W. M. Hewett, V.C.,
having had her boilers and engines thoroughly
overhauled and repaired in Sheerness dockyard,
after a long term of foreign service, was on
Thursday taken to the measured mile, off Maplin
Sands, in charge of Captain George G. Ran-
dolph, of the Sheerness Steam Reserve, for the
official trial of her engines. Mr. Tucker, inspector
of machinery afloat ; Mr. Blaxland, chief engineer
of Sheerness Dockyard ; and Mr. Townsend, fore-
man of the factory, were likewise present. The
vessel, with all her weights and stores on board,
made six runs on the measured mile, with the fol-
lowing results :—First run, 6min. 33secs. ; revolu-
tions of engines, 17.25 per minute ; speed due to
time, 9.160. Second run, 7min. 22sec. ; revolu-
tions of engines, 19 ; speed due to time, 8.145.
Third run, 6min. 2sec. ; revolutions of engines, 17.5;
speed due to time, 9.944. Fourth run, 7min.
51sec. ; revolutions of engines, 19 ; speed due to
time, 7.643. Fifth run, smin. 53sec. ; revolutions
of engines, 17 ; speed due to time, 10.198. Sixth
run, 7min. 58sec. ; revolutions of engines, 18.5 ;
speed due to time, 7-531. The result gave a true
mean speed of 8.879 knots per hour. The circle,
the diameter of which was 356 yards, was turned
at full power in smin. 53sec. ; at half power in
6min. 33sec. The draught of water forward was
16ft. 9in. ; aft., 16ft. ilin., and the load' on the
safety valve 121 b. The engines worked in a very
satisfactory maner, and the boilers generated a good
supply of steam.

The steam Launch, No. 13, 6-horse power, for
the Bellerophon, was yesterday taken to the mea-
sured mile at Saltpau-reach, in the river Medway,
under the charge of Capt. George G. Randolph, of
the Sheerness Steam Reserve, for the official trial
of her engines; which have been erected by Messrs.
Penn and Son, of Greenwich. Six runs were
made, giving a true mean speed of 6.888
knots per hour. The maximum number of re-
volutions of engines per minute was 301, and
the mean 294. The draught of water was 2ft.
6in. forward, and 3ft. aft. The load on the safety-valve
was 801 b., and the pressure of steam in the boiler
721 b. The launch is driven by a four-bladed pro-
peller, the diameter of which is 2ft. 6in., and the
pitch 3ft. llin. The engines worked in the most
satisfactory manner, and there were no hot bearings.
The boilers generated a good supply of steam, and
there was an entire absence of priming.
His Prussian Majesty's frigate Niobe, 18, Capt.
Batsch, from Kiel, arrived in Plymouth Sound, on
Thursday afternoon, en route for the Cape Verd
Islands.

The screw steamsloop Greyhound, 17, proceeded
outside the Plymouth breakwater on Thursday, for
the purpose of testing her machinery, afterwards re-
turning to the Sound, where her compasses will be
adjusted prior to leaving for the West C oast of Africa.
The Alumbagh, Capt. Bulwer, with troops from
Queenstown, belonging to Kessrs. Gellatly, Hankey,
and Sewell (Dunbar and Co.), arrived at Cape
Town on Aug. 18, after a fair passage of 56 days.
This ship would have made a quicker run out, but
was retarded by a heavy south-easterly gale. The
Alumbagh was ordered to proceed to East London
to disembark the troops.
The following appointments have been made at
the Admiralty:—Lieut. F. W. Lowther to the Ed-
gar, vice Scott; Lieut. H. Studdy to the Edgar, vice
Lawson; Lieut. R. IL Bogie to the Bristol; C. R.
T. Russell to the Bristol, for gunnery duties; Lieut.
H. M. Carre to the Excellent, additional, for ser-
vice in the Royal Sovereign, vice Russell; Sub-Lieut.
H. C. D. Ryder to the Bristol; Sub-Lieut. E. F.
Keppel to the Edgar; H. K. Gregon, S. Johnston,
C. Palmer, S. H. B. Davies, and E. B. Wallace,
midshipmen, to the Bristol; C. E. Wood, midship-
man, to the Edgar; C. W. King, assist.-paymaster,
to the Egmont; H. J. Gardner, assist.-paymaster,
to the Narcissus; R. Oliver, assist.-paymaster, to
the Revenge; H. H. Mothersole, Jas. Hird, H. W.
White, and W. H. Wivil, engineers, additional, to
the Bristol; William H. Sedgwick, engineer, addi-

tional, to the Doodahs ; John Lanksbury, engineer,
additional, to the Royal George ; W. J. J. Spry,
engineer, additional, to the Royal Adelaide ; T.
W. Sanders, engineer, to the Duke of Welling-
ton ; F. C. Kelson, acting engineer, to the Donegal;
W. Skelton, George Weight, John Etherington, and
James Legate, first-class assist.-engineer, addi-
tional, to the Victory ; Horace H. Small, first-class
assist.-engineer, additional to the Trafalgar; and
Henry C. Stansmore, acting second-class assist.-
engineer, to the Duke of Wellington ; Capt. M. S.
Nolloth, to the Princess Charlotte, when recommis-
sioned at Hongkong, and for service, as Naval
Officer in Charge of Naval, Victualling, and Medi-
cal Establishments at Hongkong ; Capt. Leveson
E. H. Somerset to the Bristol ; Commander W. A.
J. N. Brownlow, to be an Inspecting Commander
in the Coastguard ; the Rev. John Wilson to be
Chaplain to the Princess Charlotte, when recom-
missioned at Hongkong, as additional for service in
Melville Hospital ; Alexander K. Woodrow, Regi-
nald B. Tulford, Walter L. Bignold, and Arthur G.
Cuthbert, naval cadets, to the Bristol.

National Association for the Promotion of

Social Science.

SHEFFIELD, Oct. 5.

JURISPRUDENCE AND AMENDMENT OF THE LAW.

This department, of which the president is Sir R. Philli-
more, Queen's Advocate, is divided into three sections, one
of which deals with international, the second with muni-
cipal law, and the third with repression of crime.
In Section A (International Law), Sir. R. PITILTIMORE
presided, and a discussion on the special question whether
it is desirable to establish an uniform internaticnal law of
freight, and if so, on what principle; was carried on dur-
ing the sitting.

In Section B (Municipal Law), Lord BROUGHAM took
the chair for a time.

Mr. MorrATT, M.P., the Chairman of the Select Com-
mittee on the Bankrupt Law, read a paper on that subject.
He commenced with a reference to the comparative indif-
ference of law reformers to this branch of jurisprudence,
so important to the prosperity and morality of the com-
mercial classes, whose transactions involved an amount of
a million a day. The income of the country being taken at
4 hundred millions, the loss caused by insolvency amounted
to an average of fifty millions. Under the present loose
system creditors are at the mercy of insolvent; but at
one time the fraudulent debtor, one who concealed his
assets and goods, was liable to death. Taking a rapid sur-
vey of the statutes relating to bankrupts, beginning with
34th and 35th Henry the Eighth, he showed the penalties
imposed in early times, all of them imposing the punishment
of imprisonment, and some of them that of death on bank-
rupts convicted of fraud. ' He stated that the 6th George
IV. was the foundation of the existing law; it abolished
the enactments relating to felony, and established the
machinery of assignees, certificate; &c., and pointed out
the technical changes made by the acts of parliament
passed since then until the enrolment of the last statute,
that of 1861, the operation of which he described as having
for its principle cessio bonarztm, which, however, had proved
a dead letter; and though fees had been diminished and
procedure simplified the penalty of imprisonment had
been rendered less operative, and on the whole the com-
mittees of bankrupts and insolvents had been increased,
while monstrous frauds could be and were effected on cre-
ditors by means of the system of trust deeds. He con-
tended that the principle of the legislation of three cen-
turies had been radically wrong, and urged that it was
most undesirable to mix up the penal And- financial admi-
nistration of bankruptcy. In consonance with an opinion
of Lord Westbury, he urged the continuance of the juris-
diction for the collecting and administering the assets of
bankrupts, while the punishment for fraudulent
conduct should be left to the ordinary criminal
tribunals. Dealing with the system of bankrupt deeds,
he showed that under deeds of assignment since 1862, the
annual number had risen from 62 deeds, involving a sum
of £1,013,000, to 3,060 deeds involving a sum of £13,483,000
in 1863 ; deeds of inspection had increased from 46, involv-
ing £190,000 in 1862, to 85 deeds, involving £5,306,000 in,
1865, while composition deeds amounted in 1865 to 1,210
involving a sum of £4,436,000; and dividends had in no
case amounted to ss. in the pound, the very lowest amounts
prevailing. He stated the plan of the committee of the
House of Commons, which was that the realisation of
bankrupts' estates should be placed in the hands of trustees,
legally constituted, and responsible for the distribution of
the assets. Imprisonment for debt to be abolished, while
discharges of bankrupts should depend on their'payment of
6s. Bd. in the pound ; or after a suspension of six years a
new Court of Bankruptcy, with a chief judge, should be
established. He, however, stated that there was an opinion
in commercial circles that there should be no law of bank-
ruptcy proper ; and ho argued at length that it would be
beneficial both for creditors and insolvents if the arrange-
ments between them were left to themselves, while the
dealing and concealment of assets with false accounts and
fraudulent conduct might be left to the ordinary legal tri-
bunals of the country.

In a discussion which followed,
Lord BROUGHAM alluded to the imperfect jurisdiction of
the " Septuagint" or seventy commissioners and the amend-
ment of that system, and said since that further alte-
rations had been made for which the original founders of
the principle of the law were not responsible. The French
expression of "making bankrupt" had been adopted in the
act of Henry VIII., and while it only meant " making
bankrupt," it imported without intending it the real fact
that people who became bankrupt made others bankrupt.
Mr. HATFIELD, M.P., expressed his regret that a chief
judge in bankruptcy had not been appointed, presiding
over a court to administer the whole law of debtor and
creditor, which he thought the only probable means of
bringing the subject into something like a system.
Mr. W. HAwEs, President of the Council of the Society
of Arts, argued that if the principle of the Bankruptcy
Law of 1849 had been duly and fully administered, the
unsatisfactory state of things which undeniably existed
at present would not have come about. That prin-
ciple was that creditors should not have the entire control
over bankrupts and their estates, but that their affairs
should be administered by a competent tribunal, and he de-
precated a return to the principle which formerly prevailed.
He criticised the provisions for the amendment of the
Bankrupt Law which had been suggested by Mr. Moffatt,
especially protesting against the proposition which refused
a certificate for six years unless 6s. Bd. in the pound was
paid by the debtor. He also contended that the statistics
given by Mr. Moffatt, both as regarded the number of bank-
rupts and the amount of money involved, did not by any
means prove that the existing law tended to increase the
number of bankruptcies and the fraudulent disposition of
property. He agreed that a Court of Bankruptcy was unne-
cessary, but was of opinion that there should be a law by
which the affairs of bankrupts should be administered.

The discussion was continued with some animation, and
with a tendency to condemnation of the existing bankruptcy
law, until the close of the sitting.

In section 0 of the same department, Mr. FORSYTH, M.P.,
in the chair, the Rev. W. L. CLAY read a paper " On Recent
Improvemnts in our Penal System," who was followed by
one " On the desirability of establishing Reformatories for
Adults," read by Mr. T. B. L. Baker, This paper glanced
at the working of the gaol and reformatory system, and
stated that the contributor was ready to maintain the fol-
lowing propositions, viz.:—" That adult reformatories or
houses of correction (the name signifies but little) would
render our gaols more deterrent than they now are, and
would themselves doter by the greater length of their de-
tention. 2d. They would send the prisoners back to society
so much bettor fitted for work, that there would be less
danger of a relapse. 3d. They would by their surveillance
physically incapacitate a man from a course of crime for a
far longer period than the gaol. 4th. They would cost far
less to the honest ratepayer; and lastly, the experiment
may be tried with good hope (not to say certainty) of suc-
cess, without cost or risk to the State."

RARA Avis.—A white sparrow has been seen at
Haddington-place, Leith-walk, several times. It was
always alone, appeared perfectly healthy, and evidently
is a bird of the year. The feathers were fine, and the only
dark ones were a few just under the throat. It frequented
the Old Botanic Gardens, but often came to the bleach-
green of the houses adjoining, and was not at all shy.—
Scotsman.

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