The Sun.
London, England, 1865-04-22 00:00:00

NEW ZEALAND.

Further papers relative to the affairs of New Zea-
land were issued yesterday. The papers consist of
communications from the Governor of New Zealand
to the Colonial Secretary, and from Gen. Cameron
to the Secretary of State for War. The Governor
transmits resolutions of the Provincial Assembly of
Auckland, calling for a separation of that province
into a distinct colony ; reports regarding the Tau-
ranga natives, who had submitted, but who, it
appears, had become affected by the Pai Mariri
superstition, and had again revolted ; memoranda
by Mr. Weld, the New Zealand Prime Minister, in
regard to the withdrawal of English troops, and
relative documents. General Cameron, in his de-
spatches (Jan. 7, 1865), expresses the opinion that
the measures announced in the Governor's procla-
mation of the 17th December last will render the
withdrawal of any troops from the colony impos-
sible. The state of affairs is summed up and dis-
cussed in the following
!!epsopwantcinhgl!sytreAr
elt,:3lCaraerhdwne.ll:

" Sir,—l informed you by tho last mail that her Majesty's
Government had received with entire satisfaction the reso-
lutions of the Assembly of Now Zealand, and had arrived
at the conclusion, that if the circumstances of the Northern
Island continued the same as they appeared at that time,
arrangements might safely be made for the withdrawal of
five regiments from the colony. I have since received your
despatches, numbered in the margin, acquainting me with
the proclamation which, on the advice of your ministers,
and having consulted the Lieutenant-General, you issued
to the natives on the 17th December. This proclamation
includes within the limits of the confiscated laud a larger
area than, from your recent despatches, I had supposed was
probable ; and I will proceed to consider it with reference
to the two important questions which are involved in the
determination of a boundary or frontier; the question of
justice towards the former owners of the land, and the
question of safety.

"As regards the question of justice, it is, in the first
place, to be borne in mind that you had already made to
the natives, in your proclamation of October 25, an offer of
clemency, which they had not chosen to accept ; and it
was impossible for you any longer to leave in suspense the
determination of the frontier you meant to establish. In
the second place, I do not understand that the whole of
tie area included within the limits prescribed in the pro-

"On the other hand—and this may explain the appa-
rent discrepancy—the caution given by General Cameron,
though referring to the Waikato, seems more especially to
apply to the intended operations at Taranaki. I have
already remarked, in a former despatch, on the danger
which appears always to attend the extension of settlement
at this place ; and have pointed out how necessary it is for
your Minister to consider, before inviting the expenditure
of fresh capital at Taranaki, what means will be at their
disposal, when the imperial troops shall have been with-
drawn, for protecting the settlers from attack. I confidently
expect, therefore, that you will have sanctioned no opera-
tions at Taranaki which General Cameron has been unable
to approve ; and that no frontier will have been established,
nor settlements invited, which the unassisted forces of the
colony may not be trusted to defend. Speaking, indeed,
especially of the intended operations at Taranaki, your
advisers expressly say that 'they may be carried on with
a local force, which, when the troops are withdrawn, the
colony must supply.' To establish a frontier which can be
maintained by settlers with the aid of a colonial force is
consistent at once with the plan originally suggested by
yourself, and adopted by your then Ministers—with the
principle of policy on which your present Ministry was
formed—and with the instructions you have received from
me. You will, therefore, establish your frontier with this
view, and not with any expectation of relying for its defence
upon an imperial force.

"In New Zealand, oven more than in ordinary cases,
there is the widest differenee between an aggressive and a
defensive war. It has been stated by Mr. Graham, in the
letter which you forwarded to me, that there have not been
more than 2,000 Maories in arms against us. If this state-
ment be accurate, or nearly accurate, your Ministers are
surely well warranted in saying that they require no impe-
rial forces to defend a district in which active operations
have ceased, ' a district now occupied in strong position by
no less than 2,500 military settlers, armed, organised, and
capable of self-defence.' If, on the other hand, you were
to undertake an aggressive war, such a war as might bo
desired by those who wished to suppress the rebellion that
it might not be possible to renew it at a future period—or,
in other words, once and for all completely to subjugate
the natives--you would bo involved in an undertaking of
greater difficulty than, even with the aid of the whole force
now in New Zealand, you could reasonably hope to ac-
complish. The natives, if they did not divide themselves
into predatory parties, would remain on the defensive, con-
structing pahs on the strong positions which command the
few lines by which it is possible to penetrate the forests of
the interior. You would be involved in a succession of
sieges, tedious, expensive, and affording no opportunity of
(
striking any decisive blow, but, on the contrary, calculated
to alarm tribes hitherto neutral, or even friendly, and to
draw to the side of the insurgents increasing numbers of
allies. This policy her Majesty's Government instruct you
to avoid. They observe with pleasure that in your pro-
clamation you have said, ' The Governor will make no
further attack on those who remain quiet.'
"Acting, therefore, in the spirit of your instructions, you
will proceed to establish your frontiers with a view to their
safety when defended only lly n. onlnra.l t-,,,,, wt.-. 1.,.:
tude given to Gen. Cameron with respect to the time of the
withdrawal of troops is intended to prevent the hazard of
attack upon the colonists, considering tho distance and in-
terval of time, which render it impossible to foresee the
circumstances under which the colony may be placed when
the despatches from home shall reach you. It is not in-
tended to encourage the adoption of any policy which may
tend to retard the ultimate withdrawal of the force. When
five regiments shall have been withdrawn there will still
remain in New Zealand a large force—a force which your
advisers will probably wish to diminish as soon as possible,
and which her Majesty's Government will be equally
anxious to diminish. Whatever force it may be necessary
to retain—and on this subject I wish to hear your opinion
and that of your advisers, which you will doubtless form
with the assistance ot General Cameron—it must be con-
sidered as a reserve to come to the protection of any dis-
trict against a sudden and unexpected danger, and not as
the permanent force by which the safety of any district is
to be secured in ordinary times. You will also bear in
mind that the condition imposed by the Duke of Newcastle
still remains in force, and that you will be ' bound to
judge for yourself as to the justice and propriety of em-
ploying, and the best mode of employing, her Majesty's
forces. In this matter, you might, of course, fortify your-
self by taking the opinions of your Ministers, but the re-
sponsibility would rest with yourself and the officer in
command.'

"Her Majesty's Government appreciate the exertions
which, under the advice of your Ministers, the colony is
making to meet, by increased taxation, the heavy burdens
cast upon it. But with respect to the pecuniary obligations
incurred by the colony towards the Imperial Treasury, and
to the argument advanced by your Ministers in connection
with the refusal of the guarantee loan, I have to observe
that the terms on which the Loan Act was passed by the
Imperial Parliament were in strict conformity with former
precedent, and with the Act of the New Zealand Assembly
of 1862, from which the guarantee derived its origin: If,!
therefore, it has been accepted by the colony, her Majesty's
Government are in no way responsible for that circum-
stance, and cannot be expected to consider it as any reason
or,
of looking ol 8 a
k to
o
for consenting to throw upon the Imperial Treasury
.au in-
creasedtheo origin
eportioneither
ro
of f col
the w
o ni a la r
of PelBn6doi, t u
orre o.f N
that
they see any ground whatever for admitting that either
the one or the other was owing to the assertion of any im-
perial principle, or to the endeavour to obtain any imperial
as distinguished from purely local and colonial objects.
Nor, considering the vast expenditure which now for two
campaigns has been borne by the Imperial Treasury, does
it appear that the Imperial Government can be justly said
to throw off its share of the responsibilities of the direct
consequences of the war, but merely requiring the repay-
ment of advances made by the Imperial Treasury in aid
of expenditure always regarded as colonial, or by insisting
upon a real, though still far from an equivalent, contribu-
tion in future towards the cost of forces maintained in
New Zealand for the defence of the colony. But as you
promise me a full report upon the intended military and
financial measures of your Ministers, it is not necessary
for me to say more than that I shall wait to hear how
they propose to provide for the repayment of the debt duo
to the Imperial Treasury, and that you will make it
clearly understood that an appropriation, on the scale con-
templated by Parliament, must be made for any troops who
may be retained in New Zealand by Colonial Ministers.
"In the last part of their memorandum of the 30th De-
cember your advisers deprecate the division of the colony
proposed in the resolutions of the Auckland Provincial
Council, expressing their belief that such a measure would
probably meet the determined opposition of every other
part of the colony ; that it would take away the security
for the future of the Maoi race, which depends on the in-
fluence of persons (in the southern provinces) removed
from local passions and interests, and that it would destroy
hopes of the future prosperity of New Zealand as a united
colony, which are not unworthy of consideration on the
part of the mother country. In forwarding to me the
your own opinion that unless some such arrangement. I
I Auckland resolutions you have, on tho contrary, intimated.
re
termination the difficulties the. colony, and
carried out, it will be impossible to
prevailingbring to a satisfactory
you inform me that by the next mail you will transmit a.
full report upon this important question. In the expecta-
tion of receiving such a report from you, I will say no
more than that her Majesty's Government see no reason,
as at present advised, for giving any encouragement to any
such proposal.-3 have, &c.,
(Signed)

" EDWARD CARDIVELL

e LONDON, SA7 URD AY, APRIL 22, 1865.

~ -

Our Canadian Colonies are just now in a very
unsettled state. After the grand promise of the
Confederation, the obstinacy of some of the mari-
time provinces has, at the best, piistponed its fulfil-
ment ; and, while affairs across the frontier grow
more and more threatening, the intentions of
America and the conduct of England are the great
topics of the day. Some anticipate an immediate
invasion of Canadian territory by the Federal
troops—others think that the United States could
easily accomplish its supposed object, the annexa-
tion of the colony, by tranquil means. The
Canadians, however, are showing no lack of spirit ;
since, on a levy of 12 companies of volunteers being
called for to guard the frontier of Upper Canada,
GO companies have offered their services, and the
temper of the public respecting the St. Albans
raiders has proved very plainly that the wholesome
fear of American anger which exists in our Cabinet
has no place among our colonists. Owing to a
rumcur that the Canadian Government meant to
try the prisoners again up* the Ashburton
Treaty, great excitements existed, and a popular
outbreak was feared. Had not very explicit state-
ments been made in the court by the prosecution,
whereby it was shown that the United Statee Go-

vernment had entirely abandoned the claim for the
surrender of the raiders, it is probable that an
attempt would have been made to release the pri-
soners before they were removed from Montreal.
They have been removed to Toronto, where they
are to be tried under fresh warrants for conspiring
to infringe the neutrality laws—an offence which
they undoubtedly committed, and for which they
should certainly be amenable to Canadian law ; so
that, after all the angry discussions on the matter,
it appears to have been adjusted very fairly.
The Ministerial Delegation is to arrive in this
country within the next day or two, when its mem-
bers will be able to give and to receive valuable
information respecting the state of feeling in the
two countries. There is no doubt that our Go-
vernment will do wisely in encouraging the Con-
federation scheme by every means in its power,
since the advantages to the colony will be very
great, while there is really no argument against it
except the jealousy of less important provinces.
To allow the States to annex these magnificent
territories, and to spread themselves from the East
to the West, from the North to the South, when
they have already such immense tracts of country
to govern and to colonise, would be simply absurd.
The plains of British North America offer homes
and employment to hundreds of thousands ; and
surely it would be better to let our surplus popula-
tion form a settlement under our own flag, governed
by English laws, and maintaining constitutional
freedom, than to allow these fine territories to be
added to that Power whose aggressive tendencies
are too plainly showing themselves. It is to be
hoped that the visit of the Delegates will be produc-
tive of substantial good.

Sir GEORGE GREY made a very interesting
speech at Newcastle, upon the occasion of laying
the foundation-stone of a new building for the
Mechanics' Institute. An address was presented
to the right hon. gentleman at the new Town-hall
in the evening, and the remarks made by him are
well worthy of attention. This society was origi-
nated forty-one years ago, and some of its founders
have since become very distinguished. There was
one of whom his native place is justly proud, while,
as Sir G. GREY said, " his reputation is co-exten-
sive with the whole civilised world." GEORGE
STEPHENSON has shed an undying lustre upon his
country, and it is gratifying to hear that he took
the deepest interest in this institution, over
whose• infancy he presided, and he never forgot
to further its interests, feeling that it deeply con-
cerned the welfare of the class from whom he sprung.
In connection with Mechanics' Institutes, Sir G.
GREY mentioned the name of Lord BROUGHAM, and
observed that it could never be named without
honour, for he had done much to establish these
excellent societies. The noble lord has certainly
earned a claim to the respect and gratitude of his
countrymen by his strenuous efforts in carrying
out the inauguration of such institutions. All
know the difficulties of a commencement, and
therefore double praise is due to those who acted
as pioneers in the way of improvement to their
fellow-men. It is really difficult to over-estimate
the benefits that have accrued to the community
from the successful establishment of these societies
through the length and breadth of the land. The
discouragements were very great, but perseverance
has conquered them, and the present generation are
reaping the fruits of the labours of their predeces-
sors. Sir G. GREY appropriately alluded to the
pamphlet which was written by Lord BROUGHAM in
1824, and remarked that all must be struck by the
difference of then and now as regards popular edu-
cation. The forty years that have passed since
that paper was published have indeed wrought
great changes. The benefits to the working
classes have been considerable, and a different tone
has been imparted to the community by the infu-
sion of knowledge, and the increased cultivation of
the faculties. It is curious to notice the comments of
Lord BROUGHAM upon the restrictions that have
impeded the progress of popular education.
The great want of cheap publications at that epoch
was duly lamented by the noble lord, and therefore
of course the diffusion of knowledge was greatly
contracted. Sir G. GREY rnneliirlPri his ex-
cellent speech by reminding his hearers that
the obstacles thus set forth had been re-
moved, and that, therefore, they had abun-
dant reason for thankfulness, and also that such
benefits called for renewed exertions. Those who
have thus exchanged knowledge for ignorance, and
the light of instruction for the gloom of neglec

have indeed incurred deep responsibilities, and it is
difficult to define the limits which confine such
classes, for the whole community is more or less
affected by the introduction of such happy changes.

The Conservative Demonstration at Ashton-
under-Lyne gave occasion for several speeches,
which will afford interest by their perusal, and refer
to some of the chief subjects of importance of the
day. Mr. LAWLER ingeniously parried the attacks
made by Mr. BRIGHT upon the Conservatives, when
he declared the other day at Rochdale that they
were always opposed to Reform, and then took
advantage of it. He adduced several instances to
the contrary, from the time of PITT to the rejection
of Mr. DISRAELI'S Reform Bill. Then as to
slavery, which it was said they upheld, the present
Earl of DERBY, when Mr. STANLEY, had brought in
the bill to abolish slavery. The Test and Corpora-

tion Acts and Catholic Emancipation were intro-
duced by Tory Administrations, and Mr. WAL-
POLE introduced the bill for the abolition of the
qualification of Members. The Hon. ALGERNON
EGERTON, in the course of his remarks, paid a tribute
to the late' Mr. COBDEN, which did him great
honour. In alluding to the recent election at Roch-
dale, he said that in common with those of all
grades of opinion he believed that " there was
much to admire in the emphasis, honesty, and
straightforwardness of his character ; he was an
Englishman in every sense of the word."
This is strictly true ; but such language
coming from a political opponent is of double value,
and proves the weight and influence of character
which survives when the passing distinctions of the
hour have passed away. In discussing general
politics, Mr. EGERTON adroitly observed that the
very tradition of the Whigs was to be factious outof
office, and to do nothing when in it. This account
most aptly coincides with the course pursued by
the present Government; for what could possibly
have been more factious than the tactics adopted by
Earl RUSSELL and his supporters in turning out the
Government of Lord DERBY? And could there be a
more do-nothing policy than that which has cha-
racterised the whole term of their administration ?
In mentioning the advantages to be gained by
the advent of Lord DERBY to power, Mr.
EGERTON appropriately mentioned the benefits that
would follow upon Lord STANLEY'S resumption of
the management of Indian affairs. The manner in
which these matters appertaining to our Eastern
empire have been conducted certainly shows the
necessity for some one being at their head who is
not so prejudiced and partial as the present Secre-
tary. Mr. LEIGH'S observations on Governments
was a very true one : he said that he should like to
see a Ministry that was " powerful enough to pro-
pose its own policy, and to take the responsibility

of it upon its own shoulders." Certainly that de-
eratum has been very far from being realised of
1. cite years, and the consequences to the country
h ave been very deplorable, more especially as re-
lates to foreign affairs, in conducting which our
wise administrators ha-ve lost their own prestige and
tan joshed the fame of their country.

",The condition of the public health at Calcutta
hag long been so unsatisfactory that it is not sur-
p rising that some active measures should be taken
to mitigate the evil. So many eminent and useful
me n have been lost to the public service within the
last few years that a public appointment in Cal-
cutta became a perilous gift. Lord ELGIN, it is
true, died far away at Dhurmsala, but his health
has, probably suffered from his close application to
business in the unwholesome atmosphere of the
city of palaces. Mr. WILSON, the accomplished
financier, was another of the victims, but in many
instances in was not only the actual conditions of
the City which proved injurious, but the sudden re-
moval of men in middle life from one zone to
another, and their exhausting application to affairs
which demanded all their energies without paying
due attention to their own wellbeing. By the new
system the obstinate persistence of the home autho-
rities in keeping Calcutta as the capital and seat of
Government, despite its low, marshy situation, its
deficient drainage and bad supply of water, is a
little neutralised. The Governmentremains at Cal-
cutta during the cold months, but on the appear-
ance of the hot season it takes its departure for
Simla, where it remains enjoying the delightful
breezes of the hills until the cold season comes round
again. There may, of course, be some trifling in-
conveniences attending this arrangement—though
in these days of railway and telegraph they can be
but trifling—but they are more than compensated
by the great advantages derived by the officials,
who can certainly work better when they enjoy
better health. The strongest energies must flag
under the pressure of continual application in a
tropical climate during the hot months of an Indian
summer ; and there is no reason why all matters
for consultation and legislation cannot be better at-
tended to amid the cool breezes of Simla than in the
hot, dusty streets of Calcutta. The condition of the
latter city is about to be considerably improved by
a company, who propose to drain the salt water lake
—which is a lagoon of eighteen square miles—twO
miles to the south of Calcutta, which they propose
to manure with the -,Jwn sewage, thus converting
the land to profitable account. There are also to
be improvements in the drainage, and the water
system is to be thoroughly remodelled, so that
some of the unfavourable conditions of a residence
in Calcutta may be altogether removed in a short
time. People have been too much in the habit of
taking it for granted that life in India must be un-
wholesome, and of setting down all sickness and
mortality to natural and inevitable causes. It has
been proved by the efforts of the Military Sanitary
Commission how much may be done to diminish the
death-rate in the army ; and there is no ques-
tion that similar precautions among civilians
would have a corresponding effect upon
the general mortality. Now that the network
of railways is opening all over the country, there is
no excuse for the busiest man not snatching a few
days and getting a breath of purer air than is to be
found in the cities. Even in our own temperate
climate we are growing more and more convinced
of the importance of occasional change of air and
scene, but that which is held to be so vital for the
citizens of London has been hitherto disregarded by
the citizens of Calcutta. If an:Anglo-Indian would
look the difficulty in the face boldly, and try to in-
vestigate the evil instead of resigning themselves to
it, there is no doubt that a great deal might be done
to diminish the proverbial unhealthiness of Calcutta

WILLS AND BEQUESTS.

(From the illustrated London News.)

The will of the Dowager Countess of Abingdon

(Frederica Augusta), of Warwick-square, was proved
in London on the 20th ult. Her sisters, the Right
Hon. Lady Caroline Pechell and the Right Hon.
Lady Emily Frances Macnaghton, are the execu-
trixes. Lady Abingdon was the daughter of the
Countess of Antrim (in her own right), and of
Vino- A fbn fifth
Marquis of Lothian, and married, in 1841, as second
wife, the fifth Earl of Abingdon, who died in 1854.
Her ladyship executed her will in 1855 (though
without date), which was attested by Sir George
Osborn, Bart., and the Rev. W. Read, M.A., of
Worthing. Her ladyship has made many specific
bequests, and has been very particular in the disposal
of her jewels, as they were the gifts of her husband,
and she has considered it right that they should be
in the possession of his eldest daughter, Lady
Charlotte. Some em,ralds and diamonds are to be
given to that daughter or son's wife of the present
Earl to whom they may be acceptable.

The will of Major-General Sir Charles Hopkin-
son, C. 8., of King-street, St. James's-square, was
proved in London, on the 27th ult., by the execu-
tors, Lieut.-Col. Frederick Samuel Sotheby, C. 8.,
and Hans William Sotheby, Esq., his nephew. The
personalty was sworn under £45,000. The will bears
date Jan. 16, 1864, and there are four codicils. The
gallant General was an officer in the Indian army
(retired), and had served in India from 1799 to 1829.
He had attained the age of 82. The principal legatee
in his will is his said nephew, Hans W. Sotheby-, to
whom he has devised his real estates in England, the
East Indies, and elsewhere, and has appointed him
residuary legatee of the personalty. There are many
legacies by the codicils to nephews, nieces, and to
personal friends. To Colonel Sotheby, his executor,
£5OO ; to a man-servant, £5OO ; a maid-servant,
£250 ; and £5O to a late gamekeeper, now residing
in Canada ; all to be paid free of duty. To the
Charing-cross Hospital, £5OO. He especially
directed that his body should be opened before being
placed in a coffin, the surgeon performing the opera-
tion to receive £5O.

The will of Captain Sir Henry Vere Huntley,
R.N., her Majesty's Consul at Santos, Brazil, where
he died, in May last, at the age of sixty-eight, and
was proved in London by the executor, according
to the tenor of a testamentary document, being;:a
letter dated April 17,1864, about three weeks before
his death, addressed to his agent, Octavius Omman-
ney, Esq. (firm of Hallett and Ommaney, Navy
Agents, Great George-street, Westminster), with
directions, in the event of his decease, entirely con-
fined to the members of his family. Sir Henry was
knighted in 1843. He married, in 1832, Anne,
daughter of General Skinner (she died in 1855).
He had been Governor of Prince Edward Island
and of colonies on the Gambia ; had served in the
American War, and was present at the capture of
Washington.

EXETER HALL. - The performance of the

" Creation," announced for Wednesday by the National
Choral Society, is unavoidably postponed to Monday, May
Ist, when Mr. Santley will make his first appearance in
Exeter Hall this season. The performance will be under
the direction of Mr. G. W. Martin. Band and chorus, 700.
DEATH OE MRS. T. A. TROLL OPE.—The admir-
ers of Italian literature will learn with regret of
the death, at Florence, of Theodosia, the wife of T. A.
Trollope. She ti anslated Nicoline's "Arnaldo de Brescia."
She wrote an interesting volume on the " Social Aspects
of the Italian Revolution," a series of valuable papers on
the "Italian Poets," for the Cornhill Magazine, and papers
on home topics for All the Year Round. Her letters from
Italy have long been among the most lively of the contri-
butions to the columns of a venerable weekly contempo-
rary. A friend, who knew her well, writes concerning
her in these terms : "She wrote and spoke Italian as cor-
rectly and as elegantly as her own native English, besides
being thoroughly familiar with French, German, and
Spanish. She drew and painted well, and was an accom-
plished musician. Her appreciation of art was singularly
delicate and subtle. The interest she felt in the political
fortunes of Italy was such that she might fairly be called
an Italian in heart."