The Sun.
London, England, 1865-10-07 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 7, lEEE.

Governor, and will soon call a Reconstruction Con-
vention. He hopes to have the State thoroughly
reorganised before the meeting of Congress in De-
ce tuber.

There are still some few difficulties in the re-orga-
risation of the South, but judicious management
will no doubt prevent any bad consequences arising
from them. A few days ago a party of soldiers
were sent out from a camp near Gaylesville,
Alabama, to capture some cattle that had strayed.
For some reason as yet unknown the detachment
got into conflict with a sheriff, who summoned his
posse. In the maie a soldier was killed, when all
the citizens but the sheriff were captured and taken
prisoners to Gaylesville. The sheriff ran away and
has not since been found. [he affair has led to a
consultation between the Governor and military
Commander of the State, and efforts will be made
to prevent such troubles in future. There have
been some conflicts between the military and
civil authorities near Mobile, and a force of cavalry
has been sent to strengthen the soldiers. Delicate
management throughout the South will be neces-
sary to prevent continual bickerings. In Missis-
sippi Governor Sharkey's militia refuse to be mus-
tered into service under any other than the State
flag, and if the United States flag be placed in the
ranks they will refuse to serve under it. No at-
tempt has yet been made, however, to thrust the
Federal flag upon them, but it will ultimately be
done, for the Government will certainly not per-
mit so gross an insult to itself as having its own
militia refuse to follow its standard. In Arkansas
the people are very loth to give up their slaves, and
the authorities have great trouble in establishing
emancipation and enforcing the rule of the Freed-
men's Bureau requiring the planters to make con-
tracts with their former slaves. In one case a
planter at Camden, Arkansas, was sentta circular de-
fining his duties towards his negroes, and he at
once sent it back to the agent of the Freedmen's
Bureau by one of his slaves with the following re-
ply

The bearer of this circular I consider my property, hav-
ing seen no enactment of the Federal Congress or of our
State Government authorising any one to demand him of
me. When lam perfectly satisfied that the slaves are eman-
cipated by such authority as is regarded as Constitutional
by our higher court of law and equity, then, and not until
then, will I make any contract with slaves, or regard them
in any other light than the property of those who purchased
or raised them; and I am therefore the owner of the boy
who bears this note.

The consequence of this free expression of opinion
was that the planter was seized, taken before the
Freedmen's Bureau, and fined $5O.
The confiscation question being very important
any expression of opinion upon it by those in autho-
rity or any new fact developed is of interest. A letter
has recently been addressed to Governor Sharkey, in
Mississippi, about the confiscation of lands there for
State taxes, to which he replied as follows :
I do not think any lands have been confiscated during
the rebellion, or, if they have, I should not regard any such
act as changing title. It may be that some lands have been
sold for State taxes, but in such cases ample opportunity, I
think, will be given for redemption.
The rule adopted of showing more favour to the
negroes in the Southern States than to the whites
does not appear to hold good in Texas, for the mili-
tary authorities require all negroes to obtain cer-
tificates from their employers showing that they
earn an honest living. If they cannot do this, they
are captured and forced to work for the different
city corporations in order to pay for what they eat.
The prejudice against the negro is gradually telling
in the army, for the Government has found that the
troubles between the white and black soldiers can
only be prevented by dismissing the negroes. Not
only organisations enlisted in the North, but those
enlisted in the South are being broken up, and the
men dismissed, and already over 30,000 tegro sol-
diers have been quietly mustered out of service.
The negro statistics of the army are interesting.
Since the beginning of the war 180,000 have been
enlisted, of whom over 50,000 died during the war
of sickness or wounds. Fully 60,000 of those re-
maining have been and are being mustered out, and
barely 70,000 will remain in service on Nov. 1.
The Missouri Test Oath still causes greattrouble,
and the first legal blow has been struck at it by
Judge King, of one of the circuit courtsof the State,
who, in an able opinion just delivered, declares it
unconstitutional. But two efforts have been made
to enforce the oath-taking, and they were at places
where the military authority was strong, and in
both cases were against Roman Catholic priests.
Father Cronin, at Hannibal, and Father Millen, at
Jefferson City, the State capital, were arrested for
preaching without having taken the oath, brought
before justices of the peace in the respective coun-
ties, and held to bail to appear in court. Their con-
gregations followed them en masse to the justices'
offices, each man anxious to sign the bail bonds, and
since their release on bail both priests have held re-
ligious services. The best counsel in the Statehave
been procured to defend them, and money flowslike
water to pay for everything necessary to strike down
the oath. Excepting in these two cases, nothing
has been done to enforce the hated test, and the
Governor still says he will be powerless toresist the
clergy until the Legislature meets and grants him
additional authority.
The Government is gradually concluding treaties
of peace with all the Indian tribes in the south-west,
and there will be no further disturbance in that
quarter. On the western and the north-western
borders, however, the troops have their hands full,
and fight bloody battles with the savages almost
every day, though they are gradually pushing the
Indians to the wall. This was their last and greatest
effort against the whites, and as the wheel of for- •

tune slowly turns against them they fight the more
desperately. They are doomed, however, and
though the conflict will be a long one, and the ap-
proaching winter will help them by paralysing mili-

tart' operations, they must ultimately be defeated.
On Sept. 20 the monument to Thomas Wildey,
the founder of Odd Fellowship in the United States,
was dedicated in Baltimore. The Grand Lodge of
the United States in session there contained dele-

gates from the Southern States, and everything was

. _
done that could through the medium of Odd Fellow-
ship harmonise the two sections of the Union. The
Freemasons contemplate a general convention for

similar purposes, and one no doubt will he held a

art early day. Charity should always aid in restor-
ing the blessings of peace.
The delegation of English capitalists arrived at
Niagara Falls to-day, and to-night will have a ban-

quet given them at the International Hotel. The

Falls will be illuminated by calcium lights, and, no
doubt, will present a magnificent appearance. To-

morrow (Sept. 23) the delegation will go to Buffalo

New York, the western terminus of the Erie Canal,
and the New York Central Railroad.
Jeremiah Townsend, who was arrested in Liver-
pool for absconding with $lOO,OOO of the money of
the Townsend Savings-bank at New Haven, Con-

necticut, was placed on trial at New Haven on the

19th of September. The proceedings were brief,
for he pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to seven

years' solitary confinement with hard labour in the
State prison.
The trial of Captain Anderson, of the emigrant
shipVillafranca, at New York, for the bad treatment
of his passengers, developer some horrid brutalities.
The testimony shows Anderson to have been an
unfeeling and heartless man, to whom distress and
starvation were excellent sport. The provisions

given to the passengers were scanty and intolerably
bad, and they had not enough water given them to
_ _

quench their thirst, while 11 cattle on board had as
much as they could drink. The details of the testi-

mony are shocking. The women and children im-

plored him for food and drink, but he cursed them,
and said he cared nothing for their sufferings, and
threatened to throw them overboard if they con-
tinued their complaints. It is altogether a terrible
story of brutality, and Anderson certainly deserves
punishment.

President Juarez, of the Mexican Liberals, in
order to strengthen his sinking cause, has written a
letter to a friend from El Paso, on the Rio Grande,
in which he says :

" Our enemies will probably announce the dissolution of
the Mexican Government, but you and our friends should

not credit such an imposition. I shall not leave the Mexi-

can territory. I shall fulfil the duty of preserving the exist-

ence of the only popular Power established by the will of
my fellow citizens, and I do not despair of the success of our

cause whoa I seo the Mexicans everywliore resistinz tho

yoke of the invader and maintaining the struggle in all our
States."

Poor Juarez ! his cause his gone ; and he on the
border of the Rio Grande is but awaiting some final
stroke to send him an exile across to Texas. " The
Mexicans everywhere resisting" are a few indepen-
dent guerilla bands, which think more of plunder
than of (patriotism. The United States refused to
aid the Liberals, and from that moment their cause
waned ; and, although we may not like it, Maxi-
milian is the ruler of Mexico as much as any man can
rule such a restless and rebellious people. Juarez
will remain in " the Mexican territory" at El Paso,
but from his castle he can see all his dominions.

Naval and Military Intelligence.

The Himalaya screw troopship, Capt. Thomas
Bridgman Lethbridge, is hourly looked for at Spit-
head, from Canada, with Lord Monck and suite on
board and other passengers, and a full complement
of troops. The Fire Queen, steam yacht, Staff-
Commander Paul, is ordered to be held in readiness
in Portsmouth harbour, with fires banked up, to
disembark Lord Monck from the Himalaya imme-
diately on the ship's arrival at Spithead.
The Swedish corvette Gefle, Captain Kleman,
weighed her anchor at Spithead yesterday, and
steamed into Portsmouth harbour to complete coal-
ing, the wind showing an inclination to veer round
south from the eastward, and raising a considerable
swell, in consequence, through the anchorage at
Spithead.
The Fox, screw transport, Staff - Commander
Moriarty (of Atlantic Telegraph fame), arrived at
Portsmouth yesterday from the Channel ports.
The Helicon, Commander Singer, and the Sala-
mis, Commander Suttie, paddle despatch vessels, of
equal tonnage and horse-power of engines, are both
held still in readiness in Portsmouth harbour to
start on their competitive sea-trial trip. Nothing
definitive is yet known respecting the distance to be
run by the two vessels, but it is rcportod thRy Will
only go round the Eddystone and back to Spithead
in the first instance, whatever they may do after-
wards. The Helicon and Salamis are sister vessels
in all respects, in both hull and engines, excepting
that the former possesses Mr. E. J. Reid's much
talked-of U-shaped fore body, while the Salamis
possesses the forward lines designed for the two
vessels previous to Mr. Reed's receiving the appoint-
ment as Chief Constructor of the Navy. The trial
is exciting great interest.
Her Majesty's ironclad screw steam corvette Pal-
las, partially rigged and in a forward state towards
completion, was yesterday floated out of dock at
Woolwich, and in consequence of her draught of
water—viz., 21 ft. Bin. aft and 15ft. 6in. forward--
it was deemed unsafe to bring her up for the night
at the moorings off Woolwich as formerly intended.
She was consequently taken down to Greenhithe in
tow of the steamtugs Monkey, Bustler, and Wid-
geon, to await the favourable tide to-day, which
will serve at a sufficient depth at 3 p.m., when she
will return to Woolwich, and will be hauled into
the fitting-basin to complete her rigging and equip-
ment in preparing for sea. The re-adjustment of
her screw propeller, with a view of increasing her
rate of speed to 131 or 14 knots per hour, suggested
conjointly by Mr. Humphreys and Mr. Reed, has
been successfully carried out, with every prospect,
it is stated, of a beneficial and effectual issue. She
has been fitted wit' four of the most approved
Downton pumps, su?plied by Messrs. J. Stone and
Co., of Deptford. Under the experienced judgment
and personal attendance of Captain Matthew Con-
nolly, appointed to the command, the cabins and
internal and gunnery arrangements are diligently
superintended. The port-beds and doors are served
with a newly-contrived hinge, which works univer-
sally, on the cup and ball system, invented by
Messrs. J. Stone aad Co., and is ordered to be
adopted generally in the service. The hinges are
of cast-iron, the cap being cast loosely, and without
the possibility of giving way under ordinary usage.
The Pallas will leave Woolwich, as at present
arranged, on the 4th prox. for Sheerness, to receive
her final equipment, preparatory to her departure
to join the Channel fleet.
The old sheer hulk Chatham was yesterday de-
spatched to the Victoria Docks, having been lent
by the Board of Admiralty, at the request of the
Turkish Ambassador in London, to assist, it is
stated, in muting and rigging a Turkish yacht.
The Basilisk, 6, paddlewheel sloop, 1,031 tons,
400 horse power, Captain W. M. Hewett, V.C.,
having had her boilers and engines 'thoroughly
overhauled and repaired in Sheerness dockyard,
after a long term of foreign service, was on
Thursday taken to the measured mile, off Maplin
Sands, in charge of Captain George G. Ran-
dolph, of the Shearness Steam Reserve, for the
official trial of her (nines. Mr. Tucker, inspector
of machinery afloat; Mr. Blaxland, chief engineer
of Sheerness Dockyard ; and Mr. Townsend, fore-
man of the factory, were likewise present. The
vessel, with all her weights and stores on board,
made six runs on the measured mile, with the fol-
lowing results :—First run, 6min. 33secs. ; revolu-
tions of engines, 17-25 per minute ; speed due to
time, 9160. Secoad run, 7min. 22sec. ; revolu-
tions of engines, 19 ; speed due to time, 8145.
Third run, 6min. 2sec. ; revolutions of engines, 17.5.;
speed due to time; 9.944. Fourth run, 7min.
51sec. ; revolutions of engines, 19 ; speed due to
time, 7.643. Fifth run, smin. 53sec. ; revolutions
of engines, 17 ; speed due to time, 10.198. Sixth
run, 7min. 58sec. ; revolutions of engines, 18.5 ;
speed due to time, 7-531. The result gave a true
mean speed of 8.879 knots per hour. The circle,
the diameter of which was 356 yards, was turned
at full power in smin. 53sec. ; at half power in
6min. 33sec. The draught of water forward was

16ft. gin. ; aft., 16ft. 11in., and the load on the

safety valve 121 b. The engines worked in a very
satisfactory maner, and the boilers generated a good
supply of steam.

The steam Launch, No. 13, 6-horse power, for
was yesterday taken to the mea-
the Bellerophon,

sured mile at Saltpan-reach, in the river Medway,
under the charge of Capt. George G. Randolph, of
the Sheerness Steam Reserve, for the official trial
of her engines, which have been erected by Messrs.
Penn and Son, of Greenwich. Six runs were
made, giving a true mean speed of 6.888
knots per hour. The maximum number of re-
volutions of engines per minute was 301, and
the mean 294. The draught of water was 2ft.

6in. forward, and 3ft. aft. The load on the safety-valve
was 801 b., and the pressure of steam in the boiler

721 b. The launch is driven by a four-bladed pro-
peller, the diameter of which is 2ft. 6in., and the
pitch 3ft. llin. The engines worked in the most

satisfactory manner, and there were no hot bearings.
The boilers generated a good supply of steam, and
there was an entire absence of priming.
His Prussian Majesty's frigate Niobe, 18, Capt.
Batsch, from Kiel, arrived in Plymouth Sound, on

Thursday afternoon, en route for the Cape Verd

Islands.

The screw steamsloop Greyhound, 17, proceeded
outside the Plymouth breakwater on Thursday, for
the purpose of testing her machinery, afterwards re-
turning to the Sound, where her compasses will be

adjusted prior to leaving for the West Coast of Africa.
The Alumbagh, Capt. Bulwer, with troops from
Queenstown, belonging to Messrs. Gellatly, Hankey,
and Sewell (Dunbar and Co.), arrived at Cape
Town on Aug. 18, after a fair passage of 56 days.
This ship would have made a quicker run out, but

was retarded by a heavy south-easterly gale. The
Alumbagh was ordered to proceed to East London
to disembark the troops.
The following appointments have been made at
the Admiralty:—Lieut. F. W. Lowther to the Ed-

gar, vice Scott; Lieut. H. Studdy to the Edgar, vice
Lawson; Lieut. R. H. Bogie to the Bristol; C. R.
T. Russell to the Bristol, for gunnery duties; Lieut.
IL M. Carre to the Excellent, additional, for ser-
vice in the Royal Sovereign, vice Russell; Sub-Lieut.
H. C. D. Ryder to the Bristol; Sub-Lieut. E. F.
Keppel to the Edgar; H. K. Gregon, S. Johnston,
C. Palmer, S. H. B. Davies, and E. B. Wallace,
midshipmen, to the Bristol; C. E. Wood, midship-
man, to the Edgar; C. W. King, assist.-paymaster,
to the Egmont; H. J. Gardner, assist.-paymaster,
to the Narcissus; R. Oliver, assist.-paymaster, to
the Revenge; H. 11. Mothersole, Jas. Ilird, IL W.
White, and W. H. Wivil, engineers, additional, to
trite Bristol; Wiiliaau 11. Sedgwick, engineer, addi-

tional, to the Daedalus ; John Lanksbury, engineer,
additional, to the Royal George ; W. J. J. Spry,
engineer, additional, to the Royal Adelaide ; T.
W. Sanders, engineer, to the Duke of Welling-
ton ; F. C. Kelson, acting engineer, to the Donegal;
W. Skelton, George Weight, John Etherington, and
James Legate, first-class assist.-engineer, addi-
tional, to the Victory ; Horace H. Small, first-class
assist.-engineer, additional to the Trafalgar; and
Henry C. Stansmore, acting second-class assist.-
engineer, to the Duke of Wellington ; Capt. M. S.
Nolloth, to the Princess Charlotte, when recommis-
sioned at Hongkong, and for service, as Naval
Officer in Charge of Naval, Victualling, and Medi-
cal Establishments at Hongkong ; Capt. Leveson
E. H. Somerset to the Bristol ; Commander W. A.
J. N. Brownlow, to be an Inspecting Commander
in the Coastguard ; the Rev. John Wilson to be
Chaplain to the Princess Charlotte, when recom-
missioned at Hongkong, as additional for service in
Melville Hospital ; Alexander K. Woodrow, Regi-
nald B. Tulford, Walter L. Bignold, and Arthur G.
Cuthbert, naval cadets, to the Bristol.

National Association for the Promotion of

Social Science.

SHEFFIELD, Oct. 5.
JURISPRUDENCE AND AMENDMENT OF THE LAW.
This department, of which the president is Sir R. Philli-
more, Queen's Advocate, is divided into three sections, one
of which deals with international, the second with muni-
cipal law, and the third with repression of crime.
In Section A (International Law), Sir. R. PHILLIMORE
presided, and a discussion on the special question whether
it is desirable to establish an uniform international law of
freight, and if so, on what principles, was carried on dur-
ing the sitting.
• In Section B (Municipal Law), Lord BROUGHAM took
the chair for a time.
Mr. MOFFATT, M.P., the Chairman of the Select Com-
mittee on the Bankrupt Law, read a paper on that subject.
Ho commenced with a refer.-- 4- indif-
fersnoo of mw raormers to this branch of jurisprudence,
so important to the prosperity and morality of the com-
mercial classes, whose transactions involved an amount of
a million a day. The income of the country being taken at
4 hundred millions, the loss caused by insolvency amounted
to an average of fifty millions. Under the present loose
system creditors are at the mercy of insolvents, but at
one time the fraudulent debtor, one who concealed his
assets and goods, was liable to death. Taking a rapid sur-
vey of the statutes relating to bankrupts, beginning with
34th and 35th Henry the Eighth, he showed the penalties
imposed in early times, all of them imposing the punishment
of imprisonment, and some of them that of death on bank-
rupts convicted of fraud. He stated that the 6th George
IV. was the foundation of the existing law ; it abolished
the enactments relating to felony, and established the
machinery of assignees, certificates, &c., and pointed out
the technical changes made by the acts of parliament
passed since then until the enrolment of the last statute,
that of 1861, the operation of which he described as baying
for its principle cessio bonarunt, which, however, had proved
a dead letter ; and though fees had been diminished and
procedure simplified the penalty of imprisonment had
been rendered less operative, and on the whole the com-
mittees of bankrupts and insolvents had been increased,
while monstrous frauds could be and were effected on cre-
ditors by means of the system of trust deeds. He con-
tended that the principle of the legislation of three cen-
turies had been radically wrong, and urged that it was
most undesirable to mix up the penal and financial admi-
nistration of bankruptcy. In consonance with an opinion
of Lord Westbury, he urged the continuance of the juris-
diction for the collecting and administering the assets of
bankrupts, while the punishment for fraudulent
conduct should be left to the ordinary criminal
tribunals. Dealing with the system of bankrupt deeds,
he showed that under deeds of assignment since 1862, the
annual number had risen from 62 deeds, involving a sum
of £1,013,000, to 3,060 deeds involving a sum of £13,483,000
in 1865 ; deeds of inspection had increased from 46, involv-
ing £190,000 in 1862, to 85 deeds, involving £5,306,000 in,
1865, while composition deeds amounted in 1865 to 1,210
involving a sum of £4,436,000; and dividends had in no
case amounted to ss. in the pound, the very lowest amounts
prevailing. Ho stated the plan of the committee of the
House of Commons, which was that the realisation of
bankrupts' estates should be placed in the hands of trustees,
legally constituted, and responsible for the distribution of
the assets. Imprisonment for debt to be abolished, while
discharges of bankrupts should depend on their-payment of
6s. Bd. in the pound; or after a suspension of six years a
now Court of Bankruptcy, with a chief judge, should b,
established. He, however, stated that there was an opinion
in commercial circles that there should be no law of bank-
ruptcy proper ; and he argued at length that it would be
beneficial both for creditors and insolvents if the arrange-
ments between them were left to themselves, while the
dealing and concealment of assets with false accounts and
fraudulent conduct might be left to the ordinary legal tri-
bunals of the country.
In a discussion which followed,
Lord BROUGHAM alluded to the imperfect jurisdiction of
the " Septuagint" or seventy com.nissioners and the amend-
ment of that system, and said since that further alte-
rations had been made for which the original founders of
the principle of the law were not responsible. The French
expression of "making bankrupt" had been adopted in the
act of Henry VIII., and while it only meant " making
bankrupt," it imported without intending it the real fact
that people who became bankrupt made others bankrupt.
Mr. HATFIELD, M.P., expressed his regret that a chief
judge in bankruptcy had not been appointed, presiding
over a court to administer the whole law of debtor and
creditor, which he thought the only probable means of
bringing the subject into something like a system.
Mr. W. HAwEs, President of the Council of the Society
of Arts, argued that if the principle of the Bankruptcy
Law of 1849 had been duly and fully administered, the
unsatisfactory state of things which undeniably existed
at present would not have come about. That prin-
ciple was that creditors should not have the entire control
over bankrupts and their estates, but that their affairs
should be administered by a competent tribunal, and he de-
precated a return to the principle which formerly prevailed.
He criticised the provisions for the amendment of the
Bankrupt Law which had been suggested by Mr. Moffatt,
especially protesting against the proposition which refused
a certificate for six years unless 6s. Bd. in the pound was
paid by the debtor. He also contended that the statistics
given by Mr. Moffatt, both as regarded the number of bank-
rupts and the amount of money involved, did not by any
means prove that the existing law tended to increase the
number of bankruptcies and the fraudulent disposition of
property. He agreed that a Court of Bankruptcy was unne-
cessary, but was of opinion that there should be a law by
which the affairs of bankrupts should be administered.
The discussion was continued with some animation, and
with a tendency to condemnation of the existing bankruptcy
law, until the close of the sitting.

In section C of the same department, Mr. FORSYTH, M.P.,
in the chair, the Rev. W. L. CLAY read a paper " On Recent
Improvemnts in our Penal System," who was followed by
one "On the desirability of establishing Reformatories for
Adults," read by Mr. T. B. L. Baker. This paper glanced
at the working of the gaol and reformatory system, and
stated that the contributor was ready to maintain the fol-
lowing propositions, viz.:—" That adult reformatories or
houses of correction (the name signifies but little) would
render our gaols more deterrent than they now are, and
would themselves deter by the greater length of their de-
tention. 2d. They would send the prisoners back to society
so much better fitted for work, that there would be less
danger of a relapse. 3d. They would by their surveillance
physically incapacitate a man from a course of crime for a
far longer period than the gaol. 4th. They would cost far
less to the honest ratepayer; and lastly, the experiment
may be tried with good hope (not to say certainty) of suc-
cess, without cost or risk to the State."

RARA Avis.--A white sparrow has been seen at
lladdington-place, Leith-walk, several times. It was
always alone, appeared perfectly healthy, and evidently
is a bird of the year. The feathers were fine, and the only
dark ones wore a few just under the throat. It frequented
the Old Botanic Gardens, but often came to the bleach-
green of the houses adjoining, and was not at all shy.—
Scotsman.

[ADVEIMISEMENT.)—Consumption, and all nervous, bilious,
stomach, and liver complaints, in every stage, are only ag-
gravate a and accelerated by drugs of every description. but
perteckly curable by Du Barry's health restoring Revalenta
Arabica Food, as proved by thousands of cases which had
been considered hopeless ; such as indigestion (dyspepsia),
cough, asthma, consumption, habitual constipation, diarr-
hcea, all gastric derangements, haemorrhoids, liver com-
plaints, flatulency, nervousness, biliousness' fevers, sore
throats, diphtheria, catarrhs, colds, influenza, noises in the
head and ears, rheumatism, gout, impurities, eruptions,
hysteria. neuralgia, irritability, sleeplessness, acidity, pal-
pitation, heartburn, headache, debility, dropsy, cramps,
spasms, nausea and sickness even in pregnancy or at sea,
sinking fits, bronchitis, scrofula, tightness of the chest,
pains in the pit of tho stomach and between the shoulders,
&c. We quote a few. —Cure, No. 46,270. Mr. James Roberts,
timber merchant, of Fernley Surrey, of 1 hirty years' diseased
lungs, spitting of blood, liver derangement. and partial deaf-
ness.—Cure, No. 47,121. Miss Elizabeth Jacobs, of extreme
nervousness, indigestion, gatherings, low spirits, and nervous
laiscies.—Cure, NO. 1,771. Lord Stuart de Decies, Lord-Lieu-
tenant of Waterford, of many years' dyspepsia.—No.49,B32
Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia, nervousness,
asthma, cough, const patios, flatulency, spasms. sickness, and
vomiting—Maria Jolly.- Cure No 64,816. the Rev. James I'.
Campbell, Fakenham, Norfolk, of indigestion and torpidity
of the liver, which had resisted all medical treatment.—
In tins, 1 lb., 2s. 9d. ; 21b., 45. 6d ; Mb., lls. ; 121 b., 225. ; ?41b.
406.—Barry Du Barry and Co., No. 77. Regent-street, London;
also Phillips, tea dealers, 8, King William-street ; hkewi e
at 61, Gracechurch-street ; 4, Cheapside ; 49, Bishopsgate-
street Within ; 63, 150, and 298, Oxford-street; 33a, Strand;
14, Upper Baker-street ; 103, Tottenham-court-road ; 93,
Upper-sti eet, Islington, N. ; Harvey, Notting-hill ; Close
brothers, 6,, High-street; and Stubbs, Queen's-terrace, St.
John's •weod, London ; and all re, pectable grocers and clie-
mlsts.—Dcwarc of spurious imitations.

SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

TIMES.—AII the recent intelligence from America
shows that the attention of the people is now directed
to the removal of the gravest difficulties that can
press upon a nation. A devastated country has to
be restored, a disorganised community to be set in
order, an inferior and uneducated race is to be
governed in such a manner as will be consistent with
its own natural rignts, and at the same time with
the safety of society. These questions are so im-
portant and difficult, they excite such animosities
among men of extreme opinions and hasty temper,
that we might expect them to cause long and acri-
monious contests were there not reason to believe
that the great mass of the people are determined
that they shall be settled quietly. 'When it is hard
to see how a certain matter can be arranged it is
encouraging to feel that there is a fixed resolution
to arrange it somehow. This is the disposition of
the American people at the present time. All the
difficulties which the war has left have " got to be"
met and overcome. Already a beginning has been
made, and, with the advantages of an active people
and boundless resources, the devastation and
anarchy of the war are already disappearing.
Material prosperity makes the Northern people for-
giving, and endows them with the means of restor-
ing and again enriching the South. In every part of
the North the profits of trade have been enormous,
and taxation has not as yet pressed upon the peo-
ple. They see before them the vast plains of the
South capable of producing tenfold the crops which
have done so much to place America in the first
rank of wealty nations, but now lying in great part
waste and abandoned. They see the Northern
people, white and black, accustomed to the climate,
skilled in the agriculture which is best suited to it,
and ready, if properly managed, to go once more to
work and make their country the rich domain that
it was before the war. A large majority at the
North is, therefore, in favour of any reasonable
policy which shall reconstruct the South and give
it peace, order, and enterprise as soon as possible.
The course taken by the President is perfectly
in accordance with this set of public opinion.
There is undoubtedly a party at the North, as de-
scribed by our correspondent to-day, which desires
Lo impoac thy -roil he iderst Let lug on the South, TO
keep it under military rule for years, to forbid its
representatives from sitting in Congress, and to
punish the white rebels by placing the negroes on
the level with them or above them. This party will
do its utmost to influence the President, and if- it
cannot influence him will oppose him. We have
no means of knowing its strength in the country,
but it seems likely that it will not be able to pre-
vent the reconstruction of the Southern States,
unless the public at the North be really brought to
believe that some substantial gain of the war is
about to be imperilled. As for the extreme party
which desires proscription or confiscation, it may
be put out of consideration altogether. To drive
out and rob the Southern people was a scheme
which had its advocates amid the fury of a great
war, but now that the sword is sheathed for battle
it is not likely to be drawn again for plunder.
Not even an exhausted population would be likely
to submit to the last outrages of conquest without
a struggle. The Confiscation Act has been quietly
set aside, and the good sense of Mr. Johnson in
doing this has been approved by public opinion in
the North, more especially since it is seen how great
has been the effect of his policy in reconciling the
Southern States to the humiliating task of repealing
their own ordinances, and publicly submitting
themselves to an authority they had disowned. The
Republican party, influenced by what is called the
Radical section of it, will, we presume, be unable,
even if it were willing, to prevent the progress of
reconstruction at the South—that is, the re-estab-
lishment of the State Governments and the with-
drawal of the soldiers. The powers of the Presi-
dent are so vast and his position so secure that the
direction of the Southern States is entirely in his
hands. Even Congress could only control him by
using its most extreme rowers and straining to the
utmost the provisions of the Constitution. He is
Commander-in-Chief, and can withdraw every regi-
ment from the South if he pleased, and thus allow
the inhabitants to settle their own affairs without
inference from any one. He is a military chief
holding a conquered country, and can appoint any
man he pleases Governor or Provisional Governor,
with orders to do this or that, and he can recall
him if it is not done. No ordinary power in the
Republic can prevent him from carrying out any
scheme on which he has set his mind, so
long as it is in accordance with the wishes of
the Southern people themselves. The President
appears to know and to be using this au-
thority, and the alacrity with which the Southern
people second him, by abandoning their insurrec-
tionary position, and placing themselves anew in
Constitutional relations with the Federal Govern-
ment, shows that they see their opportunity, and,
with the promptness of their race, know how to take
advantage of it. It is probable that before the
meeting of Congress the position of the South will
be such that it will be impossible for any party to
demand the maintenance of military rule, much less
the spoliation which was decreed during the war.
In short, it is likely that all the difficulties of the
time will be reduced to one—the settlement of the
negro's position. On this subject there is, as may
be supposed, a wide diversity of opinion, and
is just such a subject as inspires the fiercest
animosities and antipathies. At the bottom of the
matter is the fact that the white American does no

like the negro, and that the European immigrants
love him, if possible, still less. At the North he
has been despised as a Parian, and at the South his
freedom is likely to bring on him a hatred which he
did not meet with when he was an obedient and
thoughtless slave. However, there are the four
millions of blacks who must be dealt with. They must
be governed in some special manner,- or allowed
to take their rank with other citizens. It is on this
question that the great struggle of the next Session
of
.Congress will take place. Congress may not
easily prevent Mr. Johnson from giving the South-
ern States their own way at home, but it can impose
conditions on the admission of their representa-
tives to their seats at Washington, and, indeed,
pass a sort of secession ordinance by excluding
them. We are told that the Republicans or the
Radicals are ready to go this length, and that though
the President may leave the question of negro suf-
rage to each State Congress will not admit any such
independence. The constitutional right of Congress
to do this we are not able to discuss, but we cannot
but think that it would be reasonable in the Southern
States to avoid any such contest by a concession of
the suffrage to the more industrious and civilised of
the negroes. The great difficulty undoubtedly is
how to deal with a population which, whenever it is
withdrawn from the tutelage of the whites, has a
tendency to sink back into savagery. In a few
years a large number of the blacks will probably
have squatted on waste lands throughout the
Southern States, and have lost the little civilisation
they now possess. But a well devised propertyqua-
lification would exclude these, while it would not
prevent the more intelligent and industrious of the
race from attaining to at least the legal rights of
citizens. With such a qualification the negro has
long been allowed to vote in the State of N
should
New York,
and there seems no reason why the principle
not be adopted elsewhere. We do not believe in
the future fusion of the European and African, nor
even in their equality ; we rather expect that the
numbers of the inferior race will gradually diminish
now that it is brought everywhere into rude com-
petition with the stronger. But if its lot can be
ameliorated and its position secured by the admis-
sion of its members to civil rights, and if, as will be
no doubt the case, the numbers of these will be too
small to outweigh the power of the white popula-
tion, we see no reason why the South should struggle
against the principle which the Republicans wish to
enforce.

POST.—We are told that the Emperor is about
to return to Paris after a long and pleasant repose
from State affairs ; the Ministers of the various
governing departments of Imperial rule have already
returned to their posts, and the foreign Ambassa-
dors are once more making their weekly periodical
visits to the Hotel of Foreign Affairs on the
banks of the Seine. Count Walewski, the
new President of the Legislative Chambers,
has visited the Emperor at Biarritz, and
probably received a few hints on governing a
representative assembly which the coming session
will find animated with more political vitality than
that over which the late Duke de Morny presided
with such conciliatory courtesy. Such is the not
very startling information we get from Paris ; but
this quiet march of events, coupled with the long
and frequent absence from Paris of the Emperor
and his advisers this year, suggests some reflections
on the consolidation of the Empire under Napo-
leon 111. Neither the best friends nor the worst
enemies of Louis Napoleon would have believed ten
years ago that the Emperor might remain away from
Paris six months out of the twelve, during which
period he should pay a visit to Algeria and occupy
much of his time in writing a life of Caesar. The
Imperial constitution of France demands the pre-
sence of the Sovereign, and the irresponsibility of
Ministers obliges them to consult the Sovereign on
all important questions. The present year has dis-
closed, however the fact that the governing machi-
nery under which our exciteable neighbours have
become so docile works very smoothly even when
the engineers are away. The Emperor and all his
Cabinet have been holiday-making throughout the
summer, and the affairs of State, both domestic and
foreign, have fallen into a state of coma such as the
political history of modern France seldom records.
A few politicians who remained in Paris this sum-

mer
,got up a faint breeze to break the dead and

somewhat uninteresting calm. We were told by
some enthusiasts from Paris to expect considerable
, and very important reforms at the opening of the
. coming Parliamentary session ; Ministers were to
be made responsibile ; the press was to be exempt
from Government control, and once more we heard
. the familiar expression about the early " Couron-
nement de l'Edifice..' But even such important
announcements did not produce any great impres-
sion on the millions of Frenchmen who read the
newspapers so diligently in cafes, and who, at a
period not far distant, got up wonderful excitement
about very minute political events. Perhaps most
Frenchmen felt there was not much truth in the re-
form reports ; they may have estimated the charac%
ter of the Emperor correctly, and come to the con-
clusion that his Majesty was more likely to let well
alone than make any new experiments in govern-
ing a people that former Sovereigns have found ex-
ceedingly difficult to rule. Be this as it may, there
are no signs of the Emperor having modified in any
way his views and convictions of what may be
called a successful system of governing the French
people. So far as our information goes, Napoleon
111. is perfectly satisfied with his present advisers,
and no modification of his Cabinet is in contempla-
tion. The season will probably be occupied with
more interesting questions than those which grout
out of the theory of Government. So far as we at
a distance are able to read the Emperor's mind, he
seems to be disposed to prosecute domestic improve-
ment and promote material prosperity ; working
with the existing Imperial constitution to bring
about improvements in old laws, as well as provid-
ing new legislation such as the exigencies of the day
demand. The Emperor looks more like peace now
than at any other period of the present reign. The
French troops are coming home from that city which
in, 1848 commenced a revolution, headed by Pius
1., which was indubitably instrumental eventu-
ally in placing Louis Napoleon on the throne of
France ; and good authorities are always telling us
the Emperor wants to get his flag away from Mexico
as soon as he can. The foreign policy of France
was never more pacific. Amid a real and national
excitement to assist the Poles during their late re-
volt the Emperor and his Cabinet contrived to calm
down the popular enthusiasm of a chivalric nation ;
peace counsels prevailed, and a great war, a Euro-
pean convulsion, it may be, was avoided. The
French Government has expressed itself pretty
strongly on the conduct of the German Powers, the
destroyers of the constitutional and progressive little
kingdom of Denmark, but even when half invited
by her Majesty's advisers to draw the sword for all
old ally unjustly attacked by superior forces, the
Emperor and his advisers calculated that to save
Denmark France must go to war with all Germany;
and here again the counsels of peace prevailed. We
cannot help thinking that a change is taking place
in the character of the French nation. We are
quite sure they are as brave and generous as of old;
we are convinced their sympathy is ever with the
weak and the oppressed all over the world, and we
are sure they are as proud of their army as when,
they inscribed its many victories on the grana,
triumphal arch which graces with architectural
majesty the avenue of the Champs Elysees. What,
we believe to be the fact is this—the public mind or
France is more occupied with commerce, more bent
in obtaining wealth than in the days of Napoleon
I. or Louis Philippe. In this respect Frenchmen
are becoming more like Englishmen ; they have
half forgotten the attractions of street fights, revo-
lutions, the flights of Sovereigns, and wars for an
" idea." The French mind appears to be gradually
turning round from glory to gain. They are a more
politically contented pgople than of old, which We,
cannot help thinking was singularly exemplified
this summer by the long absence from Paris of the
governing powers.