The Sun.
London, England, 1862-10-04 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 4, 1862,

RAILTVAY INTELLIGENCE,

TRAFFIC RECEIPTS.

The traffic receipts of railways in the United Kingdom
amounted for the week ending the 27th of September, on
10,485 miles, to £611,624, and for the corresponding week
of last year, on 10,146 miles, to £576,005, showing an in-
crease of 339 miles, and of £35,619 in the receipts. The
gr.ss receipts on the following 14 railways amounted in the
aggregate, on 7,207 miles, to £487,098 ; and for the zones-
pending week of 1861, on 6,966,mi1e5, to £457,872, showing
an increase of 241 miles, and of £29,226 in the receipts.
The increase on the Caledonian amounted to £540 ; on the
Great Eastern to £1,986; on the Great Northern to £1,604;
on the Great Southern and Western to £905; on the Great
Western to £5,233 ; on the London and North-Western to
£3,612; on the London, Brighton, and South Coast to
£5,228 ; on the London and South-Western to £4,447 ; on
Midland to £450 ; on the North British to £1,155 ; on the
North Eastern to 2,270; and on the South-Eastern to
£5,201 ; total, 32,631. But from this must be deducted
£2,491, the decrease on the Lancashire and Yorkshire ;
£914 on the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire; to-
gether, £3,4os,leaving the increase, as above, £29,226. The
goods and Mineral traffic on those lines amounted to
£226,469, and for the corresponding week of 1861 to
£225,601, showing an increase of £B6B. The receipts
for passengers, parcels, &c., amounted to £260,629, against
£232,271, showing an increase of X 28,358. The traffic re-
ceipts on 64 lines amounted on 3,279 miles to £124,526, and
for the corresponding week of last year, on 3,180 miles, to
£118,133, showing an increase of 99 miles, and of £6,393
in the receipts. The increase in the traffic of the past
week, as compared with the corrresponding period of 1861,
arises chiefly from the passenger traffic to the International
Exhibition. The traffic receipts of the past week show a
decrease of £12,968 as compared with those of the preced-
ing week, ending the 20th inst.

TRAFFIC RETURNS FOR THE WEEK.
Miles Opened. Receipts.
Railways. 0-..,......_",..-......_,
1862. 1861. 1862. 1861.
£ £
Belfast and N, Counties 136 136 2,250 2,229
Belfast and County Down.... 49 49 634 655
Blyth and Tyne 22 22 2,260 2,160
Bristol and Exeter l2ll 107 7,669 7,491
Caledonian 230 230 17,035 16,495
Cockermouth& Workington Bl 81 262 259
Cork and Bandon 2O 20 316 344
Cork, Blackrock, & Passage 6l 61 207 267
Cork and Youghal
Cornwall s3i 531 1,401 1,423
Deeside l7 17 330 291
Dublin & Belfast Junction 63 63 1,438 1,494
Dublin and Drogheda 63 63 1,699 1,685
Dub. & Wicklow (in.Kingst.) 4Bl 481 2,225 2,099
Dundee, Perth, & Aber. Jun 3l 31 1,107 1,213
169}
g 0 1.
. 53:0924 :2 ,2072575. ? 82, 25122215
Edinburgh and Glasgow
Forth & Clyde Junction
Furness, &c

Glasgovi & South-Western .. 198 198 8,383 8:675
Gt. Eastern,Nrik.,&E.Union.. 614 614 32,763 30,777
Great Northern 3P 330 31,883 30,279
_ _
__,_

Great North of Scotland 6B 58 2,212 1,777
Gt. Northn. & Wcstn. (Irel.) 561 451 628 365
Gt.Southn. & Westn.(lrind.) 329 329 9,415 8,510
Great Western 992 9614 65,015 59,818
Inverness & Aberdeen Juno 734 55 1,51 G 1,273
Irish North-Western
Irish South-Eastern 254 254 233 273
Lancashire & Yorkshire 3954 3954 35,274 37,765
Leominster and King-ton
Limerick and Ennis.
Limerick and Foynes 2 261 139 136
Llanelly 46 461 694 566
London & North-Western
London and Blackwall 5l
724 5,7C4 2,131
54 1,889 1,609
London & South-Western
ottphoevnedr : 744 421 2201 1,813
25,461 21,014
Lond. Brighton, &S. Coast
Man ,Sheffield, & Lincolnsh
Mane. h. S.Jun.&Altrincham ca
-. 6-/ 1,262 1,318
Ma port and Carlisle
London,L
Lond., n d ~
Tilbury,C h Chatham,
28 28 1,297 1,064
Midland (incl. N.-Western). - 630 6144 43,921 43,481
Midland Gt.Westn. of Irind l92i 1924 4,557 4433
Monkland 721 56 1,194 1,471
Monmouthsh. Rail. & Canal 44 11 2,464 2,566
North British, Edin., Perth
and Dundee
N-Eastern and New. & Car 8941 8674 46,349 44,079
North London 9 9 2,731 2,494
North Staffordshire 248 246 8,519 7,459
Oswestry and Newton.
Rhymney
St. Helen's Canal& Railway 52 52 2,096 1,917
Scottish Central
Scottish North-Eastern 1324 1324 4,555 4,450
Shropshire Union..
Somerset and Dorset 394 - 396 ', -
South Devon 751 754 3,822 3,813
South-Eastern ....-
Stockton and Darlington
Taff Vale . 51 54 6,391 4,984
Ulster 5l 51 1,851 1,914
Vale of C1wyd.........
Vale of Neath 35 35 2,028 1,807
Waterford and Kilkenny 3l 31 459 403
Waterford and Limerick 77 77 1,162 1,410
West Cornwall 274 274 883 853
W.llartlepoolliarbr.Scßail 39 au 3,663 4,959
W'haven,Cleator,&Egrmnt 7 7 472 291
Whitehaven Junction l2 12 705 660
Whitehaven & Furness Jun 35 35 6i9 617
FOREIGN AND COLONIAL.

Antwerp and Rotterdam 52
Austrian B2B
Belgian Eastern Junction... • 264
Buffalo and Lake Huron l6l}
Detroit and Milwaukie lB5
Dutch Rhenish 108!
Eastern of France lO7B
East Indian
Grand Trunk of Canada lO9O
Great Indian Peninsula 437!
Great Luxembourg 134
Great Western of Canada 345
Italian Junction 4O

1,656 1,444
40,010 52,401

673
264
1611
185
lasi
1060
271
1090
3501
128
345

320 274
1,331 1,727
4,262 3,359
6,518 5,124
60,574 64,412
10,143 7,523
12051 11,213
3,909 3,097
4,639 3,523
9,891 8,018

Radrid,garagossadzAlicant 410
Northern of Canada 94
Northern of France 7Ol
Norwegian Trunk 44
Ottoman ..
Paris, Lyons, & Mediterrn 1491
Paris and Orleans 1340
Pernambuco ...... 60
Royal Danish 69
Sambre and Meuse 6B
South Austrian .
Southern of France ......., 777
Welland 25
West Flanders
W. and N.W. of France 770

17,812 14,544
1,590 1,857
63,478 60,306

27 409 225
1351 139,519 128,663
1201 68,393 63,663
529 -

69 - 648
68 1,626 1,490
1234 57,056 60,933
777 30,582 28,476
25 414 513

75 1,099 1,071
754 51,154 53,664

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.

NEWMARKET FIRST OCTOBER MEETING.

FRIDAY.

This meeting concluded with a nice day's sport under a
bright sun, and with a soft breeze from the west. The solo
race fraught with any great degree of interest was the
October Handicap, but the field was by no means so large
as had been expected, and the number going to the post
was smaller than that of last year, although the subscribers
amounted to 87. The favourites won six times out of eight,
yet this did not damp the ardour of the bootmakers, who
were busy with their pencil during the afternoon,
lost no opportunity of betting on the Cesarewitch between
the races, and on the platform at Cambridge, where a very
long ti ain stopped 10 minutes on its way to London. A
very successful First October Meeting closed at three
o'clock, and in a few minutes later not a
,horseman was
seen upon the heath.

Maiden Plate of 50 sovs, for 2-yr-olds ; colts, Bst 91b;
fillies, Bst 61b. Bretby Stakes Course. 6 furlongs.
Mr. Hawksley's Fluke, Bst' 61b (Fordham) 1
Mr. Bevill's Lady Abbess, Bst 61b .... (H. Grimshaw) 2
Mr. W. C. Crawfurd's Lady Harriet colt, Bst 61b
(Custance) 3
The following also ran :—Perfect Cure, Vindicator,
Jetty Treffz colt, Philip the Second, and Giraffe colt.
Betting—Even on Fluke, 5 to 1 agst Lady Abbess, and
10 to 1 agst any other.
The lot left the post at the first attempt, the favourite,
on the far side, having a slight lead, Lady Abbess going on
second, the Lady Harriet colt next, and the others lying
wide on the lower side. On reaching the Bushes-hill the
first three drew away, and came on nearly abreast into
the bottom, where the favourite obtained a decided advan-
tage, and won a good race by a neck ; a bad third.
Match ; 100 sovs, h ft; Bst 71b each; last three-quarters

of R.M. 1 mile 17 yards.
Mr. Greville's Ossian
Lord Westmoreland's Ireton (J. Goater) 2
Betting-6 to son Ireton, who made the running to
within a few strides of the chair, when Fordham brought
out Ossian, and won cleverly by half a length.
Match-100 sous, hft ; Bst 71b each. A.F.
Mr. Greville's Camperdown, 4 yrs (J. Goater) 1
Count Batthyany's Pergus, 4 yrs (Fordham) 2
Betting---9 to 4on Camperdown.
to t
Phe ergus, having a slight lead, came on with the running
Ab M post, where he was headed by the favourite,
who won in a canter by three lengths.
The Newmarket October Handicap of 15 says each, 5 ft,
with 100 added, for 3-yr-olds and upwards ; winners
extra; the second received 25 soya out of the stakes. A.F.
1 mile 2 furlongs 73 yards. 87 subs.
Lord do Freyne's Ophelia, 3 yrs, Est. (Williamson) 1
Mr. G. W. Fitzwilliam's Myrtle, 4 yrs, Cat 91b.. (Daley) 2
Mr. Elphinstono's Lapidist, 3 yrs, 6st 41b (A.Woodhouse) 3
The following also ran :—Costa, Lupus,Walpole,Church-
man, Camerino, Doncaster, Carisbrook, Maggiore, Alerte,
Stanton, and Balham.

Betting-7 to 2 each agst Carisbrook and Ophelia, 6 to
1 agst Churchman, 7 to 1 agst Doncaster, 10 to 1 each
agst Myrtle and Costa, 100 to 8 each agst Camerino,
Stanton, and Balham, 100 to 7 agst Lupus, and 25 to 1 agst
Lapidist.
After one failure the flag was lowered to an excellent
start. Lapidist, being the quickest on his legs, jumped away
with a clear lead, having for his immediate attendants
Churchman, Balham, Costa, Camerino, and Doncaster nearly
in a' line; Myrtle, with Maggiore and Carisbrook, who
headed the ruck, lying two or three lengths in their rear.
Thus they ran to the first half of Ab M post, where Lapi-
dist gave way to Balham, who came on with the running,
having the favourite, Lapidist, and Doncaster on his left,
with Camerino, Costa, and Churchman on the upper
ground. At the Bushes-hill Balham appeared in difficulties
and Ophelia, with Lapidist at her girths, at the same time
took the command, coming on with a clear lead, followed
by Camerino, Costa, Stanton, Doncaster, and Myrtle. At
the Ab.M. post Myrtle, full of running, ran past her horses
mad Musa the two basica, alaci the Quo in tvgothu ilatg

the cords, where Ophelia gradually drew away, and won in
a canter by three lengths, Myrtle beat Lapidist by half a
length for second place, Camerino was fourth, Stanton fifth,
Costa sixth, Doncaster seventh, and Carisbrook next ; then
came Balham, Alerte, and Maggiore close together, the last
three being Walpole, Churchman, and Lupus, the last of
whom broke dgwn. Net value of stakes, £635.
Sweepstakes of 30 sous each, 20 ft, for 2-yr• olds ; colts, Bst
101 b; fillies, Bst 81b; maidens allowed 41b. First half
of Ab. M. 3 furlongs 215 yards. 9 subs.
Baron Niviere's Gentilhomme, Bst Gib (H. Grimshaw) 1
Lord Stamford's 'Etna Bst 8,13 (Edwards) 2
Lord Exeter's Fantail, 'Bst 41b (Fordham) 3
Betting-11 to 8 agst .Etna, 7to 4 agst Gentilhomme,
and 5 to 2 agst Fantail.
Gentilhomme made play, closely followed by 2Etna and
Fantail into the cords, where zEtnawent in front, and run-
ning out immediately afterwards the lead was once more
taken by the French:nan, who won cleverly by half a length;
a bad third.

Handicap Sweepstakes of 10 soya each, h ft, for 3-yr-olds
and upwards. T.Y.C. 6 subs.
Mr. P. Frice's Welland, 3 yrs, 6st 41b .. (Hunter) 1
Mr. Saxon's Hopeful Duchess, 3 yrs, 6st (J Grimshaw) 2
Lord Stratford's Tisiphone, 3 yrs, Bst (A. Edwards) 3
Mr. Mundy's Bolero, 3 yrs, 7st 61b (Reeves) 4
Mr. W. S. Crawfurd'a Disdain, 3 yrs, Est 71b (T.French) 5
Mr. T. Boyce's Confectioner, 5 yrs, Bst 71b (W. Boyce) 6
Betting-6 to 4 agst Welland, 7to 2 agst Disdain, 4to 1
agst Tisiphone, and 5 to 1 agst Confectioner.
Disdain in company with Hopeful Duchess and Welland
were the first off, and carried on the running to half-way in
the bottom, where they were joined by Tisiphone, and the
lot came on together into the cords, where Welland, full of
running, came out, rid -,,1)1 in a canter by two lengths ; a
head between the sec;,,, and third, and a like distance be-
tween the third and fourth; bad fifth.
Sweepstakes of 30 soya each, h ft, for 2-yr-olds ; fillies,
Sat 71b. Winners extra. T.Y.C. 22 subs.
Lord Stamford's Cerintha, Oat (including 71b extra)
)
Lord Exeter's Amelia 1
, Bst 71b ( (A. Edwards
Aldcroft) 2
Count F. de Lagrange's Villafranca, Bst 71b .. (Hunter) 3
The following also ran :—Devoniensis, Columbine, and
the Miranda filly.
Challoner weighed for Mr. Naylor's Mistress Quickly,
Bst 71b, but her number was subsequently taken down, and
she did not start.

Betting-7 to 4on Cerintha, and 4to 1 agst Amelia.
Villafranca, lying wide on the far side, made play, fol-
lowed by Columbine, the favourite, and Amelia, to within a
distance of home, where they were headed by Cerintha and
Lord Exeter's filly. The pair finished a close race home, the
favourite winning, but not easily, by half a length, Villa-
franca finished third, four lengths in their rear ; Columbine
was fourth.

Match, 100 sous, h ft. Last half of Ab. M.
Mr. Wysn's Michel Grove, 3 yrs, 7st 101 b (car 7st 131 b)
Foram
Mr. Trowson's Tarragona, 3 yrs, Bst llb (carrie(d Bst h
41b)) 1
(J. Nightingall) 2
Betting—Any odds on Michel Grove, who made all the
running, and won in a canter by two lengths.

Match, 200 sovs, h ft. T2i.C.
Lord Coventry's Newsmonger, 2 yrs, Bst 71b (reed)
Mr. Craven's Lady Fanny, 2 yrs, Bst 41b (paid)
BETTING AT CAMBRIDGE (en route).

CESAREWITCH.
11 to 2 agst Silkstone (taken)
15 to 1 agst Henham Lass (taken)
100 to 6 agst Umpire (taken)
20 to 1 agst Chere Arnie (taken)
25 to 1 agst Balder (taken)
25 to 1 agst Catch-'em-alive (taken)
25 to 1 agst Hartington (taken)
50 to 1 agst Flirtation (ta ken)
50 to 1 agst Phemy filly (taken)
50 to 1 agst Balham (taken)
50 to 1 agst Audrey (taken)
50 to I►agst Bedouin (taken)
50 to 1 agst Alchymist (taken)
CAMBRIDGESHIRE.
50 to 1 agst Lapidist (taken and offered)
DERBY.
3000 to 30 agst Baldwin

MAZZINTS ADDRESS 70 THE ITALIANS.

The following is the address in full by Mazzini
to the Italians, to which reference has been made
within the last few days by the Continental jour-
nals :a—

enterprise. Monarchy, crouching to the foreigner, sud-
denly assumed revolutionary energy, declared Garibaldi a
rebel, and traitors to their country all those who meant to
constitute it one and free—boldly initiated a fratricidal
war, and, for the benefit of Austria and France, pointed her
weapons against the man who made her what she is, who
gave her the republican [party for allies, who accustomed
the people to mingle in one love, Italy and Victor Em-
manuel.

If we except the Lombard wars, :rendered inevitable by
Austrian invasion, fought side by side and under the or
ders of the Emperor of the French, the feats of Monarchy
in the development of our resurrection are the invasion of
Umbria and the Marches rendered necessary by our de-
signs on Rome, the cession of Savoy and Nice, and the
wounding of Garibaldi.
No I Monarchy cannot make Italy ; and, if, owing to our
sacrifices and activity on the one hand, and her own ambi-
tion for the great Crown on the other, she should succeed in
conquering the entire soil, we should have the form, not the
soul of Italy—the dream of our life, the object of our toils.
A country, great in concessions and aspirations, sanctified
by love and peace, free as God wills it to be, initiator for
the third time among the people of Europe—Monarchy can-
not give us this. Possessing no prestige of thejpast over the
masses ushered into Italy by the foreigner, nurtured in tra-
ditions which ever oscillated between one foreign Power and
another—conscious of sanctity in her own life, with no re-
ligion of memories since she betrayed to the foreigner the
brave and faithful people which made her powerful—sold
the tomb of her ancestors—with no faith in her own acts
over which she feels the weight of the condemnation of the
progressive intellect of Europe; with no love for the people
which she fears, even when it applauds—tormented by terrors
which re-awake at every sign of life in the country—im-
' pelled by her own nature to strengthen herself against it
with the support of foreign despotism—Monarchy has,in the
space of two years, re-created all these obstacles to unity
which the first uprising of our people had cancelled in a mo-
ment. Strong in the assent of 22,000,000 of citizens,she, in
her cowardice, has remained yoked to the policy of a
foreigner, who does not, cannot logically desire to see us
strong in national unity. Surrounded by the enthusiasm
and love of an entire people, she attained to no other con-
ception of Government save that of repression. She has
engendered antagonism between provinces, classes, army,
and people, which, if not stifled in time, will prove tremen-.
dous in their consequences; she has inaugurated in Italy,
young and exuberant with new life, a system of corruption
borrowed from the Monarchies of declining nations. To-day
only two years after the dawn of life in Italy, Monarchy
governs as Louis Philippe governed after 18 years of strife
—by state of siege, by the systematic violation of individual
liberty, by the negation of the rights of the press and the
duty of association by cavalry charges, by infamous battles,
impudently rewarded, between brothers and brothers; and
all this in order to maintain the country in a provisional
state, which brands dishonour on our brow, hinders legisla-
tive assessment, fetters commerce and all industrial develop-
ment, perpetuates dismemberment, leaves foreign influence
predominant, sows despair and distrust, gives opportunities
for subterfuges and reactionary attempts, fans the worst
passions, drains our finances uselessly,and condemns us to all
the dangers and evils of a revolution, without giving us any
of its advantages.

And the teaching contained in this disgraceful page of
our history is confirmed by the entire history of Europe
during the last half-century. In France, in Spain, in Bel-
gium, in Germany, in Greece, everywhere, save in England,
where, owing to social conditions, the political order of
things, sanctioned by a traditional life of more than six cen-
turies, concedes to the people unlimited individual liberty,
and omnipotence to the opinion of the majority. Constitu-
tional Monarchy has proved itself irreconcileable with tho
progress of nations, and inevitably oscillating between re-
trogressive and violent movements, between despotism and
periodical revolution.

It behoves the thoughtless, or such as are guided by per-
sonal calculations to persist in an impossible concord, to
pretend that we may give the lie to European history; if
men who for years called themselves ours, convinced by us,
to-day find it useful to style their old comrades anarchists,
to insult as a rebel the man they flattered yesterday, and
under whose flag they acquired their renown—we are not
such as these.

We, who flattered and served no one—who yielding to
the vote of the majority consented that an experiment con-
cluded for us in 1848 should be again attempted—we, who
above everything love the future of our country, who re-
cognise no masters save God and the people, we can no
luubei resign ourselves silent and unprotesting to see the
country running to anarchy, and thus lose the fruits of long
sacrifices endured in order to conciliate two elements radi-
cally contrary. It is time that, without making calculations
as to immediate success, some one should say to Italy with-
out reticence (which to-day is culpable) the entire truth.
It is time that some one profoundly convinced that the
moral question takes the precedence of all others should
recall our youth to the worship of principles without which
we cannot hope to become a nation. This duty wo under-
take, come what will.
The people of Italy is misled by a lie.
A country cannot be liberated without a principle, with-
out the courage to deduce thence the natural consequences.
Monarchy is not a principle with us, it is a calculation of
opportunity, erroneous according to us. Men have no faith
therein; they regard it as an obstacle in their path, but
dare not affront it deliberately; but deceiving themselves
and others, hope to use it as a lever.
Monarchy, meanwhile, feels that sho cannot trust the
people that for tactics' sake lies to her and to itself, and so
forms all her plans in order to exclude it from action, and
prepares, in alliance with a foreign despot, a defence against
its exactions.

And foreign despotism, which has its own interests, its
own fears, its own logical tendencies, avails itself of these
necessities of Monarchy in order to exact, in payment for
its assistance, territorial concessions, a politicasystem akin
to its own, alliance with its allies, the choice of its men in
the government of Italy, and endless delays in the comple-
tion of the national edifice ; which, giving unity and con-
sciousness of strength to the country, would emancipate it
from all protection, would wrench from Louis Napoleon the
key of Italian policy, which is in Rome; the key of the
Mediterranean, which is in Civita Vecchia.

Since 1859 we move in that circle, and until the country
comes out of it we shall have neither Venice, nor Rome, nor
national being, nor internal peace, nor liberty.
The fall of one minister, the rise of another, matters little.
The obstacle lies higher; it dates from the necessities of an
institution which, without inherent life in the country which
it governs, seeks that life from without ; this dominates and
will continue to dominate, more or less, every Cabinet.
Men who, for what reasons we know not, believe it their
duty to defend an institution condemned by logic, by his-
tory, lry the traditions of the country, by the sentiment of
civil equality which exists among us more than elsewhere,
have but one way of prolonging its existence; they must
compel it to national armament, to a policy which leans on
Europe, in order to emancipate itself from French Imperial-
ism, to a daring decisive move on Rome, to war with Venice,
to a national pact substituted to the Piedmontese statute of
1.848

Let Monarchy assume Garibaldi's undertaking. At that
price she may yet live a temporary life in Italy.
We believe her incapable of that initiative; therefore we
detach ourselves from her. We detach ourselves from her,
and the bold frankness of which we give proof ought to
insure to us absolute belief from honest men in the follow-
ing declaration :—Not to fight resolutely against her; not
to impose, even if we could, the only logical form of Go-
vernment; not to subject the political to the national ques-
tion, but to revindicate the right, without laying ourselves
open to the charge of disloyalty, to say to our brothers—
Italians I Does it behove you to perish miserably be-
tween anarchy—engendered by an impotent Government—
and the snares of the enemies of our King ; or to hasten the
rapid completion of our national revolution, and winning to
the country Rome and Venice, put an end to the provisional
conditions artfully perpetuated by our enemies in order that
the discontented may divide from the sacred idea of unity?
From the monarchy which rules you subservient to Bona-
parte's inspirations you will have neither Rome nor Venice.
True, you will have endless promises if you consent to
remain inert and crouching slaves ; but, during the last two
years, have you not received similar promises from every
successive Minister ? And have they brought the question
a single step nearer its conclusion? All that has been
obtained, from Villafranca to now, has been obtained by
the insurrection and by the action of the people. Prepare,
then, in the name of Rome and Venice to arise, to have
faith only in yourselves—in the 26,000,000 who people our
country. If at Garibaldi's first generous cry you had arisen
.
up, willing and unanimous—if the ardent andlangu languid
alike, forgetting for the time all strife, had understood that
that cry must either not be raised or rendered
weirrtosist
war,
ioland
History would not register the shameful
. r
at this moment Rome would be yours without
sacrifices alone can cancel, that Garibaldi, the iol
livingltalian
bullet on
record incar-
which lung
nation of our unity, was wounded by an
the path to Romo.
Neither Louis Napoleon, which
is hostile to him, nor any other, could; entire
withstand
withholds them
people. Venice and Rome are youirssan
enemy_
face to face with
an enemy
severed from our common mother
he plays the part of a
all the more to be abhorred, because intrlrdopaen,
combating that enemy, and
friend ; who hinders you from.
also
an
enemy—
all the more
revendicating what isyours,arss
he calls himself Italian, and
base and disloyal, inasmuchofyour nationality. You can prevail
the representative
against the one and the other by strength of will, by con-
cord in abnegation,
by audacity in action. Free yourselves
from the web of lies which your false prophets have woven
but duty to-day :--Make Italy,
found haveone
around you.
found our count —and to-day honour is added to duty ;
affirmed too much, too loudly assertedyour right
you a
to be able holv to halt on the road without dilhQuoutin

PR1CE.....—..4d.
STAMPED ....sd.

yourselves as senseless and cowardly before Europe. And
mind that a stain of dishonour on the brow of an
awakening people may corrode the famine and power of a
nation for half a century. Then, if you have a breath of
love in your soul, if you do not intend to burden yourselves
with the blackest sin—ingratitude—thitk of Garibaldi pri-
soner—prisoner for you. To-day you ought to repay him
—repay him for all he has done and meant to do ; to incar-
nate his spirit in yourselves, even as he incarnated in him-
self the spirit of Italy.
Create Italy. Despite the opposition of one and all this
is the gaol. Convince the people that you must do this by
your own strength, this is the path thereunto.
Monarchy will not give you Venice. She cannot without
your aid, and she does not choose to have you either armed
or militant—does not choose that you shall imbibe the con-
sciousness of victories really yours, denies to you the rights
that would emerge therefrom.
Monarchy will not give you Rome. The compact of
Plombieres binds her to the invader. The hope of finding
in Louis Napoleon a defence against your just demands for
liberty, her affection for Turin, where aristocracy, monar-
chical traditions, and the long centralisation of administra-
tive corruption assures the institution. But you have against
Austria the war of the nationalities to whom your rising
will be the signal; against Louis Napoleon, the love of the
nations hostile to him, who will second you the day on
which they shall see you arise resolute and unanimous, and
the opinion of France increasing in your favour. Then the
eternal Right, the omnipotent power of the People—which
a first victory would arouse—and God. And in Rome con-
quered by the People, remember that to the People alone,
not to those who barred the road, belong the fruits of the
victory. _

By means of universal suffrage you will make your own
laws—harmonious and progressive definition of the life that
lies within you. Then we will remind you pacifically of the
grand word of your unification, the word which to-day we
write once more upon our flag. The supreme decision rests
with you. If even then, victors and freed from all false
and equivocal conditions, you choose to repel it, you will not
find us apostates or rebels. For us a free conscience, a
free expression of beliefs, the certainty of the future, will
suffice. JOSEPH MAZZINI.

September, 1862.

THE GORILLA AND MAN.

At the British Association a paper was read by
Professor Owen " On the Zoological Significance of
the Brain and Limb Characters of Man, with Re-
marks on the Cast of the Brain of the Gorilla."
The Professor exhibited two casts, one of the hu-
man brain, which had been hardened in spirits, and
had therefore not preserved its exact form, but to
all intents and purposes it would serve as an illus-
tration of the human brain. The other cast was
taken from the interior of the cranium of the gorilla.
From an examination of these the difference be •
tween the brain of a man and that of a monkey was
at once perceptible. In the brain of man the pos-
terior lobes of the cerebrum overlapped to a con-
siderable extent the small brain, or cerebellum,
whereas in the gorilla the posterior lobes of the
cerebrum did not project beyond the lobes of the
cerebellum. The posterior lobes in the one were
prominent and well marked, in the other deficient.
These peculiarities had been referred to by Todd
and Bowman. From a very prolonged investiga-
tion into the characters of animals he felt persuaded
that the characters of the brain were the most stead-
fast; and he was thus induced, after many years of
study, to propose his classification of the mammalia,
based upon the differences in the development of
their brain structure. He had placed man—owing
to the prominence of the posterior lobes of his brain,
the existence of a posterior cornu in the lateral
ventricles, and the presence of a hippocampus
minor in the posterior cornu—in a distinct
sub-kingdom, which he had called archan-
cephala, between which and the other mem-
bers of the mammalia the distinctions were very
marked, and the rise was a very abrupt one. The
brain in his estimation was a far better guide
in classifying animals than the foot, but the same
difference that existed between their brains was also
observable between their feet. The lecturer referred
to a diagram which represented the feet of the aye-
aye, the gorilla, and man, pointing out the chief
differences in the structure of the skeletons. These
differences he considered sufficiently great to ele-
vate man from the sub-kingdom to which the mon-
keys belonged, and to place him in a distinct sub-
kingdom by himself.

Professor HUXLEY observed that the paper just
laid before the section appeared to him in no way
to represent the real nature of the problem under
discussion. He would therefore put that problem
in another way. The question was partly one of
facts and partly one of reasoning. The question of
fact was, what are the structural difference between 1
man and the highest apes ? The question of rea-
soning, what is the systematic value of these differ-
ences? Several years ago Professor Owen had
made three distinct assertions respecting the differ-
ences which obtain between the brain of man and
that of the highest apes. He asserted that three
structures were " peculiar to and characteristic" of
man's brain—these beir.g the " posterior lobe," the
"posterior cornu," and the" hippocampus minor." In
a controversy which had lasted for some years, Mr.
Owen had not qualified these assertions, but had re-
peatedly reiterated them. He (Professor Huxley), on
the other hand, had controverted these statements,
and affirmed, on the contrary, that the three struc-
tures mentioned not only exist, but are often better
developed than in man, in all the higher apes. He
(Professor Huxley) now appealed to the anatomists
present in the section to say whether the universal
voice of Continental and British anatomists had not
entirely borne out his statements and refuted those
of Professor Owen. The Professor then discussed
the relations of the foot of man with those of the
apes, and showed that the same argument could be
based upon them as on the brain—that argument
being, that the structural differences between man
and the highest ape are of the same order and only
slightly different in degree from those which
separate the apes one from another. In conclusion
he expressed his opinion of the futility of discussions
like the present. In his opinion, the differenees
between man and the lower animals arc not to be
expressed by his toes or his brain, but are
intellectual. moral and
Professor ROLLESTON said he would try to y
suppl
the members of the Association with the points of
positive difference between the human
and the ape's
brain. For doing this we bad been abundantly
shown that the hippocampus minor and the poste-
rior lobe were insufficient. As differentive they must
be given up at last. But as much bad recently been
of the brain by
done for the descriptive anatomy
Gratiolet and others as had been done for astronomy
by Max Muller,
language
by Stokes and Adams, for
in this discussion
and that this had been ignored
British science Th. analysis
was little creditable to
had established as dif.
of the brain's structure
ferentive between
man
h and the ape four great
differences---tWO o 1 1
worp ogica , two quantitative.
lativc are the great absolute
The two quanti weight
of the
heig"t
human brain • two
morphological, the greatthe
the muy of the
ltifidit frontal lobes
o d
corresponding to the forehead, and, as
this analysis shows, correctly, taken as a fair ex-
ponent of man's intelligence, and the Ponenabsence of the
external perpendicular figure. This had been
abundantly shown by Gratiolet
• No reference to
these most important matters had been made by
Professor Owen, and this omission could not fail to
put the British Association's repute for acquaint-
ance with the work of foreign
fellow-labourers at
great disadvantage in the
eyes of such foreigners as
might be present.
Professor Rolleston concluded
by saying that if
he had expressed himself with
any unnecessary vehemence he was sorry for it,
but that he felt
than vehemence, and that the laws of ethics and
love of truth were things higher and better than
were the rules of etiquette or decorous reticence.
Mr. W. H. FowLER, looking at the subject solely
in an anatomical view and as a question of fact,
stated that the result of a considerable number of
dissections of brains of various monkeys was that
the distinction between the brain of man and
monkeys did not lie in the posterior lobe or the
hipppearapul rainort whioli parts were proper-