The Sun.
London, England, 1865-06-13 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, JUNE 13, 1865.

NEW WORK by the Author of BARBARA'S HISTORY
Just ready, In 3 v 013.,
MISS C AR E W.
By AMELIA B. EDWARDS,
Author of " Barbara's History."
Hunt and Blackett, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

'Now ready, in 1 vol., with Illustrations, 15s. bound,
YACHTING ROUND THE WEST OF
•_ll_ ENGLAND. By the' Rev. A. G. L'EST RANGE,
8.A., of Exeter College, Oxterd, li.T.
" A very interesting work. We can scarcely imagine a
more pleasant and romantic yachting voyage."—Observer.
Hurst and Blackett, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

LIFE: Its Nature, Varieties, and Phenomena.
By LEO H. GItINDON.
The Publisher begs to announce the issue of the Third
Edition of the above popular work in sixpenny monthly
parts. Parts I. to IX. now ready.
The work can be had complete, in cloth, price 6s. 6d.
" To those who delight in the exercise of their intellectual
powers, these very thoughtful and beautifully-written reflec-
tions will be a welcome boon, and the source long afterwards,
we may rest assured, of many fruitful meditations and plea-
sant memories." —Sun.
London : F. Pitman, 20, Paternoster-row. E.C.

Cloth, price 28. 6d.,
AHANDBOOK for the MAN of BUSINESS,
applicable to all Departments of Commercial Engage-
mente.

London : F. Pitman, 20, Paternoster-row, E.C.

Extra cloth, price 55..
CEP TICISDI AND SPIRITUALISM.
The experiences of a Sceptic. By the Authoress of
" AURELIA."

London : F. Pitman, 20, Paternoster-row, E.O

Demy Bvo., price 25.,

ZOILISM: An Essay toward Pathological
Analysis. An Eclogue for Eventide. By JOHN
FOYER, Author of " St. Thomas A'Beckett,' . Anti-
Colenso," duo. &c.
London: F. Pitman, 20, Paternoster-row, E.C.

Derry 4to , cloth, price 78. 6d.,
THE PSYCHONOMY of the HAND ;
or, the Hand an Index of Mental Development.

London : F. Pitman, 20, Paternoster-row, E.C.

The BOOK of the DAY and EVERY MAN'S BOOK.
Just published, price ls. 6d , by post, free, is. Bd.,
REVELATION of QUACKS and QUACKERY.
By D N.TECTOR.

For notices of this startling work see the "Saturday Re-
view" of April 1, entitled "Quacks and Quackery ;" the
"Weekly D•spatch" of April V. "The Quacks and their
Crimea;" "The Sun" of April 12, "'Detector's' Broadside
on Quacks and Quackery."

GUIDE TO TEIE QUACKS OF LONDON.
A Series of Papers relative to Quacks, which appeared in
the " Medical Circular," with the signature of "Detector,"
has been republished in the form of a short pamphlet. The
reader of " Punch" should read this pamphlet also. He has
of ten read, in the pages of "Punch," of oertain Quacks, frau-
dulent and noisome, who obtain money by false pretences,
and more money by menaces and extortion, from green
young men. For their names, which " Punch" would not
advertise, he has referred his readers to the lower corner of
the advertisin4 columns of low newspapers, amongst which
too many of Mr. " Punch's" contemporaries, especially in the
country, may still be enumerated. lint now he begs to pub-
lish the information that a nominal list of these miscreants,
with copies of their puffs and other particulars concerning
them, needful to be known, will be found in the pamphl t
above referred to, which is entitled "Revelations of Quacks
an 1 Quackery," and is to be had at the "Medical Circular "
Office, 20, King William-street, Strand, W.O.
The vile practices, the monstrous impudence, the cruel
rapacity, and the enormous geins of the obscene tribe of
Quacks, the mischief they do, the ruin they work, even to
the causation of suicide, are Hilly set forth in " ttevelatione
of Quacks and Qaekery." And mark eapeclally that, as
aforesaid, the names of the Quacks are published. The
pamphlet in question thus constitutes a regular Quack Di-
rectory, by con-ulting which every young man may know
where he may go if he wishes to get plundered and destroyed.
Buy, therefore, reader, by all means buy " h evelations of
Quacks and Quackery." Its contents will astonish and amuse
you, white they invoke your indignation and disgust. 01
course you do not want It on account of its warnings for your
own sake, but you doubtless do for that of the many simple-
tons with whom you must be acquainted, if your acquaint-
ance is large. " Who are the Quacks that 'Punch' means I"
Consider what it is to he able to answer this question of the
young and inexperienced, and, for charity's sake, if for no
other, go and provide yourself with "Revelations of Quacks
and Quackery," by Detector.—Punch, April 12.

itPHOTOGRAPHIC CURIOSITY.--
The Photographed fac-simile of the First rage of
TUE SUS now publishing, and may be had
On Paper at Os. 3d.
On Card •• • s. 6d.
Ditto, framed is. Bd.
By order of all Booksellers and Dea'ers in, Photographs,
and at THE SUN OFFICE, 11a, Shand.
" The Sun' evening newspaper has Just issued a photo-
graph, 9 inches by 7, of its first page as it apneared on the 2d
of last January. The card terms quite a literary curiosity,
awl is on, of the best specimens of minute typograpLy ever
published."—London Review.

lIAIR-CURLING FLUID, 248, High Holborn,
London.--ALEX. ROSS'S CURLING FLUID curls
Ladies' or Gentlemen's hair Immediately it is app ded. Sold
at 3s 6d.; sent free for 51 stamps. Ross's Toilet Magazine,
Is. 6d., or 20 stamps.

GREY HAIIR.-248, High Holborn, London.—
ALEX. ROSS'S charges for Dyeing the hair perma-
nently- Ladies' Hair from 7s. 6d.; Gentlemen's from ss.
The Dye is sold at
.38. 6d, or sent free for 54 stamps. It is
most easy of use.

HAIR. DESTROYER, 248, High Holborn,
London.—ALEX. ROSS'S DEPILA roRY removes,
without effect to the skin, superfluous hair from the face,
neck, and arms. 35. 6d.; sent the same day as ordered by post
for 54 stamps.

SPANISH FLY is the acting ingredient in
ALEX. ROSS'S CANTHARIDES OIL, which t,peedily
produces whiskers and thickens hair. 3s. 6d.; sent free fors4
stamps.— AL EX. ROSS, 248 , High Holborn, London. Essay
)n Hair, id.

PIMPLE REMOVER.—AII diseases of the skin
are improved by one dose of ALEX. ROSS'S VEGE-
TABLE SKIN PILL. They remove redness, sallowness
&c. 2s. 9d.; by post for 40 stamps.—ALES. ROSS, 248, High
Holborn, London.

ALEX. ROSS' FACE POWDER, Is. ; sent for
14 stamps ; Eye Colour, 3s. rd., or 54 stamps. Skin
tonic produces a transcendent complexion, 45., or Aso stamps.
Bloom of Roses, 3s. 6d., or 54 stamps.—AVia. ROSS, 248,
High Holborn. London.

MR. HOWARD, SURGEON-DENTIST, 52,
Fleet-street, has introduced an entirely new descrip-
tion of ARTIFICIAL TEETH, fixed without springs, wires,
or ligatures. They so perfectly resemble the natural teeth
as not to be distinguished from the originals by the olosest
observer; they will never change colour or decay, and will
be found superior to any teeth ever before used. This
method does not require tne extraction of roots, or any pain-
ful operation, and will support and preserve teeth that are
loose, and is guaranteed to restore articulation and mastica-
tion. Decayed teeth stopped and rendered sound and useful
in mastication.
-- • •-•-

52, Fleet-etre-at. At home from 10 till 5.

IVOTHING 11VIPOSSIBLE.—The greatest and
most useful invention of the day, AGUA AMARE LL
Messrs. JOHN GOSNELL and CO., 12, Three King-court,
Lombard- strect, London, Perfumers to her Majesty, respect-
fully offer to the public this truly marvellous thud. which
gradually restores the human hair to its pristine hue—no
matter at what age. The Agua Amarelia has none of the
properties of dyes ; it, on the contrary, is beneficial to the
system, and when the hair is once restored one application
per month will ]seep it in perfect colour. Prim one guinea per
bottle, or in half bottles, 10s. 6i. Testimonials from artistes
of the highest order, and from Individuals of undoubted re-
spectability, may be seen on application. Messrs. John
Gosnell and Co. have been appointed Perfumers to her Royal
Highness the Princess of Wales.

TWIN GOSNELL and CO.'S CHERRY
TOOVIT PASTE is greatly superior to any tooth
powder; Lives the teeth a pearl hiteness, protects the
enamel from decay, and imparts a pleasant fragrance to the
the breath. Free Is. Cd.-12, Three King-court, Lombard-
street, London.

EMEMBER, YOU WILL SEE YOUR
AA) FRIENDS at " EVANS'. " After the Opera we
sthil Sup there!

WESTMINSTER ELECTION.-
Mr. WILLIAM HY. SMITH will have the honour of
meeting the Flectors of Westmintrer at WILLIS'S RoOSIS,
King-street, St. James's, on TUESDAY EVENING NEXT,
the 11th inst. The Right 11 m. the Earl PERCY, 3LP., in
the chair. The Chair will be taken at Eight o'clock.
Committee Rooms, 31, Spring-gardens,
June 10, 1,65

NITESTMINSTER ELECTION.-
The et IMITT EE for promoting the elec ion of
Mr. SMITH SITS DAILY from Twelve to Four at the
TRAFALGAR HO ['EL, Spring-gsrdens, S.W., where all
commu—i ations may be made.

CHAIRMAN.
The Right Hon. the Earl PERCY, DIX., Northumberland

House.
VICE-CRAIR3IEN.
JOHN LETTSOM ELLIOT, Esq., 98, Grosvenor-street.
GEORGE CUBIIT, Eeq, m.p., .5, Eccles on-square.
JOHN F. ISAACSOv,' An•en`s.
ROBT, P. OLDEILSHAW,

WESTMINSTER • ELECTION.-
The IN WARDS of ST. GEORGE. Hauover-squaro.
Mr. W. H. SMITH'S District Committee sits daily at No.
40, Davies-street, Berkeley-square.
DISTRICT CHAIRMAN-11 on. GEORGE GRIMSTON.
VICE-CHAIRMEN.
Dover Ward Hon. Colone Rowley, M.P.
onduit Ward Hun. Admiral Duncombe, M.P.
Brook Wa d John Lettsom Elliot, Ekq. (E. Dist.)
Grosvenor Ward Viscount t,an,:on.
Curzon Ward
J. A. MORSE, Esq., District Agent. •

LAW LIFE ASSURANCE OFFICE.
Fleet-street, London, May 24, 1865.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that in pursuance of the
provisions of the Deed of Settlement of the Law Life Assur-
ance Soci,ty, a GENERAL MEETINti of the Proprietors
will be held at the Society's Office, Fleet-street... London, on_
SATURDAY, the 24th day of June next, at a quarter to
Twelve o'clock at noon precisely, to elect• Six Directors and
Two Auditors, when those who go out of office b rotation
will be proposed for re-election; also -to
Director in the room of Keith Barnes, Esq., deceased ; also
to elect One other Auditor in the room of John Deedes, Esq.,
who has resigned that office; and forgetter .1 purposes.
The Director to be chosen in the room of Keith Barnes.
Esq., deceased, will remain in office until the 24t1 day of
June, 1867; and the Auditor to be chosen in the room of
John Deedes, Esq., will remain in office until the 24th day of
June, 1E66. _ .

And further notice is hereby given, that in pursuance of
the provisions contained in the said Deed of Settlement, a
Special General Meeting- of the Proprietors will be held at
t!le Society's Office as aforesaid, on Saturday, the 24th day
of June next; at Twelve. o'clock at noon precisely, for the
purpose of declaring a Division of the Surplus of the Assur-
ance Fund of the Society, for the Five Years ending on the
31st of December last.
And further notice is hereby given, that a Second Special
General Meeting will be held at the Society's Office as afore-
y, on FRIDAY, the
30th dad
eol of confirming the
se
daatihaolfflunaste Tnwexotof'oclrotchkeppreucrisp
Resolution which shall have been agreed to at such first
Special General Mteting,
And further notice is hereby given, that any person who
shall have been assured by the Society for Two whole years
may, on production of his policy, and of the last rece,pt for
the premium thereon, be present at such Special General
Meetings.
By order of the Directors.
WILL lA 31 SAMUEL DOWNES, Actuary.

.
MR. and Mrs. GERMAN REED, with Mr.
NatB'B. by
MR.
JO LIN PARRY, will appear in their new entertain-
ment, entitled A PECULIAR FAMILY, by William
Brough. New scenery by T. and W. Grieve. To conc'ude
SEavteurYrdaEyveafnirneß;n' cons, at 3. ROYAL GALLERY OF
with MUSICAL
eßxEceCpOtLsaLtlu.redia`ly?
ILLUSTRATION, 14, Regent-street 3Wlre.djnoehsn&PyararYncl.
Unreserved seats, is., 2s. ; stalls, 3s. ; still chairs, ss. May
be secured in advance, without fee, at the Gallery.
OPERA DI CAMERA, every Tuesday and Thursday
at 3, and Saturday at 8.

T
H
6, OXFORD STREET, W.
The Oxford and Canterbury Hall Company (limited).
66, Comic OPERETTA, by J. Offenbach,
and the BROTHER AND SISTER, by Sir Henry Bishop,
will be performed during this week. Principal artistes :
Signor Spagnoli. M. Marini, Mr. Green, and gr. St. Albyn.
Misses Russell. Barrie, and Tyrol!, with full Band and Cho-
rus, conducted by Mr. F. Jonghmans.

Comedy, by Mr. George Hodson (the celebrated Comedian
and Mimic), Miss Kate Balte, Lea Freres TaMott, the Gro-
tesque, D'Aubans, Lea Freres Stonette, and Messrs. Duriah
and Davis.

Conductor, Mr. F. Jonghmans.
This Evening at Half-past Scven. Admission—area, 6d.;
stalls and balcony, 18.; private boxes, 10s. ocl.

CIA NT ERBIT R "Y". HALL.
‘—) Selvtions from meurTlA. and THE BROTHER
AND SISTER, supported by Miss R.UsS L, Miss B
j4fss (to. ; Messrs. ST. AL BYN, Green, Om, with Full
Vand iind Chorus. Conductor, Mr. F. Jongmaus.
Convtly by Arthur Lloyd, George Hodson, Messrs. Duriah
and Davis, Miss Kate Ba;te, and the Grotesque D'AubaTis

110 DG E PO DGE.—Th's wonderful Illthion will be re-
peated for a short time lonQ•er. to enable coultry visitors to
witness this most beautiful of the London exhibitions
N.ll.—Visjtors to London during the seas n should not
fail to see the above.

MADAME TUSSAUD'S EXHIBITION.—
Established 30 years, at the Bazaar, Baker-street,
London.

Full-length Models of ihe late President LINCOLN,
basely assassinated ; also President DAVIS. of the Confe-
derate States; the late lamented itICHARD COBDEN,
Esq., and JOHN BllEGivr,Esq , may be seen at the Gallery.
NEW ADDITION. —A full length Portrait Model of
JOHN WILKES B )OTH, the reputed assassin of the late
President Lincoln, taken from a likeness presented by him-
self to Mrs. Stratton, wife of General Torn Thumb.
Open from II a.m. till 10 p.m.
Admittance, One Shilling; Extra Rooms, Sixpence.

ARGYLL ROOMS, Windmill - street,
Piccadilly.
PROMENADE. CONCERT, and DANCE every Evening.
This admired Band, under the direction of Signor LUIGI
CEJRTI, will perform at 9 o'clock a Grand Overture, at 11
o'clock a Selection from a favourite Opera, and a series of
novel Dance Music till 12 o'clock.
Open at half past 8. Admission. Is.
Manager—M. GRENET.

THE TEA ESTABLISHMENT.
4 and 5, KING WILLIAM-STREET, CITY, E C.
REDUCTION OF 6D. PER LB. IN THE TEA DUTY.
The PRICES of ALL OUR TEAS are this day REDUCED
gd, PER POUND.
Our customers should order Tea at fd. PER POUND
LESS than the price previously paid.
We hope to give IMPROVED QUALITY at the RE-
DUCED PRICES.
June 1, 1865. RIDGWAY and COMPANY.

TE E T H.—No Fancy Names or Advertising
Chicanery. Fixed Prices, and all completed for the
charges named-35. 6d., 5s , 78. t3cl, and the very best that can
be made, on fine gold, at 10:,. ecli. A full set at Z 3 as good as those advertised at £. and £5;
and the very best, that can
be made, on flne gold, at Z;(1 the set. PArtial sets in propor-
tion. Stopping, 2s. 61.
whilst waiting. Teeth remodelled, and every case attended
to at fair but moderate charges, by Mr. ALBERT, Old-
established Dentist, 2 ; extractions, ls. Repairs effected
-4. Great Russell-street, W.e. Con-
sultations free.

. Greece, Russia, and Central Asia.

of WhßriteisnhthEemFboas
ports on the manufactures,
re:—..ix
ture " of the countries
tilnon ine
Irequired the Secretaries
,egations to furnish re-
tie Service; but, in tohmemruerlesce,oafntdheaDgriipclulo:
they reside," it was
envoys and ambassadors feorrtmimalesmwaenrneeinr,
the
e
habit of combining a good deal of information on
aofwlfehiosrmsch
such subjects with the political and personal de-
tails they transmitted to their Governments.
Modern historians have very gladly extracted nume-
rous facts illustrating the social condition of Eng-
land in the 16th and 17th centuries from the letters
of French, Spanish, and Italian ministers ;
our diplomatic correspondence of the last half
toies, andthe
cen-
tury we find few similar illustrations of the condi-
tion of foreign nations. Our representatives
engrossed by one class of p
style greatly assimilated their despatches, wherever
other. they might be written, to each lt would be
very difficult to distinguish between a sobeffiuemiedinal
communica-
tion from Paris and another from Vienna by any
" local colour" it contained ; but
as it is nearly im-
possible to give any account of the commerce and
agriculture of any country without revealing much
of its social condition, we have, in fact, rather re-
verted to the ancient practice of diplomacy than esta-
blished an entirely new rule. We separate the com-
mercial and social facts from the
and give them with a fulness of detail possible
only in an age that has raised statistics to the rank
of a science. Indeed, the superabundance of mate-
rial sometimes injures the effect of the reports.
They require something at once less and more than
tables of figures. As an illustration of what we
mean, the reader will find the best reports in the
present collection are from the countries of
which the statistics are very imperfect or are im-
possible to obtain. Half-orientalized Greece, for in-
stance, is indifferent to the accuracy of figures and
returns, which the nations of the West must have
supplied at any cost. In the East itself such close
reckonings are simply unknown ; yet the reports
that give the most distinct -notions of the countries
they treat of are those froni Greece and Russia, the
descriptions of the cotton manufacture in the latter
country leading on to details of the routes of com-
merce through Persia to Affghanistan.

The present is the eighth series of these papers
that have been laid before Parliament. It includes
a report, by Mr. West, on the population, taxation,
and agriculture of the kingdom of Italy ; by Mr.
_Ward, on the finance of the Netherlands ; by Mr.

Lowther, on the trade and commerce of Prussia ; by
Mr. Barrow, on the commerce of Belgium ; and
the sugar duties in connection with the beetroot ma-
nufacture of the article. In the great competition
between the native and foreign product it appears
that the beetroot sugar is getting the advantage of
the colonies and the sugarcane. It is also noted,
as one of the curious phenomena of the day, that a
sudden demand for Continental beetroot sugar has
grown up in England. Reports from Baden, Saxony,
and Wurtemberg complete the series.

The report of Mr. Rumbold, the Secretary of
Legation at Athens, is brief, but exceedingly sug-
gestive. Its few pages tell a story of national
decay that contrasts in the most striking manner
with the position the ancient history and lite-
rature of the country occupies in the estima-
tion of mankind. The present population of
Greeee is little more than 1,000,000; of these
one - eighth belong to the class of agriculturists.
About 40,000 are put down as shepherds, which, Mr.
Rumbold says, argues little in favour of the material
development of the country. They are classed as
shepherds, but are well entitled to a much worse
name. "They roam at large in the trackless wilds
of the Morea and Continental Greece, and in times
of trouble furnish ready recruits to the bands of
brigands that disgrace the country." One of the
chief industrial pursuits of the people is office-hunt-
ing. The number of Government employe's is ex-
traordinary, and always increasing. " The Go-
vernments which have succeeded each other since
the late revolution have in many instances doubled
and trebled the number of functionaries in various
offices. In 1861 there were 42,680 boys attending
school, and "few of these will arrive at man's
estate without putting forward claims to such Go-
vernment employment." The pressure may be about
commencing at the present time, and the Govern-
ment of King George has to sustain the onslaught
of these 40,000 candidates. As to some other con-
fusions we must quote the language of the Report
itself :

" The entire superficies of the kingdom is reckoned at
46,429,000 stremmata stremmata are equal to an English
acre), or 55,429 square kilometres. No general cadastral
survey of the country has yet been attempted. The vine-
yards, olive grounds, currant plantations, &c., have alone,
to some extent, been measured out and valued. It is thus
impossible to know with any precision the cultivated area
of Greece. The clumsy machinery of the dime tax, or tax
of the tenth of the agricultural produce levied in kind,
alone affords some means of arriving at a conclusion on the
subject. Nothing can be more vague than the delimitation
of property in Greece. Landed proprietors themselves are
often at a loss to determine the limits or even the site of
their property. A case recently came under my notice
where the owner of a piece of waste land could not with
any certainty ascertain its position. All he knew was
that he was the owner of some ground situate between
the Pnyx and the Hill of Philopappus ; and an offer of
purchase made to him by a friend of archeological
tastes, who wished to make excavations, fell to the ground
in consequence of the inability of the proprietor to
point out the exact spot. About one-third of the country
consists of mountains and rocks. One-fifth is covered with
forests, in which great havoc is yearly made by the wander-
ing shepherds, who ruthlessly set fire to the woods in order
to obtain more pasture-land for their flocks. Probably one-
half of the entire superficies of the soil is available for culti-
vation, and of this hardly half has been turned into account.
Yet with the climate and the richness of the soil the agri-
culture of Greece ought to thrive, while at present it is in
the rudest, most hopeless condition. In order to reclaim it
from its present state it will, above all, be necessary to alter
the system of taxation and to construct roads. As one of
the many instances of the bad effect of the want of commu-
nication it may be mentioned here that though the country
is in many parts rich in forests, one of the chief articles of
importation is timber for shipbuilding and other purposes."

As to the quantity of the produce of the soil, there
is the same doubt as in the question of the division
of the land. There are no means of ascertaining the
quantity of corn grown or the capabilities of Greece
for supporting its population. No official statements
are published by the Government. " Perhaps," Mr.
Rumbold says, " the system pursued towards agri-
culture is felt to be so various as not to admit of
open inquiry." All such investigations into the
production of Greece are stopped by the barbarous
land-tax, or dime, levied in kind. There is a Go-
vernment monopoly, bearing heavily on the whole.
agricultural population, and putting a stop to any
attempt at improvement. Yet, financially speaking,
no tax can be more unsuccessful. The arrears of
payment on the dime alone have been accumulating
for the last 30 years, and now amount to 100,000,000
drachmas. The difference of the Greek cultivator
and the results are thus summed up :
" The agr,mlturist is being constantly undersold in the
market by the Government sales of grain ; the want of roads
so materially increases the cost of transport as to discourage
all attempts at selling the grain at any distance from the
place of production ; and it is a known fact that where
thee would bo more than enough to feed the ontire popu-
lation, foreign grain imported from the shores of the Black
Sea competes successfully with the native produce."
Yet there is nothing unfavourable in the climate to
account for the prevailing sterility. The soil has not
been exhausted, but merely left unworked. Labour
and the subsoil plough might yet regenerate the agri-
culture of Greece, as described in the following
passage :

"Notwithstanding the excessive dryness of the climate
and the torrid heat of summer, the soil when turned up and
only superficially raked as by the rude plough of the time of
Hesiod, to this day used by the Greek husbandman, is gene-
rally found to be most fertile. A proprietor in Eubeea bought
some land which had been under cultivation, but had been
left fallow for some time previous to his purchase. Although
contiguous to his former property, and the soil being to all
appearance similar, the crops on his new acquisition wero
much heavier, and yielded superior grain. When the causes
of this difference were inquired into it was found that the
former owner had cultivated madder or garanee,' a plant
largely used for the dye of the nether habiliments of the far
famed fantasim of France, and which requires a far more
searching investigation of the soil than the superficial
scratches which constitute the furrows of Greek husbandry.
As in Eubcea, so in other parts of Greece. Even beneath
the desolate stony wastes of Attica in many places lies all
the wealth of a virgin soil. Remove but the hard sun-dried
surface, and a rich brown loam will turn up, at sight of
which the hearts of our English farmers would be glad-
dened. But nothing is done; no water is brought from the
neighbouring ranges of Parnes and Pentelicus to refresh it ;
no hand is raised to weed out the stones and cut down the
rank overgrowth of evergreens and brushwood ; and all the
year round the cold blasts from the north sweep over the
dreary plain, and the pitiless sun pours down its scorching
rays on a parched stony desert. The old myth of Duecalion
is forgotten indeed."

The effects of Turkish misrule and the ravages of
the War of Independence may still be traced. By
the destruction of the mulberry trees during that
struggle the production of silk was almost annihi-
lated. It has very slowly recovered. In the half
century that has elapsed since 1816 the quantity of
silk produced has increased only to the quantity ob-
tained in the last year of the Turkish Government,
or a little above it. On the other hand, the cultiva-
tion of the currant and tobacco is progressing. The
prospects of obtaining a supply of cotton from
Greece do not seem very hopeful.

The valuable report from Russia, drawn up by
Mr. Lumley, is limited to the cotton manufacture
in that country ; but it incidentally throws much
light on the condition of the class from which the
workmen are drawn. The manufacture itself is a
highly protected industry, and appears to require all
that protection to exist. It depends on the importa-
tion of English machinery, and the exclusion of
English yarn, but the employment of British skill
and supervision. With these aids it produces an
article from 35 to 60 per cent. dearer than the cot-
ton goods of European manufacture ; and notwith-
standing the almost prohibitive duties duties on the
importation of foreign fabrics, amounting on some
goods to 100 and 200 per cent. on the cost, they arc
extensively imported. If the industry requires such
artificial fostering and yet cannot compete with the
foreign producer, why, it may be asked, should it
have been established, or be still kept up ? But it
has some results, not strictly commercial, that ap-
pear to compensate for the violation of the laws of
political economy. The reasons are explained in
the following passage:—
"Although Russia is essentially an agricultural country,
and in its true interests every effort ought to be made to
develops its productive powers in that sense, there are valid