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THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 19, 1862.

LITERATURE.

lousies, but were anxious to get the raw material into Lan-
cashire. They might now look with very great hope and
encouragement to the future of India. He did not mean
to say that India watt adapted; for the finer qualities of cot-
ton, but for three growths of the cotton used in this country
India was specially adapted. (Hear, hear.) But, unless
the Government entered into their plans, all their labours
would be in vain. (Applause.)

spared to make the utmost of all cotton that came from
India. (Applause.)
On the termination of the meeting, thanks were voted to
the chairman for presiding. •

The Flag of Truce. Dedicated to the Emperor
of the French. Ridgway, London.
Why the writer dedicates his "Flag of Truce"
to the Emperor of the French it is not easy to see,
since he hardly adverts to him or to France in its
pages. His object is to advocate a friendly inter-
vention to stay the war, and, notwithstanding his
impracticable beginning, some of the arguments
are well and practically stated. He is, however,
partial to such appeals as we find on page 11 :
" With all due deference to the diplomatic caution of
European Cabinets; we do not believe in the policy of coolly
looking on with folded arms while a young and powerful
member of the family of nations, in a fit of passion, is tear-
ing its own flesh, and rending its own limbs asunder. In-
ternational duty is not discharged by assuming an attitude
of calm and complacent neutrality. Something more is
due to the combatants than to form a sort of sportsman's
ring, and insist on fair play. When the courage and the
skill of the parties has been preyed, and their strength and
manhood fully tested, non-interference on the part of the
witnesses to the mortal combat is to become particeps
iminis in the eye of the common law. Let them be re-
cognised and treated as equals, invited to shake hands and
separate in peace.
" Fair play is a phrase much used by Englishmen, and
even in pugilistic encounters a fair fight and no favour is
strenuously demanded. In the great contest between the
North and the South, the recognition of both parties as
belligerents, entitled to equal rights, was undoubtedly in-
tended as an application of the fair play principle to the
parties at war. But in order to place the North and the
South on a footing of equality, the ports and markets of
the world should be equally open to each. If the laws,
treaties, and agreements of nations prevent the supply of
articles contraband of war to either party by foreign mer-
chants in foreign vessels, still the North has the vast ad-
vantage of purchasing powder, leac_l„yifles, sworday_es....„
and-ittrttiter-f.qtcuhreins- i t deign in all the marts of
Europe ; while the South, shut out from all the world,
depends entirely upon its own resources for means of de-
fence, extemporising the manufacture of arms and muni-
tions of war, instead of importing them ready made from
abroad. To respect the blockade is, in effect, to take part
with the North against the South—with the strong (numeri-
cally) against the weak—with the invader against the in-
vaded. Is this the boasted fair play of non-intervention ?
Why, even in a cock-fight the gallant bird that loses his
spur is immediately taken from the pit in accordance with
the cry of the spectators, and not permitted to renew the
contest until supplied with weapons equal in length and
sharpness to those of his antagonist. These diplomatic
sticklers for noninterference with the deadly struggle in
America forcibly remind one of the impartiality of the old
woman in Oregon, who, when she saw her husband fighting
with a bear, only prayed for fair play, not caring a fig
which licked.' "

Mr. LITTLEDALE seconded the adoption of the report,
which was carried unanimously.
The retiring directors and officers were then re-elected,
with the exception cf Ore chairman, who, being a contractor
with the company, resigned his office.
Mr. HAYWOOD said that his first duty was to visit Egypt,
and in The Times and Cotton Supply Reporter the result of
his investigations had been recorded. He had that day had
an interview with an agent of the estates of several of the
Pashas of Egypt, vie informed him that last year the
growth of Egyptian cotton increased from 120,000 to
200,000 bales, and that next year, in all probability, we
should be supplied wia 250,000 bales. He (Mr, Haywood)
was therefore not without hope that the efforts made by the
Cotton Supply Associttion to direct the attention of the au-
thorities of Egypt tc the importance of increasing their
cotton productions wasnot without useful results. It was
unfortunate for the company
in many respects that the
transfer of North Canals from the Madras to the Bombay
Government was not called out, as he was informed by
Sir Charles Wood, persmally, it would ba by the time of
his (Mr. Haywood's) 4nding at Bombay. He was un-
able to proceed up the Tyga Ghaut Road, as there was not
even a track cut throngs the forests. He then proceeded
further down the coast and ultimately pushed forward
to other districts of the Madras Presidency. The
Government of India and the East_ India Company
formerly made very great efforts to improve the cultivation
of cotton in India, and renumber of American planters were
employed in various pars of the different presidencies in
improving that cultivatios4 Some persons had attributed
to these men the intenticnisf defeating their own efforts,
stating that it was not p.4lo6tic on their part to seek suc-
cess. What-St/Cr might be the truth on ths ca,niess. then
were not discuss; but anyhow, not one of those planters
succeeded in the attempt to cultivate cotton. The Dharwar
was the only district in which American seed had succeeded
as a culture, and it was mainly owing to the efforts of Mr.
Shaw, a collector of the district, who was determined to
carry out the experiment, that Dharwar was now covered
with American cotton. Ina recent minute. published by
the Governor of Madras, the culture of American cotton
was to some extent deprecated, under the impression that
all previous efforts were a failure. The Dharwar American
cotton, however, stood at the head of the London and Liver-
pool markets. The Cotton Supply Association had endea-
voured to extend the culture, but his impression was that it
required time to acclimatise the seed. The successful culti-
vation of American cotton in India ought to be the first
effort of the Government. The seed already acclamatised
should be spread over as wide a portion of suitable soil as
possible. Although Sir William Denison recommended
the improvement of native cotton, he (Mr. Haywood) be-
lieved the nearest road to success was through the exten-
sive distribution of the acclimatised seed. No one ac-
quainted with the subject could doubt that the soil of the
Indian cotton fields would yield ample cotton produce.
Out of 180 millions of population, at least four millions—
equal to the population of the American slave States—•
could certainly be found for the cultivation of cotton.
(Hear, hear.) The cotton received from India had, unfor-
tunately, a bad reputation ; but this did not arise so much
from its intrinsic nature as from an indifferent system of
picking, cleaning, and packing. To make the growth of
cotton in India successful, this system must be altered.
Great attention was paid to this in Egypt. The whole of
the productions of Caudeish, Dharwar, and other districts,
found their way into Bombay through two lines of railway,
but, unfortunately, neither was complete. They would
probably be finished in a couple of years, but more were re-
quired. What was wanted in these districts was the estab-
lishment of cotton presses to diminish the bulk of the cotton
and facilitate transit, The greater portion of goods was
carried on the old country carts, employing hundreds of
thousands of bullocks. To make the operations of the com-
pany successful, all that was required was the united efforts
of the trade. He was convinced that the presence of Euro-
peans as merchants or agents, or in any other capacity, in
the interior was necessary to direct and guide the willing
efforts of the labour of the natives. The natives were in-
telligent, keen at a bargain, and willing to make a profit of
a rupee when they saw the possibility, but they had not that
practical knowledge which was requisite to make India a
competitor with the United States. The sooner efforts were
made to send out European agents in numbers to go into
the various fields of labour, the sooner the cotton trade of
this country would realise its great hope of making India
not only its great field for the supply of cotton, but its great
market for manufactures. The merchants of India had
had their attention chiefly taken up with their business at
the chief centres of trade. The great bulk of the cotton
trade rested iu the hands of natives, who were pursuing it
much in the same way as they ever had done. There was
great room for improvement, and all that was wanted was
the active, energetic efforts of Europeans in the interior.
The Bombay merchants were not jealous of the action of
any cotton company in India. They had expressed to him
their readiness to co-operate with any efforts that might be
made from Manchester; and although they were, to a certain
extent, like to operate in the same fields as this company, it
must be well known to them that there was room in India
for all who were ever likely to go there. He had taken an
opportunity of visiting the new road from Sedashegur to
Dharwar while it was in course of construction, and it then
seemed to him, or to any one who had a practical knowledge
of the roads in India, that, being newly made, a very few
cotton carts would render it almost impassable, by plough-
ing it up, owing to the softness of the earth. It was abso-
lutely necessary in India, after the construction of a road,
to await the action of the monsoon upon it, so as to consoli-
date it, and then the road should be metalled and finished.
The Indian Government must have foreknown these condi-
tions when it was promised that the road should be opened
by a certain time. Not only could the road not be used in
its present state, but all carts travelling down the road
must pass down during the day time, and any return traffic
must go down during the night, ae carts could not pass each
other on the road. But immediately the North Canara
province was transferred the executive engineer of Bombay
struck out another road deviating from the Ryga Ghaut road
to connect with the Arbyle Ghaut road, a road which, had
it been thought of previously, might very well have been
substituted for the Ryga Ghaut road altogether. This road
was already open to some extent ; and another line had
been commenced with the view of connecting Sedashegur
with the Arbyle road, avoiding a rather difficult ghaut on
the road just mentioned. He did not much condemn the
Government for its failure in promises when he came to
know the difficulty the Bombay executive must have in
grasping the whole of the public works in that Presidency,
there being few Europeans in India, and the inferior native
agency having to be employed. By December r ext great
progress would have been made with the erection of one or
more cotton presses at Sedashegur, and probably the whole
would be ready in time to operate on the next crop ; but
during the four months of the monsoon there would be great
difficulty in working, and it would be almost impossible to
get the foundations in much before the month following
the monsoon. It was the intention of the company to
establish in the cotton districts cotton cleaning establish-
ments, and dispose of machinery to such natives (and there
were not a few) who would purchase on their own account.
He had found machines as high as £l6 a-piece purchased.
The people in the district to be worked by the companies
were well off, and prepared to do a great deal in the way of
introducing new machinery. The cotton press establish-
ments in Bombay were known to realise from 20 to 30 per
cent. profit ; and when he mentioned that a Bombay firm
had also been forwarding presses to Sedashegur, it would
be seen that those who were on the spot and knew the
country had the fullest confidence in the operations of this
company. There was, therefore, every ground for confi •
and purchasing
trade itself and the supporters
g T 1
ahned question st
htiao ni
notef r
aex-
mustrdence in the action of the company.purchaain
If the company were adequately sup-
ported, there was no question but India would afford a suf-
errettattiowrristhant
tendinegntiitrseloyp
of the company
suf-
ficiently wide and profitable field for such operations) pro-
perly conducted. It would require great care in the selection
of agents. They must not be men who went from this
country without a knowledge of the languages or customs of
but men who had already
athperraecgtiicoanlsktnhaawylwedegree
agfoinl
India
ita and its trade from residenceo
there. (Hear.) Mr. Haywood added, in answer to in-
quiries with respect to the actual production of cotton in
India, that the districts he had travelled over formed but a
very small portion of India ; but he had seen statements
promulgated by high authorities with which he certainly
could not agree. It was incredible, for instance, that
6,000,000 bales were waiting in India to be sent away. The
statement to that effect might ariso from the previously
published statement that India produced annually about
6,000,000 bales per annum. That was, ho believed, so far
as a general estimate could be formed, correct. In the ab-
sence of all statistics, or any earthly means of discovering
the facts, there could be no true estimate. (Hear.) In
answer to another question, Mr. Haywood said it was not
the intention of this company to grow cotton. That opera-
tion would require such an amount of machinery and
agency, and such a number of skilled cotton'agriculturists,
as it would be difficult to find
; besides which, the natives
knew sufficiently well how to grow cotton ; all they re-
quired was European direction.
A vote of thanks to Mr. Haywood—moved by the Chair-
man, and seconded by Mr. Radcliffe—was passed unani-
mously.

Ma. HAYWOoDi in his reply, said the trade were ranch
indebted to Mr. R. Burn for his efforts to prevail on them
would be
to utilise Indian cotton, and ho hoped no pane

//


PRICE....
STAMPED ....sd.

Many persons believe the Arkansas will pay us another visit
very speedily, especially since our fleet has been reduced by
the departure of the Taylor, Conestoga, Carondelet, Sumter,
and Essex; hut Commodore Davis has no tear of the rebel
gunboat, and thinks, with his present force, he could destroy
her, if she were to assume an Offensive position. Commo-
dore Farragut and Colonel Eliot, as well as Commodore
Davis, are burning to destroy the Arkansas, and would
engage in almost any undertaking to secure that end. At
present, however, circumstances are too unfavourable to the
project."

L 1

W44nuests444, bE9itneAvol: 11= it rase
any approximation to the truth in these figures, it
is indeed time for the North to feel anxious, and
for General APClellan to make eNety exertion to
ascertain his real position. It is only with such an
object that he can have made his recent reeonnai-
sauces, of which we have news by the Asia. The
crossing of 1,500 men in the neighbourhood of City
Point or anywhere else is utterly inexplicable in
conjunction with the statement that the Confede-
rates have massed great bodies of men near the
Appomatox and on the south side of the James. It
is equally difficult to reconcile with the assertions
that the Confederates are in immense force between
Rio'mond and M'Clellan his reported recommit-
safes to the Malvern Hills and to the White o.tk
Swamp Bridge, within ten miles of Richmond. The
range of hills in question is in continuation of the
high ridges at the other side of the James, on which
Fort Darling is built, and the Confederates show
some weakness or other designs if they permit it to
be permanently cccupied. The enemy is also on
both banks below him. He is connected with the
outer world by a thread of gunboats, and if
this is cut or destroyed he is lest also.
Such is the result of " boa constrictor stra-
tegy" and an affeciation of high campaigning
and
military capacity which could not be brought to
bear on bodies without mobility. So long as the
lie
reinforcements,
Confederates hesitate to attack, the Federals are
im
not on i
f y e
ys at fhe
e, b
rut
eiv
are k
e iy
t opro
n their d
p con-
dition,pe,s
diversion on the north-west of Richmond
may lead
to material consequences if that officer's perform-
ances be at all equal to his promises. But, with-
out such conditions there is small hope of M'Clel-
lan's escaping with any large portion of his forces,
unless the new rams are delusions and the Confe-
derate gunners above and below him are as bad
shots now as they proved when they manned the
batteries of the Potomac blockade. The James
River at Harrisen's Point has a breadth of about
three-quarters of a mile across. At City Point,
higher up the river, it is more than one mile broad,
and then nearer Richmond it contracts to half a
mile. Here the Confederates occupy, it is said, both
sides of the stream. Below Harrison's Point, where
M'Clellan is posted, the river increases in breadth
to 1-1- miles, with a channel varying in depth from
18 to 100 feet, gradually widening to Dancing Point
and the mouth of the Chickahominy, 17 miles below
Harrison's Point, and nearly 30 miles from Rich-
mond, where it forms a bay four miles across. Lower
down it becomes narrower, and at James River
Island, the last point of danger from Confederate
guns, the Southern Channel, is only one mile wide.
Harrison's Point is 22 miles from Richmond as the
crow flies, and is about GO miles from Newport News
and the cover of Fortress Monroe. The New I ork
World, reviewing the suggestion, suggests despair-
ingly that it may be a good thing the army is
menaced with destruction, in order " that it may be
compelled to fight to save itself," and canvasses the
chances of M'Clellan's escape with much diffidence
and despondency. Should these gunboats indeed
be driven down by the rams, and the batteries be
permitted to work their will with the overcrowded
transports, while an attack is made on the torte
covering the embarcation, all the horrors of which
we have heard bid fair to be eclipsed, but they may
at the same time be finally terminated. The
World trusts to Pope's diversion, and thinks that
M'Clellan may cross the river in his transports
covered by the flotilla, and proceed to take Fort
Darling, with which Richmond itself would fall. It
is assumed that M'Clellan has several weeks' sup-
plies even if the Confederates establish a transport
blockade, and enough to hold his own till Pope is
ready to act in concert with him in an attack on
Richmond. If M'Clellan succeeded in getting away,
nothing could save Pope's army from annihilation,
as all the Confederate army would be set free to
attack him, and it would be quite possible to seize
Washington in that case before M'Clellan had even
disembarked his army.

It is singular, beyond ail explanation, to find, ac-
cording to Federal accounts, these facts admitted :
—Firstly, that the great army of the Potomac,
vastly outnumbered, is surrounded on all sides save
one, and in danger of being destroyed, or forced to
capitulate; secondly, that Buell, before Chatta-
nooga, is held motionless by a superior force of the
enemy ; thirdly, that Morgan is held in check at
Knoxville by a superior force of the enemy ;
fourthly, that the Federal fleet does not think it
prudent to take Vicksburg, because " the rebels
outnumber any force we have in that neighbour-
hood to maintain possession of the place ;" fifthly,
that General Hunter has had to retreat from
Charleston because the Confederates were stronger
than he was ; sixthly, that they have not been able
to get nearer to Savannah, though they reduced
Fort Pulaski long ago. The list might be indefi-
nitely extended. Burnside has for the present aban-
doned all active operations, and the Federal gene.
rals elsewhere are content to fight Secession with
proclamations and Cossack severities. Some papers
find fault with the President, others with the Ad-
ministration, others with the generals, others with
the policy. No one dare say that there is an utter
absence of enterprise, military skill, and ability on
the part of the officers of the army, or of the quali-
ties which render armies formidable in the field.
If a battalion could be formed out of the extra bri-
gadiers of the United States' army, and exposed to
one of these murderous fires we read of, the service
would be all the better for it, though some excel-
lent lawyers, able stump orators, adroit " wire-
pullers," and active contractors suffered severely.
" A fugitive British subject" named Dolan, who
passed up on his passport by the authorities from
the South, where he had been employed as a printer
in several offices, instantly rushed off to a Phila-
delphia
ionsetworsypawpe lereosffirocetthostteallll. what he .
he could, and
to
Charles-
ton
hthoerecfuitsey,cl military
andthat several sshrve
bh :
jeuentderfiedeesinogf
fromwere obliged
per-
sons calling themselves Briti
South,htheesrrived there, waiting for
were in the single city of Norfolk when
passports from the
acting British Consul. The most interesting
part
of his story relates to the Merrimac No. 2, of
be
egda ro
s Worksbeing t
smallero have
which he avers he was on board on or about July
the llth. She was taken on the 12th of July to
isthhtheranpltahtee serip.ugtineanl,, and
r
ironed sides rising to a sharp peak almoht from the
water, with a beak rising
edesTredcri
4ft. above the deck and
projecting 6ft. or Bft. into the water. The plates
are 10ft. long, and only 10in.in width, puncheden-
tirely through, with holes for the bolts, and will
overlap one another in position, the plating extends
below the water-line, and her armament consists of
three broadside, one bow, and one stern rifled gun,
with steel-pointed balls, and she is manned by the
crew of the old Merrimac. What she has been doing
for the week since she first fluttered the Volscians
at Corioli to the latest dates we know not, but, if
she is not an utter failure, it is impossible to exag-
gerate the importance of the part she may play.—
Times.

THE VOLUNTEER OF HALF A CENTURY AG 0.
Among my earliest recollections is that of troops of little
ra
boys playing
Pitt
and being volunteers. That was when Mr. i
and the country gentlemen were reported in the newspapers
to be training their:volunteers in expectation of
the land-
ing of the French. In the streets of towns troops of little
boys were marching and halting, and scaring
who called
g horses with
their drum and fife, under some ga
ne local lord. Wew
himself Mr. Pitt, or King George, orr the
of three or four in a
join them ; so we drilled in companiesthat we might do it with
garden, and longed to go to
d.school,t
who saw these things from thewindows might not go outand
1 seems to me that boys
physical energies then than since,
more effect in the
found more scope for thlteirurselves very small in comparison
though we certainly feltby ourselves
what they told us of their early
feats our father, judging .
of mine used to tell us about a schoolfellow
playgroun
—who led in such enterprises as we
of his,—
feats . An
Horatio Nelson,—who
Nelson helpedset
sona of boys out in the
dared not attempt.
- to rob an orchard, in a verydaring way. we climbed
night, .
but it was not in the night ; and somehow we
apple-trees tuncle
fancied it was tame work in comparison. An aunt of mine
used to tell us of her frolics in country visits, when a whole
villagea was filled with young People who came to one of the
t balls of those days. The ball was all very well; but
there was better fun when the girls jumped up behind the
boys on any horse they could catch, and rode the country
round, with or without hats and bonnets, astonishing the
farmers, and mystifying
great
the cottagers, and being lost some-
times for hours together. The practical jokes involved
feats of activity which we knew ourselves to be unequal to;
and wished We had been born a generation earlier.—Once
a Irea.