The Sun.
London, England, 1865-04-20 00:00:00

A PHOTOGRAPHIC CURIOSITY,

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is presented GRATIS (with a Supplement)
A MINIATURE PHOTOGRAPHED FAC-
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of MONDAY, the 2d January, 1865.
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HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
This DAY.—Morning, Bh. 30m.—Afternoon, 9h. 15m,
To-Monßow.-Morning, 9h. 54m.—Afternoon, 10h. 33m,

The Montreal raiders are still exciting attention,
and our Canadian legal functionaries are playing
strange tricks with them. They have been again
released, and again re-arrested and sent to Toronto,
under the charge of misdemeanour. The Federal
Government has very wisely withdrawn its claim
for their surrender, so that their ultimate fate will
rest exclusively to the colonial authorities.

There is nothing at all surprising in the circum-
tance of a meeting being held in Manchester for
the purpose of consulting upon the erection of a
monument to the late Mr. COBDEN. It is, indeed,
only an appropriate occurrence, and one that might
have been expected to have taken place. From the
tone that pervaded the meeting it was evident that
the greatest unanimity prevailed, and that those who
assembled were actuated by the desire of offering a
tribute to the departed statesman. Mr. ASHWORTH
moved a resolution to the effect that, "in the opi-
nion of the meeting, a statue of the late RICHARD
COBDEN would constitute a suitable memorial of his
eminent services to the country generally, and to
this locality in particular." In the course of the
speech in which he proposed this, Mr. ASHWORTH
remarked that the leading particulars of the life of
him whom they were met to commemorate were
familiar to every one. He briefly reviewed the chief
acts of Mr. COBDEN'S career, and pointed out the
services which he had rendered to the country by
his assiduous efforts. In furtherance of this he
gave some estimates, which certainly spake for
themselves in force and expression. In 1864 the
47 millions of exports of 1842 had grown to 160
millions, and £12,800,000 of cotton manufactures
had become 54
cheaper food also millions. The consequences of
were apparent in many ways, for
the people had more to spare for their clothing and
other things. Education had
and travellingbecome more diffused,
had also greatly increased, for hither-
to such a thing had been rare among the working
classes. Also there were evident tokens of improve-
mentaraOng the middle classes in consequence of

The general character of the military news we
may believe to be very much exaggerated, and to
partake of the prevailing excitement and enthu-
siasm in New York ; and it is also well to remember
that stockjobbers on both sides of the Atlantic are
interested in making " the worse appear the better
cause."

The sewage commission has just issued its third
report, which very briefly sums up the present state
of the question. The commissioners appear to have
gained one step at least. They are thoroughly con-
vinced of the soundness of the principle of applying
sewage to agricultural purposes. Their last report
bore date August, 1861, and since then they have
steadily continued their experiments at Rugby, be-
sides examining into the results of all kindred in-
quiries and experiments. The result of all these
examinations is that they submit the conclusions at
which they have arrived to theLordsCommissioners
with considerable confidence. The substance of
these conclusions is as follows :—The right way to
dispose of town sewage is to apply it to the land,
and only by such means can the purity of rivers be
preserved. The financial results of such application
will necessarily be different on different soils and
with varying circumstances, but where the remune-
ration is not sufficient to cover the attendant ex-
pense, a trifling rate in aid might with advantage
be raised. The commission, therefore, proposed
two theories as a basis for legislation. Ist,
That where rivers are polluted by the discharge
of town sewage, the towns may reasonably be
required to desist from causing that public
nuisance. 2dly, That where town populations are
injured in health by the sewage, they may reason-
ably be required to provide a system of sewers for
its removal. Upon these two points a legislative
enactment may very properly be based, and the
great importance of the question demands that it
should be immediately attended to. The preserva-
tion of the rivers means also a good supply of water
and an abundance of fish ; the one a positive
necessity for health, the other a cheap and whole-
some source of food for the people. The sewage
which poisons the water benefits the land in reverse
proportion, and the experiments of the Commission
support their arguments by the ultimate effect of
the application of sewage to the soil, upon the
grasses, the cattle, the quality and quantity of the
meat, and milk. Very instructive facts may be
gathered from their report, which goes far to solve
the many problems which have hitherto attended
this subject. We hope our legislators will lose no
time. in doing their part, and will deal with the
matter promptly and efficiently.

notice.

sanitary arrangement of these places is also of the

worst possible description, and reflects great dis-
credit upon all who have to do with them. In
several of these tracks six, eight, and ten families
reside, thus: there are eight, and sometimes more,
human beings in one apartment, which they use for
everything. It need hardly be said that with this
accumulated evidence there will be no excuse for
the members of the Legislature if they neglect to
do something decisive this session in the way of
ameliorating this sad condition of .things. It is
evident that health is at a discount in all places where
such a system prevails as is disclosed by the reports
of commissioners, and it is incumbent upon the
authorities to take up the matter in right earnest,
and so to arrange their plans that the enactments of
the law may rigorously enforce the discontinuance
of all these objectionable customs which are becom-
ing a national nuisance.

ORIGINAL SKETCHES BY JOHN LEECH,--The inte-
rest which attached to the name and works of the
late John Leech during his lifetime, and still more so after
his death, will now be revived and strengthened by the
sale of a large collection of his original designs, which is
about to take place at the rooms of Messrs. Christie, Man-
son, and Woods, King-street, St. James's. The exhibition
was open to private view yesterday, and drew together a
numerous assemblage of peahens, many of whom are dis-
tinguished either for high social position or fora cultivated
knowledge of the fine arts. The collection comprises, ac-
cording to the catalogue, the original designs for the poll-
cal cartoons and pictures of life and character which have
appeared in Punch diming the last 20 years, and also the
designs for the comic histories, " Ingoldsby Legends,"
" Jorrocks's Hunt," "Ask Mamma,"y Mr. Facey Romford's
Hounds," and other sporting novels, &c. The lots number
in all 659 ; but it must be understood that, in a great many
instances, there are several separate sketches—sometimes
not less than 9or 10—in one frame, and all are so mounted
as to produce an effect at once striking and artistic. In-
deed the conservers of these sketches have shown much
taste and judgment by the manner in which they have
placed kindred subjects together in one selection, so that
no incongruities shall occur to weaken the result which
the artist himself would have desired to produce. The
collection is certainly a most interesting one, affording as it
does to the student in art an opportunity of observing how
John Leech first thought out his humorous conceptions,
and also the rapid progress he made in that art which he
so long and so conspicuously adorned. A large majority
of the subjects here represented aro perfectly familiar
to the readers of Punch and other publications illustrated
by Leech ; and it is not a little amusing to notice the
effect produced upon a spectator when he discovers
an old and valued friend whom he has never seen
fresh from the artist's pencil, but only under that
guise which it has derived from the handicraft of
the engraver. Some are so sufficiently finished to con-
vey the idea that Leech intended to preserve them, whilst
others are nothing more than the barest outlines, apparently
dashed off as mere memoranda for future guidance; but
whatever may have been the desire of the artist, and how-
ever much the designs may vary in point of intrinsic worth,
all are admirable and inimitable in their way, presenting,
on the whole, a combination which may be called a monu-
ment to the skill and patient industry of an original thinker
and conscientious worker. In addition to thepencil sketches
just alluded to, there are several pictures in oil by Mr.
Leech, many of which are now seen for the first time,
whilst others were formerly exhibited at the Egyptian
Hall, Piccadilly. These productions in oil are, of course,
objects of great attraction; but it may be questioned
whether they are so well calculated to awaken general at-
tention as the more sketchy and far less elaborate emana-
tions from the artist's pencil. The sale promises to be one
of much interest not only to the connoisseur but to the
general public, and there can be no doubt that the proceeds
will reach a considerable amount. •

4c, cfq A
p
*4'4W.

LONDON, THURSDAY, APRIL 20, 1865,

The Northern States are still in the full tumult
of excitement, which the official despatches take care
to keep up. The Federal generals have pressed
hardly upon the retreating forces of the South, and,
according to the latest intelligence, still, however,
received exclusively from isterthern sources, SHERI-
DAN had provoked LEE to a combat at Farmville,
on the Lynchburg Railway, in which he
captured
General EWELL and a large number of prisoners.
The capitulation of LEE is confidently looked for in
some quarters, and was even reported to have taken
place—a report which, however, was very soon
proved to be without foundation. LINCOLN has
been strongly urged byall parties to offer a compre-
hensive amnesty, on condition of the immediate
submission of the Southern people, and altogether
the Northern accounts convey a most flattering
picture of their own fortunes. But there are two or
three considerations which might very well serve to
moderate their triumphant security, if they would
give heed to them. The Confederates, so far from j
resigning all hope of nationality, are already talking
of a new capital at Augusta, in Georgia, a strong
and central position. LEE himself has not been cap-
tured, nor does he show any signs of exhaustion or j

---
SHEEP WORRYING IN ENGLAND.--Last week four
sheep and twelve lambs were found to heve been worried
in a field at Wingfield, Derbyshire. From the statement
of the owner's servant it appears that there had been two
dogs at them, as there were two dogs lying down in the
field, apparently having been exhausted by their work of
destruction, but they ran away when the servant made his
appearance.

ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL.—At a large meeting of
the Governors of this institution, held yesterday, Mr.
Samuel Sony, F. 8.5., of Savile-row, was re-elected senior
surgeon to the hospital. I

despair. He is retreating more and more into the the increased export trade. " Free libraries, public LATEST INTELLIGENCE.
interior of his own country, so that the Northernpur•• parks, and means of recreation for the people were
suers will have the disadvantage of fighting him 031 all attributable to the effect of that wise policy this (REUTER'S TELEGRAMS.)
his own ground, they themselves being in the meeting desired to memorialise." There was more
enemy's States. The grand attack and defeat of weight in the observations of Mr. ASHWORTH in
which so much is made by SHERIDAN and their practical tendency than there might have
GRANT may, possibly, when we learn the been in a more discursive and eloquent oration, for
whole truth, resolve itself into a resolute stand he exaggerated nothing, and did not trust to the
made by the rear-guard to cover the retreat of the flight of fancy, but derived his force from reason and
main body. The New York Times may rejoice judgment. Hence his speech may fairly be con-
over the supposed conversion of the great Confe- sidered as a very fitting enunciation of the subject
derate army into " a rabble rout," and may kindly before the meeting, and as a correct summary of
and judiciously assure him that a wholesale sur- the career of Mr. COBDEN in its most striking fea-
render is the only course left to him ; but the fact tures and noticeable details. Mr. HEYWOOD, who
appears to be that the evacuation of Richmond seconded the resolution, said, very appropriately,
was resolved upon long before, and that the work that there was a custom with an ancient nation to
has been gradually going on for some time previous to gather a sheaf of early corn at Easter, and to
to the fight at Petersburg. The New York Times, wave aloft this symbol among the people as a token
summing up the recent events in a manner peculiar of thankfulness for the abundance of the land. It
to itself, says of LEE that, "he was disastrously was not fanciful, he went on to say, to declare that
defeated on Sunday, abandoned Richmond on Mon- no more fitting action could be done than to bring
day, spent Tuesday and Wednesday in flight, was a " sheaf of corn and wave it among the people, for
routed on Thursday, was at his wits' end what to do if to any one, to whom more than to Mr. COBDEN
on Friday, which difficulty he can solve by surren- did they owe it that the beneficent gifts of Provi-
dering to-day." General LEE, as events have often dence had been brought in to contribute to the
proved, is not quite so readily driven to " his wits' strength, and wealth, and welfare of our nation."
end," and it is likely enough that he will give his Mr. WATKINS, one of the members for Stockport,
Federal friends a good deal more trouble before he also delivered a suitable address. He said that
is reduced to that extremity. His present object is there was one peculiarity in Mr. COBDEN'S character
very probably to effect a junction with JOHNSTONE, which distinguished it from the politicians of demo-
whose army, however overlooked or sneered at by cratic countries, and that was "an intensity of mo-
the North, has, we know, been sufficiently strong desty and personal diffidence." The meeting sepa-
-Ito arrest the victorious progress of SHERMAN, of rated after having unanimously agreed to the reso-
whom, by these last few mails, we hear nothing. lution. An amusing incident was mentioned by
The mere transfer of the nominal capital can hardly Mr. BASS, President of the Chamber of Commerce,
prove so disastrous to the Confederacy as the Northern respecting the difficulties with which Mr. COBDEN
leaders would fain believe, and we must always had to contend in carrying out the French Treaty.
remember that as yet we have no word from the He was one day occupied for many hours in dis-
South. The Confederates would very likely rather cussing some trifling matters, and exclaimed with
allow appearances to go entirely against them at mortification—" Really I had more power as a corn-
first than reveal their plans to the enemy. LEE is mercial traveller than I feel I have to-day as Pleni-
now freer to act than he has ever been before, pro- potentiary." This remark was eminently charac-
vided only that he has men enough to carry out teristic of Mr. COBDEN, in his simplicity and
his purposes. Had the slaveholders been less dila- straightforwardness.
tory and unwilling in sacrificing their supposec
private good for public ends he would at present
have many more troops under his command. But
until LEE has actually abandoned the struggle, his
sympathisers in Europe need not do so for him.
The courage of despair has often proved more
powerful than the courage of success. 'Those who
have all to gain and nothing to lose may well fight
with a desperation unknown to those who imperil
their wealth, their position, their ties of home and
of kindred. Mobile still holds out, the Federal
attack upon it having as yet proved unsuccessful,
so that the Federal arms are not yet wholly invinc•
ible.

No doubt Mr. SIMON'S Annual Report on Public
Health will receive more than usual attention this
year. It is always of consequence, but just now
its significance must be apparent to all. Th© most
important item is that of the sanitary regulations
that are now receiving so large a share of public
The dreadful effects of over-crowding are
commented on, and all who peruse them must be
struck by the sad pictures put before them. Many
will be astonished to find that in the country there
is often as much inconvenience and misery arising
from this as in the towns. Dr. J. HUNTER, who has
made an investigation into this matter, under the
superintendence of Mr. SIMON, has furnished particu-
lam which may startle many. It must surprise many
doubtless to find this out, but it is adduced on
sure evidence, and carried out by personal obser-
vation. A few of the facts here recounted speak
volumes as to the necessity that exists for some
change taking place. When only one cottage out
of fourteen possessed two bedrooms, and when
six persons with four children sleep in one bed-
room, it needs very little to be said to show the
injurious system prevailing. The accommodation
of these places is on a par with their small dimen-
sions and over-supply of occupants. They seem,
indeed, hotbeds for plague and pestilence to
flourish in, admirably calculated to render the
lives of those who dwell therein as wretched as
possible, and also most inimical to all morality and
decency. The Report of the Sanitary Committee
of Cork also discloses some sad details, and
adduces striking instances of the faulty condition
of things. A practice has been current among
some of the poor to underlet portions of their rooms
to nightly lodgers. The want of drainage is very
deplorable, and the atmosphere surrounding the
dwellings is rendered thereby most offensive. The

rilE SUN, LOADON, THURSDAY EVENING, APRIL 20, 1865.

MEXICO.

(REUTER'S EXPRESS.)
NEW YORK, April 8.
The following intelligence has been received here
by the last mail from Mexico :
The French have lost in a recent affair one of
their best officers, M. Marechal, the commandant,
who left Vera Cruz at the head of a column to attack
a band of guerillas which had escaped from Oajaca,
and purposed, it is supposed, to make an incursion
upon the posts of Alvarado, Medellin and Cotaxtia.
The commandant fell in with the enemy on Thurs-
day, the 2d March, at 8 a.m., near Tialiscoyan,
about 20 miles from Medellin, and immediately gave
chase to the guerillas, whose force, it is said, was
much superior to his own. The enemy retired into
the woods, and as they were there invisible, it was
a difficult matter to dislodge them from their posi-
tion. The conflict became desperate, and the troops
of the commandant displayed the greatest valour.
At that moment a ball struck M. Marechal in the
right side ; notwithstanding this he still kept his
saddle, and continued urging his men forward ; but
a second ball struck him in the chest, and, almost
at the same instant, a third traversed his thigh. He
then fell from his horse across a cannon, which was
covered with his blood. In this affray the imperial
troops lost 21 killed and 19 wounded.
As soon as the Empress learnt this unfortunate
intelligence, she hastened to convey to the widow
of M. Marechal the assurance of the deep sympathy
she felt for her loss ; and, not content with that,
gave orders to present the widow with the sum of
$25,000 from her private purse, as a dowry for her
daughter.
Apart from the expeditions which are continually
hunting down the guerillas, the principal scene of
the active operations is the western region bordering
on the Pacific.
The Juarists in this region carry on acts of such
barbarity as to shock the moral laws of all countries.
However, General Castagny is indefatigable in pur-
suing them, and will soon have swept the country
of the barbarous hordes which now infest it.
On the 18th January, Corona caused the prisoners
he had taken at Veranos to be savagely massacred
at Jacobo. Even at Veranos, he had all the
wounded put to death before leaving the town.
Those who were sufficiently strong to proceed on
with his band were speared to death with lances,
after having been made the sport of the soldiers.
The prisoners, generally speaking, were promenaded
in triumph through several villages, and the sur-
vivors, as above mentioned, were finished off at
Jacobo with the guerillas' machetes.
On the 2nd February arrived the 3rd column,
comprising a battalion of the 62nd and a squadron
of Chasseurs d'Afrique. Two companies have fo-
raged the country adjoining Mazatlan, but they
returned without having fallen in with the enemy.
It has been decided to occupy the interior of the
state, and 600 men are at Noria. The inhabitants
have already joined our troops, and they will soon
clear the neighbourhood.
A fresh expedition, composed of 400 men, assisted
by 200 from Lozada, started for Concordia, to
punish that district, which is the haunt of Corona's
bands. It was there the Chasseurs a pied were
dragged about and butchered. Part of the village
of Presidio has been burnt, and San Sebastian and
Jacobo have been completely razed to the ground.
General Castagny's operations at Mazatlan have
produced a most favourable reaction in the commerce
of that city, which is the most important shipping
port on the western coast of Mexico.
It is said that Juarez and his partisans are again
making efforts to rise. It is reported that consi-
derable supplies of arms and ammunition are for-
warded from California to the coast of Sinaloa under
the American flag, and that 8,000 barrels of gun-
powder have already left San Francisco for the
same destination. Troops are expected from France
to replace those whose term of service has expired.
The Emperor has granted important privileges
to two American engineers, for the purpose o
working several immense beds of petroleum dis•
covered in Tehuantepec and in other parts o
Mexico.

A railway going to Chales, within a short dis-
tance of the capital, is on the point of being opened.
After decreeing a complete re-organisation in the
lexican army, also in the branches of justice,
public instruction, public works, finance, and other
civil departments, the Emperor has directed his at-
tention to foreign emigration, and the Journal de
l'Empire has just published propositions for the sale
of about 200 square leagues of freehold land in the
district of Nieves, department of Zacatecas. This
land is suitable for crops of all kinds, and is offered
at a low rate. For land lying near a river the
charge is only two dollars an acre. The water can
be dammed off and reserved for irrigation of maize
fields, tobacco plantations, and meadows ; besides
which the soil is particularly adapted for the rear-
ing of cattle. Purchasers are required to pay one-
third in ready money, and the rest after a lapse of
three, six, and nine years ; and during this period
such ground is exempt from all taxes. What is
wanting in the great Mexican empire is labouring
men; respect for the authorities, and orderly and in-
dustrious habits ; which desiderata cannot fail to be
obtained through time and a well-directed emigra
tion from Europe.

E ROYAL MAIL STEAMSHIP PACIFIC.--The
Pacific, a paddle steamer of 2,000 tons and 500-
horse power, built by Randolph, Elder, and Co., of the
Clyde, for the Pacific Steam Navigation Company, sailed
from the Mersey yesterday for mail service on the Wes't
Coast, touching on the passage at various ports. She has
magnificent accommodation for 130 to 150 passengers, her
cabins being arranged on the American plan, tier above
tier, with a very spacious hurricane deck over all. The
Pacific has all the modern steam improvements, and yes-
terday, by means of a steam winch, her anchor was run up
in a very few minutes.
LANCASHIRE SPINNERS AND LIVERPOOL COTTON
BROKERS.—About a couple of months ago a para-
graph was published showing that a misunderstanding had
taken place between the Lancashire spinners and the cotton
brokers who purchased cotton for them at Liverpool, the
latter treating the Spinners' Association in a somewhat
cavalier and contemptuous spirit. Since that time, owing
to overtures from the brokers, meetings and correspondence
of a more respectful and conciliatory character have taken
place, and on several points of difference between them a
satisfactory understanding has been arrived at. One of
these arrangements is that, instead of an annual stock tak-
ing of cotton at Liverpool, there shall be a stock-taking
every three months, the result of which shall be published.
The other is that authorised telegrams shall be sent of prices
and the state of the market daily from the Brokers' Associa-
tion to be posted on the Manchester Exchange. This last
arrangement, we believe, was finallyagreed upon yesterday.
The want of such an arrangement has long been deplored
by the frequenters of the Manchester Exchange. It has
often happened that most important information from
America affecting the Liverpool cotton-market has been
known to merchants, through private telegrams, in Man-
chester, hours before it was known on the Exchange in the
public telegrams, and this has been the source of serious
annoyance to parties most interested.
EXTRAORDINARY CRUELTY TO SHEEP.—At the
Petty Sessions for the division of Tiverton, held at
the Town-hall, on Tuesday, the 18th inst., Mr. Wm. Stoate,
of Alleford, Somerset,was charged by the Secretary of the
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
with ill-treating and torturing certain sheep on his farm,
the Upcotts, Clayhanger, Devon. The court was crowded
to excess, and the most intense excitement prevailed in the
neighbourhood, owing to the notoriety of the alleged
offence, the number of animals said to have been tortured,
and the position of the defendant in the county. It ap-
peared from the evidence of several witnesses that the
defendant was an eccentric and wealthy barrister, and that
at Midsummer last ho sent a flock of 275 sheep, 13 bul-
locks, and five horses to' the above named farm. In the
course of the autumn some of the bullocks and horses were
taken away, and as the winter advanced and the food be-
came scant, the shepherd who had charge of the animals
wrote to Mr. Stoate, " requesting him to provide food, as
the sheep were starving," but he received only a supply
of straw. The shepherd repeated several times his appli-
cation without better success, and he was ultimately dis-
charged by Mr. Stoate in February last. Another shep-
herd was engaged for a fortnight, but since that date the
sheep had been altogether uncared for, and about 130 of
such animals and an Exmoor pony had literally died of
starvation. One of the sheep had its eye picked out by a
bird before it was dead, as it lay in a prostrate condition.
The defendant pleaded that he had been buying straw
through the winter to sustain the sheep, and that the pre-
sent proceedings had been instituted from spite and malice,
because there were many farmers in the neighbourhood
who coveted his farm, and he would not let it to them. He
conducted his own case, and his behaviour was very ec-
centric throughout the proceedings. The Bench, after a
brief deliberation, sentenced the defendant to six weeks'

imprisonment, with costs.