The Sun.
London, England, 1865-11-18 00:00:00

Iton LOwo also ran.

Betting-7 to 4on Mongrel, 4to 1 agst Curtain Lecture,
and 10 to 1 agst Dulcimer. Dulcimer jumped away with a
clear lead, which he held to tho end, and won easily by a
length ; there were three lengths between the second and
third. Oulton Lowe did not pass the post.
Nursery Handicap Plate of 30 soys, for 2-yr-olds. Half
"ist 101 b (car.
a mile.
(Murray) 1
31lili.reistIlutoilsdigbo)mf a.i.ni.ais.s..tV.i.n.eg:,.sa.t.i.po.
Ander50n,r.u.06,:5t741.b............. ....
.s..t. ...
13....... .... (Covey) 3
Mr. Pardon's Valentine, 7st llb
Marquis of Hastings' Mrs. Day, 6
Betting—Even on Valentine, sto 2 Ib..Jt 2
Bg(s. Mrs.Grinbshtt
Day, and
4
100 to 30 agst Vexatious.

The latter, with the favourite at her side, made the run-
ning to the stand, where Professor Anderson came up and
headed Valentine, within a few strides of the chair, bus he
failed to reach Ur. Hodgman's filly, who won by a neck ; a
bad third.
Handicap Sweepstakes of 3 sous each, with 20 added.

Half a mile. Nine subs.
Mr. Brayley's Blackbird, 3 yrs, 7st 21b ............ (Murray) 1
Mr. T. Hughes's Tina, 2 yrs, 6st 21b ............ (Kenyon) 2
Mr. T. Ballard's Knight of the Whistle, 3 yrs, Gst 121 b
(I'Anson 3
Mr. Hod man's Venturesome, 2 yrs, 6st 101 b (Heartfield
Mr. S. Thellusson's Hesper, aged, 9st 71b (Fordham 5
Mr. England's Bella, 3 yrs, 7st llb (Sopp 6
Betting-2 to 1 each agst Blackbird and Tina, 4to 1 agst
Venturesome, 5 to 1 agst Helper.
They ran in company to the distance, wltere. the -two fa-
vourites cam© out,
and finished .the We home; -Blackbird
winning by a neck ; ten lengths between the second and
third.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.

This DAY.—Morning, 12h. Om.—Afternoon, 2h :18m.

T3-Monitow.-Morning, 2h. 34m.--Afternoon, 2h. 50m.

elg (4:"1- 41
~,: 41111-1111Lik;P 6% 11) wt.
I

LONDON, SATURDAY, NOV. 18, 1865.

The approach of the first session of the new House
.of
Commons naturally gives rise to a good deal of
discussion, and a good many wise suggestions for
improving the conduct of affairs. Now is the time
for theories of all kinds to be put forward, for the
introduction of new schemes and the resuscitation
of old plans, their advocates hoping, perhaps, to find
a fresh Parliament more impressible than its prede-
cessors. Parliamentary Reform is by no means the
only direction in which the energies of our amateur
politicians extend, and as there is unfortunately
always " ample room and verge enough" for im-
provement in the best mundane arrangements, they
have scope enough for their ingenuity. Financial
questions come so very closely home to the feelings
and convictions of all of us, that it is not surprising
if the means of raising, and the manner of adminis-
tering the national revenue are brought very fre-
quently under discussion. Taxation of any kind
is
.certainly a very unpleasant thing, but it is a
necessary- evil, and if the inhabitants of a new coun-
try have the privilege of making no forced contri-
butions for the public benefit, the residents under
an older system possess pretty substantial advan-
tages in return for the visit of the tax collector.
This estimable and indispensable functionary is
generally a very unwelcome guest, yet there are
persons who would be willing to increase rather
than diminish the amount of his claims on their
A little brochure entitled
purse and patience.
g, Direct and Indirect Taxation," which has
lately appeared, purposing to set forward
the views of a " Liberal Elector,,, inclines to the
tax collector's side in opposition to the voluntary
contributions we make to the national exchequer
through the medium of the Customs and Excise
duties. It is somewhat irregular to find a "Liberal
Elector" advocating the abolition of the malt duty,
which is generally supposed to be more particularly
a Conservative measure, yet he takes for his text a
sentence of Mr. GLADSTONE'S in his speech of 1865,
in 'which the Chancellor of the Exchequer declared

that " the abolition of the malt duty would be the
death-warrant of the whole of our system of indirect
taxation." The writer of this little pamphlet, so
far from considering this an objection to the pro-
posed abolition, believes that the substitution of
direct for indirect taxation would be " an object
worthy of the ambition of the Liberal party," and
asks why its members do not unite for the purpose.
But we apprehend that on this matter, as on some
more closely connected with their political profes-
sions, the Liberal party would exhibit some consi-
derable differences of opinion.- Taxation is like a
heavy burden, which the bearer shifts from shoulder
to shoulder, thinking whichever side he has it on that
it would be lighter on the other. At first sight when
we look at the matter it seems very pleasant
to propose having tea, coffee, tobacco, malt, wine,
spirits, and a good many other of the comforts:and
luxuries of life totally unencumbered by those in-
convenient duties which give the shopkeeper and
other agents so very convenient an excuse for over-
charging the public. But although to the political
economist at his desk it may seem a much more
simple and advantageous system for all payments
to be made direct to the Government, and every
one, after paying his direct taxes, to be left to buy
what he will free of burden, the man of limited
income will at once perceive the drawbacks to the
proposed change. Every one knows the inconve-
nience of paying a fixed sum out of a limited amount,
and the small scope which such an arrangement
leaves for management or contrivance. The clerk
or small trader, with an income of two or three hun-
dred a year, will not thank the financial reformers
for doubling or trebling his income tax, and taking
off the duties on wine, tobacco, and other luxuries
which he never touches. A man may accommodate
his inclination to his circumstances. As the expenses
of his family increase he may reduce his superfluities,
but the tax collector can make no such allowance.
If he knows, from any exceptional cause, that he
will have extra demands upon his purse, he may
alter his way of living to meet them, but
the tax paper will not increase or dimi-
nish to suit his inconvenience. It can
only take note of his year's income, and if the re-
gular £2OO or £3OO has been received it will not
deduct the expenses of apprenticing his son, or
paying for a daughter's wedding or a doctor's bill.
It is upon the large and struggling class who are
ranged under that elastic schedule D, which in-
cludes the QUEEN and the chimney-sweep, that the
Income Tax presses most heavily, and the great
saving which our author would make in their
weekly housekeeping (from which, however, he
would deduct half for the direct taxation) would
ill suffice to atone for the addition to its weight. The
Income Tax has always been unpopular among all
classes in this country, though, no doubt, it is a
very useful and reliable assistant to the financier.
Both direct and indirect taxation have their merits
and their disadvantages, and as, in spite of re-
formers and philosophers, our social and political
systems cannot be exactly squared and conducted
on rigid mathematical principles, perhaps the best
way of settling the difficulty is to adopt a middle
course, and by continuing a moderate combination.
of both to avoid the evils and inconveniences in-
separable from an exclusive adoption of either.

Sir JOHN PAKINGTON'S remarks upon Education
are always worthy of attention, and those who take
an interest in such subjects will be glad of . the

oopportunity of perusing the speech made by the
right hon. baronet at Kidderminster on Wednesday.
Several influential persons were present, and the
proceedings assumed a very animated character.
Sir J. PAKINGTON moved a very appropriate reso-
lution, to the effect that " the continued increase
in the numbers of candidates for examination during
the eight years enumerated in the annual report of
the Union of Institutes, is highly encouraging to
educational efforts, and by tending to raise intel-
lectual attainments and the social condition of the
working classes, helps to promote the best interests
of the country at large." It is encouraging to
notice the great increase that has taken place in the
numbers of those who attend the night schools, and
such statistics as were furnished the other night
afford unmistakeable signs of the good that is being
done by the energetic efforts of those who promote
these undertakings. Sir J. PAKINGTON mentioned
that in the first year of the union, 1858, the classes
and night schools contained only 34.2 pupils, but
the numbers had increased until now we find
that they reckon 1,443 pupils. Surely this is
cheering intelligence, and should silence the remarks
of those who have been very ready to sneer at these
attempts, and predict but a short existence to the
schemes of education among these classes. It
proves that the notion is gaining ground, and that
education can no longer be confined to the
affluent.

The right hon. baronet gave an amusing
instance of the mistakes which are constantly
being made by a certain set in society,
who look down with contempt upon the
praiseworthy efforts of those who would extend the
cultivation of the mind in every possible direction.
He happened the other day to overhear a conver-
sation between two ladies who lamented the scarcity
of servants now-a-days ; one of them expressed her
perplexity and the other explained the cause of the
evil as that " horrid education." " It turns the
heads of the women," said the Hon. Sir J. PAKING-
TON. He hoped there were no persons present
who for one moment entertained the notion that
" PROVIDENCE had blessed this favoured country
with great wealth, great prosperity, and a teeming
and prosperous population, in order that one-half
of that population might be kept in ignorance to
supply the other half with cooks and housemaids."
Such a course of reasoning is false to the best
interests of society, and subversive of all sound
have doctrines of improvement and moral culture. We
av
ge but a poor show in abolishing the custom
of kepi made
serfs and putting down the slave trade,
if to suit the benighted fancies of prejudices and
selfish individuals we are to allow our fellow crea-
tures to waste their talents and suffer their faculties
to rust and decay, stultifying the gifts of their
MAKER to suit the arbitrary notions of exclusiveness.
wills
these
an
do
iuens eiNe. h sou
were
he r a
course as that advocated e
All tight-thinkin g personbsy
•
unfortunately the exponents of the views of too many.
How much wise-minded and truer is it to do our
utmost to forward the condition of those who have
not been able by their birth and fortune to command
educational advantages. Sir J. PAKINGTON de-
clared that he was happy to think the great ma-
jority of his countrymen considered that the more
they diffused blessings of education, and the more
they " enabled the working classes of the country
to cultivate and improve those intellectual faculties
which GOD had given them, the greater would be
our national happiness, and the more enduring our
national greatness." Such are noble sentiments,
worthy of all honour and appreciation, that deserve
to
cannot e
s l
be tioe fozl in the
theminds of the community, and
extolled or too widely dis-
seminated. Crime and cruelty vanish in a sur-
prising degree, and as education is advanced and
Prospers, that is to say, education in its proper
sense, a course of instruction that trains the mind
in the knowledge of religion and the respect of

virtue, besides the mere acquirements of informa-
tion in the abstract.
It is because of the signs and tokens which we
have received of the benefits and blessings that flow
from the diffusion of knowledge that the leading
men of the day have came forward so energetically
to promote the educational movement, and due
credit should be accorded to them for- it. Their
time cannot be better spent, nor can their energies
be directed to a nobler end than to encourage their
fellowmen to improve their minds and devote their
faculties to the end for which they were directed.
This is the sort of work which will turn to account
when " the long day of life with all its labours is
over for eternity," and it is no exaggeration to say
that it is work which must last and increase in
strength and perfect in comeliness, while coming
years shall wax and wane. It is a cheering thought
to encourage those who now strive in the infancy
of this effort, as it may be called, to dwell upon the
bright prospect of its fruition. In some respects
the lines of the poet may be expressive to illustrate
this vision :

"See a long race the spacious courts adorn—
See future sons and daughters still unborn !
In crowding ranks on every side they rise
Demanding life, impatient for the skies."

Sir JOHN PAKINGTON mentioned one great ob-
stacle, which has along militated against the cause
of " popular education," and that is the impossi-
bility of keeping the children of the working classes
at school beyond a very early age. This drawback
has been touched upon by almost all who advert
to the subject, and it is met with in every year's
report " presented by the inspectors to Parliament."
Since it is out of the question to prevent this evil in
a great measure, the next best thing will be to pro-
vide a remedy in the form of imparting instruction
to those whose studies have terminated at so early
a period. To enable the working classes to complete
that education which has been left in so imperfect a
state in early life is a great desideratum, and there
can be no reason why such an attainment should
prove impracticable, and if those who are com-
pelled to labour so incessantly can combine cultiva-
tion with work and cultivate their faculties, the
happiest results must follow. It is perfectly true,
as the right hon. baronet stated, that Parliament
has literally voted money, and the clergy and minis-
ters of all religious denominations have devoted
time, but all the efforts of the friends of
progress and enlightenment could not conduce
to keep the children at school beyond an early
age. It would be against the feeling of the
people of this country for any enactment of the
Legislature to enforce a compulsory attendance
up to a certain age, as is the case in Germany
and other nations. The " practical difficulty"
must, therefore, be met and overcome in the right
spirit, and unions such as this referred to must be
the real means which can afford compensation to
those so sadly injured by their parents' over-care for
making money, regardless of consequences. Social
educational institutions ought to be encouraged in
every way by those who sincerely desire the social
and moral improvement of the lower orders, as well
as the benefits of intellectual training in the
abstract.

Sir E. WINNINGTON, M.P., moved a reso-
lution affirming the " desirability of establishing
institutes in• every town and village in the
country." At present there is scarcely a town
with more than than 2,000 inhabitants without an
institute, bnt it is found difficult to carry out
the attempt in villages, partly because the
elder people are so ignorant. The hon.
baronet referred to the subject of novel read-
ing, and declared with great great justice that the
artisans had only formed their tastes in that respect
from the classes above them. It is a great mistake
for people to decry the practice of novel reading in
Lobo, and surely if any one has a right to the enjoy-
ment of such a pursuit it must be those who are
compelled to devote so much time to labour. There
are few novels which will not increase the know-
ledge and extend the reflections of the working
' classes, and none of those which the council of a
union would approve of are likely to have hurtful
tendencies. Mr. CHARLES DICKENS made a very
just observation, when a remark on this subject was
made to him. He said that the " English labour-
ing population had the hardest work possible, and
that, notwithstanding the acknowledged excitement
of novel reading, these tales generally had a good
moral attached to them." It is to be trusted that
the efforts of those who are striving to promote the
cause of education will succeed to the extent that
they deserve, and too much acknowledgment can-
not be made for their services. Their work is
worthy and honourable in the sight of GOD and
man, and they may rest assured that they sow that
others may reap a goodly and gracious harvest, for
generations still unborn shall rise up and call them
blessed.

It is not surprising that the outrageous conduct
of Spain towards the Republic of Chili should have
called forth indignant remonstrances from all un-
prejudiced observers. The merchants of Liverpool,
whose interests are deeply concerned in the affair,
have, we are glad to see, adopted prompt and active
measures. A large and influential meeting of gen-
tlemen interested in the Chilian trade was held,
yesterday, at Liverpool, Mr. TURNER, M.P., in
the chair, at which the attitude assumed by
Spain, and its effect upon British commerce,
were commented on. The Chairman, in itro-
ducing the subject, observed that it was un-
necessary for him to enlarge upon the details of
what had taken place, since most of those present
had private sources of information, in addition to
the full accounts published in the columns of the
press. So far as could be learned, the blockade
was entirely without justification, but there was
reason to fear that the success which attended
Spain's attack upon Peru had led to this unwarrant-
able assault upon Chili. Mr. TURNER added that
he thought the trading community had a right to
ask the Government for all the information they
possessed, and also to ask them for energetic mea-
sures for the protection of their interests. How
great those interests are, we may learn from the
statement of Mr. NICHOLSON, a gentleman present,
who said that the Chilian exports and imports which,
in 1849, only amounted to $8,700,000, in 1864 were
$24,000,000, or between six and seven millions
sterling. Certainly the representatives of so large
and important a trade have good right to demand
from their Government some protection against such
an uncalled for and unwarrantable attack, and we
are not surprised to find that the deputation ap-
pointed by the meeting left Liverpool last evening
in order to present the memorial, which was unani-
mously resolved upon, to Lord CLARENDON this
himselfmorning.ithWfiermhonpeesstlaiialtd t
jhuedgnmobelneteianrlthwisillsatocrqmuiyt
inauguration of his official duties. There can be no
doubt of the course which should be promptly fol-
lowed, and which hfts been already indicated by the
combined protest of the diplomatic body. The
vessels of England and France should protect the
ports of Chili and prevent the enforcement of the
blockade, a course which we have very little doubt
that the American Government will already have
followed. The idea of a Power like Spain attempt_
ing to enforce a blockade in defiance of the three
greatest naval Powers is preposterous; but probably,

as Mr. TURNER observed, the success which she has
already obtained with Peru, has encouraged her to
believe that she would be allowed to tyrannise over
a weaker State as she pleased. But large commer-
cial interests are not to be at the mercy of every
aggressive or unscrupulous nation which may
wish to enrich itself at the expense of
an inoffensive state. The claims which Spain puts
forth against the Republic remind one forcibly of
the old fable of the wolf and the lamb, and are, in
fact, nothing more than a pretext for plunder. The
insulting conduct of Admiral PAREJA, the extra-
vagant demands which be made, being such as
no independent power could for a moment submit
to, and the absurdly brief period which he allowed
for deliberation, clearly indicate that an amicable
agreement was the last thing desired or expected.
If the conduct of Spain towards Chili is to be tole-
rated by the great Powers there is an end at once
of all the restraints of civilisation and the faith of
treaties. Might will, henceforth, be right, and the
protectorate of the most yowerful nations will be
nothing more than a mete verbal pretence. We
hope that a deputation of the Liverpool merchants
will succeed in calling forth a plain and emphatic
declaration of the intention of the Government to
take immediate steps to restrain the aggressive in-
clinations of Spain, else they will fairly lay them-
selves open to the charge of being equally indiffe-
rent to the interests of their own people and to the
principles of right and justice.