The Sun.
London, England, 1865-11-07 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDA Y. EVENIN G, NOVEMBER 7, 1563,

The Grounding of the Barque Aunt Lizzie.

The following is the official report to the Secre-
tary of the Marine Board, Port Adelaide, dated July
13, 1865 :

Sir,—l do myself the honour to acknowledge the
receipt of your letter, dated the 12th inst., convey-
' ing an application from the Marine Board to hold
an official investigation into the circumstances con-
nected with the grounding of the Aunt Lizzie, of
Sunderland, on June 22 last, on the coast near
Whitton's Bluff, Gulf St. Vincent, in this province,
when it is alleged she received material damage, and
I have now to state that, assisted by Capt. H. D.
Dale, as nautical assessor, I have complied with the
Board's application, and now beg to make the fol-
lowing report :—having examined the mate, Mr. E.
Griffiths, the boatswain, Mr. D. Crighton, on oath,
and heard the statement of the master, I beg to state
the Aunt Lizzie is an iron barque of 536 tons, regis-
tered at Sunderland, and owned by T. Scott,
of Sunderland, and Wm. Scott, of Barlestown,
Staffordshire. The master is Mr. A. Crighton, who
holds an ordinary certificate as master, under the
Board of Trade, dated Aberdeen, Jan. 12, 1863.
She left London on the 31st Dec. last, with a
general cargo for this port, and was drawing
17ft. aft and 15ft. 10in. forward. She sighted Kan-
garos Island, on this coast, on June 19th last, the
wind being from the northward. She passed to the
southward of the island, and beat through Backstairs
Passage. At 7 a.m. on the 21st the ship was off
Point Marsden. At noon the ship was in lat. 35 26
N., but no bearing is given in the log, neither are
cross bearings given at sunset. The first entry in the
log book by which the ship's position can be estimated
is that the Trowbridge Light at 11 30 p.m., after the
ship was tacked to the eastward, bore W. by N 1 N.
(by compass corrected for deviation) distant 10 miles.
This distance was estimated by the eye, corrected by
the time and distance run when the light was lost
sight of, taking the light as visible from the deck 16
miles. The wind at this time was fresh from the
northward, the ship on the port tack standing to the
eastward, and according to the mate's estimate going
about seven knots. The light was lost sight of at
0 45 a.m. of the 22d. But by the evidence of the
boatswain, who had the first watch, it appears the
light was first seen at 9 30 p.m., when the ship was
standing to the westward, on the starboard tack. The
master was on deck, and went below at 11, when,
by the boatswain's evidence, the ship was put about
and was going about five knots, standing to the
eastward under all plain sail, including royals. The
master, on going below at 11 20, told the boatswain
to keep a good look-out, and to tell the mate to call
him in good time. The boatswain states it was the
rule of the ship to heave the log every two hours ;
that it was hove at 10, when she was going five
knots, but not at midnight. No orders were given
by the master to the boatswain to heave the lead, or
to direct the mate to do so, in the middle watch.
Referring again to the evidence of the mate, it ap-
pears that the ship was going about six knots at
midnight, the night being clear ; about six, at 1 ;
and between 1 and 2, from five to six knots. At 2
the mate called the master, fancying he saw a light.
On the master coming on deck he ordered the mate
to get a cast of the deep-sea lead. The deep-sea
lead was hove, and 20 fathoms obtained. A few
minutes afterwards a second cast of 17 fathoms was
got, and about 10 minutes afterwards the third cast
of about 10 fathoms, the master being on deck, who
ordered the hands to be called to tack ship to the
westward. No cast was got after the third,
although the ship was in 10 fathoms, standing
towards the shore at the rate of five knots. About
10 or 15 minutes after the hands were called, the
ship was put in stays, but before coming round she
grounded. The mate states that the only order he
got from the boatswain on relieving the deck at
midnight was to call the master in good time. He
received feS course, in the event of the wind becom-
ing fair, neither to heave the lead, nor as to the dis-
tance he was to stand on the port tack before
acquainting the master. On the ship grounding
the small sails were taken in, and an attempt was
made to back her off the ground. A stream anchor
was run out, but without effect, until the tide rose
in the afternoon. Whilst aground, the ship made
4i- feet water. During the passage out she made
little or no water. The ship arrived at Port
Adelaide on the 23d of June,i. still making water,
but the pumps keeping her free. The master, in
his statement in defence, states he left orders
that the mate was to call him if any change oc-
curred ; that he did not tell him to heave the lead,
but that it was customary to heave the lead on
nearing the land. The master also states he had
been up the two previous nights. Both officers agree
that the master did not go to his bed, but lay down
in his clothes in the cabin. Having taken the evi-
dence of the officers and the statement of the master
into consideration, I consider that Mr. Alexander
Crighton, the master of the Aunt Lizzie, failed in
this case to exercise proper care in the navigation of
his ship. In coming to this conclusion I am guided
by the following facts, elicited in evidence :-1. No
cross bearings are given in the log-book for sunset
on the 21st; there is nothing, therefore, by which
the ship's position can be accurately determined
before dark. 2. It appears, by the evidence of the
boatswain, that when the ship was on the starboard
tack, or standing to the westward, the Trowbridge
Light was seen at 9 30 p.m. ; that she stood on till
11, going at the rate of five knots, when she was
tacked to the eastward. The chief mate, by refe-
rence to the log, states that at 11 30 the light bore
W. by N. 1 N. 10 miles. If this be the case, allow-
ing that the ship was tacked at 11, and ran 21 miles
to the eastward in half an hour, the light must have
been first seen at a distance of 171 miles. But op-
posed to this view is the statement of the boats-
wain, that the light was lost sight of at 12 15, by
which it would appear the ship had made 8 miles in
the 45 minutes which elapsed between 11 30 and 12
15. Working back the course and distance from
the position when the ship grounded, it would ap-
pear that at 11 30 p.m. the light must have been at
least 15 miles distant ; but the evidence is so con-
flicting as to the speed at which the ship was going,
combined with the uncertainty which exists asto the
distance the ship was from the light at 11 and 11
30 p.m., I am of opinion she was going consider-
ably faster through the smooth water than
was estimated ; and here I would point
out is a proof of the want of care and
[ supervision on the part of the master, as it
does not appear the log was hove after 10 p.m.
No special orders were given as to heaving
the log. No orders were given to call the master
after the ship had run a certain distance after losing
sight of the light. No orders were given as to heav-
ing the lead, and no course was given in the event of
the wind becoming fair. Although the master did
not go to his bed, it appears he was nearly two hours
below after the light was lost sight of, and did not
come on deck until callel by the mate at 2 a.m.,
when a light was supposed to be seen ahead. Up to
this moment no soundings had been obtained ; and
although the water shoaled from 20 to 10 fathoms in
from 20 to 25 minutes, the ship was kept standing
towards the land from 10 to 15 minutes without the
lead going, although the hand lead was on deck. An
inspection of the charts would have satisfied the
master that when he was in 17 fathoms it was time
to have the ship ready for going about; or, that if
he shoaled the water 10 fathoms in 20 to 25 minutes,
he must soon be too close in. 3. While thus con-
demning the conduct of tho master in this case, I
take into consideration the fact that it is stated he
had been up for two nights, and that he appears to
some extent to have exercised a certain amount of
vigilance over thq officersduring the night, and when
the ship grounded. I Mil therefore unwilling to re-
commend the suspension of his certificate in this
port, as such a course would deprive him of the com-
mand of his ship; but I am of opinion he should be
reprimanded, and that this report, with the evidence,
should be sent home to the Board of Trade, in order
that their lordships may, if they deem fit, suspend
his certificate for such a period as they may deem
requisite. 4. Had Mr. Crighton held a South Aus-
tralian certificate, and been in command of a ship
trading from this port, I should have unhesitatingly
recommended a suspension of his certificate for six
months. 5. In conclusion, I would state that some
blame is to be attributed to the mate for not, as usual
in all properly navigated ships, heaving the log every

two hours, or more frequently, when close to the
land.—l have, &c.,
B. DOUGLAS, Stipendiary Magistrate.
I concur in this report and recommendation.
H. D. DALE, Nautical Assessor.

student of political history will isee in it an example
of the manner in which small things become great
when bad blood exists already. Perhaps we should
have to go back to the old controversies about the
slave trade for the first germs of ill-feeling, but in
the end a slight wound became liable to gangrene,
and the diplomatic catastrophe at length occured.
The occasion was signalized by more than usual
discussion, and it was evident that the Brazilians
were by no means disposed to let the judgment of
the English public go against them by default. We
need not, however, ascribe exclusively to the zeal
of Brazilian " agents" the interest which was un-
doubtedly created in this quarrel. Brazil is one of
our best customers. Considering the smallness of
its population, our commercial transactions with
the Empire are on an extraordinary scale, and
the intercourse is singularly profitable to both
countries. Of the whole imports into Brazil, a
good half comes from Great Britain or British pos-
sessions ; of her whole exports, nearly a third finds
its way to England. Cotton, sugar, and hides are
very useful commodities to us, and we return in
cotton stuffs more than we receive in the raw mate-
rial. But these were not the only considerations in-
ducing regret at the rupture between the two Go-
vernments. Brazil, excepting apparently within the
sphere of diplomacy, was a peculiarly inoffensive
State. She was given neither to cheating nor bully-
ing. She never traded on her comparative weakness
as promising protection in the wrong, nor did she
make any parade of political position. In the whole
of the New World there was net a State which ap-
peared to give so little trouble and offer so much
profit to us as Brazil, so that the regret, therefore,
of the community was exceedingly natural when an
unpleasantness which they could hardly understand
was gradually developed into a serious quarrel. In
some quarters we think it fortunate and creditable
to preserve peace ; with Brazil it seemed something
hard and unaccountable when peace was disturbed.
Let us now hope that the little bickerings which led
by accumulation to this rupture may have been ex-
tinguished in the process, and that the old grounds of
ill-feeling may have been fairly effaced. From this
point we may make a fresh start, and do better, per-
haps, than before. The slave question can hardly
trouble us again, and, indeed, if Brazil did cling to
the institution somewhat tenaciously at one time,
there was always a characteristic in the position of
the Brazilian negro which deserved consideration.
In Brazil alone, of all countries in the world, the
regro was not an outcast. To a great extent he was
admitted to that equality which only the extreme
Abolitionists in the United States venture to advo-
cate, and which few Americans seem prepared to
support. There was a free intermixture between
the black and white races of the Empire. Europeans,
Africans, and Indians married and intermarried,
until now, as it is thought, an actual majority
of the whole population of Brazil is of mixed
extraction. This, we believe, has never oc-
curred elsewhere, and the fact is worth recording.
For the rest, it is almost impossible to conceive a
country with a greater wealth of resources than
Brazil. The Empire has never been surveyed with
sufficient accuracy to determine its area within half
a million of square miles or so, but it is larger than
the United States, and inferior only in extent of
territory to the prodigious Empires of Russia and
China. This immense country maintains at present
a population of probably less than B,ooo,ooo—re-
presenting three inhabitants to the square mile, or
about one-sixth of the proportion found even in
Sweden and Norway. The riches of the interior
may be said to be unexplored, for the population at
present is clustered on the coast almost as com-
pletely as in New Zealand or Australia. In one
particular the possible development of Brazilian
production is especially interesting. If it should
ever happen, as seems within the limits of specula-
tion, that we should resort to foreign countries for
supplies, not only of living animals, but of pre-
served meats, Brazil will furnish the chief ports of
trade. In that country meat, which is here becom-
ing dearer and dearer, is almost without value in the
market. Oxen are killed for their horns and hides,
as sheep were formerly slain in Australia for their
wool. The finest beasts are next to worthless ex-
cept for their skins and the tallow that may be ex-
tracted from their bodies. It is obvious that if any
method of preserving meat successfully should here-
after be discovered, the exports from Brazil may be
as valuable as those from Odessa or Dantsic. We
may come to import beef as freely as corn, and
to get cheap meat as surely and as regularly as we
get cheap bread. It need hardly be added, how-
ever, that considerations of this kind will never in-
duce a British Government to submit to wrongs; and
wrongs, as we have had good reason to know, are as
likely to be committed by a weak State as a strong
one. No Power in dealing with England must pre-
sume either upon its strength or its weakness. We
persuade ourselves that we are not very quick to take
offence, but if there is a wrong it must be redressed.
We repeat that we have no intention of opening
a controversy now closed, but the Brazilians may
be invited to observe that not even the peculiar
kindliness and sympathy with which Englishmen re-
gard them were sufficient to prevent a rupture when
grievances had been created. Brazil had many
friends in this business, perhaps not a few advocates,
and all that could be said for that country and urged
against England and her representatives was set
forth to good purpose. Yet this did not avail, and
it is only now that a renewal of amicable relations
has been at length accomplished. The lesson should
not be lost in either country. If we allow that we
ourselves have something to remember, we may im-
press the same truth upon Brazil. The two States
ought to be the best friends in the world, and we are
using only the language of friends when we add that
we should rejoice to see the young empire escaping
from the risks and charges of war, and devoting its
energies and resources to the enterprises and
achievements of peace.

" THE SATURDAY REVIEW" ON MR. GLADSTONE'S
DOING IT RATHER TOO GINGERLY !—MT.Gla,dStOne'S
friends have lately been urging on him the neces-
sity of being exceedingly cautious. They have made
no secret of the causes of their alarm, and have very
freely explained to him and to the world that he is
apt to be irritable and indiscreet. He says the wrong
thing sometimes, and sometimes he says a great deal
too much. If only he will control himself, learn to
be civil and a little unmeaning, then they will look
on him with as much confidence as they now feel
admiration for him. His enemies, on the contrary,
hope that he will stumble into the pitfalls which fate
is supposed to be continually setting for him. Ac-
cordingly, his first public display in his new capa-
city as leader of the Commons and associate Pre-
mier has been anticipated with feelings of anxiety
and exultation. He has gone through the ordeal,
and acquitted himself to perfection. He made three
speeches at Glasgow in one day--:one of them to a
Reform Society, and another in reply to an address
from an unascertained number of working men.
Here were two yawning pitfalls. He has befoi.e
tumbled into a very big hole on the subject of re-
form, and working men have suggested to him a
theoretical abyss about the burden of proof in re-
fusing or according universal suffrage, of which he
himself cannot pretend to measure the depth. But
he has gone over this dangerous ground with the
most triumphant safety. He was caution personi-
fied. What he said might have been said by Sir G.
Grey, or the Bishop of London, or perhaps by Mr.
Walpole himself. He touched on two delicate sub-
jects, and he touched on them so softly that at any
rate the Goddess of Prudence, if there still is one,
may claim him as her favourite child. He almost
carried caution to an extreme, and exaggerated it as
if for the fun and novelty of showing that he could
be as safe and enigmatical as the slowest Tory squire
that ever sat in the house. He gave his views on
Reform, and he gave his views on the Government
of Lord Russell. With regard to Reform, he ven-
tured to declare his settled conviction that although,
of course, disappointment might baffle human hopes
here as elsewhere, yet he believed that if Parlia-
ment took up the subject in the right spirit, and
acted boldly and yet wisely, it would arrive at a
result that would contribute to the happiness of all
classes of this great empire. Even the statesmen in
Sir Bulwer Lytton's novels make political declara-
tions from which more may be learnt than from this.
As to Earl Russell, he declared that the name of
that respected peer was its own guarantee, and he
surmised that, after living 73 honourable years, the
noble lord would be very unlikely to turn his back
upon himself, and show that he had unlearnt the
lesson of his whole career. This every one will
allow is exceedingly unlikely; and even the severest
and most hostile critic would be satisfied with know-
ing that it is as certain that Lord Russell has ever
learnt the lesson of his long career as that, if he has
learnt it, no mortal man will ever succeed in making
him think that what he has learnt is wrong. We
hope now the agitated public will be satisfied that
Mr. Gladstone can be cautious when he likes.
It is the beauty of the elephant's trunk that it
can either pick up a pin or rend a tree ; and it is
the excellence, as we now know, of Mr. Glad-
stone's intellect, that he can either convulse the House
of Commons by his utterances on Reform, denounce.
Mr. Disraeli as if he were the vilest of mankind, and
provoke the hostility of countless societies, companies,
and boards by a single speech ; or else, at his plea-
sure, inform a gaping and admiring provincial audi-
ence, listening to his words as if they were a revela-
tion, that if Parliament passes a wise measure of
Reform, the measure it passes will most probably be
wise, and that Lord Russell's name is a sufficient
guarantee that Lord Russell's Government will be
carried on in the Manner to be expected from Lord
Russell.

A brother of Mr. Jefferson Davis has arrived in
London, and taken apartments in the " foreigners' quar-
ter," in Leicester-square.

SOUTHWARD HO !

Professor J. D. B. Do Bow, editor of .De Bow's Review,
and one of the most eminent political economists of the
Southern States, has lately addressed a very important
letter to Governor Perm of South Carolina, the Future
of the South and on the necessity of Emigration. The
letter is too long for re-production in our columns, but we
quote some of the more important passages :

It has been evident to thoughtful men at the South
for a number of years that her career in prosperity and
wealth, in comparison with other sections, was greatly re-
tarded by a deficiency of labor ; and many among us went
so far, even, as to theorize upon the reopening of communi-
cations with the coast of Africa and with Asia for the pur-
pose of securing laborers, either as coolies, apprentices, or
under some other name. It occurred to scarcely any one
that it was practicable, or even desirable, to open the doors
to free white immigrants, a prejudice being understood to
exist in the minds of such everywhere against coming into
competition with slave labor ; and even if such prejudice
did not exist, influences adverse to existing institutions
upon which the prosperity of the South was believed mainly
to rest, was likely to be exerted .by that competition.
It followed that whilst the Northern and Western
States, from the constant stream of hardy and industrious
immigrants who were pouring in, exhibited miracles of
progress and development, the South, with vast natural
resources for mining, manufactures and agriculture, ad-
vanced in but the slow ratio of its natural increase, and
immense dominions capable of contributing untold trea-
sures to the commerce of the world remained hermetically
sealed.

The slavery question having been settled, by the
military power of the United States, and the South having
accepted in good faith the solution (slavery being recog-
nized as an issue of the war in which she has lost), and so
framed her legislation as to recognize the negro, in the
future, as a freedman, under no other obligation to labor
than those which bind every other freeman, of whatever
color, it becomes a matter of very anxious inquiry, outside
of the social and political questions involved, what effect
may be expected upon the great questions of labor and
production already disturbed by previously existing causes.
Before going further, it is well to remark, what your
own judgment and information will bear me out fully in,
that the people of the South, universally, are willing to
give a fair and honest trial to the experiment of negro
emancipation, which has been forced upon them, and that
if let alone, to manage affairs in their own way, and with
their intimate knowledge of negro character, and that
sympathy with him and his fortunes which is but the
natural result of long and close association, everything,
possible will be done, in good time, for the social, physical,
and political advancement of the race ; clashing as little as
practicable at the same time with the great material in-
terests of the country. Those of us who are familiar with
the South are well advised that the restoration of slavery
within its limits, even were it desired, would now be an
impossibility, for reasons induced by the war, and by
the subsequent action of the authorities, both State and
Federal.

While it must be admitted that experiments in negro
emancipation have resulted unfavorably iu other countries
similarly situated, I cannot but derive hope from the con-
sideration, that there were causes at work in most of those
countries which do not exist in our own, which may modify
and control the result. I refer to the inferior civilization
of the blacks in the case referred to, their small contact
with the whites, the great disproportion between the
colors, the nature of the climate, requiring little clothing
and producing food spontaneously, etc. Taking these
facts into account I am not despondent of the result,
when time and judicious measures have been allowed to
mature a system.

But what is to be done in the meanwhile is a point of
grave interest, and one which will occupy a prominent
place at the meeting of the State Legislatures during the
present winter. Is there anything to be accomplished,
and what, beyond the adoption of such local measures as
relate to the status of the negro and his character as a
producing agent ?
There is but one answer, and that may be condensed into
a few words :
The South must throw her immense uncultivated
domain into the market at a low price ; reduce the quan-
tity of land held by individual proprietors, and resort to
intelligent and vigorous measures at the earliest moment,
to induce an influx of population and capital from abroad.
This is entirely practicable.
That the landed properties of the South have been, in
general, too large, and that great benefit would result to
the proprietors by disposing at low rates of the surplus,
can scarcely be considered open to argumentation.
The staples of the South are of such inestimable value
to the commerce of the world, that they have, in the past,
and promise beyond all contingency in the future to come
into triumphant competition with those of every country
upon the face of the earth. Sugar, cotton, rice, tobacco,
hemp and naval stores are all articles of universal and
almost unlimited demand, at prices which, considering the
cost of production upon cheap land, will yield results to
agricultural labor for which there is no phrallel. But
beyond these staple growths, the climates and soils of the
vast region which stretches from the Potomac to the Rio
Grande, aro favorable to every product upon which in-
dustry and capital are expended in any country. The vast
mineral resources which geological surveys have divulged,
which no hand of industry has yet attempted to developa,
and the infinite number of manufacturing sites, all present
the most tempting baits to enterprise, and will open results
for it which nothing in the history of the times has
equalled, dazzling and magnificent as have been its past
achievements.

In the single article cotton is found the most striking
illustration of what has just been said. "King" ho may
not be in the sense in which many of us formerly recog-
nized him, but the sway which the potentate exercises
over the finances of the nations is by no means to be
sneered at, and the hold which he has upon the neces-
sities of the world seems to be fixed as irremovable. Four
years of non-exportation, whilst it has given the most in-
tense stimulus and energy to the growth of cotton in
other countries and increased the production in them
several hundred per cent., have not left the South without
the virtual control of the markets of the world. We may
gather this from the fact that the million and a half of
bales (an outside calculation) available for exportation
during the Summer and Fall, from her ports, have a gold
value greater than that of the four or five millions which
were the product of the South in the days of her palmiest
prosperity.

Admitting it to be true, as has been already maintained by
Southern writers, that climatic conditions existing in many
sections are unfavourable to European and North
American constitutions, there can be no doubt of the fact,
that a large portion, and in most cases by far the larger
portion, of each of the Southern States is well adapted to
white labor, and that actual mortuary returns indicate a
much higher degree of physical health in these localities
than in tho New England and North Western States.

Here there is a territory, vast in extent, and susceptible
of development by white labor, from whatever quarter in-
troduced, capable of maintaining a population as dense and
wealthy as can be found in any other part of the Union,
and yet in 1850 its density to the square mile as compared
with other sections, was :

Persons. Persons,
Slavebolding States... 11.35 Texas
New-England States.. 41.94 I Ohio
Middle States 57.79 Massachusetts 127.50
In what manner, then, shall we proceed to invite capital
and population to the South? I answer: Consult and
abide by the experience of those States and communities
which have grown populous and rich by the success which
attended their,efforts to secure immigration.
At first I would suggest the appointment of one or two
commissioners from each of the States, who shall meet at
some central point, say at Atlanta, Ga., or at Montgomery,
Ala., and, in order that no time may be lost, I would
suggest that the commissioners bo nominated by the Pro-
visional Governors.

The object of the commission would be to advertise the
world that our people are in earnest in the matter and in
accord, and it would tend to secure such harmony of action
between the States as would be most conducive to
success.

The commission should be a permanent body, and should
at once open correspondence with every section and dis-
trict of the several States, inviting information upon the
character and value of soils, and the quantity available for
settlement, and the lowest cash and credit prices for the
same. This information ought to be given to the public
in the form of circulars and addresses, translated into
German and French, and distributed abroad through our
Consular agents.

It is needless, however, to suggest what would be the
duties of such a commission. The intelligent and ex-
perienced minds thus brought together would soon developo
the wisest system, and upon their recommendation, aid,
and legislation, as might bo necessary, would readily be
afforded by the State Government.

In a matter of such delicacy, it is evident that any con-
flict or rival►y between the States would be productive of
lasting injury, especially in presence of the great induce-
ments to emigrants which are held out in other quarters,
and the organized and well-established systems which
exist for their introduction.

Everything will depend upon the earlier results, and if
mistakes aro made from the circulation of false information,
and disappointments ensue, it will be difficult, almost im-
possible, to correct them. Knowledge of these disappoint-
ments it will be the purpose of interested parties to circu-
late, so that in a little while it will reach every village and
town or hamlet in Europe. Active and independent com-
petition for emigrants between the States will, it is to be
feared, lead to these results.
There are two points, New York and New Orleans,
which will probably continue to be the most prominent
ones, at which immigrants will be landed, and at these it
will be indispensable to locate agencies to look after their
interests and to afford such information as will direct them,
with as little inconvenience, loss of time and expense' as
possible to their several Southern destinations. This can
be effected without much expense. In a single year, taken
at random, which gave an aggregate immigration of
398,470, it appeared3toh4a,tB7th6elrenaarrltiiivneodreat
1,148
.......... 2 600
New York
New Orleans 82,316 Galveston
Philadelphia 17,956 Charleston ..
1,517
The United States, alive to the importance of securing

the largest number of immigrants, have established s
Bureau of Immigration attached to the State Department
at Washington, and also an Emigrant Office in the City of
New York, under charge of a Superintendent. This legis-
lation, in connection with the Homosteaa Law, which
passed Congress on the 20th of May, 1862, and makes a
donation of 160 acres to each settler, is having a very
marked effect, and should advise the South of the difficul-
ties which encompass her experiment, and of the course of
action likely to remove them.
How much of the progress and development of the
United States has been due to immigration may be deduced
from the fact that the total number of foreigners who
landed on its shores to the year 1860 reached the enor-
mous aggregate of 5,062,414, a number nearly equal to the
entire white population of the South, if we exclrde the
Border States from the calculation. In this number were
included :
Merchants
723641,883527 Engineers
.......................... 21:5021'6a
Farmers
Laborers 527,639 Manufacturers ...... 371,2„0-
Miners 37,523 Artists .................. 2,4ee
494
Weavers 11,557 Servants .................. 49,
The countries from which these vast numbers were
thrown upon our soil to become prosperous and flourishing
citizens, and to exercise important influences over its
destinies were :
Great Britain 2,750,874 Switzerland ............ 37,7138
Germany 1,615,586 Spain
..................... 16,2
France
1
British America 117.142 I
The localities which they sought as represented in the •
report of the census of 1860, prepared by Mr. KennedYl
which is our authority for this and other statistical data,
were :
18,640

Alabama
Arkansas
North Carolina 1332
~, 327
495 291 NPI
eleinNnvnosiye York.l.v.a.
n.
.............................9
43 R: 15
1
204
South Carolina 9,986 Ohio ...................
Virginia
34b350:40451
The figures, it will neWrabisecroe.ndinref.e.
r....0.n..1.y..
Texas
tO tae
original stock, and do not take into account the descen
ants of foreigners born in the country. In 1860 the per-
centage of foreign-born residents in some of the leading
cities was as follows : 49.99
Baltimore 24.71 Chicago .....................
Charleston 15.55 Richmond .............•....15
Cincinnati 45.71 St. Louis ........ . .... . ....
If there over was then a period in the history of a pople,
when it became necessary for them to be aroused as one
man into action, and to put their shoulders to the Ivbeeli
and with energy and spirit and the determination to make
a giant. and master struggle, that period has come for the
South. With a country wasted by long and devastating
war, with habits of labor broken up, with the nancbinerii
of industry destroyed, and a great social and induatria
problem to be solved, under an extraneous pressure,
which
at times is most unreasoning and unreasonable, the con'
dition of the South has scarcely a parallel in modern tiraea•
But dark as is the picture, there is a redeeming feature.
All is not lost whore the unconquerable will is left. 'r h„:
giant convulsion, which has just shaken the land to 1:g
centre, has not been without its beneficial effects. It,b;
stirred up a new and higher spirit. The energies 1": n
which wore brought into play by arms, and thei
tellectual resources which wore called forth and exhibit©
themselves in the thousand appliances and resorts to wh'ed
a people, without machinery, without preparation,
without access to the external world, were driven to Slitt
port a conflict with the most powerful nation upon oar,7
each and all are the harbingers and augury of a future I°l
the South from which she need not shrink. Restnal
her place in the mighty empire of States no son of bar
will have reason to be ashamed of her place in the Pit'ture,:
The successive waves of population which bay° bee;
sweeping westward from the Atlantic, leaving as it ,‘1,;(3,„,5,
b3hind them a deposit of vast States and populous c":ea
the pride and hope of a great nation, have now re3c'.o
the slopes of the Rocky Mountains, and here the ticio, I t
the opinion of the thoughtful men at the North,
turn ; and there are substantial reasons for the opial°,3d.
Such a turn in the tido can only be in one direction, at
that is to the southward; and in this respect it may air%)
be regarded providential, that at the very instant of a
contingency the boundless domains of the South rani°
their dikes and barriers and invite the inundation. a
The whole subject, Sir, is one of so much interest to ll-
all that it would afford me great pleasure upon this °°c'eui
sion to elaborate it more at length, but I am adraonis%o
that the time and space are not at my control. 443. th
early day I will resume the subject, and illustrate it "00
a variety of statistical data, which I hare collected WI
some care.

With great regard, your obedient servant,
J. D. B. DE 13°5.

No. 40, Broadway, New York,i_
Thursday, Oct. 12, 1865. f „ vat
NOTE.— Since the above was written, I have been I
in possession of the latest report of the Superintendent
°
Immigration at New York. lro
By this it appears that the number of immigrants
reached New York in 1864 was 185,208, in 577 Wef •
t
and from 18 different ports. Of these, 92,409 intended
reside in New York, 23,518 in Pennsylvania and r4c
Jersey, 21,014 in New England, 34,662 in Ohio, Inds
Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, lowa, Minnesota, and C 311;
fornia, 4,979 in Kansas, Nebraska, Canada, &c., and 8,11 f
in the Southern States. In the years 1863-4, despite
the war, the number of German immigrants was large'
than in the preceding years.

IMMIGRANTS AT NEW YOR
Total. Germans.
Total. Gerlo3ll3
1861 67,258 27,248 1863
155,223 0,9,29
1862 76,700 24,172 1864