The Sun.
London, England, 1853-07-19 00:00:00

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OTC. ROYAL ACADEMY OF ARTS TRAFALGAR-SQTJARE.
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9(t NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the 4-- ,I 4 51- - ,
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EXHIBITION of the ROYAL ACADEMY Rill finally
Ae on SATITHDAT next, the 23d inst., at Seven o'clock precisely.
Admission (from eight o'clock till Seven) One Shillinz. Cata-
logue One Shilling.

JOHN PRESCOTT KNIGHT R.A., Sec.
Exhibitors are requested to send for their works oa Thursday,the
28th, or Friday, the 29th instant.

No. 18,975.]

COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS' SCHOOLS FOR ORPHANS
AND NECESSITOUS CHILDREN.
SPECIAL TRAINS for the Ceremony of
LAYING the IeIRAT STONE of the New Building for this
Institution. Pinner, Middlesex, will cave the Euston Station on
WEDNESDAY nett, at a quarter to two o'clock, exact time, re-
turning at half-past seven in the evening.
FARES THERE AND BACK.
First class- 38. 4d. I Second dais ........ • • 25.
ALFRED LENCH SAUL, Secretary.
$l, Cheapside, July 16, 1853.

FREEHOLDS AND COPYLIOLDS.—HERTS.
r obe SOLD, pursuant to a decree of the High
jt. Court of Chancery, made in the causes Lake v. Currie, Lake
v. O'Hara, and Lake v. Carrie, with the approbation of the Vice-
Chancellor Sir Richard or in Kindersley, at the Royal Hotel, near
the Tring Station of the London and North-Western Railway, the
Freehold and Copyhold Estate called the " TRINTG GROVE
ESTATE," late the Property cf Viscount Lake, deceased, comprising
the farm called the GROVE PARK FARM, with the farm buildings
thereto belonging, and about 108 acres of arable, pasture, and meadow
land. Also, the THING GROVE FARM, containing 296 A, 3a. 21r,
of arable and pasture land, with the farm buildings attached thereto,
dwelling-house, with stable and a wharf at Bulbowtn. Also, a com-
pact FARM of 40 acres, adjoinir.g the Canal at Little Tring, and
another Farm containing about 112 acres, at Puttenham.
The sale will take place some time in the latter end of the month
of August, or beginning of the month of September, of which due
notice will be given. Printed particulars and conditions are in coure
of preparation, and may shortly be had at the place of sale; at the
principal Inns at Aylesbury, Buckingham, Wendover, and Leighton
Buzzard; of Messrs. Currie, Tfoodgate, and Williams, solicitors, :32,
Lincoln's-inn-fields: of Mr. Alfred Jones, solicitor, Sise-lane, City ;
and of Mr. William Brown, auctioneer, Tring.

LONDON & SOUTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.
Ch EAP EXCURSION TRAINS
To PORTSMOUTH, SALISRURY, WINCHESTER, or
SOUTHAMPTON, AND BACK,
Fon as. 6d.,
Every SUNDAY from WATERLOO STATION.
For Portsmouth and Salisbury at 7.45 a.m., returning at 7 p.m. ; and
for Winchester and Southampton, at 8 a.m., returning from South-
ampton at 7.30, and Winchester at 8 p.m.
Farms THERE AND BACK :
Closed Carriages, 6s. Gd. I Seated Open Carriages, 3s. 6d.
By Order.
ARCIID. SCOTT, Traffic Manager.
'Waterloo Station, July, 1853.

°TIMBERLAND HEMATITE IRON ORE
COMPANY.
No further applications for Shares in this Company will be received
afcer TUESDAY, the 26tk inst.
By order,
Offices, 18, Cannon-street. HENRY HUNTER, Sec.

LONDON and WESTMINSTER BANS.
Notice is hereby given, that a SPECIAL GENERAL MEET-
IN of the Proprietors of the London and Westminster Bank will be
keld at the Bank House, in Lothbury (To-morrow), WEDNESDAY, the
10th day of July, at Ore o'clock precisely, for the purpose of re-
colving a Raif.yeaxly Report from the Directors, and to declare a
Dividend.

THE . CUMBERLAND HEMATITE IRON
ORE COMPANY.
°Zees of the Company. 18, Cannon-street.
To be conducted
Deed ton the "Coo
be Sigst
neßd.ook" system.
No
Capital, ,50,0001„ In 50,000 shares at 11. each.
To be paid up on dllotment, and issued in certificates to bearer.
COLN/LITTER OF MANAGEMENT.
Edmund Burke, Esq., 1; loYd'a, and 3, Norfolk-real, St. John's wood.
George Bush, Esq., LloyYs, and 16, Camden villas, Regent's-park.
Col. A. Perceval, 1, Belgra :re-road, Belgmve-square.
John S. Rymer, Esq., Ealing, Middlesex.
John Lawton, Esq., 13, Seymour-street West, Hyde-park.
Sir Arthur Rumbold, Bart., 27, Sackville-street,
Martiniltulely, Esq., 6, Cambrlege-terrace, Regent's-park.
John Watson, Esq., Albion-lodge, ,Stamford-hill.
With power to add to their number.
ry
- -

BV order of the Board,
J. W. GILBART, General Manager.
The transfer books of the Company will be closed to the 25th of
ally, to prepare for the Divide id.

NEW FEATURE IN LIFE ASSURANCE.

THE DEPOSIT and GENERAL LIFE
ASSURANCE COMPANY,

IS, New Bridge-street, Blackfriars, London.
CAPITAL—ONE HUNDRED TIJOUSAND POUNDS.
TRUSTEES.
The Right honourable the Lord ViAccunt Drumlanrig, M.P., P.C.,
Comptroller of her Majesty's Hcusebold.
Sir Charles Price, Bart., 3, King William-street, London.
Lieut.-General Sir W. R. Clayton. Bart, Gloucester-place, Portman-
square, and Marden•park, Surrey.

Bankers—Messrs. Williams, Deacon, Labouchere, and Co.
Solicitors—Messrs. Murray, Rymer, and Murray, 7, Whitehall-place.
Broker—James ahepherd, Esq., 1, Finch-lane, Corrhill.
Secretary (pro tem.)—Mr. Henry Hunter.

This Company is foimed for the purpose of working Hematite Iron
Ore in the Frizington Parks Mining district, situate withiri six
miles of the Port of Whitehaven.
The ore raised in the immediate district of this mine 1 proved to
be unusually rich, avera4ing from GO to 70 per cent. of iron.
Prospectuses, with printed forms of application for shares, may be
obtained of the Broker and at the Offices of the Company, where the
Engineer's Reports, maps, and specimens of the ore may be seen.
HENRY HUNTER, Secretary.

TRY L. IIYAM'S SUMMER CLOTHING FOR THE YOUNG
FROM the commencement of the Midsummer
Season to the present moment, L. BYAM has been favoured
with an unintermitting succession of orders and purchases in the
above branch of his business.
The recommendations of "standard customers," and the estab-
lished reputation of L. Hymn, have resulted in an amount of success
surpassing that of any previous season. L. Tiyam ackn ,wledges this
fact gratefully, and assures his patronleers generally that he is still
prepared to supply Children and Boys' Clothing, of the best descrip-
tion, at surpassingly moderate prices. The public are invited to
inspect
L. HYAM'S HUSSAR AND TUNIC SUITS,
L. HYAM'S POLONAISE AND SPENCER SUITS,
L. HYAM'S JACKETS AND SCHOOL SUITS,
Together with an infinite variety of Waistcoats, Trous:•re, Oxeniair,
and Summer Paletots, made from the best materials, in the newest
and most ele3antly becoming style.
"Seeing is believing"—to use a familiar phrase; and L. Hyam has
no apprehension of disappointing parties who may favour him with
an examination of his present splendid collection of Children's and
803 s' Summer Attire.
OBSERVE !—L. HYAM begs to state that he has no connexion
with any similar establishment in London. 36, Gracechurch• street,
City (established upwards of 15 years), is the only place of busi-
ness carried on by L. HYAM, where the public can be supplied with
good, durable, and fashionable Clothing, of sound workmanship, at
such economical prices as must defy all competition.
- - • -• •

L. EIYAM, Tailor. Clothier, Ilatter, Hosier, and General Outfitter,
36, Graceehurch-street, City.

G "

ESEND
PACKETS,

STAR

N—Joiher Packets

Lt the Grays, Greenhithe,
ie Piers as underlined (wi
MRACE PIER, GRAVE

and Purfleet Piers.

The Packets call
FRO:

eather permitting)

WEEK DAYS. SUNDAYS.
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8 84,
iittgu 115!
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234 6
312 614
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8

[ll°lllOE SD.

THE FRENCH NAVY.

( Continued front The Sun of May 26.)
MANNING THE FLEET.
The available resources of France in point of seamen
are stated by the Commission, and by all the evidence
on the subject, to be more than sufficient to man every
ship in the fleet with excellent crews, and in a very short
time. The organisation for this object undoubtedly
constitutes the most formidable element of the French
naval power, and should be clearly understood in this

country.
The report of the sub-commission, drawn up by M.
Lanjuinais, informs us that the "inscription maritime
was founded by Colbert in an ordinance of 1689, and
_ _

was finally established by the law of the 3d Brumaire,
irr the year IV. "The 'inscription maritime,'" he
says,'" places at disposal of. he State an entire class
offcitizens, whether. in time of peace. or in time of war."
It applies to every man who gets. his livelihood on the
sea as a boatman, a. fisherman, .or a sailor, and includes
-every boatman upon rivers as far. as the spring tides are
felt.

Comparing the "inscription maritime " with the con-
scription fon the army, the report admits that the former
is far the more severe. "In fact," it says,

" After seven years' service the soldiers are free, while
sailors, on the contrary, by the law of the 3d Brumaire,
are placed at the disposal of the Government from 13 to 50
years of age ; they are obliged to embark at all times when
required ; and they are compelled to live constantly in
their ` quarters,' unless furnished with leave of absence by
the Commissary of the Inscription."
The, auk-eon:mission. ,deniesrthif all invott tny
elation of the principle of equality, and quotes an
•ticle of the law

" By which a sailor can have his name taken off the lists
the inscription one year after a simple declaration that
wishes to renounce the profession of sailor or fisher-

General Dubourg, "Ancien Officier de la Marine,"
•clares indeed, in his work on the subject, that the in-
Tiption is so hated, that no man follows the sea who
in by possibility get a living by other means • that the
eafaring population consists only of those who, as the
children of sailors or fishermen, have had no other ,re-
source ; and he attributes the slow growth of French
maritime commerce entirely to this cause. But, what-
ever Mr. Cobden may assert, commerce is not the first
object with the people of France, and the " inscription
maritime" is applauded by all classes (except the seamen
themselves) as the main element of their naval power.
Admiral Grivel, in his evidence, does not hesitate to
term it " slavery," but the commission of a Republican
Assembly elected by universal suffrage nevertheless gives
an unbounded approval of the " institution," terming it

"this precious reserve."
Whatever the character of the system in this respect,
we have only to deal with it as a formidable engine
constantly at the disposal of the French Government,
and especially important to the object the commission
had most at heart, which, as M.-Dufaure, the President,
expresses it, was "to create the means of passing with
the greatest facility and promptitude from a peace to a
war establishment."

To carry out the inscription, the five arrondissements
into which the coasts of France are distributed are sub-
divided into "sous-arrondissements" and " quartiers,"
under the charge of " commissaries" of various grades,
of "syndics," and of "gardes maritimes," Who are con-
stantly employed in maintaining the system in full
vigour and activity ; it is always in operation during
peace, and in readiness to'put forth all its power at once
in case of war. These officers, to the number of upwards
of 600, and their several stations on the coast, may be
read in the French Navy List (Annuaire de la Marine).
The men demanded from the commissaries are speedily
collected and sent to the port, the centre of the ar-
rondissement, at each of which is a depot on shore for a
division of "equipages de ligne," under a captaine de
vaisseau." The moment the men arrive they are formed
into " compagnies de ligne," in combination with the
other principal elements required to form a crew. Each
" compagnio" is under a "lieutenant de vaisseau," and
consists of 104 men. They are kept constantly under
training, and when a ship is to be manned they are
marched on board under the lieutenant, who continues
to be specially attached to his "compagnie" after em-
barkation. A line-of-battle ship takes five or six " com-
pagnies," a first-class frigate three and a half. The cap-
tain is appointed by the Minister of War, and about a
fourth part of the complement, consisting of additional
officers, artificers, engineers, and boys are provided
from other sources. The main body of the crew thus
joins with the foundations of order, training, and dis-
cipline already established, and a rapid progress to com-
iilete efficiency is rendered easy.
The report states the whole maritime population to
amount to 139,310 ; 14,051 are artificers, only liable to
be levied for service in the dockyards ; 3,744 are " capi-
taines au long cours," who, if levied, become " enseignes
auxiliaires ;" 1,217 coast pilots are virtually exempt ;
6,492 " maitres au sabotage" aro seldom called out in
time of peace. The boys and " novices" are placed at
the high figure of 42,301, and are put aside as unfit for
service in the fleet, though a large number would be
fully qualified for second and third class seamen. The
object is, however, to man the fleet at the commence-
ment of a war with picked and trained men.
With this important object the " levee permanente"
was established in 1835, which, setting aside
" The men who were weak and those who were too old
or too young, extended only to seamen officers of the grade
of second masters under 45 years of age, and to quarter-
masters and seamen between 20 and 40. Now, the lists of
the levee permanente' showed, on the Ist of January,
1850, an effective force of 51,641 seamen; of 1,400 first
and second masters ; and 3,372 mitres au sabotage.'
Total, 56,760. According to the opinion of the most expe-
rienced officers, the maritime population fit for war service
must be reduced to this number."
The "levee permanente" exists by virtue of a simple
circular of April 9, 1835, setting aside by a stroke of the
pen the regulations of the law of 3d Brumaire, which
enacted that the seamen should be called out in classes
when required, in order to lighten in some degree the
oppressive character of the system.
From the lists thus formed the men chosen for service
are those " who have not already served the State."
" If this first class does not satisfy all the requirements,
whether as regards numbers or as regards grades and quali-
fications, the levee then takes as the second class the sea-
men and seamen officers who have less than four years' ser-
vice • and in extraordinary cases it can take all the remain-
der Of the maritime population. Some commandants have
complained that the levee permanente' mans the fleet
with men inexperienced and weak, on account of their
youth. This is true ; but this inconvenience is compen-
sated for by the immense advantage of making all the
sailors pass through the fleet at an age when they learn
readily and accustom themselves without difficulty to the
yoke of discipline. The ships of war are thus a most valu-
able school for the young sailors, who, grown strong by the
good food on board, and trained to the management of
arms and to all the manoeuvres, are an excellent reserve for
the fleet, and render the best services to commerce."
From the 56,760 men on the "levee permanente" still
further deductions are made, in order to arrive at the
very pith and marrow of the seafaring population :
" A note, emanating from the Ministry of Marine, dated
Nov. 20, 1850, goes yet further, taking the mon who have
not yet served the State, and whose education is in this
respect incomplete, together with those who since they
were paid off may have become unfit for the service, and
the number of useful men from the 'inscription maritime'
is reduced t 0.51,641."
And after taking into consideration the various cir-
cumstances that may occur at the commencement of a
war, the report arrives at the following conclusion :
"We think that, taking all eventualities into account,
we
may depend
20,000 borrowed upon O
partlyse ,aenfro eminentlytho nfistf r forp t owar,
and
and partly from recrutement,' capable of rendering effec-
tive service, ifjudieiously amalgamated with tho former. We
might, undoubtedly go beyond this limit, but our ships
would lose in efficiency what they would gain in numbers.
This would be to fall into the errors which led to the ruin of
as
aonnd ltahnadt,
av inc tboeryfirbsetl
bonrogusgtoutihnetofotrhcoe
field.our fleets undor the Empire, and which has cruelly taught
us that at sea,
ils'hbiesstdOorgsannoistedim' ply that we are to count for nothing the
novices with little experience and the seamen above age
who aro not comprised in the 00,000 men of whom you
have the certain disposal ; but they ought to bo reserved
for services on shore, for the transports, and for coast de-
fence. This personnel would be more than sufficient 'to
equip our entire fleet, composed of the force of 328 ships,
established by the ordinance of November 22, 1846. 111
fact, according to the notes we cite (from the Ministry
of
Marine), itswould require to man all these ships 59,921
petty officers and seamen, of- whom the, third
part
should
be furnished by 'recrutement,' according to the proportion
always admitted."
By the tables'at p. 318, vol. 1, -we see that the petty
officers, seamen, and "hommes de recrutement" form
three-fourths of the numbers of which the French fleet is
composed in time of peace ; the same proportions ap-
plied to the 60,000 men of these classeS they could com-
mand in the event of war, will give a fleet of 80,000.
According to the proportion of these classes in our fleet,
60,000 petty officers, seamen, and landsmen would be
sufficient for a fleet of nearly 120,000 men.
Wo learn by the answer of Admiral At.) Mackau that
the number of men he calculated to be necessary to man
the whole fleet, as established by the or-ilinance of No-
vember, 1846, when he was Minister of Marine,
was 95,481. 40,000 picked and trained, seamen out of
this number would be a larger proportion than any
English fleet during the war ever possessed. The "hom-
mes de recrutement " are landsmen, supplied to the fleet
from the land conscription, on the requisition of the
Minister of Marine. After seven years service in the
army, these men would be exempt from further service ;
but a law is in existence by which every man who has ever
served in the navy can be coin pelled to join it again, in case
of emergency, and the same law would apply to the seamen
who have renounced seafaring pursuits. By this means
some thousand additional trained men might be obtained
by no greater stretch of arbitrary power. than thated
which, "by a simple circular," set aside thei oienviL
pro-
tection the law afforded to seamen—viz.,
classes.
One source remains to be mentioned--the " Infanterie
de la Marine," 12,500 strong. This corps, during peace,
provides garrisons for the colonies ana. A
dguaisds7,s
foroo
areth the
arsenals, but it is subject to serve afloat.
in the colonies, only 5,000 would beat once available for
sea service. The commission recommended that this
corps should be abolished, and it is therefore not com-
prised in its calculations ; but the most eminent naval