The Sun.
London, England, 1862-10-20 00:00:00

bidding of the POPE. From the princes of that house
leading on the friends of religion and liberty, the
POPE is by a most righteous retribution receiving
part of the wages of his long unrequited iniquity.
Let us hope that he will shortly be compelled
to drain the cup to the very dregs—that he will
be driven from his temporal sovereignty, and will
be compelled to look on, without power to arrest
the diffusion of knowledge, of liberty, and of reli-
gion through every part of that renowned penin-
sula." GAVAZZI, himself, like the Chairman, seemed
to think the events in Italy too wonderful for human
agency alone ; but he did not spare the man who
wishes to make himself the Providence of Italy.
" There was a kind of mock Jupiter on a neighbour-
ing throne who wished to divide Italy into three
parts—into a northern, a central, and a southern
kingdom, with VICTOR EMMANUEL as king of the
northern portion, and two imperial cousins of the
mock Jupiter at the head of the other divisions. But
they would only have one king in ItaIy—VICTOR
EMMANUEL. Priests, and Popes, and Despots—
all were over in Italy. They would not go too
far, but stay in the medium, believing that ultra.
friends were a little too much for Italy. A retro-
grade movement was an impossibility, but a repub-
lican movement was also an impossibility. The
Moderates were Constitutionalists, and therefore
they would have a constitutional monarchy for the
future. They respected the Republicans in Italy,
but as they were only a fraction and a minority,
they would not prevail against a constitutional mo-
narchy." The present KING'S success he attributed
to his reversal of the policy of his ancestors. " The
House of Savoy always coveted the Crown of Italy,
but the bigoted and jesuitical Princes of that house
expected to receive it from the hands of the POPE,
through the 'divine right' of Princes. The moment
VICTOR EMMANUEL trusted himself into the hands
of the people, and turned his back to the POPE, he
received the Crown of Italy from the hands of the
people, through the divine right of Italians." GA-
VAZZI maintains that GARIBALDI is still the man
needed by his country. "In order to complete Italy
a man was wanted, not a politician, but an honest,
simple-minded, simple-hearted, simple-natured, au-
stere, severe, virtuous, sober, upright, honest,
patriotic, brave man. And GOD had given such a
man to Italy in General Jos Eru GARIBALDI, who
would be preserved to Italy for still greater pur-
poses. As GOD shielded him from death so often in
the field of battle, so GOD would spare his life in the
present difficUlty, for as he was really the author of
Italian independence and liberty, he would be, un-
der the blessing of GOD, the finisher of Italian in-
dependence and liberty."
The lecturer maintained that Italy still trusted
the "plucky soldier" GARIBALDI more than the
"strategical generals" and the diplomatists. " He
was the man to lead VICTOR EMMANUEL to Rome."
That he was the man to do so might be argued from
the troubles of Pius IX. A few weeks ago, when
GARIBALDI was almost 900 miles distant from
Rome, the POPE felt rather uneasy—rather un-
steady in his Pontifical chair. And why was he so
apprehensive ? The POPE smelt a rat,' although,
under the circumstances, his Holiness might him-
' self be reckoned the rat." Lucky for GAVAZZI
that he was in Glasgow, not in Hyde-park or in
Birkenhead while talking in this style. Loudly and
energetically he asserted the claims of Italians to
their metropolis ; they must have it. " But he
hoped they would not require to fight against
France, trusting that she would recover her lost
senses. As Italians had no business in Paris, so
Frenchmen had no business in Rome ; and as
Frenchmen would say to Italians in Paris, Go back
to your Italy, please,' so Italians would say to
Frenchmen in Rome, Go home to y our France ;
Rome is our natural right.' The French army in
Rome was an insult to the Italian army, to the
Italian feeling, and to the Italian King, VICTOR
EMMANUEL. Was the Pope an unprotected
female' that he needed protection ? and if he were
as mild, and amiable, and large-hearted and all the
rest of it as he was represented, why did he need
protection at all any more than the Queen VICTO-
RIA ? Although the Porn were to lose his temporal
power to-morrow he would not need protection,
because nobody in Italy would insult him. Italians
were not intolerant like Papists in England, but
were ao liberal as to respect the opinions of every

one."

It is an honour to our country that such racy lec-
tures, breathing nothing but ardent love of orderly
liberty, and detestation of civil and ecclesiastical
despotism, can be delivered in England with the
cordial ,goodwill of governors, and we can assure
the priests and their hired ruffians that they will
not be permitted to deprive us of our rights, and
Italy of the encouragement we desire to give her.

The Atlantic Cable, though long since abandoned

to its fate at the bottom of the ocean, is still remem-
bered as a brilliant and wonderful success. And bear-
ing in mind how many failures there were before the
steam engine, for example, became, first of all, per-
fected into a stationary engine, and afterwards into
a locomotive, it cannot be doubted by any rational
observer of the advance made in science, that it is
simply a question of time, as to when the first soli-
tary attempt at laying down an electric cable under

the Atlantic shall be repeated—so repeated, that is to
the end that it may not be recognised as temporarily,
but as permanently and securely successful. Other
submarine cables of lesser length and smaller value
have been submerged long since effectually and
practically as channels of instant communication
between and island, between kingdom and
kingdom,isnd
betweenla continent and continent. England
and Ireland, England and France, France and
Algeria, and, by consequence, in this last instance,
Europe and Africa have been brought into momen-
tary intercourse. That great enterprise, now in
process of development, which is to bring ourselves
and our remote Asiatic possessions into direct com-
munication, is another attestation, though as yet
it is true an incomplete one,of the capabilities already
attained by the blending of the energies of our
nautical men and of our men of science, with a view
to the successful submergence of electric cables
along the bed of ocean channels, of great seas like
the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, and of broad
tracts of water like that of the vast Indian Ocean
neighbouring the mighty Pacific. What has been
done upon a considerable scale elsewhere, and been
repeatedly and what is more successfully done—
may be readily done, of course, with a little more
foretHought, a little more expense, and a little more
ingenuity in the laying down, let us say, of the
submarine cable trailed along the bed of tha Atlan-
tic ! Thus connecting Europe and America, Ireland
with Newfoundland, the eastern with the western
hemispheres. Naturally, after the first sudden and
early failure—there has been a lengthened delay in
reviving the project at all. So much capital had
been sunk irreparably among what SIIAKS:get expressive of inaccessihle riches—
"among PERE calls, with such
sunken wreck
nd sunless
the 00z
amongst the accumulation of the
pomp or ages, lies (altogether
reclamation) the a grand affluence of
veruia
aeand bottom of th
beyond th treasuryshipwrecked.
n eep
2,022 miles of that costly h of
y cable--
used only for a few days, for a few
lost irrepArAbly, Capitaliatoiebitn t e d,, 'mid
r ceaaThlee r There
hours, and then
a not nnuatu-

rally to jeopardise another similar treasure, at ano-
ther " fell swoop" as abrupt and as irreparable. It
is only, however, a question of time—when
the new Atlantic cable will be paid out and
laid down along that oceanic route extending
between Valentia Harbour, Ireland, and Trinity
Bay, Newfoundland. When that next project shall
be entered upon in earnest, as it must and will
be entered upon eventually, precautions will, as a
matter of course, be taken in every conceivable
way to facilitate the safe and ready paying out of
the new cable then about to be submerged. And with
a view to secure this desirable increase in the way
of security and of facility in paying out the cable
' an intelligent officer in her MAJESTY'S Royal Navy
has hit upon a plan which gives fair promise
when tried of proving admirably efficacious.
Whether it be a reasonable suggestion or not, the
expedient propounded by this officer, Captain T.
H. SELWYN, R.N., is at any rate undoubtedly
worthy of a calm and searching and dispassionate
investigation, to the end that competent judges may
decide as to its value or as to its worthlessness.

Captain SELWYN suggests that instead of paying
out the new submarine cable from cylinders work•
ing on board whatever vessel is chosen to carry out
the expedition—the cable should be laid along the
bed of the ocean from a cylinder, or rather, as we
understand him, from two cylinders floating
themselves upon the bosom of the Atlantic, and gra-
dually towed across the ocean at the stern of the ship
appointed to carry out the expedition. In case of
any interruption of the process of paying out in
mid-course, by reason, we will suppose, of the sud-
den rising of tempestuous weather, precautionary
arrangements are made in this plan of Captain
SELWYN'S for tiding through storms, with safety at
once to the ship towing the cylinder, and to the
half-submerged cable attached to the cylinder. A
precautionary arrangement consisting simply of a
contrivance for casting off or abandoning the
cylinder temporarily ! Captain SELWYN, more-
over, calculates that the simple cost of his plan's
adoption would be about £6,000 altogether. The
length of the cable is estimated at 3,000 miles—
consequently the cost of this contrivance for paying
it out with greater facility and eecurity would be
no more than a cost of £2 additional a mile. A
trivial item in itself,merely—when it is born e in mind
what is the intrinsic value of these submerged cables,
a value so great that this addition of two pounds
sterling a mile to the original outlay becomes abso-
lutely insignificant. " But,'' adds Captain SELWYN
himself upon this very point, namely as to the ques-
tion of outlay, "the present light cables may be
carried at considerably less expense, if, indeed, one
or two thousand pounds be considered an object in
carrying a cable, whose cost must be reckoned by
hundreds of thousands, and in which a difference of
6d. per lb. in the expense of manufacturing the
gutta percha would more than cover the whole of
the cost of laying by these means, that difference
(as 400 lb. of gutta-percha are used in each
mile, of 3,000 miles) being equal to £30,000."
Weighed in air—the cable weighs about a ton'a
mile. Weighed in sea - water, its weight is
diminished to about 14 cwt. The diameter, it may
be remembered, is iths of an inch. Its cost is £lOO
per mile. The exact distanse between Trinity Bay
and Valentia Harbour is, in nautical miles, 1650.
The distance actually laid is 2,022 miles. The
length of cable calculated to be requisite is 3,000
miles. Recapitulating his own calculations, he
says :

" It has been stated that the size of cylinder for such a
cable as the late Atlantic would be 60 long x 50 diam., that
its weight was about 300 tons, and the total cost about
£6,000. We will now proceed to give the details of these
calculations of weight and cost of cylinder for carrying a
submarine telegraphic cable, such as the old Atlantic :
Weight in air per mile, 1 ton ; weight in water, 14 cwt. ;
diameter, inch; length, 3,000 miles. This can be carried
thus. Two cylinders are to be built of ;-in iron, each 60
feet long by 50 feet diameter, with double ends 2 feet apart,
and paddle-wheels attached, the ends to have a diameter of
56 feet, and the whole to be surrounded by a frame, in
which the axles revolve."

The length of the cylinder, he realises readily
enough to landsmen and seamen, alike, by saying
it would be about the length of one of our eoal
barges in the river Thames, or about the distance
between two of our ordinary street lamps. As to
any objections that might be raised against this
scheme of his proposed cylinder, those Captain
SELWYN at once sets aside by arguing that the
velocity of a ship varies as the cubic root
of the power. Or, says he—" To put it in
plainer language, if 800 horse-power propel a ship
10 knots, then two ships of equal size will be pro-
pelled by the same power acting in one of them, not
5 knots, but 8 nearly." The pamphleteer illustrates
this by a note, which tells us :—" Capt. ERICCSON'S
small screw vessel, of 45 feet length, 8 feet beam, and
drawing 2 feet 3 inches of water, towed the Ameri-
can ship Toronto, of 630 tons burthen, on the
Thames, 25th May, 1837, at the rate of 41 knots
per hour against tide." Certainly a case in point—
bearing in mind the moderate amount of the ton-
nage of one of these cylinders. Without dilating
further upon the plan thus suggested by the gal-
lant officer whose name we have here mentioned,
we will content ourselves now with very earnestly
commending his proposition as put forth in a little
pamph'.et* that may be read almost in ten minutes,
regarding this suggestion of Captain SELWYN'S, as
we do, as at the very least entitled to serious and
careful examination.

*Explanation of the Floating Cylinders for laying Tele-
graphic Submarine Cables. By Captain J. H. Selwyn,
R.N. Bvo. pp. 18, T. Piper, London, 1862.

If the police of England be strong enough to put
down club law in this country, the opinion of libe-
ral Europe, with England for its centre, is not
strong enough to put it down in Rome. French
bayonets undertake there the office of shillelaghs
here, and though they may be but as small a mino-
rity in Italy, as Irish clubmen in England, yet as
they represent sixty legions more on the other side
of the Aips, Italy can deal with them only as the
advanced guard of an overwhelming army. When
we have said this, commonplace and obvious as the
fact is, we have stated the whole of the Italian li
question. Turn it how we will it amounts to this,
that internationally the law of the Emperor of
ideendticraioltwerist_h
rioters—that
the
ethEektllPEyadoe-Rpairak,
and FRANCE
Bi is
Birkenhead
however, immeasurably stronger than the Papal
bludgeon-men—therefore while the POPE'S Irish
lambs in this country will not b 3 allowed to re-
press the cry Of—GARIBALDI, and Rome for the
Romans, his French lambs in Rome itself are able
to crush the Romans under the hoof of the papacy.
No one can now doubt that the EMPEROR has,
not for the first time, deceived all who put any faith
in his character. As we never did so, we cannot
say we are deceived. As RATTAZZI and the Italians,
and perhaps Lord RUSSELL did, they are taken in.
For ourselves we never saw more in the EMPEROR'S
eared to have somewhat of an
pr ofessions which app
honester tinge than the wish of vice to wear as
long as possible the mask of virtue ; while we could
not doubt that when the edges of the mask
loosened and showed too plainly it would
be flung away without scruple. Thus it has
been at Villafranca, in Nice and Savoy, at Gaeta,
and now at Rome. To keep Italy divided and
weak, to give to Franco the power in 4aly WhiCh