The Sun.
London, England, 1862-01-29 00:00:00

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FURTHER OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE.
(From the London Gazette of last Evening.)
FOREIGN-OFFICE, JAN. 28.
Copies of correspondence with her Majesty's Minister in
the United States :
EARL RUSSELL TO LORD LYONS.
fice, January 23, 1862.
Foreign-of
My Lord,--I mentioned, in my deal* tch of the 10th
instant, that her Majesty's Government differed from Mr.
Seward in some of the conclusions at which he had arrived ;
and that I should state to you on a future occasion wherein
these differences consisted. I now proceed to do so.
It is necessary to observe that I propose to discuss the
questions involved in this correspondence solely on the
principles of international law. Mr. Seward himself, speak-
ing of the capture of the four gentlemen taken from on
board the Trent, says :—" The question before us is whe-
ther this proceeding was authorised by and conducted ac-
cording to the law of nations. This is, in fact, the nature
of the question which has been, but happily is no longer at
issue, It concerned the respective rights of belligerents and
of neutrals. We must, therefore, discard entirely from our
minds the allegation that the captured persons were rebels,
and we must consider them only as enemies of the United
States at war with its Government, for that is the ground
on which Mr. Seward ultimately places the discussion. It
is the only ground upon which foreign Governments can
treat it.
The first inquiry that arises, therefore, is,'as Mr. Seward
states it, " Were the persons named, and their supposed
despatches contraband of war ?"
Upon this question her Majesty's Government differ en-
tirely from Mr. Seward.
The general right and duty of a neutral Power to main-
tain its communications and friendly relations with both
belligerents cannot be disputed, "A neutral nation," says
Vattel,* "continues, with the two parties at war, in the
several relations nature has placed between nations. It is
ready to perform towards both of them all the duties of
humanity, reciprocally due from nation to nation." In the
performance of these duties, on both sides, the neutral nation
has itself a most direct and material interest; especially
when it has numerous citizens resident in the territories of
both belligerents; and when its citizens, resident both
there and at home, have property of great value in the ter-
ritories of the belligerents, which may be exposed to danger
from acts of confiscation and violence if the protection of
their own Government should be withheld. This is the
case with respect to British subjects during the present civil
war in North America.
Acting upon these principles, Sir William Scott, in the
case of the Caroline,t during the war between Great Britain
and France, decided that the carrying of despatches from
the French Ambassador resident in the United States to
the Government of France by an United States' merchant-
ship was no violation of the neutrality of the United States
in the war between Great Britain and France, and that
such despatches could not be treated as contraband of war.
"The neutral country," he said, "has a right to preserve
its relations with the enemy, and you are not at liberty to
conclude that any communication between them can par-
take, in any degree, of the nature of hostility against you.
The enemy may have its hostile projects to be attempted
with the neutral State, but your reliance is on the integrity
of that neutral State, that it will not favour nor participate
in such designs, but, as far as its own councils and actions
are concerned, will oppose them. And if there should be
private reasons to suppose that this confidence in the good
faith of the neutral State has a doubtful foundation, that is
matter for the caution of the Government, to be counterac-
Led by just measures of preventive policy ; but it is no
ground on which this Court can pronounce that the neutral
carrier has violated his duty by bearing despatches, which,
as far as he can know, may be presumed to be of an inno-
cent
nature, and in the maintenance of a pacific con-
nection." And ho continues, shortly afterwards :
"It is to be considered also, with regard to this
question, what may be due to the convenience of the neutral
State; for its interest may require that the intercourse of
correspondence with the enemy's country should not be
altogether interdicted. It might be thought to amount
almost to a declaration that an Ambassador from the enemy
shall not reside in the neutral State if he is declared to be
debarred from the only means of communicating with his
own. For to what useful purpose can he reside there with-
out the opportunities of such a communication P It is too
much to say that all the business of the two States shall ho
transacted by the Minist ,r of the neutral State resident in
the enemy's country. The practice of nations has allowed
to neutral States the privilege of receiving Ministers from
the belligerent States, and the use and convenience of an
immediate negotiation with them."
That these principles must necessarily extend to every
Mud of diplomatic communication between Government and
Government, wheth7A-j; sending or receiving Anibaseadgra
or Commissioners personally, or by sending or receiving
despatches from or to such Ambassadors or Commissioners,
or from or to the respective Governments, is too plain to
need argument; and it seems no less clear that such
communications must be as legitimate and innocent in
their first commencement as afterwards, and that
the rule cannot be restricted to the case in which diplo-
matic relations are already formally established by the resi-
dence of an accredited Minister of the belligerent Power in
the neutral country. It is the neutrality of the ono party
to the communications, and not either the mode of the
communication or the time when itat
first takes placehi
, which
furnishes the test of the true application of the principle.
The only distinction arising out of the peculiar in-
stances of a civil war and of the non-recognition of the
dependence of the de facto government of one of the belli-
gerents, either by the other belligerent or by the neutral
Power, is this—that " for the purpose of avoiding the diffi-
culties which might arise from a formal and positive solu-
tion of these questions, diplomatic agents are frequently
substituted, who are clothed with the powers and enjoy the
immunities of Ministers, though they are not invested with
the representative character, nor entitled to diplomatic
honours.t Upon this footing Messrs. Mason and Slidell,
who aro expressly stated by Mr. Seward to have been sent
as pretended Ministers Plenipotentiary from the Southern
States to the Courts of St. James and of Faris, must have
been sent, and would have been, if at all, received; and the
reception of these gentlemen upon this footing could
not have been justly regarded, according to the law
of nations, as a hostile or unfriendly act towards the
United States. Nor, indeed, is it clear that these
gentlemen would have been clothed with any powers, or
have enjoyed any immunities beyond those accorded to
diplomatic agents not officially recognised.
It appears to her Majesty's Government to be a necessary
and certain deduction from these principles, that the con-
veyance of public agents of this character from Havana to
St. Thomas, on their way to Great Britain and France, and
of their credentials or despatches (if any) on board the
Trent, was not and could not be a violation of the duties of
neutrality on the part of that vessel ; and both for that rea-
son, and also because the destination of these persons and
of their despatches was bona fide neutral, it is in the judg-
ment of her Majesty's Government clear and certain that
they were not contraband.
The doctrine of contraband has its whole foundation and
origin in the principle which is nowhere more accurately
explained than in the following passage of Bynkershoek.
After stating in general terms the duty of impartial neutra-
lity, he adds :—" Et sane id, quod modo dicebam, non tan-
turn ratio docet, sed et usus, inter camps fore gentes recep-
tus. Quamvis enim libera sint cum amicorum nostrorum
hostibus commorcia, usu tamon placuit, no alterutrum his
rebus juvomus, quibus bellum contra amicos nostroa in -
struatur et foveatur. Non lied ig;tur alterutri advehero ea,
quibus in hello gerendo opus habet ; ut aunt torments,
arena, et quorum prwcipuus in bello usus, mulles. Optimo
jure interdict= est, no quid eorum hostibus subministre •
taus ; quia his rebus nos ipsi quodammodo videremur
amicis nostris helium facere."
The principle of contraband of war is hero clearly ex-
plained ; and it is impossible that men, or despatches,
which do not come within that principle, can in this sense '
be contraband. The penalty of knowingly carrying con-
traband of war is, as Mr. Seward states, nothing less than
the confiscation of the ship; but it is impossible that this
penalty can be incurred when the neutral has done no more
than employ means usual among nations for maintaining
his own proper relations with ono of the belligerents. It is
of the very essence of the definition of contraband that the
articles should have a hostile, and not a neutral, destina-
tion. " Goods," says Lord Stowell,l going to a neutral
port, cannot come under the description of contraband, all
goods going there being equally lawful. The rule respect-
ing contraband," ho adds, "as I have always understood
it, is that articles must be taken in delicto, in the actual
prosecution of the voyage to an enemy's port." On what
just principle can it be contended that a hostile destination
is less necessary, or a neutral destination more noxious, for
constituting a contraband character in the case of public
agents or despatches, than in the case of arms and ammu-
nition ?
Mr. Seward seeks to support his conclusion on this point
by a reference to the well-known dictum of Sir Wm. Scott
in the case of the Caroline, that " you may stop the Ambas-
sador of your enemy on his passage ;"¶ and to another dic-
tum of the same judge, in the case of the Orozembo, that
civil functionaries, " if sent for a purpose intimately con-
nected with the hostile operations,"** may fall under the
same rule with persons whose employment is directly mili-

tary.
These quotations are, as it seems to her Majesty's Go-

* Vattel, book iii, cap. 7, s, 118.
S- The Caroline (Chr. Rob,,. 461) ; cited and approved by
Wheaton ("Elements," part iv, cap. 3, sec. 22.)
+ Wheaton : "Elements," part iii., chap. 1, sec. 5
Bynkershoek : " Quwst. Jur. Publ.,' lib. 1, cap. 9.
The Imina, 3 Chr. Rob., 167.
11 The Caroline ;16 Chr. Rob., 468.
** The QrOZOlOO 6 Gig, 13,*) 434'

vemment, irrelevant. The words of Sir W. Scott are, in
both cases, applied by Mr. Seward in a sense different from
that in which they wore used. Sir W. Scott does not say
that an Ambassador, sent from a belligerent to a neutral
State, may be stopped as contraband while on his passage
on board a neutral vessel belonging to that or any other
neutral State ; nor that, if he be not contraband, the other
belligerent would have any right to stop him on such a voy-
age. The sole object which Sir Wm. Scott had in view was
to explain the extent and limits of the doctrine of the in-
violability of Ambassadors, in virtue, of that character ; for
he says :
" The limits that are assigned to the operations of war
against them, by Vattel and other writers upon these sub-
jects, are, that you may exercise your right of war against
them wherever the character of hostility exists. You may
stop the Ambassador of your enemy on his passage, but
when he has arrived, and has taken upon him the func-
tions of his cffice, and has been admitted in his representa-
tive character, he becomes a sort of middle-man, entitled to
peculiar privileges, as set apart for the protection of the
relations of amity and peace, iu maintaining which all
nations are in some degree interested."
There is certainly nothing in this passage from which an
inference can be drawn so totally opposed to the general
general tenor of the whole judgment, as that an Ambassa-
dor proceeding to the country to which he is sent, and on
board a neutral vessel belonging to that country, can be
stopped on the ground that the conveyance of such an
Ambassador is a breach of neutrality, which it must be if
he be contraband of war. Sir W. Scott is here expressing
not his own opinion merely, but the doctrine which he con-
siders to have been laid down by writers of authority upon
the subject. No writer of authority has ever suggested that
an Ambassador proceeding to a neutral State on board one
of its merchant ships is contraband of war. The only writer
named by Sir William- Scaria r
these : " On pout encore attaquer et arreter see gens" (i.e.,
do l'ennemi) " 'putout di on a la liberte d'exercer des
vititaee-whoi,
gens
actes d'hostilite. Non seuloment done on peut justement
refuser le passage aux Ministres qu'un ennemi envoys a
d'autrea Souverains ; on les errete meme, s'ils entrepren-
nent de passer secrUement et sans permission dans les lieux
dont on eat maitre."
And he adds as an example the seizure of a French Am-
bassador, passing
through the dominions of Hanover
during
war wgland and France, by the King of
England, who was also Sovereign of Hanover.
The rule, therefore, to be collected from these authorities
is, that you may stop an enemy's Ambassador in any place of
which you are yourself the master, or in any other place
where you have a right to exercise acts of hostility. Your
own territory, or ships of your own country, are places of
which you are yourself the master. The enemy's territory
or the enemy's ships are places in which you have a right
to exercise acts of hostility. Neutral vessels, guilty of no
violation of thelaws of neutrality, are places where you have
no right to exercise acts of hostility.
It would be an inversion of the doctrine that Ambassa-
dors have peniler privileges to argue that they are less
protected that other men. The right conclusion is that an
Ambassador sent to a neutral Power is inviolable on the
high seas, as well as in neutral waters, while under the
protection of the neutral flag.
The other dictum les ir 'William Scott, in the case of the
Orozembo, is even pertinent to the present question.
That related to the case of a neutral ship which, upon the
effect of the evidence given on the trial, was held by the
Court to have been engaged as an enemy's transport, to
convey the enemy's military officers, and some of his civil
officers whose duties were intimately connected with mili-
tary operations, from who enemy's country to one of the
enemy's colonies', which was about to be the theatre of those
operations, the whole being done under colour of a simu-
lated neutral destination. But as long as a neutral Govern-
ment, within whose territories no military operations are
carried on, adheres to its profession of neutrality, the duties
of civil officers on a mission to that Government and within
its territory cannot possibly be " connected with" any
"militaryre used operations" in the sense in which these words
passages already cited from his own wbPyera Sirtiilliam Scott, as, indeed, is rendered
mil;
judg-
mentquite icnleathreby casehet
of the Caroline.
In connection with this part of the subject it is necessary
to notice a remarkable passage in Mr. Seward's note, in
which he says, " I assume, in the present case, what, as I
read British authorities, is regarded by Great Britain her-
self as true maritime law, that the circumstance that the Trent
was proceeding from a neutral port to another neutral port
does not modify the right of the belligerent capture." If
indeed the immediate and ostensible voyage of the Trent
had '..een to a neutral port, but her ultimate and real desti-
nation to some port of the enemy, her Majesty's Govern-
ment mid; ht have been better able to understand the refe-
rence to Bri..ish atuthorities contained in this passage. It
is ukdoubtegy the law as laid down by British authorities,
tn,, destination' ottirceves4el be-hostile (that,is,
to No enemy or the enemy's country); it eaanot be covered
and rendered innocent by a fictitious destination to a neu-
tral port. But if the real terminus of the voyage be bona
fide in a neutral territory, no English, nor, indeed, as her
Majesty's Government believe, any American authority
can be found which has ever given countenance to the doc-
trine that either men or despatches can be subject during
such a voyage, and on board such a neutral vessel, to bel-
ligerent capture as contraband of war. Her Majesty's Go-
vernment regard such a doctrine as wholly irrecontileable
with the true principles of maritime law ; and certainly
with those principles as they have been understood in the
Courts of this country.
It is to be further observed that packets engaged in the
postal service, and keeping up the regular and periodical
communications between the different countries of Europe
and America, and other parts of the world, though in the
absence of treaty stipulations they may not be exempted
from visit and search in time of war, nor from the penalties
of any violation of neutrality, if proved to have been know-
ingly committed, are still, when sailing in the ordinary and
innocent course of their legitimate employment, which con-
sists in the conveyance of mails and passengers, entitled to
peculiar favour and protection from all Governments in
whose service they are engaged. To detain, disturb, or
interfere with them, without the very gravest cause, would
be an act of a most noxious and injurious character, not
only to a vast number and variety of individual and pri-
vate interests, but to the public interests a neutral and
friendly Governments.
It has been necessary to dwell upon these points in some
detail, because they involve principles of the highest im-
portance, and because if Mr. Seward's argument were
acted upon as sound, the most injurious consequences
might follow.
For instance, in the present war, according to Mr.
Seward's doctrine, any packet ship carrying a Confederate
agent from Dover to Calais, or from Calais to Dover, might
be captured and carried to New York. In case of a war
between Austria and Italy, the conveyance of an Italian
Minister or agent might cause the capture of a neutral
packet plying between Malta and
.Marseilles, or between
Malta and Gibraltar, the condemnation of the ship at Trieste,
and the confinement of the Minister or agent in an Austrian
prison. So in the late war between Great Britain and
France on the one hand, and Russia on the other, a Russian
Minister going from Hamburg to Washington, in an Ame-
rican ship, might have been brought to Portsmouth, the
ship might have been condemned, and the Minister sent to
the Tower of London. So also a Confederate vessel of war
might capture a Cunard steamer on its way from Halifax
to Liverpool, on the ground of its carrying despatches from
Mr. Seward to Mr. Adams.
In view, therefore, of the erroneous principles asserted
by Mr. Seward, and the consequences they involve, her
Majesty's Government think it necessary to declare that
they would not acquiesce in the capture of any British
merchant ship in circumstances similar to those of the
Trent, and that the fact of its being brought before a Prize
Court, though it would alter the character, would not dimi-
nish the gravity, of the offence against the law of nations
which would thereby be committed.
Having disposed of the question whether the persons
named and their supposed despatches were contraband of
war, I am relieved from the necessity of discussing the
other questions raised by Mr. Seward, namely, whether
Capt. Wilkes had lawfully a right to stop and search the
assuming that he possessed it, was ex--
Trent for these persons and their supposed despatches ;
a lawful and proper manner ; and
whethereVirhe ieStehaer bthyheahht iramidghaitn:ight to capture the persons found on
board.
The fifth question put by Mr. Seward, namely, whether
Captain Wilkes exorcised the alleged right of capture in the
manner allowed and recognised by the law of nations, is re-
solved by Mr. Seward himself in the negative.
I cannot conclude, however, without noticing one very
singular passage in Mr. Seward's despatch.
Mr. Seward asserts that " if the safety of this Union re-
quired the detention of the captured persons it would be
dutythe
proceedsi h of
t
to
say
this Government to detain them."
lle th at the waning proportions of the r g
in-
surrection, and the comparative unimportance of the cap-
tured persons themselves, forbid him resorting to that de-
fence. Mr. Seward does not here assert any right founded on
international law, however inconvenient or irritating to neu-
tral nations ; he entirely loses sight of the vast difference
which exists between the exercise of an extreme right and the
commission of an unquestionable wrong. His frankness
compels me to be equally open, and to inform him that
Great Britain could not have submitted to the perpetration
of that wrong, however flourishing might have been the
insurrection in the South, and however important the per-
sons captured might have been.
Happily all danger of hostile collision on this subject has
been avoided. It is the earnest hope of her Majesty's Go-
vernment that similar dangers, if they should arise, may be

* Wel, lib, iv., asp. 7, owl 85,

averted by peaceful negotiations conducted in the spirit
which befits the organs of two great nations.
I request you to read this despatch to Mr. Seward, and
give him a copy of it.—l am, &c.,
(Signed)
LORD LYONS TO EARL RUSSELL.
Washington, Jan, 14, 1862.
(Received January 27, 1862.)
My Lord,—Three days ago, in obedience to your lord-
ship's orders, I spoke to Mr. Seward on the subject of the
plan adopted by this Government of obstructing the en-
trance to some of the harbours in the Southern States, by
sinking vessels, laden wish stones, in the channels.
Mr. Seward observes that it was altogether a mistake to
suppose that this plan had been devised with a view to
injure the harbours permanently. It was, he said,
simply a temporary military measure adopted to
aid the blockade. The Government of the United States
had, last spring, with a navy very little prepared for
so extensive an operation, undertaken to blockade upwards
of 3,000 miles of coast. The Secretary of the Navy had
reported that he could stop up the " large holes" by means
of his ships, but that he could not stop up the "small ones.*
It had been found necessary, therefore, to close some of the
numerous small inlets by sinking vessels in the channels.
It would be the duty of the Government of the United
States to remove all these obstructions as soon as the Union
was restored. It was well understood that this was an obli-
gation incumbent onthe Federal Government. At the end of
the war with Great Britain that Government had been called
upon to remove a vessel which had been sunk in the har-
bour of Savannah, and had recognised the obligation, and
removed the vessel accordingly. Moreover, the United
States were now engaged in a civil war with the South.
He was not prepared to say that, as an operation in war, it
was unjustifiable to destroy permanently the harbours of
the enemy, but nothing of the kind had been done on the
present Oeessio2, - Vessels hade,been-sunk 14...theyebels to
prevent the access to their ports of the cruisers of the 'tin ta
States. The same measure had been adopted by the United
States in order to make the blockade complete. When the
war was ended, the removal of all these obstructions would
be a mere matter of expense—there would be no great diffi-
culty in removing them effectually. Besides, as had already
been done in the case of Port Royal, the United States
would open better harbours than those which they closed.N
I asked Mr. Seward whether the principal entrance t)
Charleston harbour had not been recently closed altogether,
by vessels sunk by order of this Government; and I ob.
served to him that the opening of a new port, 30 or 4)
miles off, would hardly console the people of the large
town of Charleston for the destruction of their own hal-

bour.
Mr. Seward said that the best proof he could give tie
that the harbour of Charleston had not been rendered inac-
cessible was, that in spite of the sunken vessels and of the
blockading squadrons, a British steamer laden with con-
traband of war had just succeeded in getting in.—l
have, &c.,

(Signed) LYONS,

THE NAVY.

The Collingwood, 80 guns, late sailing vessel, con
strutted from plans made by Capt. Symons, has
been fitted with a pair of horizontal double-piston
rod engines, and has since been twice tried at the
measured mile off Maplin Sands. The engines are
of 400 nominal horse-power, the diameter of the
cylinder being 632; stroke, 3ft.; and nominal
revolutions 50. On the first trial the vessel
attained an average speed of 10.415 knots per hour,
against a force of wind of 3. On her second trial,
which took place yesterday, she attained, with full
boiler power, an average speed of 10.462 knots ;
force of wind, 6 ; pressure of steam, 20 ; actual
revolutions, 65 ; vacuum 261 ; indicated horse-
power, 1,660; temperature in engine-room, 64 ;
draught of water forward, 17ft. bin. ; aft, 21ft. Sin. ;
and, with half-boiler power, 8.294 knots; revolu-
tions, 52 ; the pitch of the screw being 19ft. 3in.,
and the diameter 17ft. ; the results showing that
the second trial is of a much more satisfactory cha-
racter than the preceding one. There were present
on the part of the Government, Capt. Schomberg,
of the steam reserve at Sheerness ; Mr. W. Price,
inspector of machinery afloat ; and Mr. S. Towns-
end, foreman of engineers in her Majesty's dockyard
at Sheerness. The engines were in chargo of Mr.
T. Scott, the manager of the firm of Messrs. Rennie
and Sons, who has had the superintendence of their
construction. The firm was represented by Mr.
In consequence of the extensive repairs required
to be effected on board the screw steamer Pyladcs,
21, 1,278 tons, 350 horse power, at Chatham, the
fourth dock, in which she lies, is ordered to be
housed over, to protect the ship and the workmen
employed on her. The whole of her copper sheath-
ing, as well as a considerable portion of her plank-
ing, has been removed to enable the officials to in-
stitute a careful examination of the hull. The
result has been to show that many of the timbers
are in an exceedingly rotten condition, and that the
vessel generally is very unsound. She will be put
into a thorough state of repair, which will detain
her in dock for several months.
The screw steam-sloop Rosario, 11, 150 horse
power, having had some farther alterations effected
in her engines and machinery, has been taken on
another trial trip to the Nore, when her engines
were found to work far more satisfactorily,
The hired transport Berkshire yesterday went
down to Woolwich for the purpose of shipping war
stores for Cape Coast Castle. The Persia also ar-
rived at Woolwich yesterday, and commenced ship-
ping Armstrong 100 pounder guns and 600 tons of
shot for Bermuda.
The Ajax and Brunette have hauled off the T
pier at Woolwich to make room for three other
ships expected to-day, and have moored in the river
to fill in 1,000 barrels of powder, in addition to
their cargo of war stores, for Halifax.
The Tortoise and Sindbad, in the dockyard ser-
vice, yesterday arrived at Woolwich, laden with
naval stores from Plymouth.
In consequence of the peculiar species of charge
required for the proof trial of the huge 300 pounder
Armstrong gun, recently received at Woolwich
from Elswick, and which still lies on the wharf, a
considerable delay has been occasioned. The first
trial, however, as a smooth bore will take place at
Woolwich in a few days, at the proof butt, with a
charge of 381 b of powder and a round 10 inch shot,
after which (if successful) the gun will be rifled on
Sir W. Armstrong's principle and undergo a second
proof for service.
Capt. Lambert has retired from the command of
the hired steam transport Adelaide at Plymouth.
Capt. Alan Gardener is spoken of as his successor.
The French gunboat Pelican, Capt. Palmer, from
Dartmouth, arrived at Plymouth on Monday.
From her Majesty's ship Medusa, which left the
British Commander-in-Chief on Jan. 5 for New
York, we learn that the destination of most of the
ships on the West India station will be changed in
consequence of the pacific tone of the news from
Washington. The Mersey, 40, is ordered up to Ber-
muda ; the St. George, 86, carrying his Royal High-
ness Prince Alfred, is to return home immediately
in consequence of the death of the Prince Consort.
The Donegal, 100, is to sail for the Gulf of Mexico,
to fill the place of the St. George. The Conqueror,
100, will follow in the same direction. The Nile,
with the Admiral's flag, was at Bermuda, as well
as the Diadem, 32. The Hero, Aboukir, and Eme-
rald, recently despatched from England, had not
vet arrived at Bermuda ; in fact, her Majesty's ship
Donegal was the only ship of the Channel fleet
which had joined Admiral Milne on Jan. 5.
The remainder of the large 2,1-inch bower cables,
from the factory of Messrs. Brown and Lennox,
manufactured for the iron screw frigate Defence,
Capt. Powell, C. 8., at Chatham, were shipped on
board yesterday. The six cables, each of which is
about 100 fathoms in length, were all subjected to
the most powerful hydraulic pressure at the testing-
house in the dockyard before they were shipped, the
work of testing the cables having been delayed
in consequence of the setting in of the late severe
frost, during which the cables could not be
tried.
Each of the chains bore the required strain without
giving signs of any flaw.
made yestet-
The following appointments wer
day at the Admiralty :—Captain Richard
W James, Vesey
Hamilton, to the Hydra; Lieut. Jo
to the Victory; additional for opeoal service; Dr,

The Sheffield Independent gives the following
description of the voyage of the 16th Regiment to
Canada, in the Persia, written by one of the soldiers
to his wife, who is residing in Sheffield :
1..." MONTREAL, Jan. 1, 1862.—We sailed from
Lirerpool on Sunday, the 15th ult., and had a very
opfletabseawni2;3dv;veret,osyeuacogobeu.wlutt
bipastftosbeeetwartihsthe4l2.serodub,
ibooeebugtscoatenogenla:
wind it a.osrwnriviTilf:
Aiwilltuhe cold that as the sea waslA usfrout'rk6ii
to stern it turned to ice as it fell on the deck, and
we huddled together in every available corner, to
avoid the sea washing us and to prevent ourselves
being frost-bitten. So passed the 24th ; the gale
continued to increase in strength all night, and on
Christmas morning at six o'clock it blew with a
violence that I never witnessed in my time, all ice
and snow. Every rope in the ship was thickly en-
crusted with ice, and we were afraid to move, that
we might not break our limbs, the decks were so
slippy with ice ; so you may imagine our Christmas
Day. The 26th was so intensely cold that it was
with difficulty we could keep our blood in circula-
tion ; and as we crashed through the ice up the St.
Lawrence the men were employed with sticks and
hammers breaking the ice off the ropes, to keep
them in working order. When about 200 miles up
the river, it was found impossible to proceed further
for fear of being frozen in, so we steamed to Cape
Bic, about 500 miles from Montreal. We landed at
head quarters on the evening of the 26th, and on
the 27th we commenced landing by companies, and
landed a large quantity of ammunition and light
baggage, and, as the rock on which these things
were landed is surrounded with water, it took the
whole of the left wing (as hard as you ever saw men
worked) to prevent the whole being covered with
water and frozen. I saw the men give up and
swear they could do no more ; still, through the
exertions of both commissioned and non-commis-
sioned officers, we got them above high water mark.
I worked all the evening—dragging up boxes of
ammunition till I fell under it and could do no
more. AR they were landed they were taken by
carioles to the village of Bic, till night put a stop
to the work, thereby leaving a large quantity on
the ground; and I was preparing to move up to
the village when I heard the adjutant shouting was
there any non-commissioned officer present? I
shouted to him could Ido anything for him ? He
said yes, if I liked ; he rather surprised me when
he told me he wanted a sergeant to volunteer to
keep guard over the ammunition that remained on
the ground. I could not well refuse, so I said I
would. He then asked me to get if possible six
men to form my guard, and I got them, poor Kieby
being one of them ; so there we stopped on the ice
all night, with the thermometer 30 deg, below
zero. -We kept our blood from freezing by tear-
ing down tho branches of the trees and making
a fire, but the wind was so high that it was
with great difficulty we could keep it in. The
captain of the ship was so fearful of getting
frozen in that he made an effort to land a por-
tion of the heavy baggage during the night, and
sent off eight boats from the ship ; but the night
was so intensely dark, and it blowing a gale at the
time, that the poor fellows lost their way ; but
through the mercy of God, they, seeing the glare of
my fire, pushed for that part of the beach, and when
within hail they shouted to us on shore to give
them a light, that they might not be dashed to
pieces against the rocks. I got the men of my guard
to pile on the branches of the pine trees to raise a
good blaze, while I ran down to the water's edge
with a burning log in my hand to direct the poor
fellows, who were shouting for help, when none
could be afforded. At last they drifted into shallow
water and jumped from their boats into the water,
let the boats go, and left 13 sailors and three officers
for us to look after. I took them to my fire, and,
by my guard working hard cutting down the trees
and piling them on the fire, and by interweaving
the branches we formed a kind of a shelter to pre-
vent the poor fellows from being frozen to death,
and we found from their account that one boat was
still missing with nine men on board, and that their
fate was uncertain. Next morning, after that
fearful night's frost, it was pitiable to see six of
the ship's boats—some smashed to pieces and all
frozen in for the winter, arid the baggage on board,
through the spray washing over them, formed one
compact mass, and had to be cut out of the boats
with axes. The missing boat with her nine men
was found six miles down the river, with some of
them badly frozen. We still had one company on
board, and the river was closing so fast that
the captain of the ship would wait no longer, so
leaving 23 men, behind him, and one compan.y of
theßaww niaicdts
with
rgoeumg the
ihrrmd relievede
magistrates
ataefdgonr
onitt
smotbrooaninatrei;d 0,
marchtuho
rutedwer.oesteamed
bbl
iloolelffaetsh: te
seo,
villageatHo nmaa l
myself
li
ef
met by the colonel, who complimented me on my
non-hestitation in complying with his wish to volun-
teer to command the guard on the banks of the
St. Lawrence. That night he himself brought us
to a house that we might have a sleep ; but before
we could get a morsel to eat or a sleep, as he wished,
an order came for Nos. 8 and 9 Companies to pro-
ceed on their journey, and as I had a morsel of salt
pork on a pan, I had to leave it and jump into a
cariole and drive 35 miles that day, and had no bed
but the bare boards of a room that night; up again
at seven o'clock next morning, and away again 30
miles over the mountains of Canada to Riviera du
Loup. Started by train at eight o'clock that even-
ing,theuse anti had
Theto sleep
followingon
yfl, o
sohtrt
aof otubfu
ebrtehfiotvt
iceeoadecrknr paewgaarees.
baowdu never saw,"
aorurrivleidmabts Ablyonttrbeeabiunteeaursley doeupidri.vemd
ma
intersilbarrack,es to vacant
an da
drunkenn
•
collegestuoh
so soldiers,
confusion,ahras t,

SHOCKING ACCIDENT.--A shocking accident oc-
curred at Richmond on Monday to Dr. Burney, of the
Naval and Military College, formerly of Gosport. The
unfortunate gentleman was in the act of adjusting an out-
side bell-wire from a window 50 feet high, when he is sup-
posed to have overblaanced himself and fallen on to the
gravel path underneath. Medical aid was immediately at
hand, but was quite unavailing, and his death took place
in a few hours.
A GRATEFUL EDITOR.—We find the following in
the Observateur de la Corse, under the signature of M.
Fabiani, chief editor of that journal :—" A telegraphic dis-
patch, which arrived from Paris on the 15th, ordered me to
be set at liberty. His Majesty has deigned to remit the re-
mainder of the imprisonment which I had to undergo. My
gratitude to the Emperor is the more lively and sincere
that I had not made any application for pardon, or taken
any steps to obtain it. Being a party in the cause lam
nut at liberty to make known the dealings with which the
Poptdation here have welcomed thie kind act of the Sove-
reign,"

EXTRAORDINARY NENII
On Friday a serious conflagration broke out ha
Plymouth, and resulted in the total destruction of a.
large rope manufactory. The IF estern Daily Mer-
cury narrates the following singular incident :
' = 'ne on the spot in order of time was
that of the County Office, manned by the county
men, and superintended by Mr. J. M. Carkeet, the
agent of the office. The party went at once to
the west end of the building, where they
stationed their engine, and, having taken posses-
sion of the only available well in the neighbourhood,
and connected the hose with it, then got promptly
to work. Soon afterwards Major Grills arrived
from the Citadel, with a company of the Royal
Artillery and the Citadel engine, and proceeded
to take up a position on the north of the build-
ing and close to it. While Major Grills was direct-
ing his men in this operation, the Mayor of Ply-
mouth, William Perry, Esq., who had arrived a
short time before, and was exerting himself in th(,
general arrangement of affairs, went up to him, and
the following conversation occurred. We give it
as accurately as it could be heard by the bystanders :
The Mayor—Are you in command, Sir ?
Major Grills—You stand back.
The Mayor—l am the Mayor of Plymouth.
Major Grills—l don't care ad— who you arc.
The Mayor—l am the person in command here.
Major Grills—You may go to h—, if you like.
(To the soldiers)—Push him back.
Inspector Thomas, who was standing by, here
stepped up to the major and assured him that Mr.
Derry was the mayor ; but Major Grills made no
reply, simply repeating the order to his men—Push
them back.
The men then, taking their weapons in both
hands and holding them lengthwise, pushed back
the mayor, the superintendent of police, Mr. Codd,
Inspector Thomas, Mr. Hodge, the town surveyor,
and several other persons.
The Mayor, addressing Major Grills—l shall
report you to your superior, Sir.
Major Grills—You may go to h—, if you like.
Shortly. afterwards Major Grills said to the
engine and my men.
yhamt he might do so if he
m aTyhoer— Mayor
woirl
replied take . away t
liked; and the major immediately. ordered the men
la e the Tgiervy§y. The-Order wsis, of coarse,,
.e.„4(
A byatianclor, wisp •.I;.""°.4'the-
scene, states that Major Grills repeatedly said to
the Mayor, "I'll takaorders from no one—l'll see
you d—d first ;" an' that, when he ordered the
men to push them away, he seized the Mayor
roughly by the collar and assisted to push him
away.
In the meantime Captain Drake, from rof the Royal
Engineers, brought up
.a party of Sappers
I)evonport, with an engine, and took up a positifon
on the west of the building, near the engine of the
County Office.
Upon the arrival of Colonel Crofton, that officer
communicated with the mayor, and inquired
whether he wished the Citadel engine, in charge
of the Royal Artillery, to return. The mayor re-
lied that he should be glad to see it return under
Colonel Croften's command. The colonel then
ordered the men to take up a position, and the en-
gine was placed in a line with the others on the
rope-walk. The artillerymen who were not em-
ployed upon the engines undertook the duty of
keeping the ground in the immediate nity of the
fire clear, in co-operation with the police.

TILE FALKIRK lIRDST ROB.BERY OF £2,250.

Justiciary
At the High Court of Justiciary on Tuesday the
Lord Justice-Clerk, Lord Cowan, and Lord Ard-
millan on the bench, James Jones and Helen Cliffateord,
were charged with the crime of theft, aggravd
by previous convictions, in so far as on Monda. y,
Oct. 7, 1861 (being one of the days of Falkirk
Tryst), in Rashiehill-close, near the High-street of
Falkirk, or in Horse-Market-lane there, they were
concerned in stealing from John Bowstead, farfarmer,Beck Bank, Cumberland, a pocket-book, containing
seven bank-notes for £2O each, and £230 in smaller
bank-notes, be a bank-draft or letter of credit
for £1,300 payable to the said John Bowstead, or
order, drawn by the agent of the Cumberland Union.
Bank on the Royal Bank of Scotland ; a bank-
draft for £4OO, and another bank draft for £250,
the property of the said John Bowstead ; as also a
bank-draft for £2OO, payable to the order of Mr.
Richard Pattinson, drawn by the agent of the Car-
lisle and Cumberland Bank, at Penrith, on the
National Bank of Scotland, at Falkirk Tryst, in the
lawful possession of the said John Bowstead. The
prisoners severally pleaded not guilty. The prose-
cution was conducted by Mr. Maitland Heriot and
Mr. Ivory, advocate-depute; and the prisoners were
defended by Mr. C. Scott and 1). B. Hope.
Voluminous evidence having been given,
The Lord Justice-Clerk summed up, remarking
that the evidence was chiefly of a circumstantial
character, but stated that such evidence, when the
chain was complete, or nearly so, was &ten most
satisfactory. He proceeded to recapitulate and
comment upon the evidence, and concluded by
stating that it was for the jury to decide whether
the combination of circumstances proved in the evi-
dence was sufficient to convict the two prisoners of
the theft.
The jury, without leaving the box, returned a
verdict, by a majority, finding both the prisoners
guilty as libelled.
The Lord Justice-Clerk sentenced each of the pri-
soners to penal servitude for 10 years.
The female prisoner burst into tears when the
;verdict was pronounced, and seemed much affected
while the Lord Justice-Clerk was passing sentence.

A CONFEDERAOF ETHE F VIEWE DERA OF TILE
CONDITION TL&

The following is a copy of a letter from a gentle-
man, a resident of New Orleans, who was recently
imprisoned in Forts Warren and Lafayette. He
was released on condition of his leaving for Great
Britain, and took passage in the Etna, the last
steamer from New York. He thus writes from
Liverpool to a friend in London :
" Liverpool, Jan. 24, 1862.

" I begin to feel very uneasy about our friends, Messrs.
Mason and Slidell, and secretaries. They left Fort Warren
nine days before I did, and unless they were sent by some
roundabout route they should have been here a week ago.
There was a terrific gale of wind the very night they
started, which makes me feel the more alarmed for their

safety.
" And now let me tell you how matters were progressing
when I left; As badly for the Lincolnites as their worst
enemy could desire. There had been no forward movement
by them since the sailing of the previous steamer, nor bad
there been any skirmishing, except at Hancock, on
North Potomac, where the Federalists were whipped and
obliged to retire. At this place, which is in the vicinity of
Romney and llarper's Ferry, there will probably, within a
week, be a big fight or a rapid retreat of the Unionists,
as the Upper Potomac is now frozen over, and General
Jackson, in command of the Confederates with a view
of crossing into Maryland at that point, was, when
last heard from, concentrating an overwhelming force in
front and on both flanks of the enemy.
" But it is their finance that is giving the Lincolnitcs tho
most trouble. Let me tell you exactly how they stand, and
you may rely on the correctness of my figures. Their ex-
penses, by their own admission, are 3,239,000 dols. daily.
They have paid their audited bills only to the 10th of
October. From the 10th of October to the 11th of January
inclusive, a period of 93 days, their penses were
301,227,000 dols. , Their receipts during these 93 days
were :-50,000,000 dols. from proceeds of the second
taken by the New York Banks at
for Customs, the Secretary of the
7.30 Loan, 44,750,000 dols. (being provcds of 50,000,000
013det:h1ds
.orised to issue 50,000,000 dol. on demand
snTS9iorltee)ars's,eu9rN,l7:l;hoioewell'hoatos. authorised to issue 50,000,000 dol. on demand
note', which doubtless ho availed himself of, making total
reported te
of d
demand a b i a
receipts 153,750,000 dol., and leaving a deficit of 147,477,000
dol. To meet this 'lie Committee of Ways and Means
1v
an issue of another
0
noiltens., but making no provision for
their redemption, and adding a clause making this issue
11a0,e0001,
and the previous issue of 50,000,000 del. a legal tender for
all debts. Notwithstanding that the English papers of
yesterday report, among the news received by the
Etna, that a tax bill of 150,000,000 dol. had been reported
by the Committee of Ways and Means, such is not a fact
—no plan of taxation had been matured when the Etna
sailed, and over this measure of taxation, in my opinion,
the house will have an out-and-out Kilkenny cat fight. To
add to the woes of the Administration, the demand notes
being now a legal tender must necessarily drive out of cir-
culation the entire local currency of the banks, which has
always been considered as a very important item in their
profits, and has already produced an undisguised alienation
between the moneyed interest of the North and the Govern-
ment.
" Such was the state of the case when I left New York.
Daily expenses 3,239,000 dol., an unprovided for deficit of
47,477,000 dol., credit. entirely gone with the bankis, n
the
the moneyed men of the country, without a dollar
Treasury. Creditors vociferous for payment ,heir naval
expeditions all utter failures—them army nearly surrounded
in Washington, and unable to make the least advance
movement—distraction in their councils, and discourage-
ment eviiently pervading the minds of all reasoning men:.

-
u.sly signed
The Mayor of Cork, Jr. 3 J. F. Maguire, M.P., in
compliance with a
most unanimo
of the citizens for nextrequisition Satur-
has called a public meetingday to consider the most appropriate manner of manifesting
d
thiehe ceirtfccliinyg of TFSpat to Sir J. Arnott, M.P., who Occu.
pio
chair for three consecutive years,