The Sun.
London, England, 1862-05-12 00:00:00

IHE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY 7.EVE NI NG, MAY 12, 1862.

now the great cotton port in its hands. It can pre-
vent the entrance of contraband of war, and yet
allow the shipment of cotton. Its own manufac-
turers need the supply quite as much as ours do.
If therefore Southern cotton planters will sell, pro-
vided their doing so will not bring them arms
and ammunition in return, the Federals can have
no reason for continuing to injure their own manu-
factures, and for annoying the manufacturiug States
of Europe, Still there is a great deal to be done be-
fore cotton can be obtained. The planters may be too
patriotic, as they may think it, to sell. Their leaders,
thoroughly desperate politicians, will endeavour to
prevent their doing it. The means of package and of
internal conveyance are all disorganised, and even
the ginning, we are told, is yet to be done. How-
ever, a short time will reveal the facts of the case.
The effect of the news at New York on Government
paper and securities has been to raise them to a
premium.

At Yorktown itself no change had taken place,
but the Contederates are making strenuous efforts
to keep Generals BANKS and M'DOWELL from
uniting and capturing Richmond, while M'CLELLAN
is holding the body of their army occupied at York-
town, and their Generals JACKSON and GUSTAVUS
SMITH appear to have been successful, partly by
destroying the bridges of the river, which BANKS
must cross to get to Richmond, and partly
by obtaining considerable reinforcements. Rich-
mond appears to be not only the Confederate capi-
tal, but it seems also to have iron works of sufficient
magnitude to plate gunboats, several having been
taken there for that purpose. Indeed it is striking
to notice how in almost every account both parties
seem to be relying on the plated vessels they can.
construct, almost as much as on their armies ;
and the grand effort is to get them done best and
first. Each side are now working to the utmost
of their resources to construct an iron fleet. A
lesson to England.

Anyone who has visited the beautiful city of
Edinburgh will perfectly well remember the hand-
some public building which is there devoted to the
preservation of the National Records of Scotland.
It is a structure itself of an admirably good out-
ward appearance. It stands upon an excellent site.
There is an open space in front of it—in the midst
of which, upon its pedestal, is a public monument,
the equestrian statue of his Grace the Duke of
WELLINGTON—unIike the majority of the public
monuments adorning (!) our own unfortunate
metropolis, for inasmuch as the one here
referred to at Auld Reekie, instead of being
an eyesore, is really worth looking at, Those
who have—as we ourselves have penetrated
into the edifice, upon the merits of which we
are now descanting, will remember that the internal
arrangements of the structure are as admirably well
organised as even the most conscientious of our
own Masters of the Rol]s (say, for example, the
present one, Sir•JoHN RoMILLY) could reasonably
wish. According to the wise advice of Poor
RICHARD'S dictum, there is " a place for
everything, and everything is in its place."
During the daytime (the only safe period
in the twenty-four hours for establishments
of this precious and inflammable character), every
crevice of the building is well lit. Winter and sum-
mer the whole structure is cautiously yet effectually
ventilated. Wet or dry the weather may be—and is,
as a matter of course, through out the twelvemonth
in this variable climate—yet the apartments
which there constitute the muniment rooms
of the Scottish nation, the saloons and
galaries containing the archives of the northern
kingdom are as sedulously kept, from year's
end to year's end, now from dust, now
from mildew. In all this we are not in any way
doing what Mr SNAGSBY, the law•stationer, was
always in dread of doing, namely, "putting too fine
a point upon it." We are simply stating the facts
of the case as they stand. And to what purpose ?
Those who may have remarked the discussion which
took place on Friday's sitting in the House of Corn.
mons by the hon. member for BridPort, will, of
course, upon the instant, very readily understand.
Mr. B. COCHRANE, they will bear in mind, then
brought once more under the consideration of the
popular branch of the Legislature the deplorable
plight in which the Record Office here in London is
left to this day in spite of all that has been talked
and written, or at any rate, understood to have
been done in its regard in the way of improve-
ment. True, no doubt, that an entirely new build-
ing for the preservation of the archives of Great
Britain was ordered by Parliament fully a dozen
years ago. Nay, more than that, it was actually
applied to the purpose for which it was intended.
An estimate having been made as far back as 1850,
this new Record Office was forthwith begun. As
unsightly a building in its, way as—what shall
we say P—Well, as unsightly as even Captain
FowliEs himself, when, at his worst, could in an
interval of the wildest hallucination have imagined.
There it stands, even now, in a more literal sense
than in Lord MACAULAY'S " Lay of Ancient Rome"

" The figure of HORATIUS halting upon one kn.2e;"
there it stands, we say, far more literally than that
classic effigy of HORATIIIS—" Plain for all folk to
see !" Fortunately for our national credit the pile,
such as it is, and so far as it has yet been carried
towards its still apparently remote completion—is
hid away in one of the most obscure, crowded, and in
parts also squallid and dirty sluml of the metropolis.
So that even the most inquisitive mid peripatetic
sight-seeing of the multitude of foreigners now
traversing. London in all directions, could only by
possibility come upon it by sheer accident ! And
observe ! even when reached down, in the heart of
that jumbled labyrinth of slaughter-houses and

meat markets, the visitor, startled by the unex-

pected intimation that he has reached the New
Record-office—discovers for himself immediately
afterwards, upon inspection, that so far from the
building there itself in its entirety, he beholds be-
fore him only a fragment of it. As yet in point of
fact it is no more than a single wing that has been
raised. And seeing what that simp:e wing really
is, rather would we that it should now be

very summarily rased! For when viewed ex-

it is as plainly as
both ugly in its appearance and
ternally, possible almost
that the arrangements
Mr. COCHRANE told
at the first glance
it nh aedhe
oquusaet et
hin e iottsh
edri mevening
s .

inside were as bad and as inefficient as though they

had been made to match. It would be ridiculous

in effect, in the presence of the glaring facts that
have been brought to light, to argue for a moment

otherwise. It seems absolutely as if a sort of craze
had dictated every suggestion that had et been made
throughout, with a view to the better preservation
(save the mark!) of the memory of these really
priceless documents. One while it is coolly pro-
posed that they should be bodily sent up aloft 350
steps of the winding staircase, to be stowed away
safely, perhaps (though even that is questionable
enough) hut certainly quite inaccessibly (for the
purposes of ordinary consultation) in the Victoria
Tower. As the member for Bridpprt indig-

nantly remarked, when ritallirfev, nrenosterous

proppshoy to mind—it might quite as rationally
(in $Ol2lO reSPeCtB weeannot
have been suggested

bin think flit thore rationally) that they should have

been arranged and pigeon-holed in the so•ealted dry

- arches of the Adelphi. Eventually, one proposal
after another is set aside as impracticable. The
new Record Office is ordered to be built, and,
as we have seen, is nearly a dozen years ago ac-
tually commenced. Yet, after all this interval
has elapsed, there is but one ungainly wing of
it to show. And meanwhile, the inestimable
Records of the realm remain even now deplorably
scattered and wretchedly housed. What is Mr.
BAILLIE COCHRANE'S evidence on Friday in the
House of Commons as to the state in which so many
of these unreplaceable documents still continue to
be—we wont say parcelled out, but shamefully
interred P Why, of the houses set apart for this
purpose in Chancery-lane Mr. COCHRANE speaks
as dark, damp, ricketty, perpetually undergoing
repair of one kind or another, and yet always
ill-ventilated and wholly unprotected from the
ever-eminent risk of destruction by fire. There
they are in piles upon piles of absolutely invalu-
able documents, "packed in racks from floor to
ceiling." It puts one on the wrack merely to
hear -of it. Yet, we do still continue to hear of
it, and with only too serious reason. And this, won-
derful to tell, under the regime of one of the ablest
and most conscientious and scholarly Masters of
the Rolls that England has had for many
years. It is to Sir JOHN ROMILLY espe-
cially that we owe the little that has yet been
done of late years towards the better preserva-
tion of the records belonging to the nation. He it is
who but a very few years back began the laborious
series of Calendars of Historical Documents that
have already brought so many important particulars
to light—of our " Domestic Papers," Mr. Brewer's
Papers of " Henry the Eighth," one volume ; Mr.
Lemon's " Elizabeth," one volume ; Mrs. Green's
"James the First," four volumes; Mr. Bruce's
" Charles the First," five volumes ; and Mrs.
Green's " Charles the- Second," three volumes ;
of our " Colonial Papers," one volume by Mr.
Sainsbury ; —'of our " Irish Papers," one
volume by Mr. H. C. Hamilton ;—of our " Scot-
tish Papers," two volumes by Mr. J. Thorpe ; of
our " Foreign Papers," two volumes by Mr.
Turnbull. Beautifully printed as those Calendars
have been, and perfectly accessible to men of letters
anxious to consult them—yet even here these sub-
stantial proofs of the good work begun by Sir JOHN
ROMILLY as Master of the Rolls, work already, as
we have shown, partially accomplished—the old
Routine, Red Tape, How Not to Do It system steps
in at the tail of all these improvements to spoil
everything ! Insomuch that Mr. BENTINCK is
enabled on Friday last, after mentioning the fact
that 170 searchers have been enabled during the
past year to make among these historical documents
so calendared as many as 12,435 searches—to de-
clare also that all these 12,435 searches have been
made by these 170 searchers in a room so admirably
commodious that it measures exactly 18 feet by 12 !
No wonder these indefatigable literary gentlemen
are indulged with the luxury of frequenting the
this Black Hole at the Record Office—gratuitously!
It would be hard and extortionate indeed if they
had to pay any fee for shutting themselves up (in
the interests of historial truth) in a den like that.
Remembering all that has been particularised, it is
surely time that something further should be
attempted, and that, moreover, this once, in right
down earnest, in order to render better in every
way—larger, safer, and in all respects more com-
modious and worthy of the object to which it is
intended to be applied—the Record Office of
England.

It is but justice to the brave men of Lanca-
shire, both masters and workmen, that their case
should be fully discussed and their position consi-
dered in the House of Commons. The British
Empire ought to know it, that it may sympathise
for the present, and be prepared to act in future,
if action in any way should become a national
duty. Europe ought to know it, that it may learn
how intelligent operatives can bear such a fearful
reverse and yet in no way abuse that liberty which
Britain confers on all. India ought to know it, for
though sympathy does not go far where trade is the
question, yet so much there, of the cotton supply,
depends on the class which can appreciate Man-
chester manliness at the present crisis, that we
can but believe tile report of it will stimulate
the zeal of many of the energetic Englishmen in
India who are now working to open to us the cotton

growing districts.
Above all, we think, the Northern States of
America ought to know it. Tuesday evening's
discussion, with reports of some of the proceedings
of operatives themselves, in Manchester, ought to
be reprinted for the special instruction of the
Fe.'ieral Government and people. If it did not for
ever silence all their unkind thoughts and utter-
ances about the mother country, we should give
them up, as incurably envious. We may suppose
a case, and we know such, in England, of a parish
consisting of but a single estate, not a cottage on
it—yet a large number of men from over populous
adjoining parishes employed on it. In consequence
of some unmanageable litigation conducted by
some impracticable litigators, its cultivation fis
given up, and suddenly a number of excellent
labourers, wanted nowhere near, find themselves
out of work, and unless they become paupers, out
of food. Even the most anti-British Yankees
would commiserate such perfectly innocent
suffering, and would admire the respect for law
which attempted no violent methods of relief, never
uttering the name of Judge Lynch; and the aelf-
respect which "to beg," even of the parish, was
ashamed.

shire.

But this is exactly the case with our men of
Lancashire and the North. A quarrel of the North
with the South, whet her the estate shall belong to
the two in partnership, or whether each shall take
his own portion and separate from the other, throws
our men out of work, and out of the means of earn.
ing their livelihood by thousands. They have no
earthly interest in the litigation. It makes not the
smallest difference to them who possesses the legal
or political estate, so that ,the earth itself is but
allowed to yield its produce, and the produce to
come freely to market. The sufferers in Lancashire
have been splendid commercial benefactors to both
litigants, and only beg to be allowed to become so
again. But no—to gratify Northern love of almost
boundless empire,
with a territory ample for the
formation not of two only, but of four kingdoms,
the men of Lancashire must starve without a mur-
mur, or, what they hardly revolt from less, they
must, after exhausting their hard-earned savings,
throw themselves on parish relief. The North
was indeed always afraid we should intervene,
and tried with us, and with France, the ungene-
rous expedient of minatory language. It ought
with manly shame
to confess its error in this re-
spect now ; it ought to show itself sensible of the
wonderful forbearance, in England, not only of
statesmen who do not suffer to the extent of a sove-
reign, but to those noble millions whom
ambition of e
though Northern
empire deprives them of their veey
sufferers in Fran„ as well as in
bread. If these
England, they are far more numerous
with us, were to demand is one min, and with
angry voice, that the' Otvof,warilAiilt.sicith
taxes they have paid, should open the (*fon ports

for them, it is not easy to say what our Uovern-

ment might be compelled to do. If, then, American LATES
senators have any magnanimity, we shall hear in
Congress grateful acknowledgments of the gene-
rous forbearance of Manchester and of all Lanca-

The change of condition to many of these poor
men is heartrending only to hear of. They have
been earning wages which, according to their dispo-
sition,were spent in very comfortable living, or econo-
mised, and provision made against the " ills which
flesh is heirto." But, amongst those ills, they unfor-
tunately never dreamt of what, like illness, should
deprive, not merely one member of a household
of his earnings, but throw the whole family out of
employ—Northern Americans blockading the ports
of Southern Americans was a casualty less expected
than a flood or a ruinous hailstorm by a farmer. It
has, therefore, beggared thousands of the most
prudent. A deputation from the meeting of ope-
ratives we lately noticed in Stevenson-square,
waited on the Board of Guardians last week, and
one working man, who addressed the guardians
most ably as well as calmly, described his own feel-
ings and course of action most touchingly. He had
been 42 years in Manchester, beginning as a school-
boy at eight years of age—he "would not depend
upon anybody so long as he could work out his own
salvation." "I sold," he said, "every vestige of
furniture, I pawned every article of clothing, I
parted with that which hurt my feelings far more,
a library of books that at one time I would not
have given for £lOO, and of which I have not one
now--I parted with all sooner then I would come
here, and place myself in the ranks of those
whom I knew to have been paupers for years."
and this is the spirit of the men whom the North
call upon to starve or turn paupers, that they may
starve and pauperise their :Southern fellow coun-
trymen into reunion with them ! Mr. BRIGHT
mentioned also some genuine noble-mindedness in
Rochdale. A committee there collected funds, and
gave relief t0,.a1l who had not earned above, a
certain amount—nany of these, if any of the family
had obtained unexpected employment, had brought
the tickets back, that others more needy than
themselves might have them ! Verily, there are
genuine heroes in cotton mills as well as in fields of
battle.

The speeches of Mr. BRIGHT indeed of all the
Lancashire men, were a noble testimony also to the
determination of the great towns and counties not,
as he said, "to send round the hat." Generally,
the rates were not yet ruinously high. This test
is, indeed, somewhat fallacious. Some towns suffer
so much more than others—some are now actually
fed through the French treaty—and the particular
articles :manufactured enable some to continue their
industry. Hence, though the average rate be not
high, in some places it is very oppressive. Then
many of the wealthiest, from the nature of their
occupations, pay small amounts to the rates.
Arrangements are, however, in progress to remedy
this by voluntary means. The landed gentlemen
at first seemed to shrink from the prospect ; but
the courage and liberality of the manufacturers
appears to have inspired them with a like spirit,
and for the present, and for long, it is hoped,
Lancashire wealth will take care of Lancashire
poverty. We trust it will be sufficient—for if the
great manufacturing county of England thus
grapples with this cruel difficulty, it will merit the
admiration of the world.

~,.

T N E

WS.

BRUSSELS, MAy 12.

According to the Moniteur Belge of this morning,
and more recent information derived from other
sources, the state of the King is satisfactory. •
His Majesty's health continues to improve, and
promises to be soon re-established.

MESSINA, MAY 11, Evening.
The King arrived here to-day, and was received
with the greatest enthusiasm.

A Te Deum was sung in the Cathedral, which
his Majesty attended.
The King will visit the theatre this evening.
The city is illuminated.

FRANCE.

BOURSE, May 10.—The arrival of the English
funds with a decline of a per cent., has produced a
degree of heaviness in this market, but without
causing any very material decline in prices. Three%
for the Account, being now at 70f. 70c. Rai.l way
market also heavy, and in many cases rather lower.
The market continued heavy to the close, and left
off as follows :

4t per per Cents.,, 97 80 Bank Shares —
Do. end month.... 97 85 Credit I oncier 1563
3 per Cents
Do. end month.... 70 70 Piedmontesc Fives 72 New 3 per Cents .. 69 50 Italian Loan 7l 8
Do, end month.... 69 55 Austrian
Do. end month.... 836 25 Home Debt -
RAILWAYS.

Cash. Account.
Orleans l3lO .. 1311 25
Northern ......... 1065 —,. 1068 25
New ditto
Lyons and Mediterranean 1107 50
.. 1108 73
Geneva 372 50 ..
Southern — .. 843 75
Western
Eastern .... 570 .. 567 50
Sardinian 382 50 ..
Austrian
Lowbard 6OO 598 75

1. AMERICA.

FEDERAL CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS..

QUEI4:NSTOWN, MAY 11.
The Royal Mail steamship Canada, from Boston
on the 30th ult., and Halifax on the 2d inst.,
arrived here at 11 10 a.m. She brings 108 passen-
gers and 50,000 doll. in specie. The Canada landed
83 sacks of mails and 13 passengers, and proceeded
at 11 20 a.m. for Liverpool ; all well.

NEW YORK, APRIL 29, EVENING.
Advices have been received through the South
which leave but little doubt that the Federals have
captured New Orleans.

The Richmond Inquirer of the 26th, says:—
" The Federals passed Fort Jackson yesterday,
when news was received that the excitement at
New Orleans was intense. All the cotton and
steamboats, except such as were necessary to trans-
port coin and ammunition, were destroyed. The
telegraphic operator at New Orleans ceased tele-
graphing, as he said the Federals had appeared
before the city."
General Wool has sent to the War Department
the following despatch:—

4, FORTRESS MONROE, APRIL 27.

" A fugitive black, just arrived from Portsmouth,
bring the Petersburyh Express of yesterday, which
contains the following despatch :
" NORFOLK, APRIL 25.
" The enemy passed Fort Jackson at 4 o'clock
yesterday morning. When the news reached New
Orleans the excitement was boundless. Martial
law was put in full force, and business was com-
pletely suspended. All the cotton and steam-boats,
excepting such as were necessary to transport coin,
ammunition, &c., were destroyed. At 1 o'clock
to-day the operator bade us good-bye, saying
that the enemy had appeared before the city.
This is the last we know regarding the fall.
Will send particulars as soon as they can be had.
The negro bringing the above reports that the
rebels have two iron-clad steamers nearly com-
pleted, and that it is believed that the Merrimac
will be out to-morrow.

"JOHN E. WOOL.
"Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War."
General 111‘Dowell writes as follows :
i • "Head-quarters of the Department of the
•
Rappahannock, April 27, 1862.
"I' have just returned from the camp opposite
FredericksbUrgh. I was told the Richmond Rxa-
miner of the 26th had been received in town, an•
nouncing as follows :

"New Orleans taken. Great destruction of pro-
perty, cotton, and steamboats. Steamboats enough
saved to take away the ammunition. Great con-
sternation of the inhabitants.

" IRWIN MeDowELL, Major-General.
" Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War."
Later there is a further despatch from General
Wool :

"FORTRESS MONROE, APRIL 28.
"The news of the occupation of New Orleans by
our forces is confirmed to-day. No further news.
(Signed) " JOHN E. WOOL, Major-General.
" To lion. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War."
The Associated Press contains the following :
" FORTRESS MONROE, APRIL 28.
" A flag of truce to-day took despatches and
letters to prisoners. No papers received.
" The telegraph operator having left New
Orleans, no further news has been received from
there. The operator attempted to return, but
found the city occupied by the Federal forces.
No other news.
The following despatch from Gen, M'Clellan has
appeared :
" Headquarters of the Army of the Potomac. Camp

Winfield Scott, Saturday April 26, 11 a.m.

"Early this morning an advanced lunette of the
rebels on this side of the Warwick, near its head,
was carried by assault by Company H, Ist Massa-
chusetts Regiment. The work had a ditch six
feet deep, with a strong parapet, and was manned
by two companies of infantry--no artillery.
Our men moved over open, soft ground, come
600 yards, received the fire of the rebels at 50
yards, did not return it, but rushed over the
ditch and parapet in the most gallant manner.
The rebels broke and run as soon as they saw that
our men intended to cross the parapet. Our loss
was three killed, and one mortally and 12 other-
wise wounded. e took 14 prisoners, destroyed
the work sufficiently to render it useless, and re-
tired. The operation was conducted by General C.
Grover, who managed the affair most handsomely.
Nothing could have been better than the conduct of
all the men under fire. The supports, who were
also under artillery fire of other works, were com-
panies of the Ist and 11th Massachusetts. In spite
of the rain our work progresses well.
(Signed) "G. B. M'CLELLAN, Major. Gen.

" Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War."
Later he has another, as follows—
" Headquarters, Army of the Potomac,
April 28, 11 A.M.
"Nothing of interest during the night. No
firing on our right, where the work proceeded utt-
clinturbod.

" On the left the enemy fired a good deal, but
hurt no one,nor was the work interrupted. Rave
just sent a heavy field battery to silence a gun or
two of the enemy's that have been impertinent
this morning, but nave hurt no one. The weather
has improved, and we are making good progress.
"G. B. M'CLELLAN, Major-Gen. Commanding.
"Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War."
Washington despatches also state that the,
Fe ls hay©
occupied New Orleans, although ro
Federala officialaccount has been yet received.
der
The news of the Federal occupation is fully cre-
dited,but it did not cause very much excitement
in
New
York, as the intelligence being received
through Southern sources did not, and has not,
gained universal crdence. There does not, how-
ever, seem to be much room for doubting its
accuracy.

The' Confederates are supposed to have carried
away front New Orleans 18,000,000 doffs: in speeie.
The effect of the news on cotton was not material,

but Federal Government securities rose 3 per cent.,
and Treasury notes advanced to l pin.
The Swedish and Norwegian Ministers have re-
turned to Washington; they did not proceed to
Richmond.

The Secretary of the Spanish Legation has left
Fortress Monroe under a flag of truce for the South.
President Lincoln has visited the French frigate
Bassenda at Washington Navy-yard. The French
Minister received Mr. Lincoln on board. The
yards of the vessel were manned, and a national
salute fired on the President's arrival and departure.
General Halleck officially reports that General
Beauregard has been strongly reinforced the
last battle at Corinth.

General Banks's advance has bee':, checked by the
destruction of the bridges acres
The Confederate Gener ss the Shenandoah.
Jackson is said to have
been reinforced, and f.. 0 be 16 miles from Harrison-
burg.

The North American was intercepted at Cape
Race on t}',e 27th.
The 'Bremen has arrived out.

(BY TELEGRAPH TO HALIFAX.
AY 1,.
X. AND viaEVENING
QUEENS-

TOWN.)
The arrival of the Federal fleet before New
Orleans is Confirmed.

The Federal commander had demanded the sur-
render of the city, but had retired with all his
forces to Camp Moore, 80 miles away.
The Federals had not shelled the city at the last
accounts.

A correspondence was going on between the
Federal Commissioner and the civil authorities of
the city regarding surrender.

The Confederates still occupied Forts Phillips
and Jackson, and had evacuated and destroyed the
forts on Lake Pontchartrain.
General Butler's forces would approach New Or-
leans by way of the lakes, and land at the rear of
the city. News had not yet been received of his
movements, but it was supposed he had arrived at
New Orleans.

It is supposed that the Confederate General
Lovell may take his forces to reinforce Gen. Beau-
regard at Corinth.

A portion of the Confederate fleet from New
Orleans is reported to have arrived at Fort Wright,
on the Mississippi, and to have attacked the Federal
gunboats which were bombarding that fort.
A battle was expected to take place north of
Richmond between the divisions of Generals Banks
and M'Dowell and the Confederates under Generals
Sackson and Gustavus Smith. Both belligerents
in this section had been largely reinforced.
A great rise of the Mississippi River has occurred,
and. New Madrid and Columbus are under water.
The freshet is reported to be disastrous in that part
of the country.
A Congressional committee has issued a report
that the Confederates committed inhuman atrocities
upon the Federal dead and wounded after the battle
of Bull Run.

Affairs at Yorktown unchanged.
The cotton-planters in Alabama have restricted
the cultivation of cotton to 600 lb. for each hand
employed, and recommend the cultivation of bread-
stuffs instead.