The Sun.
London, England, 1863-08-25 00:00:00

MIDDLESEX SESSIONS-Aug. 24.

The August adjourned General Sessions of the Peace for
the County of Middlesex commenced this morning at the
Sessions House, Clerkenwell-green, before Mr. Sergeant
Gazelee (who presided for the Assistant-Judge.)
Charles M. Kinnell, 2S, described as a merchant, was
indicted for stealing 15 sewing-machines, the property of
Richard Brickwood Coltman.

Mr. Besley conducted the prosecution; the prisoner was
defended by Mr. Metcalfe.
Mr. Besley, in opening the case, said it was one of steal-
ing a considerable quantity of sewing-machines from the
prosecutor, under circumstances of a somewhat peculiar
character. The prisoner had, by false statements and re-
presentations, obtained these machines from the prosecutor,
and instead of using them for the purposes he stated they
were for, immediately he got them into his possession he
pawned them for a mere trifle. He then called
The prosecutor, who stated that ha was a sewing-machine
maker, at 24, Brewer-street. In May last he knew the pri-
soner, and supplied him with 12 sewing-machines, the price
of which was £3O, to be paid by a bill. In June he came to
him, and expressed his surprise that his credit should be
doubted, as he had an account at the Bank of England, and
also one at the London and Westminster Bank. He said
he should not like to have two sorts of machines, and
would, therefore, prefer to have them taken from him ;
ho declined the offer to supply them. On the 124th or
26th of June he called again, and said he was very full
of work, and had got a contract to do all Messrs. Cope-
stake, Crampton, Moor, and Co.'s work, that he had a
place of business in Bunhill•row, where he should work
for the performance of the contract, and that he had a
number of girls at work, and took them to learn the art
of working at the machines, at from 12s. 6d. each to
158. each. He also said he had another place of work at
Kingaland, and he should require 15 more machines as the
means of carrying out his contract. Believing his statement
to be true, he said be would let him have them, but not
upon credit; but as he knew Messrs. Copestake and Co. to
be a very eminent firm, and he having given what seemed
to be a very good reason, that his object was legitimate, he
consented to execute the order. The machines were delivered
to him, and a day or two afterwards they were delivered at
his plaee of business, 82, Gracechurch-street, by his direc-
tion. He called at that place by appointment, but the ap•
pointment was not kept, and he called there from time to
time, but could not find him, but at last he found him at a
publichouse and asked for payment, and he promised to pay
the following week. He afterwards went to Messrs. Cope-
stake and Co., and then to the address in Bunhill-row. He
ascertained that the prisoner had no contract with Messrs.
Copestake and Co., and that he had no place of business in
Dunhill-row. He afterwards saw some of the machines at
Baker and Robert's, pawnbrokers, and he received about 6
out of the last 15, but never received a farthing from the
prisoner.

In cross-examinat ion the prosecutor said he had an agent,
to whom he had paid £lOO commission for bad debts—no
commission on good debts, for he received none. He was ac
home in Brewer-street on the day the prisoner called in June
and saw and spoke to tho prisoner on that day. Was not
aware that Copestak e's put out their work, and that it was
sub-let to be done, as they had a factory of their own,
There was a man named Parker, but he had not said to him
that he would have his money in a criminal if not in a civil
court. Parker owed him £250. He entertained a most deadly
hatred towards the prisoner, who in collusion with others
had so hoodwinked him, and he would admit he was to
blame for allowing them to do so, as he had to put his affairs
in the Court of Bankruptcy.
Re-examined—Made no inquiry until the prisoner had
got the machines. He had pupils to teach them the use of the
machine about 100 a-year, and never had but ono com-
plaint, and he at once returned the money. The debts were
£1,400, and that was for bad debts contracted by his agent,
the prisoner, and other swindlers, a lot of them.
The learned Judge asked what he had previously known
of the prisoner as to induce him to enter into these dealings.
Witness said nothing, but he knew now that he had'been
in prison. Tho machines were sold for cash, and he was
to have been paid by bill.
In further examination, the prosecutor gave his answers
in a rather confused manner, which he attributed to illness.
He never paid him anything on account of the machines
but at a public-house he borrowed os. to lend him to pay for a
cab, as he was short of cash. That was not on account of
the machines. Prisoner said he would pay him out of the
contract he had with Copestake and Company, and that
statement, and that about his place in Bunhill- row, alone
induced him to let him have the goods.

The wife of the prosecutor was then examined, and bore
out his evidence as to the understanding :entered into be-
tween her husband and the prisoner as to the sale of the
machines.

Helen Coltman, daughter of the prosecutor, said that on
the 29th of June the prisoner called and inquired why the
machines had not been delivered, and they were delivered
subsequently. _ _ _

- -
It was then proved that the prisoner employed a porter to
take some sewing-machines to a pawnbroker's, in Old-
street, where he left them, and was paid by the prisoner;
and the witness said he could not say whether there was a
warehouse at the back of the shop.
The pawnbroker's assistants produced tickets of the
machines, which it seemed were pawned soon after they
were obtaiged. Three were pawned on the 7th of July for
£7 ss. The prisoner gave his real name, and the address,
Gracechurch-street. The other pawnings were proved.

A gentleman from the firm of Copestake and Company
proved that the prisoner never had any contract with them,
either direct or indirect, but stated that they did put work
out occasionally.

Thomas llubersty, inspector at the Vine-street Station,
took the prisoner into custody there from another officer.
Prisoner said he had bought the things of Mr. Coltman. On
his person he found a number of duplicates relating to com-
mon trifling articles pawned for small sums, and dated about
the time these machines were obtained.

Mr. Metcalfe then addressed the jury in a very able speech,
and contended that this prosecution was one of vindictive
feeling, prompted no doubt by that feeling of deadly hatred
which the prosecutor had candidly confessed he entertained
temtbooreraewe;saaeranadbanls the prisoner. The learned counsel pointed out dis-
eleiufenodstrei tedn
hadt
to,h he not
Igove
othvoiobddescee
onnwuc
were
and
could have
elhl
delivered.
complained
ys
pemrr
theeopdvl a.
proved
dne
other
Itt dhw at
was
sea no
person
°h
uncommonne inquirieswp u rhooswehcear
had
e-
thing for a bankrupt, when called upon to explainhis debts,
to say that he had been the dupe of swindlers. They were
not called, but a prosecution was set in motion to shut their
mouths, as they could break up the whole story. The sub-
stantial answer to this was, that a contract with Messrs.
Copestake and Co. was never mentioned at the time, and
ho submitted there was not a tittle of evidence to support a
charge of felony.
The learned Judge having carefully summed, the jury,
nr
ovui cs
tti o o
o u
s l n
c 02iety.
liedeliberate'
sen-
tenced
had had one warning, and must
stealingle' rte Frederick White,cxk2oß Lank
3_',
n of described
England
for money, the property of John Mliugta, otherw awas
securities indicted
for
naostea,taainlodr,

The prisoner pleaded guilty.
Mr. F. H. Lewis, for the prisoner, said he would at once
admit the fact, for it was indisputable, that he had been pre-
viously convicted and sentenced, once to seven years' trans-
portation, and once to six years' penal servitude, besides
other minor punishments. On his last conviction he was
sent to Gibraltar, and while there, being a practical tailor,
he invented and made reversible trousers, for which, when
he came to England, he wished to take out a patent, but he
had not the means, and through assistance rendered to him
by the Convict Aid Society they were exhibited in the Grea
Exhibition, and the prisoner as an exhibitor had a free ad-
-96'41) and while in the building he acted as an interpre-

ter. Information was, however, sent to the commissioners,
and they ordered him to be discharged from the Exhibition
altogether. He endeavoured to procure employment but
could not, as wherever he went it was bruited about that he
was a returned convict, and at length he had no alternative
but to return to a course of crime. It was with him a matter
of necessity not of choice,and it was hoped that his lordship
would see reason to give him another chance.
The officer of the House of Correction,C. B. Fields, in at-
tendance, proved that the prisoner had 3 months in 1849,
and 6 months in 1350, In 1850, too, he was tried and ac •
quitted, and besides there was no doubt ha had 13 months,
but that could not be clearly made out.
Sergeant Holmes, F, stated that the prisoner was sen-
tenced in: this court, in 1352, to 7 years' transportation,and
in 1856 to 6 years' servitude.
Mr. Orridge said, as allusion had been made to the Com-
missioners with respect to their d missing such a person as
the pt isoner from their building, a man who had been twice
sentenced to severe terms of punishment, it was only an act
due to themselves and the public. The facts were these :
J. Huggett, the City detective, was on duty at the Bank of
England, when the prisoner was pointed out to him as a
person who had presented for payment a £2O note which had
been stopped ;'and on being questioned about it,he said he was
a bullion dealer, in King-street, Soho, and that he had given
full value for the note in Prussian thalers. The officer then
said he should take him into custody to King-street, and
upon hearing that the prisoner said that it would be of no
use, as he did not live in Soho. He said to the officer, "You
had better take the £2O, and let me go. I'll walk beside
you, and can get away quietly. and you need take no notice
of it; make your own bargain." Huggett said he should
do nothing of the kind, and the prisoner then pulled out
of his pocket and handed to him a bag, saying, " Well,
then, take that." It contained £l2O stock. The statement
that he lived in King-street was false, and he refused to give
a correct address. The prosecutor was a skin dealer in
Crown-court, Soho, and on the evening of Wednesday week
he bad a large amount of money in notes, £3lO, with him.
ate
egnont drunk
tcashed a n was
at d
the
braonbkb ei dn .
AHp
rei oatn a cheque
d t
twa
s forsupposed
that
that the prisoner and some of his companions having ascer-
tained that he carried this money with him took the oppor-
tunity afforded by his being drunk to rob him.
Mr. Lewis said a great part of the property had been re-
covered.

Huggett—There's about £220 missing,
The learned Judge said the Exhibition Commissioners in
his opinion did quite right in refusing to allow a person of
the prisoner's character to continue in the Exhibition, after
they became aware of what that character was.
The prisoner begged for another chance. He would have
worked honestly and hard for his living, but he could not
get employment as it was always "put about" that he had
been transported.
Lockyer, the gaol officer, said the prisoner was a tailor
by trade, and a very excellent workman he was.
The learned Judge said the Court had well considered the
whole of the circumstances brought under its notice, and
the sentence upon him was that he be kept in penal servi-
tude for the term of four years.
John Thomas, 30, labourer, was indicted for embezzling
17s. 6d., the money of Wm. Howard, his master.
The prisoner pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to nine
months hard labour.

Several cases of embezzlement were disposed of in which
various punishments were awarded, and it was remarked
that such offences were on the increase, and his lordship said
they were very serious, and would be punished accordingly.
Walter Florence, 30, was indicted for feloniously break-
ing and entering a certain warehouse with intent to steal
certain property therein.
The prosecutors were Messrs. Bramston and Co., water-
proofers, of York-road, King's-cross, and the prisoner was
found in their warehouse, having got through a window,
the shutter of which was but partly up, and the window
&ass broken.

The Jury found him Guilty, and he was then charged
with two former convictions.
Sergeant Gould, 40 N, proved that the prisoner had been
sentenced to four and six years' penal servitude.
The prisoner said it was false; he never had the four
years at all.

The officer said that the prisoner persisted in that denial
before the magistrate, and in consequence ho had caused
the warder who had him in charge to be in attendance. The
prisoner was then in the name of Charles Plate, but his real
name was Charles Dent.
Thos. Charlesworth, the warder, was then called. He
said the prisoner was received into Fentonville from Mill-
bank, and he was there under his charge some months, and
he had good reason to know it.
The prisoner still denied the conviction.
The warder said that there was a mask on one of the pri-
soner's arms—an indelible one, he believed—and if the pri-
soner was the man, the mark would be his real name, which
was Charles Dent.

The prisoner evinced no inclination to bare his arm, and
said nothing further.

The learned Judge sentenced the prisoner to six years'
penal servitude.

(Before Mz. Payne.)
Wm. Holmes Sumner, 43, clerk, was indicted for fraudu-
lently obtaining, by false pretences, the sum of ls. from
Robert Chambers, the sum of ss. from Charles K. Wild,
and the sum of ss. from Robert Marnoch, with intent to de-
fraud them of the said sums ; also endeavouring, by a false
pretence, to obtain money from Robert Prance, with intent
to defraud him of the same.
The prisoner pleaded Guilty to the whole of the indict-
ments.
Mr. Underdown appeared for the prosecution, and stated
that he appeared on behalf the Metropolitan Drinking
Fountains Association, upon which a number of frauds had
been committed by the prisoner and other persons, by going
about to different gentlemen representing that they were
authorised to receive subscriptions on behalf of the Drinking
beenas confinedhavihaving
sent
onht ishbiniesffrd:ewirfnewinrhwtmcoherainit
Fountains Association. In many cases they had succeeded,
but he wished it to be made known that no person, with the
exception of the secretary and one clerk, holding the autho-
rity of the secretary, was authorised to receive any subserip
tions on the part of the association.
James Fryer, officer of the Mendicity Society, said the
prisoner had made application to a Miss Porter for subscrip-
tions. He petitioned the society last February for relief.
Mr. Prance, a magistrate, said his servant brought a mes-
sage to him intimating that prisoner had come from a
clergyman in the district soliciting subscriptions on behalf
of the Drinking Fountains Association. He mentioned the
name of a Mr. Dixon, but knowing that gentleman was out
of town he made some further inquiries. He had his sus-
picions aroused, and told prisoner that if he would accom-
pany him to the police station and there make his statement
clear he would then subscribe to the list he presented. Upon
going outside he mentioned at the same time the name of
praanothernce)
knewgentleman
had
They walked a short distance, when the prisoner stopped
placedan d made
the a
pocketbookdas hat the pocketconia
int
ihonefgpwtrhii witness, endsei
scuffle ensued, and witness got the prisoner down upon the
pavement and called out to his servants, who came to his
tahsseissttaanticoen..hoAufstec.r some delay hvYrhieehewyseee: edhlistirdo.

The book was produced, in Which there were entries of
subscriptions for £l3 odd to th 3 Drinking Fountains Asso-
ciation, and the prisoner remarked that they were all ficti-
tious and in his own handwriting,
Inspector Webb, S division, said he had been engaged in
making inquiries in reference to this case, and with respect
to the entries in the book, he said there were a number of
entries that formed no part of the present indictment. He
enumerated several sums set down in the book as subscrip-
tions, and these were all found to be fictitious. A Miss
Robins identified the prisoner as having received money
from her, and the secretary would also state that during the
last two months £22 Bs. had been received by the prisoner
on account of the association, not one farthing of which had
been accounted for.

Mr. John Lee, secretary to the Drinking Fountains As-
sociation, said the prisoner had formerly been in their ser-
vice, but had left about 13 months. He had no authority to
receive these sums, and he was aware that for some time
past frauds of this nature had been carried on to a very large
extent. •

Inspector Webb said that while the prisoner was with a
Former employer ho was in the habit of writing begging
letters.

Mr. Payne said that while the prisoner was in the employ
of the association he had taken advantage of the position he
vas in to rob the institution. The prisoner seemed to be very
bad, for he endeavoured, in the first instance, to obtain
money by fraudulent pretences from ➢lr. Prance, and then
endeavour to rob him of a book.

The prisoner entreated the mercy of the Court on account
of his nine children—from twelve years down to a baby
eleven months old.

Mr. Payne sentenced him to be imprisoned and kept to
hard labour in the House of Correction for twelve calendar
months.

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SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

SATURDAY REVIEW.—The brilliant assembly at
Frankfort has had all the success that might have
been expected. Its remoter political consequences
cannot be well estimated, but every one is alive to the
splendour of the pageant, to the interest excited by
so large a gathering of crowned heads, and to the
hopes awakened by a liberal and courageous
Emperor of Austria solemnly imploring Germany
to become, under his auspices, united, powerful, and
free. The meeting has been made more harmonious,
it less complete, by the absence of fee King of
Prussia; and the readiness which almost every
other German Prince has displayed to obey the
summons of the Emperor proves at once the influ-
ence of Austria and the general persuasion of Ger-
man Sovereigns that the Federal Government is
something too ridiculous, too lifeless, and too
impotent even for Germany. Nor is it easy to see
what step could have been taken more likely to
lead to real reform. It is true that the political
change which has come over Austria is stilt recent,
and the statesmen of Vienna can scarcely b 3
prepared to agree to all that the national party
asks for. But there must ho a beginning ; and
it is a great advantage that there should be a
basis of conciliation and agreement between the
princes of Germany and the leaders of reform. The
Congress that has assembled under the presidency
of the Emperor will not have finished its sitting
before a very different assembly meets at Frankfort,
and the leaders of the party that has proclaimed
National Union as its watchword will be gathered
there to discuss their policy, arrange their plans,
and promulgate their opinions. There is every
reason to suppose that they represent the convic-
tions and wishes of a large portion of the most honest,
patriotic, and sensible Germans; but it must be as
evident to them as it is to the rest of the world that
Germany is not at present prepared to go with them
if the princes should offer a determined opposition
to their efforts. Hitherto they have been able to
count on the support of no prince except the Duke
of Saxe•Coburg Gotha, and the eagerness with
which that most persevering and ardent of German
reformers has favoured the present assemblage of
princes may be taken as a proof of his conviction that
the cause he has so much at heart will be promoted
by the sovereigns meeting the reformers half-way.
Had the Emperor of Austria continued to walk in the
old ways of Vienna statesmanship, and resisted the
movement for national union, nothing but a general
revolution, or the convulsion of war, could have
brought about such a change as the Liberals desire.
The step taken by the Emperor offers an opportu-
nity for attaining a reform that shall be peaceable
instead of violent, and gradual instead of sudden.
It is equally obvious that the course taken by the
Emperor is far preferable to that said to be advo-
cated by Prussia. The Cabinet of Berlin affects to
ground its unwillingness to join in the present
movement on the plea that the changes to be pro-
posed ought first to have been decided on by Pleni-
potentiaries from the chief German States. No
good could have come from a meeting of this kind,
which would not have been acted en by public
opinion, which would not have been under the eye
of Germany and Europe,and which would only have
been a battle-field for the sterile contests of Aus-
trian and Prussian jealousy. The Emperor, by
this formal and public gathering of Princes, and by
announcing the necessity of a more free and power-
ful political system, has given much more tangible
and trustworthy hopes of reform. A step has
been taken from which it would not be easy to re-
cede; and if Austria has the honour of taking it
alone, that is entirely the fault of Prussia.
TIMES.—Few persons anticipated two years ago
that the consumption of men would create an earlier
difficulty in the American War than the consump-
tion of money. Such, however, is the fact. The
Federal States havei incurred without a murmur a
debt of which the annual charge is little less than
that of the public debt of Great Britain. They are
living,upon a paper currency, and if they have not
as yet paid many taxes they have at any rate con-
sented to the imposition of heavy taxation. But
the financial aspect of the war appears to have
given them very little concern. Mr. Chase
manages the money-market with great dex-
terity, and as there is no difficulty at present
there is but slight anxiety for the future. Far
different, however, is the case with the supply of
men. So prodigal has been the expenditure of life
on both sides, but especially on the part of the
North, that the most desperate expedients are now
required for the reinforcement of the armies in the
field_ Volunteering, Mr. Lincoln himself tells us, is
"palpably exhausted," recruits are no longer to be
purchased by bounties, and at length a nation which
prided itself, above all things, on the military orga-
nisation of its willing and independent citizens finds
itself reduced, in the third year of a war, to the ne-
cessity of a conscri2tion, So urgent, in fact, are the
needs of the State that the President cannot wait
till the arrangements for the draught are properly
completed. The Governor of New York writes to
him, with a statement demonstrating the unfai r
and partial operation of the projected levy in
certain districts under his authority. Mr. Lincoln
cannot deny that the figures show something
wrong ; but he answers that he has no time to
rectify them. lie will do the best that he can by
and bye, but at present the men must be pressed,
enrolled, and sent off to the depots without delay.
He does not pretend to deny that even the draught
itself may be of questionable legality; but that
point, too, must ba left for future decision. At this
moment be must have the men. These confessed
necessities of the Federals contrast somewhat
strangely with the boasts of inexhaustible re-
sources in which they have indulged, but we can-
not be surprised at the results. Never, we presume,
in the history of civilised nations were men so
rapidly consumed as in this civil war. Volunteering
was not "exhausted" prematurely. Mr. Lincoln's
calls since the spring of 1861 have certainly exceeded
one million men. He began with 70,000; he rose pre-
sently to 700,000; and at very short intervals the de-
mands were repeated. Unless, indeed, we assume
that one man out of every two in the Federal armies
has been killed or wounded, we must raise the aggre-
gate amount of their levies to numbers even greater
than we have suggested; for it seems to be beyond
question that half a million men, at least, have been
placed hors de combat since the war began. In the
intercepted correspondence of the Confederates
which was brought before our Government by the
Federal authorities themselves the losses of the
s
North are estimated at 349,500. But
cthtieel,
lsahwa
twelve months ago, and all the carnage of
lorsville and Gettysburg, to say nothing of the
incessant drain at Vicksburg, Port ludso Charles-
ton, and many other points, has to I
be brought to
account. Less than 500,000 the total can hardly
be, and that, indeed, was the computation of our
correspondent in the South some six months ago.
The losses of the Confederates; even at that period,
were supposed to be 200,000, 80
that three quarters
of a million would be the lowest estimate of the
whole cunsumption.
letT the reader an adequate idea of
this prodigious drainrea The comparisond er remember our
own position in the Crime an e
war.
will be all the easier because the available resources
of the two countries are exactly alike.s nearly
ne'slr'he
United Kingdom contains a population as
as possible equivalent to that of the Northern
and Southern States together—blacks included, so
that we had as good a stock to draw upon as the
Americans have had. Oar army before Sebas-
topol was never, at any one time, 50,000 strong,
and yet the 27,000 casualties in that force were
enough to throw England into mourning and to
reduce the standard of the army for some time.
What would have been the case if ten or twenty
times that force 'had been in the field ? What
would have happened if 750,000 British soldiers
had been killed or wounded in two years of war ?
At this rate of consumption the American War
will soon literally become what some of its pro-
moters desire—a war of extermination. That
ahrase is mere hyperbole in European stories,
but it will express only the brae truth in America.
President Lincoln alleges, as his reason for preci-
pitating the draught in New York, that President
Davis is " driving every able-bodied man he can
meet into his ranks," and it is now reported that
the South, like the North, is enrolling and arming
negroes. We cannot wonder at the resolution,
however much we may lament it. At the begin-
ning of the war the whole white population of
the Southern States could hardly have contained
more than 1,000,000 or 1,200,000 men of fight-
ing age. How many deductions mast be made
even from these figures before an effective total can
be reached we need not say, and yet the South must
have already raised at least 500,000 or 609,000 men,
of whom 250,000 have fallen. me negroes in the
South are just about half as numerous as the whites,
so that this expedient will add 50 per cent. to their
resources. It shows, however, the desperate nature
of the struggle when we see such a measure adopted.
Nothing but the very sternest resolution and direst
need would have driven the Confederates to this
extremity, They are as ready as the Federals to
accept " the hitter end." The Noll b, vows that if
the South wilt not submit every Southerner shell
he slain ; the South answers that rather than sub-
mit every Southerner will die. We have not laid
much stress on those imports of men from Europe
of which the North has had the advantage, but the
aid from this source cannot have been inconsidera-
ble. Germans and Irish have been poured into
New York along with cannon, rifles, sabres, and
stores. Emigration from the 0d World has actually
received a strong impulse under the attractions of
the war. The Germans, trained soldiers already,
accept war as a promising butines=, and hope to rise
in a -ervice in which military education is rare.
The Trish follow tile invitations of their kindred to
a land of high wages, and are overpowered on their

arrival by the allurements of the recruiting ser-
geant. Still emigration can only have supplied a
percentage of the hosts which the North has sent
into the field. The Southerners complain with great
justice that their country is invaded by foreigners,
for Irish and Germans hcive formed a conspicuous
element in the Federal armies; but the bulk of these
must have been naturalised et..mericans, who for all
practical purposes were citizens of the Union. It re-
mains now to be seen what will come of the last ap-
peal—whether the North will endure the conscrip-
tion, and with what spirit the conscripts will fight.
In the South the conscription has long been in force,
and the last resource of the Confederates is shown in
the enlistment ofnegroes. In the North there has been
no such trial, and Governor Seymour distinctly
intimates to the President his opinion that it
may be too much for the patience of the people.
" I do noc dwell," says he," on what I believe would
be the consequence of a violent, harsh policy before
the constitutionality of the Act is tested. You can
scan the immediate future as well as I." These are
ominous words, and they are applied to a State
which has hitherto been eminently zealous iu sup-
plying men for the war. We shall soon learn which
of the two is right—Governor Seymour in his de-
precations of the measure, or President Lincoln in
his determination to enforce it at all hazards; but
the very occurrence of the difficulty shows the
straits to which the Government is reduced.
Hitherto the Federals have endured everything for
the sake of the war; but they are now called upon
for a sacrifice which it is not yet certain they will
consent to make.

HERALD.—There is one aspect of the Polish in-
surrection which renders it revolting to the civili-
sation of Europe and obnoxious to the hopes of
liberty. Nothing can excuse the assassinations
ordered by the Central Committee, and executed by
its agents. Oace for all, every Christian people
should aloud refuse their sympathy to any move-
ment working by means of the dagger. No free
constitution was ever founded upon murder. We
care not what may be the classic examples. They
belong to a Pagan epoch, in which the act of
lying pungently," as Douglas Jerrold expressed
it, was deemed a virtue. No number of illustra-
tions can blazon into heroism the secret and cowardly
shedding of human blood, whether by a fanatic who
chooses to think himself a patriot, or by a desperate
emissary, obeying the orders of a sanguinary
Vehmgehricht, armed for revolutionary purposes
with the stiletto and the cord ; and history will
never fulfil its duty until it has made short work
with these stealthy butchers, and execrated them,
if not out of human memory, at least out of their
maudlin and immoral fame. We weigh them all in
the same scale—Ravillac with Charlotte Corday,
Ilarmodius with John Fenton. They are felons from
first to last. The salient voice of Mr. Wilkie Col-
lins's most popular novel was the apology it implied
for an act of private retribution adjudged against
Count Font:), and inflicted upon him by a ghostly
stabber at midnight on the banks of the Seine. The
feeling of Englishmen recoils from the practice, no
matter how extenuated. Recapitulate the old
sophisms in its behalf, and still the wickedness,
the depravity, and the cowardice of. the deed remaiu
untouched. A tyrant may, perhaps, stand above
the reach of the law which he creates and admi-
nisters; its provisions ought to apply to him as to
others; but no individual subject hss a right to be
come the trustee of Divine justice, and pass a sen-
tence of death to be carried out in the dark by the
stroke of a slaughterer's knife. We are not, thank
Heaven, a nation of Screvolas. We never were in
the worst days gone by. There was in England,
when the plot of the Rue Repelletier exp:oded in a
shower of murderous grenades at an opera door, a
party bitterly hostile to the French Emperor; but
to the credit of mankind be it said, that not a re-
spectable organ of the English press suggested any
justification of Orsini and his infamous confederates.
These mysterious tribunals, which send men to their
coffins by verdicts pronounced in the vaults of re-
morseless conspiracy, are abominable violations of
right, and no perversion of argument upon ethics or
equity can by any possibility raise them above the
level of the most coarse and common murder. The
Marshal of the Nobility of Wilna, within the com-
pass of the fluctuating Polish insurrection, has just
been stabbed, under a condemnation of the Central
Committee, or subterranean government of the in-
surgents, for having signed the address of the local
nobility to the Czar. His footman was wounded
at the same time—it is feared mortally. This is
not the first instance, by scores upon scores, of poli-
tical assassinations by command of the invisible
authority whose decrees convulse Poland, and which
employ not only an incendiary, a tax-gatherer, and
a trumpeter of revolt, hnt an executioner also. We
put it to the respectable representatives of the Polish
emigration in London and in Paris, whether they ap-
prove of these bloody and pusillanimous edicts. Do
/hey authorise them? Will they not repudiate and
scout them utterly P If they hope to consecrate assas-
sination as a political necessity, where is the limit
to be found ? If the secret stabbings is the forests
of Wilna be legitimate, so, possibly, might have
been the secret poisonings of the Borgias. We can-
not draw any line between one class of murders and
another, or stamp one set of weapons as nefarious
and another as heroic. A poignard hidden under
a cloak, and driven into the heart of a surprised and
unsuspecting wayfarer or slumberer, is no less de-
testable and despicable than a phial of Tophana's
distilling or a nosegay doctored by Caraffa. There
is horror in the racks, pulleys, thumbscrews,
scourges, scaffolds, blocks, and gibbets of despotism ;
there is terror in the Siberian mine or the oubliette
of the Bastille. We may abhor these institutions,.
and desire that our fellow-creatures in no part of
the world shall long be subject to the caprices and
cruelties of irresponsible rulers or their more merci-
less agents; but the lineage of Cain can never be
the liberators of Europe. Intrepid rebellion and
open battle may be pleaded for as the last resources
of a people made desperate by the misdoings of
their rulers ; but when patriotism assumes the black
mask, lurks in a dark archway, and steals furtively
forth to deal safeiy the blow which is to fulfil the
sentence of judgJs securely ensconced abroad, it be-
comes a crime, an imposture, and a reproach to the
cause which it scandalizes and degrades. When
Machiavelli recounted the wickedness of Agathocles,
of Oliverotto di Fermo, and of Cee tar Borgia, he
concluded by dtelarieg that their punishment to he
salutary, could only have been legal. The Netriesis
that lies in the poisoned chalice, or skulks beneath
the assassin's hood, is not more moral than the spolia-
non of a miser or a burglary in the dwelling of a
notorious reprobate. Let the Poles be well assured
that their Central Committee will only concentrate
upon itself the hatred and disgust of Liberal Europe
by this mystic dooming to death of men whose acts
are offensive to their nationality. Italy gained
nothing when
" Italian chocolate" was in fashion ;
and the ablest writers even of the revolutionary
party in France have admitted that her freedom
was not advanced by one step, but rather retarded,
by the tremendous deeds which, just before the
Revolution, were confessed amid the agonies of the
Chanibre Ardente. All high-minded Frenchmen
despise Cantillon, as all high-minded Ger.nans were
anxious to give up to the grasp of the law the miser-
able murderer of Latour,and as every Italian worthy
of the name regrets the slaughter of Rossi at Rome.
The massacre of an individual by a mob, or its
deputy, is absolutely not more to be justified,
upon any pretence whatever, than the firing upon
an unarmed multitude by a battalion of soldiers.
Haman right and law unequivocally forbid both.

POST.—The principle immortalised by the great
Olympic bard—
' Aptcrrov Fcev acop
has taken root amongst us to an extent which
could hardly have been hoped for, under the aus-
pices of Mr. Samuel Gurney and his " Drinking
Fountain Association.' When that refreshing
scheme was first started by its benevolent author
many persons—not less benevolent, it may be, but
less sanguine—smiled at the idea of thirsty souls
beicg enticed to pass the" public" or the beershop
and to resort to the Pindaric beverage. To the
great surprise of the sceptics ; to the infinite gra-
tification of those who take an interest in the phy-
sical comfort and moral improvement of the popu-
lation; and to the mortification, possibly, of pub-
licans and beer-tap keepers, the lower classes of
the community took to tne novel " tap," and untold
gallons of water have been consumed by them in
all its native purity, without the adulteration ;of
either malt or hops. So far the result is highly
stitisfectory. It is good to see those structures, the
" drinking fountains," some of them elegant—for
art has not been lost sight of in the erection of all
—besot by crowds of customers, many of whom,
there can be no doubt, would, but for the oppor-
tune supply, have quenched their thirst elsewhere,
and retinue(' home with their pockets lightened of
the price of a pot of beer. Where, moreover, as is
the case in many of the suburban fountains espe-
cially, provision has thoughtfully been made for
conducting the overflow of the basin into a trough
below, it is pleasing to see many a panting and
weary beast " watinin out its mouth" on a hot
summer's day, and not less pleasing to think that it
our dogs go mad at all, it will not be for want of a
sufficient supply of wat.er always at their command,
There is one drawback, however, upon this satis-
factory result. The drinking fountains have refused
to obey the laws of political economy, having
seriously infringed the well known rule of demand
and supply. There is a large and increasing
demand for additional fountains, which the assn_
elation is unable to supply. For even water—to
say nothing of the priene cost of each fountain—
cannot be supplied for nothing, especially in large
towns where drinking fountains are meat wanted.
And so it. comes to pass that whilo t;-,e water in th,
fountains of the association is running freely enough,
its exchequer is running dry; and unless the vein

of public charity will flow more copiously, there is
some risk of the fountains running dry also " in the
long run." A good word for Pindar and Samuel
Gurney seems, therefore, quite in season, especially
in this broiling weather. Now, it is some encourage-
ment to find that a remarkably nice peg to hang
that word on has been supplied by an anonymous
patron of the limpid stream, in the shape of an offer
of one hundred pounds sterling, if by the middle of
October contributions to the amount of five hun-
dred pounds shall come in to meet his donation.
Though it is not to be found in the Bible in these
very terms, yet we take it that the offer in question
is a very suitable text to dilate upon in a homily on
the advantages of an abundant and gratuitous sup-
ply of pure water to thirsty souls. That the drink-
ing fountains must fall back upon the " voluntary
principle" for their support seems tolerably evident.
To charge them upon the Consolidated Fund is
altogether out of the question. Whatever Mr.
Gladstone, the philanthropist, may think of the
movement, it is clear that the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer cannot do otherwise than frown upon it.
To him the growth of habits of sobriety among the
people is an object of deep concern in an inverse
ratio from what it is to the moralist. And if the effect
of the drinking fountains upon the revenue should
happen to attract his notice, the association may
think itself lucky if he does not clap a stamp upon the
goblets, and compel it to take out a drinking license
for each fountain. To the benevolent public, there-
fore, to those who hailed Mr. Gurney's scheme in
the first instance, and to those who received it with
a benevolent smile, the appeal must be made. It is
scarcely conceivable that this appeal should be made
in vain ; so numerous, so cogent, so moving are
the arguments that may be advanced in its support.
To those wbo are not to be touched by any but
" sensation" pleas, we may be permitted to suggest
how greatly drinking fountains must tend to di-
minish delirium tremens and hydrophobia, as ugly
an alternative as it is possible to hit upon among
" the ills that flesh is heir to." To those whom
milder persuasives will reach we may point out the
fact, universally acknowledged, that drunkenness is
one of the most fruitful causes of crime among the
lower orders ; and that, therefore, whatever has a
tendency to diminish drunkenness will, pro tanto,
cause a diminution of crime. Those who look deeper
into the sources of human happiness and misery, we
may remind that much of the wretchedness observ-
able in the dwellings of the poor, much of the
squalor in which their unhappy children are reared,
is owing to the large amount of money spent by the
labouring class upon fermented liquors, far beyond
the measure of them which may be regarded in the
light of wholesome support or beneficial stimulant.
We are no advocates for teetotalism or the Maine
Liquor Law. We should be sorry to take from a
hard-working man his pint, or even his pot, of beer,
as part of his daily sustenance. What we contend
for is, that his proper allowance of it will do him all
the more good if he learns to restrict his use of it to
a reasonable quantity at meal time, and beyond that
to quench his thirst with a drink of pure water.
Othera, again, who think less of the improvement,
and care more for the comfort of their fellow-crea-
ture., may be asked to consider what a boon a drink
of fresh, pure water, always accessible, is to the
multitudes of men, women, and children who throng
our thoroughfares. They may be asked to extend
their sympathies to the brute creation, and to share
the pleasurable sensations of the horses and dogs,
to whom the trough of the drinking fountain proves
a Castalian spring. Are all these delectable emotions
of human and animal sympathy to be enjoyed for
nothing ? Fie upon such selfishness ! Let those
who feel their heart warmed by the thought of
thousands of throats seasonably, innocently, and
gratuitously cooled in this hot weather transmit
their tribute of sympathy in the shape of a sove-
reigu, a five-shilling piece, or a dozen postage
stamps, to the office of the Drinking Fountain Asso-
ciation, at 4, Church-court, Lombard-street, in the
consciousness that he has done a good deed.

COUNTRY MARKETS.

.r. ~.

GLOUCESTER—Aro. 22.

The show of new English wheat to-day was fair, which
was sold at a reduction of 2s per qr. Foreign wheat was
much pressed, and. American fully 2s lower. Beans and
oats very dull. Barley unaltered.