The Sun.
London, England, 1839-07-16 00:00:00

supported the clause, which on a division was carried by
108 to 32.

Sir GEORGE CLERK had a special entry made on the
Journals to prevent the introduction of so many clauses,
by way of rider, becoming a precedent.
True to his principles, Sir ROBERT INGLIS, on the
moCenn that the Irish Corporation Bill be read a third
time, moved that it be put off for three months. Mr.
Pii.UMPTRE seconded the motion. Mr. O'CONNELL sup-
ported the Bill, though he was not satisfied with it, and
declared that if it were mutilated in the other House,
he would vote against it. On a division the Anti-Irish
mustered 21, and the Bill was read a third time by a
majority of 76.
For a considerable part of the night the House was
occupied in Committee on the Admiralty Court Bill.
An amendment proposed by Mr. HUME, to throw the
Admiralty Court open, was lost on a division, 28
voting for it and 69 against it.
The Bill for continuing the Poor•law Commissioners
was read a second time, after a short debate and a
division, on which 35 voted against and 120 for the
second reading.
The other Orders of the Day were then disposed of,
and the House adjourned at Two o'Clock.

It is very generally said that the evils of which
the lower classes complain are economical or social,
arising from an excess of population over the
means of employment ; and that, for their suffer-
ings, our laws are not at all to blame. Such an
argument, were it well founded, would go much
further than those who use it apprehend. Com-
pared to these evils, all the petty deviations from
morality—not going to Church on Sunday, getting
tipsy, or picking a pocket—which so much pains
are taken to correct or cure, are really not worth
consideration ; and for the Government to acknow-
ledge that these enormous evils are beyond its power,
is to degrade its office, if not to abdicate its functions.
Those who suffer, may well ask the statesmen who use
that argument, Why then do you not break the staff
of office, and confess that your pretensions are
quackery ? If you cannot save society from the
calamities of starvation, wherefore do you claim our
obedience and respect? One principle or the other
must be adopted and carried out. Either the Le-
gislature is capable of warding off evils, and of
regulating society, or it is not. If it be, why are
the people in a state of discontent from great
distress ? If it be not, why do you charge your-
selves with the responsibility of governing ? Al-
low either the social principle to come into full
play, and abolish all laws, or maintain the political
principle and provide a remedy for low wages and
want of employment, as well as for the want of
spiritual instruction ? But do not, when you want
to coerce the people into obedience, main-
tain the political principle, and insist that
society will fall into anarchy unless the people be
obedient and submissive, and when they complain
of distress and destitution, turn round on them, and
say—We have no power : your evils are social, and
arise from causes beyond the controul of legislation.
It is not, however, true, and no man can dare to
say it is, as long as the Corn-laws, and several
similar scoundrel enactments are continued, that
the evils now suffered by our people are wholly
social or economical, and not political. If they
were wholly social, what fatuity, what madness,
would it not be in the Corn-law making Legislature
to take on itself, by passing such a law and so in-
terfering between the people and the course of nature,
all the responsibility of evils which, whether social
or political, threaten the public peace ? The evils
are in truth political, and the Legislature should
remove the causes of them. We see with sa-
tisfaction that this subject begins to attract atten-
tion, though foolish writers, while they acknow-
ledge its importance, still venture to deride it, and
that the classes possessing political influence are
called on to use it " so as to remove the evils which
press on the working classes, and ameliorate, so far
as public measures avail, the precarious and fluc-
tuating nature of their present condition. " This,"
says the Globe, " is the great work which lies be-
fore the middle and instructed classes in our times.
For this have they acquired increased power in the
Legislature ; and for this they must strengthen,
consolidate, and exercise that power. All the fri-
volous pretensions of mere rank will quail before the
assertion of the nobler mission which Liberal states-
manship has to fulfil." Bet before they can accom-
plish this they must cast aside the paralyzing and
even death-bringing notion that the evils of which
the people complain have their origin exclusively in
social or natural causes, and not in bad laws. The
latter we may remove—the former are beyond our
control.

Lord BROUGHAM moved the second reading of
his Education Bill last night, but, after making a
speech on the subject, the Bishop of CHICHESTER
having moved an amendment, withdrew his motion,
and so ends, for the Session, we believe, all dis-
cussion on the very important subject of education.
We are not altogether sorry for this, for we begin
to doubt whether this vast sea have been sounded'
on every point, and whether the public must not
survey it on all sides for some years before it is
ready for legislation.
There is one particular circumstance, for ex-
ample, in modern society, which, so far as systems
of education are concerned, seems rather to have
been overlooked. Of late complaints have arisen
in various quarters of the loss, as it were, of indi-
viduality. We are described by one great and popu-
lar writer, but as rowers chained in a galley ; we all
go with the boat we impel, and we all rise and pull
together. We dress much alike, and live
much alike. Fashion or custom is master over us
all, and drills us most submissively nnder its laws.
We are but the servants or even slaves of our ma-
chinery. We must all travel by railroads at one
_rapid rate, or be huddled together in steam-boats.
Thousands and millions of persons, day after day,
tread the same dull round as the wheels on which
they depend, and seem daily likely to become wholly
mechanical. Now, any general system of educa-
tion must rather augment than diminish this gene-
ral, and by•some deemed fatal, tendency, to reduce
all society to mere masses of mechanism. Not con-
tent with the uniformity which fashion impresses on
us—not content with the compulsion to move in the
same tracks, and at the same time, to which the use
of railroads and steam-boats exposes us—not con-
tent with the great mass of the people being reduced
to almost the mechanical level of the mules and
looms they attend, we seem anxious to devise and ap-
ply one great and uniform system of school learning
which shall hasten the extinction of all individuality,
and extend the mechanical habits of the cotton fac-
tory over the national mind. This is one aspect in
which we believe a general system of education
has not been much contemplated, but which cer-
tainly requires investigation before the Legislature
proceed to act.
In relation to this part of the question we were
interested by Mr. GIBSON'S remark at Ipswich,
that education must be particular, not general.
Its object, of course, is to enable individuals to per-
form their duties and live happily ; for it will
scarcely he denied that even the moral precepts
which religion enforces have chiefly for their object
the promotion of individual and general happiness.
Education, therefore, to be good should have spe-
cial regard to the situation in which a man is likely
to be placed, to the peculiar duties he will
have to fulfil, and the peculiarities of the
individual. It should be adapted both to
his external circumstances and internal dis-
position as far as they can be ascertained.
Surely a man who is to lead a sedentary life, like a
weaver or a tailor, and whose health and develop-
mentipowers require h
of his physical s recreations
to be of an active nature, should not be drilled in
the same manner, while a boy or a youth, as he
who is to be a seaman or an agriculturist ? Surely,
too, the youth whose situation requires from him
the drudgery of daily toil, and who happens to have
a poetical temperament, can have no greater injury
inflicted on him than to have that peculiarity un-
duly developed, and even forced into active opera-
tion by a system of literary instruction, uncorrected
by any physical education to harden his muscles,
correct his propensity, and enable him to fill his
situation with honour and profit. We are warm
friends to education, but we rather doubt whether
t o
individuals,
now
indiscriminate and general system might not be
uniformity
an
mechanical injury ni
u
osy comp l
aained ofn d promote. the

It appears, from the frequency and the acrimo-
nious tone with which the Opposition Journals
allude to the reception given by the QUEEN to the
late Address of the House of Lords, that the Tories
find her MAJESTY'S reply neither palatable nor
easy of digestion. Grandmamma seems to have
taken the rebuke, so seasonably administered, to
the " meddling Priests" and factious Peers, most to
heart. We are really afraid it will be the death of
her. She can think of nothing else. She broods

over the " untoward event" night and day, and
utters her lamentations in strains that we are con-
vinced would have melted even the stony
hearts of ELIPH AZ, the Temanite ; BILDAD,
the Shuhite ; and ZOPHA It, the Naamathite ;
had Jos appointed her to plead his cause with his
unsympathizing friends. If any one demur to this
conclusion, and assert that our venerable Contem-
porary exhibits less patience and more peevishness
in her lucubrations than the Patriarch of Uz, it
would only prove that, with unreflecting persons
age and sex go for nothing, whereas their privi-
leges are of longer standing, and more generally
acknowledged than any to which the House of
Lords can lay claim.

But to be serious, it is undoubtedly a highly
amiable and praiseworthy feeling which prompts
our respected Contemporary to make the distinc-
tion which it does between the personal acts of the
Sovereign and those acts for which the Ministers
are responsible. The answer to the Lords' Ad-
dress, it calls " unconstitutional and discreditable
incivility,"—sharp words these coming from such
a quarter--and then it lays the blame of this at
the door of her MAJESTY'S advisers, for the gene-
rous purpose of protecting her from the popular
hatred which it fancies she must incur if the
people imagined that the " sharp rebuke," or as
some call it the " snubbing," of the Lords, were
the unprompted effusion of the Royal mind.
We would use the liberty of recommending to
our venerable Contemporary to quiet the grievous
alarm which she evidently labours under on this
important point. If the QUEEN never do a more
unpopular act than " snubbing" the Peers, she
will be the most popular Sovereign that ever
swayed the British sceptre. Our regret is, that
the Peers have been so little accustomed to hear the
honest truth told them by the Throne. Had they had
a little more of the " snubbing" discipline applied
to them, they would have known better how to be-
have themselves, both towards the Sovereign
and the people. Let the revilers of the
Ministers, at the same time, 'recollect that this
" sharp rebuke" or " snubbing," or whatever
else they choose to call it, owes its sting entirely to
the consciousness on the part of those to whom
it:was administered, and the public conviction, that
it was well merited. There is nothing in the lan-
guage of the reply to which the most fastidious
courtier can object. On the contrary, it is per-
vaded by a spirit of dignified courtesy, such as
might be expected from a QUEEN who, even in
conveying a reprimand, does not forget the respect
she owes to herself, because others may have for-
gotten their duty.
There can be no question that the QUEEN
did reprove the Lords, and that too in the
finest possible style, but it is as unquestionable
that they deserved this reproof. They were
the aggressors. They made an attack upon the
Royal prerogative, and in such a way as to add
insult to injury ; for could there be a grosser insult
to the QUEEN, the Head of the Church of Eng-
land, than to presume, as the Lords did by their
Address, that her MAJESTY would employ money
placed at her disposal by the House of Commons
to the prejudice of that Church ? This, use assert,
was an affront, which it was impossible for the
QUEEN to put up with. Her MAJESTY'S Mi-
nisters would really have deserved all the abuse
which the hirelings of faction have heaped upon
them for putting this famous reply into the
QUEEN'S mouth, had they not advised their Royal
Mistress—if peradventure she needed such advice—
to let the Lords know that they had overstepped
the limits of decorum, as well as the line of their
duty, in their late`proceedings.
It ts, however, a matter of no moment whether
the Lords are pleased or displeased at the result
of their factious and impertinent interference in
matters with which they had no manner of busi-
ness. We hope it may have a good effect upon
them, and teach them better manners in future.
What we look to is the benefit which is likely
to accrue to the public by the firmness with which
Ministers have stuck to the great question in-
volved in these proceedings—namely, whether
there shall be established a system of national
education without distinction of sect, where all
shall be alike considered the children of the State,
or a system of intolerant domination, under which
c,le sect shall have the privilege of either dictating
its own religious principles to the rest of the com-
munity, or -of raonopolislng-rhe fuods-set apart for
general education, with a view to prevent the spread
of useful knowledge among the people. This ques-
tion is, we conceive, now settled, and though the
scale of operations with which the new system
commences is not large, it is not a thing of small
importance that the principle has been adopted and
a beginning made in a right direction. A gradual
extension must take place, and it will not be an
easy task for any Government, however hostile to
the principle, to make a retrograde movement.

The following extracts from the German Papers,
received last night, contain interesting intelligence
from the East. It will be observed, however, that
the Editor of the Allgemeine Zeitung, deems the
news unworthy of implicit credence for reasons
assigned below :--
TRIESTE, JULY 4. —The steam-boat that has arrived to,
day from the Levant, has brought so much important news-
that I should lose the post if I stop to send you all.
The letters from Alexandria are to the 17th, and those
from Constantinople to the 20th June. From the first
place the Kolourat steam-boat brought 280 passengers,
who had left Egypt from fear of the events that might
occur. There has been a considerable action, in which
the Egyptians, commanded by Soliman Pacha, were total)),
defeated, upon which the Turks advanced to Antioch, of
which they took possession, and were welcomed by the en-
thusiastic acclamations of the inhabitants.
This first victory gives reason to expect that the Turl,ish
Divan, which is determined on war, will be still less dis-
posed to listen to the remonstrances of the European
Powers, hut will persist in its resolution to free Syria from
the yoke of Ibrahim Pacha.

Tie Egyptian squadron was stationed between Rhodes
and Alexandria; English and French squadrons are cruis-
ing in those seas to prevent collision. Letters from Con-
stantinople say that the Turkish Fleet left the Dar-
danelles soon after the arrival of the Capitan Pacba at
Megmra. All French subjects at Constantinople had re-
ceived directions to be ready to quit the capital at a mo-
ment's notice. The Sultan bad broken a blood vessel and
was very ill. If the prognostics of the English physician
had been realised, the Sultan would be now no more.
Our letters from Constantinople received by way of
Vienna three days ago were of the 20th, and those from
Alexandria the day before yesterday of the 19th, ti at is
two days later than the above from Trieste. As they say
nothing of a battle, and the letters from Malta do not
speak of it, this news cannot be implicitly admitted,
though the Lloyd Austriaco speaks of these events, and we
give its supplement as a continuation of the above letters
from Trieste. to which it adds some particulars.]—Note of
Allgemeine Zeitung.

The doubts expressed by the German Journalist
would seem to be unfounded, from the following
paragraph, translated from the last received nu m-
ber of the Piedtnontese Gazette :

" After the first skirmishes, in which only small detach-
ments were engaged, a cavalry combat took place, in IA hich
the Turks were victorious. Then a new battle was fought
between two strong divisions of the armies, and again the
Egyptians were defeated. The courier who took this news
to Constantinople, states that the Egyptian division was
commanded by Soliman Bey, and that in consequence of
his defeat, the Turkish army entered Antioch."
HAFIZ PACHA, Commander-in-Chief of the
Turkish army, has addressed the following letter to
IBRAHIM PACHA, in answer to the communica-
tion of the Viceroy of SYRIA, demanding to know
why, and for what purpose, the army of the SUL-
TAN invaded the Syrian territory. The letter of
IBRAHIM, which was remarkably explicit, ap-
peared in our columns a few days ago :

" lIAFIZ PACIIA TO HIS EXCELLENCY lERAIIIM
" 28th Rebei.ewel, 1255 (June 9, 1839).
" I have received the treasure of thy letter, which thou
has sent me by the Commandant Mohammed Azik Bey,
and I have read its precious contents. As thy Excellency
in thy letter manifests submission to our benefactor, the be-
nefactor of the universe, the high, potent, and much ho-
noured Sultan, and as thou expressest a wish to merit the
benefits of his Highness, I can give thee some explanations.
May the benevolent God prolong the life of our revered
Lord until the end of time, in order that he may cover his
servants with his shadow, and that his sublime throne may
protect those who submit to him.
" Submission consists not only in words but in actions.
However, when the Grand Seignior's army went to Bir
and pitched their victorious tents, Mageun Agassi, corn.
wander of the Arab cavalry ( Hennedi), came within half
a league of Bir with his troops, to reconnoitre and pro-
bably to pillage some villages; in fact this cavalry did
pillage several villages in the province of Orfa. This en-
forced the necessity of our protecting our army, and we
therefore advanced a body of Spahis. Some of these
Spabis having lost their horses, and having gone to catch
them at a place betweett Bir and Aintab, where there were
eight hundred Henne-:iis, these fell upon them, disarmed
one, and cut off his. bead. This, far from being in accord-
ance'.. with the sttunission which thou owest to the Grand
Seignior, we have been forced to retaliate. I have taken
the liberty to send thee this amicable letter, as a proof of
and I give it to Azik Bey, who, with Achmet
ander of the Sublime army, will give it to
thymßo yygEox a goodwill
cw°lll aleninCy. When, by the grace of God, he shall
have 4:elivered it into thy hands, the consequences of its
con'ants will depend upon thy will."
When peace is restored in the East, it would

mark the wisdom of the Porte to send HAFIZ
PACHA as Ambassador to the Court of St. Pe-
tersburgh. He is evidently a diplomatist of the
first water. He will not require a cipher in
writing to his Government, for NESSELRODE
himself would be puzzled to comprehend the pur-
port of a dispatch so happily vague in its expres-
sions as the above.

According to accounts from Alexandria, pub-
lished by the German Papers, MEHEMET ALI is
making most formidable preparations to maintain
himself in the Government of Egypt. A re-
inforcement of 120,000 Bedouin Arabs from the
Desert were on their march to join the army of
IBR A lIIM in Syria. Other numerous bodies had
landed at Suez from Arabia, and awaited the orders
of the VICEROY.

Despatches have been received at the Foreign
Office from Colonel SHIEL, charged, in the ab-
sence of the Ambassador, with the protection of
British interests in Persia, dated from Erzeroum,
which bring the highly important news that England
has succeeded in seating the SHAH SOOJArt on the
throne of Candahar. Colonel Sir ALEXANDER
BURNES has thus accomplished his mission in
despite of the intrigues of Russia and the hos-
tility of Persia. Great praise is due to Lord
AUCKLAND, who, by a prompt attention to
the representations of Colonel BuitNEs, Captain
HAYNES, Lieutenant POTTINGER, and several
other able, active diplomatic agents of Eng-
land in the East, have established a general idea
of the power, and the munificence of Great Bri-
tain in Central Asia. The deposition of the
Rulers of Candahar and Aden, and the preserva-
tion of Herat, are events which will make them-
selves felt from the shores of the Caspian to the
banks of the Indus.

Their Most Faithful Majesties of PORTUGAL,
as we learn by letters from Lisbon, dated the Bth
inst., are devoting their Sundays during the summer
to the patronage of those national schools of cruelty
and barbarism, Bull-fights. When Republican
principles were in the ascendant in Spain and Por-
tugal the brutal custom of baiting hulls was wholly
abolished ; but, with the restoration of Royalty to
its pristine glory, has returned the only amusement
which it appears Princes of the Spanish, Bourbon,
and Braganza lines are capable of fully appre-
ciating.

The following telegraphic communication, which
appears in the Moniteur Parisien of Sunday,
contains the latest intelligence from the East
:
" Extract of a telegraphic despatch from the Agent of
Foreign Affairs at Marseilles, dated July 13, 3 A.M.
" Advices from Constantinople state that the Sultan is
seriously indisposed.
" On the 26th of June a battle, which took place on
the 21st, between the Turks and Egyptians, was talked of
at Alexandria, but the details had not been received.

" The Turkish fleet was, on the 2Sth of June, still in the
Dardanelles Straits. Admiral Lalande was with the Jena
at Tenedos ; the remainder of the squadron at Our!ac.
"The English squadron, consisting of thirteen sail, quitted
Malta on the 2d of July, taking the direction of the coasts
of Syria."

Upon this news we shall at present make no
other remarl: than that it appears the naval demon-
strations of France and England will prevent any
collision between the fleets of Turkey and Egypt.
We are delighted to learn, from the Paris Journals
of Sunday, that there is reason to
hope that no ca-
pital punishment will be inflicted in consequence of
the late emeute in the Capital. On Saturday morn-
ing Madame CARLE, BARBES sister, accompa-
nied by her husband, waited on M. DE LAMAR-
TINE, to request a letter of introduction to the
KING. This the Hon. Deputy had not the right
of giving, but he gave them a letter to M. MON-
TALIVET, who procured them an audience. The
KING received them with great kindness, and hav-
ing patiently listened to the touching representation
of a sister pleading for a beloved brother's life, thus
graciously answered her:--
" I am personally much inclined to indulgence but
the solution of the question does not depend upon me
alone ; the Council of Ministers is this very morning sit.
tieg in deliberation on the affair ; nothing is yet decided.
Reasons of State must be taken into consideration. If I
were only to consult my own feelings, you should this
instant return to Paris with the pardon of Barbes. Take
courage—hope.".

The KING had ordered all the papers produced
at the trial to be brought to him that he might
examine them before confirming the sentence of the
Court of Peers. When BARGES' sentence was
read to him on Friday night he beard it with gait-
calmness, but not with a braggart or idiotic insen-
sibility. " I expected as much," said he, " but I
solemnly declare that I am not the murderer of
Lieutenant DROUINEAU." When told that the
Court condemned him not as the actual murderer,
but as the principal author of that crime, he seemed
much relieved, and observed, " I am condemned
then as the Chief of the insurrection. This I have
myself admitted." He next inquired the fate of
his accomplices, and expressed great delight that he
only was to die. When subsequently asked if he
would receive a Minister of the Gospel, he an-
swered with great readiness, " Certainly : I am a
Christian, and Christianity will not be one of the
least supports of the Republican cause." He then
requested that the Abbe GRIVEL, Chaplain of the
Luxemburg, might be allowed to visit and afford
him spiritual consolation.
The other prisoners, when their sentences were
read, asked the fate of BARBES, and expressed
sorrow at his condemnation.
The Liberal Journals loudly condemn the dis-
persion by the troops of the bearers of the pe-
tion to the Chamber of Deputies on Saturday,
for abolishing the punishment for political of-
fences. The petitioners, though in number from
four to five thovsand persons in blue blouses, were
entirely unprovided with arms, and their easy dis-
persion, without offering the shadow of resistance,
proved that they had meditated no disturbance of
the public peace. Nevertheless several of them
were severely wounded by military ruffians, who,
not more than three months ago, fled at the sight
of three hundred determined citizens. In propor-
tion to the cowardice is the cruelty of soldiers when
let loose among a flying unarmed mob. The fol.
lowing is a
v
copyl of the petition which the working
men of Paris er e
conveying to the Chamber when
they were dispersed by the soldiery and armed Mu-
nicipal Guards :

gt TO THE DEPUTIES.

k it Gentlemen,—An insurrection has broken out in the
capital. A sentence of the Court of Peers has been pro.
nounced, and that sentence is death—death for political
circumstances.
" When in 1830 the Ministers of the fallen King were
accused, three days our streets were covered with blood ;
then, as now, the Court of Peers was occupied with a
fearful process. Understanding the generous instinct of a
victorious people, the national representation rose en masse
to demand the abolition of the punishment of death. If
this wish was not immediately adopted as law by the
State, it was a questisn of form, but your unanimous ma-
nifestation saved the life of the accused. Ought it not to
be the same in these days ? Has civilisation retrograded ?
" In 1839 would the nation behold without horror the
political scaffold erected, which by your organ of justice
was broken in 1830? For these and other considerations
left to the appreciation of your great wisdom, the under-
signed have the honour to ask if you are in favour of the
abolition of the punishment of death, in requesting you to
manifest the urgency of the popular wish."
(The signatures follow.)
The following extracts from the Paris Jourt;als of
Sunday include all the remaining intelligence they
bring of any political or general interest :
The Ministers held a Council at Neuilly yesterday, to
deliberate on a commutation of punishment. The deli-
beration, which was interrupted by their having to be
present at the sitting of the Chamber of Deputies, was re-
sumed yesterday evening. A journal published the follow-
ing note, which was addressed to it yesterday, with a
request that it might be inserted The countrymen of
M. Barbes, who are at'Paris, deeply afflicted at the violent
demonstrations which took place to. day before the Cham-
ber of Deputies, have met this evening to draw up a peti-
tion to the King for pardon."
The Memorial Bordelais gives the two following pieces
of intelligence, the authenticity of which we can by no
means allow, notwithstanding -the confidence with which
that journal gives them :
" We have a letter from Madrid of the sth, and the
journals of the same date. A very important piece of news
is communicated to us, viz., that it is believed that Queen
Christina will quit Spain. Her Majesty is stated to have
spontaneously resolved on this step, in order to facilitate
the means of obtaining the peace of the country. It was
for this reason that the Marquis De Las Amarillas was
almost compelled by the Government to return to Madrid.
It is said that the Queen will confide tile Regency, in the
name of her daughter, to Espartero, the Marquis De Las
Amarillas, and Count Ofalia. This Regency, a sort of
military authority, would take all the necessary measures
to prepare the country for an agreement respecting the
dynasty which should be calculated to bring about the pa-
cification of the Peninsula.
" The source from which we derive this news deserves
our confidence.
" Letters from the frontier, which merit our confidence,
lead us to believe that Maroto and his army are endeavour.
ing to persuade Don Carlos to leave Spain as soon as pos-
sible with his consort, conceding which they will leave the
Regency to the Prince of the Asturias. In this manner,
and if their projects are previously concerted with Espar-
tero,nothing would remain but to publish the political con.
ditions of the. Alliance, the two principal obstacles, Don Car.