The Sun.
London, England, 1863-10-12 00:00:00

to pause for a moment, I have often heard the late Sir
Robert Peel make it a subject of boast that he belonged to
and had sprung from the middle classes of society—(hear,
hear)—and we all know that, by his own energy and in-
dustry the father of Sir Robert Peel raised himself from a
position certainly not entitling him to be placed above the
middle classes. I remember that, 20 years ago, another
right hon, gentleman, and an ornament of this country at
the present time—l mean the Chancellor of the Exchequer
—made it his boast that he, too, was sprung from the middle
class of society, and he pointed with pride to the honourable
example and the honourable position which had been at-
tained by his respected father, who was well known in Liver-
pool as a merchant, and respected by all who knew him.
(Cheers.) From the middle class have sprung such lawyers
as Eldon, and Stowell, and Lyndhurst, and St. Leonardo.
(Cheers.) From the middle class have sprung such soldiers
as Clyde. (Renewed cheers.) From the middle class have
sprung men of science too numerous to be mentioned, and
among whom it would be invidious to draw a distinction by
naming any one. Bat what I was about to say was this—
that, looking to the infinite gradations which are comprised
in this middle class, to the various prospects of life, to the
various abilities and circumstances of those comprised within
that great range, the idea of establishing an education for
the middle classes in a single school will at once be seen to
be absurd and preposterous. The education necessary and
becoming for the son of a wealthy merchant or banker, or
even for the higher classes of the tradesmen, would be far
above that which would be requisite or desirable for, or
within the means and capacities of, the small tradesman
and shopkeeper, who also belong though to the lower stages
of the middle class. Row, then, was it possible in one insti-
tution to give at once an education suited to the position, to
the fortunes, and to the prospects of classes of society rang-
ing over so vast an extent and including among them so
many differences? The only mode which could possibly
meet the difficulty was that which has been adopted in this
Collegiate Institution—namely, in opening within the same
' building not one but three separate educational establish-
ments, into any of which it might be permitted for any
parent to enter his son according to the position which he
himself held, to his pecuniary means, and to his son's pro-
bable prospects and future destiny in life. Of course, the
higher education includes a higher payment; but the pay-
ment even of the highest is one of the most moderate de-
cription, while, on the other hand, the sum for which a
sound, plain English education can be obtained in the lower
school is within the compass of almost any parent mixing in
ordinary society,and certainly conveying in parts an amount
of benefit to the boy infinitely surpassing the expense to
which the parent is put to obtain it, (Hear, hear.) The
three schools, therefore, into which it is at the option of any
parent to enter his son, and thereby himself to appraise and
assess, as it were, his own position, are the higher, the
middle, and the lower school. These are not, as the terms
would perhaps suggest, grades of the same school, from one
of which a boy might be passed in accordance with the pro-
gress made in his education, but they are entirely separate
and distinct schools, though under the same management—
entirely separate and distinct in the amount, at all events,
of the education which they give. I may briefly say the
lower school applies itself to what is called an ordinary Eng-
lish education, with some knowledge of French, but to the
exclusion altogether of any classical studies whatever. The
middle school, of course, requires a larger range and affords
a higher cultivation. It includes a knowledge of German,
mathematics, and Latin; but it does not go te the higher
kind of classics, and does not, I believe, include any know-
ledge of Greek. The upper school, from which a certain
portion, at all events, go to the Universities, includes also
among its studies those classical studies to which I have
referred, as well as various branches of learning which are
deemed essential to a modern, although not thought
essential to au ancient education. Now, I have said that
these are separate schools, and they are separate to
all intents and purposes, although it is at the option of any
parent to place his son in any of them ; but to this separa •
tion there is one exception—an exception which I think has
worked very beneficially. In each half year, it is compe-
tent of the managers of the school to elect for merit some
one boy from the lower school to the middle, and from the
middle to the higher, that raising not involving (as it would
be unjust that it should) an additional pecuniary payment
to the parent, but obtaining for the boy, at the lower rate
of payment, a higher class of education, that higher class
of education having been earned by his own merits, talent,
and industry. (Loud applause.) And lam happy to say
that among those to whom it will be my pleasing duty to
offer prizes for success upon the present occasion, are two
who have both commenced in the lower school, have worked
their way successfully to the middle, and from the middle
to the upper school, and in the upper school have not only
placed themselves in the first class of University examina-
tions, but have both been at the very head of those local
University examinations, not for the centre of Liverpool
alone, but for the whole of the United Kingdom. (Cheers.)
Now, I have stated the causes which led to the formation of
this institution, and to the want which called it forth. I

may say, perhaps, now a few words upon the progress
which, in the space of 21 years, this institution has made.
For some years after its establishment its success appeared
to be in some doubt—and from the year 1843 to 1847 the
numbers in the several schools, so far from increasing, had
a tendency to diminish. In the upper school, undoubtedly,
the numbers have gradually increased from the original
foundation—but in the middle schools between 1813 and
1847, the numbers had fallen from 240 to 137. The lower
had increased certainly from 208, but only to 230 ; ' and
the total decrease in the numbers of the three schools
was from 507 down to 454. But from that period the
destinies of the institution have materially changed, and
during the 14 years under which it has had the
advantage of the presidency of the respected and honoured
Principal, now by my side—the Rev. Dr. Howson—(loud
cheers)—the progress of these schools had not only been
satisfactory, but I think I may venture to say unprece-
dented. (Cheers.) I make less account of the mere numeri-
cal progress of the schools, but it may he satisfactory to
know that between 1847 and 1863 the numbers of the upper
school have increased from 87 to 159, of the middle echeol
from 137 to 325, of the lower school from 230 to 363,
making a total increase in the course of the 16 years of
from 454 to no less than 847. (Laud applause.) But I said
I laid less stress upon the actual numerical amount than
upon the distinctions and the honours which pupils of these
schools have obtained. I see, also, another gratifying proof
that the parents in this town are becoming daily more and
more sensible of the advantages of a higher class of educa-
tion, and that the numbers of those who, at their own op-
tion, are being removed from the lower to the middle, and
from the middle to the upper school, are constantly on the
increase, In the course of last year 14 boys have removed
from the middle to the upper school, from the lower school
13 to the middle, and three from the lower to the upper
school at once. Now, I think this affords a satisfactory
proof, not only that the people of this town appreciate the
value of a liberal education, but also that they feel that the
liberal education is to their own eyes and knowledge freely
and generously offered by the Collegiate Institution.
(Cheers.) Far the greater portion of those educated even
in the upper school are intended for business and for va-
rious professions, which renders it necessary that they should
leave at a comparatively early age. I wish, I confess, that
parents took a different view, and permitted boys, even
when intended for professions, to remain to a much later
age. But a very small proportion of those educated at this
college have been intended for and have gone to the Univer-
sities, and they are almost the only boys whose future
course can be traced with accuracy. It is true, certainly, that
one of our earliest prizemen has, within the last year or
two, stood first in the highly scientific institution of Wool-
wich, and has obtained a commission in the Engineers by
competitive examination. It is also true, and a most grati-
fying fact, that within this year two of the former prize
boys of the institution have been successful candidates for
the Indian Civil Service Examination—no slight test of
their general knowledge and ability. But I think the cir-
cumstance I have to mention with regard to the Universi-
ties are such as it is difficult, if it is possible, to match with
regard to any other educational establishment, In the last
two years there have been from this college no less than five
Wranglers from the University of Cambridge. (Cheers.) In
course of last year we had adopted no less than three, and
two of those have held respectively the very high position
upon
of fourth and eighth Wrangler. Besides this I hold in my
hand a list of distinctions which have been conferred at
Cambridge
pupils from this institution in the course
of the last year. The list is headed by a gentleman most in-
appropriateland laughter.) al; young
y named Sinker, because
of the most rising v er, he appears to be one
pos, the Scholefield y Prize,
men of the present day. (Cheers
Sinker has at Trinity College obtained
the Carus University
mark for the first class Theological Tri-
Wranglers in the prise for Biblical Greek, and the distin-
guishingers—P, obtained
presenetw. I have mentioned already three
no year. Two of these, besides the
legs
prizes for reading
of of
be my pleasing
andeornd class classical tripes and col-
wrang 10
has obtained the degree ee SenioregularitY
o ll ei gt,
one
lege Greek TestamentOptime,c ndanotheruct ,
the whilecoonl.e
already spoken, and of whom' aintd !nether, of whom I have
award a prize this day, has willobtained an open dutyscholarehi
This is the small list of
prizes
obtained at
et Catherine
CambridgeC
oorfraom this collage to
bt
yo
in the course
tion that the average of boys who Year, and when I men-
in proper-
the Universities does not exceed fourg
of a year. I think this amount of Main"
tion to the number sent, is one which weti°;
any educational institution in the worlds tnao emyeeellt aalniedngtoe
rota the obsery
parallel. (Applause.) Before I pass f
tione upon the education given hero I ought to tee t.:,:
one euljct, which is not only of the highest, hull: of
unparalleled importance--I mean that in all cases, and in all
the
make schools—the
part of education here given a sound re„
ligious instruct
ion according to the doctrines and principles
an
essential
highest, and lowest, and the middle—they
of the Church of England. (Applause.) Whatever else
may be necessary, iinneceseary, or superfluous for each of
the different ranks into which those schools are divided,
there is, at all events, this one subject, which is of equal itn-
portance to the high, to the middle, and tothelew, and
which it is the boast and the honour of this institution to
be given to all those
an essential part of the instruction to .
have, from its first foundation, incorporated. with and made
Who come within its walls. From the first foundation of
this institution it has not only
been decided that the educa-
itioni,
given to all the pupils should be of a strictly religious
ew-rteter, but also that it should be in close connection
h the service, discipline, and doctrine of the Church of

England. How, then, it may be asked, can this system
work for the benefit of the middle-classes in general in a
community which comprises among its members a very
considerable number of Protestant Dissenters ? I think the
solution has been found by acting upon a very simple prin-
ciple, and demonstrating that, where this principle is fairly
and honourably carried out, there is less difficulty—at all
events with regard to the point of religious education—with
Protestants of different denominotions than is usually sup-
posed to exist. It has been determined in this college to
introduce that which, with regard to the Government
schools, is known as the "conscience clause"—that is, while
we require that the service of the Church of England should
be exclusively made use of, that every boy should attend
those services, that the teaching should be in conformity
with the doctrine of the Church of England, and that the
teachers, with the exception of these of foreign languages,
should be members of the Church of England; it has also
been decided, and I think with a judicious and wise tolera-
tion, that those boys whose parents object to their being
instructed in the catechism and formularies of the Church
of England should be exempt from so much of attendance
upon and teaching of the services of the Church. And the
best proof that can be given that this a sound and reason-
able principle is, that a few years ago—and I have no
reason to suppose the proportions are materially changed
--the number of Nonconformists in the higher school
amounted to 10 per cent., in the middle school to 20 per
cent., and in the lower school to no less than 30 per cent. of
Ihe whole population, thus showing that while we adhere
strictly to the doctrine and discipline of the Church of
England, there is no intolerable obstacle to our affording
with perfect satisfaction to a large body of Dissenting Pro-
testants a sound religious education. (Cheers.) I now pro-
ceed to a point of very considerable importance, and which
has been adverted to by the Principal—viz., the subject of
University Local Examinations. Within the last few years
the range of education given at the Universities themselves
has been considerably extended. New schools of natural
and physical science have been introduced and made the
subject of direct competition, and conditions for obtaining
degrees. The Universities themselves, therefore, have con-
siderably enlarged their range of teaching as qualifications
for obtaining the University degree; and it is a great satis-
faction to me to think that the measure adopted by the
Universities of thus communicating with the whole mass of
the community has been satisfactorily carried out by the
happy adoption of a principle which introduces to the teach-
ing and to the examination of the members of the Univer-
sity thosewhose circumstances or position do not enable
them to become members of the University itself. I have
always felt, with all the fondness for the Universities which
I sincerely entertain, that we have been too much aloof
from the great mass of the population, and that the great
body of the country did not take that interest in them which
their real importance and value eminently deserve. But I
think by the quasi incorporation of a large number of
schools in the teachings and examinations of the University
a most important connecting link has been introduced be-
tween them and the population at large, most beneficially
for the Universities themselves, and most beneficially, also,
for those colleges and establishments which are brought
into immediate connexion with them. (Cheers.) The ex-
aminations adopted by the examiners from Cambridge and
Oxford act, necessarily, as a great stimulus, and confer a
great distinction upon the members of the middle, and
even the lower classes. They act as a great stimulus to the
boys, and I am not sure that they are not of almost equal
importance in!acting as a great stimulus to the masters of
the various schools throughout the country. These exams'
nations bring together the candidates for honours from all
the various schools, and it is a matter of justifiable and
laudable ambition in the master of a school that has WY'
should be able to distinguish themselves in competition with
those from other schools in the same centre, and, indeed, in
the country at large. There is only one risk attendinu
this, and I am sure it is one which the discretion and
good judgment of your respected principal will prevent
him over falling into ; it may act as a temptation to masters
to concentrate a great portion of their time and attention
upon the most promising boys, and those who are likely
to reflect honour upom theta in the University, to the com-
parative neglect of less promising boys, and those from
whom they may expect to derive a less amount of credit.
(Hear, hear.) I am certain this is a danger which only
requires to be pointed out to be at once recognised and
understood, and in this instance, at all events, I am
satisfied that, being recognised and understood, it is one
which will be studiously avoided. (Hear, hear.) I will
not take up your time by entering upon a discussion of
the character of the examinations that are required to be
gone into by the candidates for academical honours. Of
course they vary in extent, and still more in the
amount of
knowledge required according to the senior or junior classes.
The senior classes, you are aware, must not be above the
age of 18 years, and the junior class at the two Universities
must not exceed the ages of 15k. These are the restrictions,
and it is provided that, before entering up3n any examina-
tion at all, it is necessary for a preliminary examination to
take place, in order to satisfy the examiners that in
attend-
ing to the higher branches of knowledge the elementary
instruction has not been overlooked or partially taken up.
The preliminary examination comprises, reading aloud,
writrng, parsing, English, arithmetic, some knowledge of
geography, and the outlines of English history, the quality
of the handwriting, and the spelling are also taken into ac •
count. These are the preliminary examinations to qualify
the junior candidates for entering upon the competitive ex
aminations. They are then to be instructed,
and be exa-
mined in the rudiments of faith and religion ; that is,
not only a knowledge of the contents of the Bible, but
also in the Catechism, the Morning and Evening Ser-
vices, and the Litany. For these, distinguishing
marks will be given, to count in estimating the
whole scale of merit. There is some difference between the
two Universities with regard to this religious question.
They both of them adopt the same principle, in, point of
fact, which has been adopted in this school—namely, that
boys whose parents object should not be examined in the
distinctive doctrines of the Church of England, in the
Church of England Catechism, and the Church of England
Prayer Book, although they may obtain marks for profi-
ciency in these if they choose to make them up to the
University of Oxford ; an arrangement differing from that
of Cambridge, which refuses a certificate to boys by a set
of examinations in what is called the rudiments of faith and
religion, unless they should have gone up in
both exami-
nations. At an early period the University of Oxford, from
what I think was a mistaken view of the reverence and
respect due to religious studies, thought it was disparaging
those studies to make them the subject of examination. I
understand perfectly the sentiments which dictated this,
but I think the principle was erroneous and has proved to
be so. It has been abandoned by the University of Oxford
since, and that step has been attended by consequences
which lam about very shortly to mention. I think it was
a mistaken view, because I know perfectly well that such is
the nature not of boys only, but of men, that they will
give their greatest attention to,
and take the greatest pains
with, those subjects by which they are to obtain immediate
distinction and immediate honour, But if you say to a boy
you shall be examined in this or that subject—no matter
how important it is—but your examination, however, shall
not count in any way towards a mark of distinction youare
to obtain from the University, the boy naturally declines to
compete upon a disadvantage,
and he applies himself to
those subjects, and those subjects only, from which he is to
obtain distinction and honour. (Cheers.)
Well, now, what
has been the result in the years 1861 and 1862 of the altera-
tion made in the University examinations ? In 1861 there
were 935 examined, of whom 571 were examined in the rudi-
ments of faith and religion, and 338 satisfied the examiners.
The next year the University determined to give marks for
this examination, and next year the numbers examined
increased from 939 to 1,021, the whole number examined.
The numbers examined in faith and religion amounted
to 939 out of the 1,021, including 217 not examined in
the Cathechism and the Church of England, and the num-
bers who satisfied the examiners were not, as in the pre-
vious year, 338, but no less than 538; in itself a con-
vincing proof of the wisdom of the alteration, and that
attention to faith and to religion was not disparaged or
brought into contempt by being made a portion of the
general examination, and placed, as it were, on a level
with other studies. (Applause.) Now, it happened in 1859
and 1860 that many boys from the Liverpool centre failed in
the rudiments of " faith and religion." On the contrary,
since this alteration has been made, and since prizes have
always been given, which are not restricted to those who
have so satisfied the examiners, the number of boys who
have satisfied the examiners in "faith end religion" has
very largely increased, and forms a very considerable portion
of those who
go up from this centre for public examina-
tion. Now I think, considering that the range of examina-
tion comprises so many subjects as it does of high attain-
ment, and that classical studies form a very prominent,
though not exclusive part of it, it will be obvious to all
who do me the honour of listening to me that boys from
the middle and lower schools enter upon these competitions
at a great disadvantage. They are able to take up a much
smaller range of subjects, and to put themselves upon all
equality with their competitors, they are obliged to be much
more accurately and thoroughly versed, and much more
successful, in those fewer studies in which they go to be
examined ; and it is a matter I think of great congratula-
tion in the present year that among those who have attained
the two first classes in the University of Cambridge there
is one boy who comes from the middle school. There are
five at Cambridge who have attained a first class, and one
of these is from the middle school. There are none in the
second class, none in the third class, none in the fourth
class. At the Oxford examination we have three boys in
the first class, and it is a very remarkable circumstance
that all these three boys should win first-class honours,
one a senior, and the other two juniors. All are boys who
have raised themselves from the lower to a higher school,
to the
atiapper passedscht,r,eolm;
e then: lowerhan
passedto thefrom middle,thn middle andid ale togain
the upper, one has passed from the lower to the middle
school, and one still in the middle school has earned what
I consider the high distinction of being placed in the first
class of the college
second class there are
h e
twot
seven examinations. Of those who are in the
the disadvantages from hundere h (two juniors), and all, with
exceptions,
middle. class ; and looking to
I will not say at an equalw ich the middle school starts,
of which they may well be
rd' to have attained, oven
honour, but it is an honour
to a second class, going
h cut
the middle to the upper early age, and from
There is one boy in the
soctooan

second class who still being in the lower school, and not
being able to take up any classical studies, has succeeded in
the University examinations in obtaining a second class.
(Loud applause.) There is one subject more, and I will re-
lease you from what I am aware must have been a very
tedious and protracted examination. (No, no, and cheers.)
aboutThereisonechangwehichl think to be
promises
emadeint
to b
the arrangements
ofngements
of this institute signal
benefit to the boys and to the college itself. For the first
half-year of its existence the college was in a state of doubt-
ful prosperity, and involved in a considerable amount of
debt. Happily that debt has been cleared off, and not only
so, but a considerable reserve fund acquired by the college
to meet any contingencies, and provide additional improve-
ments. Now it was, of course, a matter of consideration with
the managers and directors of the school how the overplus
money should be applied. It might have been applied in
increasing the emoluments of the masters; it might have
been applied in diminishing the cost of education to the dif-
ferent classes; it might have been resolved to meet future
contingencies ; but it was decided—and I think wisely, look-
ing rather to the future advantage than to the immediate
profit of the school—that £2OO a-year should be devoted to
the establishment of 20 scholarships, each to be hell for half
a year only, four in the upper, eight in the middle, and eight
in the lower. The practical. result of these scholarships will
be that in each of these schools the boy will obtain for that
half-year a gratuitous education, and I apprehend there is
no reason why a boy, having obtained a scholarship in
one half. year, should not compete for another in a suc-
ceeding half-year. Three of these scholarships are intended
for boys upon an examination on their first entrance. The
remainder are to be given to boys as a reward for profi-
ciency in several classes, and for position in the class lists ;
but, at the same time, having reference to the ages of the
boys, so that out of the eight different scholarships one will
be held by a boy of 13, another by a boy of 11, another by a
boy of nine, and soon. That every boy will have a stimulus
to exert himself in his own class, as compared with those of
his own age, the younger not being placed at a disadvan-
tage with their superiors in dge, and a stimulus being given
to the advancement of the boys and to the progress of the
college, while an additional inducement is afforded to pa-
' rents to send their boys where they can obtain not only these
scholarships, which give a gratuitous education, but which
afford also contingent advantages, furnished by the Univer-
sity local examinations in the prospect of University honours
and emoluments. In conclusion, his Lordship observed
that though the remarks which he made contained probably
nothing new to many of those present, yet as they would
go forth far beyond that assembly, he thought it due to the
town of Liverpool and to the Collegiate Institution that the
country at large should know how high a value that great
commercial town set upon the benefits of a liberal and clas-
sical education. (Loud applause.) The institution had
been singularly fortunate in having at its head the respected
and esteemed Principal, the Rev. Dr. Howson (great cheer-
ing), under whose management and guidance, his lordship
anticipated for it, not only a continuance of its success, but
a constantly increasing prosperity and honour, from the
distinction gained by its pupils, and the benefits conferred
upon the neighbourhood. His lordship resumed his seat
amid loud cheering.

Mr. Roebuck, la p„ on Working Men's
Institutions.

Mr. Roebuck,
thatinstitution, John Mowlem,
Institut©, Swanage, o , 'Wednesday evening,
D
M,P., delivered an address at the Mowlent
Esq., founder of the insti-
on the inauguration of a series of lectures to be delivered at
tute, occupied the chair.
Mr. ROEBUCK, after some introductory remarks, said he
considered working
emleaerfnthtoese t men's institutions should be supple-
mentary to the other educational facilities in the town. He
continued—Whether a man is destined to be a philosopher,
us must
.both e
or whether he is destined simply to be a shopkeeper in this
town, the beginning of his education—the beginning of the
They
learn m h
of educationth
and they must both o them learn the elements of arithmetic'
read,w o
theyal men—is
Bs
t the
both o f same.
em to write,
and h
That which peculiarly distinguishes the human being from.
all the other animals is, first, that hecan acquire knowledge
by experience; and, secondly, that he can store it up. The
brute animal starts exactly where his father began. In this
man is distinguished from all the other animals, he can ac-
quire knowledge by experience, and he can store it up, and can
mould it into such a shape that it becomes capital for the
offspring who succeed him. The:man who succeeds him starts
where he left off; and this is the great peculiarity of man•
kind. Therefore, we learn first to read—that teaches us to
acquire knowledge ; thenywe learn how to write—that
teaches us to hoard knowledge, so that others who come
after us may learn what we have learned much more easily
than we have done. Morally and intellectually, all instruc-
tion ought to be alike. They ought all to be morally taught
alike. The morals of the poor man ought to be like the
morals of the rich man. One class of human beings can set
an example to another, so that improvement may come
up ')n improvement, whilst they wend their way from the
cradle to the grave, growing better, and better, and better.
There are means now held to every man that enable him to
improve himself in a way that our fathers knew not. The
printing press has enabled all men to attain the means of
education, however low may be their position. At this
present moment there are in London publications so
cheap that they are within the reach of every man ; and
I would mention, in particular, to the gentlemen who
govern this institution, the publication of Cassell. (Hear,
hear) They are really so good that they may be put into
anybody's hands, and so cheap that anybody may obtain
them. And now, sir, I would address myself to another
point, I moan the lectures that are to be delivered in this
hill. When a man or woman leaves school their education
is really n A finished. Reading, writing, and arithmetic
are not knowledge; they are the means of acquiring know-
ledge. You may give them after they have loft school in-
struction of the greatest possible importance, and if you
deliver it in the shape of lectures, you deliver it in a way
in which in olden time many were compelled to receive in-
struction. It may be of advantage to make a prOgramme,
and that programme I will now endeavour to make. I will
do it in this way. I will suppose a centre, several concentric
circles are drawn from the same centre, but at different
distances from that centre. The first circle contains the
circumstances that regard man as an individual; the next
circle will contain those circumstances that regard man in
his family relations; the third circle the circumstances
that regard man in his social relations; and the fourth
circle the circumstances that regard man in his political
associations. (Hear, hear.) Hitherto the labouring man—
by far the larger number of community—has been consi-
dered of very little worth when men are talking about edu-
cation. It has been felt that his lot in life was to labour,
to eat and drink, to continue his race, and to die. But I
have a higher conception. (Cheers.) I believe that he has
a soul to be saved, a mind to be taught, a great destiny to
fulfil, many pleasures to enjoy ; and being, in my mind,
one of the larger number of the community as well as the
much more important part, his welfare becomes to mo of
the greatest consideration. (Hear, hear.) I would ask
myself what there is in the life of a labouring man that pre-
vents him aspiring to all the finer emotions of mankind.
If I see a clerk whose business it is to drive the quill over
a sheet of paper during the long-life toil of his days, no
man would tell me that he cannot have all these finer
feelings. But is there anything in that man that proves
him to be a more important being, or one more natu-
rally capable of enjoying existence than the labouring
man ? I say that a man like that may have a mind capable
of anything of greatness, of goodness, and of intellect.
(Hear, hear.) That man, being an Englishman, is one of
that race that has weighed the planets in the balance,
told us how this universe is conducted through its days and
hours, tracked the comet in its vagrant course through the
pathless sky—and shall we tell him that in point of intellect
he is not capable of anything ? Therefore, I say, a great
book may be written upon what the poor man can and ought
to be taught, and if you can find a lecturer who shall teach
the poor man what he can be taught you would have put
your hand upon a jewel of price. (Hear, hear.) Thus far,
sir, then upon the first circle. What can we make of the
working man ? I say you can make anything of him; the
stuff is there. Let me ask you, sir, to find lecturers—if you
can find them—who shall instruct the labouring classes in
their various family relations of husband, wife, and parent.
In all these various relations that class has much to learn.
Unfortunately, I believe the moral duties of the working
The
son are not pressed uPoR him as they ought to be.
son does not understand the sort of love that he ought
to bear to his parents. (Hear, hear.) He says, " I am
here, I did not bring myself here. I must make the
most of what I can get, and I shall not be very careful
and not very solicitous about those around me." Then,
again, when young people leave school I suppose they
think of getting married. Yet, what do they know and
what do they think of the duties of a father or a mother ?
Little or nothing. They have not studied the character of
children—they have not studied even what is necessary for
bringing up their children. All this, sir, might be taught
if you could get a lecturer to teach them. Now, sir, I come
to consider the working man in his social relations. The
first great relation of the working man is the relation of em-
ployer and employed. I want to know where are the work-
ing men generally—l ask you are they in Dorsetshire—who
understand the real relations of employer and employed ?
Why, sir, until a few years back the educated classes did not
understand it; and there were, I am sorry to say, in this
neighbourhood very great men who set their faces dis-
tinctly
against instructing the working man upon the re-
lations of employer and employed. (Hear, hear.) These
men have passed away, and their ideas have passed away,
.
and that unfortunate science which called political
economy has become one of the things which it is
thought •requisite to teach the working class. Now, sir,
if you can catch a labourer who can make political eco-
nomy understandable by the working man, you will have
got another jewel of great price. Agriculture at the pre-
sent moment is becoming a science, and I want to know what
poor John in the fields knows about the science of agricul-
ture. He -whistles after his horses, he ploughs with them,
he sows the seeds, he reaps the grain, he thrashes it, and
perhaps he eats some of it, but not much, and there ends his
concern with the matter in hand. Tho science of the steam-
engine must be taught the labourer, and more than that,
the great science connected with his business in life might
be taught him. Again, sir, I would ask the lecturer who
comes here for the purpose of descanting upon the natural
sciences to consider the best means of instructing them

that will hear him. The great object to which he ought to
turn the results of his science is to instruct the people
around him ; not to make a parade of his learning ; not to
make use of long words, and Latin, and Greek—and rather
bad Latin and bad Greek, It is not that we want—what
we want is to instruct the labouring men around us—we
want to make them equal—and I use the word advisedly
—equal in intellect to ourselves, and then we shall make
this earth the paradise for which it was intended. Now,
sir, I am going to speak of the political relations of the
working man. The large majority of Englishmen know
really nothing of the institutions under which they live.
The poor uneducated man thinks that he is bound to the
narrow circle in which he was born, and that his mind need
not travel beyond that circle; but, sir, if the mind of England
were commensurate with the extent of its population, how
much greater should we be—how many more bright intel-
lects should we employ in making ourselves more prosperous
than we are now ? And where one man now strives for this
and thousands would be employed in the same business.
(Cheers.) The poor man walks in safety through the
streets as the richest man amongst us. His rights are
as well protected, his being is as safe as that of the
Queen upon her throne. Why is this, sir ? It is because
there have been men of England who have understood their
position, who have fought fur all they have gained, and who
have made us what we are--a well-governed people. Well,
sir, there is no harm in extending that knowledge through
all classes of society. Time was, indeed, when it was
said that great mischief might arise from instructing the
people. I have known our forefathers say there was
danger in putting arms into the hands of the people ;
but I have lived to see the time when the volunteers of Eng-
land—(cheers) —are armed for a purpose. If they choose
they could do great mischief to us ; but, instead of that,
they are our great defence ; and England is impregnable
because her people can be armed. (Hear, hear.) Well, with
respect to the constitution of England, I do see through the
great mischiefs that have arisen and are daily arising from
the mass of mankind, ignorant and ill-conditioned, having
the power to govern a great people. I wish the people to be
instructed and then to have the power of employing that
instruction, and that they may have all the benefit of
their condition in life and all the mighty good which is
around them. I would ask you, sir, again to get that
lecturer who shall tell and teach the people their great poli-
tical interests.

After a few other remarks upon the benefits arising from
the application of steam to printing, the hon. gentleman
concluded by commending the institution to the sympathies
of the public.
A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Roebuck, and
briefly acknowledged.

SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

SPECTATOR.—The event of the week has been a
harmless but widely-felt earthquake, which shot
across the island from west to east at 3.20 a.m. on
Tuesday morning, wakening a considerable num-
ber of British householders from their sleep. It
was severest in the neighbourhood of Liverpool, at
Hereford, Worcester, and Derby; but it was felt
on the south coast and on the British Channel, and
struck a ship in St. George's Channel 20 miles west
of Milford Haven. It does not appear to have been
perceived at all on the Continent of Europe, nor, we
think, at any point further north than Southport,
in Lancashire, on the west coast; or the Vale of
Pickering, in Yorkshire, in the midland region ; nor
at any place exactly on the east ooast. But as far
east us Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, and North-
amptonshire, in the north, and as Rochester, in
Kent, in the south of England, the shock was dis-
tinctly felt. In London it was perceived, but evi-
dently much more slightly than in the west. A
shock of earthquake was felt in Normandy on the
Sunday, but not on the day in question. Of course
all the scared Britons at once confided their sensa-
tions and those of their wives and children to the
Times, which opened wide its columns to receive
them, printing on Wednesday and Thursday 53
personal letters, many impersonal reports, and, al-
together, seven and a half columns of small type
concerning British "seismological" emotions. The
prevalent type of intellect amongst them, on find-
ing itself awakened from sleep in a rather startling
manner, at once suggested " thieves"—so truly does
the Bible illustration that the day of the Lord shall
come upon men " like the thief in the night" hit
the weak point in the British imagination—the
dread of losing portable property unawares. Some
gentlemen plunged honestly beneath the bedclothes;
some delayed getting up on the insincere pretence
that perhaps " their leg might have been asleep
and unwittingly twitched ;" some, perhaps,
struck a light at once—but most took time to con-
sider. A few children it appears date their rather
anticipated appearance on the scene from the earth-
quake, but most of the phenomena recorded were
rooral. One gentleman reports that his wife was
awakened first, but kept profoundly still tia the
house and bed were shaken. But while she was
thus musing the fire kindled, and at last she spake
with her tongue, "My debt-, what is it P" The
manly voice answered, without any endearing epi-
thet, " I really cannot imagine what it is, unless it
be an earthquake." " The physical effect upon my
wife," proceeds the writer (adding in offnand paren-
thesis, as it strikes him that that lady may read
these lines in print " who is really the last person
in the world to be alarmed at anything") " was a
violent palpitation of the heart, and on myself that
of quickening the circulation and increasing per-
ceptibly and pleasantly the heat of the system." A
sort of scientific glow, in short, pissed through him.
After giving these invaluable scientific data, this
charming writer thinks the phenomenon may be
referred to electrical currents " above the ground,
or subterranean, or both ;" but would " be happy
to know what the wise and learned in such cases
have to say upon the facts stated." Probably it
would be, that a British interior, moral and physi-
cal, suddenly unroofed at midnight even by a phe-
nomenon which adds a "pleasant stimulus to the
heat of the system," is apt to discover among those
white-robed horizontal forms, reluctantly vigilant,
one of the foolishest spectacles that human imagi-
nation can conceive.

SATURDAY REVIEW.—We can scarcely expect, in
the present state of the public mind, that the popu-
lar view of the recent earthquake will be very dif-
ferent from what it would have been in
the dark ages. The great public instructors
may congratulate themselves on the spread
of intellectual light, and on the march of mind,
and may contrast the abject superstition of the past
with that calm philosophical estinaate of material phe
nomena which we are told is the characteristic of our
own times. It is to be feared that much of our light
is only borrowed, and is but a sham reflection ; and
with the awkward facts of experience which so often
occur, it may be doubted whether, as far as the gene-
ral intelligence goes, any very remarkable advance
has been made. The difference between our credulity
and that of past centuries is this—thatcredulity then
took a respectable form, whereas now it is disrepu-
table. It was a virtue, and it included a pious and
reverential.feeling ; now, it is a sin concealed, and
consequently cherished. It was a religion—it is a
superstition. Bat it exists nevertheless. Whole vil-
lages—with schools, and clergy, and railways, and
electric telegraphs--believe in witchcraft, and act on
their beli▪
ef. Spiritualism has its professors and its
organs. The trade of a soothsayer is profitable, and
magical books are a lucrative literature. In their
heart of hearts there are tens and hundreds of thou-
sands who will connect the rare occurrence of an
earthquake in England with some significance, moral,
spiritual, or political. Earthquakes in countries of
active volcanic agency are as much a matter of course
as is a vi▪
olent and exceptional tempest among our-
selves. The people of Central America or Calabria
or the Philippines no more think of investing an
earthquake with any supernatural meaning than we
should think of reading Divine wrath in a specially
destructive storm. But literature grew up in coun-
tries where earthquakes were rare, and they have
consequently connected t hernselves, in an exceptional
way, with religious feelings. There are those who
probably think, without a metaphor, that the voice
of the Deity is in the thunder; and such may per-
haps be pardoned for considering an earthquake as
a sign of an angry Providence. It is the Scriptural
image in which troubles and convulsions of the
spiritual world are described. When the solid
foundations of the round world seem to be shaken
the mind may be almost pardoned for thinking that
wrath has gone out from the Most High; and even
the staid and lofty poet of antiquity, whose whole
mind was occupied in a protest against superstition,
and against religion itself, admits and apologises
for the feelings that the thunderstorm was a stern
awakener of conscience, and a remembrancer of the
retribution that awaits the tyrant's crime and pub-
lic wrong. How far Kings and peoples of the pre-
day are above or below what we have ventured to
think is still at the bottom of very many minds
among us when they discuss the earthquake of
Tuesday morning,
it is not for us to say. We shall
not inquire whether Foreign Secretaries read the
signs in Heaven and Earth. If they had consulted
Z idkiel—who will next year sell 100,000 more
copies on the strength of another lucky bit—they
would have found that that distinguished seer, in
his " Voices of the Stars for October, 1863," fore-
told that " from the conjunction of Saturn and M ars
earthquakes and storms, both physical and political,
are likely to occur." To be sure the prophecy was
a Rao one, for, as the illustrious Tao-Sze did not
specify an English earthquake, there was pretty
certain to be an earthquake somewhere in the orbz s
nt terraru early in October, and tempests the
. at
But
Equinox form a safe subject for prediction
certainly this shaking of the earth and th
disturb-
ance of the political equilibrium are strangelyademonish the
coin-
cident. If earthquakes are sent
nations as to political
.duties and political crimes,
the lesson is just now significant. to
one young King
is mounting a precarious throne, and a new Trans-
atlantic sceptre has just bean manufactured, and

offered to the ambition of a cautious yet adventurous '
aspirant. Europe seems to be trembling to its very
centre with the rumours of war ; the balance of
power is rudely shaken; and fresh political com-
binations, both for disturbance and stability, are
threatened or promised. If earthquakes are the
precursors and omens of coming troubles, the poll.
tical future is likely enough to fulfil the threaten-
ing presage. The old women of another generation
may perhaps recall, with a shudder of cowering
piety, that the great German war or the great Polish
war was heralded by the famous English earth-
quake of October, 1863. For,in its way, this earth-
quake was, for England, a remarkable one. Al-
though it occurred at an hour very unfavourable to
accurate observation, sufficient facts for the infor-
mation of the future historian seem to have been
ascertained. It remains to be seen whether the
shock was the dying wave of a more formidable
volcanic concussion at one of the great centres of
activity in the far South West ; but, making allow-
ance for the lack of precision in unscientific
observers, there must have been a very considerable
disturbance to shake so many people in their beds
in the dead of the night. We can scarcely recall an
accredited instance of so large and sensible a ter-
restrial disturbance in our own island.

EXAMlNER.—Undeniably the performances of the
Galway packets have falsified our dismal anticipa-
tions, and exceeded all expectations. Not a vessel
has been lost, nor in any great distress either in
leaving or making a port in the most dangerous part
of the exposed west coast of Ireland. The packets,
indeed, have not kept time, but as they have arrived
at all, it is as ungracious to notice the unpunctuality
as to look a gift horse in the month. One most
extraordinary circumstance is that people have been
found to take their passages in them, and a fact
hardly less surprising, and contrary to reasonable
expectation too, is that mails are conveyed by them
to the number nearly of a score. The Adriatic
brought twenty first-class passengers, and mails as
many minus one. Now when it is considered that
the Scotia which preceded her, had brought no
more than 100 mail bags and 121 passengers, first
and second class, it must be confessed that the
Adriatic has done wonders, circumstances con-
sidered.
And this is not all. The Scotia mad the
passage in eight days and a half, and the Adriatic
only wanted half a week of equalling the
Scotia in speed. Take three days and a half
from the Adriatic, or add them to the Scotia,
and you have a tie between the two vessels. It
is enough to say that in twelve days the Adriatic
plodded across the Atlantic on the shortest line be-
tween land and land. Her news was a little stale
to be sure, but better late than never; and what
fills us With admiration is the fact that the ships on
this line come safe to port, and the time they take
about it seems to us a very secondary consideration.
The Adriatic was detained 40 hours by an accident
to her machinery, and all that can be said of that is
it is well it was no worse, the packets on this line
being peculiarly subject to derangements, cl 3 ape
pears by their time accounts. The correspondent
of the limes calls the company unfortunate. We
think it fortunate to a me st extraordinary degree in
having lost nothing but time, and perhaps money.
Such luck was not to be expected by any acquainted
with the character of the coast and weather of the
west of Ireland, and the most dangerous inlet in
that wild storm-beaten region. How long the
pitchers will go safely to the well is a question upon
which it is not pleasant to speculate, but so long as
they do come to hand unbroken we must be too
grateful for that fact to notice little deficiencies in
time. We have heard it suggested by an Irish gen-
tleman that the Galway packets, late for the late,
should carry the postscripts to the mail letters. It
is the same gentleman who asked why the electric
telegraph did not carry small parcels.
LONDON REVIEW.—M. Tournachon Nadar, le
beau Nader as his friends love to call him, the
spirituel caricaturist, the frank and jovial laughter-
loving compagnon, the skilful photographer, whose
monster autograph in gold on the wall of his atelier
in the Rue St. Lazard strikes the astonished vision
of English visitors arriving by the Rouen railway,
and whose tall, well•knit frame, blonde chevelure,
sparkling grey eyes, and Cromwellian wart upon
the left, cheek, point him out to the saunterer on the
Boulevards, has gone up into the clouds with thir-
teen companions, and, what is more important to
the lovers of innocent fun et l'esprit Francais le plus
malin has—like Astrea after her exile to heaven—
redescended to earth. For the last few months all
Paris quidnuncs were agog, and their curiosity
whetted to a cutting edge over Nadar's giant bal-
loon. How big was it ? Would it go up ? Would
it come down? Would the adventurous aeronauts
be killed ? and would Nader exhibit the nouveau
spectacle d'un ballon crevd and share the fate of
Icarus, furnishing a fresh illustration how quickly
sometimes soaring ambition falls prone to earth ?
Well, last Sunday the questions were satisfactorily
and triumphantly solved. There was a foul monstre
in the Champ de Mars. All Paris had turned out
to witness the courageous enterprise of the Beau
Nadar. The ground was kept by detachments of
cavalry and infantry. The charming Princess de la
Tour d'Auvergne. who was driving in the Champs
Elyeees, inquired the cause of the crowd, and on
being informed of it, drove to the field of Mars, and
entreated le beau Nader to be permitted to accom-
pany him and his friends in the aerial trip. Nadar
—le beau, le galant homme—vanquished par les
beaux yeux de la princesse, gave way. He who had
steadily refused to allow his wife to share his perils
melted into softness. Frailty, thy name is Nader !
The aerial tourists consisted, besides Nader and the
the princess, of MM. de St. Martin, the Prince de
Sayn Wittgenstein, Eugene Delessert, Thirion,
Robert Mitchell, Adrien Tournachon (Nadar's
brother), M. Saint Felix, Piallat, Louis Godard,
Jules Godard, and a navigator—fifteen hands in all.
At five o'clock the words "Let go" were pro-
nounced, and the Ballon de Geant arose majesti-
cally in the air, amid feverish excitement and
frantic exclamation. When at a considerable alti-
tude, Nadar climbed outside and waved his hat to
bid farewell. " Brave mar," asked thousands of
lips, "serait it son dernier adieu& la terre?' And there
was a tightening over the chest, a gasping after breath,
a deep-drawn sigh, and a half expressed wish that he
had not gone up. As we have been looking curi-
ously at the balloon while the preparations for the
ascent were going on, let us see what its designer
and constructor says of it in his programme. The
Geant is the largest known in the aerostatic annals.
According to the Manuel de l'Airostatier of M.
Depuis Delcourt, the monster balloon of Green's,
which in 1837 travelled from London to Weiburg,
contained no more than 2,500 cubic metres of gas.
The cubical capacity of the Flessiles, which was a
fire balloon or Mongolfier, and made its ascent at
Lyons in 1784, cubed 6,098 metres; whereas the
Geant is composed of two balloons superposed for
the purpose of obtaining greater solidity (we pre-
sume, rigidity). The silk is of white taffetas, first
quality and identical in texture. Each of the
balloons has 118 gores, 45 metres long, which give
a circumference of 90 metres. They are wholly
sewn by hand, double stitched. A third and
smaller balloon is arranged below the first double
balloon; it is called a compensator, and its office,
having a cubical capacity of 100 metres, is to receive
any excess of gas that may exist. The Geant can
and ought to carry 9 tons. The total height of the
whole reaches to—if it does not exceed—an altitude
of 60 metres, 14 more than the height of the towers
of Notre Dame. In its construction, 20,000 metres
of silk were employed. The car consists of two
stages or floors, and is 2.50 metres high by 4 metres
wide. It is built of beech and wicker-work, sup-
ported by twenty cables crossing each other on the
sides and cables, and attached to the circle from
which it depends. It rests also on two axles and
four wheels, which are capable of being adjusted
after a descent. It is furnished, moreover, with
buffers inside, and others of air, caoutehouc bags in
a girdle on the outside, to lesan shocks. The
ground-floor contains central passages en croix, and
six divisions. At ono end is the esaptain's cabin,
with a bed 75 centimetres wide, and underneath is a
compartment for luggage. At the othm• end is the
passengers' cabin, containing three beds superposed,
each 60 centimetres wide-10 less than the cap-
tain's bed; but then Nadar aiinait he prendiv son
aise au lit. Four divisions are appropeiaeeed to
washing and toilette, to store for provisions,, to
photography and printing.
VIM/

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