The Sun.
London, England, 1830-01-13 00:00:00

NEWGATE.

STATEMENT of the Number of Persons in custody on
the Ist January, 1829, and Committed to his Majesty's
Gaol of Newgate in the Year 1829, and how they have
been disrosed of:—
In custody on Ist. Jan. 1829—Males, 186—Females, 96—Total 282
Committed to 31st Dec. in-
clusive, under 17 years of
age 2,9(38
Above that age 924 627

Of whom there have been Executed 27 3,250
Died 4
Removed to the Hulks at Gosport 2OO
Ditto Portsmouth IGI,
Ditto Sheerness 199
Ditto Chatham 251
Ditto Woolwich:.... 225
Ditto Deptford lO
Ditto Devonport 25
Ditto Penitentiary, Milbank l2
Ditto Refuge for the Destitute l3
Ditto, by Habeas for tr al at the Assizes 23
Ditto, to the House of Correction for London B2
Ditto ditto Middlesex 419
Discharged, having received his Majesty's pardon 5
Ditto, having been acquitted at the Old Bailey
Sessions 609
Ditto, bills of indictment not having been found 281
Ditto, not having been prosecuted 27
Ditto, having been imprisoned pursuant to sen-
tences 93
Ditto, whipped 99
Ditto, fined Is 66
Ditto, upon bail, and for other causes 33
Removed to the Lunatic Asylum 5
Do. Clerkenwell, Guildhall, and Tower Session,
for trial 24

Remaining in custody Ist Jan. IS3o—Males, 196;
Females, 158

2,896
354

3,250
373 of whom have been in Newgate before. Committals decreased
this year, 138.

STATEMENT of the Number of Persons Committed to
his Majesty's Gaol of Newgate, and convicted in the
Year 1829, and the Nature of their OtTexces, together
with the Number Acquitted, Discharged, Sentenced, &c.
during the same period :
Murder

Burglary 7
Housebreaking 4l
Highway robbery
Shooting at with intent to murder
Returning from transportation 3
Horse stealing 3

Cattle stealing
Sheep stealing

Forgery
Uttering forged notes
Rape
Arson 1

12

Uttering counterfeit coin, having been before convicted 5
Attempting to strangle a child
Stealing in a dwelling-house above the value of 5/ 33
Manslaughter
Bigamy
Selling counterfeit coin
Concealing the birth of an infant
Receiving stolen goods l6
Larcenies 1645
Misdemeanours

1835

Of whom there were sentenced
To death*
Transportation for life lO4
fourteen years 162
seven years 678
Imprisonment in Newgate and the Houses of Correc-

tion—viz. :
Imprisonment fur two years l3
Eighteen months 3
One year 4l
_Nine months ... 6
Eight months 1
Six months B6
Five months
Four months
Three months l2B
Two months
Six weeks
One month and under.; lB2
Fined one 611 illing and discharged 76
Whipped and discharged 99
Received his Majesty's free paraon 2
Those whose judgment remains respited 4
Died convicted

1838

Acquitted 609
Ditto, on the ground of insanity 1
Discharged, bilk of indictment not having been
found
Ditto, not having been prosecuted 27
Died before trial

2756
* 25 of whom have been executed, with two others, con-
victed in 1828, for the following offences—viz.:—
Murder 1
Burglary 2
Housebreaking...
Highway robbery 6
Uttering forged notes...
Forgery ...
Coining 1
Arson 1
Stealing in a dwelling-house 1
Sheep stealing 1
Shooting at, &c 1
Attempting to strangle an infant 1

27
JOHN WONTNER, Keeper,

LIVERPOOL RAILWAY.—On Tuesday and
Wednesday experiments were tried on the Liverpool and
Manchester Railway where it crosses Chat Moss, a dis-
tance of four and a-half miles, where it had been asserted,
by many engineers, a foundation could never be obtained.
Mr. STEPHENSON'S engine, " The Rocket," crossed the
Moss backward and forward each day at the rate of from
twenty-four to twenty-eight miles an hour, drawing a
train of loaded waggons weighing thirty-five tons. On
Tuesday, owing to the unfinished state of a part of the
road, the engine was thrown off by the breaking of one
of its smaller wheels; but although it was going at the
rate of twenty-four miles an hour at the time, and al-
though there were upwards of forty persons riding in and
upon the waggons, none of them received the slightest
injury.

PRICE 7D.

MR. OWEN.

ADDRESS TO THE BRITISH NATION.

FELLOW COUNTRYMEN,--After having visited
various countries, I find you, on my return, increased
in wealth, and also in poverty and distress.
That the public wealth has greatly accumulated
may be inferred by the improved state of the roads
and the higher degree of cultivation visible in every
part of the kingdom—by the increase of the large
towns, and the superior character of the new build=
ings—and by the multiplied productions of every
description which are now created. That poverty
and distress also more extensively prevail is equally
evident, from the increased appearance of wretched.
ness visible among the lower orders, and from the
degree of corroding anxiety and care depicted upon
the countenances of the great majority of both the
middle and working classes; producing among the
population of these kingdoms an appearance of less
satisfaction and more misery than is to be seen among
any other people, whether free or enslaved, in any other
part of the globe. And these results arc produced in a
country superabounding with means for the creation of
wealth; and in one, where public opinion has a greater
influence in directing the measures of Government
than in any other, perhaps, except the United States,
of North America. It becomes, then, most inte-
resting to ascertain how it is that there exists such
extraordinary means of creating wealth and of se-
curing pecuniary independence to all within the
British dominions; and yet that there should at the
same time prevail so much poverty and misery
among a large portion of the population ; and so
much dissatisfaction with the existing order of
things, both at home and abroad. The cause is in
yourselves, and from you the remedy must proceed.
The scientific knowledge of the educated part of
the inhabitants of this country greatly exceeds tha•
of their moral and political knowledge. For, by
means of scientific knowledge, powers have already
been obtained, sufficient, if rightly directed, to sa-
turate with wealth not only the British dominions,
but the world at large; while the deficiency in morai
and political knowledge is so great, that these powers
of production, instead of being applied to the
creation of the most valuable wealth, for all the
population are now so unwisely directed as to make
a few individuals greatly too wealthy either for their
own or the public benefit, and to render poverty and
crime, and their consequent misery, unavoidable to
a large proportion of the community.
The remedy for these evils is to be found, there-
fore, only in the introduction of more correct
moral and political knowledge among you. An
accurate knowledge of these subjects would enable
all parties to discover the great and lamentable
errors into which mankind have hitherto fallen
in directing the powers of E ociety ; and to perceive
that in order to govern a country well, it is neces-
sary that all its physical and mental powers should
be applied to form the best character for the whole
population, that it may be enabled to produce the
greatest amount of the most valuable wealth, and to
distribute it in such a manner as to secure the
greatest degree of happiness to the whole popula-
tion. These desirable results, it is evident, have
never hitherto been obtained for any portion of the
human race; and all are effectually prevented from
attempting to introduce into society such measures
as would secure them, by the mistaken system of
morality which they have been forced from infancy
to receive.

To give a right or beneficial direction to the new
scientific powers of production, a union of feeling
and of action is necessary ; and that union cannot
be permanently effected among any portion of the
human race, by any moral or religions system found-
ed on the notions upon which all the past and pre-
sent moral and religious systems of the world have
been established. Is it then desirable, that for the
sole purpose of keeping men in ignorance and
misery, they may be more easily governed by the
few, while the few, also, are essentially injured ; that
moral and religious errors, which generate disunion,
and a want of charity and of kindness among the
human race, and which prevent the enjoyment of a
very high degree of happiness among all people, shall
be longer allowed to be considered sacred in the esti-
mation of the public ? My conviction is, that now there
is no wisdom whatever in thus continuing to destroy
the superior faculties of the human race,—that there
is not one individual, whatever may be his station;
who is not grievously injured by this deception,—
and that for the safety, well-being, and happines!,
of all, it is necessary now to unmask the hypocriEy
of a system by which so many evils of the most la-
mentable description are entailed upon the popula-
tion of all countries.

It is the moral courage to effect this object that is
alone wanting, in order to relieve the world for ever
from poverty, or the fear of poverty ; and to remove
the obstacles which now prevent a superior character
being formed, and rendered permanent among man-
kind. Shall we, then, of the present generation,
who have been permitted to perceive these great
truths, be deterred, by fear of man, or by say tem-
porary consequences, from performing the greatest
duty that ever can be performed for the human
race ? Shall we, for want of bestowing a rational
education upon the people, and giving a right direc-
tion to their industry, see Ireland in misery, and agi-
tated from its centre to its circumference ? Shall
we see the middle classes rapidly sinking into the
lower, and the lower, incompetent, by their utmost
exertions, to secure a reasonable support ? And
shall we see the whole population, from the highest
to the lowest, educated under false notions, and sur-
rounded by the most vicious or futile circumstances,
and not attempt to remove these evils, when the
means of removing them for ever from the world
have become ebvious ? Shall we see nations op-
posed to nations, striving to obtain some small ter-
ritory, when the earth is still a wilderness for want
of people to cultivate it; or contending for the pri-
vilege of disposing of some of their useless produc-
tions to distant countries, while their industry would
become tenfold more beneficial to themselves if it
were wisely applied at home ? Shall we see na-
tions inflicting, through war, almost every kind of
evil upon many millions of their respective popula-
tions, for the mere chance of obtaining some uncer-
tain commercial profit, while these nations possess
the most ample means to gorge the world with the
most valuable and substantial wealth ? Shall we,
I ask, see these enormous evils advancing day by
day, many of them hourly increasing, and distinctly
perceive the cause which generates these sufferings,
and from fear of an ignorant interested public opi-
nion, take no open and effectual measures to remove
that cause ?

Whatever circumstances may exist to prevent
others from now coming forward to aid in this great
woik for the regeneration of mankind, none exist to
determine from thus performing the highest duty
that man can perform for man. Perceiving the ex•
tent of the evil, its cause, and its remedy, I can no
longer refrain from placing them before the public ;
and from calling upon all nations and all people
to put far away from them the cause of their igno-
rance, their imbecility, and their vices, and Ito apply
the remedy'in their power for the innumerable
sufferings proceeding from these evils. For man is
incompetent to think as he pleases, or to feel as he
likes; yet all the moral and religious systems known
have been made to rest solely on the contrary sup-
position. This single error is the origin of evil
among n'tnkind, and alone generates all the evil
existing, at this hour among the human race. If

the supporters of these system eon discover error
in what is here advanced, let them now openly come
forth and prove wherein that error consists.
The time has arrived when it has become unavoid-
able that the question should be for ever set at rest,
and that the truth or error of these respective sys-
tems be made manifest to the world. If it be true
that man is forced to believe according to the
strongest conviction made upon his mind, and to
feel according to the impressions which external cir-
cumstances make upon his individual organization,
then a very superior moral, political; and commer-
cial system, for the practice of the world, may be
immediately adopted, and evil and suffering may be
altogether removed from human society. But if,
on the contrary, man does possess the power to be-
lieve as he likes, arid to feel as he pleases, then
must the present wretched condition of the human
race continue without ceasing; for experience has
abundantly proved how man, under these notions,
'ias thou* and felt, and how necessarily evils and
sufferings have followed from these thoughts and
limp; and thus no hope would remain for:the
future.

But a new day is opening in Britain which will
extend its light from these islands, until it shall
illumine every continent, and every island where
man dwells. For the first time in the history of
Britain, truth may now be publicly spoken, on sub-
jects the most interesting to man, without the in-
dividual being liable to be burnt or imprisoned, or
without his experiencing any other inconvenience
than the being called, by ignorant and interested
persons, a visionary or a madman. And when truth
can thus be publicly spoken, and have a fair chance
of being heard, it will be seen how soon error will
disappear before it, and how rapidly every mind will
advance in the acquisition of real knowledge. Man
must believe according to the strongest conviction
that can be made upon his mind, and truth must,
therefore, sooner or later prevail over error.
Under the impression, then, that every fact con-
nected with the subject will prove that all human
evil proceeds from the erroneous supposition that
man has been formed with powers to believe as he
likes, and to feel as he pleases, and that this origin
of evil must now give place to the superior know-
ledge that man is forced by the unckanging laws of
his nature to believe, in obedience to the strongest
conviction that is made upon his mind, and to feel,
in -obedience to the impressions made by external
objects upon his individual organization ; I have
developed a -new moral, political, and commercial
system for the British dominions, founded on this
change of moral principle : which system will in the
first instance be submitted to Government for their
calm consideration, and afterwards be laid before the
public; as it must, ere long, be adopted to relieve
you from the dire effects of immorality, and of mis-
.lirected scientific power.
The plan recommended is, to supersede the
circumstances which pervade the moral, political,
and commercial system now in practice, by other
circumstances of a more favourable character, formed
in accordance with the now-ascertained law of hu-
man nature, that belief and feeling are alike inde-
pendent of the will of the individual. Such a com-
bination of circumstances would at once relieve the
world from all the misery entailed upon it by the
consequences arising from a contrary supposition ;
which supposition could only have been upheld,
through past ages, by reason of the ignorance which
pervaded the human race upon these all-important
subjects.

No such change, however, ns that which I propose
can be established unless borne out by the sanction
of a majority of the reflecting part of the population.
—I therefore thus address you, that you may at
eisure consider the principles upon which the pro-
posed change is founded, and that all who may deem
themselves interested in opposing that change, or
its principles, may have an opportuwity of bringing
forward their objections with the lea<t delay. I
say with the least delay, because the sufferings of a
large part of the industrious classes in Great Britain
and Ireland are now almost greater than they can
submit to, without seeking a remedy for themselves,
unaided by the non-producing classes; and because,
while the existing moral, political, and commercial
<ystem shall continue, these sufferings must un-
avoidable increase.
Bedford-square, Jan. 11, 1530. ROBT. OWEN.