The Sun.
London, England, 1863-01-01 00:00:00

No. lII.—An Account showing the Revenue and other Receipts of the Quarter ended Dec. 31, 1862 ;
of the Consolidated Fund for the said Quarter, together with the Surplus or Defic

Surplus Balance beyond the charge of the Consolidated Fund, for the Quarter
ended Sept. 30, 1862, viz.
Great Britain•
Ireland

122,448

Income received in the Quarter ended Dec. 31, 1862, as shown in Account I. 18M8,928
Amount raised per Act 23-24 Vict., cap. 109, on account of Fortifications, &c . 250,000
Amount received in the Quarter ended Dec. 31, 1862, in repayment of Advances
for Public Works, &c.

467,818

£19,219,194

Balance, being the Deficiency, on 31st Dec., 1862, upon the charge of the Conso-
lidated Fund in Great Britain, to meet the Dividends, and other charges, pay-
able in the Quarter to March 31, 1863, and for which Exchequer Bills
(Deficiency) will be issued in that Quarter 2,158,512

X 21,317,706

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DAVID ELGINBROD.
By GEORGE MACDONALD, M.A.,
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erREECE AND THE GREEKS ; being the
Narrative of a Winter Residence and Summer Travel
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00LBURN'S UNITED SERVICE MAGA-
ZINE AND NAVAL AND MILITARY JOURNAL
for JANUARY contains—The Applicability of Iron Plate 4
to the Defence of Forts—The Unite States, Canada, and
England—Armies and Arms --Amalgamation of the Royal
and ladian Medical Servi es—Greenvelon Characters—Con-
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Burst and Blackett, Publishers, 13, Great Marlborough-
street.

BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE
for JANUARY, 1863. No. DLXVII. Price 2s. Gd.

CONTENTS.

A Month's Visit to the Confederate Headquarters. By an
English Officer.
Caxtoniana.—Part XII.
No. 19.—Motive Power.
Progress in china.
Chronicles of Carlingford : Salem Chapel.—Conclusion.
Mr. Thomas Trollope's Italian Novels.
A Sketch from Babylon.
A Belligerent Rights at Sea, and the Changes proposed in
them.

William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London.

DUBLIN UNIVER
No. 361. FOR JANI

SITY MAGAZINE.-
UARY. Price 2s. 6d.

CONT
1. Shakespeare—His Biogra-
phers and Critics.
2. The Yang-Tsze River, and
the Taepings in China.
3. The House by the Church-
yard : a Souvenir of
Chapelizod. By Charles
de Cresseron. Chaps.
CXIII. to CXVIII. (To
be continued.)
4. Sterne and his Day. Book
111.
Dublin: George Herbert.

:NTS.

5. Little Flags the Alms-
house Foundling. Part 11.
Chap. IX. to XIV.
6. Leinster Folk-Lore.--No.
VL
7. Voltaire—His Life and his
Genius.
8. Lady Mny's Mystery.
9. The English Penal System:
its Failure and its Vices.

,ondon : Hurst and Blackett.

MR. WILKIE COLLINS' NEW NOVEL.
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T HE I N D
E X.
A Weekly Journal of Polities, Literature, and News,
Devoted to the Exposition of the Mutual Interests, Political
and Commercial, of Great Britain and the Confederate States
of America.
Published every THURSDAY AFTERNOON. Price ed.

ESTABLISHED IST MAY, 1862.
THE INDEX contains :
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Latest Direct Intell gence from the South.
Leaders on Topics of Interest.
Reviews of Books.
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Letter to President Davis from a Victim of Butler's Tyranny
—The Message of the Governor of North Carolina to the
General Assembly of the State—Leaders, Reviews, and
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Amount applied out of the Income for the Quarter ended Dec. 31, 1862, in
redemption of Exchequer Deficiency Bills, for the Quarter ended Sept. 30,
1862 3,429,902

Amount applied out of the Income to Supply Services, in the Quarter ended Dep
31, 1862 9,269,769

Charge of the Consolidated Fund for the Quarter ended Dec. 31, 1862, viz. :---,
Interest of the Permanent Debt £6,299,670
Terminable Debt 349,866
Interest on Exchequer Bills
Interest of Deficiency Bills . , - • -1,6 i 5. -
The Civil List
Other Charges on Consolidated Fund
Advances for Public Works, &c.

Surplus Balance in Ireland beyond the charge of the Consolidated Fund in Ire-
land, for the Quarter ended Dec 31, 1862

The Great Fortifications at Portland.

PORTLAND, DEc, 29.

The great Portland Breakwater is by no means the only
wonderful work of human skill and ingenuity which is
going on in this part of England. To quarry away a
mountain and build its fragments into a submarine work
is labour enough, but even this astounding effort of patient
toil is equalled by the magnitude and 'importance of the
work 4 in progreis at the Verne, where a tremendous head-
land is being shaped and hewn into one of the greatest
fortresses in the world. The relative merits of these de-
fences as compared with those of iron-clad steam floating
batteries is just now a matter of dispute among tacticians.
Each party has really so many strong and able reasons to
bring forward in support of its own views that the Govern-
ment very wisely decline to commit themselves exclusively
to either, and adopt both. We are building plenty of iron-
clads, but at the same time we are not neglecting our land
defences, which are by no means the unimportant and
auxiliary defences which their opponents would make them
out to be. It is quite true that steam batteries can be sent
for and concentrated on any supposed point of attack, while
fortifications, unless in the neighbourhood of the post of
danger, are mere lumps of granite, and, as an active means
of resistance against the descent of invasion, as useless as
so many Druidical cromlechs. On the other hand, with
movable batteries it must not be forgotten that an enemy
always thinks he may elude them by decoying them on a
false alarm away from the spot where the blow is to be
struck—a hope which is often successful, and which we
need scarcely say is never entertained with regard to for-
tresses Once built and armed, these grim stone sentinels
are always on their posts, never to be eluded or dismayed ;
and whereas a landed enemy cm afford b snap his fingers at
the baffled power of all the iron frigates in the world, he must
still be cautious with the fortresses—as formidable on the land
as on the sea. The enemy knows they give a terrible base
of operations against him, while they jeopardise his
own ; they must be blockaded at sea by a fleet—avoided by
circuitous marcheson land ; and even when thus avoided
troops must be left behind to watch and keep their garrison,
if possible, in check. We, of all people in the world, who
so toiled and suffered, lavishing blood and treasure under
the walls of Sebastopol, should be the last to underrate the
importance of a good fortification as a check to an invading
army. The lesson, however, has not been forgotten appa-
rently. Plymouth has been made secure ; the mouth of
the Thames is virtually impregnable—a tremendous chain
of forts is fast encircling Gosport and Portsmouth ; and,
surelybut slowly, as becomes its magnitude and tremendous
strength, the Verne at Portland, the Gibraltar of the
Channel, is rising into what is probably one of the strongest
citadels in the world. In spite, then, of the popular tradi-
tion embodied in the old song, that—
" Britannia needs no bulwarks,
No towers along the steep,"
it would seem that bulwarks are now considered indispens-
able, and towers compact in strength and tremendous in
array are rising, or have risen, along the steep in all direc-
tions. The vote taken two years ago for " towers and bul-
warks" was the largest sum taken for a single object since
the days of the Irish famine, and the money was well ap-
propriated, and has been tolerably well spent. It is a com-
mon objection of economists to say that, now we have made
these places so strong, an enemy will turn aside and attack
elsewhere, that is precisely the purpose they were intended
to answer, and for which they are built. A prudent man
has an iron safe for his valuables, though he does not case
his house with metal. The naval arsenals contain the very
germs of our power, and need special protection accord-
ingly. All our great arsenals are so many national strong
boxes, which must be made fire and water and foe proof,
and so entirely does this consideration govern the whole
subject that the tremendous works at Portland are under-
taken solely in anticipation of the great naval depot to be
formed hereafter in its splendid harbour,
It is scarcely necessary to remind our readers of the pe-
culiar conformation of the Bill of Portland, Both in shape
and situation it almost precisely resembles Gibraltar. There
are some bold steep headland hills of stone, the Breakwater
stands in the place of ihe Mole, and that geological enigma,
Chesil-bank, connects it with the mainland, as the neutral
ground does our great Mediterranean citadel with the
Spanish shore. Its height, its isolation, and the harbour it
commands all pointed it out as a place for an impregnable
—we had almost said an inaccessible—fortress. To the late
Prince Consort is due the merit of having seen its vast be-
portance in this respect, as it was also owing to his enlight-
ened judgment that the Breakwater was begun at last, and
he himself laid the foundation-stone. Portland is rising,
as we have said, into a first-class fortress, of which the
Verne is the great key or citadel. More compact than
either Cherbourg, Cronstadt, or Sebastopol, it is more than
thrice the elevation of those works from sea, and therefore
so much the more unassailable from that point, while such
precautions are being taken to secure it from the one or two
places on which it might be threatened from the land, that
it is not too much to say that when all is finished any engi-
neer would regard its reduction by other means than starv-
ing out as almost a physical impossibility. That our readers
may understand how perfectly this is so we will explain
what the position of the Citadel and nature of its defences
are in the plainest and least technical terms that can an-
swer the purpose. The Verne, then, is on the extreme
northern end of the island of Portland—its highest point,
in fact, and quite overlooking not only the rest of the island,
but every partof the harbour within and without the Break-
water. It is a triangular piece of ground, about 60 acres in
extent, on the summit of three or four very steep rounded
hills of stone, which rise to a height of some 500 feet above
the level of the sea. These hills, though very steep, are
by
no means inaccessible except on the north side of the island'
which overlooks the harbour, where for a length °L.pon.
ate therefore
one-third the circumference of the Verne they are
ngradually
anuss'ilvsalope, called
to surround it
dicular for 100 feet beneath the summit,
go down to the Breakwater in a broad,
.r: I'd a. p
the East Weir. The first and most
towards making the Verne impregniao a _ _
horseshoe, the two
with a d ep dry ditch in the for"
the f
twg m e ace of the perpen-
ends of the horseshoe terrains
Nape mentioned as protecting it on
et obbiesaweeas
dicular cliffs which we
the north or harbour
side above the East Weir. But to
speak of this great artificial ravine as a ditch seems absurd.
It is a ditch to wh oh all other fortification ditches, ancient
r modern, are mere gutters. Rocks have been riven as if
brny a convulsion of nature, and nearly two millions of tons
of stone blasted and quarried away to make it. Its mini-
mum depth is 80ft ; its minimum width 100. In some
parts, as at the angles of the Citadel within it, its width is
nearly 200 ft., and as the floor of this immense cutting has
been kept at an even level all round the works, where
there is a rise in the surface of the ground above there
le aoruetimee a Meer perpendicular depth beneath the bat-