The Sun.
London, England, 1839-11-22 00:00:00

TILE suN, LONDON, PRIDA SOVEMBER 22, i 839.

taken up as it ought to be. Acquiescence in one
oppression naturally leads to another. Encroach-
ment follows encroachment as wave follows wave.
The gaol of Chehnsford has closed, perhaps for
ever, on one victim, and that of. Leicester, if it has
not already received, is gaping'for another. Thus
the indecision of the Dissenters, while it affords a
triumph to the State Church, spurs her on to
more copious outpourings of her intolerant spirit
upon all who resist her iniquitous aggressions on
the rights of conscience.

.come of the Tory Journalists come to the
rescue of their friends in a strange way. They
launch out in coarse and and unmeasured invectives,
denounce statements as base and abominable false_
hoods, yet in the most unfortunate way confirm
the very accusations made against those they avow-
edly defend. The defence of the QUEEN DOWA-
GER, and the excuse set up for the Canterbury
orgies, are cases in point. An Evening, asi well
as a Morning Contemporary, are highly indignant
that Queen ADELAIDE should have been
charged with censuring the life led by our
Most Gracious So'vereign, yet at the same mo-
ment, while. they, in a fit of passion, stigmatize
the insinuations as a series of " downright untruths
—mean, paltry, flagitious, and rancorous"—they
admit that had the QUEEN DOWAGER said all that
is imputed to her about " dissipated idleness, plays,
balls, &c., she might have said no more than many
parents would have been ready to sanction." Why
thenlbe in such a rage ? Those who out of charity
doubted the accusation, have these doubts more
than removed by the defence. The language which
her defenders aver she might have used is ten times
stronger and more particular than that imputed to
her, and as they appear to know all that was said
at Lisbon and Malta, the public, notwithstanding
the disavowal, will pronounce that a truth which
they denounce as a base falsehood. Call you that
backing the QUEEN DOWAGER ! the Canterbury
parsons and the young Tory Members may feel-
ingly— exclaim—the one party having but lately
been described as drunkards and fools, and the
other as gamblers and frequenters of Hells.
The instructive account given by Dr. BOWRING
at Manchester, of the nature and extent of the
German League, and of the progress of manufac-
tures in Germany, will be found in another part of
our paper. We also publish an account of the
proceedings of the Manchester Chamber of Com-
merce after Dr. BOWRING'S address. It is most
gratifying to find the inhabitants of Manchester
adopting such liberal sentiments as to trade, though
the process by which their convictions have been
made intense has been one of considerable suffering.
We have no wish whatever to encourage jea-
lousy of the Germans ; on the contrary, we believe
that manufactures might flourish there and here
together, to the advantage of both countries, were
the Government of neither to misdirect, by foolish
and wicked laws, the capital and industry
of its subjects. We believe, too, that agricul-
ture might flourish in both more than at
present were there no Corn-laws. We even
suppose it might be quite practicable to unite in
England, as in Germany, agricultural with manu-
facturing employment, were land not kept up to a
high monopoly price by our unjust legislation.
What happiness, in fact, is yet in store for the
human race, cannot be conceived, and can never
be realized till all the nations of the earth are per•
witted freely and mutually to interchange the fruits
of the separate advantages which nature has con-
ferred on each. On these considerations we shall
not dwell, nor on the comparative advantages of Ger-
many. By free trade they might be made our own.
The injurious influence of the Corn-laws over
our cotton trade is so well described by the several
speakers at the meeting that, referring to them,
we shall take up another point of the question.
We have frequently endeavoured to show that the
Corn-laws are as injurious to the property of the
farmers as to that of the manufacturers ; and we will
now - add a few words to prove that they are detri-
mental to the independence of the farmers.
All over the world the farmer is obliged to make
great advances or become a debtor. He is engaged
to pay heavy rates, taxes, and rent for his land,
and he must cultivate it to get the means. He
must pay his ploughmen,
his waggoners, his la-
bourers, and all the expenses of manuring and
sowing his grcurid, for many months before he can
gather in his harvest. These expenses being chiefly
for labour, must be great in proportion as labour
is high, and the money wages of labour will be
augmented by the Corn-laws. The Corn-laws,
therefore, increase the outgoings of the farmer for
several months before he can obtain back his capi.
tal. They increase the amount of rent he has to
pay, and they increase all the expenses he is at in
raising the produce to pay that rent.
If the season be bad, the consumers of corn use
substitutes as much as possible ; for the farmers'
workmen appeals are made to him, and he never
realises a price quite proportionate to his expense of
production, and it falls short of what he should
obtain in proportion as his expense of cultivation
is great. If the season be good, because he has made
these large advances, and must sell to carry on his
cultivation, or because he is a debtor, the advan-
tages of the favourable season belong less to him
than to the capitalist, who buys when the fanner is
compelled to sell, and is the person to profit most
by the abundant harvest. As the rule, the farmer
having made large advances, and having no capital
to command the market, is never the person to profit
most by the variation of the seasons, and, not
reaping that profit, whatever causes an increase of

swarms of destitute refugees.

the expense of cu:tivation adds to his neces-
sities, and places him more at the mercy of
the monied capitalist. The Corn-laws, there-
fore, increase the natural dependence of the farmer.
Facts corroborate this theory. The Corn-laws
have now been in existence 24 years, and within that
period every third year or so the farmer has been
obliged to go, cap in hand, to his landlord, and
supplicate an abatement of his rent. Co-existing
with the Corn-laws has grown up and extended an
extreme dependence of the working agriculturist on
the land owner. He submitted, however, almost to be
ruined before his independence gave way. In the Agri-
cultural Report of 1836, there are such passages as
these. In the first report, Mr. BRICKWELL, who
has been a farmer for 38 years in Bucks, stated
that rents had been reduced 25 per cent., but the
farmer still complained, and said there must be fur-
ther reduction.—(32o.) Tne reduction was 15
per cent. from 1813 to 1822, and 25 per cent.
since. There have been several changes amongst
thef
is exhaustedarmers,owin by paying the n
owing todi s res s.— (
r3e26t
s.) Their
(355.
capital )
Tenants have been changed because they could not
they stand
were
er any
obligednylon to la
longer. Tehev. irecapitalbeing exhausted
Steady, industrious
men, and good farmers, were ruined. It took place
chiefly since 1820.—(525-530.)

since 1833 there had been
o f sAt og ca kin,,
staat Neldr:tßhaOtLFE, a farmer and appraiser
a continued depression, a loss of capital, and ruin
to the farmers. He knew farmers, hard_working,
industrous men, who were penniless ; Wu, the
landlords to compel the payment of rents, they
would have the land on their own hands. The
tenants, to a great extent, hold their farms on
sufferance only,t'and at the mercy of the landlords ;
one-half of the tenantry in his district is insolvent.
The rent has been reduced, however, something
ike a fourth, but subsequent to the fall in the price

Imade in the estate of the latter ; and just in pro-
portion, therefore, as he expends money in making,
improvements he becomes the slave of the pro-
prietor. Again, a Mr. LA NGHOME stated that
the tenants of Lord TA NKERVILLE, in Northum-
berland, could not continue in their farms, for that,
in a few years, they would be reduced to beggary.
The rent at the same time had been reduced 20
per cent.

Here, then, is decisive evidence that the work-
ing agriculturists have been reduced to a state of
complete dependence on the landowners in conjunc-
tion with the existence of the Corn-laws. We have
explained how that must be the case. They in-
crease the farmer's expense, but fail to give him a price
for his corn increased in proportion. They seduce
him by the promise of a high average price of corn
which is never realised, while he can by no means
evade the increase of expense they cause.
The political aspect of this question now becomes
important. It is a fact that the great advocate of the
Corn-laws was the author of the 501. franchise for
the tenants at will. But tenants at will under the
Corn-laws are completely dependent on the land-
lord, and by introducing that clause the Marquis of
CHANDOS knew he was proposing to confer so
many votes on himself. Most of the landlords who
take his view as to the Corn-laws, also agree with
him in supporting the 501. clause. The two evils,
then, go together, and the landlords support the
Corn-laws that they may the more securely command
their tenants' votes. Abolish the Corn-laws and
the tenants will be it.dependent, and we might al-
most dispense with the Ballot.

The Dul;e of ORLEANS has become a personage
of the first importance in France. His bloodless
exploits in Africa have succeeded in changing a
clever young man, of respectable morals and retired
habits, into a hero. But the French have a keen
sense of the ridiculous, and if anything- can tend
to render the Prince Royal ridiculous in the eyes of
the French people, it is the publication by the
Moniteur of such telegraphic despatches as the
following, which are copied from that journal of
Wednesday :
MARSEILLES, Nov. 15.—The Duke of Orleans has
just laid the first stone of the Chateau d'Eau, at Mar-
seilles, amid the plaudits of a considerable crowd.
MARSEILLES, Nov. IG.—The Duke of Orleans has
reviewed the troops to-day ;he afterwards visited the
Prado, the principal barracks, and the hospital.
As his Royal Highness passed through the old quar-
ters of the town, on his way to the hospital, he was
greeted by the population in the most enthusiastic
manner.

MARSEILLES, Nov. 17, ONE P.3l.—The Duke of
Orleans has just left us. The weather is beautiful. On
leaving us he received the most marked proofs of the
sympathy of the population, which bad assembled from
an early hour to cheer him as he departed.

The Carlist refugee, the Marquis of LABRADOR,
who treated the memory of NAPOLEON with such
contempt, in a letter addressed to one of the French
journals a few weeks ago, has been ordered to quit
Paris, with several others of his countrymen. Or-
ders were likewise issued by the French Govern-
ment to direct the Spanish refugees refusing to avai}
themselves of the amnesty, to enter the Foreign
Legion and embark for Africa. Those who chose
to return to their own country were to have all pro-
per facilities alloWed them. This harsh measure
is forced upon France by her inability to feed such

----
The Conznzerce, a Paris Journal, of Wednesday,
states that letters had arrived in Paris from Barce-
lona, announcing that an engagement had taken
place between CABRERA and ESPARTERO, in
which the former was defeated with great slaughter.
It was rumoured that CABRERA was killed in the
battle, but our Gallic Contemporary yields no
credit to this part of the report. The Paris cor-
respondent of the Times, in a postscript to his
letter of Wednesday, dated 5 o'clock in the after-
noon, thus communicates the same highly im-
portant intelligence :

" I have this moment had from a respectable quarter
an assurance that the French Government received this
day a despatch, stating that Cabrera has been defeated
in Arragon.

" This intelligence is further stated to have been de-
rived from soldiers, who affirmed that they had escaped
the carnage made by the Queen's troops.
" This despatch is said to have contained a confirma-
tion of the rumoured assassination of the Count
d'Espagne by his escort."
Letters from Martinique are to the 3d of October.
Official information of the reduction of the duty on
sugar had just been received :

" We had another earthquake on the night of the
20th of last month. Many persons alarmed at the oc-
currence of this phenomenon passed the remainder of
the night out of doors. The shocks were slight and did
no damage. 'This state of things contributes to the
ruin of our unhappy country, which is now in a very
precarious situation.

" The Evelina, the first ship that left Havre with the
ordinance concerning sugar, arrived at Sante Pierre on
the 3d day of October. The news brought by the
Evelina has produced a great sensation in the colony.
The ordinance has been read publicly, and was re-
ceived with enthusiasm by the planters."—Journal du
Havre.

A letter from Italy says " That Don Miguel has
played Don Carlos a sad trick. The friends of those
Princes had collected large sums, which they entrusted
to Don Miguel, that he might make a landing in Por-
tugal, which would have created a diversion favourable
to Don Carlos, but the latter having fallen before the
other had made his preparations, Don Miguel has kept
the money, and will nut agree to share it with the
Carlists.—Le Commerce.