The Sun.
London, England, 1863-08-28 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, AUGUST 28, 1363.

Our P rip prove ra to gain ground, and not all Herr VON
TN FUN, This Week, One Penny,
BIsM ARK'S epistles can hide the fact that he is
Essayg—Name of the Winner ; Sir Matthew White
idley, ; The Frankfort Diet—all Smoke, &c., &C.
seek'ng to shelter himself in a forest of words
from 'the condemnation he merits.

OYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE.
Lessee, Mr. George Vining.
Under the Management of Ur. Walter Montgomery.
THIS EVENING, RING JOIIN. King John, lklr.Walter
Moutg.-,omery.
To be followed by A ROUGH DIAMOND.
Commence at 7.

NEW THE ATICE-R0 YAL, ADELPHI.—
Sole Pronriator and Manager. Mr. B. Webster.
THIS EVENING. at 7, a new comic drama, entitled THE
AND CII ICKENS • or, A Sign ot Affection. Messrs.
Billington, R. Phillips, Stephenson ; Mrs. Stirling and Miss
H. Simms.
Atter which, at a quarter-past 8, the new drama of THE
HAUNTED MAN; OR, TL,E GHOST'S BARGAIN, in
which will be exhibited Professor Pepper's adaptation of
the Great Spectral. Illusion. Messrs. J. L. Toole, R. P'Aillips,
ef tou C. J. Smith; Mrs. Alfred Mellon and Miss IL shams.
Followed by a new Burlesque, ent,tled. ILL-TRE
If. TitovATOltFi. 51cssrs. Toole, P. Bedford, R.. P'aillips,
Bbnrne, C. J. Smith, Bonier ; the Sisters Nelson, Carry and
Sara, and Miss K. Kelly.

-ROYAL STRAND THEA.TRE.
Manager, Mr. W. 11. Swanborough.
THIS EVENING, PIS FIRST CHAMPAGNE. Mr.
Leigh Murray.
Followed by (35th time) THE MOTTO, " I"M ALL
TII E E. Messrs. Honey, Turner, E. Danverh, Collier,
Clifton ; Mesdames Ada Swanborough, F. Josephs, Maria
Simpson, Wallace, and Jenny White.
To conclude with TURN HIM OUT. Mr. Turner, Miss
Thome.

Commence at 7.

THE THIRD EDITION OF " THE SUN,"
:k Containing the Latest SPORTING INTELUGENCE,
can be had Every Evening of

G. R. GLiNIE. NEWS AGENT,
No. 4, Connaught-terrace, Hyde-park.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
Tins DAY.—Morning, lh. 12m.—Afternoon, Ih. 40m.
To-moßnow.-Morning, 2h. 2m.—Afternoon, 2h. 25m.

The Weather--Sun Office, Aug. 28, 1863.

THERHOMETEE•

This mornfng
This day at Two 0'c10ck........
Barometer-29.60.
Wind—S. ; moderate, and fine.

T :v.:41 77 4. 17
fw2gt

s LONDON, FRIDAY, AUGUST 28, 1863.

Herr VON BISMARK is determined that the world
shall not be ignorant of his policy. Apparently he
thinks it is far too good to be hid under a bushel,
and accordingly he sends a lengthy and wordy
despatch to Baron VON WERTHER, the Prussian
Minister at Vienna. He commences by stating that
he desires to settle the questions without whose
solution it would be vain to reform the Federal
Constitution. He. next refers to the various con-
ferences which took place between the EMPEROR
and the KING on the subject of the Congress, and
observes that King WILLIAM finally declared that
under no circumstances whatever could the Con-
gress meet before the Ist of October, because of the
preliminary labours that must perforce take place.
Judging from the indignant tone that pervades this
part of the despatch, it is to be inferred that some
elaborate plans, or nicely-balanced calculations,
were disturbed by the Conference having actually
taken place so much earlier than this specified date.
It may be suggested by some, however, that it was
scarcely courteous, and hardly necessary to have
interposed so long a delay, and to have altered so
considerably the plan proposed by the originator of
the whole scheme. Judging from these remarks,
so sententiously put forth by the Prussian Minister,
one would be apt to imagine that neither KING nor
Minister who descant so freely upon this impossi-.
bility or that necessity had the slightest notion of
doing anything until they were solicited to join the
scheme which others had originated, and asked
them to further and promote by their aid. Then
Herr BISMARK professes to be virtuously indignant
that after a denial had been given any further steps
should have been taken in regard to this affair. His
MAJESTY was, he said, very much surprised to re-
ceive, on the evening of the day on which he an-
nounced his opinion, an official invitation to the
Frankfort Congress. Of course, when this invite-
was ordered to be sent out, there were no doubts
entertained as to the chance of a refusal being
given, and the visit of the Emperor of AUSTRIA was
to arrange preliminaries and discuss technicalities.
'Phis hope was disappointed, as the sequel showed ;
and the ire of Herr BISMARK is kindled at the pre-
posterous presumption of supposing that his august
master would change his mind. Wiser and better
men have been known to do so, but then they acted
on their own convictions, and had not a counsellor
in the background to decide and judge for them as
to the feasibility of this suggestion and the pro-
priety of that resolve. An imperial aide-de-camp
was sent to give the KING a new invitation. This
document made a very good proposal, and it is a
pity it was not carried out, namely, that the KING
should depute one of the Royal Princes to repre-
sent him at Frankfort, as the state of his health did
not allow of his appearing in person there. Herr
BISMARK now plainly proceeds on his own opinion
in this matter, and does not seek to keep the veil
over his proceedings, which some might deem de-
sirable. "It appears to me that propositions des-
tined to influence all the States of the Confedera-
tion cannot be prepared by a single Government."
This is all very fine, but how long should we all
have •
Waited before Prussia took the lead, and bade
Others follow in her wake to resuscitate and rein•
N'igorate the constitution of the several States.
This aes
sage is extreme, even for its writer.
" I do not
think that the dignity of our gracious
master will permit him to go to Frankfort."
Where is the
:idignity of the proceeding, may now
be asked.
Burin assisting to
raoYthlere is nothing so very derogatory
dethe constitution 'of States, and
being willing thutanq.nal power should be conferred
cu those who are mop deprived of such privileges.
These are, however,
.e:111 insintotteaAßK S own notions
that be cleverly
the opinions of others.
The real gist of the
argument
it
manifested in the
annexed statement, 'wherein t .
mated that the
monarchs cannot pronounce upon
the queshtiiosn until
the Ministers have first discussed them,
This
most decidedly that nothing is to be done unless it
meets the sanction of the statesmen who: policy is
doubtless to prevent the establishment ot.
hose Ter,
institutions that are so desiderated. From
one
charge, at all events, the Prussian Minister is free.
He cannot be justly accused of having concealed
his views or hid his intentions. He speaks out
plainly, and he who runs may read his meaning.
He desires to keep all things it: stain quo at pre-
sent. It may do very well for a wily politician to
talk of reform periodically, but it is not at all the
thing for a Congress to meet before the rest of the
world and then end there to organise great changes
and to inaugurate a mighty work. If this cannot
be prevented, at all events it shall not be counte-
nanced. One thing stems to be forgotten by this
skilful statesman and his coadjutors—that there is
a time for all things, bat, it the opportunity be
lost, it may not easily be regained. There is a
tide in the affairs of men, but such politicians as
these Prussian sages seem determined to lose all
hope of taking it at the flood. They scan to
prefer to let the moments fly by unheeded, and
the golden chance be thrown away. They mev
awake from their dream too late, to find that
their place is forfeited and their privileges
ignored. There is too much sense afloat now-a-
days ••
for tee narrow views of these professed

Tine Prorogation of Parliament and the dispersion
of its members gives an opportunity very willingly
se i zed upon in various quarters, for meetings of
d ,ifferent characters in different parts of the country.
Freedom of discussion upon every possible topic
has become an essential element of the British Con-
stitution, both physical and political ! and by the
active agency of the Press with its

-" thousand tongues,
Its throat of brass, and adamantine lungs,"

the voice of popular opinion is daily rendered
audible in every quarter of the kingdom. Science
and Politics, Agriculture and Manufactures, Law
and Literature have their various arenas for the
open discussion of their necessities, the various
exponents of their especial rights and wrongs and
requirements, and it is right and just that so it
should be. By general and open discussion not
only does every individual matter of public inte-
rest receive more elaborate attention and more
judicious development, bat by the general publicoaf-
tion of such very diversified information, habits
thought are daily and hourly encouraged i and sti-
mulated among the great body of the people.
This truth must be apparent alltoon even consider
who
subject. It becomes very evident na cursory the
e
glance at any impression of any one of the daily
the present moment
organs of public opinion. At
first and foremost among the public meetings
of general interest and importance is the
now collected at Newcastle,
great assembly
at the welcome bidding of the British Assoeiation.
The second day's proceedings of this venerable
Institution were rendered doubly attractive and
important by a masterly discourse from the eloquent
lips of Sir RODERICK MURCHISON, in which he
gave a brief but emphatic summary of the
great geographichal discoveries of modern
times, in which our own countrymen
have borne such a prominent and distinguished
part. Alluding also to the resources and develop-
ment of Australia, the learned orator very judi-
ciously remarked, that the Mother Country was
happily not likely, in this instance, to become
estranged from these, her powerful and extensive
dependencies, because, wiser than in former times,
she treated them and would continue to treat
them in a more liberal and considerate spirit. "It
has been truly remarked by a recent Governor of
Australia," said Sir RODERICK MURCHISON, " that
the loyalty of Australia is a homage to the en-
lightened rule of England of which her states-
men may be proud." Sir ItoDEßicK's speech
is a study in itself. The student and the lover of
geographical research will derive great plea.
sure and profit from its perusal ; while
even a cursory glance will convey to the ge-
neral reader, for we hardly think that the general
reader will dare to venture upon more than a cur-
sory glance at its mysteries, even that brief
glimpse will afford him matter for thought
and wonder, and he May perhaps regard
the world as even a greater place, and science as
even a more marvellous study than he had before
believed ! In another direction, at Leicester, the
agriculturists have been holding their assemblies;
in on 3 of which, Lord BERNERS, in returning thanks
for the toast of the House of Peers, very naively and
ingenuously admitted that during the last session
he did.not think that in the way of legislation either
House had done much to boast of !—a sentiment
likely to meet with a very unanimous assent
throughout the country Mr. IiEIEGATE,
in following his noble friend, strongly
urged upon the agriculturists a more extended
spirit of inquiry, and a more general encourage-
ment of the diffusion of agricultural knowledge and
information. This advice was most judicious and
well-timed, and we true t it will be cordially responded
to and very readily acted upon by our farmers and
agriculturists. The good of one and the good of all
are synonymous terms in the prosperity of the
great body politic, and every discovery and im-
provement in agriculture and every other art only
becomes more valuable by extension, and its bene-
fits become redoubled as they become further
developed and diffused.

At the recent meeting of the Central Relief Com-
mittee, under the able presidency of the Earl of
DERBY, it was boldly stated by Mr. ASHWORTH
that the Cotton Supply Association could promise
a supply of cotton for 1864, equal to 4 days' work
per week for the Lancashire mills. This promise
is no mere visionary hope, no ingenious illusion,
but it is based upon the crops now actually known
to be growing. The statistics which Mr. ASH-
wonTrt brought forward in support of this view
were admitted by the Chairman of the meeting to
be most important, since, if their calculations were
accurate, nearly five days' work per week would be
supplied to the mills without any assistance from
America; whereas he reminded the meeting that
we have hitherto been dependent on American
cotton to the same extent that we are now able to
dispense with it—that is to say, five-sixths of our
supply has been exclusively drawn from American
cotton-fields, and yet we are able to look forward
to working five-sixths of the usual time with mate-
rial drawn from totally different sources. Among
the countries mentioned as likely to contribute the
most efficiently to our aid, some surprise will pos.
sibly be felt to find the Turkish dominions. No
less than 350,000 bales, equivalent to 250,000 bales
of American cotton, are expected from that quar-
ter. If this be the first fruits of the improved
Turkish (government we have heard of, it is cer-
tainly very acceptable and appropriate. The
Viceroy of Egypt is also said to express con-
siderable interest in the cultivation of cotton,
and the encouragement thus afforded has pro-
bably something to do with the different figures
representing Egypt and the rest of the African
continent. Exclusive of Egypt, the African supply
is not reckoned at more than 10,000 bales, though
this must not be taken as a sample of the capabili-
ties of the soil or climate, when we recal the days
when all Europe drew its cotton supply from
Africa, through the medium of the Spanish and
Portuguese traders. Egypt is to furnish, accord-
tug to the calculations made, 50,000 bales addi-
tional this yei,r, while a considerable increase is
expected to take place in the Brazilian supply.
The more important change, however, is to come
from India. Sir CHARLES WOOD has, it seemp,
been able to blame the bad season of 1862 for the
errors of long-continued neglect and perversity, and
is fain to alter the lugubrious view in which he
once looked upon Indtad resources. The increase
to be expected from the large tracts of land added
to the cultivation both this year
port
duce their effect the i m and last will pro-
and
,
anticipated from our
once unheeded colony is no less than 250,000 bales
The manufacturers felt called upon to r ex-p
ees their
• with decision and confidence •
opinions owing to the
and unfounded fears indulged
depressing in 1)5
One of these gentlemen expreseed
some persons.
his conviction that the whole of Lancashire might.
be at full work in two or three years, without a
article being received from
bale of the required
,ar to be still in full force.
America, supposing the N't
were kuoded on fact is
That these observations

proved by the satisfactory accounts received by the
members of the Cotton Supply Association, and
read at their recent meeting. A letter from Tnrk's
Island, which was produced, stated that the Caicos
Islands, now lying idle, were well adapted for the
cultivation of cotton, and that many years since large
quantities of it were grown and shipped to Eng-
land. Lands capable of producing very good cotton
might be purchased at a low rate, so that one of the
great difficulties attending the capitalist in India is
unknown. A beautiful sample of yarn, spun from
the native cotton of Jamaica was received and exhi-
bited at the meeting. This_ cotton is perennial, and
would, it is thought, grow well in all tropical coun-
tries. The samples forwarded from Western Aus-
tralia are also of a very high order, and it is re-
marked that these specimens have never been
surpassed by any in quality. There can now be no
longer any doubt that the question of sufficient cot-
ton supply is merely a question of time, and that
the plant will readily adapt itself to several different
countries, whose connection with ourselves renders
its cultivation a matter of paramount interest. One
of the gentlemen at the recent meeting spoke of the
probable arrival of a sufficient quantity of cotton to
provide for 4 days' work weekly directly after
Christmas: We trust that such may be the case,
and that our manufacturers and millowners, who
have had such bitter cause to regret their total
dependence on one source of supply, may receive
from India, Australia, Egypt, and. Brazil, full and
satisfactory proof that the marvellous plant which
has contributed so greatly to our national wealth
and prosperity is by no means restricted to one
latitude or to one kingdom in its development.

LATEST INTELLIGENCE.

(REUTER'S TELEGRAMS.)

THE POLISH INSURRECTION.
LEMBERG, AUG. 27.
A considerable insurrection of the peasants against
Russia has broken out in the Ukraine.

TRIESTE, AUG. 27.

News received here from Athens says that four
Greek Ministers cf the moderate party have sent in
their resignation.

The English Ambassador has required of the
Greek Government the punishment of the guilty
parties in the riots at the Pyrseus.

_ -
M. Kalergis has been appointed to accompany
the King upon his journey to Athens.

Intelligence from the Levant says that the arma-
ments in Tarkey continue.

The capture of Herat is repOrted to have aroused
extremely warlifte spirit at Teheran.
25,000 Russians from the Caucasus have arrived
in Odessa. Part of their number will go to Nico-
laieff, the remainder to Kiew.

AUSTRIA.

VIENNA, AUG. 27.

The Botechafter gives an analysis of the memorial
remitted on the 3d August by the Emperor of
Austria to the King of Prussia at Gastein.
This memorial states that the condition of Europe
renders it incumbent on the Sovereigns to insure
to themselves a tenable position, and that the
German people are entitled to demand a reform.
It states also that the will of Prussia may legally
and in fact prevent a reform, but that the Govern-
ments who believe it impossible to remain in the
statu quo would be finally compelled to separately
introduce federal reform in their States by the most
extended application possible of the right of union,
at the same time preserving the Federal bond.

TEE CONGRESS AT MALINES.

(From the Morning Herald.)

The Catholic Congress at Mechlin, thrown into
the shade as it is by the meetings of potentates and
diplomats who have the power as well as the will
to make their opinions respected by others, is yet a
phenomenon in modern history which cannot well
be overlooked by those who have at heart the social
well-being of the age. Here, in a solemn old
clerical town of Belgium, are met together a multi-
tudeof influential men, laymen, priests, and bishops
of the Catholic Church, from every nation,
and sneaking every language, for the purpose of
1 discussing the present position and prospects of
that great religious community whose interests
1 they have so much at heart. This meeting is some-
thing very novel. It does not speak with authority
like one of those ancient councils, having power
to bless and to ban, to make or overturn Popes,
tt he e tputen e tkingdomsof
Arius, under
ainterdict,i uss,
or toa condemn
Luther.
It is calldd upon to witness no secession like that
of Spires, to put its seal to no new doctrine like
that of Trent. It has no authority whatever, but
consists of a number of religionists who sympathise
heartily with one another, and speak of their com-
mon concerns, each in his private capacity. Such
meetings take place among Protestants, and are
characterised, as we know, by a display of polemic
zeal which is justifiable so long as it does not
trench upon the bounds of ferocity. The Roman
College of the Propaganda busies itself chiefly with
such remote countries as China and Japan. The
followers of Ignatius, though some old ladies in
England are still afraid of them, are now-a-days
almost as harmless as lions with their teeth drawn
and claws cut. It was not so much on the question
of.enlarging the borders of their Church that these
Catholics conferred together at Mechlin, but on
the means of preventing the threatened diminution
of her influence throughout the world. The first
proceeding of the Congress was to present an affec-
tionate and loyal address to the Pope, who replied
by sending his benediction by telegraph. There is,
therefore, nothing at all mutinous in the spirit of
the meeting. It is not met to dismiss theological
questions, nor matters of Church government, in
i other affairs the authorities at Rome have no objec-
-1 tion to concede the right of private judgment,
I accompanied and followed as it is likely to be by a
display of private munificence. The system of the
C traheuorochheatss always been
the
so elastic
ofthe age
cthat it stretches.
or
portionrile C
of
fngese at Mechlinitrstimein
ndi spent
seussin a
discussing
thceonmsiedaenrasbe
ofl
supplying what it considers tobeaat thegre Romanatwant.
It is a curious thing, but it seems that
Catholicsnewspaper.
l:paandper. Wereef w
Europe have not one respectable
to
ho numberhelo
belong
et
to
the potentates,riva 1
n
commonerse who
Churches, we should find that a majority was to be
classed as professing the tenets of the elder corn •
munion. But the Romish Church is almost unre-
presented in the Fourth Estate. There are, in
Rome, Paris, Vienna, Turin, and London, some
extreme and violent organs of the " clerical party,"
which do more harm than good to the cause which
they profess to serve, and certainly do not express
the views of enlightened Romanists. Besides these
prints, which can be easily numbered on the
fingers, the Church has few on its side, for even
to show it sympathy among the newspapers of
Catholic countries. The majority of them incline
to " liberalism," which is generally opposed to
,‘ priestcraft," and their editors are reported to be
Gallios, who think. all religions very much the
same. The speakers at Mechlin were in favour of
establishing an international Catholic journal, the
mission of which. should be to promote by all means
the influence of the Catholic Church, The curious
thing about the proposed print is that it is to uphold
religion and liberty together. The natural union of
the Catholic religion with an advanced form of
liberalism is the favourite theory of the able and
eloquent spokesman of Catholicism in France, M.
de Montalembert. When he arrived at 'Mechlin
a deputation met him at the railway statian.
When he entered the room where the Congress was
sitting the members rose all together as they
would have risen to a king. M. de Montalem-
bent made one of his earnest and almost passionet:
speeches, iu which he advocated the acceptance of
the revolution without arriere pensce. Modern
Catholics everywhere, except in Belgium, made the
great mistake of regretting the anciens regimes.
These have one fault which cannot be redeemed;
Ai Theo freetEi e
they are dead and gone. The Church, said the
speaker, must be reconciled with the democracy.
mC bheurtrtoc Church d
be incompatible,
re thfi ef
ofreert hseta te, things supposed
occasionally
are
regenerational l that Mo fM. s doe-
ciety. By his speech at :Mechlin he has already
brought down upon himself the wrath of the clerical
press, already irritated, and not unnaturally, by the
scheme of the liberal Catholic newspaper. We wish
every success to this organ.
A
speech in favour of democracy f
thereter Mwoanst as
nl e m
orationbe r t's
from Cardinal Wiseman, all in praise of toleration.
A Catholic Congress in which such addresses were
delivered by such men cannot be said to have passed
off without eclat.

The same journal announces that there is every
reason to believe that Federal execution, with which
the Germanic Diet has menaced Denmark, and the
occupation of the Duchy of Holstein will take
place.

ORIGIN OF MYTHOLOGICAL FABLES. The
generations that built up mythology, it has been
very recently and very ingeniously suggested, had none of
the language by which we at once settle the character of
external objects. They could not say that the sun was a
heavenly- body, for they had no comprehension of the dis-
tinction between heaven and earth, and still less any con-
ception that answered to body. They saw a beautiful thing
moving above theta, the presence of which brought cheer-
fulness, and the abs Luce of which brought gloom. How
were they to express their feelings ? The only language
they had for bright, beautiful moving things, causing pro-
found alterations of feeling, was necessarily derived from
the expressions used about men. Thu step from this to
speaking as if the thing spoken of were a man is very easy.;
for all people love to put their vague feelings about what
interests them into some definite shape, and no means of
attaining this definiteness with regard to the beautiful mov-
ing thing instinct with human activity and power was so
natural as to speak of it as a glorified man. The thought
ini.2
~ wouldlausnci
ngdbi
flier
amongl
oici
dlitt
eiet:ohnitessha:
enartdn.
shdeal
isokfet h
beinghoi
of such a being once formed, fancy loved to paint what he
inventingt :sameha nu ds
process
ct evokedil
aes characters, actht eewr
hsp:alsedpargsto:omirnetpa; take llhiins
t Way
.6_,,.:..1:: hctoalteedfairunialy brief,
bold, o fanthdevderwyeltiloeme
creation
Olympus.
fee
'' 1" Y be -(l7d c theero_f
mythology, eata to have been the history of

" Sufficient forces," says the Botschafter, if will
be placed in the field to put these measures into
execution."

SPAIN,
MADRID, AUG. 27 (Evening).
The Ministry have sent a courier to General
Duke, conveying their approval of his acts tending
to the suppression of the slaNc trade.
Senor Olezaga is expected at Madrid.
The Progressist party have
held preparatory
electoral meetings at Barcelona and Valencia, not-
withstanding the opinion expressed by the Madrid
Committee.

Divergence of opinion still prevails relative to
the policy of abstaining from voting.

..................,.

RUSSIA.
ST. PETERSBURG, AUG. 27.
The Grand Duks Constantine arrived at Tz Arskoe-
Selo yesterday.

The Imperial Bang resumes specie payments to-
morrow at the September rates, viz., 2 per cent.

premium.

GERMANY•
-FRANKFORT, AuG. 27.

In the sitting of the Federal Diet to-day the de-
claration of the Danish Government, with reference
to Schleswig, which has been received, was referred
to the committees.

The Danish Ambassador, who was unable to be
present on account of illness, reserved further ex.
planations.

FRANKFORT, THURSDAY, AUG. 28.

The Frankfort Journal of to-day says:—" We
are authorised by the Ducal Cabinet to declare the
assertion to be unfounded, that the Duke of Saxe-
Coburg was the author of the pamphlet published
at Brussels under the title of 'Revelations.' "

I
THE REVOLUTION IN MADAGASCAR,
REUNION, AUG. 7.
MM. Dupre and Lambert left Madagascar on the
30th July.
Anarchy is reported to prevail at Tananariva.
The Sakalawes bffirm Itadama to be still living,
and refuse to recognise the authority of the Queen.
New sugars have not yet been brought to market.
Cuffees are rare. Prices of vanilla good.

LIVERPOOL, AUG. 28.

The ship Anglo-Saxon, bound from Liverpool
for New York, was burnt by the Florida, 30 miles
from Kinsale, on the 21st inst.
The crew have been landed at Brest.

and one or two foreigners. As, however, it was
impossible, even under a Russian system of go-
vernment, to keep in prison people against whom
not the shadow of a chance could be found, a
sharp-witted policeman from St. Petersburg sug-
gested that revolutionary pamphlets should be
slipped into the pocket of every person arrested, a
device which has been adopted with great
success. This, however, is only used as a last
resort, for the police are seldom at a
loss for pretexts. Thus on the 18th inst.
M. Skrzymowski was arrested because he had on a
cap of a new shape, and the next day P. Pielecki,
because a carving-knife was found in his house.
"L'he most frequent cause of arrest is neglect to take
off one's cap or hat before the Grand Duke Constan-
tine. The Grand Duke himself is the most zealous
pursuer of those who effend in this particular.
Scarcely a day passes but he finds some one in his
walks through the city, who voluntarily or involun-
tarily, remains covered before him. In these cases
he invariably turns to the Cossacks of his escort, and
orders them to seize the refractory Pole there and
then. It was in this way that an American officer,
named Edmund Bernard, was arrested in the gar-
den of Lazienki. He was taken to the station-house,
and iv terrogated by Le wszyn, the Director of Police,
to whom he exhibited his passport, and explained
that he did not know the customs of the
country he was in, Apparently these customs were
not at all to his taste, for immediately after his libe-
ration he left Warsaw.

The police of the capital is to be largely in-
creased. The city was formerly divided into two
districts ; it is now to have four. Every sub district,
in which hitherto there were but 40 policemen, is
to have 240, and there is to be an inspector for every
600 inhabitants.

A letter from the palatinate of Ayustow describes
an atrocious act of brutality committed by the
Russian troops. It appears that an estate called
bumble was on the 11th occupied by a detachment
of Polish cavalry under Col. Rychlewski. A picket
of this detachment was on that day being relieved,
when it was suddenly attacked by a squadron of
Russian hussars. Micewicz, the commander of the
picket, immediately fired a pistol to warn his corn-
panions,and then with his three men advanced to join
them. Unfortunately his horse fell, and the Russians
being by this time upon them, and, calling to them
to surrender, the Poles gave up their arms. The
Russian commandant then ordered them to strip.
The Poles obeyed, no doubt thinking that the
object of the officer was to ascertain whether they
had any more arms about them. When this was
done, the commandant turned to the Cossacks and
exclaimed, " Kill the rebels." A terrible scene
ensued : the Cossacks, after inflicting dreadful
wounds on the naked Poles, cut off their heads and
mangled their bleeding bodies. While this butchery
was going on, a youth of 16, named Szerkniewski,
unable to bear the sight; ran across the street to
the house of Count Ronikier. The soldiers imme-
diately pursued him into the house, and, entering
the room whero lie had taken refuge, cut off his
head and ears and tore out his bowels. This young
man was a clerk in a private office, and had no
connection whatever with the insurgents.