The Sun.
London, England, 1837-03-28 00:00:00

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF BRITI,

AGRICULTURE;
Being a Compendium of the Evidence taken befoi.e a Co
inittee of the House of Commons in 1836 ; with some Into
ductory Observations. By a Member of Parliame:
Ridgway and Sons.

Here is a volume which contains, in the brief spa
of about 200 pages, every particle of useful informati
collected by the late Committee of the Commons
Agriculture, during an inquiry of many months' dur
tion. The evidence was originally printed in thr
volumes folio, of which one, called the Third Repo
extended to nearly 700 pages. Not only was such
mass of reading an almost desperate undertaking,
account of its prolixity, but it was rendered tedio
and repulsive by the unceasing efforts of some Ine'
bers of the Committee to elicit testimony favourable
their own theories. Indeed, we are compelled to ag
that the conduct of some of these legislators was Inc
like that of professional advocates, retained to mat
out a given case, than of ingenuous inquirers all
truth. In the publication now before us, all this is
and superfluous matter is discarded, and nothing
pears but what may be perused with interest and a
vantage. We are aware that those gentlemen "'I
arrogate to themselves the distinction of " the Flame
Friends," complain that nothing was done by tl
Committee, notwithstanding its patient and protract
sitting. We are of a'very different opinion ; we belle
that a Parliamentary Committee has very rarely gather,
up, and laid before the public, such novel and imps
tant information. We feel certain that this evidea
must form an eventful epoch in the history of agl

culture.
It is impossible that the example which the Intel
gent and enterprising agriculturists of Scotland ba
set before us can long be lost on their southern neigl
bours. Let us. quote a passage from the brief b
sensible Introduction which the Member of Parliame
has prefixed to his publication :
" The most interesting, as well as the most instructive pc
tion of the evidence taken before the Committee—whethet
be considered singly or in connection with the rest--is tb
tendered by the agriculturists of Scotland. The contrast e
hibited in the state and prospects of farmers on different yid
of the Tweed, is perhaps as striking a phenomenon as the Pr
greys of society has ever simultaneously developed. While ti
English farmer, in spite of exertion, is too frequently keep"
up a difficult struggle with loss and insolvency—looking Mtn°
despondingly to the future, and, like most men who are suffei
ing, irritable, and in a temper to listen too much to any
cry that promises immediate relief—while this is the condito
of the English farmer, his Scotch neighbour is conducting b
affairs with high spirits and great success. In a country Je
f avoured by soil and climate, he is farming to a profit, and &
tually, in many instances, paying not only a higher rent (j
which I include local burthens in each country), but carryio
on a more expensive cultivation in reference to the quality '
his land, than most Englishmen would undertake. Instead,'
tasking the omnipotence of Parliament to assist him, he bola
declares that he only desires to be let alone, or if in any Cal
he refers to legislative interference, it is that he may be
encumbered by those protective laws which afford a factitiot
and dangerous monopoly to agriculture." vac.

Again :
" ' It will be seen,' says Mr. Lefevre, `by a perusal of tb
evidence of Scotch witnesses, that they turn their attention
the breeding, fattening, and general management of stock to
much greater extent than is usually done by the Engles
farmer. The productive powers of the land arc thus increase
by the additional quantity of manure raised, and it suffers lel
exhaustion, in consequence of the less frequent recurrence
the grain crop.' But, perhaps, the greatest superioritY in t
Scotch system of farming is exhibited in a better inode
draining the land. Considerable as have been the ircpr°ce
.
ments undertaken in this respect in England, they have bee'
greater in Scotland. Indeed, the plan of furrow drains''
adopted in East Lothian, especially when combined viithti
f;
operation of stirring the subsoil, as first introduced by "'„
Smith, of Deanston, constitutes one of the most import
3-
practical discoveries ever made in the science of agriculture
It is the more valuable, because it seems applicable to eves
description of soil, and on all, when effectually applied, see
to produce results perfectly surprising. f ll]
" The mode of operation, as well as its effects, are verYulf
and clearly explained in the evidence of Mr. Smith hirnse
and in a paper transmitted by Mr. Kennedy, who spealts '2O
both from considerable personal experience. The systetn,i,
applying the subsoil plough may be briefly explained
land having been drained in a manner very particularly "be:
scribed, the surface-soil is turned up by the common ploug
its ordinary depth being about six inches, a strong plough' b,
rather a peculiar construction, is then introduced, and the on I
soil iv broken up to the depth of one foot, the common PI,
again,comes round and the active soil is spread over the st'
soil, without, however, mixing with it. The whole operoi°
is now performed.
" The subsoil being stirred up, the air and the weatbeot
penetrate it below the surface ; the rain filters through it inre
the drains beneath, and this, with the action of the atmosPbc,„
upon it, produces a complete change, both chemical and II:1y
chanical, in its composition. The active soil is prodigi.uu.
improved by the change; but when, after a short successio9es
crops, the upper and lower soils are ploughed up and bleb di,
together, a new soil is created, of great depth, and extraer'!c,
nary fertility. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to remind the PTA
tical farmer, that the subsoil should not be stirred without firll
draining it, and that to mix the subsoil with the surface tic
the former has been exposed to the_ action of the air for sc7o,
time, will produce sterility, instead of increased power of p.
duction." of
We trust that this volume will be in the hand"
state
every man who wishes to form a judgment of the
r3l
and prospects of British agriculture, or the gene
resources of our country.

A COSSACK IN 1741.—1 n the midst of Europe3``
fetes, ceremonies, disputes about precedence and thew lite;
there appeared by way of change a chief of the Don Cosc.„
named Krosno Tzockin that is, red cheeks. He is turelete,
of 70, but has a great deal of desperate brutal courage. li.rneo
k. nocked off several score of his prisoners' heads ; sane°, he
cold blood, sometimes in drunken fits, but always, a
er big
v,
says, to keep his hand in ; and has been wounded all o
hY
body, on which occasions he only makes use of human "t
Iron
outward application, and inwardly a glass of brandY,"
Rawner's Contributions to Modern History. o
The " Memoirs of a Peeress" are beginning t wore
tract considerable attention in the literary world ; but fairr
in that class of fashionable society, by which the singwaratelf
closures contained in the work can be personally and aecu" Fox,
• appropriated. The venerable friends of Charles Joficsnarnef
in particular, and several of the illustrious families boss them'
are connected with the book, have already expre3se a
selves highly gratified by the vivid portraitures contains
pages.
,c,ng
EXAMPLE OF HONESTY AND DISINT.'-- S„,, Pa'
N ESS. —Mr. Hall, of Carver-street, sent his daughter, lost'
turday last, an errand with a five-pound note, which si'atit did
lie sent the bellman round, offering a pound reward; plan
nut regain the note till Thursday, when a laboUrin4 e be,
brought it, but refused the reward, except 55., saYui
thought a pound too much.—Sheffield independent. mg °E
A woman, about fifty years of age, of the four
Suckling, the wife of a labourer liii at IledinglisiT'oue of
miles from Yeldham, has been apprehended on a CI
instant 4:::). _cud
settinc, fire to a cottage at Yeldham on the Gtb ed.".
pied by an elderly female, and which was totally- COOSugi
Essex Herald. Thitbrearit
I t is said to be the intention of W. 11. IN ,kdforclo
Esq., again to offer himself for the representation of
in the event of a dissolution of Parliament.
e c eir
C It
de URrecateCll-R thATES.-A meet.
pe abolition of Chubrch-rateS o 5 lec
_
Chelmsford, to be held on the :;oth. Amongst the, n '
the agitators are Lords Rayleigh and Ashburton+
ioo. of t h Pat:scst
so
who i

~~

PRICES OF SHARES THIS DAY AT ONE O'CLOCK.
id.
Anglo Mexican Mining Company (ass, at 51. pm.) Plaoo Per Share
Birmingham Birmingham and Derby Railway Company 10 34 4
London and 'Birmingham Railway Company." 6
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London ar,li Greenwich Railway Comin.ny 2O /
London and Southampton Railway Company—, 35
Manchester and Leeds Railway Company 5
North Midland Railway Company 10

20
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Arrived. Due. Arrived,
Due. Arrived.
0 America.......... I I France ..........
.. 0 0 Lis Due
0 0 1tra5i1............ 0 I nuern.&Jersey 0 0 Malta , 0
0 Buenos Ayres.. 0 1 Hamburg ...•
...
0 Carthagena...... 0 0 Holland
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0
0
1 Dublin... ..... 0 0 Jamaica .......... 0 Sweden 0
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11 I Waterford 0

TO-MORROW.
..45 minutes after 7,

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE
S minutes after 7. f Evening.....

EDITED BY THEODORE HOOK, Esq.
CAnd embellished with a Portrait of B. D'ISRAELI, Esq.
OLBURN'S NEW MONTHLY
MAGAZINE AND HUMOURIST,
FOR APRIL,
Contains, among other Contributions by the most Distinguished
Writers of the Day :
Continuation of the Gurney Pa- A Day in the Neilgherry Hills.
pers. By the Editor. Recreations in Natural History.
The Phantom Ship. By Capt. No. IV.
Marryat. Tritons and Men of the Sea. By
Original Lines, by Sir Walter Leigh Hunt.
Scott. Three Extracts from the Diary of
Theatre Royal, Little Pedlington a Week. By Miss Landon.
—Conflicting Criticisms. By The Signs of the Times.
the Author of " Paul Prv." A Scene in the Desert.
A Widower's Wooing. By Haynes Baldwin and Judith.
Bayly, Esq. The Rule of Contraries.
The King of Clubs. By Alfred Memoir of the Author of " Vivian
Crowquill. Grey," &c. &c.
Henri Colburn, Publisher, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

The publication of THE SUN NEWSPAPER commenced this day
at 30 minutes past Three o' Clock.

1417 fit
IUZ+

LONDON,
TUESDAY EVENING, MARCH 28, 1837.

The late outrageous conduct of the Bishops is now
producing its natural effect in stirring up every right-
minded man throughout the country to support the
Government in carrying through their admirable plan
for settling the Church-rate question for ever. When
these holy fathers proclaimed, in a manner so greatly
at variance with all notions of decency, their impla-
cable hostility to a measure which, while it is founded
in justice, is eminently calculated to promote peace and
charity, it became evident that the duty of all good
citizens was to throw the weight of their influence
into the opposite scale. This is not a question of
temporary interest—nor is it a question merely between
the Church and the Dissenters. The best friends of
the Church are opposed to the cause advocated by the
Bishops, because they see that the only way to save the
Church froin certain destruction is to stop the agitation of
the Churi.th-rate question. When truth is opposed to
falsehood, justice to injustice, a deep feeling of reli-
gious obligation to a conscience-oppressing and un-
Christian spirit of exaction, it is not difficult to fore-
see how a contest commenced on such principles will
end, nor what havoc it will make with an unpopular and
declining Establishment. If the Bishops knew the po-
sition, or had at heart the interests of the Church over
whiCh they so unwisely domineer ; instead of drawing
the sword and throwing away the scabbard, as they
have done, they would with one voice exclaim " Peace !
--pence, on any terms !"
The friends of the good cause will rejoice to see the
zipirit with which the country is preparing to meet the
bishops. The great meeting at Lambeth yesterday--
the proceedings of which will be found in another
column, is only one among many instances of the dis
Play of this spirit. We can hardly point to a spo
Where it is not in active operation.
0

'ur readers need scarcely be told that ever since the
Nlgnina of the Quadruple Treaty we have uniformly
'I-lair-la-led, that the Tories were only actuated by a fac-
tious hostility to a liberal and reforming Administration,
in giving vent to so many fierce denunciations of the I.lu-
ManeCd enlightened policy which gave birth to that rm-
Portant alliance. We contended that they had no fears for
the maintenance of our national honour abroad ; and
that their outcries meant only that the PEEL and
LYNDHURST faction was in agony at the dismal pros-
Peet which the state of public opinion through-
out Great Britain and Ireland presented of the
Possibility of the return of these discarded statesmen
to place and power. The Tories know that the foreign
Nicy of Lord PALNIEnsToN was quite as Conser
vative as any that Sir ROBERT PEEL would venture
to adopt ; and that, in fact, the only party having a
right to take offence at his Lordship's measures, was
the Ultra-Liberal or Radical section of the Parliament,
the Press, and the people of England. We also as
repeatedly asserted that the Tories were themselves
aware of
Carlist the little sympathy subsisting between the
peasantry of the Basques and the PRETENDER--that they knew as well as we did that while Don CAR-
L" fought for a Crown, his misguided partizans had
no other object in view than to defend privileges
°t,f which a pack of monkish knaves persuaded them
eY were about to be deprived by the QUEEN'S Go-
l'ernment.
to The Tory Press would admit nothing of
". According to the immaculate organs of Conser-
tatislu, an excessive zeal for the national honour
abroad alone prompted them to attack every measure
ia,"lited by Lord PALMERSTON ; and as for the Car-
__!4t, the same Journals would persuade us that their
;lievoted loyalty to their Prince was uncontaminated by
\`„,le admixture of ally selfish consideration whatever.
113 after more than two years, during which hardly
..,`l.ay passed without a Protest against the sus-
_Pnielon of
partizanship, the most respectable
:14g (1 P
consistent of the Tory Journals—the Morn-
co of
that the main object of the
uservative Press in opposing the Spanish policy of
c 4 Government was to oust the Whigs, and that Don
for 111•08 and the Basque insurrectionists are fighting
tlisti,ery distinct objects. This singular admission is
ictly made in an article in our Contemporary of
thin Inclning—written by way of comment upon some-
te:(l4 which appeared in the Tory Standard of yes-
billaY• A few extracts from this precious brochure
lViffice for the exposure of the Tory tactics. We
begin at the beginning"
in„"4l:_eher. Standard of last night contaiQned. an article respect. fats, ecent events in the north of, -pain, which we con-
' no_t.a little surprised us.. e did not expect to find
tiv6,
11",,4_,1 of Its character defending, nay eulogising, the mo-
. Nob "u conduct of the Auxiliary Legion, and consequently
tratlP, an unexpected and valuable aid to the Whig Adminis-
neri:, that sent out Enylishmeu to take the pay of merce-
for tild to murder the Basque peasantry, who are in arms
so
cieLtr fuer,os. The Standard arraigns the Durango decree ;
M'ci look upon that edict not merely as a crime, but a

_ .
PRICES OF STOCK) THIS DAY AT eNr. O'CLOCK.
13 ank .ttock
-:,n per Cent. lie('
.34per Cent.. Cons ........ ...... 9:Wi !South Sea Stock .............,... .0..-
D? Per Cent ...... ........ ...... .. .Old Annnities
itto RCA
••• . . ..... .. New Ditto,... ... b1bikV,,4:6..y,,. -
New :334 rer Cent.. ,194% 13 per Cent. Annnltfeo, 1751...
New 5 pet Cent...... .......... .. i Kart: 13i114sb .gI.(M '3O 31 pm.
tank LoragAnnuitlestoexp;re tRitt0...............500.........• 20 31 pm,
Jan. ,-;!;0 - : )itch Ninon
-*-- ' Ditto Commercial.,.. .:26 30 pm.
Jan.
Jan 5, 1,60 4;,:i : Ditto Advertliett pm
'5, .Sl3'
April 5, 1R71..
Jan. 5, IS'Io
—... Omnittm Consols for Acconnt 99!'ile
•-• pot. 1

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