The Sun.
London, England, 1830-10-07 00:00:00

THR SHOOTER'S ANNUAL PRESENT.

Jusrpublished, illustrated with Plates by Landover, and
numerous Characteristic Wood Cuts, price Ds. bound
is cloth,

THE. SHOOTEWS COMPANION ;
Descriptive of all those Animals which constitute
the Objects of Pursuit ; of the Breeding of POINTERS
and SETTERS, the Disesses to which they are liable,
and the Modes of Cure ; of TRAINING DOGS for the
GUN ; and the Reason why one Dog's Sense of Smell is
superior to another's ; the Fowling Piece fully considered,
particularly as it relates to the Use of Percussion Powder,
and the best Method of making it. The Art of Shooting
Flying or Running, simplified and clearly laid down ; of
Wild Fowl and Fen Shooting, as well as every loforma
tion connected with,the Use of the Fowling-Piece; the
Gsme Laws familiarly explained.
By T. B. JOHNSON.
. . _ _ _

Third Edition, improved, and very considerably enlarged.
••• We now take leave of the work, recommending
it, in comparison with most others on the same subject,
as luminous to a degree; and reflecting ou the talents, ex-
perience, and feeling of the Author the highest credit.".....
Sporting Magazine.
London : Printed for Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper,
Paternoster-row.

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Mr. PERNARD, in his amusing cc Retiospeo.
Lions of the Stage," gives the following anecdote of Mr.
HAYDON, the printer :—" One of my best and most
ac.
tire friends in Plymouth ,was BKNJAMIN Itsvporr, the
printer. lie wag kind enough, during the winter, to be
my agent, communicating with me regularly respecting
the theatre, and meeting %me and Jrcrrutsow upon all
local business. His son, the present artist of celebrity,
was then a spiiited, intelligent little fellow, about ten
years of age; who used to listen to my songs, and laugh
heartily at my jokes, whenever I dined
Th at hie fat
Valher's.
One evening I was playing Sharp, in e Lyiny et,
when. he and my friend Ilerwattrr were in the stage box;
and on my repeating the words ' I lied bad nothing to eat
since last Monday was a fortnight !' little HAvootr ex—
claimed, in a tone audible to' the whole house, What a
wopper ! Why, you dined at my father's house this after-
noon "

REPORT TO TILE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES, ON THE
PROJECT OF THE LAW AS TO TILE INTRODUC.
TION OF FOREIGN CORN, PRESENTED ON 'THE 2D
OF OCTOBER, 1830, BY AL DR ST. CRICK.
Gentlemen,—The Committee to whom you re-
mitted the project on the importation ' of corn has
charged me to submit to you the result of its in-
quiry. The details of the existing law by which
importation is regulated, were brought under our
consideration; but I am only here to trouble you
with a short summary. The departments which
bound our coasts and frontiers are divided into four
classes and eight sections, in each of which impor-
tation is interdicted, after certain deductions, as long
as native corn is not raised above a certain price.
This price is, for oats, 24(., for the first class ; 22f.
for the second; 20f. for the third; and lilf. for the
fourth. When these prices are reached, importation
is by that fact alone authorised, in consideration of
a duty which decreases in proportion as the price in-
creases, and which for oats vat ies from the maximum
of 3f. 25c. per hectolitre, to the minimum of 25e.
But these duties suppose, Ist, that the corn has
been imported wider the French flag; 2d, that it
comes from one of those countries which are wider-
stood by the name of places of production—that is
to say, from the Black Sea, Egypt, the Baltic, the
White Sea, or the United States of America. If
it comes from any. other country, it is subjected to
a surplus tax of If: 25c. per hectolitre. If imported
in a foreign bottom, or if introduced by the land
frontiers, it is subjected to a new surplus tax of
If. 25c. per hectolitre' with this difference—that the
surplus is reduced to If. when the principal tax is at
the minimum of 25c.
To reduce the present maximum 3f. 25c. on im-
portation in French bottoms to 3f. and consequently
to 2f. and If., the duties of 25c. and if. 25e. form-
ing the intermediate degrees between the maximum
and minimum—to abolish all distinction as to the
place of production—to reduce to one franc, on
every degree of duty, the surplus tax imposed on
foreign flags—to treat the introduction by the land
frontiers on the same footing as by French bottoms,
and finally to substitute in the first class the market
of Lyons for that of Fleurance, as the elementary
or regulating price—such are the modifications in-
troduced by the present project, snd to affect the
existing law only till the 30th of June, 1831. Thus
the essential of the law remains in force, viz.—the
division of the frontier departments into four classes,
the nominal prices of which traverse a scale of from
18f. to 24f.; the establishment of the regulating
market, with the single rectification as to the mar-
ket of Fleurance; and,finally, the principle of even-
tual prohibition.
Of what modifications will each of these be sus-
ceptible at the period of the general revision which
the Government seems prepared to undertake ?
Then, as now, it will doubtless be thought unjust
and unwise to give up our agriculture without de-
fence to a competition which the serious differences
existing in the conditions of production would snake
extremely formidable. But will it be thought that
the protection ought to go so far as to interdict all
external speculation of any extent as to time—to
disturb the seasonableness of the public supply—and
expose the home-market to sudden fluctuations ?
Or will it not rather be thought that all interests will
be better consolidated by means of a scale of duties
wisely graduated,whicb,while it reserves to the French
producer a sufficient protection, will leave sufficient
freedom to commercial movement—will place the
imports of each period on a level with its wants, and
will thus maintain the perfect equilibrium of
our markets ? Will it be thought reasonable to
retain a classification which subjects a hectolitre
of corn imported at Caen to 21. 25c. of duty, and
at Cherbourg only to 25c.? Nor is this the only
anomaly in the choice of the regulating market,
which remains to be corrected. Will it be believed
that no legislative measure remains to be adopted
regulating the assessment of the duties ? These
questions, gentlemen, or at least several of them,
are at once serious and delicate; much inquiry and
long meditation would be necessary to solve there,
and your consideration has thought it necessary to
confine itself to the duty of laying them before you
without attempting a solution on the occasion of a
project purely transitory in its nature, and in the ab-
sence of the documents which could only be pro-
cured after long investigation and inquiry.
It is besides no part of the duty of the Com-
mittee to evince snore anxiety us to our immediate
wants than the Government itself; and it must
not be forgotten that it is for these wants only that
the Government wishes to provide, by the measures
it has submitted to your consideration.
The substitution of the market of Lyons for that
of Fleurance is doubtless one of the most effective
measures, as it enters into the element, and affects
the regulating price, of corn in the class to which
Marseilles belongs. What is chiefly important is,
that importation be not impeded where our wants
are most urgent and prices most elevated, if thosel
prices have really reached the limit beyond which
protection results only in duties. But such is the
situation of Marseilles and those parts, in the pro.
visioning of which that port is naturally called to
assist in times of scarcity : and it is precisely at
Marseilles that importation has been found to be for-
bidden during the last three years, the month of Fe-
bruary, 1828, alone excepted, while in the same
years, it has been almost constantly authorized from
Dunkirk to Rochelle. Thus we see that in an im-
portation greatly
where ly
exceeded
that of the rest of France, only received 4,000 hee-
t h e of
price i c 4rf oofo, 00
corno basof always
tolitres. The consequence is, that in that city corn
costs 30f., while it only costs 191. in the little town
of Fleurence, which, being situated in the Ger., has
never sent a grain of corn to the department of the
Douches du Rhone. And is it not odious that the
population of one of the largest cities should be con-
demned by means of a legal fiction to pay 30f, for
its corn, without having the right to recur to fo.
reign, and when the true object of the law is, that
when prices are at 24f. the impartation should be-
gin, and should tend to produce rum equilibrium ?
Will it be said, that if this fiction raises the price,
it at least preserves for native corn a great centre of
consumption ? Yet this is not the case. Ships sail
from Marseilles loaded with foreign corn, which has
not been admitted into consumption, go to natural-
ize themselves in en Atlantic port on paying the low
duty of 25c., and bring it back to Marseilles loaded
with charges greatly exceeding the duties at which
it would have been udmitted at Marseilles, even if
the regulating price had been the true expression of
the facts. Operations contrary to all regular service,
the effect of which is to keep up the price beyond
the term required for the well-being of our agricul-
ture, sufficiently testify the reality and the pressing
nature of our wants. They afford also a powerful
argument in favour of the system of a graduated
scale of duties, in preference to the alternating
chances of prohibition and permission to import.
Every thing seems to announce, that the pro-
posed measure, on its first application, will open the
port of Marseilles to importation, dtich will be a
great advantage to the district least favoured by the
late harvest, and which would now receive assist-
ance at very high rates from the French provinces,
whose surplus produce they are accustomed to re-
ceive.
The wants at other places are else urgent, and it
is on that account that the Government proposes to

We propose, then, the adoption of article 1, with
a slight change in the expression of the 2d and 3d
paragraphs, which are united in one. But in this
article two important omissions have been remarked.
In using the generic term corn (de grains), the
project has no doubt had in view both rye and
Indian corn, or maize, us ►►ell us the other kinds of
corn. And yet the application of the desired re-
ductions, if it were not expressly stated, would be
irreconcilable with the progression established by the
6th article of the law of the 4th of July, 1821.
This article, in fact, requires that importation be
forbidden when the price is under 161. for the first
class, 14f, for the second, 121. for the third, and
10f. for the fourth. On the other hand, it requires
that the supplementary duty should be applied pro-
gressively up to and including the prices of 191.
171. 151. and 131. There is, then, at present, three
intermediate rates between the maximum and mi-
nimum rates on rye and Indian core. As to them,
the maximum is 41. 25e., while it is only 3f. 85c. on
oats, which admits of only two intermediate rates
.as to which the prohibition commences sooner than
on rye and maize. Five degrees on rye and maize
cannot be maintained at the same time with only
four on the others. We propose therefore an addi-
tional paragraph as follows :-
The maximum of 31. shall be applied to rye and
maize, when the price has reached 161. in the first
class, 144 in the second, 121. in the third, and 10f.
in the fourth. The minimum of 25e. shall only be
levied as soon as the prices reach 181. 161. 141.
and 121.

The second omission is in flour. The present
rule is as follows :

Flour, like corn, is subject to a permanent duty,
that is to say, to a minimum, which remains eligible
even after the supplementary duties have ceased.
This minimum is regulated as follows

If imported in it French bottom—
Coming from the productive countries, 50c. per
100 kilogrammes; coming from other countries,
2f. 50c.

If imported in French bottoms—
When the supplementary duty is exigible, 2f. 50c.,
when it is not exigible, sf. _

Thesupplemen'iary duty per 100 kilogrammes on
flour, is equal to the supplementary duty on 3 hec-
tolitres of corn.

Thus, according to the present lard, the smallest
duty on flour imported under a foreign Aug, is M.,
since the permanent duty is only reduced to 2f. 50c.
when the supplementary duty is added, which al-
ways raises the duty above the 51. Such a mini-
mum, although not unobjectionable, might be tole-
rated when the same flour, introduced on the same
terms in a French bottom, might be subjected to a
minimum of 2f. 60c., in consideration of the place of
production, but this is a distinction which we would
not certainly think of maintaining as to flour, when
we abolish it as to corn. And as the minimum duty
on flour imported under the French flag is in every
case to be reduced to 60e., it would be intolerable
that the same flour, under the same circumstances,
should be subjected to a minimum of M. because it
arrived under a foreign flag.
Such a surplus would be exorbitant, and out of all
proportion with what affects the foreign flag, on the
importation of corn. It would be so if the new law
were silent as to flour; and we therefore propose a
second paragraph to do away with the distinction
as to the place of production for flour as well as
corn, and to maintain the minimum of 60c. per 100
kilogrammes for flour imported in French bottoms,
and reducing the minimum to 2f. 25c. on importa-
tions in foreign bottoms. This surplus will be
neatly In proportion to the duty of If. per hecto-
litre on corn,

As to the supplementary or intermediate duties,
they will continue to be levied according to the old
law ; that is, they will remain the triple of those
on corn.

This is the time to observe that it is inconsistent
to double the duty per hectolitre on corn for the
100 kilogrammes of flour, when it has been thought
necessary to triple the intermediate rates. This dis-
proportion would cease if we were to make the mi-
nimum 75c., hut we have thought that any increase
would be misplaced in a law, the objects of which
are to remove ob,tacles and create facilities.
We return to the 2d, which substitutes the mar-
ket of Lyons for that of Hem-mice, to propose it in
its order to your approbation.
The 3d article is as follows:
When, in consequence of the legal price, im-
partation in any seaport shall have ceased, the car-
goes which shall happen not to have arrived in time,
but which shall have been despatched in good
regularly proved by the exhibition of bills of lading,
shall be admitted on payment of the highest rate of
duty."
Nothing can he more proper than to give to
honest commerce a guarantee against a contingency
which in spite of all fores►ght Might constantly
place it in the alternative of abstaining from an
operation useful to the country, or of being pre-
vented from realizing its object at its place of desti-
nation. But it is necessary that this guars►►tee
should only be given to honest dealings. The dates

You have not forgotten, gentlemen, that in 1825 a
law was passed for the express purpose of subjecting
to the conditions of a real entrepot those foreign
corns which till then had enjoyed the greatest facili-
ties of a fictitious entrepot.
At that period, and for several years before, a suc-
cession of good harvests had Membered our mar-
kets, and produced a great reduction of pricer.
Modern prices are an advantage to the population,
but we must not be afraid to say that extreme cheap-
ness is an evil to the producer, and a discourage-
ment to production. The law came to the assistance
of both, and it is to that period of plenty which
this piece of legi,lation belongs, which protects our
markets by duties up to a certain limit, and beyond
that limit by prohibition. Was the measure exces-
sive at that period ? And was it likely to produce
circumstances which were afterwards to lead to the
opposite evil ? This, gentlemen, is what you will
have to examine at the period of the revision of the
law which is promised us. But whet cannot be
doubted is, that the more we endeavour to exclude
foreign corn from consumption, the more it is neces-
sary to facilitate the warehousing system, either to
indemnify the speculator in his foreign relations,
when he is interdicted from all transactions with the
home market, or for protecting resources which may
always be ready for seasons of scarcity.
But tho late, which is all-powerful against exter-
nal competition, has no effect on that which is in-
ternal. Propitious seasons continue to succeed each
other, and prices to decrease. The proprietor
suffers, and often unjustly : take, for instance, the
entrepot of Marseilles. It has been signalized as a
permanent means of fraud, and an active cause of
the deterioration of prices. Its suppression has
been demanded. It has been !armed by the public
officers, and has been demonstrated, that the abuse,
if that flame can be given to some slight differences,
favoured, perhaps, by the mode of weighing and
measuring, was imperceptible in its effects. Com-
plaints were not less eager, and it was thought in-
dispensable to concede something to the alarm uni-
versally spread over twenty departments, and which,
by the very circumstance which created them, had
aggravated the evil for which they required a remedy.
The principle of the entrepot was maintained, but
the conditions of the real entrepot were substituted
for those of the fictitious entrepot.
These conditions ore, that the commodity shall be
placed in warehouses, united under one roof, in the
neighbourhood of the custom-house, and under the
key of the officers.
It was well known that at Marseilles at least, the
only port where foreign corn was warehoused in
large quantities, such conditions, if rigorously exe-
cuted, would make the trade impracticable. It was
therefore declared beforehand, that it would be ma-
terially modified in its application; that, in place of
requiring the buildings to be all under one roof, a
great number of separate buildings would be allowed,
insisting only on their being situated in the same
quarter of the town; that the depositors should be
entitled to require that the warehouses should be
opened whenever they thought it necessary to work
or turn the corn ; and that there would be no objec-
tion to increase the number of officers, in order to
meet the wants of this particular traffic.
These arrangements, to which many others have
been added, have only served as a palliative. No
concession could, in fact, be sufficient for a commo-
dity which requires daily attention. The restriction
against working until after the warehouses were
opened by the officers, and at the hours to which
the public service is limited, could not fail to be a
perpetual source of opposition, loss of time, and ma-
terial damage. No concession could atone fur an-
other loss, which consists in tine private warehouses
remaining unoccupied, while rent and other expenses
were paid for those which were situated in the only
acceptable quarter.
These inconveniences are felt more or less in all
parts; but it is at Marseilles that their severity is
the greatest. In consequence of local wants, which
are more frequent in that part of France than any
other, or in consequence of this warehousing system,
which has id waya been the life of Marseilles, im-
mense quantities of corn have, tit till periods, been
carried thither from Italy, Sicily, Africa, and now
from the Crimea.

In all quarters of the town an immense number of
warehouses have been built at great expenee; either
by merchants or by proprietors unconnected with
trade, and which are known only by the names of
miles au bM, in consequence of their special, and in
some degree exclusive destinatiou. Bence the in-
conveniences, so much the more annoying, and
charges the more burdensome, in proportion as the
trade to which it applies becomes more extensive,
and lage properties becoming useless in the hands
of their possessors. Such is the consetleence to
Marseilles of the rule of real entrepot, after all the
care which has been given to its modifieution.
But is the system a necessary preservative egalnst
serious abuses ? It is affirmed by the official func-
tionaries now, just as it was affirmed by them six
years ago, that the fictitious entrepot, us applied to
corn, had never given rise to any but insignificant
abuses, They have even &clued that more emir:-
ties have been found in the fictitious than in the real
entrepot. That is easily understood. In the former
the depositor engages to verify either the re-expor-
tation or the consumption of the whole corn he has
registeted at the custom-house. The differeitee, ,
whatever its cause may be, is at his cost—'-a condi-
tion which is justified by the confidence which the
law reposes in him. In the latter, on the contrary,
by the very principle which requires that no opera.
don shall take place, except in presence of the
officer, while in fact the multiplicity of simultaneous
operations makes such surveillance very often illu-
sory, the depositor is absolved from all responsibi
14 for those deficiencies which, if be be unfaithful,'
may have himself created for his own adviottage.
Fewer words might have sufficed, gentlemen, to
point out the convenience which bus been approved
by experienee,4and which bus satisfied every tote-
rest. But we have to consider the abrogation of a
law, and we were bound to neglect nothing to con.