The Sun.
London, England, 1863-11-13 00:00:00

The National Troops in Poland,

Although the winter is approaching, the nations
forces are now more numerous and butter equipped
than they have been since the commencement of the
insurrection. The speech of the French Emperor
has created a great sensation in Poland, and is
generally interpreted as expressing the determina-

tion of Napoleon not to abandon the Polish cause.
The Poles are accordingly using all their efforts to
continue the insurrection till the spring, when they
regard foreign assistance to be certain.

The following is a rapid sketch of the position
and numbers of the insurgent forces :—The palati-
nate in which the Poles are most firmly established
is that of Lublin. The insurgent leaders in this
palatinate are Wierzbicki, Rudzki, Kozlowski,
Szydiowski, Krysinski, Dinewski, Sachodolski,
Czyzewicz, Sienkiewicz, and Junosz. A review of
these troops took place at Tarobin on the 29th ult.
It was a magnificent sight, and greatly encouraged
the insurgents, to whom this evidence of their
strength added confidence and enthusiasm.

In the palatinates of Sandomir and Cracow
Generals Bosak, Rembajlo, and others, present a
formidable front to the numerous Russian troops
which have been sent to attack them.
Col. Kopernicki commands the numerous flying
columns of Polish cavalry which constantly harass
the enemy in the palatinate of Kalisz.
In Kujavia there are also three bodies of horse,
one of which is under Okoniewski.
In the palatinates of Pock and Augustow
en-
counters are constantly taking place between the
Russians and the Poles. In Podlachia the official
Russian papers speak constantly of bands of armed
men which give much trouble to the imperial
troops; and in the palatinate of Majovia, the Polish
horse under Syrewicz has lately fought a series of
brilliant cavalry engagements, in which the Rus-
sians suffered a complete defeat.
Finally, in Lithuania, and especially in Samo-
gitia, the insurgents are fully prepared for the
winter, and their late victories have greatly dis-
.ed their opponents.

emus;

SOUND AND ITS TRANSMISSION.

(From the Orb.)
Many years ago, Professor Pepper gave an illus
trated lecture on Sound and its transmission, at the
Polytechnic. The experiments were, in fact, repe-
titions on alarge scale of those institutedby Professor
Wheatstone, one of the inventors of the electric
telegraph. The fact that pine rods form the best
and speediest coniuctors of sound was shown in a
very remarkable way. In a room 40 feet below the
audience addressed by the lecturer, there were
placed performers on the pianoforte, violin, clarionet,
and violoncello. Before the company stood three
of Erard's grand harps upon orifices, in which pine
rods were placed, and brought into contact with the
musical instruments below. First an air was
played by each instrument singly, and then all
played in harmony. The music came up distinctly,
and cculd be either shut off or let in to the room at
pleasure. Douglas Jerrold, who was present at the
private view, I remember exclaimed :—" This is a
case of concealed banditte," amidst general laughter;
and we talked of the time when music would be laid
down in pipes like water or gas, and an oratorio in
Exeter Hall be enjoyed at the same time in Edin-
burgh or Glasgow. It appears that an American
named Hackenburg has appropriated this idea, and
brought out as an invention of his own, what he
calls music el telegraphy. He states that his plans
are all matured, and he is ready to supply music, at
a given rate per annum, to all the world. A piano-
forte is to be connected by electric wires with any
number of instruments ; and on being played, the
sympathetic vibration will cause a stream of music
to permeate every place in connection with the cen-
tral depot. Subscribers will be able to turn on
music at will by means of a small tap. This will be
even more wonderful than Professor Pepper's last
invention, the wonderful ghost. Whatever credit
the American may claim for the application of the
idea, to Mr. Pepper undoubtedly belongs the merit
of priority in illustrating and developing it.
It is strange, too, to find the originality of photo-
graphy disputed as discovered simultaneously in
England and France by Mr. Fox Talbot and M.
Daguerre in 1839. Their processes were different
but both produced permanent sun pictures: It
seems that in 1791 Matthew Boulton, the partner
of James Watt at Soho produced large numbers of
sun-painted pictures, many of which are now in the
possession of Mr. Smith, curator of the museum of
Patents at South Kensington. They are all copies
on very coarse foolscap paper, of well-known de-
signs, by Angelic Kauffman, the porous, water-
marked paper being thickly covered with a varnish-
like substance, on the surface of which threve picture
is produced, with the figures of the original ersed,
the drawing ,elaborately finished, and the lights
and shades so fully rendered, as to give much the
effect of a mezzotint. What is still more singular,
it appears that these pictures were actually sold at
Soho in large quantities, and at low prices, at the
end of the last century. Their production seems to
have been stopped by the payment of a sum to
Boulton by the Government, on the representation
of the Royal Academy that the manufacture of these
pictures would inevitably ruin the picture trade.
In this same year (1791), Thomas Wedgwood, the
son of the famous potter on whom Mr. Gladstone
pronounced so eloquent an eulogy, was also at work
on photography, as shown by his bills and orders
for chemicals, and beside Boulton's pictures are laid
a photograph of a neatly-laid breakfast-table, taken
by Wedgwood. It is curious that an art promising
so much should have been suffered to die out • but
still more remarkable is the,double coincidence
ex-
isting between the independently-produced metal
me etal
and paper photography of Boulton:Lied Wedgwood
n 1791, and of Daguerre and Fox Talbot in 1839.

The Akhbar of Algiers states that Sir Morton
Pete has arrived in that city to examine the pre-
sent state of the works which are being executed on the Bow-
levaxd do l'lmperatrice. He has, it is said, made an offer to
the administration to construct almost immediately and on
conditions to be fixed by private contract, the buildings and
establishments of public utility which are most impatiently
looked for by the inhabitants.
PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAITURE.--it is a common
error, into which most people fall, according to
Colonel Wortley, to suppose that a photograph, because it
is taken as it were by machinery, must necessarily be a
likeness. The Colonel states that this is not the case, and
for the following reasons :—The photographic portrait lensthe
is not a perfect instrument, and of necessity magnifies
objects that arc nearest to it, and makes them r
out
°r
from
pro-
portion with those situated in a plane somewhat further
the instrument. To prove this, you have only to,ouohoeviiouvaetr
any collection of photographic portraits, and
you will
Once see that the hands, or feet, or any objectld Pbe, to be in
brought forward, are larger than they
should
visible in the
due proportion. This defect, of courset morea.o
the propor-
ease of a hand, foot, or other large otuseictroystehead and tacee.
tion, and indeed the expression,
If, thou,reciablyma
back ga-t
in posing a sitter, yooourf.
vated, or brought forward, itdisevo,
acaloluorwsethaeppehin
behlg ther"'n foolish ex-
nified ; and the forehead an
foolish
the same time, are diminished, 'arid
be
a cfaloalrso; intelligence
pression given to a face thatThatieadyefect is of course much
and refinement of feature.
thein one by any of the
greater in a cheap, bad lens
one that can easily be guarded
best makers; though it is

against.
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