The Sun.
London, England, 1839-04-08 00:00:00

LONDON, MONDAY, APRIL 8, 1839.

TVATIONAL CHURCH ESTABLISH-
MENT.—The Rev. RALPH WARDLAW, I). U.,
N
of Glasgow, at the request of the " Committee of Deputies
from the DisFenting Congregations of the Metropolis, ' will
DELIVER a COURSE of EIGHT LECTURES at. FREE-
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Robert Fletcher, No. 1, Freeman's-court, Cornhill.
April 1, P 339.

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DODD'S CHURCH HISTORY OF
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EIS FORICAL SKETCIIES of STATES-
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THE LA N C ET, APRIL 6.
Edited by Mr. WAKLEY, M.P.

CONTENTS: -....

1. Professor Carswell, on the Cancer of the Uterus.-2.
Sir B. Brodie on Diseases of the Testis.-3. Considerations on
the, Mortality and Sickness amogst the Troops in British Ame-
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New Preparation of Mrophia.-9. Action of Ergot of Rye.-
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Company.-12. Political Medicine.
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S. Historical Sketch of Ancient French Literature.—No. 3.
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History of Canada—Lands and Population in the United
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(ADVERTISEMENT.)
RAIL WAY MONOPOLY.

Extracts from a Report to the Committee formed for
establishing Steam Carriage Communication on the
Turnpike and other public Roads by means of Co-
lonel Maceroni's Steam Carriages, now sitting daily
at Mr. Hodgson's Chambers, 21, Lincoln's Inn Fields.
By Alexander Gordon, Member of the Institution of

Civil Engineers.
I am the last person to undervalue the benefits which
may arise from Railways, when projected and estab-
ished under those peculiar (but, in my opinion, rarely
occurring) circumstances to which they are especially
applicable. But I .regard those circumstances as in
every case, comparatively speaking, individual, local,
and exceedingly limited in their nature ; while the bene-
fits arising from the general adoption of steam in place
of animal power, in connection with all public convey-
ances, would be . co-extensive with the whole popu-
lation of the country. On the other bawl, whilst. the
' cost of railways, even for the very limited circumstances
which call for them, is so enormous, the cost of steam
carriages for common roads need not, in any case, be
disproportionate to the probable amount of the work
to be accompliiked by them. A railroad intended to
convey 500 passengers st'day will cost as much as one
intended for conveying 5,000 or 50,000 ; whereas
steam carriages may be increased or diminished as the
case may from time to time require.

Steam carriages on common roads offer this immense
advantage,—that they are able to run on the loug-
established and well-peopled roads of the country ;
thus preserving the inns, towns, and interests located on
existing lines, which must otherwise suffer by the edge-
railway system. They preserve to invalids, ladies, and
children, their wonted accommodation ; also to com-
mercial travellers, who stop and transact business in all
the towns, and who, by so doing, render their goods
easily attainable, and give that constant support to inns
which makes them so convenient for occasional travel-
lers. They preserve to those who travel for pleasure
the noiseless and luxurious private carriage, and the
privilege of selecting their own time, conveyance, and
chosen company—an indepcmtnice quite inadmissible by
railway transit.

. • .
Enough has been done by Col. Maccroni, Mr. Tel-
ford, Col. Pasley, Mr. Donkin, Mr. Bramah, Mr. Simp-
son, Mr. Field, Mr. M'Neill and myself, to confirm the
conviction in all unprejudiced minds that the desidera-
tum was attained, and that, under good management,
it could be beneficially used for public service.

- .
.. ~ .
.
In November, 1833,. an experiment was made, and
our Report was, " there can he no doubt that, with a
well-constructed engine, a steam carriage conveyance,
on the turnpike-roads between London and Birmingham
at a velocity unattainable by horses, and limited only by
safety, might be maintained."

• • • • •
I would here observe, that very
taken any trouble to make themselves acquainted with
the theory and practice of steam
carriage communi-
cation excrpt upon Railroads. They have, it is ula,
been compelled to admit the possibility of steam power
upon common roads ; but many of them—and I think
they are without exception engaged on Railway under-
takings—doubt the economy of the same. Other en-
gineere, although they acknowledge both the possibility
and the economy of steam conveyance by the public
highways of the country, confess that they are fully
occupied with Railway communication. The practica-
bility has been abundantly proved not only to engineers,
but to the public at large, and to several members of
your Committee ; and, that this Report may not be
altogether bare of information upon the economy, I will
add a few Imes on that head.

• • •
It must be admitted, that the difference in the de-
structive effect upon a steamer can only be in over-
coming the resistance of collision. Now, on railways
the steamers are rapidly injured by this force, and the
strongest wheels and axles are quickly destroyed by it.
These carriages on the railway strike and bound from
side to side, and skip along a hard unyielding railroad ;
the wheels and axles immediately suffer, and the fine
work of the engines, imperfectly protected by rigid and
ill-applied springs, almost as immediately suffers from
such shocks. There is a want of sufficient flexibility in
the springs, and the railway is entirely destitute of
elasticity.

. - . .
I am, after
.
long and repeated observation, satis-
fied, that the destruction will be less on the turnpike-
road than on the railway.

. _
. .
. .
My opinions upon this point have been coefirmed by
the results of numerous steam journeys, by Colonel
Maceroni's steam carriage ; and I would refer you to
Appendix Aof this Report. The results of my expe-
rience of the actual expenses, including fuel, repairs,
attendance, superintendence, and toil-money the tota
teen passengers at a mean rate of 15 miles per hour.-
expenses per mile are is. ; carrying, on an average, fill

. .
miles from London, which is
. I
know a valley, 6
passed by horse-coaches, and which I have passed by
steam carriages, descending on one side, and ascending
on the other, at a speed of 11 or 12 miles per hour.
Over this valley an embankment and
. . .
viaduct, which cannot cost less than 200,000/., is con-
structed for a Railway. To pass this valley, therefore,
will cost annually 10,000/. of interest, exclusive of the
more immediate cost of carriages, maintenance of way,
repairs of engines,
&c., which must be charged to some-
body, and therefore forms a charge on goods and pas-
sengers Railway engineers would do well to
carried.
think of this. Steam carriages on common roads do
not require all this work.

. . . .
They can carry passengers and goods from towns
situate in the lowest parts of valleys, or other low coun-
tries, to towns on hill-sides or in mountain districts ; not
so railway locomotives ; the railroad may have a very
fine level ; but if our residence be at the bottom of
a valley, all our produce must mount a more than ordi-

nurily steep acclivity before we can place it on the rail-
way. If we reside on the high land, we must have all
our necessaries brought up to us at considerable ex-
pense. The whole produce of the country is on different
levels, and some undulations in lines of communication
are absolutely necessary. So that, even supposing such
levelling as railroads demand benefits the proprietors of
them, it may be to the public a disadvantage.
Now, steam carriages on the common road would set
the carrying trade, and all other trades and pursuits,
on an equal footing.

The turnpike-roads of England and Wales alone, ex-
clusive of 130,000 miles of other highways, extend, ac-
cording to a report of the House of Lords in 1829, over
19,800 miles in length ; they have been constructed at
great expense ; the trusts are heavily in debt. These
roads form the grand currents of trade, through long-
established, and well-peopled, and busy lines : on,
along, and across these lines every kind of carriage can
pass, without a charge which can at all enrich the road
trustees. On these roads competition in the carrying
trade can always exercise its wholesome checks. Many
of these roads, public property, with a free carrying
trade, are at present endangered by the Railway mania,
which Railways are private property, with a monopoly
in the eaming trade.

I made numerous trips, of many miles at a time, with
Colonel Maceroni's steam carriage, between the months
of August, 1833, and September, 1834, at a speed
varying from 10 to 20 miles an hour, according to the
" Clivitics" of the road, or the variable turnpike sur-
faces in the neighbourhood of London ; and after tra-
velling by this and other steam carriages over an
aggregate of not less than 3,500 miles of common roads,
I confidently recommend Colonel Alaceroni's carriage
to your notice as the one by which you may accomplish
the object you have in view, especially_ when it is sup-
plied with Colonel Maceroni's New Boiler Improve-
ments, with the nature and particulars of which I have,
in confidence, been made acquainted, and which will
render the new steam carriages far superior to the ori-
ginal one, of which I have spoken so favourably in thQ
2d and 3d editions of my Treatise on Locomotion, and
other publications, as economical and perfectly safe.

It is perhaps unnecessary for me to say, that the in-
ventions of Colonel Maceroni may be employed either
as draggers for other carriages, or as passenger car-
riages.

*4* Prospectuses may be bad on application to Mr.
loclgson and to Mr. G. Concanon, Solicitors, 21,
~incoln's Inn-fields.

THE FIFTEENTH OF APRIL.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.

was much astonished, on my return to town
after the Easter vacation, to find that several of my
Liberal colleagues entertained doubts as to the vote
they should give on Lord John Russell's motion on the

156. Surely they ought to feel, however dissatisfied
they they may be with the slow progress reform has lately
made, and whatever personal pique they may entertain
on many points, that the first and most incumbent duty
of all Reformers is to keep the Tories out of official
power ; for if they should once be restored to office,
owing to the unfortunate differences in the several sec-

tions of Reformers, they wotiltiPiol;bly-reti;in—it-fOr
many years, and entirely obstruct all future reformation.
I find that great objection has been taken to the word
"finality," which Lord John Russell is supposed to have
used in reference to the Reform Bill. Ido not recol-
lect his use of the word ; but if he did use it, it could
not have been intended to be applied in a literal sense.
Nothing human is final in that sense. All things around
us are continually changing. Every Act of Parliament
which passes into a law is a refutation of the doctrine
of " finality." Lord John must be understood to have
intended that we ought not hastily and rashly to change
our institutions ; we ought not to alter our establish-
ments as often as we put on a fresh night-cap ; hut it
must be obvious that he did not mean to say that the
Reform Bill could not be altered, because he has him-
self introduced several Bills to change parts of it.
I do therefore most anxiously hope that no Reformer
will give a vote on the 15th, the consequences of which
may throw back the cause of Reform for a century ;
and that every Liberal Member of the House of Com-
mons will recollect that he will incur a most fearful res-
ponsibility, if lie shall contribute to the restoration of
Tory demi:l.6,m. I am, Sir, yours,
April 7, 1839. M. P.

At Zurich, the central committee, not satisfied
with the dismissal of Dr. Strauss from the University, is
now attempting to prevent his benefiting by the pension of
1,000 francs assigned him by a decree of the Grand
Council; alarms party in th• canton would appear to be
labouring for the suppression •f the University itself.
A letter from Vienna, of the 25th ult., now an-
nounces the approaching departure of the Persian envoy
extraordinary from that capital for Paris. Several persons
of his suite are stated to have already left Vienna. The
same letter adds as follows :—" The British cabinet ap-
pears actively employed with the affairs of the east. A
courier arrived here the day before yesterday, and,
after two hours' stay, left immediately for Constantinople.
A second, upon tho same destination, arri*ed here yes-
terday."

I\lll. GOULD THE ORNITHOLOGIST.—This
indefatigable naturalist is known to very many of our read-
ers as a native and long an inhabitant of Eton ; and proud,
indeed, may Eton be to enrol so distinguished a name
among her sons. Mr. G. and his highly-gifted wife (also
a native of Eton, and one in every respect fitted to be a
partner and assistant in his labours) left England for Van
Diemen's Land some time since, and the following inter-
esting letter, written by Mr. G., dated Hobart Town, Oct.
5, 1838, has been received in England. We feel assured
that it will be read with great interest by all residentin this
neighbourhood :—" I am gratified with this country beyond
measure. It is very beautiful ; and the impenetrable forests
of the interior present features of the highest interest to
me, teeming as they do with an immense variety of the fea-
thered tribes ; so abundant in fact are they, that you fre-
quently find the smaller wattle trees entirely covered with
the Rosebill and other kind of parroquets; the gullies, too,
teem with honeysuckcrs (Meliphagidce) whose habits are
extremely interesting and curious ; they flit from flower to
.flower, and dive into each with their long feathered tongue
in search of insects and honey ; they are so tame withal,
that in the less frequented parts it is difficult to get far
enough away to shoot them. The Governor, Sir John
Franklin, has kindly afforded me every facility in his power,
and every one to whom I had introductions has fully en-
tered into my views. I therefore hope to collect the ma-
terials for my work far more readily than 1 had anticipated.
Although I have only been here 16 days, I have already
formed a considerable collection of birds, nests, eggs, etc.
—among others, those of the Cracticus hypoleucus arid My-
zantha garrula—with every information respecting them, I
startedyesterday morning with the intention of examining
a lagoon on the upper part of the Dement, but the wea-
ther proved so unfavourable that I could not get above ten
miles up it; I found, however, many birds that I had not
before met with, and returned late at night. My last two
shots were at two opossums (Phalangista Coo/ii) by moon-
light; these animals feed on the topmost branches of the
peppermint-tree, and are easily killed. We start on Wed-
nesday next for the west coast of the island, a part not yet
explored by any one, and expect to be absent ten days."
Mr. Gould's plan is to note down the following day the
result of the previous day's sport, if we may so call it, in
the following manner : he himself first makes outlines of
the form arid attitude of the birds, Mrs. Gould fills up the
details with colour, while the hues of the plumage are
fresh and bright, and they are then handed over to the
taxidermist, who prepares the skins, and takes measure-
ments, &e.—Windsor and Dan Journal.

THE MASTERSHIP OF ST. KATHARINE'S
HOSPITAL.—Since the news of the lamented death of Sir
Herbert Taylor (who exired at Rome on the 20th of last
month) reached England, the metropolitan and provincial
press have been floundering sadly with reference to the
party of the Queen Regent or the Queen Dowager, in
whom is now vested the patronage of the Hospital of St.
Katharine. Tho Globe, which really ought to have known
better, considering that it bad " Cupid" at its elbow,
came out pith the foilowing sapient paragraph :—" It
has been suggested. altogether erroneously, that the
Mastership of St. Katharine's is in the gift of Queen
Adelaide. The appointment rests with the Queen
Consort when there is one; but the Queen Dow-
ager is not a Queen Consort ; and when there is none,
the appointment lapses to the Crown, as it did in the
last instance." The Morning Herald, following in the
wake of its well informed Contemporary, concocted tne
following piece of information (?) for the edification of its
readers :—"iThe valuable place of Master of St. Katherine's
Hospital, with the noble mansion attached to it in the Re-
gent's-park, now vacant by the demise of Sir Herbert
Taylor, is in the personal gift of her Majesty, unconnected
with her Ministers, though it is not improbable but one
of them may have it." Now, in order to set this question
fairly at rest, and settle all future quibblings on the sub-
ject, we insert the following extract from the " Report
of the Commissioners for inquiring concerning Charities,"
having reference to the St. Katharine's Hospital :—" The
Queens Consort of England are, by law, the perpetusl pa-
tronesses, it being considered as part of their dower. They
nominate, pleno jure, the master, brothers, and sisters,
and may increase or lessen the number, remove them, alter
any statutes, or make new ones, at pleasure. When there
is no Queen Consort, or Queen Dowager, the King nomi-
nates the master, &c., pro hac vice; but the Queen
Dowager bath no power or jurisdiction when there is a
Queen Consort. If, however, there is a Queen Regnant
and a Queen Dowager, the latter would have the power in
preference to the Queen Regnant." Lord John Russell,
it is stated, as soon as he was informed of the death of Sir
Herbert, sent, with most indecent baste, to the brethren of
St. Katharine's for their Charter, doubtless, says a Con.
temporary, having an eye to the Mastership himself. How
lie will fare, under these circumstances, now, it "needs no
ghost to tell us."— Windsor and -Eton Journal.

ACCOUNT OF ADEN.

(From the Asiatic Journal. )

" We have been favoured with a very full and satis-
factory account of Aden, drawn, some months since,
upon the spot, by a gentleman eminently qualified
for that task. Very little is known by the British pub-
lic of the advantages, or even the existence, of that
port, which at this moment we may almost regard as a
new dependency of the British crown. The advantages
of cur possessing such a station are almost too plain
to require any comment. The harbour, one of the
few existing upon the extensive coasts of the Arabian
peninsula, is excellent, and forms a natural outlet of Ye-
men, the richest province of that country, and, natu-
rally, one of the most fertile districts of the East.
Even under the emaciating tyranny of the Egyptian
Pasha, and its own native chiefs, the natural advantages
of this country have not yet been wholly extinguished ;
for we perceive that the exports of Mocha and Hodeida
are, even now, occasionally at least, ♦ery considerable.
The coffee of Arabia Felix, it is well known, is unequal-
led in the world ; being the indigenous denizen of that
soil, its production is limited only by the apathy of the
inhabitants, and the ignorance of their rulers : such,
however, is the counteracting influence of these two
causes, that the little island of St. Domingo is made to
produce more of that valuable article, now regarded as
one of the ❑ecessaries of life, than the whole extent of
Arabia. Gums, balsams, frankincense, tamarinds, senna,
besides ivory, gold dust and civet—all articles of great

commercial yalue,—are exported, oftentimes in consi-
derable qeantities. A country pcssecsed of such natu-
ral resources, however destitute it may be of actual
moeey, is literally and essentially rich : afford but free in-
gress to the British merchant, and you open at once a
boundless outlet for theproducts of British industry. At a
moment when our commercial flag is excluded, with jealous
vigilance, from the markets of continental Europe, it
is, we think, of paramount importance to secure the ad-
mission into those distant regions. But, viewed in
another aspect, the possession of Aden becomes, to
England, a subject of even higher importance. In the
event of an irruption upon her Eastern empire by the
barbarian hordes of Northern and Central Asia (an
event which some of the wisest and most experienced
amongst us look upon as probable, and the first wave
of which they proclaim is olready approaching to our
doors), the rapidity and certainty of her communication
with India will, perhaps, determine the results of tbe
contest. The enemy with whom she will have to combat
can reach the scene of operations only by a difficult and
tedious march through regions abounding with physical
obstacles ; while England, mistress of the seas, and,
with the right of passage through Egypt (a right which,
if attainable in no other way, she mast be ready to pur-
chase by the sword), can, in a few weeks, concentrate,
upon any menaced point, her European soldiery to sus-
tain and co-operate with the Indian armies of her colo-
nial governments. The possession of a commodious
harbour between Egypt and India, accessible at all sea-
sons, and easily defensible against almost any force,
would be invaluable as a coal depot for the countless
steamers which, upon the supposed emergency, would
soon swarm upon the Red Sea. Regarding the ques-
tion in this light, we are persuaded that the possession
of Aden is even more important to us in a military than
in a commercial aspect ; such a well-timed movement at
the outbreak of a great contest has usually a great in-
fluence upon its subsequent progress, and, not unfre-
quently, determines its final event.
" To give you a history of Aden would be foreign to
the import of a letter. To speak of it, however, as it
is, and what it is soon likely to be, when connected
with the Indian Government, is the object of my pre-
sent intention. The noble promontory, which gives
birth to Aden, is connected to the main-land by a nar-
row neck of low sandy ground, which not only forms

the medium of traffic with the interior, but this
neck also forms the head of two beautiful hays,
called the Eastern and the Western, according to their
relative geographical position. The latter, however,
1 which is often called Back Bay, is by far the largest,
and affords the greatest security to shipping during
all winds and weather. It is, therefore, in this bay,
that the spot has been fixed for forming a coal
depot for the supply of our steamers. We have
narrowly examined this place, and when we saw
that it is not only completely sheltered from every
i wind, but possesses nearly 20 feet depth, at low water,
within about 30 yards from the shore, it certainly can-
. not be doubted het that it is one of the most desirable
places which could have litere- found for supplying the
intended object, FO happily situated as it is, half-way
between Bombay-and Suez. The fixed point is a sandy
one, extending about 180 feet from the base of a large
rock, thereby affording ample room for the erection of
a suitable store-house ; after this is built, the question
will naturally arise, would it not be advisable, for pro-
moting the desirable objects of convenience and celerity
of dispatch, to extend a pier, or jetty, so far, as to
admit of the steamers' coming alongside the end of
it ? We should certainly think it would, not only
from the near proximity of the stones, and the cheap-
ness of labour, causing the expense to be compara-
tively small, but the facilities which such a building
would afford to the extension of commerce would, we
are convinced, at no distant period, tend to liquidate
the whole original outlay. To reach Aden from this
point you may either sail about three miles up to the
head of this hay, or travel the same distance along its
bold and inviting shore, where the rugged nature of the
rocks rising before you seem to form an insuperable bar-
rier to all further progress. On looking more narrowly,
however, you discover a small pass cut through the im-
rending rock, and it is through this pass that not only
visitor, but all provisions and things from the interior,
must pass through to reach Aden. It is, therefore, de-
fended with a huge door, or gate, over which is built a
1 strong battlement, provided with two guns, which are
I ever ready to welcome an approaching enemy. To
' add to the strength of these powerful protectors, there
are smell forts built on the pinnacle of each im- '
pending rock, which command the pass to the height of
1 500 feet, and limn which an irresistible fire could at
any time be kept up. Having reached within this for-
midable gate, you next descend the pathway, with a
high wall of solid rock on each side of you, for about
a quarter of a mile, when the sight of Aden opens up
to view. and then the scene is certainly enough to
strike the mind with no ordinary feelings of admiration
and surprise. You see the irregular plain before you,
with a few scattered towers, or mosques, which seem, in
the distance, all that is left to grace the present miserable
huts that are built upon the ruins of former might and
splendour. On looking from this plain, the next object
which attracts the attention is the magnificent amphi-
theatre of rocky mountains, towering up around you to
the height of 1,780 feet, and forming along the summit
of their rugged ridge about 40 accuminated peaks, on
each of which is built a strong watch-tower, from which
the distant approach of an enemy could at any time be
immediately proclaimed. This mighty amphitheatre, '
however, becomes deficient on that side of the town
which looks to the east, where the sea from the front,
or eastern bay, washes against its walls, giving the in-
habitants the benefit of its healthful breeze. To afford
an equal degree of strength to this solitary open space,
nature, however, seems to have been provident of
her means, and placed Sierra Island about three
hundred yards front the town, rising up in such
abrupt sublimity to the height of four hundred feet,
that the command from the excellent fort built upon
its summit seems to set at defiance all manner of
attack from the sea ; and as a proof of its power, we
have only to mention that the conquering spirit of Al-
buquerque, with his fleet of 20 sail, had to retire from
the irresistable force of its guns at the sad expense of
wounded pride and humble ambition. The next ob-
jects which arrest the attention, after taking a passimg
glimpse of the immense mass of loose stones and rub-
bish to which the former buildings are completely re-
duced, are the numerous walks and tanks which every-
Miele.: attract the eve, and which, indeed, exhibit such a
magnitude of labour and expense, that the mind is al-
' most lost in wonder and admiration at the result of
such efforts of human ingenuity and power. These
tanks abound in such numbers that there really seems not
a fissure or sinuosity in the side of the rockymount around
you but what has an adequate recipient or basin built
at its base, to receive its tributary stream—so careful
have they been of collecting this essential element to
human existence. Many of these tanks are built on a
very magnificent scale, and to see the very excellent
state of repair which they still represent would afford
much interest to an engineer. Their use, however, has
long since been abandoned, from the abundant supply of
choice water which the immense number of tanks and
wells in the plains afford. Some of these wells we found
to measure 120 feet, and although producing the
most beautiful water, yet from the greater convenince
of others to the inhabitants, they are now rarely, if
ever, visited. How much they have at one time been
frequented I leave you to infer, when I say that the fric-
tion of the ropes in drawingwater haspenetratcd the hardest
greenstone around their mouths, to the depth ef 5 inches.
Before saying, then, that these are the chief objects
which mark the plain of Aden, we should, perhaps, in-
clude the several beautiful marble tablets, which are
here and there to be found, chastely engraved and
erected to the memory of departed worth. The next
great undertaking here, which gratified our researches,
after all that was interesting, was discovered in trying
to ascend the highest pinnacle of Shumsha, which looks
down upon the town. The work to which we allude
began to obtrude itself upon our attention, after
ascending about 800 feet, in the form of a large wall,
gradually leading up the precipitous side of the im-
pending rock—on closely approaching it, however, we
found that this strong wall, in many places as high as 16