The Sun.
London, England, 1863-04-11 00:00:00

BREAD.

The prices of wheaten bread in the metropolis are from
lid to Bd, of household do., Sid to 7d per 41b loaf.

HIDES AND SKINS.

Market bides, 561 b to 641 b, 24d to 3d ; 641 b to 721 b, 3d
to 31d ; 721 b to 801 b, 3d to 31d ; 801 b to 881 b, 31d to 41c1 ;
881 b to 961 b, 4d to 4;d; 961 b to 1041 b, Od to Od ; 1041 b to
1121 b, Od to Od. Horse hides, 8s 6d to lOs 6d ; calf skins,
light, 2s Od to 38 6d ; full, 6s Od to Os Od ; polled sheep, Os
Od to Os Od ; half breds, 9s Od to 10s 6d ; Downs, 7s Od to
8s 6d; lambs, 2s 9d to 3s 9d; shearlings, is 5d to is 6d.

LITERATURE.

The Deserted House of Hawksworth. 3 vols

Hurst and Bluckett.

Mr. Wilkie Collins has a great deal to answer
for. To his wonderful emllence in that terrible
branch of art, and to the success naturally conse-
quent upon that excellence, we believe we are
mainly indebted for the modern Sensation Novel.
Nature has (for the time being, let us hope !) gone
out of fashion, and in the world of literature now
the palm is given to the extravagant, the amazing,
and the unreal. To be surprised appears to be the
very acme of enjoyment to the modern romance
reader. A morbid craving for stimulants is not the
sign of health ; cayenne and curries may be very
acceptable as the occasional et ceteras of a repast,
but who in the possession of health and appetite
could endure to have them before him diurnally.
This feverish craving for excitement does not speak
well for the present condition of the reading public.
It is, moreover, an excitement which must defeat
its own object; it is essentially evanescent, like all
that is unreal. Not such the spells exercised by
the real romancist—by those potent magicians who
" hold the mirror up to nature," and who out of the
fulness of their own hearts appeal, and not in
van, to the living hearts of millions. Talk of
interest and excitement, what mysterious secret,
utterly worthless when discovered ; what accu-
mulated horrors, quite innocuous because so accu-
mulated, which crowd the pages of the Sensation
Novel, can in any the most remote degree compare
with the universal interest which was felt in so
many households all over the kingdom, aye, and
even attested by tears, at the death of poor Smike,
and little Nell,and little Paul, and tiny Tim ?—What
Sensation Novel produces such sensation ! When
Nicholas administered that immortal thrashing to
Mr. Squeers, when he clung in angry desperation to
the cab-horse of Sir Mulberry Hawk, those were
indeed scenes of excitement that stirred responsive
passions in the honest indignant hearts of hun-
dreds. Do we not all remember them well? These
aro sensation novele, we admit, to...whose power we
cordially bear testimony, a power again and again
attested as they alternately elicit our tears and
our laughter ; but such are not the tributes
accorded to the modern novel. Who ever wept over
a sensation story ? "It is very pretty poetry, Mr.
Pope, but it is not Homer," said the censorious critic.
This is very clever acting—very clever, we have no
doubt—but it is acting, and we must be pardoned
if we are old-fashioned enough to prefer truth and
nature, whether in tragedy or comedy, to art and
artifice, whether in pantomime, burlesque, extrava-
ganza, or spectacle. Having spoken so far in gene-
ralities, we must turn to the latest and not the least
meritorious specimen of its class, " The Deserted
House of Hawksworth !" The readers of the cir-
culating library may rejoice in the ample banquet
here provided for them. Horror, and mystery, and
intrigue, passion and prejudice, evil-doing, and yet
more evil revenge and tardy but triumphant retri-
bution, constitute some of the attractive features of
this novel. The author's name is not given, but it
does not read like the work of an unpractised hand.
It displays no inconsiderable ability ; some of the
characters are well portrayed, and many of the
scenes described with much spirit, and the story
possesses a certain amount of originality. We are
willing to accord to book and writer a fair amount
of praise, but the work is of a class for which we
have no sympathy. For example let us specify a few
of its contents; in so doing, we shall perhaps, in
the opinion of some, be pronouncing a panegyric.
The tale opens with the opening of the " Deserted
House of Hawksworth"—a house that for 20 years
had been walled in, and blocked up, and inacces-
sible. Twenty years before, a wedding breakfast
had been prepared in the spacious dining-room, but
the bride had married another bridegroom, and the
Master of Hawksworth, disappointed at the last
moment, had caused the hall to be walled up with
the wedding breakfast on the table—an incident
that will remind some of Miss Havisham's disap
pointment. Twenty years after the house is opened,
and its master enters it to die. Later on the real
heir is discovered by the falling of an old chiffonier
at an auction, when a paper escapes from a secret
drawer (fortunately addressed to a person who
happens to be present !) The heir with his bride
(the daughter of the faithless bride) enters the Hall
at last to reside there, and that night it is destroyed
by fire. One of the heroines, Marina Moriarty, is
a most impassioned character. Many parts of her
history would have been well omitted. De-
ceived by the faithless hero, she appears
at his wedding breakfast, terrifies the bride
almost to death, and after threatening to de-
stroy her, attempts to kill herself, and apparently
dying, charges her false lover with murder. She
recovers, however, and a little later on resumes her
old influence over her former captive, to the great
disgust of the reader, who rejoices (we speak for
ourselves) when shortly afterwards, in a fit of pas-
sion, the faithless husband is hurled over a preci-
pice by the indignant hand of his lady love, who
dies of grief, and on her tomb is recorded an epitaph
worthy of a sensation novel

" Marina,
Aged 23 years,

Born on the ocean amidst a storm,

Died on the cold ground with none to close her eyes,"
Is not this enough to ju3tity all our remarks ?
Many we have, no doubt, will follow with interest
the tragic events here recorded, but when the sur-
prise is over and the mystery discovered, how many
will turn again and again to ponder over these
pages as we are in the habit of uoing with many a
favourite work we could mention, but then they
are not Sensation Novels.

New Views on Baldness: being a Treatise on the
Hair and Skin. By H. P. Truefitt. Pp. 264.

W. and A. Webster, Piccadilly.
A Treatise on Baldness by Mr. Truett is as
much comme it faut, is as entirely a something done
with the strictest regard (literally) to the fitness of
things as a di,quisition by Mr. Rarey on Horse-
taming, or an account by 111. Blondin (though he has
never yet, we believe, gone as far South as the
Equator) of the pleasures of crossing the line. In
regard to the particular subject the author has here
taken in hand, he may very confidently be described
as the right man in the right place—to a hair!
He might, at the risk of startling the hon. and
learned gentleman the member for Sheffield into a
momentary indignation at having his right to his
own title, seemingly, in sound at least, directly
threatened—have called his book " The History of
the Wigs." As it is, Mr. Truefitt contents himself,
we cannot but think very wisely, with the more
modest office of writing a mere abstract or gene-
ralised treatise on the Hair and Skin, distinguishing
this same treatise not more pretentiously than by
naming it, "New Views on Baldness." Any one
whose hair has been seriously thinned, whether
by the lapse of time, or, as it happens in the in-
stance of some, prematurely, will do well to consult
the pages of Mr. Truefitt. We are quite satisfied
of this, we would observe, en passant, quite dispas-
sionately, as mere theoretical students and observers,
in regard to the highly important section of
physiology here treated of, the most highly impor-
tant of all it should be remarked i❑ its relative
position, being, in point of fact, above all the rest,
all the lower part, as one may say, of our human
anatomy. The work, although touching most
delicately (as such an artist's hand es Mr. Trucfitt's
could alone do in the presence of such a theme),
upon the Hair and Skin—is, nevertheless, anything
but superficial. In reality Mr. Truefitt may be Bahl?,
here to have sounded—mark this l—tbe very dePt
of Beauty. That is, if the proverb is a boef lookedbeauty
upon as in any way accurate, which speaksTruefitt's
as being only skin•deep. For
wholel‘ir depth. of the.
re-
searches penetrate through the.
skin. It is not merely an artist who hoe dis-
coursing to us upon a matter that is,. indeed,. .his
mazer—it is a philosopher. Hear rim describing
the functions of the skin for example, and giving a
succinct history of it, when chemically con-
sidered ! Listen to him when he is descanting
upon the nervous elements of the scalp—a theme
the examination of which, as here pursued through
all its subtle mazes, would infallibly make the
mouth of a Red Indian water, out of sheer sympathy,
and induce him to relieve his excited feelings by
putting a keener edge upon his tomahawk. Deeper
and deeper into this current of his swims onward our

author when he has to descant "On Favus or Porrigo
Favosa," " Oa Scurf or Pityriasis," " On Eczema,'
ci on Impetigo," " On Psoriasis," and so forth—we
had almost written it psoforth. Having, however,
got through the more scientic part of his treatise
really very creditably, our renowned Artist in Hair,
our revered Anther " Upon Baldness"—one whose
tender care for those afflicted with Baldness may be
said (to use a common parlance), to reflect equa
credit on his head and heart, or rather perhaps we
ought to say upon their heads and his heart—Mr,
Truefitt in a word (how aptly named ! ) gets at last
upon more familiar subjects. When,
for example,he has to comment at his own free will
and pleasure on " Cutting the Hair," on
"Combing and Brushing," on Washing the Hair,
on Dyeing it—though to our mind, with such wigs
in existence as Truefitt's, the motto with the greyest
and the reddest haired among us all, ought certainly
to be " Never say Dye !" Greases, and 'Washes, and
all the little et cetoras of the toilet, one by one are
passed in review, moreover, by this Arcadian
dreamer—we should say this Burlington-Arcadian
dreamer upon Hair, and Scalps, and Wigs, and
Baldness. Even the most irritable of Yankees
might allow, in Mr. Truefitt's regard, that he gets
one's dander up sometimes, perhaps, with his brushes
—with his pen, never ! Only once his own may
be described, figuratively of course, as having risen
—namely, when he bursts into a " fine phrenzy'
of indignation upon what he dabs in plain terms
(the capitals are his own) " The Folly of Shaving!"
In such horror is he at the mere notion of that
barber-ons proceeding, that one could fancy almost
" each particular hair" upon every one of his wigs
standing upon end, by electric sympathy, " like
quills upon the fretful," &c. For, in point of fact,
what after all is Shaving P Why nothing less than
the production of—what Mr. Truefitt has an especial
horror of in every point of view, what he has here
discoursed upon so eloquently through nearly 300
pages octavo—the deliberate production of an arti-
fieitd—Baldness!

llistery of England from the Accession of James L
to the Disgrace of Chtel-Justice Coke. By
Samuel RAwson Gardiner. Two Vols. Hurst

and Bldckett.

The period of history comprised in these volumes
is a very brief one. It extends over little more
than a dozen years, and those years are unmarked by
startling events or national crises. It may seem at
first sight strange that an historian, who was willing
to devote so much time and labour to so short a
page of our annals, did not select a passage from the
reigns on either side of his hero, and depict with
the elaborate faithfulness of his present treatise
the great statesmen who gathered in the council-
chamber of the Maiden Queen, or the sturdy
patriots who fought the battle of English rights in
the days of the Civil War. The epoch which Mr.
Gardiner has chosen, however, is not without its
importance. It was a time of transition and uncer-
tainty. The strong hand that had so long guided
the helm of State was gone; the honour of the
people abroad, and their liberties at home, were in
equal danger. During the thirteen years which
occupy this history, James was secretly busy in
extending the influence of the Crown, and consoli-
dating its rights and privileges. The foundation of
the fatal struggle between Crown and Parliament,
which was to be productive of so much trouble in
the succeeding generation, was even then being
laid. Mr. Gardiner goes so far as to say that, ‘• if
it is possible for those who begin their study of the
English constitutional struggle at any later date
to arrive at sound conclusions with respect to the
principles at stake, it is utterly impossible for them
to judge the actors fairly." It is only, he adds, by
a careful investigation of the origin and progress of
the guiding principles of a party, that it is possible
rightly to comprehend tFre feelings of the partisans,
or to draw the line which separates a blunder from
a crime. The general political history of the open-
ing years of James's reign is summed up as follows
—" At the end of 1816, the Constitution, at least
in the minds of the supporters of the Crown, had
assumed that form which was always defended
by them in the course of the ensuing conflict
as the true Constitution of the country.
The prerogative had established its claim to be con-
sidered as the regulating part of the machinery.
The sittings of Parliament had been suspended
without any immediate prospect of their renewal.
The judges had been taught by a practical example,
that they held their offices only at the good pleasure
of the Sovereign. In short, these thirteen years
and a half were years of constitutional change, no
less real because it was carried on within the letter
of the constitution. It was in them that the wea-
pons were forged which were to be used by James
and his son with such unfortunate results for them•
selves. Up to the summer of 1616 it was a question
what constitutional powers the Cr own would be able
to assert. At the end of the year the question was,
what use would be made by it of the powers of
which it had obtained possession." The gradual
steps by which this change was effected are well
told by Mr. Gardiner ; so is the firm stand made on
the ground of constitutional right by the Parlia-
ment. Sometimes James went a step too far, and
had to alter his position. Such was the case when
the Commons took into consideration the imposts
which the King had been levying on certain articles
of commerce. " The kings of France, Spain, and
Denmark," said James angrily, " had the right to
levy impositions, and why should not he do as they
did ? He would not have his prerogative called in
question." This unconstitutional language gave
great offence to the Commons, who appointed a
committee on the subject, and drew up a petition of
right, in which they declared that " they would not
be prevented from debating on any matter which
concerned the rights and interests of the subject."
The dispute was subsequently compromised, only to
be succeeded by others of a similar character. In
the year 1614 James was compelled by his neces-
sities to summon a Parliament. The elections were
most unfavourable to the Government, and the re-
suit was a serious struggle for supremacy. The com-
mons brought forward the public grievances, of
which the first and foremost was the impositions,
and on the refusal of the Lords to hold a conference
they postposed the consideration of the supply.
The King, incensed, dissolved the Parliament after a
very brief session, and committed four of the refrac-
tory members to the Tower, four others were struck
out of the commission of peace, and several were
forbidden to leave London. James did not venture
on summoning another Parliament until long after
the date at which these volumes close. The evil
example which he thus set to the youthful heir to
the throne was only tpo closely followed by
the hapless Charles the First. Of the effect
of surrounding circumstances on his nar-
row and impressible mind, Mr. Gardiner speake
strongly in his concluding pages. Had be,
Idsi
ff
reeanr
says the historian been some 10 or
s
older he might have learned
theirw I:3e°twhingma
of Elizabeth had Passed
away. But at the dawn of his early
great men of the great daysmaaeeoondestehde
principles their system
away. Their policy, their
iadge
of the temper and
oefntthein past.th e ‘h‘
ith Therehistory
of government,
wants of the people,
which !Tett a youth as Charles could
fwb iete:laesmsochance of understand-
has, perhalastannheovoedr
nature the duties which he was called
Incapable of forming large and
ugplaonndmat
ieounfgtEetruhe real
•
views for himself, there was little
led in the right path by those
who were around him. Even the greatest and the
blicue:PswPotenP.o°rfetfi7tlhilevofisusseilfivbewle.ihnog took part in his lather's counsels
were men whose thoughts lay apart from the main
current of the life of the nation; and, desirable as
it is, that diversities of opinion should exist in the
body of the people, it is never with impunity that
such a separation grows up between a nation and
its rulers." Short as is the period referred to in this
work, Mr. Gardiner considers it as an epoch com-
plete in itself. With the disgrace of Coke, he says
the period of transition ends. " It is a great his-
torical landmark. Up to this time James has been
busy in acquiring the powers which were after-
wards to be used with such fatal results to himself
and his son. In two or three years James will be
the most unpopular man in the three kingdoms.
England will be disgusted by the negotiations with
Spain—Scotland will be enraged by the Five
Articles of Perth—lreland will be irritated by the
'seizure the charter of Wcterford." Mr. Gardiner

has brought his task a thorough knowledge of his
subject, to a spirit of fair and careful investiga-
tion, laborious research, and ternperaance of tone.
His style is always clear and even, never rising into
eloquence or sinking into mediocrity. Yet he can
scarcely expect his work to be extensively popular.
' It required the reputation and the genius of a
Macaulay to make the general public interest them-
selves in a few outwardly uneventful years. It
demands an historical student like himself to appre-
ciate and to value his labours. It needs the same
sp'.rit of patient inquiry by which he is distinguished,
to read carefully these two bulky volumes, only to
trace the origin of the great facts which casual
observers learned long ago. Yet every careful and
authenticated work of the class is a gain to our
standard literature, and though perhaps unread by
the mass of superficial readers, the thoughtful
student will be tempted to place this work on his
shelves as a contribution to lie right appreciation
of the history of his countrymen.

Memories of the Past and Thoughts upon the Present
Age. By J. Brown. Longman.

This work contains some very interesting essays
on various topics, and the author informs us in his
first article that he is approaching his eightieth
year, but still preserves unimpaired his memory.
Thus he can compare the storms of the present day
with those on which his young eyes opened. He
has a perfect remembrance of the sensation which
was made by the capture of Louis XVI. A
brief but emphatic account is given of the varied
feelings produced in the minds of men by the
changing aspects of the French Revolution. At
first it was supposed to be the dawn of a great and
glorious era, and on all sides it was hailed with en-
thusiasm.

" O'er the vine-covered hills and gay valleys of France
See the day-star of liberty rise,"
sang the poets of the day, but afterwards men be-
came disgusted at the extremes to which the advo-
cates of liberty went in the pursuance of their pro-
jects. Passing onwards in bis cursory glance at
historical events, the author mentions Mr. Buckle's
History of Civilisation, and dissents from the opi-
nions therein expressed. There is a good deal on
the subject of America, and at the conclusion he
considers the present social position of England.
He says that if we would rightly depict the mind
of England, we must consider loyalty and patriotism
the prominent characteristics. He aptly refers to
the prevalent sentiments of the last generation, and
suggests that to illustrate his meaning any senior
of our community should call up before his mind's
eye the condition of the country at the time of
Queen Caroline's trial, and compare what he then
saw with what he now witnesses. " How was this
manifested when Prince Albert, the great, the good,
passed from among us to brighter realms." While
on this subject Mr. Brown mentions an interesting
occurrence which took place more than twenty years
ago, when he, as mayor of the town, presented an
address to the late Prince Consort. He says that,
looking up at the Prince, he recalled the words of
the greatest historian of all antiquity to his fa-
vourite hero, " You would readily believe him to be
a good man, you would wish to believe him a great
one." Finally, the work winds up by declaring
that England is at this moment in the van of the
civilisation of the world. Nor does there appear
any reason to fear her decadence, since nations fall
from their sins. "Rome fell because her very con-
stitution was a vile conspiracy against the rights
and liberties of all the rest of the world." In our
country, on the contrary, it is not probable that
civilisation will become retrogressive, and as our
policy, international and domestic, is founded on
right and justice, we may foresee for its future a
long career of happiness and prosperity."

Nobly False. A Novel. 2 vols. By James
M'Grigor Allan. Newby.
This is a very peculiar work, that is not likely to
be pleasing to the general reader, on account of its
being more the exponent of ideas and the enunci-
ator of theories than a reflection of society and a
chronicle of the lives of individuals. Gerald, the
hero, is one of those wild erratic young men who
are always supposed to be doing something great,
but unfortunately never succeed in achieving any-
thing in a small way that can win for them true
renown, or gain respect from sober-minded people.
In religion he tried all creeds, till he appeared to
be too good for any at last. In politics he was also
most skilled in detecting frauds and fallacies, till he
ended his first attempt in that line by being ar-
rested as the leader of a Chartist mob and creating
riots in his native town. He was not more happy
in his affections than he had been wise in his public
career or notable in his form of worship, He ruined.
the peace of an innocent girl, who was deeply at-
tached to him, and she became so confused by the
conflicting claims of right and wrong that she
poisoned herself. Then in his marriage Gerald put
the finishing stroke to his long career of blunders.
There are some minds that get so infatuated
with their notions of broad views, liberal principles,
and unprejudiced opinions, that they end by be-
coming as rooted in their unaccommodating dogmas
as any of the bigoted classes they despise and de-
nounce. Gerald is a good prototype of such
individuals, and the extremes into which he went
may serve aptly to portray the evils they occasion
and the errors they fall into from their extreme
views.

Essays and Reviews: their Origin, History, General
Character and Significance, Persecution, Prosecu-
tion, the Judgment of the Arches Court, Review
of Judgment. By the Rev. R. B. Bernard, M.A.,
Oxon. Hardwicke.

In all probability every one has heard enough,
and more than enough, of the subject of this volume,
but as the author has been at considerable pains to
collect the diverse intelligence that he imparts in
these pages, some may be induced to give them their
attention, and be instructed and interested thereby,
even though they should not agree with the tenets
of the writer. In the preface we are told that the
work is put forth with the hope of dispelling the
cloud of prejudice and misrepresentation through
which the volume of "Essays and Reviews" bas
hitherto been regarded. "For this end the writer
delusionctal porfo vtoh-e
has endeavoured to point out the true place of thst
work in the history of religious thought, its origin
in the inductive method introduced by Bacon,. and
and special
This
its more immediate antecedentst h esealnf
and to the purpose, at all events,
is straightforward
that those
and although it is not likely who have
catives in the literature of the present day."
the outset
recognised from
- 1
writers of that celebrated v, tune now under discus-
sion, and the glaring errors into which they have
fallen in their so called search after truth, will be
influenced by any ingenious arguments to change
their opinions, still all who honestly state their
views are entitled to consideration, and th© author
of this little book -t
appears to be more moderate in
his tone and less bitter than most writers who dis-
cuss theological questions.
Ad,

Da aFlr le°y2mtepseuse,—"A Novel. By the author of " The
Sze, 3 vols. Newby.
This is a very romantic tale that is well calculated
to please those readers who love excitement. The
incidents are very strikingly told in some parts, and
there are many individuals introduced into these
pages, Ada is an interesting heroine, and although
she was most culpable in entering into an engage-
ment in so clandestine a manner, and particularly
in her secret marriage, still we cannot but sympa-
thise with her in her sad trials. It was a very hard
lot for one reared in luxuries as she had been to be
cast so friendless and unprotected on the world. Her
adventures at Mrs. Robertson's are very ably nar-
rated, and it is to be feared that they furnish a true
picture of the existence of many unfortunate go-
vernesses who are domiciled beneath the roof oefrurne-.
un-
feeling women like her whom poor Ada hadatsousme a
It was a most unwise thing for Adahatvoaa
Mrs. Robertson from behaving
inBu
but she bad to
different name, but nothing couldah a
sty
exchanged one tyrant for another,
with such a mart
tehsheinargtifit
thank her own folly for going
"'there is much to en-
as Mr. Snell. On the whole
the secondary
and some of
to
in these volumes,ucha
s Lucy Melville, are
leex.cAusdead
personages introduced,
,ryamreidfr
the appearancerough usages
outsettheofforeign of this yo.
_h i . .
'onable hfe. T e cone uelon is a
cial scene of fasbi
for the much tried Ada, and we are left
happy one . .
attractive. There is
.toameatabgialgadvye
had imparted to Edward Alassener, that
warfare
wisdom in. tdhoen2l3 11:08
hioenittihokatecithaet

THE INSURRECTION IN POLAND.

(From the limes' Special Correspondent.)
BREsLAtr, April 7.

The Poles have returned to guerilla tactics, and
military events are comparatively scarce. This is a
remark equally applying to all parts of the country.
From the nature ofl this kind of warfare it is not
only hard work for the pursuer to coma up with the
pursued, but even when caught and brought to a
momentary stand the rebel will give him no oppor-
tunity for a decisive and ringing blow. Thus, while
tussles abound, there may be a want of fights and
serious encounters. That this is the state of things
in the present lull will be shown by a survey of last
fortnight's actions.

The National Government is of opinion that to
surrender to Russia would be the worst policy to be
hit upon. They place some reliance upon France,
and are, on the other hand, assured that the crime
of rebellion will be as little forgiven by the Czar now
as atter a few months' continued indulgence. With
the nobility and townspeople continuing at their
disposal they have as yet no lack of ardent patriots
to fight the desperate fight they have entered upon.
,
Both the patriotism of the people and the dread of
their terrible messengers keep them in cash and
supply the moderate sinews of war required. In a
country like Poland, where the prevalence of poverty
is in direct ratio to the absence of wants and a relish
for war, it is not very surprising, after all, that a
might flame should have been kindled by the Tartar
Government of a soi-discznt European Power. To
calculate its duration is in many respects, however,
a purely psychological task.
But for the want of arms ten times the present
number of insurgents might be sent to the field.
The majority are artisans and journeymen la-
bourers, with a strong ingredient of youngsters from
the educated clas3. Of peasants, those only along
the Prussian frontier and of Lithuania have been as
yet gained over for the cause. In Cracow, Radom,
and Lublin, more especially, the agricultural popu-
lation is too deeply steeped in ignorance and bru-
tality to take up any cause advocated by the lords
of the soil. The early approach of summer wilt
necessarily bestow considerable advantages on the
guerilla troops.

When Langiewicz fell the Russians were too ex-
hausted to follow up the pursuit with the extreme
rapidity required. They would have been compe-
tent enough to beat him in battle, but to run after
the dispersed troops, besides being out of their way,
was no easy job after the incessant marching that
preceded success. Thus we find them requiring a
week to move on to the Austrian frontier, and
occupy the more important places in sufficient
strength. As the reader may recollect, the force
assembled to insure the capture of General Lan-
giewicz amounted to 15,000 or 20,000 men. The
object being partly obtained, about one-half were
marched off to Kielce and Lublin, the other being
reserved for disposal along the boundary line ; but
it was not before the end of March that the latter
movement had been fully executed, and garrisons
provided for a dozen points admitting of passage
to and from with the greatest ease. Proceeding
from the West, garrisons were, by the Ist of
April, provided at length for Sosnowice, Micha-
lowice, Macki, Olkusk, Skala, Michow, Pros-
nowice, Ignolomia, Tzyee, Strzmieszyce, Strs-
zow, Stobnica, and a few other places, all situate
within a distance of 20 miles, and intended to seal
up intercourse with the heart of rebellion in the
South. In addition to the 8,000 men thus em-
ployed as many more have been formed into flying
columns of about 1,000 each, and are engaged in
scouring the country, south of Kielce, between the
northward course of the Vistula and the Prussian
frontier. Several thousand more are kept in reserve
at Kielce, Radom, and Czenstoehow.
I have repeatedly alluded to the fact that the
concentration of this powerful force has been only
possible at the cost of authority in the North, Plock,
Podlachia, and Augustowo had to be drained of half
their garrisons to allow of more efficient measures
being adopted in Cracow and Sandomir. We shall
soon perceive, however, an apparent discrepancy
existing as yet between effort and effect. The loca-
lity is cleared of Polish forces, but it is chiefly be-
cause they have split up into diminutive bands. So
far from having entirely disappeared, they have
only multiplied, and partly, it is true, shifted the
scene of their activity a short distance inland. It is
evident something more is required to cope with re-
bellion than to adopt a rational system, and do the
several districts individually with an overpowering
force. Over and above the system there is agility
wanted in the men and decision in the leaders. If I
it took them a week to dispose themselves along the
border line after the catastrophe of Welce, we can-
not but infer that, though their ultimate victory re-
mains the more probable alternative provided the
right system be persevered in, the bands will yet
give the Russians a deal of trouble even in the
counties of Cracow and Sandomir. By a report re-
cently circulated they have begun forming guerilla
volunteers, drawing better pay and enjoying higher
privileges than the rest of the soldiery ; but the
Russian is too indolent and has too little of indivi-
dual character to achieve any remarkable feats in a
hurry, and when left to his own resources in small
detachments. He fights well enough in a regiment.
but Me courage forsakes him in a patrol.
Having taken this rapid glance at the Russians,
we now turn to the insurgents, and the state of the
cause in the old roving ground of their fugitive
chief_ Of the 10,000 men remaining with Langie-
wicz on the morning of his flight, about 1,000
effected their escape to Lysa Gora and the hills of
Swiety Krzyz. There they continue unmolested,
under Czachowski and Dowgiello, having been at-
tacked but once, on venturing from the hills, at
Kozienica, on the 25th and 26th. Their menacing
Kielce, reported the other day, seems to have taken
place only in the fancy of enthusiastic admirers ;
yet they have managed to keep the Russians in
constant alarm for a distance of 20 miles, and, in a
particular case, created considerable uneasiness as
fur as Miechow, whence a detachment was actually
sent to the assistance of the northern garrisons. Of
the remaining thousands a third part have entirely
disappeared from sight, and, as the Polish papers
hint, are re-forming in some mysterious locality.
Many of them have probably fallen in the heat of
pursuit, and others may be hidden, and passed off
for respectable artisans by the townspeople of the
neighbourhood. An equal number, it is computed,
sought refuge in the woods and hills of the border,
breaking lup into small detachments, and clinging
together, if not from fear, from courage. About 3000,
which is the residue to be accounted for, crossed the
frontier, seeking protection in Austrian territory.
1,000 of these—always speaking in round numbers--
Bever gave themselves up to the
authorities ; but,
finding food and shelter among their Galician compa-
triots, disposed of themselves according to pleasure.
Again, those who fell into the hands of the authorities
dui not, by any means, intend staying there for good
and all. 2,000 the Kaiser received with open arms,
but about 1.200 he allowed to depart again. En-
couraged by the agents of the Cracow Committee,
and fired by the enthusiasm of the Galician
townspeople, the gallant fugitives seem to have
wended their way back almost upon the day of
their arrival on Austrian ground. Having been
left in convenient vicinity of the frontier, the return
took place along the entire distance from Cracow
to Sifniawa and Opatowice. They went in bands

from 20 to 30, dug out the arms they had concealed
before leaving Poland, and collected in th
ready to begin the old game afresh. The woods,
yohodsave
been all told, however, by the committees that, if
holding out but a little longer, they will be sup-
ported by the French and avenged upon those horrid
Muscovites they have been taught to fear and learnt
to despise in the course of so many suicidal wars.
With this charming prospect in view, and the giddy
Polish blood boiling in their veins, what else is re-
quired to convert them into so many ardent war-
riors eager for the fight ?
From the 24th, when the Russians fired upon an
Austrian railway train while passing the frontier,
theth
returning insurgents ever proved the plague of
hardlye
pacified district. The train coming from
Cracow
was to be stopped at Macki, the border
town and
Customhouse of the locality, but, in spite
of several disehar
gent load at a shiigi.ran on, setting down its insur-
picket. On the 25th distance
ea from the disappointed
forctd probably bythe 26th Czichowski.
tiderein-
flowing in a different i

r direction, fought his successful encounter of Ko-
zienica. On the same day small bands, numbering
between 50 and 100 men, were perceived near
Olkusz and Miechalowice, while another and
stronger force passed the Vistula on their way back
near Opatowice. The day after Sezionanski re-
turned with several hundred men by way of Por-
zemba, leaving orders for those who remained
behind to follow as soon as possible and meet him
at Luchow. On the 27th, I find, a band of some
hundred men came in sight at Walbrom, which on
the day after was occupied by a Russian column.
The 28th was marked by the appearance of 200 men
at Panki, the 29th by that of 100 at Moszanica,
and the 30th by rather less than 100 at Olkusz. On
the Ist of April they fought, and, although not vic-
torious, were not defeated, at Zczyce. Considering
that all these bands were discovered in the imme-
diate neighbourhood of Welce, and the scene of
their grand defeat, the guerilla war, we are led to
believe, has not seen its extinction with the remo-
val of one of its most accomplished leaders. It
mast be also taken into account that in guerilla
war, when the bands are found out and started,
this must be taken as proof sufficient for the exist-
ence of many more. Though not very dangerous,
and, indeed, rather unobtrusive in the neighbour-
hood of Cracow, they are even now sufficient to pro-
long rebellion, and force Russia into a trial of power
and perseverance which, even if gone through suc-
cessfully, will entail upon her considerable loss and
permanent injury. In Lublin and Lithuania, as we
shall see in the course of the survey, this danger
continues to be coupled with the more imminent
peril of revolutionary success.
Both the Russian and the National Government
outbid each other in their anxiety to secure the good-
will of the peasants. While Russia is going to ex-
tend the Lithuanian Ukase to Poland proper, and
dissolve all connexion between landlord and tenant,
the National Government has forbidden proprietors
to accept the Easter instalment on the price of the
peasants' allotments. By the Russian measure the
peasant will be obliged to pay his instalments to
Government, the latter, it is understood, reserving
to itself the right of refunding the money to the
individual proprietor, according to his political
deserts; the Polish decree refers the proprietor to
the future naticnal exchequer, and, as we see, is
quite earnest in cancelling the debt of the party
obliged. Between the two impoverishing decrees
the Polish nobility have a fair prospect of losing the
little property they managed to save from the grasp
of Nicholas I.

(From a Berlin Correspondent.)
BERLIN, April 8.

A letter from Kowno contains interesting particu-
lars of the insurrection, which in that district, it
says, is on the increase—new bands forming, and
old ones growing in strength, The peasantry, it
adds, are generally well affected to the insurgents,
and the Imperial ukase, intended to prevent them
from joining in the revolt, has little effect :
" The insurgent bands form themselves in the
following manner :—The nucleus is composed of stu-
dents, young noblemen, clerks and enzployes from
the towns, artisans, &c.; around these muster pea-
sants, and the band establishes itself in some favour-
able forest district. The arms are single and double
barrelled fowling-pieces, few rifles, pistols, revol-
vers, and swords of various kinds. Those who have
no firearms are furnished—until such time as they
shall have conquered for themselves a gun—with
pikes or scythes, manufactured in the camp in im-
provised smiths' and armonrers' forges. Moveable
columns, as they are called, are sent against the
insurgent bands. When the latter consider them-
selves in a favourable position they accept the com-
bat, and otherwise they give way and retire. The
troops very seldom penetrate into the woods, but ,
return to their headquarters without having over-
taken the insurgents, Unhappily these military
expeditions leave the most deplorable traces behind
them. It is incomprehensible that the superior
officers of the Russian army can allow such robbing
and plundering to take place. I can again cite to
you remarkable instances of Russian excesses. Near
the little town of Kejdany there was a moveable
column, commanded by Cot. Dellingshausen. In the
night of March 27 and 28 two cavalry outposts
were disarmed by some insurgents. To discover these
latter, the troops, led on by the aaid colonel, attacked
the little town and completely sacked the mansion
of its proprietor, Count M. Czapski.
" On the 29th the house of Madame von Fergits-
Winsentow was plundered and burnt because it was
alleged that some insurgents had halted there. A
woman servant, who endeavoured to save the cattle,
was thrown into the flames. The consequence of
such proceedings is that, among the country people,
a panic terror of the Russians prevails, and on their
approach everybody who can move flies from the
villages. This may be one cause that they are so
ill-informed of the movements of the insurgents.
On the 28th ult. a company of the Ist battalion of
Sharpshooters was almost annihilated by the insur-
gents, who had chosen a very favourable position,
firing down from a steep, sandy, wooden eminence
upon the troops, who had the hill on their right
hand and the river on the left, and were thus com-
pletely exposed. Of the whole company very few
escaped. To-day (April 1) Gen. Liehatscheff re-
turned hither from the Angustowo Government,
with a regiment of Dragoons and eight guns. A
few hours after his arrival official news came in that
the insurrection had broken out again, and more
violently than before, in the district he had just left.
The railway train to Wirballen, which left this at
2 p.m., has come back from the first station. The
station of Koslowa-Ruda has been attacked, and the
garrison, consisting of 80 men, annihilated by the
insurgents. Towards evening an extra train, with
two companies of infantry and 30 Cossacks, was
despatched to tbctt place, but it was said that they
have been repulsed with loss. In the last four days
reinforcements have been received here. To-day
_ _ _

three wounded Russian officers and six carts of
wounded soldiers were brought in from beyond the
Wilia.

"April 2.—The train from Wirballen has arrived.
The news of the defeat of the Russians at Kos-

lowa-Ruda is confirmed. During the past night a
band of insurgents penetrated close up to the town.
They ,'showed themselves before the Carmelites, a
building in which are a military hospital and a'pri-
son for political offenders. After the garrison had
been alarmed, they disappeared and left no trace.
I have just been witness of a cruel spectacle. Seven

insurgent prisoners, four of them wounded, were
brought in from Koslowa-Ruda. Instead of taking
the wounded men to an hospital, the soldiers paraded

them about, bleeding as they wire, with their three
companions, through the principal streets of Kowno.
This seems dove tc deter others from revolt."

yearj,:inaletliayeo,
financial y
blyustThiec EH. --o.uTshee
osfumCom£2l:oBnos,3f4ort lour has
charges
the vote
to LbeAlvvoAteNdp
foofr 1
asthte cyttorarre.n t
o year—an
oentirionlcyrenaseowofvo£ol7m,oa3k3esovietrs
etporiod from
ear first appearance this ffol
last
stthseesLsai
session;
;Rtehgei Registry-
office, established under the
PAZZ:li,sloBf634,3a,n3Vaf,oor3othfoerAugustexpense i last
s
ot
commen-
cing at this last date; of fees received not a syllable
is less than last year's by £49,851 ; the
One charge in there votes, the charge for the Irish Consta-
bulary,providing the men with Enfield rifles is over, and the out-
lay for clothing is smaller this year. On the other hand, the
expense of criminal prosecutions at assizes and quarter ses-
sions is estimated at £23,000 more than in last year. The
charge for prison and convict services is £44,000 more than
last year; the increase occurs partly in the maintenance of
600 convicts in probationary discipline in county gaols, and
of other sentenced prisoners in county gaols and reforma-
tories, and partly also in the growing expense of Broadmoor
Criminal Lunatic Asylum, as it becomes more fully occupied,
the charge for it rising from £17,400 last year to £30,965,
Provision is made for 10,466 prisoners in Government con-
vict prisons at home--an increase of 415 over last year ;
there are also nearly 3,000 convicts to be provided for in
Australia and Gibraltar ; and charges are made for provid-
ing for the transportation of 900 convicts to Australia, and
300 to Gibraltar. The votes, however, are not confined to
the charges of criminal justice ; there is the £166,000 for the
county courts—the estimated deficiency after allowing for
the fees paid by the suitors ; there is £17,850 for 85 revising
barristers at £2lO each, and a number of other items. If to

the whole amount of these votes we add £690,253, payable

out of the consolidated fund for other charges of courts of
justice, we shall find that the administration of justice for
. _

the year will require from the public purse £3,470,600, to
which may be added about £1,200,000 for local police
rates. These sums, keep out of law individually as we
may, we must raise and pay by rates and taxes, subject to
such reduction or repayment as may bo obtained by fines
and fees levied.

DISCOVERIES IN ROME.

(from the Builder )

The Church of St. Nicole in Carcere has been closed for
repairs during about 17 years, but we are assured that the
slow advancing works are, at last, near to completion, and
that this ancient building amidst the quaint irregular
streets near the Tiber, where once stood the Forum
Olitorium (or vegetable market), beyond the line of
the Servian walls, will be re. opened, and restored in
a style of splendour, but preserving its leading features of
basilica architecture, within six months hence. All are
familiar with the story of " The Roman Daughter," and
the prison consecrated into a temple of piety to commemo-
rate the act by which she saved aparent's life—one example
of the reverence entertained for domestic virtue amidst
whatever corruption of manners in ancient Rome. But
archreologists have destroyed the claims once admitted for a
spot supposed to be that story's theatre—the subterranean
cell below a temple of the republican period, included within
the St. Nicholas Church. That in this celebrated incident
the relationship of the personage was different from that
generally assumed, and often represented by art. a mother,
not a father and daughter, being the real actors in the
scene in which the life of one was saved by nourishment
from the other's breast, must be admitted on the credit
of the only reliable classic authorities by whom it is men
tioned—Pliny, " Hist Nat." vii. 36, and Valerious
Maximus, I. v. c. 4. For the version which presents the
subject, more pictorially indeed, as a father's life thus
saved by a daughter, we have only the less trustworthy
report of Solinus, " Polyhist," and Festus, in
" Pietate ;" whilst Pliny states distinctly that the
temple dedicated to Piety on that prison site (a sacellum,
or chapel according to Sollinus) was, among several edifices,
swept away to make room for the theatre begun by Julius
Ca3sar and finished by Augustus, with dedication to Mar-
cellus. The other Temple of Piety being in the immediate
vicinity, we may understand how the two became con-
founded, and one at least positively mistaken for the other
by ecclesiastical authorities, amidst the ignorance of Me-
diasval Rome in regard to all concerning her own antiquities.
Till the sth century of our era, it is supposed, this temple
still remained entire; and in the 9th century was raised
above its then ruined structure the church known as " St.
Nicholas in the Prison," a name expressing the popular
tradition—source, no doubt, of a special privilege possessed
by it from the time, it is said, of St. Damasus (who held
thin eurA before becoming pope), namely, that all the pri-
sons in Rome were subject to the jurisdiction of its clergy
as pastors of their parochial centre. A benefactor and re-
storer of this parish church was the Cardinal Borgia, who
became Pope Alexander VI.; and in 1599 was built the
façade still standing, on an obscure piazza, from ;he design
of Giacomo della Porta. Certain it is, that on this site
stood the Temple of Piety, built, or at least founded, A.U. C.
573, in fulfilment of the vow made 10 years previously by
Acilius Glabro, on occasion of his victory over Antiochus,
the Syrian king, at Thermopylae; but dedicated by that con-
queror's son, who placed before its front a guilt equestrian
statue of his father, mentioned by Livy (1., x., c. 34), as the
first "status aurata " seen in Rome. Earlier, about the
end of the sth century, a temple to Hope near the same
spot, had been dedicated by Attilius Collatinus, who
triumphed over the Carthaginians in the year 497, and had
twice been consul. This, first restored after a fire in 640,
was rebuilt under Augustus, to be dedicated anew, after
his death, by Germanicus ; and in its extant ruins Canina
points out ornamental features added on to the lonic of the
primitive building, in style evidently of the early imperial
period (see " Esposizione Topog. di Roma Antica"). The
third of the adjacent temples, here forming one group, was
dedicated to Juno Sospita by the Censor Cornelius Cathe-
gus, four years after he had vowed its erection previously
to engaging in battle with the Cisalpine Gauls and Insu-
brians in the year of Rome 559. Of this last we have no
further record, save in the Catalogues of the Regionaries,
Victor and Rufus, showing that it still existed, probably
entire, about the end of the fourth century of our era.
The first excavations with the object of discovering these
ruins under the church by which all these temples had been
absorbed, buried beneath modern buildings, were, in 1808,
directed by the architect Valadier; and the results led to
establishing beyond all doubt the fact that the three fanes
had stood parallel from east to west, the central being that
to Piety, and of largest dimensions, approached from the
Forum Olitorium by 15 steps, its entire area measuring 105
feet by 50 feet. Surrounded by a Boric peristyle of fluted
columns in peperino, with six in double file along the front
and back, 11 in single file along each side, it was therefore
a hexastyle peeudodipteros. A portion of the pedestal for
the equestrian figure of Acilius Glabro was dug up near its
front, so placed that it appeared to have divided the first 10
steps of the outer staircase into two branches; and along the
remains of a projecting basment or socle, adorning the fa.
gade, were found several quadrate niches between pilasters,
destined, as Niddy infers, for the bronze tablets of Fasti,
here displayed to public view on the forum. Opposite is
supposed to have stood the Columns Lectaria, a pillar at
which it was the inhuman practice of paganism to leave in-
fants exposed for the chance of being taken to nurse by
some compassionate stranger. The church of St. Nicholas
has arcades and columns, dividing nave and aisles under a
flat coppered ceiling, the Corinthian capitals and marble
shafts being unequal, and from their irregularity manifestly
the spoils of some classic and splendid edifice. We descend
into the confessional,an elliptic chamber recently constructed
below the high altar, and thence pass through a spacious
modern vault, under the sanctuary,into a long dark corridor,
a vaultedsube enormous brickwork,
qaulaorneg
belaocctss iodte.
travertine,o f
which
runs
struinctmur°eli
in-
terrupted at irregular intervals by small quadrate cells,
whose walls are of peperino, alike massive, all of the same
dimensions, scarcely in any part ruinous, but withoutenclo-
sure or any remnant of walls in front ; and this absence
both of masonry and doorways to guard the entrances cer-
tainly does not consist with the theory of imprisonment
being the destined purpose of these interiors. The old cus-
tode, whose one idea on the subject is continually dinged
into our ears, with repetition of the words " carcere, car-
cere," improves indeed on the favourite version of the
" Roman Daughter" story, by converting the mother not
merely into a father, but a senator of Imperial Rome, who
was undoubtedly confined here I

The above-described travertine structure is surmounted at
regular intervals by the basements and shafts of a peperino
colonnade, here seen in very imperfect glimpse, the upper
part of all of the pillars being built up in the church wall
above. Hence we pass into two other parallel corridors,
each lined, but only along one side, with similar cells con-
structed in peperino, opening from a projecting front of tra-
vertine. At one end of the corridor, running southwards,
we reach a flight of steps, antique, leading to a doorway,
and this egress opens on a narrow winding passage now
blocked up at a short distance by fallen masonry. The
walls each aide of this doorway are reduced to mere rubble-
work. without any incrustation of hewn stone ; and the
custode sagaciously assures us that this mysterious passage
leads as far as the basilica of St. Sebastian on the Appian
Way, at least three miles distant I A large chamber, in
masonry,similar to that of the cells, opens at the end of one
corridor, and another, still larger, is now only visible through
a gap in the modern walls, completely shut in by the re-
stored vaults under the church's tribune. The shaft and
Doric capital of one of the columns, imperfectly seen be-
low, is recognised, half embedded in a niche, after we have
z eturned to the aisle of the church ; and opposite, in the
southern line of walls, are partly visible some other pepe-
rino columns, of which seven may be fully seen from a
narrow court external to the building on this side. In
another court off the northern side are several fragments
of architectural ornaments, some in marble, now set into
a wall for better display, their rich character in a few in-
stances contrasted with the simplicity distinguishing all
else in these ruins. More interesting is what we see after

ascending to a platform immediately under the old belfry,

where we stand between two files of walls and cornices—to
the north the Temple of Hope, to the south that of Piety,
alike built in peperino, one loftier than the other, with cor-
nice better preserved, the details of the egg-moulding still
clear, though not unworn by time, with a frieze below, along
which are numerous indentures, evidently the holes for nails,
by which were fastened letters of a varnished inscription.
The opposite lower cornice is less perfect and less strongly
marked in its relief details. Still higher, ascending to an-
other terrace, wo see several courses of the masonry belong-
ing to the Temple of Piety ; and these terminate in a broken
arch of very massive structure, the complete span of which
must have been considerable. Among antiques appro-
priated to sacred use in the church is a sarcophagus of the
finest green porphyry, with two expressive Medusa heads

in low relief on each front, this being destined for the relics
under the high altar, to bo surmounted by a canopy resting
on four columns of Oriental alabaster.

The excavations on the height immediately above the An-

tonine Thermm are continuing, as has been the case during
the last six years, but now apparently rather in the object
of giving employment to the youths of the ieformatory for
juvenile culprits located at this old convent than with any
expectation of great results. Several brick constructions,
in the style of the later imperial period, and a series of pa-
rallel arched chambers with entrances walled up, under one
wing of the inhabited buildings, attest the foundation of
some extensive edifice on this elevated ground. For some
time archmologists were at a loss to divine further, still less

determine, when the discovery, in '59, of a few words on a
water-pipe, proved sufficient to identify beyond doubt--

ABI CHILONIS PRABF VRB,

e tgbi
oe npa
rail
easc e, iot
sf
ofsittehefoßr
Fabius Chilo, the Domus
master having been prefect at Rome, consul in the years
explaining the destination
coifionthisis
193 and 204, and at one time preceptor of Antoninus Ca-
racella, racella, who was on the point of sacrificing him, together
with the countless other victims put to death after the
murder of Geta, as suspected friends of that higher victim.
Some of the brickwork ruins have been swept away since
the discovery here ; and we were sorry to observe the dila-
pidation of a more important structure in their vicinity, de•
scribed and engraved in Sir Wm. Gell's "Topography of
Rome," —a remnant of the Servian fortifications against
the declivity on which this convent stands now built into
the inclosnre wall on the side overlooking the valley be-
tween this and the Palatine Hill. Only two courses, in
large squared blocks of volcanic Alban stone, are left—con-
siderably less than appears in Gall's pages.
Some time ago a proprietor of enterprise in such under-
takings, Signor Guidi, began other excavations not far from
this spot, immediately below the southern end of the Auto-
nine Therma,, outside the great inclosed area of those ruins,