The Sun.
London, England, 1863-08-08 00:00:00

tion.

General Blunt routed the Confederates on the
16th inst., at Elk Creek, Indian territory.
The Southern journals report that General
Rosecrans is organising his forces to attack
Atalanta. He has made a raid on the North
Western and Georgia Railroad. Preparations are
being made to defend Atalanta and the railroad to
Chattanooga.
There was a sharp engagement on the 16th on
James's Island, the Confederates being there in
strong force. The Federals abandoned the island.
Gen. Beauregard officially reports the Federal
repulse from Fort Wagner. The loss of the Con-
federates was 150 killed, that of the Federals, in-
eluding prisoners
were under a flag of truce.
•
Gen. Leewas about 2,000 ; nearly 800
haspassed through Chester Gap, and
is moving in the direction of Culpepper and Orange
Court-house. The Federals engaged his rear at
Chester Gap, and captured 1,200 cattle.
NEW YORK, JULY 27 (Evening).
The Federal fleet bombarded Fort Wagner on
the 18th inst., without effect.
At dusk 11
regiments, including one coloured
regiment, led by Gen, Strong and Col. Putnam,
stormed the Fort, but were repulsed with heavy
slaughter and
compelled to fall back to their
entrenchments. The troops
displayed great
bravery, many of them reaching the parapet.
The coloured troops suffered severely. Colonel
Putnam and numerous officers were killed.
The Federals estimate their losses, since the
12th, at 1,000 men.
The Confederates have destroyed all wharves at

Acqnia Creek.
Geueral Morgan with the balance of his com-
mand have been captured and taken to Cincinnati.
The further pursuit of General Johnsto❑ has been
abandoned.

(per the Persia.)

FRANCE.

NEW yORK, JULY 29 (Morning).

PARIS, AUG. 8.

General Lee's army is now south of Culpepper.
His passage through Chester Gap was ineffectually
opposed by Buford's cavalry.
It is supposed General Lee will resume i 3 defen-
sive position on the .Rappahannock.

A Confederate force, supposed to be the advance
of General Bragg's army, attacked a small Federal
force at Richmond,
Kentucky, and the latter, pur-
sued by the Confederates, fell back to within five
miles of Lexington.

Martial law hes been proclaimed in Lexington.
The citizens have been called upon to defend the

A Confederate force, 15,000 strong, is said to be
moving northwardvia Crab Orchard.
Southern journals state that the Federals have
gained and held, during one hour, a position in a
salient of Fort Wagner, but were driven out.
The Southern journals, although acknowledging
oft
the South.
helaitnedrepeveenrdseesn,caeppear still confident of the ulti-
mateVice-President Stephens has made several
speeches
President Davis has issued a proclamation
urging the people to receive in thankfulness the
ttrn
of he Southern u expressing
lesson taught them in the recent reverses and ap-
pointing August 21st as a day of fasting and prayer.
The Governor of Georgia has called for 8,000
troops to be ready on August 4th. He urges none
to despair of ultimate success.
The New York Daily
News asserts that Presi-
dent Davis has sent a messenger to the Emperor
Napoleon, proposing an offensive and defensive
alliance, the Confederate Government acknowledg-
ing the protectorate over Mexico and promising to
modify the institution of slavery.
The New York Herald says, that when the re-
bellion is crushed America will step in to restore the
Republican form of Government in Mexico. The
New York 7inies says that the proclamation of the
Mexican Empire shows that an affiliation between
Napoleon and the South is absolutely necessary.
The Courrier des Etat Unis thinks that the vote
of the notables must be ratified by universal
is the notables had a right to act pro-
visionallythe people's name. " The Archduke
suffrage,
an
Maximilian," says the Courrier," "will doubtless
desire to see the stability of their throne affirmed by
a popular vote."
Mayor Opdyke has voted the City Council's ap-
propriation of money for drafted men. He says
that the riot was an outbreak of traitors. General
Sandford, commanding the State militia, has issued
a report that the riot would have been sooner
quelled if General Brown had not withdrawn the
Government troops against General Wool's ord.?rs.
General Wool reports that General Brown
although ordered, refused to obey Gen. Sandford.
The Opposition journals assert that General
Brown received his inspirations from -Washington.
Mr. John G. Crittenden is dead.
The steamer Merrimac has capturod a sidewheel
steamer, driven ashore upon entering Charleston.
The New York Herald asserts that Mr. Seward
has informed Earl Russell that, if •privateers con-
tinue to be fitted out in England, Federal war
vessels will not regard British ports :as a protection
to privateers. The Herald fears. till It a war with

Cash. Account.
Orleans lOl5 .. 1017 50
Northern
New. ditto
Lyons and Mediterranean 1025 .. 1020
Geneva ..
Southern
Western
Eastern .... 495 .. 497 50
Sardinian " 407 50 .. 410
Austrian
Lombard
North of Spain
Saragossa 6BO .. 685
Ditto to Barcelona

FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.

PARIS, Saturday, August 8.

Le Pays announces that his Excellency, M. de
la Tour d'Auvergne, Ambassador of France at
Rome, is now expected immediately from Plom-
bieres, but it adds that the Prince will rest some
time at Paris before returning to his post.
Le eiecle directs attention to the announcement
made by the Revue de l'lnstruction Publique that
it will henceforth contain, what it has ceased to
contain for the last few years, to wit, a political
department, or, as we have it here in England,
leading ,articles.

HEINHICH HEINE was a man who could say
things lilto this :—"Pouvez-vous siffler ?" His doctor
asked him one day, when he was almost at his last gasp ;
" siffier," .as every one knows, having the double meaning
of to whist le! and to hiss :—Helas I non," was his whispered
answer ; "pas memo une com4die de M. Scribe !"
" TOOT EC DRAWN WITH A BRADAWL !—I was in
a country place, writes a dentist, some distance
from a town, when an unfortunate sufferer came to me in
an agony of pain from toothache. Having no instrument
at hand, I advised her to go to the nearest doctor and ask
him to remove it. She made the round of all the doctors
and chemists in the neighbourhood, but not one among
them would touch the tooth. Finally she returned to me,
and prayed that I would "take the tooth out somehow."
What was to be done .? The woman was nearly mad with
pain and disappointment. I selected a bradawl from a car-
penter's tool-box, and extracted the molar. Upon another
and very recent occa slots I was obliged to have recourse to
an oyster-knife for the same purpose.

THE PRINCE OF WALES OWNER OF NEWSTEAD
ABBEY !—A rumour is current in usually well-informed
circles that his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales has
purchased the mansion and estates of Newstead, Notts,
formerly the seat of the noble bard, Lord Byron. After
the death of Col. Wildman the estate passed into the hands
of Mr. Webb, who, it is said, has sold it to his Royal High-
ness. The rumour is generally' believed in Nottingham,
and has appeared in one of the local newspapers.—Court
Chronicle.

AN IRISH LIBEL CASE.—The case of the Queen
at the prosecution of the Mayor of Belfast v. John
Rea, for libel, which has ocoupied Judge Hayes and a spe-
cial jury for the last ten days, has just terminated. After
being absent about a quarter of an hour the jury returned
into court, and handed in a verdict for the prosecutor on all
the issues. Sentence will not be pronounced, the issue
being from the Queen's Bench, until the November Term.
The defendant took exception to everything up to the last,
and will carry the case as far eis he can,

The Invalide Russe of yesterday says :—" The
Emperor returned from his excursion to Finland
yesterday afternoon. At Favastehuus his Imperial
Majesty reviewed 10 battalions of Finnish. chasseurs,
and was present at a sham fight in the camp esta-
lished upon the road between Abo and Bierenborg.
While marching past the troops sang Russian and
Finnish national hymns."
Tha same paper gives the following from Moscow :
" The energetic and dignified attitude of our
Government, in face of the pretensions of
the Western Powers to intervene in our
internal affairs, has gained it the support
of all to whom the national dignity is dear. The
ukase ordering the new levy for the mouth of No-
vember is considered by our population as a gua-
rantee that this attitude will be firmly maintained.
Thus this measure, which has hitherto always
created discontent and grief among the masses, has
been received upon this occasion with joy and gra-
titude. The replies of Prince Gortschakoff have
called forth general enthusiasm. Everybody re-
gards the future with satisfaction and calm. The
moral strength of Russia has increased considerably
of late, and she will surmount all her difficulties.
With this assurance, Russia need not fear any
The steamer Emma has been captured. j foreign coalition."

The Aloniteur of this morning publishes the text
of Prince Gortschakoff's despatch of the 30th July
to 112. de Budberg.

BOURSE, Aug. 7.—Stock continues freely offered,
and quotations show a further decline—Threes, for
the Account, being now at 67f 40c. English Con-
sols arriving with a fail of has tended to cause
heaviness in this market. Railway Shares have
been firmer than Rente, and prices up to this hour
show but trifling variations. The market closed us
follows :-
11 per Cents. 96 40
Do. end month
3 per Cents
Do. end month 67 35
Credit Mobilier..., 1091 25
Do. end month 1085
Bank Shares 3365
Credit k oncier 1255 -
RAIL'

Italian Loan 72 20
Do. end month 7l 90
New ditto
Do. end month 72 20
Russian
Austrian
Spanish Threes 53
Home Debt -
MAYS.

THE ARCHBISHOP OP NIMES.
His Pastoral Condemnatory of M, Renan's
" Vie de Jesus."

From the introduction of this noble and affecting
document (briefly referred to by us yesterday as
having but just now made its appearance), we
translate a few of the more striking passages :

" It is a humiliation for France, because it is an
affliction for the Church.

" To speak plainly, the notion of this work has
been far longer in the world than the writer of it
apparently imagines.
" It was put forth for the first time in writing by
Cerinthe, Ebion and the Nicolai(es, blasphemers
contemporary with the Apostles themselves.
" Arius pursued the same course three hundred
years later.

" The Socinians followed in their turn after a long
succession of innovators.

"Finally, as Volt aire came, armed with his brilliant
genius, to precipitate Christ from the throne that
the adoration of ages had erected for him, Strauss,
in our days, has endeavoured to arrive at the same
conclusions by the employment of a false science.
"And M. Renan is nowadays nothing more than
the last link in an immense chain of conspirators,
raised up one after another by the spirit of lying
and impiety against the divine royalty of Jesus
Christ in the world.

" Blasphemy, however, does not exhaust its efforts
any more than does Truth itself.

" Although aged by so many centuries, although
repeated so many times, under so many different
forms, and by the aid of so many deicidal pens,
the negation upon which the Vie de Jesus turns, is
none the less afflicting for that reason to the
Church. Jesus Christ is her God. Jesus Christ is
her Founder. Jesus Christ is her spouse. Jesus
Christ is her treasure. By all these titles she
cherishes Him with a love sacredly impassioned.
" What is saddest in all this, is the general calm
with which the appearance of such a work is wel-
comed.

"Formerly the audacities of Arius agitated the
whole world with a glorious indignation.
"In this nineteenth century, on the contrary, M.
Renan reiterates the blasphemies of Arius, and the
universe remains unmoved.

"The work of the aggressor is read with an avidity
that amounts almost to a furor, and the mass of
Christians remains the while mute and motionless.

" The Archbishop himself observes, however, a
little later on in his Pastoral—

" A pious indignation has taken possession of us
(meaning himself in his archiepiscopal character),
at the sight of this new crucifixion, in which the
critics and the rhetoricians come to condemn our
God, and at the general indifference with which the
public at large assist at this repetition of another
Calvary.

" Would that we were an Athanasius, or a Hilary,
so that we might then give utterance to these senti-
ments with befitting energy and authority.
"Nevertheless,in spite of our nothingness, in spite
of the obscurity of our pen and of our name, it has
been impossible for us to remain silent: and if in
the cries that we have raised there are some that
may appear violent, we do not experience any re-
morse, we do not offer any excuses, because we
cannot conceive that it is possible for one to discuss
without ardour a production the impiety of which
makes the very Heavens shudder to their uttermost
foundations."

M. RENAN'S "VIE DE JESUS."—The fifth edition
of M. Renan's " Vie de Jesus," of which 35,000
copies have been sold in six weeks, has been published in
Paris. Monsigneur Gousset, Cardinal Archbishop of
Rheims, has also condemned the work in a charge to the
clergy and faithful of his archdiocese, issued on the 29th
ult.

Sanitary Condition of the City of London,

Dr. Letheby, the medical officer of health for the
City of London, in his quarterly report just pre-
sented to the Sewers Commissioners, states that the
numbers of births and deaths—the former 731, and
the latter 669—were both below the average for
the season—the mean proportion of births for the
corresponding period of the last 10 years being 844,
and the deaths 721. Of the 731 births, 405 were
males, and 326 females ; and of the 669 deaths, 343
were males, and 326 females. The birth-rate of the
City, with the exception of the Eastern union, has
been very small, being 10.2 per 1,000 of the popu-
lation less than the rate in all England, and 3.2
less than that of the whole of London. Though
the deaths are a little below the average for the
quarters of the last 10 years, and below the average
in the town districts of England, they are largely
in excess of that of the whole country. The mor-
tality in the western division of the City is still
excessive, though somewhat less than during former
years. The following is the number of deaths from
different diseases :-85 from phthisis, 24 from tabes
and scrofula, 13 from hydrocephalus, 35 frcm
teething and the convulsions of infancy, 111 from
pneumonia and bronchitis, 15 from continued fever,
68 from scarlet fever, 28 from small-pox, 16 from
measles, 18 from whooping cough, 21 from croup
and diphtheria, 8 from erysipelas, and 9 from
diarrhoea, only 4of which were adults. Altogether
there were 132 deaths from tubercular diseases,

111. from inflammatory affections of the lungs,
and 183 from diseases of a zymotic character.
The first of these is below the average for the season
(164), but the last is considerably above it (131); the
increase having been due to a large mortality from
scarlet fever and small-pox, both of which have
assumed an epidemic character, and have caused
more deaths than are on record in any quarter for
the last eight years. In the preceding quarter, the
number of deaths from scarlet fever was but 37,
and from small-pox only 5 ; and in the summer as
well as the autumn quarter of last year, there were
not more than 20 deatha from the former disease,
and 4 from the latter. The increase of small-pox
is attributed, by the Report, to a disregard of proper
and effective vaccination.• Out of 508 cases, 108 of
which were fatal, Dr. Letheby was told that in
323 vaccination had been performed in infancy, and
that the operation had taken well; but he believed
that in the most of them the act was merely a for-
mal one—the arm was punctured, and the wound
touched with lymph that had no power in it. He
had ascertained that 114 of the cases had not been
vaccinated, and of that number 44 died. Mr.
Marson, the resident surgeon of the Small-pox and
Vaccination Hospital at Highgate, found that when
small-pox attacked persons who had not been vac-
cinated it killed 1 in every 3 ; but when vaccination
had been performed the death rate of those attacked
by the disease fell to lin every 15. He found also
that the protective power of vaccination was in
proportion to the way in which it had been done.
If after the operation there remained permanently
upon the arm but one scar or cicatrix the mortality
from the disease was 7.57 per cent; if two scars,
4,23 per cent. ; if three, 2.85 per cent.; and if four,
not one in a hundred died, the mortality being
only 0.74 per cent. But not all who have been
merely cut in the arm, and, as they think, vacci-
nated, were protected ; for though the operation
might have been done in infancy, if no scar re-
mained, 22 per cent. would die, on taking the
disease. It was the remaining scars upon the
arm, therefore, which told of the success of the
operation and its protective power. After stating
that there is a great want of means for deter-
mining what relation existed between the number
of children born and the number of successful
operations, Dr. Letheby expresses his opinion that
the vaccinators should be reduced as far as possible,
in order the better to preserve the lymph, and to
secure greater skill in the operation.

A REMARKABLE CALM ON THE ATLANTIC.—The
vessels which arrived at Greenock on Monday report
the Atlantic to have been as smooth as a millpond for days,
without a breath of wind and scarcely any perceptible
swell; and one ship was becalmed for 14 days about 150
miles off the Irish coast, a remarkable occurrence in a quar-
ter of the globe notorious for the opposite extreme of weather.
The quiet and unruffled appearance of the ocean is described
to have been such as has seldom if ever been witnessed in
these latitudes by the most experienced shipmaster. This
calm must have detained a number of inward bound ships,
but a breeze having since sprung up, a whole fleet of ves-
sels are expected in Channel, and will be in the Clyde in a
day or two. On Tuesday we had an instalment of them in
the arrival of no fewer than seven large vessels.--Glasgow

nrt
e,/rtifiat

Journey of the Prince and Princess of Wales.

FRIDAY NIGHT.
The Prince and Princess of Wales visited Holyrood
Palace and Edinburgh Castle this forenoon. Being in an
open carriage, they received a most enthusiastic welcome in
passing through the streets. An immense crowd waited
at the Palace and Castle. At 2 o'clock heavy rain fell, and
at half-past 3, the hour of departure, it poured in torrents,
drenching the spectators. Their Royal Highnesses jour-
neyed in a special train to Perth, where they arrived at half-
past 5, residing at the British Hotel, in the vicinity of the
station. The weather was fair on their arrival,

Prince and Princess William of Baden and suite
arrived at Claridge's Hotel yesterday from Germany, en
route to Osborne.

The Prince Obolensky has arrived at Claridge's
Hotel from St. Leonards-on-Sea.

The Duchess (Emily) of Beaufort and Lady Edith
Somerset are for the present staying with the Duke and
Duchess of Beaufort at Badminton.

The Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne
have left Lansdowne House, Berkeley-square, for Bowood
Park, Wilts.

The Countess (Dowager) of Jersey left town
yesterday for Osterley Park, near Hanwell, to pass a few
weeks.

The Earl and Countess of Bessborough leave
town to. day for Bessborough Park, the family seat in Ire-
[and.

Mrs. Thornycroft has been appointed by the
Queen instructress in the art of sculpture to the young
Princesses.

THE LATE MARQUIS OF NORMANBY.

I had Been him only a few days before in his
usual place in the House of Lords (says a graphic
writer in the Queen of this morning), where during
the late session he was a constant attendant. He
was always one of the first to arrive, and his ap-
pearance invariably attracted attention. To those,
however, who knew him years ago, that appearance
was painful. I remember him in the old House of
Lords, the hail of the Lords that was extemporised
out of the ancient painted chamber of St. Stephen's.
He was then a man of noble presence, tall, erect,
graceful, and handsome, with a voice powerful,
clear, ringing, and musical. He must have been
upwards of six feet high, and he always to the last
dressed in the best possible taste. He was at that

time a recognised political leader, and had shortly
before been the Secretary to the Home Department.
How changed the appearance he presented a few
weeks ago! He was still tall, commanding, and
erect when standing in repose. The glowing cheek
and curling hair was still by the appliances of art
admirably preserved or represented, and in the dis-
tance he looked the young man still. But when he
moved the illusion was dispelled. Re did not
totter, because he still walked erect, but he moved
with an action that strongly suggested the motion
of a marionette. Paralysis seemed to have stiffened
all his joints, and he carried his left arm bent across
his body, with the hand hanging helplessly down.
He was a wreck indeed in his body, and yet he re-
tained the great power of his voice to the last. It
was as clear, distinct, and ringing, as when I first
saw him years ago in the legendary painted cham-
ber. This was very remarkable. The present
House of Lords is most defective in its acoustic
properties.

But bad as is the construction of the House for
acoustic purposes, there was never any difficulty in
hearing the Marquis of Norman by. His voice was,
as I have said, very remarkable. It was plain
enough to see that all his body was feeble—very
decrepit, and yet his voice was that of a strong,
powerful man. When he spoke, it reached to the
farthest corner of the strangers' gallery. This is a
remarkable characteristic also of Lord Palmerston.
His voice is of immense power; there is not a more
powerful voice in the House of Commons.
The same writer thus describes—

THE PRESENT MARQUIS OF NORMANBy, the
only son of the late marquis, as unlike his father
in appearance as it is possible for two men to be. I recol-
lect him a few years ago in the House of Commons, as the
Earl of Mulgrave, when he was one of the whippers-in to
the Government—not a very dignified office for the only son
of a marquis. Ha was afterwards made Lieut.-Governor of
Nova Scotia. He is a stout ungainly man, with large round
features, light flaxen hair, and, the last time I saw him, had
a tendency to the rotund in that part which the imagination
generally associates with an alderman.

EDINBURGH, Thursday Evening.
Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales
arrived hero this evening on their journey to their Highland
residence of Abergeldie. Their visit to Edinburgh, though
merely en route, and as a resting-place on the journey north,
was looked forward to with great expectancy and interest
by the townspeople, and it was matter of serious disappoint-
ment that, instead of arriving at St. Margaret's-station, and
approaching Holyrood Palace through the Royal Park,
they should have resolved to come to the central station and
drive to an hotel. Their reception thus lacked much of its
picturesqueness and splendour, although it probably wanted
nothing in point of cordiality. For a long series of years the
inhabitants of Edinburgh and its vicinity twice a year wit-
nessed a Royal arrival and departure—namely, on the jour-
neys of the Queen, her late illustrious Consort, and family
to and from Balmoral. Even the habitual nature of the pro-
ceedings never deprived it of its eclat and attractiveness, for
the people invariably turned out in great numbers to give
the voice of loyal welcome. On these occasions the spec-
tators extended themselves over the long line of the Park
carriage drive from St. Margaret's to Holyrood and every one
found room, even though the populace turned out en masse.
On the present occasion the spectators had to dispose them-
selves as best they could over a broken line of a quarter of
a mile. This being the first visit of the Princess to the
north, many thousands turned out in hopes to see her, and
the whole route, from Waverley station to the Douglas
Hotel, was densely lined. The windows and points of view
overlooking the scene were all filled. The parapets of
the North-bridge, the windows of the tall Old Town build-
ings, the balconies of the Scott Monument, the opposite
corner of Princes-street, and the houses of St. Andrew-street
and square, were lined or grouped with spectators, and many
of the buildings on the route showed flags and streamers. The
weather was beautiful, the sun, near its setting, lighting
up the curious architectural piles that rise on all sides
of the valley. Within the station the band and a guard of
honour of the 92d Highlanders were drawn up, and outside
an escort of the 3d Hussars was in readiness. On the plat-
form were the Lord Provost and magistrates of the city,the
Sheriffs of the county, the officers of the garrison and staff,
and a select party of ladies and gentlemen invited by the
railway directors. The train, consisting of nine saloon and
other carriages belonging to the Great Northern Rail-
way, propelled by the North British engine, came into the
station about 20 minutes before 8 o'clock, several minutes
before its time. The journey of 57 miles from Berwick had
been made without a stoppage in an hour and 17 minutes
—probably the quickest run ever made over the line.
On alighting the Prince and Princess were received by the
Lord Provost and Sheriff, whose salutations and the cheers
of the assemblage they courteously acknowledged. The
Highlanders and the guard presented arms. No sooner did
the carriage emerge from the station gate than a loud huzza
burst from the expectant assemblage, and the signal, which
was carried along the line, caused an eager scramble for
favourable places. The Royal carriage, which was pre-
ceded to the hotel by that of the Lord Provost, drove very
rapidly, escorted by the Hussars almost at full gallop. The
carriage being closed, a momentary glimpse of the Royal
personages was alt that could be enjoyed, even by the most
fortunate spectator, But the crowd, though they saw little,
did not abate the fervour of their cheers. The route to the
hotel was by Market-street, Waverley-bridge,across Princes-
street, up St. Andrew-street, to the east centre of St. An-
drew-square. In the square the crowding was greatest,
and the pressure was tremendous when the Royal carriage
came forward, followed by a great part of the multitude
which had lined the lower part of the way. So great was
the crush that several women fainted. Immediately
opposite the door of the hotel, a guard of honour of
the 92d and the band of the Hussars were stationed,
and received their Royal Highnesses with the
salute and national air. The military were withdrawn im-
mediately on the arrival of the Royal party at the hotel,
thus leaving the square in the possession of the populace.
From the vast multitude cheer after cheer arose, the sound
of which every moment brought an increase to the throng.
It was evident that the assemblage would not disperse till
they had exhausted the last chances of a sight of the Royal
pair. To soothe the impatience of the crowd, Mr. Sheriff
Gordon appeared at the door to deliver the happy message
that the Prince and Princess would in a few minutes pre-
sent themselves to gratify the eager and ardent loyalty of
the people, after which it was hoped they would separate.
A loud cheer expressed the delight with which the an •
nouncement was received, and after a few minutes of keen
expectancy Major Teesdale threw up one of the windows,
and in a moment or two more the Prince and Princess
came to the front. There was now a tremendous, protracted
and unanimous cheer, which was taken up with loud acclaim
even by the most distant of the crowd. Their Royal H'gh-
nesses acknowledged the salutation with great affability
and courtesy, and withdrew amid a great outburst of ap-
plause, the echoes of which lingered for several minutes.
The multitude then began slowly to disperse.