The Sun.
London, England, 1863-09-19 00:00:00

THERMOMETER.

This morning
This day at Two o'clock 6O

Barometer-29.79.
Wind—West ; very fine.

t., sum

LONDON, SATURDAY, SEPT. 19, 1863

Daring the autumnal recess our Representative
men are, many of theta, frequently to be ob•
served availing themselves of all kinds of op-
portunities upon which to address the general
multitude upon a great variety of subjects. A
I and the venerable ex-
very few days more
Chancellor Lord BROUGHAM, now in his eighty.
sixth year, will be inaugurating at Edinburgh
the annual meeting of the Social Science Associa-
tion, as its President. It was but very recently
that the great reorganiser of our modern system
of ordnance, that happily-named Sir WILLIAM
ARMSTRONG, was in the same capacity doing the
very like, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by the British
Association. Fortunately for ourselves, here in
England, no such incident could by any possibility
occur amongst us as the one which recently im•
parted so profound and peculiar, and even, it might
be said, so pathetic an interest to the mere oratori-
cal proceedings in connection with the late re-
markable gathering from all parts of Europe, in
the old Flemish city of Malines. There, for the
first time, after the lapse of many years, of absolute
silence so far es the public weee concerned, the
Count DE MONTALEMBERT had the strings of his
eloquent tongue loosened for a while--by what
miraculous process?—by the simple circumstance
of his breathing a free-er atmosphere ! An incident
like that, we repeat, could not by any possibility
have occurred amongst us, here in England, under
the beneficent institutions of our constitutional
Government. It is not simply that here, according
to the magnificent hyperbole of CURRAN, the chain
falls from the slave directly his foot touches this
soil hallowed to freedom. It is not merely
that the gross material indications of arbitrary
rule are swept out of the view of every free
born Englishman. It is—that absolute fieedom
of speech, no less than of persons, is assured unre-
servedly to each and all of the inhabitants of the
United Kingdom. A citizen of the British Empire,
the COUNT DE MONTALEMBERT need not during
all these last dozen years and more of his pure and
noble career, have been stricken dumb, as it were,
have had all his rare and lofty gifts of oratoryhushed,
and hidden away, under the evil influence of a re-
pressive and arbitrary system of Government.
Hardly any more striking illustration of the
extraordinary contrast observable in this one
particular, namely, in regard to the liberty ce
speech allowed upon the opposite sides of
the British Channel, could have thrust
itself upon the recognition of every thoughtful
observer, than that presented to view upon a com-
parison of the reception accorded, in their respective
countries, to the two principal personages but lately
the cynosure of the four thousand souls then
listening to their utterances, in turn, before
the great Congress at Malines. The recep-
tion, always liberal and generous, accorded
here at every available opportunity, in Pro-
testant England, to Cardinal WISEMAN! The
denial of any reception at all, in his capacity as a
public speaker, there in Catholic France, to the
Count de MONTALEMBERT ! The contrast here
presented to view is, in truth, something very re-
markable. It is one as honourable to the generous
spirit of the English people, as it is diametrically
the reverse in regard to our friends across the
Channel. Unless it be altogether a farce in regard
to the elective franchise, yonder in France,
under the shadow of the ballot—and the
results of the elections in all the various arron-
disements in Feria would certainly appear to indi-
cate by the simple fact of their unanimity in sig-
nalizing the rejection of the whole crowd of the
imperial candidates, that it is not a farce altogether
—unless it be a farce to talk about the freedom of
voting at least in the French Provinces under cover
of the Ballot urn, the discredit attaching to the
circumstance of the Count. DE AIONTALEM•
BERT'S rejection by the; electors of Doubs
must ba shared pretty equally between those
electors themselves and the egents of the Eeteep,oies
Government. While, by reason of their total
Jack in France of freedom in speakine, in writ-
ing, and printing, almost, it would 6CM (if we may
judge by the conduct of the electors at Doubs a few
months back), in thinking and in feeling—while
by reason of all ibis, the Count DE MONTALEM
BERT is e:mstraiced, in order to utter the thoughts

that are burning within him, in his very h2nrt, in
journey from Paris to
his very non!, to make a
Alalines, so that he may there speak, in Catholic
Belgium, it; is true, but under a Protestant Sove-

reign—here, in this Protestant England of ours,
Cardinal WISEMAN is magnanimously allowed
perfect freedom of speech whensoever he lists.
Iris reception by the general public upon every
cccabion on which he has cared to appear before

them as an orator, or lecturer, being churacterised,
moreover, by a noble toleration—a toleration

evidenced by tile respectful cordiality with which
at these times he is invariabiy— welcomed. As
scarlet is said to have some sort of

strange, maddening influence up a Bull, it

might have been conjectured by some of the more

cynical depreciators of our national character that
upon JOHN BULL the full-blown scarlet of a Cardi-
nal must needs have an influnce, in every coneeiv-
ale degree as maddening. The mere fact, however,
of Cardinal WISEMAN'S lecturing from time to time,
coupled with the fact of his welcome by us English
people whensoever he does lecture, must long since
have gone far to dissipate every sinister gibe of
this kind as so much idle extravagance. Mean-
while, it must be allowed, in regard to Cardinal
WISE3IAN himself, that he also has individually a
full right to his fair share in halving this perfectly
reciprocated toleration. A Prince of the vast
Hierarchical system, having its centre at Rome—
head himself of a hierarchy the establishment of
which in this country thirteen years ago was
opposed by all the powers of the State both within
and without the walls of Parliament—he has,
nevertheless, personally held his ground since
then so manfully and judiciously that he has won
his way long ago to our respectful consideration,
as a race of freemen, as his fellow-countrymen and
fellow-citizens. And it is thus in a great measure,
as it appears to us, because, besides being a Cardi-
nal, and therefore a Foreign Prince, a man of leVers
and a man of science, an orator and a philologist—
in a word, as the Times calls him this morning,
simply but emphatically, " one of the men of the
day"—he is also unaffectedly and essentially an
Englishman.

delivered at them are
things, and the speeches
Agricultural banquets are by no means uncom-
monseldom very remarkable. The address of Lord NAAs,
however, delivered on the occasion of the annual
show of the Cumberland and Westmoreland Agri-
cultural Society, forms an exemption to the ordinary
discourses. In gives in clear and graphic language
a sketch of the astonishing progress which has
taken place in our agricultural science in the last
thirtyears. That short space of time has
witnessed a fortyt yotal revolution in the whole system of
o r
modern farming. If our grandfathers, said Lord
NAAs, were to rise from their graves they could
hardly believe what they saw. In the last century,
he added, the three great essentials of successful
agriculture have all been, so to say, discovered, or
rather the importance and urgency of their adop-
tion have been fully recognised. These three essen-
tials are draining, deep ploughing, and artificial
manure, not one of which was practised a hundred
years ago. Since that time the improvements in
the different breeds of cattle has been as rapid and
as striking as the increased value of the soil ; and
the most valuable breed we have—the short-horned
Durham—has been called into existence within
that time. Still more remarkable is the change in
the weapons used by the farmer to subdue nature
to his needs. Thirty years ago the farmer, as Lord
NAAS reminded his hearers, thought no other im-
plement necessary for the cultivation of his land
than the common plough. Since then improvement
has followed improvement, invention has followed
invention, until almost every kind of farm work
can now be done by machinery better, cheaper, and
more quickly than by hand. At first there existed,
as we all know, a strong prejudice against their
use, though the farmers are not on that account
more deserving of censure than the townsmen. The
objection to the introduction of these artificial
workmen was common in all climes. In every
trade there were serious obstacles to en-
counter, much prejudice and bitter oppo-
sition to overcome, before machinery was
got fairly to work. In the case of the farmers the
objection continued perhaps longer, being still in
force ,a hen handlooms were discarded and spinning
jennies no longer recognisable in their new forms.
The prejudice, like all other prejudices, has been
unable to hold its ground against the march of en-
lightenment and progress, and accordingly the
number and variety of agricultural machines used
in this country have gone on increasing until they
have reached the result displayed by the statistics
quoted by Lord NAAS. It was found that at the
late exhibition of the Royal Agricultural Society at
Worcester there was a considerable increase in the
number of entries at a similar show at Canterbury
three years before, the number in the one case being
3,947, and in the other 5,839. The Great Exhibi-
tion, too, displayed the same evidences of progress
in this department. "In 1852 six firms turned out
270 steam-engines for agricultural purposes ; and
in 1861 the same firms sold 898, which was an in-
crease of 330 per cent. In 1861 two firma that had
no standing as plough-makers in 1852 sent out
9,309 ploughs. Four firms that had no existence
in 1851 as makers of cultivators, made and sold
1,199 of these implements in 1861. Three firms
who manufactured 333 corn-drills in 1852, raised
the number in Ib6l to 703. Four firms who in
1858 sold only 32 reaping machines, in 1861 sold
1,715. In 1852 six firms sent out 327 thrashing
machines; in 1861 they sold 1,084. The horse-
rakes rose in the same period from 611 to 1,739,
from five firms; the haymakers of two firms, from
.50 to 721 ; the chaff-cutters by three firms, from
1,004 in 1855 to 4,805 in 1861 ; and five firms

which in 1852 turned out 64 corn-bruisers,
increased the number in 1861 to 2,680," ece,

The fact of this large and increasing number of

various machines being now in use in England
proves how very much the use of machinery has
superseded hand-labour. Lord NAAS alluded to
one important reason for the prejudice at one time
so generally felt against its use, namely, the notion
that the use of machinery would do away with a
great deal of manual labour, and consequently be
the means of occasioning serious distress among
the honest and industrious poor. This idea has
now been proved to be fallacious. As many per-
sons are now employed in agricultural pursuits as
at any other time ; and, moreover, it has been
proved that the increased expenditure required by

the use of machinery has resulted in the increase of
production, and, consequently, in the number of
persons employed. All these arguments were
clearly and ably set forward by Lord NAAS, who
forcibly showed that, although in some instances
individuals might suffer, the great body of the
working classes could not fail to profit by any
process that augments the prosperity of the
particular industry in which they are engaged.
While discoursing on the condition of the labour-
ing classes, Lord NAAS could hardly fail to touch
upon the topic that has lately been brought promi-
nently before the attention of the public. The
state of the homes of our working men and their
families has often been discussed, though little
change for the better has, we fear, resulted from
such discussions. It is, therefore, very desirable
that speakers in the position of Lord NAAS should
insist on the importance of the subject, and point
oat to landlords and employers that what is their
duty islalso their interest. "Your labourer," said
Lord NAAS, " is the most valuable and most delicate
machine on your farm. llis
weakness
is your
loss, his strength is your gain. You will find,
even in a money point of view, that you will
get much mere valuable work out of your labourer
if he is well cared and provided for—well lodged
and clothed, comfortable, contented, and happy.
The The noble lord did not, of course, fa to
question on higher grounds, to obs ive that on

,he reflection of the common needs of humanity,

;he feelings and necessities incident ii alike topeer

TIM SON, LONDON,

and peasant, on the sense of what is due to public
health, morality, and decency, " what at first ap-
peared a matter of economy and money, becomes
a matter of duty—a duty of the very highest
order." From -whatever motive, it is to be hoped
that landlords will speedily do something to remedy
this crying evil, the responsibility of whose con •
tinuance cannot be lifted from their shoulders.
Lord NAAS suggested that the surplus derived
from the bountiful harvest of this year of plenty
could in no way be better employed than in im-
proving the dwellings of the labourer. We must
hope that his remarks will have weight with the
company he addressed. The claims of agricul-
ture were ably represented by his Lordship, and
the interest with which his address will be read
by non-professional readers, affords a sufficient
evidence that the noble old art of farming has
advanced out of the dull routine work of the past
century into the higher area of science and know-
ledge.

The King of GREECE has started on his journey
under favourable auspices. His departure was cele-
brated with great pomp, and, altogether, everyone
seemed to conspire to do him bottom. All the
Ministers of State, Foreign Ministers, municipal
authorities, and civil and military functionaries,
were present at his embarkation. He was cheered
by great crowds of people, and the streets were
decorated with the Greek and Danish flAgs. The
Chief President of the city of Copenhagen addressed
farewell speeches to King GEORGE, to which the
new Sovereign responded in a suitablemanner,wexas-
pressing his best wishes for the welfare and pro-
sperity of Denmark. Thus, King GEORGE
started on his journey with good prospects before
him, leaving favourable impressions behind him.
It is to be hoped that the same flattering auguries
will attend him in his new empire, and that his
opening reign will fulfil the expectations that have
been formed of him. In his visits to the three
great capitals he will have opportunity of judging
for himself concerning the state of things and the
mode of procedure in carrying on theaffairsofgreat
countries\ These mighty nations may afford him at
the same time encouragement, warning, and
example. From each he may derive benefit and
deduce experience. In St. Petersburg he may
mark many strange and unwarrantable transac-
tions, but on the whole he will find progress pre-
dominating. The spirit of improvement has pene-
trated to the city of the Cossacks, and already the
signs of the times are apparent in the changes that
are taking place and the decrees that have been
issued. King GEORGE may well draw a moral
from this revolution in the settled despotism that
prevailed there until lately, and when he reaches
his own kingdom endeavour to inaugurate, as far as
possible, the modern style of government in lieu of
the old worn-out type of abeolutism. It may be
all promise and profession on the part of the
Government of St. Petersburg, but still the occur-
rence of these alterations in such an empire
testify to their necessity, and speak volumes for the
feelings that have brought them about. In France
the young KING will be struck with the intelli-
gence and activity of the people. There liberty is
more an " idea" than a reality, but still its image
is cherished with an ardent zeal and worshipped
with a deep devotion. Without any marked or
visible alteratian in outward affairs,a striking poli-
tical movement is taking place ; there are many un-
deniable proofs of the sentiment of the nation being
associated with progress, and the genius of the
people has identified itself with the nation, In
England the Grecian Monarch must be specially
impressed with the benefit and blessings of liberal
institutions. He will witness a great notion that
apparently is quiescent, but that is nevertheless
ever on the watch to guard its lights and secure its
advantages. All these things must have an in-
fluence on the young possessor of royal honours.
That he may profit by his tour of inspection is to
be earnestly desired, and if he reaches the sphere
of his own authority, having derived instruction
from divers quarters and gained enlightenment in
several ways, he will not begin his arduous career
with such obstacles in the road to success as some
may at first imagine. He will, at least, have the
merit of deserving to prosper if he does not do so.
It will be his only chance to adopt at once some
decisive course of action, "No time like the time
present" must be his motto, for it will be tenfold
more difficult to make any change farther on when
men's minds may not be prone to receive new
notions, but may be tempted to fall back into the
old routine and denounce progress impossible, and
an improvement unsuitable to the time and occasion.
The arrangements with regard to the Danish suc-
cession seem to be very satisfactorily settled. King
GEORGE has agreed to take the last place in the order
of succession. By this means it is most probable
that all parties were satisfied, both in Greece and in
Denmark. The Greeks will feel that their new
monarch has entirely associated himself with his
subjects, and made them and their concerns the
chief object of his interests, and the centre of his
plans. The Danes will also be glad to know that
their Prince has not altogether forsaken them.
While the good wishes and kindly feelings that
accompanied King GEORGE from his own country
are realised, it is to be trusted that his mild expres-
sions regarding the welfare of Denmark may be
also exancees. The recent intelligence from Frank-
fort does not bode any good in the affair of Holstein.
On the contrary, Austria has assumed a menacing
attitude, and seems resolved to try the force of
threats, and the arguments that are associated with
a hostile attitude. It is said that no attention has
been paid to the representations which the other
Powers, especiallTEngland, have made in reference
to that vexed question.
ynoed wta•fid'gwenAaadiiutrnwh.sst a l Austria
determined
a has declared that
it rests with the Copenhagen Cabinet to prevent
armed intervention, and that Denmark, not Ger-
many, must give in." This is absurd on the face of
s
will
al
Thet
ahrer
arrogate
encroachmentsgiant meddling King
eto of i
spirit,
t EhN i
i :ma t
nn,
DEN-
ARK
daanunmKei drnar
arkmA .oueuaas
dsytats r
costhold
ofoar
those
l mdher mayhistoo
n
who
them-
selves a right that they have not. These German
wiseacrestheir o
wmnas twna ,
not
aenx
dpe
they
heT
t that
had
at
dheby
eta
tr
ee r to
ushave i
al l
dis-
cretion and retire in time from the persistent course
which they have of late adopted, and so gain the
respect of those nations which now regard their
policy to Denmark with distrust and suspicion.

Mr. SALA, it is rumoured, is hard at work on
Napoleon the Great and his imprisonment in St. Helkna.
Mr. Sala, we hear, has much new matter of importance to
introduce, and his vigorous trenchant style will be sure to
make his pages interesting. He will take the part of "the
caged lion," and be among the most eloquent denunciators
of the perfidious Sir Hudson Lowe.

The Gazette de France publishes the following :
—" We learn from London that King Francis 11.
of Naples has sent an autograph letter to Lord Henry
Lennox, MX., in which his Majesty thanks the noble lord
for the kind sympathy he expressed for the sufferings of
the prisoners and of the Neapolitan people, in his speech in
the Houso of Commons on the Bth May last. King Francis
11. is well aware that Lord Henry Lennox is not a partisan
of his dynasty, but that consideration, far from stopping
him, has, on the contrary, more strongly urged him to
render justice to the part so worthily fulfilled by the noble
lord, and to express to him his gratitude and his admiration
for the courage which he displayed in making known the
whole truth to the English Parliament and people."
The Isle of Man in a few days will, it is said,. be
placed in telegraphic communication with England,

[REUTER'S TELEGRAMS.]

Money easier. Gold, 32 per cent. premium.

Cotton inactive. Middling Upland, 69c.

SATURDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 19, 1363.

LATEST INTELLIGENCE.

AMERICA.
(Per the Persia.)
QUEENSTOWN, SEPT. 19.
The Royal Mail steamship Persia, from New
York on the 9th inst., arrived herd at 2.30 a.m.
to-day, with 72 passengers and 304,387 dols. in
specie. She larded ali mails and five passengers,
and proceeded at 3,13 p,ra. All well.
NEW YORK, SEPT. 7.
It is denied that Lee's army or any part of it
croased the Rappahanncek, except an inferior
cavalry force. Deserters report Lee's forces south
of the Rapids between Blue Ridge and the mouth
of the Rappahannock, and evincing no sign of a
forward movement.

The New lork, Times' correspondent states that
three brigades of Lee's infantry had left Fredericks-
burg on Thursday to reinforce Bragg.

Advices from New Orleans of 29th ult. state that
the Confederates in Attakapas County crossed the
Grand Lake 8,000 strong, It is supposed they in-
tended to attack Brashear City for supplies.
General Schofield has telegraphed to the Go-
vernor of Missouri that there will be an invasion of
Missouri by the Kansas people.
Guerillas have been threatening Eastern Ken-
tucky since the removal of Burnside into Ten-
nessee.

The reported approaching departure of ironclads
from England causes considerable excitement.
The Nw York Herald recommends war rather
than submission to such hostile measures. It sug-
gests that, as soon as an Anglo-rebel steamer at-
tacks a Northern port, an embargo be laid on Bri-
tish shipping to compensate for the damage, and
that British property should be sequestered until a
settlement is made by England,
COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE.

NEW YORK, SEPT. 8 (Evening),

Exchange on London—Bankers' bills, 1451.
Stocks improving. New York Centrals, 133 ;
Illinois, 1261 ; Erie, 105: ; 6 per Cent. United
States Bonds, 105.

Flour and corn heavy. Wheat in limited de
mand.

Provisions in good demand. Coffee very firm
Sugar quiet. Molasses very firm.
Petroleum, 35-1 to 37,1.
Stocks better. Gold, 32 per cent. premium.

NEW YORK, SEPT. 9, Morning.

Southern despatches from Chattanooga, to the sth
inst., say that both armies were in close proximity,
and that a slight cause might
engage-
mentbring on an
at any moment.

Southern journals say thlt the Federals were re-
pulsed at Dramond Gap, Tennessee. They shelled
London, killing two
women. Abridge was burnt
to prevent their crossing.
The same journals state that General Prince had
defeated the Federals below Little Rock, Arkansas.
Imboden, with 1,200 men, had attacked the Fede-
rals, 300 strong, at moorfield, Virginia. The
Federals fell back to Cumberland. The Confede-
rates had attacked Bath, "Western Virginia, but
were repulsed. Quantrell is 30 miles from Kansas
city, with increased forces. The citizens of Kansas
were still preparing for an invasion of Missouri.

Memphis despatches report numerous desertion,
and demoralisation in Bragg and Johnstone's armies.
Much Secession feeling is said to prevail in Ten.

' nessee.
York
shortly
assume the defensive. Correspondence from Rosen.
hiel:.haeld
still Baltimoreass
asserts
r correspondentl ofL eteh
will
iAI
l'e to
cbreaeunz
received to th the Ist nst, states that had
thaittheConfederatesinformationfoweraetion m c,
ovin
northward from Chattanooga for some purpose, it
was supposed to endeavour to overwhelm Burnside
before he formed a junction with Roseneranz.
Secretary Caase has satisfactorily concluded the
50,0000,000 dol. loan with the banks.
Thearez
has New afork
rrived at
says it is rumoured that
Ilid
at Washington incognito,
and
had several interviews with Mr. Seward.
General Schofield has ordered that the Kansas
militia shall not be allowed to enter Missouri.
General Burnside has occupied Knoxville.
The siege of Charleston has no decided result up
to the present.
The troops are removing from the public squares
of New York to the suburbs of the city. 1
Correspondence between Fernando Wood and
President Lincoln, dated December last, has been
published. Wood informs Mr. Lincoln that he has
information that the Southern States would send
representatives to the Federal Congress, provided a
general amnesty was granted, and suggesting that
an official correspondence be opened with the
Southern leaders on the subject. Mr. Lincoln re-
plied that he thought Mr. `good's information
groundless,
would provebut if the people of the
Southern States would cease resi •
stance, reinaugu-
rate, and submit to and maintain the national
authority within the limits of the Southern States,
under the Federal Constitution,
then war would
cease on the part of the United States. If within
a reasonable time a full find
general amnesty were
necessary to such end it would not be withheld, but
ho did not think it proper to communicate this to
the Southern people, who, he believed, already
knew it, and when they chose, could communicate
with him unequivocally. Mr. Fernando Wood
replied, regretting.that Mr. Lincoln declined the
to
innocent effort ascertain whether the South
desired to return to the
Union.
The pauglas and Breckinridge sections of the
Democratic party have held a meeting at Now
at which
York, all minor differences were satis-
factorily adjusted, in order that an united Demo-
cratic opposition to President Lincoln's administra-
tion might be presented to the people during future

The Mayor of
elections.
Leavenworth, Kansas, has been
arrested by the military authorities. This occur-
rence has caused much excitement.
The Wilmington blockading fleet has been
strengthened.
According to Southern despatches from Charles-
ton to the 6th
lost., the bombardment of Forts
Wagner and Gregg by fleet and land batteries had
been incessant for the last 32 hours. They also
state that on the sth inst. the enemy landed near
Cumming's Point, assaulted Fort Wagner, and was
repulsed.

Correspondents assert Admiral Dahlgren to be
of opinion that Sumter is not silenced—hie chief
that the north-west of the work was
as sound as
pilot stating
ever, gig guns being mounted on the
parapet.

General
Gilmore does not share this opinion.
The General has mounted 30 guns, which will
shortly throw Greek fire into Charleston.
It is reported that General Rosencranz attacked
Chattanoop on the 7th inst.
The Scotia has arrived out.
NEW YORK, SEPT. 11.
General Gilmore officially reports under date of
the 7th inst. that his guni completely cover the
city and harbour of Charleston. The Confederate