The Sun.
London, England, 1863-09-01 00:00:00

THE NEGRO.

Dr. JAMES HUNT read a paper " On the Physical and
Mental Character of the Nego." The paper generally treated
of the anatomical and physiological differences between the
negro and European races. The general deductions drawn
were-Ist. That there is as good reason for classifying the
negro as a distinct species from the European, as there is
for making the ass a distinct species from the zebra. 2d.
That the negro is inferior intellectually to the European.
3d. That the analogies are far more numerous between the
negro and apes, than between the European and apes. No
cam annd wo
uhbot ?hoar:
tuhgehnl ye
gi
rnov ebs
et go
Da
gt ess
two i
at hdai
si at
iunbiassed o
fmi nd,
man
to the European. This word species, in the present state of
science, is not satisfactory ; but we may safely say that
there is in the negro that assemblage of evidence which
would, ipso facto, induce an unbiassed observer to make
the European and negro two distinct types of man, My
second and third proposition must be equally patent
to all who have examined the fat's. We must for the pre-
sent leave apart all questions of the origin of the negro,
and simply take him as he exists, and not as poets or fanatics
paint him. We shall then learn that it is only by observa-
tion and experiment that we can determine the exact place in
neture which the negro race should hold, and that it is both
absurd and chimerical to attempt to put him in any other.
Mr. GALTON said that the case was briefly this :
Among the negroes of Africa there were more frequent in-
stances of an abject and superstitious character, combined
with brutal behaviour, than could be paralleled elsewhere in
the world. It was a wonder that people like those of
Dahomey could mould themselves into eny form of society
at all, and it was actually found that when the chief of such
a tribe died it disintegrated and rapidly disappeared. In
short, the tribes of Africa were remarkable for their rapid
formation and short continuance. Many of their chiefs
were of alien descent, and it was remarkable how their
greatest kingdoms had been ruled by Tewareks—men with
Arab blood—or, as Captain Speke now informed us, by
straight-haired Whamas. How did it happen, then, that so
degraded a people could furnish men capable of constructing
nations out of the loosest materials ? The question once
stated was almost its own reply. The negro, though on the
average extremely base, was by no means a member of a
race lying at a dead level. Oa the contrary, it had the ca-
pacity of frequently producing able men capable of taking
an equal position with Europeans. The fact of a race being
distinguished by the diversity of its members, was well-
known to ethnologists. There were black and red sub-divi-
sions of many North African races, and the contrast be-
tween the well-fed and ill-fed classes of the same tribe of
negroes was often such as to amount apparently to a spe-
cific difference. •

Mr. CRAFT, who was received with cheers, said that
though ho was not of pure African descent, he was black
enough to attempt to say a few words in reference to the
paper which had just been read. _ While Dr. Hunt was
reading it a fable occurred to him wnieh he would, with the
permission of the audience, repeat. A lion and a men were
walking together along the road, and disputing as to which
of the two could claim to belong to the superior race. By
and bye they came to a public-house, the sign of which was
a lion violently held down bye man. The man triumphantly
pointed to this in confirmation of his superiority, but the
lion sagely inquired who painted the picture. With regard
to the origin of the negro, he for one believed that black and
white men were all descended from a common parent. Many
scientific gentlemen present would probably dispute that;
but at any rate, supposing Adam to have been the founder of
a race of men, white men had no stronger claim to him as
their father than black men, as it was admitted that owing
to the climate in which he commenced his existence, ho
could have been neither black nor white, but copper coloured.
(Laughter.) As Africans were very dark, and the inhabi-
tants of Northern Europe very fair, and as, moreover, the
nations of Southern Europe were much darker than those
of Northern Europe, it was perfectly fair to suppose that
climate had a tendency to bleach as well as to blacken.
(Hear.) The thickness of the skull of the negro had been
wisely arranged by Providence to defend the brain from the
tropical climate in which he lived. If God had not given
them thick skulls their brains would probably have become
very much like those of many scientific gentlemen of the
present day. (Laughter.) The woolly hair was not consi-
dered by Africans as a mark of inferiority, though some of.
them shaved it off, but it also answered the purpose of de-
fending the head from the sun. With regard to his not
being a true African7--his grandmother and grandfather
were both of pure negro blood. His grandfather was a chief
of the West Coast; but through the treachery of some white
men, who doubtless thought themselves greatly his supe-
riors, he was kidnapped and taken to America, where he
(ktr. Craft) was born. He had recently been to Africa, on
a visit to the King of Dahomey. He found there consider-
able diversities even among the Africans themselves. Those
of Sierra Leone had prominent, almost Jewish features.
Their heels were quite as short, on the whole, as those of
any other race, and upon the whole they were well
formed. Persons who had any knowledge of Africans
knew that when they enjoyed advantages, they were capable
of making good use of them. He might refer to the
instance of the little girl brought to this country by
Captain Forbes. This child was presented to the Queen,
who had her carefully educated. When she grew up she
mingled in good society, and interested every one by her
proficiency in music, and recently she had been married to
a commercial gentleman of colour at Lagos. Another case
was mentioned by Mr. Chambers in ono of his works and
another case was that of Mr. Crether, who was well known
to many gentlemen in this country. One word with re-
ference to the ancient Britons. When Julius Caesar came
to this country, he said of the natives that they were such
stupid people that they were not fit to make slaves of in
Rome. (Laughter.) It had taken a long time to make
Englishmen what they now were, and, therefore it was not
wonderful if the negroes made slow progress in intellectual
development. It was, however, proved that they made
very rapid progress when placed in advantageous circum-
stances. As to the negro not being erect, the same thing
might be said of agricultural labourers in this country
(Hear, hoar.) He pointed to Hayti as furnishing an in-
stance of independence of character and intellectual power
on the part of the negio, and contended that in America the
degraded position which ho was forced to occupy gave him
no chance of proving what he was really capable of doing.
Ho was sorry that scientific and learned men should waste
their time in discussing a subject that could prove of no
benefit to mankind. He spoke with great deference to their
opinions, but, for his own part, firmly agreed with Cowper,
that

Fleecy locks and black complexion
Cannot alter nature's claim ;
Skins may differ, but affection
DwAls in white and black the same,
(Loud and prolonged applause.)
The Rev. H. B. MISTICA/1 said he had been a chaplain
for several years in a mixed school for blacks and whites in
one of the West Indian islands, and could testify that the
children of free negroes who were engaged in honourable
occunations were invariably more intelligent than the chil-
dren of slaves,

Mr. CARTER BLAKE said that he agreed substantially
with the author of the paper upon the anatomical evidence
which he had brought forward with regard to the negro
race. Mr. Craft had stated that the heels of the negro were
not longer than those of Europeans, but that was contrary
to the testimony of anatomists. He contended that in nearly
every instance of a negro attaining intellectual eminence it
had been ascertained that there was an admixture of Euro-
pean blood in his veins.
Mr. TRISTRAM said he knew Mr. Crother and all the
particulars of his history, and could testify to his pm,.
African descent.

Mr. CARTER BLAKE said that the evidence of the pater-
nity of full blooded African negroes in contact with Euro-
peans was rather difficult to ascertain. Anatomists had
ascertained that there were wide differences in the structure
of the negro and European, and specified some instances of
such diversity. In conclusion, he expressed his opinion
that, till Mr. Craft could rail away the seal which nature
had impressed on the physical character of the negro, his
breath was all but spent in vain when he contended for the
equality of the African European races.
Sir E. BELCHER said that he had spent nearly all his life
among the Africans, and believed that, when properly edu-
cated, they could be as true, as faithful, and as sound-
o that f remarkableintelligence
sound-
hsarted as Englishmen. (Cheers.) The gallant admiral
was
naturally, mentioned several instances which he had met with in his
travels
e negro,
physically
dor
mR.
scouted
the idea
he
ineitherthe
talrolyr,ttiefsisnterior Capacity to other human races. (Cheers.)
Professor WiLsost claimed for the author of the paper
and those gentlemen who supported 111 m the credit of being
influenced by a desire 9
to search out facts which could throw
a light on the important subject under discussion. At the
same time he differed considerably
from them in some of
their conclusions. It was very important to have sufficient
data before forming a theory, and he thought that Sir
Charles Lyell and others,who contended that the intellectual
progress of the negro stopped at the age of fourteen, had
fallen into the error which a person who went into a work-
house among the most degraded and wretched of its occu-
pants to find intellectual culture and capacity. The fact
wart that very few, if any, black children had any oppor-
tunity of pursuing their education after the age of fourteen,
and in addition to that drawback, they had the misfortune
to belong to a degraded and oppressed class, which was
crushed and held down in the social world. The wonder
was that any of these unfortunate people had energy enough
to make their escape and to acquire knowledge sufficient
to enable them to carve a way for themselves through life
as not many of them did. (Cheers.) The English cha-
raetpr was reade up of many elements; but a few hundred
years ago the inhabitants of this island were cruel, unlet-
tered, practical people. When put under good training and
subjected to certain influences the Anglo-Saxon proved
capable of remarkable development, owing chiefly to the
native energy of his character. The same quality was ob-
servable in some tribes of the present day, such as the New
Zealander, and it was not wise therefore to argue as though
the absence of combination denoted a natural and primary
inferiority of race. (Hear, hear.)

Full benefit of reduced duty obtained by Fir-
;lasing Horniman's pure Tea; very choice at 3s. 4d. and
4s. " High Standard "at 4s. 4d. (formerly 4s. Bd.), is the
strongest and most delicious imported. Agents in every
town supply it in nackets.

The Wolverhampton and Dudley Mysteries,

Yesterday the adjourned inquest was held at the Waggon
and Horses, Bilston-road, Wolverhampton. on the body of
the man William Cheenery, who was found dead in the
house that he had occupied in No. 4 Court, Bilston- street,
with marks of great violence upon his person, his body
tarred, and far advanced in decomposition.
The first witness called was the deceased's mother, who
is now the wife of Richard Farnell, a miner, of Portobello,
near Wolverhampton, She deposed that deceased was a
wireworker, and would have been 26 years of age next
October. He lived at No. 4 Court, Bilston-street. It is
six years next May since he sent a letter to say that he was
about to bring up his wife from Liverpool. He afterwards
brought her to live at the house of my brother, in Birming-
ham ; her Christian name was Rosanna, and she always
went by the same name as my son did. At that time she
was at lease 15 years older than her supposed husband, and
belonged to Birmingham. She was scarcely of middle
height, and was a fair woman with grey eyes. She had a
slight cast in her right eye, and this caused. her slightly to
squint. Her figure was short. She continued to live with
my son until his death, but she never had any children, and
the last time I saw her was at 11 o'clock on the morning of
the fair day (July 10). I went back with her to her house
in No. 4 Court, Bilston-street, where I had before been
once or twice, and she then seemed comfortable and
happy. She was a dirty and lazy person, but neither she
nor my son were addicted to drink. I never knew them to
quarrel with each other. They formerly lived in Bir-
mingham after they were with their relative, and before
that they lived at Wellington, in Shropshire. Before
they went to Wellington they lived at No. 30, Walsall.
street, in Wolverhampton, where the woman was well
known, and in the market of which town she used to
stand. The furniture in the house in which the deceased
was found was very scanty, and consisted chiefly of
a ft.av boxes. About five weeks ago I met
my son in Wolverhampton. He told me that he had re-
cently received his money, and placing his hand upon his
chest said, "I have it here, for I am afraid my wife will
take it, as she had threatened to go away." He did not say
with whom he thought she would go. In April last Ro-
sanna left my son for a month, but she afterwards said that
during that time she had been to her brother's. Deceased
had searched about for her but could not find her. The wit •
ness then described Itosanna',s dress, but could not identify
as belonging to her the bonnet which was found by the side
of the corpse of the woman who was found dead, and her
body decomposed, and who was like the deceased, in an un-
occupied house in Dudley, on the day before the corpse of
the deceased was fcund. Witness, continuing, said—l heard
of the suicide at Dudley, but I have not been there to see
the body. She always wore a wedding ring and a keeper
made of a certain description of gold, and which I had given
to her. The keeper found with the ring upon the body of the
woman was shown to the witness, but she said that was not
the one of which she was speaking; she however identified
as a part of Rosanna's dregs a portion of the dress found on
the body of the dead woman at Dudley.
The Chief Constable then said that ho should be able to
produce sufficient evidence with reference to her bonnet.

The witness, continuing, said—ln the beginning of March
I received a letter from my on telling me that his wife had
gone away, taking with her 30s in money and 12s worth of
goods. He asked me to curie ever and keep his house, and I
went. One evening while I was there a man with dark hair
and inflamed eyes, as if he was used to drinking, opened
the door and inquired, "Is my Rosey in the house ?" I
said, " Who is Rosey r He then asked for William, who
came down stairs erh Ist this man was sitting in the
kitchen. It came into my mind that this was a man of
whom Rosanna had spoken, and I told him that if he did
not go out I would scald him with the boiling water in the
kettle on the tire. Atter he had gone, my son said to me,
" I wish you had not spoken so, for I am in danger from
that man." This man was about six feet high, with coarse
features, and was dressed in a kind of jacket-coat and cap.
I am sure that I should know him again. Last Tuesday a
Mrs. Barry, of Wolverhampton, with whose husband my
son used to live while Rosanna
was away, showed me a
piece of a dress which she said she gave my son 3d. for.
(The piece, worked into a quilt, was here produced, and it
exactly corresponded with the pieces of the dress before
produced, which had been taken from the corpse of the un-
known woman found at Dudley.)
The Coroner said—l think the production of that piece
of cotton is very satisfactory.
The jury were of a similar opinion.
Witness identified as belonging to Rosanna a Norwich
shawl that was found fastened up to a window of the house
in which deceased was found, and also an old bonnet brought
from the same place.
Rachel Barry, the woman spoken of by the last witness,
deposed that she was the wife of an image:maker in Wolver-
hampton. She knew Chenery and his alleged wife about five
months ago. Chenery came to her house and said that Rose
was gone away and was not again coming
back. At the
same time he said that he would not again take her back
for a reason which he would not state. Three weeks after-
wards, and about a month after her disappear="' Rosanna
came to her house for her clothes, which, with some wire,
had been left there. Among these clothes was the skirt of a
dress, which she afterwards saw suspended as a curtain at a
window of the house in which Chenery'a body was found.
In reply. to a juror, witness said the night Rosanna
returned and came to my house a knock came at the door,
and a man's voice presently said sharply, " Come, now,
there, how much longer are you going to be?" She would
not let me go to the door, but rushed before me, and
beckoned the man outside to go back. I looked out, but
it was so dark I could not see any one. The man was
not Chenery, for he would not have come in that way.
Rosanna denied that he was one of her fancy men, bat
said he was a man who wanted to pay her lodgings.
Coroner—When she came to get her clothes did she ap-
pear angry P
Witness—She said, "I have heard say 'revenge is
sweet,' and if he does not give my clothes I will have re-
venge on the one-eyed

Did she say that if she could not do it herself she would
get some one else to do it?—Yes, when she spoke of the
one•eyed --, I think she meant the deceased, as he had
but one eye.
A Juror—Did she say she would got some one else to
assist her

Witness—She said she would get them as would assisther.

you ever see another man down stairs ?
A Juryman—Did

Witness—There was a man down stairs that she told me
wanted her to go and live with him, and he would keep her
as a lady, and if Williams (Chenery) came he would knock
his brains out. Her husband was present at the time, and
he answered, "You had better go with him if he can keep
you better than I can. I should likelim to come and knock
my brains out." She said " 1 would sooner have Williams's
little finger than the other man's whole body." This man
I havo seen, and he is down stairs. I am quite sure that
he is the man, because a night or two before he came to our
house.

John Barry, an image modeller, of Bell-street, and the
husband of the last witness, gave evidence principally cor-
roborative of that of his wife.
Mrs. Hannah Lewis, who occupies one of the houses that
adjoins the one in which deceased lived up to the time of
his death, deposed to the woman Rosanna, who passed for
his wife, having, so far as she know, lived comfortably with
the deceased. She never heard any quarrelling in the
house; if they had quarrelled she should have heard them.
At about half-past nine is the evening of the 27th of July,
Rosanna knocked at her, door and said " We are going out
into the country hawking, if anybody inquires after us."
Rosanna then went back to the house, came out with
a shawl on, locked the door, and went away.
The witness here identified as the bonnet of Rosanna the
bonnet that. was found near the woman who was discovered
dead at Dudley. Pieces of the jacket and skirt found upon
the body of the woman at Dudley were here identified as
having formed part of the clothes worn by :nosanna when
last seen by witness, who also identified the shawl found at
the window of the house in No. 4 Court as belonging to
Rosanna. About a weak before the body was discovered a
very bad smell came from the house, and it continued until
the body was found. Witness then described the finding of
the "body, the facts of which have already appeared.
A woman named Ursine Jones deposed to the man Ed-
wards having frequently visited the house of the deceased
before he removed to that in which he was found dead. He
used to go there with Rosanna's niece.
Mrs. Barry recalled, identified the remnants of clothes
brought from Dudley as belonging to the garments worn
by hosanna.

Police-constable Sansame, of the Dudley force, deposed
to the finding of the body in that down, decomposed, and
with laudanum by its side. The dead woman's hair was
dark. She was of tolerable height, and stout (previous
witnesses had referred to her hair as light.)
The Coroner remarked that the identification of the clothes
was complete, but not the body of the woman found at
Dudley as that of the woman Rosanna.
Among the other witnesses who were examined, was a
chemist, of Bilston, named Lister, who deposed to having
sold laudanum in the bottle before described. A second
label on the same bottle showed that the same kind of
poison bad been sold in it by another chemist of Bilston,
named Gray.
William Ed wards, who seemed to be a puddler, was called.
He said he had been euramoned as a witness at that in-
quest. He knew the deceased and Rosanna, but he had
not seen them since the latter ens! of February or the begin-
ning of March. He denied that he had followed her to
Birmingham, but said that ho was there on business and
met her at Digbeth. The deceased had a ked him to
ask her when she was coming home, if ho saw her.
.lle told deceased when he mime back that he had-seen her,
and deceased said that if she did tiot make haste she would
be too late, for she was no wife of his. He had lived with
a cousin of Rosanna's, but she was now dead. She had died
at Derby. He had never said to Rosanna that if she wouldl
leave the deceased and live with him that he would keep
her like a lady.
The Coroner, who had cautioned the last witness, said
there was no doubt that a shocking murder had been com-
mitted, and that the ends of justice would not be answered
unless the po'ice had an opportunity of investigating the
matter further. To assist them he thought he ought to
keep back the result of the post modem examination.
The jury coileurred in this view, and the inquest was
a4journtd until today (Tuesday) week. •

SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

Thum—The question of the Confederate steamers
is becoming both serious and urgent ; we wish we
could add that it is also becoming more clear. Un-
fortunately, it is full of the gravest doubts, and
though probably not one Englishman in ten would
be under any uncertainty as to what he would wish
to see done, it is by no means certain that the power
of action exists. Common belief, as well as current
report, assigns to the servf cc of the Confederate Go-
vernment two powerful ironclad vessels now ap-
proaching completion in a well-known yard on the
Mersey.. That these ships are war-ships, and of the
most formidable kind, cannot be disputed. They
are plated with 4;-inch armour, they have turrets
for mounting heavy guns, and their stems are so
constructed that they may be used as rams. On
this point, therefore, no question can be raised. But
our builAers are constantly constructing ships of war
for foreign Governments, end it is only on the pre-
sumption that these particular vessels are intended
for a belligerent Power that the lawfulness of their
destination can be questioned at all. Such a pre-
sumption, however, undoubtedly prevails. The ships
themselves, as stated in our intelligence yesterday,
not only bear French or Algerian names, but are
distinctly alleged to be built on French account, and
one of them actually carries the French flag. Never-
theless, people persist in believing that, sooner or
later, and in fact very soots indeed, they will ho;st
Confederate colours, and that, whatever pretext
may be employed to disguise their destination, they
have been designed from the beginning to join the
Florida and the Alabama, and prey upon the com-
merce of the Federals as those ships have done. The
consequence is that the Federals and their friends are
naturally enraged,and we are assured that if the sus-
pected vessels are allowed to escape peace between
America and England can no longer be maintained.
To the correspondence on the subject which we pub-
lished yesterday we now add another communication,
containing an exposition of the existing law on this
critical question. According to the views which,
not without authority, are there laid down, a ship
of war is so far contraband that if it is sold by a
neutral to a belligerent, the other belligerent would
ho entitled to make prize of it, exactly as prize
would be made of arms or munitions. But it is only
on the high seas, or in the passage of the vessel from
the neutrel to the belligerent port, that the seizure
can be effected. An English shipbuilder may sell a
ship of war impartially to either a Confederate or a
Federal purchaser, and deliver it without any
breach of law; but the vessel is liable to capture
and confiscation if she is overtaken at sea and her
destination can be proved. "There is nothing in
our laws, or in the law of nations, that forbids
our citizens from sending armed vessels as well as
munitions of war to foreign pores for sale. It is a
commercial adventure which no nation is bound to
prohibit, and which only exposes the person en-
gaged in it to the penalty of confiscation." That is
the doctrine laid down, not by the British Court of
Admiralty, but by the Supreme Court of the United
States, It is American, not English law, and no
law can be clearer. The ladies , in fact, is with the
Vederals themselves, They are foregoing their own
rights in order to carry out more effectually a
certain paramount object. Their cruisers should be
where the Florida is, end the Confederate steam
rams, if such they are, ought, instead of meeting a
consort, to fall into the hands of a captor ; but such
is the overwhelming anxiety of the Federals to
press the blockade of the Southern ports that they
can spare no squadrons for the police of the seas.
However, after stating the facts as far as they can
be ascertained, and the law as we find it laid down,
we are ready to admit that there is much more to
be added. There is a comparatively recent statute
called the Foreign Enlistment Act, which was cer-
tainly designed to control the proceedings of neu-
trals in dealing with belligerents, and there is an
instinctive feeling on the part of the public that the
construction and sale of such vessels as the Ala-
bama for such uses as those to which the Alabama
is turned ought not, whether actually lawful or
otherwise, to be allowed by law. After making all
abatements due to the enceptional character of the
war between,Tederals and Confederates, we must
needs admit that the case of war-ships is net like the
case of munitions of war. There is not so much di-
rect intervention or provocation in the one as in the
other. Rifles and gunpowder are soon lost sight of,
but a ship of war is au active engine, endowed, as it
were, with life end personality, and traceable in her
achievements from day to day. Indeed, if we sup-
pose that not only the hull, but the guns, the stores,
and the men are furnished more or less circuitously
from the neutral State, it is hard to see how the
supply differs from that of a regiment of soldiers.
We have only to ask ourselves what our feelings
would have been if, while we were blockading the
Rassian ports during the Crimean war sorao neutral
State had furnished the Russian Government with
cruisers enough to close the sea against our com-
merce. Of course we should never have allowed
them such a range as the Alabama has enjoyed,
but some day or other even we, with our enor-
mous navy, may fiad our hands too full. It is not
our interest to allow such a precedent to be esta-
blished for the first time, if it does not exist
already, nor to connive at its extension, if it
has any existence. Of all the doubts which the
question contains we ought to give ourselves the
benefit, and our interests, as it happens, coincide on
this occasion with the desires of the Federal States.
Still, the Americans, whether of the North or of
the South, must be perfectly aware that we can
make no concession to menace, and that the laws of
England, whatever they may be, are not to be
changed at the dictation of a foreign State. We
believe that if our Government could feel itself
justified in stopping any suspected vessel, the
public would be glad to see the power exercised.
We do not thing it morally right that ships like the
Alabama should leave our ports for such service as
that on which they are engaged. We do not wish
to see any more of them sail on the like errand,
though the Federals have themselves mainly to
thank for the mischief which these cruisers have
been permitted to work. We are even disposed
to think that if the Foreign Enlistment Act is not
comprehensive enough to prevent such dealings, it
might be advantageously made so, but our authori-
ties can only administer the law as it stands. The
alleged destination of the vessels in question . r
die
)-
parently denied, and, even if it were admitted,
absence of avy " equipment" might render the bar-
gain;
lawful. The Federals, too, should be reasonable
enough to remember that our impartiality in respect
of this kind of trade has been abundantly proved.
of the
Whatever may have been the sympathies of
mat-
country, there has been uo favour shownhave hina the,
d with
of commerce. The Northerners.
out stint or molestation, cannon,
el.:lles, power, and
every other description of wriao.wk material to their
what they have had
heart's content. They best k
might he added to the
besides, and what other items England Without enteriug
list of their imports from
into these q
can truly say that the Fede-
rals have fo-uun''sdtiaonfrse we
e
and fair arket in this coun-
in wants,
pediment thrown a
theirhd ham never had
way.ean
try for all their
Our neutrality,
been vitiated by anything Hire
therefore, has not
preference, and
so little, even in the present case,
are we influenced
by sympathies that if these steam
rams are really destined for the Confederate Go-
vernment we sincerely hope the law may be strong
enough to stop them.
HERALD.—Mr. Nassau Senior's note-book must
be a very compendious one if that gentleman re-
ports all private conversations as fully as the
age he held recently with Mr. Dayton, the Fede-
ral ambassador at Paris ; but it will certainly
not be a very valuable addition to current political
history. Mr. Dayton is, doubtless; all that Mr.
Senior describes him. He is besides a very
earnest, indefatigable, and zealous Federal agent.
But for these very reasons his opinions are hardly
worth recording with the exactitude and fulness of
which they have been thought worthy. If any writer
of ordinary observation had sat down to give a
Federal view of the relations between this country
and the United States he would have expressed him-
self very much as Mr. Dayton has done, and pro-
bably nine Unionists out of ten would regard our
obligations to their Government in the same light
as Mr. Senior and Mr. Dayton. There was
needed no prophet, not even such an authority as
Mr. Senior's note-book to convince us that the
Federals are not exactly pleased with our neu-
trality. The Nero York Herald, in somewhat
more forcible language, has for two years past
indulged in the threats which peep covertly out
of "the conversation" with Mr. Dayton. And
Mr. Seward himself, when it was a question of
according belligerent rights to the South, was
eqnally threatening. But it is something new to
find this threat of year reprcduced in the 7imes
newspaper in the name of it n English writer of re-
putation ; and we can only attribute the novelty to
the recent development of ft mateur diplomacy, which
seems to be rapidly driving the professionals out
of the field. It appears that Mr. Senior "had con-
versed with many persons of political eminence on
American affairs, ' and that he was so impressed
with the gravity of these conversations that be
hurried off to Paris to communicate their gist to
Mr. Dayton. The eminent political personages
who were posted in the inevitable note-bock were
then and there introduced to the ambassador, who
acknowledged the introduction with gratitude, and
in his turn favoured Mr. Senior with his own
convictions. These were that the opinion of
England was the opinion of the Times; that that
journal had gone mad on American of sirs, and that
the English public was equally frantic. Mr. Goo.
Francie Train arrived at exactly the seme conclu-
sion some two years ago. We can find no fault with
the Federal ambassador for making the avowal of
such a belief, But it is somewhat strange, to say

the least of it, to find the English writer more than
tacitly ad hitting its justice. Mr. Dayton assures
his obliging informant that the disruption of the
Union can do England no good, and that the Con-
federates hate England as bitterly as do the Fede-
rals. Mr. Senior at once agrees. "If we knew all
that they think and feel we probably should feel
towards them as you seem to be trying to make us
feel towards you." That is a great point gained by
the Yankee minister. If he can convince English-
men that the South hates them, he will have
achieved much. Mr. Senior's note-book will not
very much aid him in this respect. What follows
is still more interesting and curious. Mr. Senior
changes the form of dialogue—the Socratic—and
offers himself freely up to the victim of his oppo-
nent's logic and ingenuity. Not all the 'world, says
Mr. Dayton, could influence the North in favour of
peace. " Not by persuasion ?" mildly suggests Mr.
Senior, " Not by force," severely retorts his oppo-
nent, and then Mr. Senior is silenced, and Mr.
Dayton has it all his own way. His argument is
singularly inconclusive, " What the South wants
is food, and that you cannot give her. She has
arms enough, but she is starving, and she will be
starved out." Yet the whole purportof the conver-
sation is a warning to England not to permit the
egress of arms or armed ships from our ports. If
the South has arms enough, why all this fuss about
these terrible phantom ships? They will not give
the South food; they will not prevent her being
starved out ; but they, would provide her with an
ffective force wherewith to strike a blow. How soon
the process of starvation is to accomplish its object
we are not told. But, considering the state of the
grain crops of the present year in the Confederate
States, it seems likely to be a very tedious one ;
and as to our not being able to send food to the
South, Mr. Dayton ought to know that with open
ports where there is a demand there will soon be a
sufficient supply, and that Europe, with its abun-
dant harvest, has plenty and to spare for all the
necessities of the South. However, we will let that
pass. The argument was grave enough for Mr.
Senior's note-book. But Mr. Dayton went on to
show our Government how the alleged Confederate
iron-clads were to be estopped, in somewhat the
following words :—" We maintain that these ships
are intended for the Confederates. We cannot
exactly preve it, except by inference. But do as
Mr. Lincoln would de—compel the builders to pro-
duce their orders. If they refuse, detain the vessels.
If you cannot do this, amend your laws. Get an
edict from your dictator, Lord Palmerston, upset-
iug all your old ideas of justice and all your consti-
tutional practice. In short, violate your constitu
Lion at the shortest possible notice, or—take the
consequences." What these consequences are Mr.
Senior tells us. Fairly to starve the South Presi-
dent Lincoln will go to war with this country. But
surely Mr. Senior, who has so many Federal and
Confederate friends, ought to know which party
has most benefited by our neutrality, and how many
tons of powder, how many rifles, cannon, &c., have

left English ports for the United States. He might
be aware, too, that Federal agents have been busily
recruiting in Ireland and in many parts of Eng-
land ; and that although some persons have "main
tained" that recruiting was a breach of the Foreign
Enlistment Act, and although the " inference" was
obvious enough, our Government took no steps to
put a stop to so flagrant a violation of our munici•
pal law, simply because the effort would have been
useless. What have the Federals done for us that
we should swallow a camel when their interests are
at stake, and strain at a gnat when it is a question
of Confederate gain ? Mr. Senior, of course, writes
in all sincerity, and is honest in his alarm about the
prospect of war ; but if he had held a brief for the
North he could hardly have spoken out more
strongly and partially. Like all Northern parti-
sans, however, he has overshot his mark. English-
men may entertain this or that opinion respecting
the war in America, and the building of iron ships
for belligerents; bat they are all prone to resent a
threat, and both Mr. Dayton and Mr. Senior may
rely upon it that if they wish to prevent a rupture
they must appeal a little more to an Englishman's
reason end forbearance, and a little less to his
fears.

POST.—We are not surprised to find that the Con-
gress of German Princes at Frankfort has failed to
attract as large a share of public attention is Eng-
land as it deserves. The report of the proceedings of
the British Association at Newcastle will probably
be read with as much interest as the accounts which
reach us from Frankfort; and the results of scienti-
fic investigation during the past year will very pos-
sibly absorb to a greater extent the leisure hours of
the holidays than those deliberations of crowned
heads which affect the destinies of a continent. In
the one case the subjects discussed interest the
masses, in the other only those who are conversant
with the complications of European politics can
appreciate t he infl aence. upon them which the Frank-
fort Conference may exercise. While the Newcastle
philosophers aro expounding to listening crowds,
the German princes are secretly laying the founda-
tions of a new system of Confederate government.
Perhaps if the public were admitted behind the
scenes, instead of speculating upon the nature of the
discussions which arise, we might follow their pro-
ceedings with greater interest; but even then few
would care sufficiently about the individual opinions
of the Duke of Baden to follow the objections which
he opposes to those clauses which more particularly
affect the status of his own dukedom ; nor should we
sympathise very warmly in the grievance of the
Elector of Hesse, who, it seems, might once have
been a king if he had chosen, but who clung to a title
to which so many great associations were attached,
and who now finde himself classed among the princes
in consequence. These details would only possess
importance in our eyes as bearing upon the general
result ; and wo must remind our readers that this
result may actually affect the funds—an achieve-
ment which will be impossible for the wise men of
Newcastle, or may involve the necessity of making
use of those formidable engines of war which the
president of that learned body has made himself fa-
mous by inventing. If we fail to attach sufficient
weight:to the Frankfort Congress, it is because we
have not been in the habit ofmak ing t h e political chess-
board of Europe our study. Otherwise we should see
that whatever be the result of that Congress, it must
indirectly affect the balance of power. If it fails,
the cause of the failure will be Prussia; and the
effect of a more complete isolation of that great
German Power from the rest of the nationality will
be to give Austria the very preponderance which
her rival has hitherto dreaded. Although the Im-
perial project may not be adopted, the Imperial
influence will have been extended and consolidated,
and Francis Joseph, even if he go back re infector, so
far as this particular scheme is concerned, will
henceforward. occupy a new and much higher posi-
tion than he has hitherto done among the Sovereigns
of Europe. Prussia will, consequently, feel the ne-
cessity of looking for some ally to compensate for
that support which the North of Germany had been
in the habit of affording her, and this ally she can
only find in Russia; whether as a consequence of
the increased intimacy which common misfortune,

arising from misgovernment in both cases, may en-
gender, some territorial changes may not ensue is a
matter for conjecture. There can be no doubt that
an arrangement might be arrived at in connection
with the German provinces of Russia which both
Powers, isolated as they will be from all European
sympathy, may find it convenient to make. Under
any circumstances, the effect of a persistence on the
part of Prussia to reluse any consideration of the
project after it has been agreed to by the Princes,
will be felt by Europe at large, and riot by Ger-
many alone. On the other hand, the Continental
equilibrium will be still more decidedly affected if
the King of Prussia repents him of his folly and ob-
stinacy, and reunites himself to his colleagues. In
that case, we hope to see that vision of a German
fatherland realised which has only heretofore existed
in the imagination of its poets, and every European
question now en the tains will assume a different
complexion. We need scarcely say that this is the
result which in the interest of Germany, cif Eng-
land, and of Europe, we should most earnestly de-
sire; if we are sceptical upon the subject, it is because
it would be one of those things " which are too good
to be true," The day does not seem yet to have
come when Austria and Prussia can play the parts
of the lion and the lamb. Certainly we can scarcely
put Count Bismark into the latter category. At
the dictation of his Minister King William writes
to "his exalted federal allies" that he "Can
only fix his determination when by business,
like deliberations on the matter by his council, the
proposed changes in the Federal constitution may
be harmoniously discussed in their relations tn the
just interests of the nation." In other words, says
Count Bismark," my Sovereign is not to be trusted
in a room in Frankfort among a lot of German
princes by himself," Inasmuch es the will of the
Minister is law in Prussia, the discussion in coun-
cil is likely to be eaceedingly harmonious; and
inasmuch as " the, ust interests" of Count Bismark
possess a considerable higher value in his eyes than
"the just interests of the nation," it is not likely
that he will make a concession which would compel
him to return to a constitutional form of Goaern-
. merit, and render it impossible for him any longer
to play the part of a despot. As,. however, the
ratification of the Chambers in the different States
is necessary to legalise the Austrian project, it may
fairly be assumed that, until it has been rejected
by a representative body, it is still pending. Count
Bismark may feel confident that the Chambers at
Berlin would withhold their consent, on liberal
grounds, to the project ; but unfortunately for him
he has debarred himself by his own act from eppeal-
ing to the constitution he has violated, and it the
Prussians-are sufficiently credulous to believe that
the real reason for their Soven:i,
qn'B opposition to
the Austrian scheme vas triat it did not contain a

provision for a representative Chamber, the rest of.
Germany has taken a ,very different view of the
matter. If anything were yet wanting to reduce
Count Bismark to a lower level in public estitnat'..on
than he now occupies, it-would be this audacious
attempt to discredit the liberal tendencies of Francis
Joseph by a democratic profession of faith on his
own part. We confess that while a man so indif-
ferent to public opinion and his own character,
that he can venture to outrage one and tarnish the
other by a device so transparent, continues at the
helm of State in Prussia, we can only augur badly
for its future. On the other hand the Emperor of
Austria and his Ministers nlny console themselves
by the reflectio❑ that, if it han been in the power
of u_single unscrupulous individual to thwart their
efforts for the introduction of a c,mstitutional re-
form in the Confederation, Count Bier-nark has done
much, to raise them to theposition they now occupy
in European_estmation.
. -

COUNTRY MARKETS.

GLOUCESTER-AUG. 29.

The show of new English wheat to-day was very fair.
Prices may be quoted same as las-, week. Foreign wheat
was extremely limited in demand. Barley, beaus, and
oats very dull.

wheat to-day, and the rates
rley more plentiful. Beans

,-LIZ G. 29.

COLCHESTE
There was a thin supply of
of last week were realised. Bs;
end peas do not come freely.
Wheat, white 44s 48s 1 Beans,Mazegan..33B. 3(:;8
red 42s 46s middle & small.3ss 38s
Barley
Oats

CHELMSFORD---AuG. 2S.
At this corn exchange to-day there was a fair quantity
of wheat, and there was little alteration in prices. 6pring
corn same as last week.
Wheat, old white...3ls 49s
new ..46s 50s
old red....36s 44s
new 40s 46s
Barley 2,7 s 36s
Chevalier 2Bs 398
Grinding ..22s .31s
Malt....
Chevalier . 64s 69s
Oats 20s 28s

Yeas, Partridge 37s 40s
White 39s 405
Boiling- „. 40s 43s
Dtui 33s 365
Ditto new —s —s
Beans, Tick, 34s 39s
11CW -10 -3
Harrow Ticks 3ss 405
new --6 -6
Mazagan 3os

KIRKCALDY GRAIN-Am 29.

To•dati We had small supplies all descriptions of grain
Wheat, and barley sold at last week's rates. Oats veers
rather lower. One parcel of new barley at market, 56Ihs
per bushel.
_ _

Wheat. Barley. Cats.
First ....32s Od I 24s Od 24s:0d
Second ..35s Od 28s Od I 24s Od
Third....—s Od —s Od —s Od

COAL !
Prices of Coal per Ton a

s. d.
North Felton Gas. 13 6
ranfield Moor Butes ..12 6
Carway and Dulayn__

KET.
the Mose of the market.

Walls End.

8. a.

Mahint; . . 2O 0
Cowpen Hartley 16 0
Grey's \Vest Hartley 15 3
BatasWest Hartley 15 3
‘k alker Primrose 12 9
Fden Main ...16 6
Wylam 17 6

Walls End.

Russel's Hetton 16 9
South li.elloe.. ..... —l6 9
Ships at mark

Haswell —lB 0
Tunstal!
lleugh Hall 16 9
Hartlepool 17 3
South Hartlepool 16 6
East Hartlepool 17 9
elloe
Hetton
Franiwellgate.. l6 3
Gosforth l5 9
Stewart's 17 9
South Hetton ...18 0
Thorpe
3t, 60 ; sold, 55.

Foreign Mail Packet List.

MAILS DUE.

Australia and Mauritius, via Southampton. .. Sept. IS.
via Marseilles
iirazil and Cape Nerds, by British packet. Sept. 3.
Cape of Good Hope, Ascension, and St. Helena.. Sept. 28.
China, Penang, and Singapore, via Southampton. Sept. 1.
via Marseilles ...Sept. 1.

Falkland Islands
Gibraltar, via Southampton Sept. 1.
India (Calcutta), and Ceylon, via Southampton Sept. 1.
via Marseilles Sept. 12.
India (Bombay), via Southampton Sept. 10.
via Marseilles Sept. 4.
Portugal.... Sept. 3.
Malta, Egypt, and Aden, via Southampton Sept. 1.
via Marseilles Sept. 4.
Newfoundland .. Sept. , 2.
Oporto and Vigo
U. S. and British. N. America, Ly Brit. packet.... Sept. 2>

--by U.S. packet....
by Canadian packet. Sept. 4.
W.C. of Africa, Madeira, and Teneriffe .. Sept. 10.
Bahamas, via New York Sept. 24.
Mexico
All parts of West Indies, including Chili,
Feru' I Sept. 13.
California. and British Columbia..

How JAMES PERRY BECAME AN EDITOR.—" The
story of his first connection with newspapers is curi-
ous enough, though we dare say there are many brilliant
ornaments of the profession who could tell as singular talcs
of the lucky chances which first led them in that direction.
Perry had come to London with introductions to several
booksellers, mooning to begin life, as Johnson and °Vier
famous men had begun it before him, as a publisher's
drudge. But work at that time happened to be not very
plentiful, and to all his applications a negative answer was
returned. About that time a new paper had been started,
under the title of the Gmeral Adcertiscr, and Perry, by
way of amusing his enforced leisure, struck off sundry light
sketches, varitd with occasional letters to the editor, which
ho dropped into the letter-box of the office, without any
name affixed to them. As he found these articles were in-
variably inserted, he was led on step by step to write more ;
but it does not appear that he ever thought of introducing
himself to the editor as the author of thesketehes that found
so much favour in his eyes. Fortune was to visit him from
another quarter; for, in the midst of this literary emplo9-
ment, he did not forget the purpose for which he came to
London, but went on in his daily and discouraging calls on
the booksellers for employment. Ono day he called on
Messrs. Richardson and Urquhart, a publishing firm, to
whom, among othcrs, he; had introductions. He saw Mr.
Urquhart, a countryman, of his own, who was engaged in
reading the Daily Advertiser. Scarcely lifting his eyes
from the paper, he returned the usual cold negative
answer; and then moved by some sudden impulse, ho
said to him; `lf you could write such an article as this,
I would find you immediate employment.' He pointed,
as he spoke, to an article in the Advertiser, which
Perry, on glancing at, recognised as his last anonymous
contribution. Of course, he claimed it, closed with the
offer of the worthy publisher ; and to prove that he was
not imposing on his credulity, he produced from his
pocket another article of the same nature, which he was Da
his way to deposit in the editorial letter-box. To him that
interview was the stroke of fate, for Messrs. Richardson
and Urquhart were the principal proprietors of the paper;
and Mr. Perry's articles proved that he was just the kind of
young man they wanted. Modern newspaper men will
smile, and modern newspaper proprietors will envy, when
they learn what was considered the fair remuneration for a
newspaper writer in those days. For his daily services on
the Advertiser he accepted a salary of a guinea a week,
with an extra half-guinea for any services he might render
to an evening paper with which the firm was also con-
nected."--From "London Editors," in _London Society, for
September.

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