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No. 22,065.

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I. LIFE IN HEAVEN.
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Important Experiments at Shoeburyness.

One of those gunnery experiments which upset
all our theories as to the invulnerability of our iron-
clad vessels occupied tho whole of Tuesday last at
Shoeburyness. There was an unusually large
muster of official and scientific visitors. The Duke
of Somerset, Lord Clarence Paget, and the Lords
of the Admiralty were present, with Lord De Grey,
from the War office, attended by General Tulloh,
Deputy-Inspector of Ordnance. 'line members of
the Ordnance Select Committee, with the members
of the Iron Plate Committee, were also on the
ground, with Sir William Armstrong, Mr. Whit-
worth, Mr. Lynull Thomas, Mr. John Penn, and a
great many naval and military officers, civil engi-
neers, and others interested '.ascertaining whether
plates can be produced that will keep out any shot,
or whether ordnance can be made of such calibre
and strength as will smash any plates that can be
opposed to it. _ _

The experiments were arranged to elucidate as
much as possible both points in dispute, the guns
used being the old smooth-bore 68 pounder, Sir
William Armstrong's 110-pounder service gun, with
special steel shot cut down at the base to reduce
them to 651 b. weight, Sir William's 300-pounder
muzzle-loaded rifled shunt gun, Mr. Whitworth's
muzzle-loading 150-pounder or 7-inch gun, and
Mr. Lynall Thomas's 9-inch or 300-pounder rifled
muzzle-loading gun. Both these latter-were made
by Colonel Anderson, at Woolwich, on the built-
up coil principle adopted by Sir William Arm-
strong, and both were admirable specimens of
workmanship, though before the experiments
commenced Mr. Whitworth's gun was found
to have a crack or flaw i❑ the centre steel
tube round which the toils of wrought iron are
wound and welded in the course of manufacture.
This defect prevented its being used in the course of
the experiments except for one discharge with a
live shell. Mr. Thomas's gun was an enormous
piece of ordnance, nearly 18ft. long, weighing 16
tons, and with a thickness of 17in. of metal round
the powder chamber at the breech. Though nomi-
nally a 300. pounder, this gun is claimed to be cap-
able of throwing projectiles of various norms and
weights from 25015. up to 4101 b. Sir William's
300-pounder weighs less than 12 tons, and was the
same short, powerful piece we have already described
in our account of previous trials on this ground.

The three plates against which this ponderous
array of ordnance was directed, at a distance of 200
yards, were bolted up into a target of 12ft. square,
the upper plate being qin. thick, the middle one
nin., and the lower plate 61in. On the right side
these plates were backed with 101 in. thick of solid
teak, behind which again, as representing the skin
of OR armour ship,. were plates of iron, one of lin.
thick and one of ltin. thick, which rested on the
usual upright ribs of wrought iron. The other half
of the target was fastened to the iron ribs, but had
no teak backing br inner iron skin., It must he.
borne in mind, however, that the upper plate of
though nominally representing a section of
the side of our improved armour ships of the Mino-
taur, Northumberland, and Agincourt class, was in
stronger than any,
,the former
a lining of 9in. of teak, with an
T realitye s
s es
having infinitely
only
iron skin of sin. thickness, whereas, as we have
said, these plates were lined with 19in. of teak and
2t-in. of iron in two plates inside all. The armour
plates were made and rolled by Mr. Brown of Shef-
field, and as the result proved were beyond all doubt
the finest specimen of plates, whether rolled or
hammered, which have ever been tested at Shoe-
buryness.

Colonel Taylor conducted the experiments, the
arrangements for firing, &c., as usual, being under
the care of Captain Alderson. The first shots, three
in number, were fired from the old smooth bore 68-
pounder with the usual_ service charge of 16lb. of
powder. These were directed against the 51, 62,
and 7k-inch plates, and were immediately followed
by three shots from Sir William's 110-pounder,
loaded with special steel projectiles, weighing 6511 b,
and fired with the same service charge as the
smooth-bore 68. The result of this experiment
proved the inutility, not to say folly, of having com-
parative trials of rifled guns at so short a range as
200 yards. All experiments at Shoeburyness go to
prove that between the best and worst forms of
rifling, as between the best forms of rifling and the
oldest smooth-bore, there is scarcely any appreciable
difference in the damage done to the plates when
both guns are loaded with the same weight of pro-
jectile and fired with the same charge of powder;
and there was no exception worth speaking of to,
the rule in this instance. Where the. 68-pounders
had struck the indentation varied from 21 in. to Sin.
in depth ; where the steel shot of Armstrong's had
hit, the mark was in one case deeper, and the plate
showed a just perceptible crack about Bin. long,
though apparently of very trifling depth. But this
was the worst. The most careful examination failed
to discover any mark on the back of the target—
even as much as a disturbance of the paint upon
the rivets to show that it had been hit at all. All
competing artilleryists at Shoeburyness, in what-
ever case they may differ, seem to agree that
the range for testing the powers of rifled guile
should certainly not be less than 1,000 yards, at
which distance the force of smooth-bore projectiles
would be reduced one-half, while the rifled shot
would be flying at their greatest impetus.
The next shot was fired from Sir Williams 30Q
pounder, loaded with a conical steel shot of 2961 b.
weight, and fired with 451 b. of powder. This tre-
mendous missile struck with a velocity of 1,298 feet
per second full upon the centre of the Th-inch plate,
where it was backed, driving in a circular piece of
iron 10in. in diameter quite through the plate, bend-
ing in the whole plate itself to a depth of an inch
and a half, and buckling its ends outwards more
than an inch. The massive wrought iron girder
which crosses the whole back of the target horizon-
tally was bent out and broken in several places, as
were also the inner ribs, the 2-1--inch skin was bulged
and cracked, the rivet heads loosened, and many
knocked off altogether. The examination showed
that the target, as a target, had received a most
serious shake, though, from the wonderfully good
quality of the iron, there was little of actual frac-
ture or cracking except in the spot on which the
shot itself had struck, where the whole 7-4--inch piece
was driven in, and only held in place apparently by
the wooden backing. Had the object struck been a
ship's side, the damage would have caused a most
serious leakage, and one or two more such rough
visitations any where near about the same spot would
-have sufficed to sink her outright. It is hardly
possible, however, to institute comparisons between
any armour-clads yet known or thought of and this
target, as no sea-going vessel could possibly carry
the masses of iron that were here fired at, though a
Thiswh
elastexamined steel
sshotno
wreed-
b:unded
f battery
ao tt
theery target,
i
less signs of damage than Ray bolt that has yet
been fired during the long course of experiments on
floating r might.
and
these ranges.
The nest shot gave a marked success to Sir
William. It was from the 300-pounder, leaded with
a cast-iron shell weighing 2861 b., and charged with
111 b. of powder. This was fired with the usual 451 b.
charge, and struck full in the centre of the 54-in.
backed pate with a velocity of 1,330 ft. per second.
It shattered its way completely through it, leaving
a rough round hole about 10in. in diameter, and
then burst in the inside, blowing the teak to minute
fragments, setting it on fire, breaking off many of
the rivet heads, and tearing the inner skins of iron,
2,-1
-in. thick, into rough shredded gaps, as if they
had been so much cardboard. When water had been
procured and the fire in the wood extinguished, it
Was seen at a glance that the question of the resist-
ance which our newest and strongest iron frigates
would be able to offer to such ordnance was settled
in the most unpleasant manner. The strongest iron-
clads we have yet built or are building would, as
regards ultimate destruction, be almost as 'vulnerable