The Sun.
London, England, 1830-12-24 00:00:00

REFORM MEETING.

(From the Portsmouth Herald of Sunday.)
PORTSMOUTH.

A meeting of the inhabitant hueseholdera of the borough
of Portsmouth wee held at the Now Town Hall, Ports-
mouth, at twelve o'clock on Friday, in compliance with
a requisition to the Mayor, to consider the propriety of
presenting petitions to Parliament, praying for a Reform
in the representation of the people.
At the request of the meeting, D. Ilowmtn, Esq. took
the Chair, and wee greeted with universal cheering.
Mr. Snook.—lf we consider the times in which we
liVe, so remarkable an epoch may never or rarely recur,
when we may have the atone privilege and opportunity we
now have of going before Parliament to state freely our
sentiments, that we may possess a full and fair represent*.
tion in the Gnomons House of Patliament. Previously
to my submitting to you the first resolution, I will call
yonr attention to one remark. Can we doubt that a Reform
in Parliament is wily wanted, when wear* Gatton repre-
sented, and ISirmineloon not ; Newtown represented, and
Leeds not; Old Sarum represented, and Manchester not.
Ate not these facts sufficient to justify my asking you,
is not Home change nectaeary ? I will now come at once
to the first resolution. Mr. Snook then read the resolu-
tion, as well as the others.

Mr. W. GRANT, jun.—Mr. Chairman, I have great
pleasure in rising to support the first resolution. I at-
tended here to-day, Sir,, because I deem it as much my
duty, in common with those who direct their attention to
attiirs at home, to preserve and watch over our rights and
liberties, as it is the duty of thole who are culled abroad,
to defend them by the sword, I will close my roma, kw by
repeating to you dte words of an excel'ent and eminent di-
vine, who in an address to the Americans out the declara-
tion of their independence, said,—

" Ile this then, Uh, my countrymen, your care,
Let not your jealousies create despair;
With truth and loyal ►nodesty make known
yonr just complaints—approach your Monarch's throne
With tllial veneration—nor distrust
Ms princely resolution to be just.
Ilut, if the rudeness of n venal train,
(A tribe whose only Clod is private gain)
Atonnist the voice of truth, with conscious fear,
Mould bar the passage to the Royal ear,
And, if at list necessity should drive
li.cl► Loyalty to arms, and strive
gainst remedyless oppression, then
Defend your liberties and die like men."o

The foregoing quotation Was repeated with a great de-
gree of energy, anti proper emphasis, anti produced an
evident awl strong sensation, anti universal cheers and
rr Bravos."

The CHAIRMAN then put the first resolution, which,
net a show of bends, was cairiell eneuimously.
Mr. Leno--Mr. Mayor, and Gentlemen, heviug been
one of those who were instrumental in framing the requisi-
tion which has led to this meeting, it has been thought
proper that I should move the next resolution. We a'e
now met under auspices which I hardly ever expected.
Who ever thought that we should at this time have en
Administration who would themselves propose Reform ?
From the earliest period that I paid any ;mention to
politics, I have ever Peen of opinion that those evils with
which we are now surrounded and oppressed, have ariaeri
front the want of a just and fair representation of the
people. The longer I live, and the more I see, the more
' confirMed I am in that opinion, and the more satisfied tint
without a change in the representative system, we Gan
neither have indemnity for the past, nor security for the
future. We An know that great diversity of opinion exists
es to the precise nature of that Reform which is supposed
by various parties to be the moat likely to produce statist-
factory results; we have, therefore, thought it better to
confine ourselves by merely stating our opinion on the
principle, leaving it to the Legislature to decide on the
mature of that Reform which shall appear to them most
&likable. If, however, when the Ministers introduce th
measure, they shall not some up to what we' think they
ought, we MI then call another meeting and particularise
in petition :to Parliainent the kind of Reform we want.
It has been said by some, that the Ministers are going to
do, of their own free will, all that is great, good, and pro.
per; there is-no occasion therefore for us to interfere; let
them elope, they don't want our advice. With regard to
this first objection, I have only to say, that it must be, in
my opinion, satisfactory to the Ministers to be ensured by
the nation of their approval of the measures which they
* Nem, entitled ti Liberty," by the Rev. Philip Odell, of

have pledged themselves to support, and we aught there-
fore to come forward and encourage them in the work by
an expression of such approval. I detest any thing like
usurpation, and as far as regards myself and those with
whom I am connected in the steps which have been taken
in calling this meeting, we come here as men and English-
men, to state our opinions freely and fearlessly; and, Sir,

I will add, we must have our: rights, or circumstances
will follow which every man, who values the peace and
happiness of his country, must deprecate. I beg to pro-
pose the second resolution, and have merely to add, that
we have not introduced the subject of retrenchment and
economy into it, from a conviction that a Reform in Par-
liament must bring these.
Mr. Joares—l rise to second the resolution, and in doing
this, I cannot refrain from congratulating you old re-
formers upon the present state of things among us. The
question of Reform comes before us now under new and
encouraging circumstances ; the King and the Administra-
tion are both favourable to it. Butswe shall yet have vast
obstacles to encounter and overcome; the King himself is
not omnipotent---he has often been controlled by those
who have great influence in returning Members. There
are besides a great many other obstacles to be subdued,
when we consider the number of those whose interest it is
to oppose Reform in the Commons. Look at the good
old lady in Threadneedle-street, for instance. There are
a great many ramifications of her family. There are
many holders of Bank stock in the House. Look at
the East India Company again! They are trembling
alive for their privileges. They will muster all the op-
position they can, we may be sure. If a few handfulls of
Bank Notes, or a few India Bonds would stop Reform, I'll
engage to say they would not be wanting. There are
various others who may probably be deprived of some
advantages by the change, and who are also trembling
alive. But there is one class in particular, who repre-
sent their own boroughs, or their family boroughs. It is
much more pleasant for gentlemen to cull on some ten or
twelve, than to have to call on the whole town, to solicit
their suffrages. I expect many of these will not he very
cordial Reformers. There are a number of Bishops en-
joying from two or three thousands to forty or fifty thou-
sands a year ; they won't be very staunch friends of He.
form. Without meaning any particular reflection on any
person, look at the notorious Dr. Phillpott'e, we cant ima-
-1 gine for a moment that he will be very zealous in our
case& Such people as these will even say, 't Better to
bear the present evils, than fly to others which we know
not of ;" and so they will all oppose a change. With re-
gard to the Duke of Newcastle, and others whom I need
not name, for they are well known to you all, there is
no matter of dispute at all, for they have avowed themselves
decidedly opposed to Reform. There are a great many
great Lords that will not be disposed to lend us a hand ;
and, besides the preat. Lords, there are a great many little
Lords of limited incomes of not more than finer or five
thousands a year. Now, suppose they should have the
misfortune to have a large family of nine or ten children ;
if they send them to the parish they will only get, you
know, thirteenpente a week—hardly enough for shoe-
strings Well, then, what are they to do ? Why, they
must be saddled on John Bull, of course. One will be
put in the army, another in the navy, another in the
church ; and if one of them happens to have a little more
umptiou than the rest, they will make a lawyer of him....
(Great laughter,) Now, what have we got to oppose to
all this? Why, only the honesty and the public spirit of
of those who prefer the national good to their own inte-
rests. lam persuaded that if we could have a Reform in
Parliament, the saddle would be put upon the right horse.
I can see no necessity in the world for our adopting any
dishonourable mode of getting rid of our debt. An enor-
mous debt has been contracted, very foolishly we must all
admit, but yet it has been contracted, and therefore it
ought by all manner of means to be paid ; all we want is
that the taxes should be laid on those who produced them.
Mr. Gorman--It appears to me that the first resolu-
tion is not full enough, not strong enough ; it does nut go
far enough to satisfy me. Reform has, indeed, been men-
tioned, but then it is only in a general way. Now, lam
one if those who like particulars ; I should like the peti-
petition to owe what it is the people of Portsmouth and
Portia want. We all know very well what it is we want.
We don't like pluralities of livings, we don't like sinecure
places; hut is any thing of that sort expressed in the re-
solution ? True, you may take it so, because you may say
that a Reform in Parliament will bring about tinge other
matters, but I wish something particular. lent it an
abominable thing that the Clergy should possess livings
in so many different places where they cannot perform the
duties. Ono of them was bragging to me the other day
that he had four livings, when he ought to have but one,
We ought, therefore, to go at length into the subject in
our petition. I am sorry to find fault with the resolutions,
but they are not strong enough.
Mr. B. Eetarm—Parliamentary Reform, Sir, is a
Hydra, (rem which it you lop off owe grievance, hundreds
still remain. A beginning has, however, been made in
the cause of Reform, and the more opposition we see
offered to the measure, the more united should we be in
defeating such opposition. Our grievances ore great, they
are many, all feel them. Who is the man that will not
sympathize with the sufferings of the labouring classes.
If it should not be thought irrelevant, I think we may,
with propriety, compromise other objects than mere Re-
form. The present Premier has already been distributing
his patronage among his own relations, who are not likely
to be more efficient than thou who have been turned out
of office to make room fur them. Now we all know
whenever any one goes out of office, the pension list is in-
creased with an unsparing band. Look at the immense
sums of moneythat have been squandered away in secret—
there are 36,000,000/. unaccounted for of the secret ser-
vice money.—(Cries of no, no.)—This is one of the
bitter fruits of an unrestrained and licentious Administra-
tion. If the present Ministry follow the steps of the
former, the British nation will exist in the scale of nations
but a few years. The majority of the lower orders are
writhing under distress; they have intellects anal physical
powers as well as ourselves, and they are willing to exert
hem, but they have no opportunity. This is to be at.
tribute(' to the great landholders not sympathising with
the middling and lower classes. I feel competent to speak
on this subject, having travelled through a considerable
extent of rural districts, and I found few, very few instances
of peace and comfort in cottages. Who would roll in
bloated luxury and pride, when honest industry is trodden
under foot. There is a great deal of national grievance,
and unless those at the head of affairs will put their
shoulders to the wheel, the distress will be still greater.
Our burdens will increase and press us down, until the
countrystgill sink like a millstone in the Rea. Let us en.
deavour to rescue the falling reputation of the country ;
this can only be done by honest industry. Let the Pre.
!tier, with the Alonarch on the Throne, down to the lowest
peasant, encourage individual exertion. Our revenue and
expenditure are enormous, and they can only he diminished
by.our impressing on the minds of Ministers a sense of
the responsibility they have incurred. It is time to he
on the alert. There are great grievances in the
Church, there needs great reform in that depart-
ment. We hear of thousands possessed by Bishops;
of millions possessed by Laymen and Ecclesiastics;
fifteen millions would nut cover it ! The hulk of this
amount is in the bands of laymen—it is in the wrong.
hands. Look at the fallacious system of allowing clergy-
men to be pluralists, they can't be here and them at the
Name time, in Portsmouth anti Portsea ton. When Wirt, the
reins are thrown on the neck of the steed, there is no
stopping him, it's a war-horse. I wish to bold no into
op to obloquy, but if we may state one grievance, why
may we nut embody in the petition a respectful wish to
urge forward the cominiasi.n appointed to examine, into
Ecclesiastical abuses ? We still Nee pleediti„ without
number.—(Question, quetstioo.) Mr. then ex
pressed his determination to propose an amendment tl the
effect stated by him, but upon the Chairman stat;ng• his
opinion, that such antendivent would not come within the
terms of the requisition, Mr. Elliott said that under situ
circumstances he thought it more desirable that the object
lie lord in view should be discussed at another meeting,
whirls could be he'd for the puri.oae.

Mr. Gonne); moved a resolution to the effect, that the
unfairness of the representation is strongly exemplified in
the instance of this borough, where, though the inha-
Intents are from 60,000 to 60,000, the Members are re-
turned by the influence of the five resident Altittruten and
'even resident burgesses, without regard to the wishes of
the inhabitante. This proposal led to great noise and con-
fusion, the feeling of the meeting being strongly against it.
Mr. SNOOK then ruse and said, he considered it his
duty to second the motion.
Mr. J. W. WILLIAM rose in opposition to Mr. Cod.
den's motion. It might be true, that the borough returns
Members as stated by Mr. Gladden, hut the prusetit meet-
ing bad nothing to de with that point. For himself, lie
mid, it was his desire to, see the borough thrown open, but
not fur party purposes, nor as a party measure. Ile
wished for Reform may on getserel principles, anti deeply
as his affections and feelings were interested in the pros.
wiry of Portsmouth, he did not desire to see it prosper to
the prejudice of other towns. Re thought they would
more effectually serve the cause of Reform, by not framing
the petition upon narrow principles, as would be the case
if they instanced the circumstancee of this borough alone.
Re was opposed to universal suffrage, heosn„,..ho hod it
contrary to the principle, that knowledge is the ftitindatiors
of good government, and in itnoli a state of things was

to be reared that the passions, instead of that reason which I
results from knowledge and enlightenment, would have
paramount influence. That Reform is necessary, is de-
clared by the bight at authorities, and he instanced pas-
sages to that effect from Blackstone, Locke, and Milton.
He would not mince matters about corruption; he would
say, that owing to that we had a debt which hung like a
millstone about us, and the only remedy would be Reform.
He would move as an amendment to the resolution now
proposed, that which had been originally intended as the
third in the series, and which concluded by expressing an
opinion, that the duration of Parliament should be consi-
derably lessened.
Mr. J. B. CARTIKR, M.P., was of opinion that the
resolution of Mr. Goddeu and that of Mr. Williams
should not be put, the one as an amendment to the other,
but that both should stand together without clashing. It
was not sought to be denied that the borough had returned
Members by elute election. Such was their legal right,
but the time was come when he wished to see an end put
to that right.
Mr. Garretn rejoiced that the present Administration
were favourable to peace, and the principle of Reforni
would keep them so, because they could not venture to
increase the national debt. If that Ministry neglected
their duty or were afraid to do it, it would be the busi-
ness of the people to watch them, and compel them to do it.
Mr. Williams' resolution was then seconded by Mr.
Low, and was about to be put, when

Mr. DZWET moved as an addition, that " all elections
should take place on the same day throughout the king-
dom, and that the suffrages should be taken by ballot."
Mr. Mnrcitzx would second Mr. Dewey's motion, be-
cause be was convinced that voting by ballot was the best
safeguard against corruption and undue influence.
The resolution was then put and negatived by a great
majority.
Mr. WILLIAMS submitted a form of petition embodying
the resolutions, and moved that it be adopted. Mr. Low
seconded this motion, which was put and carried unani-
mously.
Mr. Gmwrisr, in an eloquent 'pitch, which we regret
our space will not allow us to report at length, moved that
the Lord Chancellor be requested to present the petition
to the House of Lords, and passed a high eulogium upon
that learned nobleman, who he said had consecrated his
political life a pledge to support Reform, and had been
eminently useful as the schoolmaster of the people, in
founding the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge,
and the London University.
Mr. Strong seconded the motion, which was put and
earl led unanimously.
..

Mr. CARTES. rose amidst loud and reiterated cheers.—
He said he should trimlys consider it his duty to present
their petition, whether he agreed with it or not; but in
this case lie cordially agreed with it. For his colleague
he thought it right to state that he was sure it would titan
have his warmest support, and that had he not been de_
tained by his duties in looking into the Recounts relative to
the expenditure of public money, he would have been pre-
sent. He, Mr. C., expressed his satisfaction that the
Lord Chancellor was to present the petition to the House
of Lords, and spoke in the highest terms of that Noble-
man's efforts in support of Reform, and for the good of the
people in general. He bad heard it said that the arieto•
cracy would not do their duty to the people, but he could
assure the meeting that there were now rallying round
Lord Grey numbers of noblemen who- would be foremost
to promote Reform, even though they must sacrifice their
own immediate interests, satisfied in the exchange if they
could but secure the liberties of the people. Indeed, he
would be sorry to see the idea prevail that the nobles of
this country could hope to exist upon any but the firm
basis of the people. _ _

It was then Moved by Mr. Soo and seconded by Mr.
MlNcturr, that Sir W. ileathcote be requested to support
the petition, which was unanimously carried.
A vote of thanks to the Mayor was moved by Mr.
Eworr, seconded by Mr. SNOOK, and carried unani-
mously with three cheers.
The Maros. briefly returned thanks, and the meeting
having given four times'four cheers for the King, and a
hearty round for Reform, separated.

POLAND.

(From a Correspondent of the Times.)

Immediately after the Congress of Vienna, the
Emperor Alexander summoned the first Polish Diet,
which was, by its constitution, to sit once in two
years, but with this singular provision—that in case
of urgent difficulties arising to the empire, the Em-
peror might postpone its meeting for two years more,
the melt, laws, &e. remaining to :Wu quo. But if
deferred beyond the fourth year, the people were
ipso facto considered absolved from the obligation
of paying any tax whatever,--a right, the principle
of which, thus recognized by law, may be traced to
the ancient right of authorized confederacy, so often
occurring in the history of those turbulent but steady
republicans. Since the first session, the Diet has
been assembled at the longest intervals possible,
under one pretence or another : the publication of
the debates, which have sometimes been very stormy,
prohibited, on the plea that their publicity had been
found troublesome in England, where it could not
be prevented after so long u use of the liberty of the
Press, and that if not nipped in the bud, a similar
inconvenience might hereafter be found in Poland.
Speeches or other publications have been allowed to
be publi-lied, to a very limited number of copies,
and it has been one of the labours of the lovers of
liberty during the last few years to multiply manu-
script copies of such as had too small a circulation.
One of the great inducements held out by the
Congress of Vienna (to which England was party)
to the ineorporation of Poland with Russia, was the
hope that the first spoils of the infamous Catherine,
the provinces of Lithuania, Podolia, and those
formerly known as the Ukraine, might be reunited to
the kingdom. Alexander, with his usual craft, said
that he reserved to himself to choose the moment
for extending the donstitutional government of the
new kingdom to those countries,—a measure which
he never found a moment for, and, indeed, to which
he showed himself gradually less disposed towards
the end of his life. Once, indeed, he went so far as
io allow the Lithuanian regiments to wear a collar
of the Polish colours on the Russian uniform, nod
made his Aidc-dc-ramp propose in return the adop-
tion of the Russian collars in the Polish uniform.
The Committee of Polish officers to whom it was
proposed, kicked the Russian out of the room, and
it was never brought on the tapie afterwards.
It is a mistake to suppose the dismembered por-
tions of this kingdom are in the least strangers to
this movement in IVarstiw, or the feelings that
proltice it. The language and manners of all parts
of Poland are remarkably homogeneous; the Priests
are universally patriotic, rind the great famiiies of
Warsaw are collected indiscriminately from all parts
of the ancient kingdom, few liking to live at Berlin,
Petersburgh, or Vivant*.
The small republic of Cracow and its territory
are the resort of many of the first families of Poland,
who, nut
being allowed to go from one part of the
country to the other by their respective tyrants, buy
sufficient land to make them citizens of Cracow,
where they have freedrm of person and speech,
bich wows in no other portion of Poland. The
espionnage of Warsaw in particular, under Colonel
who pretends to be of an English family, is
qu4e disgusting. The Russian Government endea-
vour, by means of ribands, and titles, and sinecures,
and the degrading system of classes, or more pro-
perly castes, of society, to hook on all the principal
families to the car of despotism; but they do not'
succeed. Every one who can, lives on his estate,
lovely and mei :nchnly as they are in the present
state of things, where a count"), party cannot as-
semble at Christmas, or a wedding take owe,.
with-
out giving notice to the Grind Duke.
It came to my knowledge that Prince S----,who
usually lives on his property in Vulhynia, was kept
halfa year waiting for passports from St. Peters-
burgh, before he could cross the frontier to visit his
estates in Gellieia. When passports are given to
roles of the Russian dominion to go through the
Austrian territory, it is not uncommon to insert a
clause specially prohibiting a visit to Cracow, which
is a place alwsys suspected, and most honourably
suspected, of being the safe deposit of patriotism
and of liberal ideas. Yet they do go there : many
a traveller has left his carriage at the salt-mines of
‘ViehFzka, and under pretence of passing a day in
hiss made his way on foot to the
ttiltrcir inspection,entcapi
capital to visit the tombs of the Kings in
the Cathedra(, once presided over by the dauntless
Archbishop Soltyk (whom Catherine sent to Si-
beria),to contemplate the narrow vault that contains

the remains of three of their greatest heroes—So-
bieski, Kosciuszko, and Poniatowski, and make a
pilgrimage to the tumulus or barrow of Kosciuszko,
which is so appropriately placed on Bronni-slawa
(the Hill of Glory).
Lest it should be supposed that Russia has any
hold on the affections of the sui-disant kingdom,
properly so called, it should be remembered that
half of it was never her's till the Congress delivered
.

t over to her; half its inhabitants, vexed by Aus-
sign and Prussian Governors, were quite new to
he yoke of Rnssia in 1815; and that the mostdis-

tiniuished officers of the army—Chlopieki, Con-
stantine Czartoryski, Kniazewicz, and Morawski—
were educated in the school of Napoleon.
Yet, with a natural predilection for his memory,
and a friendly feeling towards France in general, they
are not blind to the defects of Napoleon in respect
of all but military matters. Before his downfall,
they had discovered that he was never likely to do
them much good, and had determined on using
his power to do good to themselves if possible, but
in a more liberal and patriotic manner than would
have suited that maker of Grand Duchies petty
kingdoms.
The Poles wish neither for the Constitution of
France, nor England, nor America, nor the Nether-
hinds, nor of any country but their own, as esta-
blished on the 3d of May, 1791, for which, and the
history of their last struggles, 1 must refer to the
Hisloire des Demembremens, par Fernand, and the
Illemoires de Michael Ogiaski.

(From the Lichfield Mercury.)

As the eyes of Europe will again be directed to
this once powerful and interesting nation, whose
misfortunes have almost buried it in oblivion (the
common' fate of fallen nations) for the last thirty
years—a brief review of the most striking features
in Polish history utay be interesting to our readers,
The early history of the Poles is unknown, partly
because they had not among them those poets
whose songs, however fabulous, are the ground-
work of the early history of most nations—and
partly because exemption from the Roman sword
excluded them from the province of Roman his-
torians.

About the end of the sixth century, we find an
established form of government among them in the
shape of twelve Palatines or Vaivodes, and a King
or Duke elected by tl►e people, from which electoral
form of Government may be t►aced the long line of
disasters which were to be consummated by religi•
ous fury. Towards the end of the tenth century,
Christianity was introduced into Poland under the
reign of Mieczlaus I.—the intermediate period
having been spent, according to the custom of those
times, ►n foreign or civil war, the few intervals of
peace being moments of exhaustion rather than of
repose.

In 999, Bolestaus 1., the first Sovereign of Po-
land who assumed the title of King, ascended the
throne. He successively conquered Bohemia, Mo-
ravia, Russia, Saxony, Prussia, and Pomerania. In
his battles he twice led his armies, swimming over
mighty rivers, to victory (one of them the Borys-
thenes or Dnieper of Bonapartean celebrity.)—
He was a merciful victor, a prudent Prince, and was
beloved by his people, yet is his name scarcely
known among the recorded list of heroes !
During the greater part of the ensuing century,
Poland was occupied in subduing revolted states;
nor is her history unstained, during that period, by
civil wars, one of the most dreadful of which arose
from the following singular cause. Buleslaus 11.,
great-grandson to the hero already mentioned, quar-
tered a conquering army in Kiovia, " the richest as
well as the most dissolute city in the north." Here
the debaucheries of Cannte were more than re-acted,
and were followed by yet more fatal consequences.
All the soldiers, with their King, attached them-
selves to Kiovien women ; and, this fact being made
known to their wives in Poland, the latter, in
revenge, conferred marital privileges on their slaves.
On the return of the dishonoured soldiers a civil
war, too dreadful for narration, ensued. Suffice it,
that the women fought .side by side with their
newly-elected 'consorts, against their own husbands.
This calamity was quickly followed by one of an
opposite nature, but of equal severity. Religious
schisms led to the massacre of a Bishop of Cracow.
This offence against the Church roused the venge-
ance of Gregory VII., the most ambitious and op-
pressive Pope that ever filled the Papal Chair. He
anathematised Boleslaus, released los subjects from
their allegiance, and placed the whole kingdom under
ban. Unutterable confusion followed, and the King,
long the victim of persecution, is reported to have
ended his days in the menial character of cook in a
monastery.
The Papal resentment being at length allayed,
Uladislaus, the brother of the late Monarch, became
Soveregn under the more ancient and humble title
of Duke. His reign was a continued scene of fo-
reign and civil disturbance, as was the succeeding
one of his son Boleslatis 111. Thu latter Prince,
having conquered the Emperor Henry IV., fell a
victim to his own carelessness, was defeated by the
Russians who had revolted, and died from grief.
Events of similar character, and occurring, for the
most part, in the same countries, maik the history
of Poland down to the 16th century. The most
stroking incidents are, an unsuccessful invasion of
Poland by the Emperor Barbarossa, a successful one
by the Tartars, who were ultimately conquers d, the
wars with the Teutonic Knights in which the latter
were almost universally worsted; and the introduc-
tion by Casimir 111., surnamed the Great, of a writ-
ten code of laws.

In 1507 Sigismund I. ascended the Polish throne,
and under his reign Poland attained the acme of
her glory. Ile first quelled the rebellion at home,
and then so extended conquest abroad as to rouse
the jealousy of Austria. This jealousy excited a si-
multaneous attack on Poland, by the Russians,
Moldavians, and Tartars. But Sigismund overcame
every danger, and in a single instance (namely), the
capture of Strurehud by his General Count Tato,
made 60,000 prisoners, and also secured an immense
booty. Poland, Lithuania, the Duchies of Smo-
lensko and Saveria, besides dominions beyond the
Euzine and the Baltic, confessed his authority;
while Bohemia, Hungary, and Silesia, submitted to
the rule of his nephew Lewis. Such, 300 years
ago, was now despised mitt enthralled poked!
But the curse of Poland, its elective sovereignty,
was shortly to shake its prosperity to the founda-
tions, ns it had frequently done before. On the
death of Sigismund 11. five European Courts in-
trigued for the election of a member from their re-
spective houses. Consequent intrigue, cabal, and
violence', coded in the choice of the Duke of Anjou.
This Prince soon deserted his post fur the throne of
France, vacant by the death of Chutes IX. The
disgraceful scenes were repeated, and Stephen
Batori was eventually chosen. Under his reign
t)antzic revolted and was subdued; and an attack
by Russia and Sweden was riot only repelled, but
the Czar lost Livonia as well as 400,000 soldiers.
De Vasa and three other Kings succeeded each
other rapidly through similar torrents of civil com-
motion, till they were at once arrested by the over-
whelming power of Charles X. of Sweden, who sub-
' deed the whole country.
In 1657 the Swedish yoke was thrown off—and
in 1671 the character of Poland was redeemed by
John Sobieski, who Jeft of 300,000 invading Turk%
only 15,000 to escape. This celebrated General
succeeded to the throne; and as under his gotten:-
merit Poland recovered her splendour, so at his
death it sunk for ever. Ills reign was like the hal-
liant ray of the setting sun, which is the forerunner
and contrast of night. Civil commotions were re-
newed and were again checked by the armies of
Sweden, under the irresistible Charles XII., who
made Poland his prey; nor did he release it before
his celebrated defeat, by the Russians, at Pultowa.
In 1764, Count Poniatowski—who, under the
regal name of Stenislaus, commanded the venera-
tion of so many yet living among us--was elected
King of Poland. Such a man, had Poles remained
what they had been, was fit, not merely to preserve
but to create, an empire. But Poles, the nobles at

nutui

least, were worse than degenerate. Brave they
were, it is true—but they were avaricious mid die
honest—and, above all, they were bigetted fanatics.
Civil discord (the effect of election of their Monarch,
as we have before observed) had raged among thfm
for centuries, yet they had ever recovered, INK
did not always maintain a proud national stannic
It remained for religious fury to shake them, as II
nation, to their foundations—and for treachery to
seize the opportunity of overthrowing them totay,
In the interval between the election of Poniatowski
and the death of his predecessor, the Diet of Poland
issued an intolersit edict against Protestants; is
pretended consequence of which the Russians mad*
a military demonstration close to Warsaw. Another
Diet met, and, by its continued restraints on the
erotestants, afforded more pretext for Russian intar•
erence on behalf of the Protestant cause.
Extensive confederacies were now formed by the
Protestants; and shortly afterwards by the Re•
monists. And here we cannot help complainiaj
our own part, however unworthy) of those hititr
rians, whom we have been able to consult, within
forty-eight hours, that they have used, mart"
after paragraph, the one word " confederacy
on both sides, without any distinstion. The who*
history of Poland has required less of our attend. ;
than the confused use of this one term. Biota

oland.
Plh ePrreos Protestants
-so es s t_asnot sd
ifdo rt
hmee dßcoomnsfend
ce riattchi cost
etos.supeir
_vo:
federacy was opposed to confederacy; and Ire
nation was utterly divided. The confusion, I.#
confederacies (worse than confusion) which 100
lowed, would hafge the industry of any 111040
historian, and the patience of every casual restill'i,.o
Of the inveterate nature of these confedersinl
the most hellish proof was given in a well ortenl,o"
attempt, on the part of one of them, ll'"Illiww-sph,
the noble Poniatowski, who was their Va
details have been often before the publiisilnt "rm.
osti
long for present it sertion, and too 'swilling so 'lll
„ curtailed.* The King aped by the is ef
extraordinary courage end presence of minds *nd
turned to Warsaw amidst the joyful *its of Mild.,
jects, " the King is alive l"
But in the mean time, Catherine of Itussis
Frederick of Prussia seeing, in the disergsoised stele
of Poland, an opportunity of dismembering bar, ell*
tered into a treaty to do so, and to allot to thei
it
r 111"
spective gluttony the dissevered members. Yit
Wilk
this very time Russia was in avowed peals
Poland, and Prussia in a bounden defensive wet
with her; and the King of Prussia proposed the
scheme.
Evel effort was made to bring Poniatowsitl•-
(that is) Stanislaw', the late King of Poland (with
whom some of our readers have been contenrifil)
—to subscribe to this shameless distribution.
Ne
would not. But, he remodelled, with wisdom,
Polish Constitution?. and forgotten, as may bet diet
glorious Patriot, lota insignificant as may appea _,
native country—this last effort done of the beilf.
Kings of one of the proudest nations on earths"'
made within life's span from the youngest ot 1""
and yet it is forgotten!! I 11:
But Polish exertion ends not here---101104,,
Pole, " Kosciusko," drove, with some mire";
1.5,000 disciplined Russian soldiers out of
—or perhaps we should be more correct in wit
3ti hh,oBotOu Os
thousand
the
rPiosofol
me ntary triumph was complete by the villnilsis
tinsheherisrpos pn
du l
enemiesa6tioon did so—and their' lor
lasted for forty hour.. BuwtpeniereecitebsselaroifKocsiiitallitiAlsii
nor Polish valour could withstand Rauh° numrof
Kosciusko died in a dungeon—snd the Wit!,
Prague robbed Poland of her name as a nation;
Tl:e wretched but still noble Ponistostelcittn;
King, was made prisoner and has never sinet,bll
heard of.
The hypocrisy of Russia, and the troche
Prussia, were now apparently successful... 4. ro
Austria claimed her share of the game; thole 'ILs
had no share in the chime of it. Thp result Os
division of noble Poland to the following 'bog "
• 4
Prussia. Anita.
ignoblelltita
Square utiles... 17600
Inhabits :sue
will
5,764,006 2,596,000 3,600 r:
give an abridgement of them t

old
The frontispiece to Hoop's Cotnie Alin I.
,
~..mi.,
is " A Day at the Devil's Dyke ;" in which On,
the 111111,7 • .
11.
.
foot, in the shape of a mawkin, is leaning 0
run, that it is easy to perceive honest persertrisee.
only make matters worse. .. +,
11°11
A few days after the return of Sir FR
.- 0
1}
he reach'
uararr fur the county of Middlesex,!,
B :_.
from an attorney far services rendered dahnj thi ~. t
which contained one very extraordinary WO • The' -,t'
Ms OOP t'''
of law had not been employed lay the hie
isit i,
net's Committee, but had volunteered his servieelti , '.
among the various charges of which his • bill Wes; i':
posed there was so much for 'oieg from rthlwr:ber
Acton, from Acton to Brentford, and to and frellt::,o
places, to bring up voters, concluding 0 yearPliettst*ite
an extraordinary quantity of mental anxiety on ism. i!
of aAlest:3eltr
count during ten days, 5001. 1" It il't Per"Pci %tut 1
mfronmL AOGimEaggh? ng eel:
to add that the Banmet himself Wed the bill, la
the "mental anxiety" was stock out of till law4°_
~.,4 1 t
1117E.:..,:t1tT41:;"-04,Erioirrotutor :
of people, to the number of 2,000 or upwards, Slop 4.
A day or two ago near Mr. Vasty., at nell/00 on i.
within three miles of Omagh. They Platttid Stit_°i. 01 0. ;"
otphirieersidoer
gorfouthned
firtioltln (wohneier
soanngiet,pothoer
rot;..irestoreszr.initsown 1,
shout two years ago. Two or three at iv., isni k
tog magistrates saw what' was going on;
.011100 ll' Mt 14
Mr. J. BUCHANAN, agent to Mr• Vseart to 4 441/ilet i'-
dtrteheernecetliaPeslriitniklsreoytwbstesahmnarttedede tuhr;clytdh,l"ueg:t°iftotheinadnlin,hdaravioilid“iser,liii:sietisrerla:l;ll4llll7lllgl4/1%:$11'11111' till-i
notices were headed, " Fire, Fire, firei 1,..11, 0 114. 1:
having posted several notices to the OWIt
bf
werett ai
P,ta ii n
reported
1B Fa nia.agtrhhAte°r;llmwii :hat:reit theyRock.
i,lO
cp oi adsre. ler 5157
st
h' loe iii44191101e..5‘761e r:
more Dublin Morning Regular..l
-----:---r- ,- :
'" •
Dintil& Tkh l k
ief "c
On the 22d Inst. the lady of J. ottitose .
Tilston-lodge, Cheshire, of a"" and heir. t. . 111... l'
On the 22d just. in Upper Berkeley-stree r.. ~,
jeughl6ll°'
square, the !A rt y of R. Ronald, Et(let °altbsoi
la '
q
On the 92d inst. at Higham.lodge, Wstertr:
Gillespie, of a son.
MARRIED. ~.„ifr,
On the 18th init. at St. Th.tolph's, DishoP.l
dap;
14'i if
[T. S evens, of Ohl-street, to Rachel, socood Y
the lot:, W. Oaks, Esq., of Botinthalitch.ant-liate b•
if..
On the 22i1 inst. at All Soul s Langlis.ag , oda,
Walker, E.g., of Edinburgh, o
Elisabeth, ee4°
ter of S. W. Reynold., E.q., of Bmswiter.... ~,•1010,
On the 23d inat. at Si. Pancras,• Mr. T. E.
11‘0,-106
of Staple-inn. to Elizabeth, eldest daughter 0I It.
,
E.g., of flampstead-road.
IMED. Oll
i,.,4 4
On thei22d inst. in Loudon, Priscilla: re'!'iti ibe,
Chattel Banbury, Esti•, of Mistral FAIP/'
year of her age.
On the 9th inst. at IttAiNlf4 Valle, St. 0•1101114:00
General Viiremte Ohert.
On the 21st inst. at Bath, Amelia Cbs-'"1"4--elt. tr, :
daughter of the late T. Bird, Esq. f 000,,f P
On the 21st inst. at Devises, Wilts, 's- AI
daughter of the late Mr. H 10",.. Rutt, of renaboLw:'_ll,
O Mrs
On the 21st inst. . Vivian, wife of Or . ,
Vivian, of Chelsea. eat re
On tl,e 20th must, in Upper Charlotte-atr-
itt
square, Miss C. Bean raft. wine • ibete
On the 20th inst. at Wedborphill, wo.ll;ror,,,Li'
ha 32d year, Elisabeth Harriatt, the tyiree,sa•a* 01-.
White, and only tau Elisabetheth
4hter of R. Williams .1
t ,P-4'- ' 1,( li,
ton-hill, Surrey. aAt
On the frith last. at Glasgow, J.
COP- g $
Newton-ludo. tier °ft- ti
BIHNITti, Of Queen.square, BimMiblayt 144 10'. ye 1
On the 19th inst. Annette, eldest. J 41111.- 1
PRINTED AV) PUISLISHXD 311 r MURDO.
THU SUP 0171CX, 1 Ulf filscaxt, bw-
I