The Sun.
London, England, 1839-08-30 00:00:00

•
LONDON AN I) .BLACR.WALL

As an instance of which, he might say that a worthy
Alderman (Humphery) now present, who had origi-
nally opposed the extension, had, since it had been car-
ried, considerably increased his interef4- in the concern,
--(Hear, heat)) With tespect to the power which
the new Act gave the Directors, of borrowing 200,000/4
1,50,0001. would probably be required befbre the line td
the Minories was opened, and on the borrowing of that
amount, as to which now there could be no doubt,
would depend the necessity of making any further calls.
If that sum were borrowed, there need be no calls till
next year, when they would be required for the exten-
sion—( Hear, hear). The Proprietors would no doubt
see the propriety of leaving the arrangement of the
borrowing to the discretion of the Directors—(Hear.)
He had the pleasure of stating that the agreement
with the West India Dock Company as to Brunswick
Wharf had been made perpetual, instead of, as at first,
for fifty years.—(Hear, hear.) Equally gratifying was
it for him to be enabled to inform the Proprietors that
the expenses of obtaining the new Act, estimated at
20,0001., amounted only to 7,oool.—(Hear, hear)—
a large amount when considered by itself perhaps, but
not to those who understood Parliamentary proceedings.
—(A laugh.)
It was then unanimously resolved :-
1. That the Report of the Directors, together with
the half-yearly accounts, be received and adopted.

RAILWAY.

Ameeting very numerous of the Directors and Pro-
prietors of the London and Blackwall Railway took
place yesterday at the London Tavern, Bishopsgate-
street, Was. ROUTH, Esq., in the Chair.
The Climax AN said it was unnecessary for him to de-
ttin the meeting by any lengthened observations,
cause the Report which had been prepared l[iy the Di-
rectors centatned all the information they could require,
and it would probably save time to have it read in the
first instance. _ _

The SECRETARY then read the Report of the Engi-
neers, Messrs. G. Stephenson and G. P. Bidder, detail-
ing the progress that been made in the works, which it
was expected would be completed from Blackwall to the
Minories in the spring of 1840 :
" REPORT.

. The Directors of the London and Blackwall Rail-

way Company have much satisfaction in again meeting
the Proprietors, and laying before them a statement of
their proceedings since the period of the last half-yearly
meeting. _ . _

At that time the contracts with Mr. Jackson and
with Messrs. Gris3ell and Peto had just been concluded,
and the Directors are gratified in being able to state that
rapid progress has since been made as well in these
works, as in those under contract to Messrs. G. and R.
Webb.
" For the details the Directors refer to the Report of
the Engineers, and they have the pleasure to add that
they are satisfied alike with the progress that has been
made, and with the character of the work.

" The Directors have very great satisfaction in laying
before the Proprietors the New Act of Parliament,
which received the Royal Assent on the 17th inst., repeal-
ing the clauses in the Act of 1836, which restricted the
Company from laying their rails within 200 feet of the
East side of the Minories, and granting the necessary
powers for extending the Railway to Fenchurch-street.
"The Bill was opposed in the most determined manner
by the Corporation of London and by certain parishes ;
and indirectly by the owners of the legal Quays and the
Agents of certain Docks, who, it may be imagined, were
unwillinc, that any new facilities should be given to the
lower Docks,n which do not at present enjoy the advan-
tage of quick and easy communication with the seat of
business.

" Tha Directors rested their case upon the obvious
fact, that this extension would give increased facilities
to the business of the Port of London, and they be-
lieve that the opposition to them coming from such
quarters, and conducted in the selfish and bitter spirit
which directed it, materially assisted them in establish-
ing their claim.
" It is scarcely necessary for the Directors to say any
thing as to the benefits likely to result from this exten-
sion of the line ; it brings the lower docks into imme-
diate communication with the up-town warehouses, and
insures to the Railway the carriage of goods passing be-
tween these points ; whereas, if the line had stopped at
the Minories, the goods would have been subject to the
unloadinc, and reloading there, which would so much
have added to the expense and neutralized the advantage
of transit by the Railway, as to have made it doubtful
whether the present mode of carriage would not in most
cases have been preferred. With respect to the advan-
tages as regards passengers, the Directors believe that
they cannot express them in clearer terms than those
contained in the Report of the House of Lords, where
it is stated—' That one of the main objects of the Act
passed in the Session of 1836, was to relieve the Pool of
the River Thames from a species of traffic occasioning
much loss of human life and daily inconvenience, and
that in the opinion of the Committee such object will be
more effectually insured by the proposed extension of
the line, whereby additional inducements will be afforded
to steam-boat passengers to proceed to and from Black-
wall by the Railway rather than by the River ; more
especially as the majority of such passengers are now
landed at London Bridge, which is considerably nearer
to the Royal Exchange than the depot in the Minories,
but is not nearer to the Exchange than the proposed
terminus in Fenchurch-street."

" The Act contains also clauses for alterinr, the name
of the Company from the Commercial Railway Com-
pany to that of the London and Blackwall Railway
Company, and for borrowing any sum not exceeding
200,000/., as soon as one-half of the capital of
600,000/. has been up, and the Directors recommend
this Meeting to give them the necessary powers for
borrowing upon debentures accordingly.
" There is also a clause by which the agreement with
the East and West India Dock Company for the use of

the Brunswick Wharf is made perpetual, instead of
being limited to fifty years as before proposed, and an-
other clause raising the qualification of a Director from
20 to 40 shares, and further authorising the Pro-
prietors, when they shall think fit, to reduce the num-
ber of elected Directors from sixteen to ten. The pre-
sent Directors were elected in February last for a
year, upon the expiration of which it is the intention of
the Directors to recommend to the Proprietors to reduce
the number in conformity with the authority of the new
Act.

" No time will be lost in setting out the property
which will be required for the extension line, but as con-
siderable delay will necessarily arise in obtaining pos-
session and clearing the ground by reason of the six
months' notices, the Directors do not calculate upon
opening that part of the line till the beginning
of 1841 ; it will, however, be satisfactory to the Pro-
prietors to know that this will in no way inter-
fere with the opening of the line from the Minories to
Blackwall ; the property for the whole of that part has
been secured, and the works upon it are so far advanced
as to justify the Directors in stating that it will be open
for traffic in the month of March in next year. ...

" The usual half yearly statement of receipts and dis-
bursements to June 30 is appended hereto ; the whole
amount of arrears upon calls then due, amounting to
8,6591., by subsequent payments has been greatly re-
duced. Another call of 21. per share was made on the
23d July, and is now in course of payment.
" In conclusion, the Directors consider that there is
much on which they have to congratulate the Pro-
prietors, and fortunately there is nothing on which they
have to express any regret. _

" The result of the traffic on every Railway that has
yet been opened has more than justified the expecta-
tians that were entertained of increase, and disappoint-
ment where it has occurred bas arisen alone from the
insufficiency of the estimates. In the case of the
Blackwall Railway, on the contrary, the works will be
executed even for the extended line much within the
sum placed at the disposal of the Company by Parlia-
ment, and the rapid increase of steam navigation, the
very opposition with which they have lately been as-
sailed, and a variety of other circumstances, conspire to
lead the Directors to believe that the expectations which
they have formed with regard to the traffic will not be
disappointed.

" WILLIAM ROUTH, Chairman."

"TO THE CHAIRMAN AND DIRECTORS OF TILE LONDON AND
BLACKWALL RAILWAY.
" GENTLEMEN—In the last half-yearly Report, which
we had the honour of laying before you, we referred to
the progress of the work on contract No. 1, and to the
character of the respectable contractors, who had un-
dertaken the whole of the work on your Railway, as a
security for the expectations which we ventured to en-
tertain, that the Blackwall Railway would be completed
to the Minories in March 1840.
" We now beg to refer you to the annexed statement
of the progress made on the Works of your Line of
Railway, as a justification of those anticipations :
Concrete Piers Arches
foundations. completed. keyed in.
Work executed '264 ... 258 ... 172
To execute 43 ... 49 ... 112
" Considerable progress has also been made in the em-
bankment over the West India Dock marshes.
" The heaviest works on your line of Railway are the
three large arches at the Regent's Canal Docks, of
which two are complete, and the third will be keyed in
by the end of this week. There is also another large
arch over the Lea cut, the centreing of which is com-
pleted.
" The foundations of the engine-houses at the London
end of the line are being excavated, and in a few days
a commencement will also be made on the engine-
houses at the Blackwall terminus.
With reference to the machinery, we have only to
observe that the ropes are already completed, and such
progress made in the engines and drums, and machinery
connected therewith, as to preclude the slightest doubt
of their being completed by the time they will be re-
quired.
In sh, rt, adverting to the progress made, and to the
easy nature of the work remaining to be executed, we
feel assured that your Railway will be completed by the
period above referred to.
0 We have also to call your attention to the fact that,
in consequence of the foundations of the viaduct having
turned out more favourable than we originally deemed
it safe to assume ; and in consequence, also, of other
fortunate circumstances, a considerable saving has been
effected on the amount of the several contracts at which
the works on your Railway were taken ; making, in the
whole, a sum of nearly 15,0001.
" The complete failure on the part of the opponents of
the Bill for the extension of your Railway to Fenchurch-
street, to prove before the Committees of the Lords
and Commons the inefficiency of the proposed mode for
working the line, has added, if possible, to our confi-
dence in the perfect succe,s of the arrangements which
have been made, and which we shall new so soon have
the satisfaction to see in operation.
" We are, Gentlemen,
" Your very obedient servants,
(Signed) " GEO. STEPHENSON.
" 35k, Great G
" G P. BDDER.
eorge-street,EAug.O. 2B, 1 1839."

The CHAIRMAN said he would observe, as to the
amended Act which they had obtained last session,
that the Directors had purposely avoided speaking of it
in triumphant terms, being desirous, as they had ever
been, to preserve a conciliatory disposition towards the
opponents of the extension—( Hear, hear)—who had,
it was gratifying to state, much diminished in number,

2. That the Directors of this Company be em-
powered, and by this present order of the general
meeting of Proprietors, they are empowered to borrow
on the credit of the undertaking, the sum of 200,0001.
or any part thereof, for any term of years, and at such
rate or respective rates of interest, and upon such con-
ditions as they may deem advisable.
Thanks were voted to the Directors, and the busi-
ness terminated, evidently to the entire satisfaction of
the Proprietary.

titE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY, AttattST 30, 183 g.

BRITYSH AsSO,ciATION FOR THE
ADVANCEMENT 40T SCIENCE.

BIRMINGHADI, WEDNESDAY EVENING.—The first
connergazione given yesterday evening at- the Town-
hall was very well attended, and afforded a high gratifi-
cation for the visitors. In the course of the evening
the perfOrrnances on the fine organ, excited much satis-
factioii.

SECTION O.—MECHANIcAi. stiENCE.
At the meeting yesterday morning Mr. Beart
eaihi-
bited a new and portable machine for filtration by hy-
drostatic pressure, suitable for making coffee, tinctures,
aed other infusions. The principle of the invention was
approved of by Mr. Hawkins le eases where long pres-
sure was not required, and which was always inju-
rious in filtration. With respect to coffee, Dr. Ore
approved of that plan the most which effected the ana-
lysis or the separation of the aromatic and bitter princi-
ples, the presence of the latter being denoted
by the infusion assuming a yellow colour.
Resistance on Railways.—Dr. Lardner CoMmu•
nicated the results of the inquiry of the Com•
mittee appointed at Liverpool on railway constants,
and whose attention had latterly been devoted to
the important subject of resistance to trains when in
motion. The experiments which he related bad been
performed on the Grand Junction, and Liverpool and
Manchester lines, who had handsomely placed at the
disposal of the Committee all their resources and at
their own expense. Resistance depended upon many
different circumstances, such as the rolling motion of
the tires, the axles on their bearings, and the leverage
on the wheels, and the opposing influence of the at-
mosphere to the train passing through it, independent
of causes in the rigirie and its parts. The first expe-
riments were directed to ascertain the amount of
resistance on the aggregate, which presented consider-
able difficulties, as no common or instrumental modes
of observation were applicable. After much consider-
ation, it was ascertained that the only mode of deter-
mining the point could be by observing the motions of
the trains down an inclined plane, and by calculating
the difference between where the carriages were, and
where they should have been at any precise
time. Upon this principle several confirmatory ex-
periments were made, and there was an uniform ten-
dency observed in the trains to retard, showing a great
quantity of resistance at a high velocity. They obtained
the singular and striking fact, that the amount against
which they had to contend was 1-97th of the whole
weight, instead of 1-250th or 1-300th, as bad been pre.
viously supposed. It was satisfactorily ascertained that
a great portion of this resistance was owing to the atmo-
sphere ; as the amount of speed, when the carriages
were left to their own momentum, was singularly. de-
pendant on the influence of fair, adverse, and side winds,
and calm weather. The experiments also showed that
a great deal of this resistance was owing to the wheels
acting as fanners, and hence the utility of small wheels
was proved over larger ones. The remainder of the
subject was deferred till another occasion.
Yesterday morning the first paper read was a memoir
from Dr. Ure, on the elastic force and density of steam,
which he had undertaken at the request of the Associa-
tion. After describing in minute detail the former
experiments of philosophers to determine the subject,
he gave some very elaborate tables. In
the course
of his observations he regretted that chemists in this
country did not substitute Reaumur's thermometer for
that of Fahrenheit, as the divisions of the latter were
very anomalous.-2. Mr. Hodgkinson related the re-
sult of his experiments on the power of different species
of wood to resist a force tending to crush them. The
results showed that the strength depended materially
on the degree of dryness of the different kinds of
wood which were subjected to experiment, and which
would prove of considerable practical interest to
builders. It was suggested that similar experiments
should be made with respect to the quantity of water lost
in drying, and the effect of steaming wood.-3. A com-
munication was next made from Mr. Fairbairn, en his
experiments on the tension of iron, which were in pro-
gress. In all the bars there was a constant increase in
the deflection, rendering it very probable that time only
was necessary to break the whole of them, though in
some of them the power must be great, but as yet no-
thing certain could be predicted.-4. Mr. Cottam ex-
hibited a brick and tile-making machine, invented by
the Marquis of Tweeddale, which possessed some very
peculiar advantages. The importance of obtaining
bricks more perfect, and with greater economy, had
been proved by the efforts made upon the subject ; but
as yet, although nearly thirty patents had been taken
out on the subject, none had been successful. In this
machine the clay was carried under the rollers in a com-
pressed state, as an endless web, and was cut into
proportionate shapes, which had but to be carried
away to be baked. One revolution of the machine,
which took one minute, produced thirty bricks, and
one man and two boys were thus able to produce
30,000 bricks in a working day. A very inge-
nious modification enabled the machine to manufacture
draining tiles and pantiles, the former being now in much
request, particularly in Scotland, where draining the
land, and turning up the subsoil, had been attended
with the most beneficial results to agriculture. The
machine-made bricks were also less porous, one of them
absorbing in six hours no more than four ounces of water,
while one of the best common bricks absorbed twenty-
eight ounces. The cloth:on which the clay run was
moleskin, and which, by the numerous points which it
presented; prevented its adhesion.--5. Mr. J. Scott
Russel communicated particulars of the progress of
the Committee appointed to inquire into the best form
for vessels. They had instituted experiments on a
small scale, with a great number of small models,
out of which they intended to select some which
answered their expectations best, and from hence to
try the experiment on a larger scale, when the re-
sults would be pretty fully laid down for the bene-
fit of naval architecture. It was a singular fact, that
the swiftest sailing steam-vessel in this country had
been constructed from a plan published incidentally
from the proceedings of the Association. This had
been constructed on the wave principle, and which, al-
though it had only 220-horse power to a tonnage of
660, with ease attained a speed of 15 miles per hour.-
6. Mr. Cottam next read a communication on some
railway wheels, made wholly of wrought iron, so welded
together that, independent of the screws, rivets, or any
other kind of fastening, they form one piece with the
spokes. Mr. Roberts, of Manchester, however, spoke
of the advantages of cast-iron wheels, which, under his
experience, seldom failed, if the iron were properly pre-
pared, and no rust was allowed in the metal. Mr.
Wood, the engineer of the Liverpool and Manchester
Railway, stated that there were still in existence on that
line wheels of wood, which had been used along the
line all the time with very little wear, and that the Direc-
tors were having more made, to submit them to a more
perfect trial.-7. Mr. Parkin made a communication on
a new railway wheel.

with some tenacious substance, be Moulded into blocks
and one advantage which he obtained in his resalt was,
that the mixture being of less bulk, was very applicable
foi iteartr-vessels, as an average quantity would last
three months Over that of common coal for two. lie
considered it of the greatest itnportance that this bless-
ing of life should be economised, as, when once ex.
hausted, these fields could never be reformed. He had
found that a composition of two-thirds of this dust with
one-third of anthracite, was the best that could be used.
The process which he adopted was to mix 30 or 40
gallons of water, 40 gallons of coal tar, and 30 gallons
of lime with a ton of coal dust, and one or two hundred
weight of dried river mud. Several gentlemen ex-
pressed their concurrence in this method, but it was the
opinion that inland coal was not applicable.
Professor LYELL made some very interesting remarks
on organic remains found in the London clay, and in
the red crag in Suffolk. Mammalia were often found
iu great abundance among marine animals, and in the
London clay, which was full of shells. The only cor-
rect test which we had of the age of teeth of animals,
was by comparing their colour with those of the marine
animals amongst which they were found. Amongst
other recent discoveries were teeth of the maraupaha,
nearly analogous to the North American opossum.
Cuvier had also discovered the teeth of an opossum
near Paris, and others found by Mr. Fox in the Isle of
Wight. Under the sand of the London clay there had
lately been discovered the lower jaw of a monkey,
which was interesting, as the nearest speci-
men to the human race, and which also destroyed
the theory of the progressive development of organiza-
tion. The tooth of the monkey was recognised as au-
thentic by a small tubercle upon it.
In the Geographical division Mr. GREENHOUGH read
a paper on the geography of Tyre, including some very
interesting topographical details.

O'CONNELLISM VERSUS THE

CHARTISTS.

TO TEE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
SIR,—.Mr. O'Connell has often said he is the " best
abused" man in the kingdom ; and it is true that his
political opponents have been lavish in their vitupera-
tion against him. But, on the other hand, he has
never spared an adversary; and his vocabulary of
abuse is strong and long.
Did he not once call a certain L? rd, who had in-
curred his displeasure, a " bloated buffoon ;" and an-
other, a notorious military chief, a " stunted corporj?"
Did he not designate the Whigs as " base, bloody,
and brutal ?" History answers in the affirmative. He
has no right to complain of abuse, seeing that he uses
it both defensively and offensively, without discrimina-
tion. It would be well were he to confine his invi ctive
and nicknames to powerful political malefactors. hey
ll
have the means of defending their reputations, an re-
torting on calumniators, in the places called the Houses
of Lords and Commons ; also they have hack-scribes
in the journals, and all sorts of creatures in the Courts
of Law, to defend them against " libel."
But Mr. O'Connell delights sometimes in selecting
humble victims for the exercise of his abusive powers.
The Chartists have of late rendered his mind uneasy ;
and, although he has occasionally called them " de-
luded, wretched, and contemptible," he has conde-
scended to vent his rage on them.
His august wrath has assumed the shape of a letter
to " My Dear Ray" (a gentleman in or of Dublin), in
which he felicitates his disciples on " the defeat of the
Chartists by the honest men of Dublin." One would
be induced to suppose either that the Chartists had
been defeated in some insurrection in Ireland, or
that, after a public discussion of the principles of the
People's Charter, the arguments in its favour had
been demolished. No such thing occurred. A de-
feat is preceded by a contest. There was no con-
test allowed to take place with the Chartists,
consequently they experienced not a defeat. Then
what does the " Honourable" Member mean by a de-
feat ? We shall learn this from the Dublin Corre-
spondent of the Morning Chronicle. It appears that a
Delegate convoked a public meeting of persons fa-
vourable to the Charter, and that an irruption of
O'Connellites took place at the room appointed for
the Assembly. The Chartists (whom the amiable and
pleasant Correspondent of the Chronicle calls " fellows"
and " incendiaries," essayed to address the meeting,
" but were received with a torrent of groans, execra-
tions, and taunts." This the Learned Gentleman calls
a " defeat by honest and sensible men ;" whereas it was
a gross outrage by half-witted political [quacks, who
feared that free discussion would end in the triumph of
the voice of truth and justice over " blarney" and
imposture.
In the letter referred to, the " Honourable" and
spiteful Member charges the Chartists with the inex-
plicable offence called " high treason ; and this he does
at a time when some of the leaders are being puuished
beyond the rigour of vindictive laws. The " patriot,"
not satisfied with the prosecutions for " sedition " re-
cently " got up"—prosecutions that throw the dirty
work of Castlereagh and Co. into the shade, invokes
further vengeance on the heads of such men as Lovett,
Collins, Vincent, Thompson, and others, who, although
condemned by prejudiced and excited juries and judges,
are declared innocent by three millions of intelligent
working men.
If Mr. O'Connell sincerely believes that the Chart-
ists have erred, and are not going in the right path of
Reform, let him give them advice temperately and com-
passionately, instead of working himself into a fury, and
attempting to increase the persecution of honest en-
thusiasts. However, he has evinced an ignoble dispo-
sition, by approving of the political Burkers who re-
fused the Chartists a hearing at Dublin. He who is
afraid of fair and free discussion of political questions, is
a cheat, whoever he may be.
Has not Mr. O'Connell constantly told his " eight
millions" to AGPTATS, AGITATE, AGITATE ? This is
the man who will not allow the Chartists to utter a
word 1

He accuses the Chartist leaders of being "in the
pay of the Conservative faction." This is a base ca-
lumny, that no person of sound mind can believe. The
Delegates were elected by large bodies of men, who
would not be long in discovering whether their Repre-
sentatives had sold themselves to either of the factions.
Mr. O'Connell also informs the world that the
Chartists wish to " establish a dominion that must ex-
hibit itself in murder and massacre." The amiable gentle-
man who gravely makes this horrible accusation is the very
person who, a few years ago, patronized " Deaths'-
heads and cross-bones" (vide the Journals of the year
1834), and boasted that he would get a petition signed
by a million of Irishmen, who should specially be de-
scribed as " fighting men."

Now, the Chartists have never employed such
language as this. They are desirous of effect-
ing a radical reform in the representation by " mo-
ral force," and never recommend physical, except in
self-defence, as pointed out by the law of nature, and
authorized by the Bill of Rights.
I am, your very obedient servant,
JAMES H. LORYMER.
. _

28th of August, 1839.
[Without taking any part in the contest between Mr.
O'Connell and the Chartists, we publish the present
letter, because, as far as we know, the Chartist side of
the question has not before been stated, while Mr.
O'Connell's letters have been admitted into a great
number of newspapers.—En. SuN.)

MR. RICE AND THE PUBLIC PRESS.—It is a
fact worth
mentioning at the present time, especially as
we believe it to be one not generally known, that when the
Stamp-duty on newspapers was reduced, Mr. Spring Rice,
on the part of the Government, gave a positive pledge to
the deputation of newspaper proprietors, between whom
and himself frequent conferences took place, that the penny
and twopenny publications, whose existence had till then
been winked at, although unquestionably amenable to the
Stamp-duty, " should forthwith be put down with a vi-
gorous hand." We need not remind our readers how this
promise has been kept. Probably they will agree with
the Duke of Richmond, that it would have been wise not
to " rely on an assurance that was not given in writing."
—Brighton Gazette.
DIBBLING WHEAT.—In consequence of our
inserting the list of prizes given by the Battle Horticul-
tural Society for seven roots of wheat with from 72 to 115
ears each, we have received the following statement :
That Benjamin King has now growing at Eastbourne from
11 grains, 11 fine plants of wheat, one with 94 ears, one
with 107, and some of the straw upwards of five feet and a
half high ; the grain is of different kinds, some white and
some red, each put three inches into the ground. On
seeing these plants the Chairman of the Harleston Farmers'
Club, in Norfolk said " They speak volumes" for depo-
siting the grain below the reach of birds and of most insects,
by which, too, it is little liable to be injured by frost, and the
roots spread enough before it rises into stalk to supply sap for
making stiff straw and well-filled ears, which is important
when so much money is going out of the country for
grain, which would be better in our farmers' pockets. In
Norfolk broadcasting of wheat is not known ; all is either
dibbled or drilled, and neither uses more than a bushel
and a half of seed ; consquently this bushel and a half of
seed saved, as compared with broadcasting, amply pays
for dibbling it; the cost of which work varies on different
soils, as long practised in Hertfordshire and Norfolk, from
6s. to 10s, per acre; but, at the average price of Bs. an
acre, leaves the farmer 4s. an acre for superintending the
work, and as the produce in Norfolk is admitted to be four
bushels per:acre more than when broadcast, the grain would
amply pay for weeding between plants thinly put into
the ground, which work would lessen the poor-
rates, which still in many country parishes exceed a quar-
ter part of the tithes. The first page of the English Agri-
cultural Society's Journal says, " The average produce
for wheat is stated at 26 bushels per acre in England and
Wales, but if this could be raised only to 27 bushels, at
50s. per qr., it would be an annual gain of 1,200,0001. ; if
three bushels are broadcast, 26 bushels is not nine-fold
the seed, but in the plant of wheat with 107 ears they average
more than 30 grains each, and the produce is then 3,210
fold. Manufacturers as well as farmers and consumers
generally will have reason to feel obliged to you Sir, for
inviting attention to this subject, as a letter from Burnley, _
Lancashire, of the 23d instant, says—. Here the staple of
the district is the cotton trade, but very many hands work
only two days out of seven, and where they make fustians
and cords it is at a dead loss; but if saving of seed and
increase of produce diminish the cost of food, these
.m aanud-
factures may again be resumed with profit, ancl r ese
demand for food fill our farmers' pockets.' "
—Sussex
Advertiser.