The Sun.
London, England, 1839-11-22 00:00:00

LONDON., Pi: IDA V, NOVEMBER 22, 1859

o morrow will be published, the Eleventh Edition of
P ECENT MEASURES for the PRO-
it, MOTION of EDUCATION iu ENGLAND, with a
Preface ; being a Reply to the Remarks on the Pamphlet con-
tained in the Bishop of Exeter's Charge, delivered at His Lord-.
ship's late Triennial Visitation: Price Is. 6d.

Also,
The MARQUIS of LANDSDOWNE'S and LORD JOHN
RUSSELL'S SPEECHES on EDUCATION. Price is.
each.

New ready at all the Booksellers, in 3 vela. Be•., with Por•

trait, &c.,
LIFE AND TIMES OF THE

FIGHT HON. HENRY GRATTAN
By HIS SON,

HENRY 6RATTAN, Esq., M.P.
" This truly valuable work will unquestionably form one e
the moat important and interesting additions to our biographi-
cal and historical literature that ear own day has produced.
The lite of Grattan is so intimately bound up with the annals
of his country during the period comprised between his arrival
at man's estate and his death, that the present volumes offer us
a complete history of Ireland during that period; and not only
so, but the only efficient one of that period which has yet been
placed on record. But for the general they do more than this:
they offer us under the best possible form—that of an episto-
lary autobiography—one of the most interesting histories that
can be conceived of the mind and heart of one of the most
extraordinary and gifted men that have illustrated and benefited
modern times. The large body of private correspondence
which is here brought to bear upon the early and private life of
Grattan, will be read with an eager and intense interest.
Moreover there is a fund of personal anecdote scattered
through the volumes, all of which is characteristic as well as
new."—Naval and Military Gazette.
Henry Celburn, Publisher, 13, Great 'Marlborough-street.
Agent for Ireland, John Cumming, Dublin.

ust published, handsomely printed, 1 vol. foolscap folio, illus-
trated by nearly one hundred plates, price 2/. 24., neatly
bound in sloth,

FrillE GAME of BILLIARDS; scientifically
1 explained, and practically sat forth, in a series of novel
and extraordinary strokes ; and illustrated by numerous appro-
rriate diagrams. To which is added the RULES and REGU-
LATIONS which govern the various Games, as they are
played at the present day in all the countries of Europe.
By EDWIN KENTFIELD, of Brighton,
Well known as the Celebrated " Jonathan."

London Smith, Elder, and Co., Cornhill ; andsold also by
the Proprietor, John Thurston, at his Patrician Billiard-table
Manufactory, 14, Catherine-street, Strand; and may be had of
all Booksellers.

Just published, a New Edition, price 2s. 6d.,
APRACTICAL ESSAY on the DEBILI•
TIES of the GENERATIVE SYSTEM, their Va•
rieties, Causes, Treatment, and Cure

ByaIIiEAIBEII of the ROYAL COLLEGE of SURGEONS,
London, and Surgeon to a Metropolitan Infirmary.
Sold by Onwhyn, Catherine- street, Strand; 'l'. Hill, Me-
dical Bookseller, Great Windmill-street, Haymarket; Temple-
man, 348, Regent-street, London ; Barlow, Birmingham ; Ross
and Nightingale, Liverpocl ; and all Booksellers in Town and
Country.

7.TANCHE,STEII. and LEEDS
RAILWAY.
TENDERS FOR LOANS.
The DIRECTORS of the MANCHESTER and.LEEDS
RAILWAY COMPANY are prepared to receive TEN-
DERS for the LOAN of MONEY, in sums of not less than
One Thousand Pounds each, secured by the Bonds of the Com-
pany, for the period of two or not exceeding five years. In-
terest thereon will be allowed at the rate of Five per Cent. per
annum, payable half-yearly, in London or Manchester.
The 'lenders to be addressed to the Chairman.
Dated this sth day of November, 1839.
H. HOULDSWORTH, Deputy Chairman.
Clowes-buildings, Hunts-bank, Manchester.

I OFFICE OF ORDNANCE', Nev. 15,1839.
1
THE PRINCIPAL OFFICERS of HER
MAJESTY'S ORDNANekk; do hereby give notice
that they WILL SELL, by PUBLIC AUCTION, at the
Tower, on Toxsoay, the 3 dof December, 1839, at Eleven
o'Clock in the forenoon precisely, SUNDRY LOTS OF OLD
STORES, consisting of Accoutrements, Clothing, Great Coats,
Boots, Bedding, Flags,
edTents,
nerTs
,rFunirlietlsr,oßnsu,glsesc,aDlesru,rn
Fisr,eTool
En-
gines and Hose, Tables, Bearers, Old Rope, Canvas, Steel,s
of various descriptions, Fenders,
Brass, Iron, Pewter, and various other articles.
The whole of which may be Tiny ed at the Tower, as ex-
pressed in the catalogues, four days previous to the Sale (Sun-
day excepted), from Ten o'Clock till Four, upon application to
the principal Storekeeper's Office at that pla' e, whet e Catalogues
of the Lots and Conditions of the Sale will be delivered to.
those persons who may apply for the sume.
By et-der of the Board,
R. BYH AM, Seerettry.

HMAJESTY'S ER MARRIAGE.THE OFFICIAL. ANNOUNCEMENT
of her MAJESTY'S INTENDED' MARRIAGE
with his Serene Highness PRINCE ALBERT of SAXE
COBURG, with full. particulars of his future Rank, Titles,
Settlement, an Poqiion as Queen's Consort, will be found
exelisively in the COURT JOURNAL of TO-MORROW.
Orders received by all Booksellers and Newsmen in town
and country.
W. Thomas, Publisher, 19, Catherine-street, Strand.

ilinlmmtmmim=wawrami.sre.rAssoksir7Ei,•..waasace.m.rs.gasa.aisoessoura
t*E.H.IIIAI4 COMMERCIAL LEAGUE.

DR. BOWRING'S ADDRESS AT THE MAN-
CHESTER CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.
A special general meetine of. the Chamber of Com-
merce and Manufactures of Manchester was held at
their offices, Town-hall Buildings, King-street, on.
Thursday last, " to meet Dr. Bowring, who would make
a communication respecting the state and prospects of
our relations with the countries comprised in the
Prussian Commercial Union." There was a very
numerous meeting of the members, including most of
the principal merchants and manufacturers of' the town
and neighbourhood, and the room was crammed full
with the Members. About twenty minutes after eleven
o'clock, J. B. Snith, Esq., President of the Chamber,
entered the room with Dr. Bowring (who was warmly
greeted), and a number of the Director's and other
gentlemen, including Joseph Brotherton, Esq., M.P.,
Salford ; and we also noticed as present, Mr. Mark
Philips, one of the representatives for the borough ;
the Boroughreeves of Manchester and Salford, &c,
The PRESIDENT, on taking the chair, read the adver-
tisement or circular convening the meeting, and, in re-
ference to the object which had called te Chamber
together, said—Gentlemen, you are aware that in July
last, a meeting of Members of the Prussian Commercial
Union was held at Berlin. It was there satisfactory to
perceive the growing desire of different countries to make
some reductions in their respective tariffs. At that
meeting the representatives of the United States, of
France and of England were present ; and it was grati-
fying to the Directors of this Chamber to hear, that Dr.
Btoowttantg
mhaiscl been
sion p
. aTpileoinDted on
irec the
tors
took
of thi
s becountry
s
soon as they heard of his appointment, to forward to
hint copies of the petition of the Chamber to Par-
liament for the Repeal of the Corn-laws, and for the
abolition of all restrictions on manufactures and agri-
culture; and also a copy of a petition wide!' the
Chamber presented to the House of Commons for the
repeal of the timber duties, and for placing all foreign
timber on the same footing as the imports of timber
from British settlements. The Chamber were naturally
anxious to hear the issue of Dr. Bovrting's tief,o-
-ciatlons at Berlin ; and as sr on as they heard of
his return to this country, they wrote to inquire
whether he could make any communication to this
Chamber as to the result of his thissioe. Dr. Bawling
very handsomely replied, that he should be very happy
to do so, if permission Ontld l=b.blitdined. That per-
mission was obtained, and the Directok tiien drished
to know whether that communication would be one to
the board of Directors only, or whether there
objection to his making a communication to the Cham-
ber at large. The Directors thought that tinder nrdi,.
eien of trde, when
circumstances a communication of this character
would be highly interesting to all the Members ; but
part a
s time like
a the prelsie notun, , whena) u
ititheetre
theta is
aagrereatde-
work-
ing short time fin- want of markets, that the Chamber
would feel a double interest in knowing whether any
new channels
,uf trade could he found for us in Ger-
m, 3/4'. 141,1 e .Directors were, therefore, very happy te,
near that tnere was no objection to the eotninunieation
of Dr. being made to the Chamber at large;
and it is for this purpose that the Directors have called
you together this day, to bear that Communication.—
(Applause.) Gentlemen, the Chamber will naturally
not expect any communication of details which may
interfere with or obstruct any future negotiation with
the Prussian Government or the Prussian States; but
Dr. Bowring, I am happy to say, will be able to afford
us much general information on the objects of the
Prussian Commercial League, which are so little under-
stood, and on the prospects of our future commercial
relations with those powers. It is an extraordinary
fact, that .our commercial intercourse with Europe—
we have the authority of Mr. Porter, of the Board of
Trade, for etating—is less now than it was just after
the declaration of peace. Mr. Porter states that our
annual average exports to did whole of Etitope were
less in value by nearly 20 per cent. in the fire years
from 1832 to 1836, than they were in the five years
that followed the close of the ware—(Hear.) Our
exports to Europe in 1810 amounted to 10,000,000/.
sterling, while other exports to the United States of
America amounted to 12,425,060/. so that we find
that to Europe, with a population of 180 millions, our
exports are only 60 per cent. more than to the Unitedi
States, with a population ofl2 millions.--(Hear.) We
find, too, that in the United States every individual of
the population consumes of Our manufactures to the
value of 0.3,01 whilst the population of the
Continent of Europe cOnsUtild tally to the amount of
2s. Id. per head cf our manufactures.—(hear, bear.)
Now, what is the reason that our trade with the United
States is s1:1 great, and our trade with our neighbours,
liVibg within a few hours' sail of us, is so limited ? There
can be no other reason than this, that, with the United
States we eltchange ottr manufactures for such pro-
ducts as she has to give us ; but we impose pfolaitory
duties upon the staple articles, the products of coun-
tries on the Continent of Europe ; and, therefore, our
commerce with those countries is necessarily limited.
I think It 14111 appear to all of you, that, setting the vast
and rapid increase in our population, which is increas-
ing at the rate of one thousand souls per day, it is
absolutely necessary that we should seek new chan-
nels for the sale of the products of our industry.--
(Hear.) We have been told in Parliament, that it is
quite in vain for us to talk of taking the corn and the
timber of Cierniloy, or any other foreign country, with
the expectation that they will take our manufactures in
exchange. This is a point which is of great importance
for Its to linciti-whetlier there is any foundation for
statements like this. Dr. Bowring, I hope, will be able
to solve that problem ; and we shall have an opportu-
nity of hearing from him whether there is any hope of
our extending ditt temmercial relations with Germany—
a country with which we are allied by common origin
and &imam sympathies, and amongst whose.merchants
We recognise softie of the most honourable and respect-
able in our community,—(Applause.) Gentlemen, I
will not detain you by any further observations, but
have the pleasure of introducing Dr. Bowring to
yoti.—(Applause.)
Dr. BoWRING, ,rho was again greeted
with the
plaudits of the meeting, addressed the Chamber to the
following effect r--Mr. President and Gentlemen, ho-
noured as I felt myself, when first selected by her Ma-
jesty's Government, to represent the commercial inte-
rests of her Majesty's Government in one of the most
advanced, most opulent, and most intelligent parts of
Europe, I feel further gratified in being allowed to state
to you the impressions which have been left upon my
mind by a 'study of the question ; because I am per-
suaded, that it is only upon a knowledge of the. facts
that you can reason and act, that Government can nego-
ciate, or that Parliament can legislate. (Hear,
hear.) lam bound to begin by
Laying, that my re-
ception in Germany was as kind and as cordial as I
myself could have desired ; that, from the Monarch to
the meanest functionary I was welcomed ; and they saw
in me the representative of a friendly feeling, which I
everywhere found a disposition to reciprocate.—(Hear.)
Throughout Germany.—and I appeal to those who
know that intelligent country--there exists for this
country not only a strong respect, and a great sympathy,
but I will venture to say, moreover, au intense affection ;
and that instructed and intelligent people feel, that, in
order to strengthen their political alliance with Eng-
land, it must be connected with, and represented by,
their great commercial interests.—( Hear, hear.) They
feel, gentlemen, and I am sure you will respond to their
conviction, that that union by which one nation com-
municates and receives blessings to and from another,
,is the strongest, the most desirable; and the most per-
manent.--(Applause:) Gentlemen, I shall not forget an
emphatic and cu eloquent phrase which was addressed
to me, on leaving the capital Of Prussia,—almost the

last words I heard, from a remarkable and distinguished
Statesman of that country—" Don't forget the im-
portance of your mission ; do what you are able to
strengthen our commercial alliance ; and forget not
that we are of the same common blood."—(Hear and
applause.) In furtherance of that mission I am now
humbly engaged.
Gentlemen, the mischiefs whieh have been produced
by what I deem false and erroneous legislation unfertu-
nately do not date from yesterday. A quarter of a
century ago, great influence and power were in our
hands. We had reached triumphantly (as it was be-
lieved) the end of a costly and exhausting war; and it
is my opinion, that, if that influence had been wisely
used—( Hear)—and if the interests of the new era,—
the interests of peace, of civilization, of international
intercourse, had been better understood,—the state of
our commerce and manufactures would have been very
different from their present condition.—(Hear, hear.)
I have long thought, gentlemen, that our statesmen
were too much occupied with questions which are
deemed of high diplomacy, with the settlement of dy-
nasties, with putting up or putting down this or that
individual potentate, and with distributions of territory;
that they were, in fact, intoxicated with their position ;
and that it never occurred to them, that it was their
first duty to see that the war of swords should not be
replaced by by the war of tariffs,—that war, gentlemen,
as pernicious in its consequences, as any that was ever
waged on the battle field.—(" Hear," and applause.)
Gentlemen, my Hotiourable Friend has stated, and
stated truly, that this great, influential, and, as I be-
lieve, durable league, is not thoroughly understood in
this country. Before its existence, Germany was
broken up into fractions ; millions of men speaking the
same language, of common origin, having the same
sympathies, the same tendencies, the same interests,
were excluded from all intercommunication. It was
not possible to trade, or travel, or communicate be-
tween one part of Germany and another, without
immense impediments and difficulties ; and perhaps there
is no part of the world in which there is a stronger
sentiment of nationality than that which exists in that
country. This state of things was found to be univer-
sally intolerable.... fNay, it tent so far, that in Prussia,
before 1818, different parts of the same kingdom were
under a different legislation, taxed differently, without
the power of introducing anything like a general prin-
ciple ; so that brothers and friends, living under the
same Monarchy, were in a state of absolute alienation,
which naturally created a great deal of discontent. This
conception of a commercial union had been long brocd-
ing in the minds of the great German people, and in 1818
Prussia herself introduced a general system of taxation,
of legislation, and of tariffs, amongst her own people.
I don't think her intention has been fully carried out ;
because when Mr. Huskisson, in the House of Commons,
stated to the British public, what the tariffs of Prussia
were, and that their intention was only to levy 10 or 15
per cent. upon the introduction of foreign manufac-
tures, it appears to me that he did not make himself
correctly acquainted with the fact ; becawe those who
arc acquainted with the German trade, know that, in
many instances, duties of 30, 40, GO, and even 70 per
cent. were levied by that tariff, which afterwards became
the groundwork of the custom-house legislation of the
whole commercial union. It was in 1824 that Bavaria,
Wirtemberg, and some other states united, and de-
termined that between themselves no custom-houses
should exist ; that they would adopt a common system
of tariff ; and that they would break down all the bar-
riers to free inter-communication. In 1826, Prussia
adopted the same system, and formed a union with elec-
toral Hesse. In 1833, the groundwork was laid of that
greater union which at this moment, consists of 26 mil-
lions of people ; embraces an extent of 8,200 German
square miles, and has a frontier of nearly 5,000 Eng-
lish miles. Now, gentlemen, whatever might have been
the opinions as to the propriety of breaking up this
league in its origin, I am perfectly persuaded that the
league is not now to be broken up ; that its influence
is daily strengthening, and will be strengthened ; that
the conception was originally a wise, a patriotic, and a
national one ; and that the only question we have now
to ask ourselves is, how this immense 'machinery can be
turned to account.—(Hear.) And it is an instrument
which may produce to you, and to your interests,
boundless good, if it is met in a frank, cordial, and
friendly spirit ; or its consequences will be of bound-
less evil, if things are allowed to remain as they are
(Hear, hear, and applause.)

Gentlemen, there is no doubt whatever, that the

grievance of which we have to complain, as to the state
of the I, ji.r. is the legislation of the commercial union
' . .
as applied -to foreign zitions ; for be it remembered,
, it recognises, it
that, as it fespnots Germany ... -1„; it, enables
establishes, the great principle of free tra,..-
a German to move freely from the Rhine to Nu . ro --
tiers of Russia, from the Baltic to the frontiers or
Austria ; there are no longer any embarrassments or
impediments ; once past the frontier, lie communicates,
or his goods circulate, amongst 25 millions of the most
opulent population of Europe.—(Hear.) And how
does this tariff affect us? I said before that Mr.
Huskisson stated in Parliament, and the official cor-
respondence of the Prussian GOvernment avowed, that
their intention was only to levy' a duty of ten to fifteen
per cent;—a resonable duty with reference to the tariffs
of nations generally as to foreign manufactures. But,
by some ingenuity,—learned here, Gentlemen, for we
are they who have given the wretched instruction
which, being learned, returns to plague the instructors,
—it was in our tariffs that this system of levying duties
upon weight was learned ; for you know, perhaps, that
when Mr. Huskisson and Parliament decided that thirty
per cent, should be put upon foreign silks, some sinister
interest got hold of Government ; the system of levying
duty by weight was introduced ; and the fact is,' that
many of the silks of France pay 60,70, or even 80 per
cent at this moment.—(Hear, hear.) When we come
to discuss matters of justice before a tribunal, we must
go into it with clean bands ; and the difficulty which
her Majesty's Commissioners have experienced on this
occasion, is to answer the argument which is furnished
by our own usages and our own Legislation. It has
been again and again satisfactory to me to appeal from
the folly of our mercantile legislation to the wisdom of
our manufacturers and our merchants ; and the resolu-
tions which have emanated from this chamber and from
other parts of this country, and representing the intel-
ligent opinions of thoughtful and instructed men, have
been in my hands, and in the hands of others, wea-
pons of immense influence and power.
Gentlemen, the immediate consequence of this Prus-
sian commercial tariff is, as you must be aware, to ope-
rate to the creation of new interests. Its good, as I said
before, is boundless; but it has also been accompanied
with a great deal of evil. Happily we have always
some slight check, even upon the erroneous legislation
of other countries ; because, happily, in this social or-
ganization of ours, a man cannot injure another, with-
out reflecting back some injury upon himself. Now
there can be no doubt, that the operation of these tariffs
excluding, as they do exclude, great quantities of your
manufactures, has been in the first place to levy a large
tax upon the German consumer, and, in the second
plat ~ to force a great deal of •capital into a falai., erro-
neous, and what will ultimately prove an unproductive
position. But, Gentlemen, out of that grows an im-
mense evil. Hero was a country [Germany]
whose greatest interests were associated with agricul-
ture ; a country that had been making attempts,
year after year, entreating, imploring you to revise
your own legislation. And what says one of the
most eloquent'slefenders of the Prussian League ? " We
should not have complained, that all our markets
were overflowing with English manufactures, that
Germany alone received in British cotton goods more
than the 120 millions of subjects of Britain herself in
the East Indies,—had not England, while she was in-
undating us with her productions, insisted upon closing
her markets to ours.—( Hear, hear.) Mr. Robinson's
resolutions in 1815 filled us with despair ; they excluded
our corn from the market of Great Britain ; England
told us that we were to buy of her, but not to sell to
her ; we were not ,willing to adopt reprisals ; we vainly
hoped that soon her own interest would have led her
to reciprocate ; but we were disappointed, and we have
been compelled to take care of ourselves."—(Hear,
hear.) Gentlemen, that represents, to a great extent,
a feeling, a wide-spread feeling, in Germany ; but still
I am happy to say, that. that feeling will be overpowered
and subjugated by that higher, nobler, and better feel-
ing, which seeks at this moment to repair the past,
and to mark out a wiser and better path for the
future.—( Hear.)
Gentlemen, as I have said, immense masses of capi-
tal, which bad been destined for raising the produce
for which you might have interchanged your own pro-
ductions, have now been diverted to other objects. The
agricultural interests in Germany are daily weakening ;
the manufacturing interests are daily strengthening. At
this moment, I believe, indeed I am sure, that, if the
friendly overtures of the Prussian Government are met—
and I think it is as much for the interest of Germany
as of England, that the growth of her manufactures
should be a natural and not a forced one—l say, if the
proposals of the German Governments are cordially re-
sponded to, I believe the agricultural interest there will
exercise that fair influence which it ought to do in this
great affair.
Gentlemen, you are aware that Germany has many
advantages. She has the primary advantage of cheap
labour, and an advantage which I deem almost of
equal importance, that of a general popular instruction.
--(Hear, hear.) Their Government has taken this
wise view of things : " We are willing to give you all
encouragement to the extension .of knowledge, and
pirticularly of that knowledge which can be applied
to manufacturing industry and improvement (of