The Sun.
London, England, 1863-10-30 00:00:00

No. 22,259.

THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 30, 1863.

NEW WORK BY THE AUTHOR OF " EAST LYNNE."
On Nov. 14, in 3 vols., post Bvo.,
THE SHADOW OF ASHLYDYAT.
By Mrs. EIENRY WOOD,
Author of "East Lynne," " The Channings," &e.
Richard Bentky, New Burlington street.

ITALIAN CHURCH,
22, HATTON-WALL, HATTON-GARDEN.
.Next SUNDAY, being All Saints' Day, the Morning Ser-
vne at 1., and the Evening Service at 7, will be celebrated
with great solemnity, and both with full orchestral accom-
paniment.
Next MONDAY, November 2, being All Souls' Day, a
Requiem Mass will be sung, at 11 a.m., by the Rev. Dr. Pius
Melia.
Music—Mozart's Grand Requiem Mass, with Full Or-
chestra, and a Requiem Anthem composed by Alberto
Itandegger.

took a slight lead at starting, which she held into the Abing-
don Mile bottom, where Lady Derby obtained the second
place, and came on in waiting upon the leader to a stride or
so from home, when Nightingall made his effort, got up on
the post, and made a dead heat of it, Pilot being beaten three
parts of a length from the pair. Little Savage was fourth ;
Diploma was last.

Immediately, in post Bvo., 10s. 6d., with a Portrait of the
Author,
_I_Y IMPRISONMENT. WITH EXTRACTS
FROM MY JOURNAL KEPT IN TIIE OLD
CAPITOL PRISON .1T WASIIINUTON.
By R 0514.; GREENHOW.
Richard Bentley, Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty.

Deciding Heat —Betting-6 to 4 on Lady Derby.
The pair lay together into the Abingdon Mile bottom,
where Country Maid drew slightly in advance, and won,
after a good race, by a head.
Match, 500 soya, 100 It. Last mile and a half of Cesare-

witch Course.
Mr J. Osborne's Fanlaron, 3 yrs, Gat 31b (Carroll) 1
Mr S. Ila.ughton's Tolurno, 4 yrs, 7st 51b (H. Clarke) 2
Betting-6 to son Panfaron, who cut out the work, and
won in a trot by four lengths.

CAMBRIDGESHIRE.
During the morning tho following notice was posted in
the subscription-room of the stewards' decision upon this
disputed race :

" We, the three stewards of the Jockey Club, in con.-
junction with the keeper of the match book, having been
requested by the clerk of the scales to ascertain and de-
termine whether the jockey who rode Catch'em Alive
carried his right weight for the Cambridgeshire Stakes,
we are unanimously of opinion that he did carry it. We,
the stewards, therefore formally and finally declare
that Catch'em Alive is the winner of the Cambridgeshire
Stakes. " COVENTRY.
IL G. Rous.
C. ALEXANDER."
During the afternoo% Lord Westmoreland informed the
members of the ring that he had withdrawn his objection to
this decision. The settling upon the race, which had been
delayed, will now tie place this day.

LIVERPOOL AUTUMN MEETING.
FRIDAY, Nov. 13.

Acceptances for the Great Autumn Cup, value 200 sovs,
added to a Handicap Sweepstakes of 25 sovs each. A
winner of any handicap after October 22, at 10 a.m., of
the value of 100 Boys, slb ; of two, or 200 sovs, 81b; and
the winner of the Cambridgeshire Stakes 12Ib extra, the
second slb extra. One mile and three-quarters.

Yrs st lb
Fairwater
Croagh Patrick 5 8 9
Aurelian
Balham 5 7 11
Catch .'em.Alive

Yrs st lb
Golden Pledge.... 3 6 10
Theresa 4 6 7
Baldwin
Sea King
Trumps .. 3 6 4
Lady of the Isles.. 3 6 3
Chaff 3 6 3
King Charming
Pearl Diver
Trap
Muezzin
Laertes
Nebula

(inc 121 b extra)... 4 7 11
Ca merino .. 5 7 9
Gardener
Donnybrook ....
Conundrum .. 5 6 13
Somersault
Blithfield
Earl of Surrey
Dunkeld 3 6 111
The highest weight accepti
raised to Bat 121 b, and the othe

ing being Bst 91b, it has been
a's in propni tion.

The Duke of Newcastle on Oxford Local

Examinations,

At the Town-hall, Nottingham, on Wednesday evening,
the Duke of Newcastle distributed the prizes and certificates
awarded by the University of Oxford to the successful can-
didates at the local examination held at Nottingham in June
last. The Mayor (Mr Birkin) presided. The Nottingham
Board was established in January, 1859, to carry out in the
Midland Counties the system of local examinations adopted
by the Universities.

The Duke of NEWCASTLE, after some preliminary re-
marks, said he believed that in this country all members
of the Church of England and every class of Dissenters
were agreed upon this—that any education, however good
in itself, must be defective, and must be indeed a thing of
evil almost, unless it was accompanied in some form or
other with instruction in the religious belief and in the faith
of Christianity, (Hear, and cheers.) A scheme had,
therefore, been lately introduced, and he believed and sin-
cerely hoped that it was working well, by which marks
could be given for examination in faith and religion with-
out infringing on the religious rights and feelings—nay,
the prejudices even if they would—of any dissenting sees
tion of the community. (Hear.) He was sure that that had
been the great desire of the heads of the Universities, and
he did hope that it would be successfully carried out.
Now, he thought it would not be difficult to prove that in
that short period of six years these examinations had expe-
rienced very considerable improvements—improvements
had been introduced into the system, but still greater im-
provements had been evinced among the pupils who were
examined. If they compared the present number of selec.
tions and rejections of candidates with those which took
place in the first year of these examinations in 1858 he be-
lieved that they would find the proportions exactly reversed
as far as the selections were concerned. That must have
arisen from one of two things—either that greater pains
were taken and greater efficiency obtained in consequence of
the exertions which were made both by scholars and by
masters, or else the standard of examination must have
been materially lowered. • Now, he was confidently and
positively assured that the latter was not the case;
that, on the contrary, instead of the standard being
lowered, it had been raised, and therefore they came to that
happy conclusion—viz , that the other alternative must be
correct, and that both by the exertions of the masters and
the pupils much greater proficiency is obtained—in fact,
double the amount of six years ago. An improvement had
been made also in the examinations, and especially in those
examinations which were called preliminary examinations,
and he deduced from that this also interesting fact—that
regard, and a great share of regard, is bestowed upon those
essentials of education which are embraced in those pre-
liminary examinations,and that no showy accomplishments,
no proficiency in the more advanced stages of study, would
avail anything if there was a deficiency in those elements of
education which must be always the basis, whether they
spoke of the education of the higher, or the middle, or of
the lower classes. (Hear.) He did not know whether
now, but certainly no long time since, various objections
were urged against the principle of these examinations, and
not alone to these examinations so much as to the improve-
ment of education, because it was said that they were only
raising the vanity of young men, and inciting them to ob-
tain a smattering of a great number of subjects to obtain a
class of education which was greatly beyond their want, and
by those means raising their ideas of their own self-impor-
tance, and unfitting theta for the important avocations of
lite. Now, he utterly disbelieved that they produced any
such effect. He had rarely seen vanity and false pride among
the really well educated and instructed ; but he had often seen
a very large amount of vanity among the grossly ignorant,
and still more among those who perhaps could hardly be
called ignorant,but whose education had been stopped at that
period of life when, in fact, it would almost be beginning.
He said, therefore, that he believed that that was a most
imaginary objection. There was another which perhaps had
more plausibility, and that was that it led to cramming.
Now, that undoubtedly must att end any examination which
took place under almost any circumstances. He believed
that if there was a system of education which was less open
than any other to the charge of cramming it was these Ox-
ford examinations. It prevailed in the Universities them-
selves, and whatever objections might be raised against it,
it was impossible to prevent it. It existed to a very great
extent, no doubt, in competitive examinations for offices
under the Government, and he was not one of those who
were prepared to stand up for cramming strongly; on the
contrary, he admitted that it had its evil, and that it was
most unpleasant. He sympathised with any young man who
after an arduous and industrious course of studying any-
thing thoroughly, and after having gone to the bottom of
all his subjects, found himself thwarted in his endeavours
and overcome in the struggle by one who had spent only a
fourth of the time, but who had by the instrumentality of
an astute master obtained in a short time, and also for a
short time, that acquaintance with the subject for which he
had been toiling so long. But, if he looked at the effect on
the community at large, he certainly was not one of those
who thought there was so very great and vital an objection
even to cramming. If they regarded the individual him-
self, he was quite sure that nothing but good could re-
sult from it. He was, no doubt, a young man who would
not exert himself and
apply himself with that persever-
ingthe long ran
industry which, in would be the re-
ward of every man, and ho obtained these great advan-
tages, the development of his intellectual faculties to a
material extent and the strengthening of his working
powers, and he must retain a very considerable proportion,
even for years, of that learning which, no doubt, if more
steadily and better acquired, would remain with him en-
tirely, Another objection that had been raised to the exa-
minations was the effect they produced upon the masters.
It had been said that the consequence was that the masters
would devote their attention to the able boys and neglect
those whose powers were less acute, and endeavour to build
their reputation upon the success of the best by sacrificing
the less good. Now, in the first place, he hoped and believed
that there were not many masters who would he guilty of
that very grave offence. (Hear.) But, so far from believing
that to be the result of those examinations upon the masters,
he believed they gave them a healthy and useful impulse,
and kept up a pressure upon them which prevented that
weariness and a desire for cessation from work which all
all men must experience who devote many years of their
'lives to the laborious and monotonous duty of teaching.
(Hear, and cheers.) He should only say that he thought it
most honourable to the schoolmasters of this country—and
he was speaking,
' he beggedto say, all this of that particular
class of schoolmasters who came within the sphere of that
examination—it was most honourable to them that they had
persevered with so little reward to them, and bestowed their
I9bours so disinterestedly on therising youth of this country.
Ho looked upon it that WO greatly undervalued the status

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and the character of the schoolmasters of this country. We
praised and admired" our poets and authors of every class ;
we almost worshipped our military and naval heroes—we
reverenced the memory of our great statesmen, and yet we
forgot how much a great many of these owed to the early
tuition of the masters under whom they were placed, and
how much the country therefore owes to the exertions and
labours of these masters. (Cheers.) He believed, however,
that this class, like every other class, had improved, and
there was no doubt that up to a very recent time great im-
provement was necessary. The greater part of those who
were grown up to maturity and were present in that room
might recollect well what was formerly the class of a greater
portion of the middle class schools of England. He was
afraid that class was not altogether extinct, but, at any
rate, the class had improved, and there was a hope that
to a very great extent, the old class was dying out. He
alluded to that class of men who kept what was called
" the commercial school." There were many commer-
cial schools, but he alluded to one that was known more
particularly by that name—ghat class where " Com-
mercial" was written np in gold letters on a magnificent
ground, and where what used to be called by the odious
name "Genteel education" was duly administered under
some rule or other, whether the rule of thumb or whatever
it might be, he did not know, but some rule that never led
to any useful result. (Great laughter.) But how could it?
Because what was the class of man who used to keep these
schools ? He was not a man who had himself received a
liberal education ; he was not a man who had, by preparing
himself for his profession in his younger days, fitted himself
for the discharge of his duties, but a man who had tried all
other professional pursuits and failed. (Hear.) It was a
poor gOod man who had failed in the grocery business, or it
was an equally worthy man who had made some unfortun-
ate speculation in the oil and colour trade. They were all
worthy men, no doubt, acute and intelligent men in their
different classes, but men totally unfit for instructing youth
for this reason, that they had never been instructed them-
selves. (" Hear," and cheers.) They transferred from their
own well kept ledgers those beautiful specimens of copper-
plate handwriting to the copybooks of their pupils, but
beyond that he really believed that a great number of their
scholars knew nothing but the merest smattering of know-
ledge, smattering that only made the youth on entering
life likely
to become one of the very class of which he had
bean
peaking—viz., those imbued with vanity, on account
of h
very
little knowledge which they possessed. (Cheers.)
Well,
there was
another class—a very much higher class
—of schools throughout the country, but which had to a
verygreat extent, from the progress of circumstances,
fallen from their high estate. He spoke of those once great
establishments, the grammar school of England. They
were scattered over a large portion of the land, and he
could see no reason whatever, but the reverse, why those
schools should not be to a very material extent transformed
t
into their former usefulness, regenerated and re-established
and made most useful institutions, especially in the great
towns of England. In conclusion, he could most gladly
wish all the pupils prosperity and happiness in life,
it would be futile to wish it to them, but he did trust that
they would all struggle upwards, notwithstanding that they
would all have their own trials and difficulties before them.
They must not succumb to them. There was nothing more
ennobling, there was nothing more honourable, there was
nothing capable of giving higher gratification than a hard
struggle with difficulties, provided always that those diffi-
culties were not of our own creation. (Cheers.) That they
might overcome them he sincerely wished, and that they
might share among them such a portion of happiness as
God might give he equally desired. He hoped their career
would be one of probity and industry and of honour, so that
at the close of it they might merit, as he was sure they would
receive, the respect of their fellow-citizens, and obtain that
reward which, next to one, was the greatest they could re-
ceive—
the approval of their consciences. (Loud and pro-
longed cheers.)

/- IZ%

PRICE...
STAMPED ....bd.

in that capacity received the approval of the Queen
for his zeal and activity.
Mr. Cubitt was elected, as an alderman, governor
of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. When he resigned
his aldermanic gown he thought proper to resign
his presidentship. A contest arose between the
donation governors and the foundation governors,
the latter being the aldermen, and the election
ended in the return of Mr. Cubitt. _ _ _

By his wife Elizabeth, second daughter of Mr.
William Scarlett (she died in 1854), he leaves sur-
viving issue two daughters—one of whom is the wife
of Sir Joseph Olin?, M.D., physician to the British
Embassy in Parie, and the other is the wife of a son
of the late Alderman Humphrey. These two ladies
were in turn Lady Mayoresses during their father's
occupancy of the office.

The constituency of Andover consists of the cor-
poration, the freemen, and the £lO householders.
The population is 5,430, and the registered electors
amount to 240.

Naval and Military Intelligence.

THE NAVY.

The building of the new frigate Belle-
rophon, which has just been commenced at Chat-
ham Dockyard, will inaugurate a new era in iron
shipbuilding, the Lords of the Admiralty having
for the first time admitted the importance of hav-
ing the vessels of our future iron fleet constructed
on what is termed the double-bottom, or unsink-
able principle, by which a complete revolution will
be effected in the mode of constructing iron vessels
of war. The use of iron as a material for ships
for the Royal navy has hitherto not been an un-
questionable success. The Warrior and our other
iren ships have proved themselves marvels of strength,
but the disadvantages which have been experienced
by their officers and crew in other respects are so
serious that the iron-plated wooden frigate Royal
Oak, which was lately built and sent to sea from
Chatham, is unquestionably at present the most po-
pular ship, with both officers and men, in the iron-
plated Channel squadron. One of the principal
defects of the iron ships is the rapid fouling of the
bottoms, and the information which has come to us
respecting the late cruise of the Channel Fleet
shows that this evil is now more fully felt than
ever among those who know how an important a
quality speed will henceforth become in our war
ships. That the Admiralty are fully alive to the
magnitude of this defect is evinced by the avidity
with which they seize upon any invention submit-
ted to them whieh offers a good prospect of ulti-
mate success in preventing this serious evil. The
chief defect, however, which has hitherto been ex-
perienced in our iron and iron-clad ships is the, until
now, insurmountable difficulty experienced in ren-
dering them a fit place for some hundreds of officers
and men to pass two or three years of their life.
Unlike a wooden vessel of war, the bottom
of an iron ship is 63 weak in compari-
son with its other parts—and so liable to injury,
that unless the ship is divided internally into
numerous independent compartments or cham-
bers, a comparatively slight touch of a rock,
or other such injury below water, would expose her
to the risk of almost instant destruction. It has,
therefore, hitherto been found necessary to divide
the Warrior, the Achilles, and our other iron-cased
ships, into short lengths, or sections, by means of
water-tight bulkheads, running across them inter-
nally, the number of these in the Achilles being
nearly 20, extending from the bottom up to the
deck on which the guns are placed, In addition to
these transverse bulkheads there are many others
in various parts of the ship, so that the whole inte-
rior is divided into some scores of separate compart-
ments, into any one of which the sea may be ad-
mitted, by accident or design, without affecting to
any great extent the floating properties of the ship.
The value of this system of construction as a means
of security is obvious, but on the other hand it
is attended by enormous disadvantages, the
chief of which undoubtedly consists in the divi-
sion of an iron ship into a number of isolated
tanks, or air-tight wells, in which there is little or
no ventilation. This serious disadvantage has en-
gaged the earnest attention of the Admiralty, and
numerous appliances have been introduced into the
iron ships with the object of securing the best light
and ventilation possible, but with result] far from
satisfactory. This unfortunate defect has hitherto
been considered irremediable, not only in the ships
already built, but also in those proposed to be con-
structed; and so strongly has this consideration
pressed upon naval men that there is little doubt
it goes a considerable way towards accounting for
the great aversion which most of them undeniably
feel towards the general introduction of iron into
the navy. Happily, however, in the new iron-cased
ship Bellerophon, which is now in hand at Chatham,
the grave defects adverted to will, if not absolutely
removed, be reduced to a minimum. Curi-
ously enough, the remedy for this evil, which has
presented such a serious impediment to the general
1163 of iron in her Majesty's service, has been brought
about by officials who have been generallysupposed
as now appears, erroneously, to exert all their influ-
ence in favour of the continued and exclusive con-
struction of wooden ships, Admiral Robinson, the
Controller of the Navy, and Mr. Reed, the new Chief
Constructor, being, it is presumed, chiefly respon-
sible for the design of the Bellerophon. In the de-
signs for this vessel, for which the ironwork is now
being prepared in Chatham Dockyard, the minute
subdivisions of the interior of the ships have been
altogether avoided, chiefly by the conjoint adoption,
under new circumstances and with suitable modifi-
cations, of two inventions, both of which have
already been separately used with great success—
namely, the double bottom, which has
proved of
such immense value in the case of the Great Eastern,
and the " unsinkable principle," which has been
applied by Mr. Lungley, of Deptford, to the two
Cape mail steamers, the Briton and the Roman.
Throughout the entire central portion of the Belle-
rophon, in which the engines, boilers, magazines,
sac., are placed, the bottom of the ship will be double,laced
the inner and outer bottoms, or hulls, being p
from three to four feet apart, in order that there
may be ample space between for cleaning and paint-
ing both as often as may be desirable. As this space
between the two bottoms will be required for use,
it will be divided into numerous watertight '
com-
partments in the usual manner, and will consequently
form a series of buoyant cells, any one or more of
which may be injured without the sea being ad-
mitted to the others or to the ship. Beyond the cen-
tral portion of the vessel, at either end, Mr. Lung-
ley's plan will be introduced, the lower deck being
used as an interior bottom, and the space below it
made available for stowage by means of iron water-
tight trunks, rising above the water line. It is this
combination of watertight trunks with watertight
decks—the former being intended as a means for
entering below the latter which constitutes
" Lungley's unsinkable principle," by aid of which
not only is the division of the vessel into watertight
compartments accomplished without obstructing ven-
tilation, but the vertical trunks themselves form, 3s
will be readily understood, ventilating
apparatus of
the best possible kind. In addition to what has
cboeet.i.
already described, the Bellerophon will_oba,% n
10.
structed with water-tight internal walls! 'facl't, be
ing the double bottom, and thus n
With this
made a double ship from end to
sesnay
for internal
system of construction the
bulkheads is almost entirely e 10:0 :away with, since
ardise the safety
no ordinary injury
of a ship so built. clounidthrimenFeircopPhon, however, it
d that no possible pi
has apparently been ddetto
render her secure from any
caution shall be spared
she is accordingly to be fui -
accident whatevefr,vv
a
bulkheads of the ordinary kind,
nished with.sonse 0.
laced as not to iuterf 'r •
but these will be s".P s e with
reple circulation of air throughout tl e
so may be fairly anticipated that ti e
ship,
thata t
which, with ,eary nit
rx-A• "'^