The Sun.
London, England, 1863-11-14 00:00:00

THE SON. LONDON, SATIJRDAY EVEN/NG, NOVEMBER 14, 1863.

LAW INTELLIGENCE—This Day.

COURT OF DIVORCE.
(Before the Judge Ordinary.)
EVERY V. EVERY.

This was a petition presented by the wife, praying for
dissolution of marrriage on the ground of cruelty, desertion
and adultery. _

The petitioner, Sophia Every, said she married the
respondent in 1851 at St.',George's Church, Camberwell ;
it was a runaway match. After the marriage they lived
very comfortably in the Albany-road, and several other
places, but in a short time the respondent's conduct alto-
gether altered, He used to insist on her giving him
all the money she had got, and when she had none to give
him, he used to insist on her going to her father, who kept
a coffee-house, and borrowing some from him. For peace
and quietness she did so on several occasions, but when she
refused to go any more he turned her out of doors. The
father eventually discovered the conduct of the respondent,
and refused to give the petitioner any further assistance in
the shape of money, but willingly allowed her to return
home in order to escape the illtreatment and outrageous
conduct of the respondent. Mrs. Every shortly after her
residence with her father acted as waitress in the shop, and
there the respondent was enabled to see her very frequently.
The result of the meetings was that he persiaded her to
return to him, he promising to do everything in his power
to make amends for his past bad conduct. In a short
time, however, the old course of illtreatment commenced
and after all her savings had been expended he said,
he was determined to have more money out of her, and he
did not care how she got it. While she was living at her
father's she had saved sufficient to purchase a gold watch
and chain, but this the respondent soon turned to account,
the money raised upon the articles being spent in dissipa-
tion. She was again compelled to leave him and return to
her father's house. While she had been residing with her
husband after her last return she had, unfortunately for
herself, told him that she had some further savings,, to
the amount of nearly £5O, in the hands of her father, and
immediately an opportunity presented itself he made a de-
mand upon the father for the property of his wife. The
father refused to give up the money, especially as his daugh-
ter stood in need of it, having but a short time recovered
from her confinement. The respondent, however, issued a
writ against her father for the recovery of the money, and
having obtained it, he engaged some lodgings in Islington,
and there introduced and resided with another female as
Mrs. Every.

Ulna witnesses, named Phail, Carter, and Clark, .gave
evidence which clearly proved the adultery.

The Judge Ordinary said the case had been satisfactorily
made out, and decreed a rule nisi with costs against the
respondent.

SHILLITOE V. SHILLITOE.

This was a petition, presented by the wife, praying for
dissolution of marriage, on the ground of cruelty, adultery,
and desertion.

The parties resided at Wakefield, in Yorkshire, and were
married in 1859. Cohabitation continued for about a year,
when the resp dent began to treat his wife with great in-
humanity. Ultimately he left her entirely destitute, and it
was shortly after discovered that he was living in adultery
with another woman.
The Court granted a rule itisi.

The remainder of the causes on the list for to-day were
either struck out or placed at the bottom of the list, as the
parties engaged for the suitors were not in attendance.

SHERIFFS' COURT.
(Before Mr. Kerr.)
THE LAW AS TO MARRIED WOMEN-NOVEL POINT-BUR

KITT V. FORSTER.
This was an action to recover XlB for some furniture.
Mr. Buchanan appeared for the plaintiff, Mr. Butler
Rigby, instructed by Mr. Beard, representing defendant,
who had paid £7 19s. into court.
It appeared that the parties had been very friendly, and
that defendant and his wife formerly lodged at the Vine
Inn, Tooley-street, which was kept by Mrs. Moxen, who
has since become plaintiffs wife.
Mrs. Burkitt deposed to having sold the furniture at an
agreed price, but Mr. Forster denied it, and generally con-
tradicted both plaintiff and his wife.
Mr. Butler Rigby referred to a quantity of delapidated
articles on the front of the seat, as a fair sample of the bulk,
but Mr. Buchanan urged the court to remember that they
had been in use a long time.
Defendant—They never were used.
His Honour—l fancy that the wife ought to be joined in
this action. The goods were sold before her marriage.
Mr. Rigby—lt appears to me that plaintiff cannot sue
alone.
His Honour found by the rules that ha could join the
wife and did so, adding that as there was a general contra-
diction he must look to probabilities. The whole matter
would be referred to the court broker, who could put a
value on the goods.
Mr. Buchanan—That 'will hardly be fair to my client at
this lapse of time.
His Honour—Allowances will of course be made.
Referred.

POLICE INTELLIGENCE—This Day.

MARLBOROUGH-STREET.

A GENTLEMAN FINED FOR ASSAULTING THE POLICE.

—George Williams, gentleman, of 21, Piccadilly, was
charged before Mr. Yardley with assaulting Thos. Suther-
land, 179 C.

The constable said that about 12 o'clock last night he
was called to Lane's Hotel, No. 1, Sr. Alban's-place, where
he found the defendant, under the influence of drink, in the
passage. The landlord said the defendant had no business
there, and persuaded him to leave, but he refused, and he
(the constable) then put his hand on the defendant's arm,
when he gave him a blow in the mouth, and he then took
him into custody.

Defendant said he had too much to drink, and did not
know what he was about,

Mr. Yardley ordered the defendant to pay a fine of £3, or
a month's imprisonment in default.
The defendant at once paid the fine.

WESTMINSTER.

JUVENILE THIEVES.—Three boys of the names of
Townsend, Skelton, and Connor, were charged before Mr.
Selfe with committing robberies at the shop of Mr. Trigg,
Hudson-street, and of Mr. Watson, Brompton•road, boot
and shoemaker.

The evidence went to show that last night the prisoners
Townsend and Skelton were seen at the shoo of Mr. Trigg,
when one of them was observed to go up to some boots
which were upon a line outside the shop, and with a knife
cut the string by which the boots were hanging. He gave
them to his fellow prisoner, after which they decamped.
Inspector Rowly said that there was another charge
against the prisoner, who, in conjunction with the other
prisoners, stole a pair of boots from the shop of Mr.
Watson.

Evidence was then given against the prisoners, which
evidence was to a similar effect (in this case there were two
pairs of boots stolen).

- Mr. Selfe asked it the prisoners were known ?
Inspector Rowly said that they were, and that Connor
had been in prison.
The father of Townsend was called, and stated that his
son had been in trouble before.

Mr. Selfe said that he should remand the prisoners, and
he would see what could be done about sending them to

reformatories.
They were than remanded.

THAMES.

INTEMPERANCE, BRUTALITY, AND ATTEMPTED SUICIDE

—Ellen Field, described as a widow,a
faged3eoe, years,
bloated bloodshotwho
appeared to be more, and whose
had
Mr, Partridge,
charged with being drunk and the demon drink, was brought before
disorderly, with assaulting
eyes, and palsied limbs, indicated that she given way
to
tem
andhe r daughter,w with
making
ianng
twoe
intelligentt
It appeared in evidence that the prisoner was a very hard
m
b m
drinker, and had ruined her late husband. She had lately
attempts to to called Mary
suicide.y Ann
Atherall,
it
ill-used her only child. Yesterday evening she was very
drunk and disorderly in Poplar, and was frequently re-
quested by the police to go home, which she refused to do.
Her child begged of her to come home, and she knocked
down the little creature. A humane servant girl, named
Mary Steel, of No. 3u, River-street, Poplar, went to the
re
e d,
totea
station-house s
given
assistance of the girl, and took her away from her cruel
me omt ho
vr who b w
intoswcuesetroidoyg:
roTerhiengp,risoner
screaming,was
and struggling, and followed by a disorderly mob. Soon
after she was locked up in a cell. George Mountford, a
police sergeant, No. 34 K, found her suspended by the neck
to a piece of string, which she made fast to the bars. She
was black in the face, and he cut her down, and revived
her, The reserve man in the station was ordered to watch
her closely, but she contrived to fasten another cord round
her neck and all but strangled herself. Mountford said on
the second occasion the string was fastened so tightly that
he could not sever it with a knife without slightly cutting
her neck.
The prisoner—Yes, you cut my throat. What is the use
of living ?
A police sergeant, No. 32 K, said the prisoner was once
brought to the Bow station charged with being drunk and
disorderly, and was so devoid of shame that she stripped
herself and tore up her clothes.

Mr. Partridge—l shall sentence the prisoner to one
month's imprisonment and hard labour for assaulting the
child. She is not fit to have the charge of it. She has
given herself over to drink, and when intoxicated is like a
mad woman. She will have the advice of the chaplain of
the gaol, and I hope will repent of her folly and her wicked.
ness.

DEATH OF THE REV. DR. M'CAUL —We
announce with regret the death of the Rev. Alexander
M'Caul, D.D., rector of St. Magnus the Martyr, which
took place yesterday afternoon at half-par, 12 o'clock. Dr.
M'Caul was an eminent Hebrew scholar, Professor of
Divinity in King's College, London, and author of nume-
rous theological publications especially directed against
recent forms of doubt,

The Civil Service.

FOREIGN. OFFICE.--The Hn. F. Leveson has been
appointed to a clerkship.
WAR•OFFICE.—Mr. F. J. Culver well and Mr. A.
S. J. Moody have been appointed to be civil assis-
tants in the Survey Department, Southampton ; and
Mr. A. Douglas to 'be civil assistant in the Survey
Department, Perth.

INDIA-OFFICE.—A junior clerkship in the6Ac•
countant-General's department has become vacant
by the death of Mr. T. H. Baird.

TBE POST-014.F1CE.--Mr. J. J. Byrne has been
appointed a temporary clerk, London; and Mr. J.
King a clerk at Darlington.
COURT OF PROBATE.--A vacancy for a super-
numerary clerk has been caused by the promotion of
Mr. W. J. Heard. A vacancy for two assistant
clerks of searches has been caused by the promo-
tion of Messrs. W. H. Fleming and J. D. Willan.
Mr. E. A. Wilde has been appointed secretary to
Sir J. P. Wilde, Judge Ordinary of the Courts of
Probate and Divorce ; Mr. W. a Middleton, third
assistant clerk of calendars, has been promoted to
be third assistant clerk of seat pb. to st., vice Mr.
R. H. Harper, resigned ; and Mr. W. G. Vincent,
assistant to the record keerers, to be third assistant
clerk of calendars.

CUSTOMS.—Mr. T. Bacchus has been appointed
a clerk in the searcher's office, London; Mr. R.
Bennett a clerk for general duty, London ; Mr. H.
Brown a clerk in the tea office, London ; Mr. F. H.
Candy a clerk in the imports and exports depart-
ment; Mr. C. P. Fleck a clerk in the examiner's
office; Mr. C. B. Foot a clerk in the imports and
exports department ; Mr. J. Collins and Mr. J.
Palmer, out-door officers, London ; Mr. W.
J. Henshilwood an out-door officer, Greenock;
and Mr. C. O'Callahan an out-door officer,
Drogheda ; Mr. G. Haggar, first class
clerk, has been promoted to be principal
clerk ; Messrs. W. H. Ashmead and W. Reid,
second class clerks, to be first class clerks ; Messrs.
J. A. Coates, J. Doherty, J. J. Barnard, and J.
Wemyss, third class clerks, to be second class
clerks ; Messrs. C. J. Hofferneister, 3. Fallon, W.
H. Low, E. Fradd, J. E. Wallace, and C. S. Barnes,
fourth class clerks, to be third class clerks; Messrs.
J. Hort, R. H. Raper, R. H. Clarke, F. C. Ham-
mond, I. Roc hford, J. Chambers, H. Kirby, G. A.
Page, fifth class clerks, to be fourth class clerks;
and Messrs. J. F. Luscombe, G. B. Halltum,
H. S. Brown, H. A. Wotton, W. John, S. Bowes,
F. G. Heath, W. G. Muir, 3. H. Thomas, and P.
Iruing, 6th class clerks, to be sth class clerks in the
Tea and East India Department; Mr. A. Ross from
the ninth to the eighth, Mr. J. Borthwick from
the 10th to the 9th, Mr. T. Castello, from the 11th
to the 10th, Mr. F. G. D. Cooper, from the 12th to
the 11th, and Mr. J. RThertson from the 13th to
the 12th clerkship at Leith.
INLAND REVENUE (Stamps and Tax Branch).—
Mr. F. Nicholson, surveyor of taxes, has been re-
moved from Rugby to Dartford ; Mr. W. Duncan,
surveyor of taxes, from Merthyr to Rugby ; and
Mr. H. Forder, surveyor of taxes, from Caistor to
Merthyr. Excise Branch—Mr. R. Harris, super-
visor, Bristol, third district, has been appointed
supervisor of Cheltenham district; Mr. I. Thurston,
supervisor, Belturbet district, Drogheda collection,
to be supervisor of Colchester district ; Mr. C. Good-
acre, examiner, to be supervisor, Belturbet district;
Mr. G. Fletcher, officer, Glasgow, 6.h division, to
be officer of Chesterfield division; Mr. J. Laidlaw,
officer, Glasgow, 3d division, to be officer of Glas-
gow, 6th division; and Mr. D. M‘Pherson, dropped
officer, Forres division, Elgin collection, to be
officer of Glasgow, third division.

IRELAND—Mr. R. Topham, has been appointed
second clerk to the Judge of the Landed Estates
Court, Ireland.—Civil Service Gazette.

MARKETS—This Day,

COVENT GARDEN.

The supply of fruit was small, but with most descriptions
of vegetables the market was well supplied. Generally
speaking, the demand ruled steady at about previous rates.
The currency ruled as follows :

FRUIT.

d. a. d.
Pine apples 8 0 to 9 0
►colonial do., each 0 0 to 0 0
Grapes,per lb 3 () to 6 6
Foreign do 1 0 to 1 6
Melons .
Nectarines, per dz 0 0 to 0 0
Apples, per hf-sv. 1 9 to 3 6
Pears, per do
Oranges, per 100..5 0 to 10 0
Lemons, per 100 4 0 to 8 0
Gooseberries hf Bye° 0 to 0 0
Strawberries pr pt 0 0 to 0 0

8. d. s d
Mulberries,pr pt..o 9to 1 0
Cherries, per lb. 0 oto 0 0
Foreign ditto, punt) oto 0 0
Filberts, per lb .. 0 9to 1 0
Walnuts, per 100 1 oto 2 6
Cobnuts, per lb .. 0 oto 0 0
Almonds, per bus 0 oto 0 0
Figs, per doz. .... 0 o.to 0 0
Peaches.. ...... 0 oto 0 0
Currants, per lisp 0 oto 0 0
Plums, per do. .. 0 oto 0 0
Greengages, pr do. 0 oto 0 0

VEGETABLES.
Greens, dz bunch 3 oto 3 61 Shallots, per lb .. 0 6to 0
Cabbages, pr doz 0 9to 1 3 1 Horseradish, pdn 1 oto 2
Bad ditto 1 6to 2 6 Parsley, per ditto 0 3to 0
Savoy do., pr dz 0 10 to 1 6 ; Celery, per ditto 1 oto 1
Cauliflowers, pdz 0 9to 1 0 Beet, per doz. .. 0 oto 0
Brocoli, per bus. 0 oto 0 0 Parsnips, per do. 0 oto 0
Potatoes, per ton 60 0 to 110 0 Small salad. p. pn, 0 oto 0
New ditto, pr lb ..0 oto 0 0 Mushrooms,p ptl. 0 oto 0
Turnips, dz bunch 2 oto 2 6 Artichokes, each 0 oto 0
Carrots,pr do 4 6to 5 6 Cos lett, score .. 0 10 to 1
Cucumbers 0 oto 0 0 Mint and savory.. 0 3to 0
Garlic, per lb
Sorrel, per sieve 0 oto 0 0 Radishes, dz hnds 0 oto 0
Green peas, 0.-sv. 0 oto 6 0 Tomatoes, doz... 0 oto 0
French beans,h.s. 0 oto 0 0 Chillies, per ditto 0 oto 0
Onions, doz. bn 1 6to 2 0 Capsicums, per do 0 oto 0
New Do., dz bun 0 oto 0 0 Rhubarb, per bun 0 oto 0
Spinach 0 oto 0 0 Asparagus, pr do. 2 oto 4
Turnip radishes 0 oso 0 0 Seakale, per bun. 0 oto 0

POULTRY.
Turkeys, 4s Od to 108 Od ; geese, 4s Od to 8s 6d each ;
goslings, Os Od to Os Od ; ducks, 2s Od to 2s 6d ; ducklings,
Us Od to Os Od ; rabbits, is Od to is 2d each ; wild do., 9d
to is 2d ; pigeons, Os 6d to Os 9d each; Surrey fowls,
8s Od to 12s Od ; chickens, Os Od to lOs Od ; barn-door fowls,
35 Od to Cs Od ; capons, Os Od ; hares, 2s 6d to 3s Od ;
ptarmigan, Os Od to Os each ; pheasams, 3s Od to 3s 6d ;
partridges, is 3d to 2s 6d ; woodcoeks, Os to Os Od; snipes, is
to Os Od; teal, Os 9d to Os Od ; wild ducks, Os Od to is 6d ;
widgeons, Os Od to is Od ; plovers, Os Od to Os Od each ;
guinea fowls, Os Od to Os Od ; roasting pigs, Os Od to Os Od
each; Ostend fresh butter, lid to is Od ; English, is
to is 3d per lb ; English eggs, 10s Od to lis Od ; French do.,
8s Od to 9s Od per 100 ; leverets, is 6d to 2s Od ; grouse, 2s
Od to 3s Od each.

BILLINGSGATE.
Salmon, Os Od to Os Od ; trout, Od to Os ; eels, 5d to 10d ;
prawns, Os ; pike, skate, sturgeon, and halibut, 6d per
lb. ; turbots, 8s Od to 30s • cod, 5s Od to 20s Od ; brills, 2s Od
to 6s Od ; doreys, 5s Od to 6s Od ; mullets, Os 6d to is 6d ;
lobsters, 18 to 4s Od; crabs, 6d to 38 Od ; plaice and gurnets,
Od to Os Od each; soles, is to 4s Od per pair; common
oysters, 108 to 15s; natives, 608 to 63s per bushel; whitings,
4s Od to 6s • haddocks, 4s to 128 ; smelts, Os Od to Os Od ;
flounders, Os Od per dozen ; mackerel, Os per 100 ; fresh
herrings, 6s to 8s per 100 ; bloaters, Os to Os per 100 ;
carp and tench, Os Od to Os per brace.

NEWPORT.
Beef, from 3s Od to 4s 4d ; mutton, 3s 8d to 4s 10d; veal,
3s 8d to 4s 8d ; pork, 3s 8d to 48 8d ; and lamb, Oa Od to Os
Od per Blbs by the carcase.

WHITECIIAPL.
Beef, from 2s 8d to 4s 2d; mutton, 3s 6d to 4s 8d ; veal,
pork, 38 6d to 48 8d per Sibs by the
3esarBcadtse.o 4s 8d; and

M. Nadar's Geant Balloon at the Crystal

Palace.

Captious critics often complain that the Crystal
Palace has not fulfilled the high aesthetic purposes
for which its original promoters appealed to public
support. It is useless to discuss the reasons for
this—perhaps the public, which showed no taste for
the doses of artistic or scientific edification tendered
in its hours of pleasure, is chiefly to blame ; but, at
any rate, the new managers deserve the credit of
having thoroughly accepted the lower role forced
upon them by commercial considerations, and of
carrying it out with indefatigable zeal and enter-
prise. Not to mention the innumerable series of
concerts, flowerlshows, fancy fairs, and fetes of all
descriptions which enliven every month of the year,
it is to the Crystal Palace that we have all learnt to
look for our first introduction to any of those ex-
traordinary " sensation" attractions, which rehearsed
first, as it ware, before some distant Continental or
Transatlantic audience, attain at Sydenham their
zenith of fame and reward. It was in the transcen-
dent heights of the central transept that Blondin
first displayed to English eyes that wondrous nerve
and skill which had given an additional attraction
to Niagara; and though M. Leotard was not new
to English audiences when he first appeared at the
Crystal Palace, it was there that they had the best
opportunity of admiring the grace and power with
which he winged his daring flights. The memory
of season-ticket holders will supply many other
instance of the assiduity shown in mini-
stering to their amusement. The latest novelty
is the Geaut balloon, with which M. Nader and
eight companions, at the end of last month, per-
formed their perilous voyage from Paris to Nicoll-
burg, and which all but carried the passengers
to death's door. This Leviathan of the rather now
floats, fully inflated with atmospheric air, in the
centre transept, nearly filling the southern end ; and
over and above the interest it excites from the
dangers through which it has passed, its enormous
yet graceful proportions will attract general admi-
ration. The novel car, which is, in fact, a small
cottage in wicker-work—such as Robinson Crusoe
would have counted almost a palace, is suspended
from it, and round it are ranged the anchors, buffers,
pns and all the various rigging with which
ts provide
themselves for the navigation of
u
the heavens. The Geant is by far the largest
balloon ever yet made. Its entire height, including
aeronauts
eo
ro
o a, axes,
the " compensator"—a small balloon under the large
one, containing a reserve of condensed gas—and the
ear, is close upon 200 feet, and when fully inflated
it will contain 215,363 cubic feet of gas. By way
of comparison, it may be remembered that the great
Nassau balloon, in which Mr. Green made his
famous voyage from Vauxhall to Weiburg, in
Nassau, in 1836, only held 88,000 cubic feet. For
greater security it has two skins, both of white silk
—the outer coloured a yellowish white—of the finest
quality, and of which more than 20,000 yards were
consumed in the manufacture. All the gores are
entirely hand•sewn, and the work occupied 300 men
and women for more than a month. M. Nader torsi,
us that the towers of Notre Dame would only
overtop it by about 45 feet; but perhaps we shall
give the best idea of its magnitude to English
readers by saying that it could not be got into one
of Captain Fowke's great domes. It seems here
almost to knock its head against the high roof of
the centre transept, and, looking at its vast balk,
one can imagine the mingled terror and wonder
which seized the Hanoverian peasants when they
saw the giant monster tearing through the air at
the rate of 60 miles an hour, dashing down every-
thing before it, and apparently hurling its living
freight away to certain destruction. It is easy to
understand, too, how hard it must be to control the
enormous body of gas so as to manage a safe descent,
and novices in aeronautics may be permitted to
doubt whether, until the valve machinery is im-
proved, safe voyages can be performed by balloons
of such a size. M. Nadar himself attributes the
unfortunate issue of his last trip more to the defi-
ciencies of the valves, which did not permit the gas
to escape with sufficient rapidity, than to the failure
of the anchors. The Geant is calculated to lift 41
tons, but the utmost it has actually done is to raise
35 soldiers, who were crammed into the recesses of
the car on the day of the last ascent from the
Champ de Mars. The car Will, probably, be
with many a chief object
of
is
interest, and it cer-
tainly a great curiosity in its way. In its out-
side appearance it is not unlike, on a small scale,
one of the caravans to be met with at the outskirts
of country fairs or by the side of a gipsy en-
campment ; and its interior may remind many of
those singular sojourning places which shippers
facetiously advertise as commodious saloon cabins.
It is about 15ft. long by 12ft. wide, and is parti-
tioned off into a captain's cabin, with sleeping berth,
four small cabins with berth, washing room, and
printing and photographic operating rooms. It is
fitted with wheels on moveable axles, so that there
may be no difficulty in the return, supposing a
descent to be effected far from ordinary means of
transport. There are windows and doors on each
side, but after all there does not seem much room
for nine people to turn in comfortably ; and the sen-
sation must have been something like being slung
up to the top of one of Pickford's warehouses in a
good-sized wine hamper., For those who prefer the
open air there is the roof, with which a strong high
bulwark running round makes a kind of airy terrace
or quarter-deck. It was here that the whole party
was huddled together in the last half-hour of their
perilous journey, in which they were whirled more
than 20 miles, clinging for dear life to the cordage,
bumped violently against the ground every two
or three minutes, and expecting at every bound
to be crushed to death. Our readers have no doubt
perused with interest the vivid account of this
perilous flight which we extracted from the foreign
journals at the time, and M. Nadar, though still
smarting, grows quite enthusiastic in relating their
hair-breadth escapes. " Apres tout c'etait beau,"
he cries, as a soldier might sum up the compressed
excitement of half an hour' hard fight. The balloon
itself, though it frequently beat the earth with its
head, does not show many signs of its wild career,
beyond the rent which was made by the axe of the
courageous Godard, and one or two others which
it received in tearing through a_ forest. The car,
which is strongly built of ash, rattans, and osiers,
with internal stays of inflated india-rubber, is more
seriously injured, and the side which was dragged
so long along the ground, hanged against trees,
and finally burst through the telegraph wires, bears
evident marks of its ill treatment.

M. Nadar has accompanied the balloon to this
country, but does not contemplate making any ascent
with it here, at least for the present. In fact, he is
still hardly able to move from the effects of his acci-
dent ; and, moreover, before trying another voyage
it will be necessary to make some improvements in
the machinery of the balloon, particularly in the
valves. An adventure like the last would not termi-
nate FO harmlessly in a thickly populated country
like England, as in the sandy plains of Hanover.
Like our own Mr. Coxwell, Mr. Nadar presents
himself to us as something more than a mere
aeronaut de spectacle, whose only ambition is to
minister to the amusement of the multitude. In a
different way he aspires to turn his ballooning ex-
perience to scientific uses. He seems to look for-
ward to a time when the air, like the sea, will be
the highway of nations; when the heavens will be
filled with the commerce of nations, and even when,
if so minded, men may build iron-plated balloons as
they are now building iron-plated frigates. In a
word, M. Nadar believes that he is on the high road
to the solution of that problem which has baffled
ingenious contrivers of all ages, from Dapdalus
downwards, and that ho can give to man the same
mastery over the air as he obtained over the sea.
Of balloons, pure and simple, strange to say'
M. Nadar has no great opinion. It is by
n
adaptation of the powers of the screw,_,‘ thea
holy screw" as a French saran calls it—that he
ri
confidently reckons on carrying into practice his
theory of aerial autelocometion. The balloon is
only the prologue to a more perfect flying machine
which will be completely under man's control, and
which will spring upwards,—
I,,lonftfingthhetinwg:lewdiejeuixjapietna:t s se, and through the shock
way."o
nall sides round
" Environed
The balloon he calls a mere toy—his certainly is on

a Gargantuan scale—and it is simply for the pur-
pos3 of raising funds to carry out his experiments
that he has built and is exhibiting the Geant. Not
being competent to speak of M. Nadays scientific
acquirements, we can do no more than wish him
better success in this important investigation than
has attended his predecessors; but cool daring and
undaunted perseverance are always honoured here,
and of these qualities M. Nadar has shown sufficient
proofs to entitle him to a hearty welcome in this
count ry.—Times.

The Sanson of the Reign of Terror.
---•

Before arriving at this eminence, ho passed
through a variety of strange experiences. He and
his father, Jean Baptiste, beheaded the famous
Lally De Tollendal. M. Sanson works up the
story of the execution into a romance. Laily, when
a young man, he says, happened with a party of
friends to lose his way, and was taken in by Jean
Baptiste Sanson, who that night gave his marriage
supper. After the ball, having learnt his host's
name, Lally asked to see the tools of hie trade, and
had his fancy greatly taken by a particular sword
with which Sanson promised, in case of need, to
behead him. Thirty-five years afterwards he was
beheaded accordingly. The old man came with the
intention of merely looking on, but the young Chas.
Henry having made a false stroke which inflicted
only a wound, the old man seized the sword and cut
off Lally's head himself. The present M. Sanson
says that his grandfather told him this story. There
is a difficulty in point of dates about it which makes
the whole matter 'suspicious. Jean Baptiste San-
son, we are told, was seven years old when his
father died in 1726. He was, therefore, born in
1719. But Lally was beheaded in 1766', and if
Sanson's marriage took place thirty five years
before—namely, in 1731—he must have been mar-
ried at the early age of 12, This makes a consider-
able hole in the fidelity of M. Sanson's traditions.
Soon after executing Lally, Chas, Henry Sanson
had to execute the Chevalier De la-Barre, who was
supposed to have been guilty of profanity at Abbe-
ville. A crucifix had been disfigured, and as it was
proved that Do la Barre had on another occasion
passed a procession without taking off his hat, he
appears to have been made responsible. He showed
wonderful courage at his execution, refusing even to
kneel down, and Sanson, to make up for his mistake
in the case of Lally, cut off his head so neatly that
it did not fall for the first moment. The execution
of La Barre was one of the last of the old aristo-
cratic executions. Several others which took place
before the French Revolution are referred to by
M. Sanson, but they are not interesting except for
their horror, and the history of the crimes which
led to thens is thrown into a quasi-romantic shape.
He gives a long account, for instance, of the last
occasion on which the punishment of the wheel was
employed. A young man who had killed his father
—as he said by accident, as the Court found by
design—was sentenced to undergo this punishment
at Versailles in 1788. The mob rescued him, and
burnt the wheel and the scaffold on the spot. One
of their number is represented as observing very
appropriately to Sanson, " Laissons l'enfer au bon
Dieu." The wonder is how so hideous a spectacle
was ever permitted. The description of it makes
the blood run cold. The criminal's arms and legs
were smashed in eight places with an iron bar, he re-
ceived a ninth blow over the chest, and was then laid
over a wheel placed horizontally on the scaffold till
he died. This punishment was horribly common.
It was, for some strange reason, the favourite
punishment of the Parliament of Paris, and when
they decided on appeals from inferior jurisdictions,
the common result, if we are to believe M. Sanson,
was the substitution of the wheel for the gallows.
Such, up to the time of the Revolution, were the
official duties of the Parisian executioners. Their
descendent gives a singular picture of their private
life. Jean Baptiste Sanson was very fond of
anatomy, and had a great practice amongst both
rich and poor, of whom, as his grandson observes,
the first paid him very handsomely, whilst the
others received advice gratis. He was a very
busy man. There was a good deal of correspon-
dence about provincial executions, and, as he was
at the head of his profession, all the young coun-
try executioners used to come to his house as
pupils before entering on their own professional
careers. The executioners formed a kind of clan;
for obvious reasons they intermarried almost exclu-
sively amongst each other. Jean Baptiste had a
large family, and hie sons became executioners in
every part of France. They used to come home at
Christmas, and in order to avoid the difficulties
which arose from the variety of Christian names,
the servants (who were assistant executioners)
spoke of them as M. de Strasbourg, M. d'Orleans,
&c., the head of the family or caste being " iII. de
Paris."

Jean Baptiste Sanson was a good deal reduced
from the splendour of his ancestors in the matter of
money. His ancient droit de havae was commuted
for 16,000 livres a year, very irregularly paid. At
one time he received from the Regent 50,000 livres
in Law's notes. These were the greenbacks of the
period. " I have them still," says M. Sanson, "in
the pocket-book where they were put at the end of
the audience." M. Sanson's own recollections of
the vestiges of the old regime in which he and his
ancestors played so singular a part are exceedingly
curious. He recollects an old man, called Ches-
neau, who gave him a gun in 1803, and who was
then a sort of pensioner at large in the family house
of M. de Paris. This old man had been a servant
of the r3onate de Charolais, who laboured (falsely
according to M. Sanson) under the imputation of
having shot a tiler to amuse himself, and of having
been pardoned by Louis XV., with the pleasing
observation that a pardon was ready for any one
who liked to assassinate the Comte de Charolais.
From the service of the Comte de Charolais, he
passed successively into those of Louis XV. and
Louis XVI., whom he served as a gunmaker. In
the course of his career, Sanson cured him of a
wound caused by the bursting of a gun ; and when
his last master was turned out of house and home
by the Revolution, M. Chesneau betook himself to
his old friend the executioner. By way of paying
for his board, he made him all sorts of handsome
arms, and at last took to grinding the knife of
the guillotine, and setting its grooves to rights.
He thought the least he could do for his old friends
was to have their heads cut off promptly and
smoothly. " Tuez-les," he said to the servants,
Li puisqu'on vous y force, mais ne les massacrez
pas."
The luxurious and patriarchal position of the old
executioners passed away, like other picturesque
but cumbrous institutions, after the Revolution;
bar, for about two years, the Sanson
put into such a position as no people ever occupied
family were
Charles Henry before in a civilised country,
San-
son kept a journal during the
which his grandson, Who well Reign of Terror, of
re
members him, has
republished the greater part,
sameness about it which is There is a dreadful
not unimpressive. Day
after day comes a long list of persons—some known
to all the world,ssin
assistants
ss completely obscure—whom
he and his a
put to death by tens, by
twenties, and at last by fifties at a time. Some of
the scenes Which he describes, such as the execu-
tion of the hinge a)nd those of Charlotte Corday,
h
G irondins
I
t
Anton, and Robespierre, are
matters of history, but a few are less
well known. Perh the most singular is
the account of theaPs
execution of the magistrates of
the old Parliament
of Paris, from whom for nearly
forty yeses Sanson had taken his eiders. He was,
he says, horrified at what he had to do, and at the
dignified courage of the sufferers. One venerable
old President encouraged him in his task Faites'
la loi mime injuste est toujours la loi." The par-
ticular men were no doubt worthy of pity and
respect, but the thought of their own sentences, the
wheel, the pincers, and the torture-chamber, recalls
other recollections. There is something very im-
pressive in their destruction by the very man who
had at their bidding performed such indescribable
cruelties. Of all the revolutionary executions, those
of Fouquier Tinville and Hebert perhaps inspire
the most disgust. The brutal ferocity of the first
ruffian and the contemptible cowardice of the second
are illustrations of the capacity of human nature
for infamy
which will hardly be surpassed.
day .Recietv.

William S. O'Brien and the Polish Question,

The subjoined letter was read at the meeting of
the Polish committee yesterday :

Cahirmoyle, Nov. 9, 1863.
My Dear Smith—Allow me to ask you to hand to the
treasurer of the Polish fund the enclosed order for £2 as my
subscription for the in.mths of October and November. I
am glad to find that the interest which is felt in d
. on
behalf of the Poles undergoes no diminution. In presence
of the many strange manifestations of opinion which now
exhibit themselves, I dare not
undertake to predict what
qwtti lels beie
ht h_ehe:trifdeuretat
eotflylrishmenone
ofr relation to
noblest
ns
tyc
hpoi
rl iatei
te-
triids
et
tsyo
tof the
slrishh
eraceethatff sa
e rh
e thattd sesp
theyrthi
reiata tuhaessree de
fwt
their,
r cnefluenxti
ble
and I would fain hop
not beeenhaenvetirely
extinguished by the political treating which
un-
dergone during the last 17 years. Never did we
naticn re-
quire aid more than the Poles now require it. I run now
unwilling to use harsh terms, lest I should do injury to the
cause of Poland, but, of course, it will be understood that
I speak my own individual sentiments, and that I do no
profess to speak on the part of the committee, when I say
that the Poles have been treacherously betrayed by the
diplomacy of the three powers which have professed to
espouse the protection of Polish interest. The Poles have
been lured to destruction, and then abandoned by those who
undertook the championship of their cause. From what I
saw and heard in Poland I am convinced that very many
of the most eminent members of Polish society were induced
to commit themselves irretrievably in opposition to the Mts..
sian Government by the language which was held by the
statesmen of Europe. These statesmen have now left them
to the mercy of the ruthless tyrant who seeks to eradicate
every vestige of Polish nationality by confiscation, exter-
mination, and murder. In reference to the part taken by
England, it cannot be forgotten that when the Polish out-
break was confined to a small number of conscripts, the
Poles were encouraged by the meeting which was held in
London and by the language which was held in Parliament
to believe that they might count upon the support of tho
English nation in case they were to risk their lives and for.
tones in a struggle with Russia. The voice of the French
nation seemed to be even more unanimous in their

favour. As for Austria, though it has been obvious to
every reflecting mind that the Austrian Government
cannot desire to constitute au independent Polish king-
dom on its borders whilst it apprehends that Galicia
and Cracow would seek to be annexed to such a king-
dom, yet there is amongst the population that is subject
to Austria a sympathy for Poland which the Austrian
Government cannot wholly suppress, and the Poles know
that they can rely upon aid from this quarter even though
the Austrian Government should act falsely towards then,.
This state of European feeling might justify the most cauti-
ous Pole in believing that he could safely engage in a con-
spiracy which the ministers of England, France, and Aus-
tria had declared to be justified by the conduct of the Rus-
sian Government. No man of sanguine temperament could
have believed that the potentates who undertook to plead
the cause of Poland would calmly submit to the insult and
humiliation which their remonstrances on behalf of Poland
have brought upon them.
As for the part taken by England, it is impossible to
imagine anything more contemptible. Lord Russell, finding
that public opinion was about to express itself with much
warmth in behalf of Poland, undertook to represent the
opinion of England by diplomatic action. In the course of a
long and didactic correspondence he succeeded in establish..
ing to the conviction of all his readers the two following
propositions :-
Ist—That the Poles were fully justified in rebelling
against Russia.
2d—That Russia had violated the cornpict which it had
made with the other Powers of Europe in the treaty of
Vienna.

The violation of a treaty is held to be sufficient cause
for war. When England has to deal with an inferior
Power she does not hesitate to enforce treaties by fire and
sword. She does not hesitate to exercise speedy and trucu-
lent vengeance upon those who offer an insult or inflict a
real or imaginary wrong. Witneos the conflagration of the
unoffending city of liagosima—tho most recent of a long
series of unjustifiable aggressions upon weaker states. But
before the powerful the flag of England is trailed in the
dust I How tarnished is the glory of a nation which for-
merly
used to boast that the prediction made by the Roman poet in reference to Imperial Rome had been fulfilled to the
letter in the annals of Britain—
Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento,
Ha) tibi erunt artes—pacisque imponere morem,
Parcere subjectis et debellare superbos.
I leave to the chivalry of England the task of justifying
and upholding, or of condemning and contravening, the
policy of those who thus speak and act in the name of Eng-
land. To my own fellow-countrymen I repeat, " Forsake
not the cause of bleeding Poland. Be true and faithful to
those who suffer for the sake of their country. The time
will come Whoa your intervention on behalf of Poland,hotwh-c
ever feeble it may now appear, will become one oflaa..
proudest memories of the Irish race;!" As forFrance,theeven,l
guage held by its Emperor is so enigmatical the:
.onablio
alone can interpret it ; but it appears to be an unqut:stt,gio
fact that France is prepared to allow the Poles Lr"
commenced,
unaided through the long winter which
behsquestion " to
and ajourns the consideration of the "Polish
congress way
some indefinite period, at which an Europeanof other
possibly assemble and continue during
aattnis season
deceptions of diplomacy. Before I clesard
collaterfail-
be permitted to add a sentence withreg a
that misunderstant
subject. I observe with much regret
poles
she those who
ing has arisen between some leading
.an. These jealousies
Cireassia and the
are greatly to be deplored.
The
eliceir interests are the same.
to leattseera,s
are interested on behalf of the Circaz
cause of Poland are identical.
noble population of the
vigorous action on the part o the Circassians, and
Resistance to Russia in Polafn
Caucasus forms a most importantßussian force. We, Irishmen,
Poland aide
in favour of the
Poles by occupying
have not as yet bestoweda large much attention on the questions
espoused the cause of Cireassi a
aavaes the case deserves, but we ought
w,_othe roles rather than wrangle with
to co-operate with
of combination are too often lost by
‘tvoll:lichtrreealta
Opportunities
ttehotoseCireashs
them. OPP°
the Crimean war between the western
want of mutual confidence. Had proper combinations been.
set on foot
d tn
Poles and the Cireassians,Europo would not now
ass This assist in expelling the Muscovite from Poland
and toin
be l powers,e squired the
t li to
a Caucasus. work might have been
completedr simultaneously with the capture of Sebastopol.
The task of
1554 was left unfinished,
holier aims It must be re
than that
with that of propping up the
i,,
tottcrn , domination of the Turk over a largo portion of
Christian Europe. It is necessary for the security of Eu-
rope that Russia should not only be humiliated, but dis-
membered. Otherwise, all the sovereigns and nations of
the earth must bow their heads in reverence to the ukase of
tho Czar with a humility even more abject than that with
which it has been recently received, in the case of Poland,
by the English people. The feeble policy which now irri-
tates the sensibilities of Europe will give place to an out-
burst of generous enthusiasm in case the Poles and the Cir-
cassians be true to themselves, and continue to exhibit the
oaring that is inspired by hope, and the fortitude which
springs from despair.—Bedeve me, most truly yours, .

46 WILLIAM S. 013111 EN."

Mr. Phinn, has been reappointed Counsel
to the Admiralty and Judge-Advocato of the Fleet, an
office to which he was originally appointed by Sir James
Graham in 1852, and which he resigned upon becoming
Second Secretary of the Admiralty in 1855,