The Sun.
London, England, 1830-09-17 00:00:00

service of such towering pretensions as that of the
Honourable Company, a habit of foul language has
been indulged iu, by the officers towards the sailors,
wholly incompatible with that grave seltrespeet
which ought to tharacterize the demeanour of per-
sons having authority over 'Others, and inevitably
tending to produce on the minds of their inferiors a
bitterness or a prostration of spirit alike unfavour-
able to the discharge of a seaman's duties, The
Inglis, as may be collected from the evidence offered
before the Magistrate, was, on her voyage home,
a scene of the most deplorable insubordination, and,
as usually—we do not say invariably—happens,
the violence of the exasperated seamen may be
treced to that which they had long experienced
from the Ceptain of the vessel and his mates. It
is not a fit practice--it is not a practice which would
be tolerated on board a British man of war, or in-
deed on boftrd a merchantmen of any nation
but the . English, to abuse men 'employed in
laborious offices as if they were creatures devoid of
feeling, and when they show a natural and human
sense of the wanton indignities with which they
,ere outragekto tip them up and flog them like
wild hews,- Why, if English seamen had even the
benefit 'of the ect of that generous-minded states-
man (Ones; himself -.a sailor) the late Lord Erskine,
the act against " cruelty to animals," no skipper
durst use them with a degree of harshness like that
represented by the witnesses on behalf of the crew
to have formed their ordinary treatment at the
hands of the Captain of the Inglis, and one or
more of his officers. On the other side
of the question, we are not insensible to
the difficulties imposed upon the.' captain of a
Company's ship, so fee as regards the seamen.
With all their reputed wealth, :and real power, the
India Company are the shabbiest set of shipowners
whose vessels traverse the ocean. Their ships are
the worst manned, their size considered, and the
casualties to which in long voyages and insalubrious
climates they are exposed,—the worst that clear out
from the ports of the United Kingdom. It is not
that the numbers of their crews are scanty ; but
that from the poor wages they offer,—the smell
precautions taken by them as to inquiry into cha-
racter—the absence of all provision for their sailors
and petty officers after age or accident shall have
compelled them to retire, and the consequent bad
quality of many of their seamen, as compared with
those who are admitted into his Majesty's service,
the crew of an Indiaman is often such as to alarm
the officers for the safety of the ship,' and for
the lives of all on beard her. It is not, there-
fore, us against the officers only that we should
desire to see a set of regulations, with respect
to discipline, established and enforced by legal sane.
lions. At present there is none but what proceeds
from the assumed necessity of each ease as it arises;
when tits Captain, thwarted or insulted by his men,
has recourse to violence for want of legitimate power.
Teach the seaman his duties by legislative authority,
mid the officer will soon learn to respect his rights,
because his own rights will be placed beyond the
pale of controversy. The situation of a ship, and
of those by whom she is navigated, is so peculiar,
and the effects of crime so prompt and dangerous,
as to justify the application of more direct and
specific remedies against wrong doing than such ns
may be extracted from the ordinary provisions of the
common law, We can imagine no reason why a
code of instructions similar (mutatis mulandis) to
those observed on board a King's ship, should not
be applied to the mercantile marine of England, and
officers and men made answerable for their complete
execution. Humanity and the love of Justice will
assuredly be spared by such a charitable innovation,
the pain of many a police recital like those to which
we have adverted above.—Times,
TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES.

Sta,—Having seen in your Journal of this day a letter
signed " T. U.," iu which I recognise the style of a gen-
thunarhwell known in the maritime profession, and who
for many years has been the steady advocate of the right*
of seamen and the mercantile navy in general, I am happy
to see he has touched upon a subject hitherto nearly disre-
garded--,usinely, the entire absence of discipline in the
merchant service—a defect which is gradually debasing
the British seaman, and is the source of continual quarrels,
heart-burnings, and between him and those placed
in authority over hint; of insolence, drunkenness, and
negligence on one part, and of intemperate endeavours to
preserve their authority on the other.

It would occupy too touch of your space to prove (what
I am well able to do) that the laws now in farce for the
government of the mercantile navy are a dead letter; nor
can I follow your correspondent in the question of the al-
leged supineness of the Corporation of the Trinity-house in
these matters; but, from an intimate acquaintance with
the' subject I have taken In band, I can safely affirm, that
if the humble voices of the ship-owners and their servants
are too weak to reach the ears of Government, its atten-
tion will, ere lung, be aroused moat fearfully, and corn-
plaints will reach it written in characters of blood.

Let it, for a moment, consider the situation of a man
nominally commanding (but destitute of legal power) &
crew of own reckless of consequences, and aware of im-
punity---a man who, in his solitary condition on the wide
oceans, has no appeal hot to brute force—in charge of the
property of others, often to a large amount. Let it sup-
pose him braved to his face, and the weapons of death
within his reach ! I say no more.
I do not mean to advance that sailors are more evil•dis-
posed than other men ; it is well known that the vulgar of
every class are prone to insult their superiors when-
ever the strong urns of power its relaxed, and the
prospect of punishment distant. Yet I am no advocate
for summary punishment, or for the power of corporal
chastisement being placed in the hands of an individual ;
but from the personal observation of 37 years, I am con-
vinced that it alone can ever check the wild career of that
mature child, a British sailor. lam also convinced, that
whenever it shall become known that the civil authorities
are vested with such power, a very material change will be
effected in their conduct.

The chaace of impriSonment and fine is laughed at by
men who have bean used to confinement from their cradles,
and whose contempt of money and ignorance of it* value
is proverbial.
Daring the war, the fear of being turned over to a
King's ship held them in a tolerable state of discipline, but
since that restraint has been removed, they have progressed
front bad to worse until the property of their employers is
unsafe, the comfort of their Commanders destroyed, and
their own lives and health placed in ktopardy ; painful and
humiliating it is to witness the contrast between them and
the orderly seamen of other nations.

But the mischief does not end here ; the source of our
national strength is poisoned. is it possible that men
brought up in uncoraroulled dissipation can be brought at
once to comply with the orderly habits of a veletel of war,
but by the most powerful coercion ? Most clearly no ;
and it is through the exercise of this tremendous, though
necessary, power, that the youthful sailor conceives a dis-
gust to the King's service, whereas, bad he been trained
to obedient habits by a mild and and acknowledged disci-
pline clearly defined, the change from one service to the
Other would only be perceptible in the diminished quantum
of labour, and the more regular attention to his comforts.
But I ern unwilling to trespass further on your space
anti patience, and shall rest for the present in the hope
that, through your widely circulated Journal, these re-
mark* may meet the eye of someone possessing the power
and irndination to apply a remedy against an evil which,
however feebly potattayed, strikes ta the very root of our
country's prosperity and safety. ,
I remain, Sir, your obedient servant,
Oreenwieb, Sept. 18. C. N. N.

The Report of the Dolce de Broglie and M.
()taxer, on the state of France, delivered on Mon-
day night, has produced a great sensation. There
can be no question that the Charter demands mate-
rial alterations; but we confess ourselves tumble to
see so much cause for alarm as our correspondent
xi 0. P. Q," sees in the tipeeches of the French
Ministers. The Ministers assume the existing itt.
stitutions to be suitable to the wants of the country;
but they do not thereby declare that these iostitti.
dens may not be improved. They will, and must
be improved ; for we do not believe that the
Chambers conceive the suffrage, sufficiently exten-
sive. But the existence of France will not terminate,,
this year or the next, Public opinion will compel the
representatives to agree to such changes in the Eke-
t ion Laws as shah be found, after due deliberation, to
he best salted to the wants of the nation. Already

the Election Law is much better than it was under
the clovommont. Ao an election at this time,
with the choice of men, from thirty, would return it

' very different Chamber from the last. But if the
present Chamber, when its deficiencies are supplied
under the existing law, do not effect the necessary
organic improvements, the new election will. We
wish it to be borne in mind always, that there
are no interests in France sufficiently powerful to
dare to refuse any alteration demanded by public
opinion. The present Ministers are said to be honest
men. They may be timid; but they are not the
creatures of any Oligarchy, to which they must be
subservient as the condition of their political exist-
ence. They will administer the existing laws fairly.
The Judges may not in all cases be what they ought
to be ; but the Chambers may carry laws imposing
material checks on existing Judges, and securing
better appointments in future. In the mean time
the Press will be secured by Jury trial uga'nst the
arbitrary notions and corrupt inclinations of public
funct ionari co.—Morning chronicle.
The opening of the Liverpool and Manchester
Railway has been clouded by a most unfortunate
occurrence. The undertakiug itself has been
as successful as the most sanguine of its pro-
jectors anticipated; but during one of the tempo-
rary stoppages, Mr. lluskisson, who was in the
space between the carriage ways, on the approach
of one of the cars, which had fallen behind, fell on
endeavouring to lay hold of the car beside him, and
the engine passed over his thigh. The consequence
was a compound fracture, rendering amputation ne-
cessary. Unfortunately, from the previous state of
his health, his life is considered to be in the greatest
danger. Down to the time at which our reporter's
communication was sent off, he was in a state
which rendered it impossible for him to undergp
the dreadful operation. The Duke of Wel-
lington seems to have been greatly affected by
the accident, and endeavoured to have the
business of the day postponed. This, however,
after much deliberation, the Directors did not deem
themselves authorised to agree to. his Grace,
however, did not join the dinner party at Liverpool.
According to our reporter, the speed of the cars
was, while be observed the time, at the rate of 18
and 19 miles an hour; but he was assured by Mr.
Stephenson that, when they were pushing on to
Manchester after the interruption, the rate was 24
miles an hour, and at one time even 33! This is
unquestionably one of the greatest triumphs of me-
chanical science. It is the commencement of a
new era in locomotion. We may expect the con-
struction
of railways on all the roads where a dense
population render the speculation profitable. Al-
ready the shares of this company are at a
premium, which is the best proof of the general
opinion as to the success of the speculation. Dis-
tant cities are now brought near to each other. The
ranting call of the poet to annihilate space and time,
may almost be said to be realised. Before a citizen
of London could proceed in one of those lumbering
coaches which yet disgrace the streets of this me-
tropolis, the strong hold of so many monopolies, to
the west end of the . town, u Liverpool merchant
will have finished his journey to Manchester. The
power of man over the material world has been
augmented within a few years in so extraordinary a
manner, invention having succeeded rapidly to in-
vention, that there has been generated a disposition'
to believe that the elements may he made available
to man to a degree far beyond any thing of which
we have experience. lied rail-roads along which
carriages might proceed at the rate of thirty-three
miles an hour been hinted at to Swift, he would
certainly have deemed the speculation adapted for
Lap u ta.—Morning Chronicle.

FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.

FRENCII PAPERS.
CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES, SEPT. IS.

The President took the Chair at a quarter past
four o'clock.

M. Curtin Gridaine, Reporter of the Bureau to
Which the election of the Duke de Reiman, for the
Haute Seine was referred, informed the Chamber
that the Duke had not produced his evidences of
qualification, and, consequently, moved that he
should be considered as having vacated his seat.—
Referred to the Minister of the Interior.

M. Benjamin Constant addressed the Chamber as
follows, on his motion for abolishing the brevets, or
licences, of printers and booksellers :—To depict to
you, Gentlemen, the salutary influence of the Press
would be useless. The Press, for sixteen years, has
been our only safeguard against a Government op-
pressive whenever it was in its power to be so, and
hypocritical when it could not be oppressive. When
in the Chamber, which was the offspring of forced
elections, an almost imperceptible minority struggled
courageously for liberty, the Press, left free by the
inconsistent fatuity of a presumptuous Ministry, was
our only protection. From the Bth of August, the
Press sustained alone a mortal combat against a
power armed with fraud, and rose in strength as the
danger increased. The Press led the people into the
field of battle—they boldly followed, and we came
to the support of the people; and we all, being thus
united, achieved a miraculous triumph, and over-
threw tyranny. The Press is the only means of
communication between messes of men, as words
are the means of conveying ideas between indivi,
duals. Such advantages overbalance all the inconve-
niences. I feel that these inconveniences must be re-
medied by good laws, but nevertheless the freedom
of the Press should be extended. Let me now ask !
what is the legal condition of the Press in France?
Is it this :—No one can be a bookseller, no one can
be a printer, without having obtained a licence,
which was revocable at will, I say revocable at will;
because, by the terms of the law of 1811, the Go-
vernment is authorised to withdraw his licence from
city printer who had become subject to a judgment.
I um the representative here of those who have
taken up the business of printer and of bookseller,
end am also the organ of the workmen, who from
the same occupation gain a subsistence for them-
selves and their families. The first of these two
classes maintain that, were the Press free, it would
become much more active, and find markets which
the monopoly neglects or :lisdains; the second class
conceive that a greater number of printers would in-
sure an increased quantity of employment for their
industry ; and, in order that you may be better able
to judge of the arguments of the latter body, I will
lay them before you in full. They say the printers,
who are the possessors of this monopoly, formerly
found employment for all the workmen who engaged
in this occupation, because none but themselvea had
the right of employing them, but lately important
discoveries have been made, and the mechanical
press has been invented and brought into use; from
hence, under the system of the monopoly, fewer
workmen have been necessary, and thus many are
e se
left destitute. I am not disposed to raise an Outcry
against the invention and use of maclitvesiege. A
,dforeach
newly-invented machine is
e a gaini for
ie it t h us industry,been
proved and
an advantage to the diffusion of knowledge.
gain for industry, I say, because
that, since the discovery
of the art of printing,
there have been more workmen employed as
prin-
ters than there were copyists before • and since the
discovery of the weaving
thneoer, weavers
advantagen e rs than
ea machine
sayi
iatoorrei t have
rtbmehweans.
of
ledge. Eech machine creates a greater degree of
leisure for mankind, and each leisure hour affords so
much time for reflection and improvement. I will
not, however, enlarge upon this question; h
it _e-
longs to theory, and partakes of the idea of per-
fectibility,---a system 60 widely &necked by de-
claimers, yet so clearly demonstrated by recent facts,
—for permit me to ask you, Gentlemen, if you would
ever have expected to have found so much ratio-
nality in the mass of the people, so much love of
order and such facility of comprehending, even in
the moments of their highest exasperation, the rea-
sonings adduced to calm them, and save them from
acting against the object they had in view, and lend
them to respect that which a moment of excitement
had brought them together to destroy ? I loudly
proclaim that we have lived for upwards of aplomb,
and we still live, under
)itheruil7eonfetel.te rslitisiot,noateindtl.
in-
telligencee of the people

men, everything depends upon our placing by the
side of these discoveries, which simplify the mode
of production, and thereby increase production, that
liberty which is in all things the vivifying principle,
and without which the most useful things become
pernicious. By the side, then, of the mechanical
press, give to every man who may wish to exercise
the business of a printer the power of doing so; then
will the workmen easily find numerous resources,
and will no longer see in these valuable discoveries,
rendered mischievous only by monopoly, a cause of
their being in want of work. I have sought for ob-
jections that may be urged against me, and only
find four. The danger to public order will be urged.
Every Government ought to maintain the conditions
to which it owes its existence. The fallen dynasty,
which wished to rend that which it had granted,
and which proceeded by deception to treachery and
massacre, needed to stifle the Press; but the
citizen dynasty we have placed on the throne requires
that every species of liberty shall be spread abroad,
and that which was the ruin of the one is the
security of the other. You will be told, perhaps,
also, that individuals, by launching into the career
you will thus open to them with insufficient means,
will run on to their ruin. Governments are not the
guardians of individuals. Men become enlightened
by the errors they commit. The third object merits
a fuller examination. No doubt those who have
purchased licences upon the guarantee of public
V faith have a right to be protected from loss. This
is the sad effect of false measures. When a Government
enters upon a wrongroad,it draws in individuals who,
not being themselves culpable, have a right to corn-
'
pensation ; but this is a matter of detail which I do
not feel myself willing to enter upon in bringing.
vforward a proposition, and which I leave to more
venlightened men. They will` propose amendments
or additional articles, of which you, in your wisdom,
%sill form a just judgment. Lastly, I foresee claims
will be made for guarantees of the morality or intel.
ligence of those for whom I demand that liberty
which I feel ought to be granted to them. This
objection bears a strong analogy to the first. I
behold with regret, in that which is called a gua-
rantee, something which resembles an impediment.
Neverthess, a good is only created by degrees; and
as gradual progression is good, is at once both solid
and encouraging, and as impatience is the bane of
all things, I do not intend to resist what in this re-
spect may be proposed, and may be deemed indis-
pensable. I am not so jealous of time ; and, pro-
vided we advance but one step in a good road, I
shall be happy in the reflection that I have led the way.
M. de Tracy approved of the proposition being
taken into consideration. If it were otherwise the
departmental Press would cease to exist. The late
Government licensed printers in the departments in
the proportion of one to five thousand souls. Hence
there were continually law-suits brought by journal-
ists against printers, to compel them to print their
journals. These suits did not always terminate on
the side of liberty.
The proposition was ordered to be taken into
consideration.

Messrs. Petou and Daumont brought up in sue-
cession reports from the Petition Committee, but
the petitions represented no point of general jute-
rest.—Adjourned to Wednesday.

The following Order of the Day, dated Sep-
tember the 13th has been issued by the Commander-
n-Chief of the National Guards :

" The General Commanding-in• Chief conceived
that he could not render a better homage to the
sentiments of the King towards the National
Guards than by putting on the order of the day the
letter with which he was honoured after the review
by the Citizen Monarch. The same feelings make
him also eager to communicate to his brethren in
arms, not only the proceedings, but the words, of
the young and patriotic heir to the National Throne;
their commentary will be found in the hearts of all
the National Guards, not only of the capital, but
throughout France.

(Signed) " LAFAYETTE."
" You will not be surprised, my dear General,
that I should feel a desire of becoming one of that
glorious National Otsard which you have commanded
at two of the greatest epochs of our modern his-
tory, and whose heroism you have each time so
nobly directed. It is the duty of every good citizen;
and I, more than any other, am bound to fulf►l it. I
desire to be inscribed as a cannoneer in the artillery
of the National Guard, because I shall be able fre-
quently to perform the duties of that station with-
out failing in my other duties. I embrace with
eagerness, my dear General, this opportunity of re-
newing the assurances of the sentiments I partake
in common with that citizen militia to which 1 shall
henceforth be proud to belong.—Your affectionate
" FERDINAND PHILIPPE D'ORLEANS."

DUTCH PAPERS.
STATES-GENERAL.
sEerma ov sxrrxstura 13 (CONTINUED.)
HAGUE, SErr. 15.—His Majesty and the Prince
of Orange having retired after the conclusion of the
Speech (which we gave yesterday), the Prince de
Gavre, who is appointed President of the First
Chamber for the present extraordinary meeting,
closed the Sitting of the two Chambers united.
He then (in the French language) requested the
Members of the Second Chamber to remain assem-
bled, in order to hear a communication from the
Government.

SECOND CHAMBER or Tog STATES-GENERAL.

M. CORNER Hooky, who was President during
the last Session, took his seat in the President's
chair. He observed that, in order to expedite busi-
ness, they might attend to some preliminary mat-
ters, while waiting for the communication from the
Government.
M. liviEFELD made some observations, to the
effect that the gentleman who had presided in the
sitting of the States-General bed addressed some
words, in a language which he would not under-
stand in that place, to the Members of the Second
Chamber, which he supposed were meant to sum-
mon the Chamber together, but that if this were a
message from the King, it ought to be communi,
eated either in writing or by a commission; but nei-
thseirelmtatvAiyrig which
heart he would not remain in an
A
was not legally summoned, either
to listen or to take part in the decisions, and should
go home.
Some new Members having been admitted and
taken their seats, the President read the following
Royal Message :
" High and mighty Lords,--According to the
communication made by us, on the opening of your
present I?,xtraordinary Session, to your Assembly,
and earlier, by our Proclamation of the bat instant,
to all the Netherlanders, we desire that your High
Mightinesses may immediately take into your serious
consideration—
" 1. Whether has experience indicated the neces-
sity of reviving our national institutions.
"2. Whether, in that case, the relations esta-
blished by treaties, and by the fundamental law be-
tween the two great diVisions of the kingdom, for
the promotion of. their common interest, require to
be changed either in their form or in- their nature.
It will be itgreable to us to receive, as speedily
as the nature of the ease admits, the free and sin-
cere communication of the sentiments of the repre-
sentatives of the people of the Netherlands on these
important questions, in order to determine in the
sequel,m concurrence with your High Mightinesses,
those
we
om rbeec necessarym
in order to carry their opinion into effect.
r' And herewith end your
Isigh
Mightinesses to the Divine protection.
"

4 Hague, Sept. 13, 1830,"
Th. Chamber then adjourned till to-morrow at
eleven o'clock.

SITTINOS OF TUESDAY, SEPT. 14.
The Chamber, first of all, proceeded to choose
three candidates, to be proposed to the King, for
him to select a President. The three candidates
chosen were M. Van Toulon, M. G. G. Clifford,
and M. Corset Huoft ; after which the Chamber