The Sun.
London, England, 1863-04-11 00:00:00

THE INSURRECTION IN POLAND.

(From the limes' Special Correspondent.)
BRESLAU, April 7.
The Poles have returned to guerilla tactics, and
military events are comparatively scarce. This is a
remark equally applying to all parts of the country.
From the nature ofi this kind of warfare it is not
only hard work for the pursuer to come up with the
pursued, but even when caught and brought to a
momentary stand the rebel will give him no oppor-
tunity for a decisive and ringing blow. Thus, while
tussles abound, there may be a want of fights and
serious encounters. That this is the state of things
in the present lull will be shown by a survey of last
fortnight's actions.

The National Government is of opinion that to
surrender to Russia would be the worst policy to be
hit upon. They place some reliance upon France,
and are, on the other hand, assured that the crime
of rebellion will be as little forgiven by the Czar now
as atter a few months' continued indulgence. With
the nobility and townspeople continuing at their
disposal they have as yet no ]ack of ardent patrio.s
to fight the desperate fight they have entered upon.
Both the patriotism of the people and the dread of
their terrible messengers keep them in cash and
supply the moderate sinews of war required. In a
country like Poland, where the prevalence of poverty
is in direct ratio to the absence of wants and a relish
for war, it is not very surprising, after all, that a
might flame should have been kindled by the Tartar
Government of a sol-disant European Power. To
calculate its duration is in many respects, however,
purely psychological task.
But for the want of arms ten times the present
number of insurgents might be sent to the field.
The majority are artisans and journeymen la-
bourers, with a strong ingredient of youngsters from
the educated class. Of peasants, those only along
the Prussian frontier and of Lithuania have been as
yet gained over for the cluse. In Cracow, Radom,
and Lublin, more especially, the agricultural popu-
lation is too deeply steeped in ignorance and bru-
tality to take up any cause advocated by the lords
of the soil. The early approach of summer will
necessarily bestow considerable advantages on the
guerilla troops.

When Langiewicz fell the Russians were too ex-
hausted to follow up the pursuit with the extreme
rapidity required. They would have been compe-
tent enough to beat him in battle, but to run after
the dispersed troops, besides being out of their way,
was no easy job after the incessant marching that
preceded success. Thue we find them requiring a
week to move on to the Austrian frontier, and
occupy the more important places in sufficient
strength. As the reader may recollect, the force
assembled to insure the capture of General Lan-
giewicz amounted to 15,000 or 20,000 men. The
object being partly obtained, about one-half were
marched off to Kielce and Lublin, the other being
reserved for disposal along the boundary line ; but
it was not before the end of March that the latter
movement had been fully executed, and garrisons
provided for a dozen points admitting of passage
to and from with the greatest ease. Proceeding
from the West, garrisons were, by the Ist of
April, provided at length for Sosnowice, Micha-
lowice, Macki, Olkusk, Skala, Michow, Pros-
nowice, Ignolomia, Tzyce, Strzmieszyce, Strs-
zow, Stobnica, and a few other places, all situate
within a distance of 20 miles, and intended to seal
up intercourse with the heart of rebellion in the
South. In addition to the 8,000 men thus em-
ployed as many more have been formed into flying
columns of about 1,000 each, and are engaged in
scouring the country, south of Kielce, between the
northward course of the Vistula and the Prussian
frontier. Several thousand more are kept in reserve
at Kielce, Radom, and Czenstochow.
I have repeatedly alluded to the fact that the
concentration of this powerful force has been only
possible at the cost of authority in the North, Plock,
Podlachia, and Augustowo had to be drained of half
their garrisons to allow of more efficient measures
being adopted in Cracow and Sandomir. We shall
soon perceive, however, an apparent discrepancy
existing as yet between effort and effect. The loca-
lity is cleared of Polish forces, but it is chiefly be-
cause they have split up into diminutive bands. So
far from having entirely disappeared, they have
only multiplied, and partly, it is true, shifted the
scene of their activity a short distance inland. It is
evident something more is required to cope with re-
bellion than to adopt a rational system, and do the
several districts individually with an overpowering
force. Over and above the system there is agility
wanted in the men and decision in the leaders. If
it took them a week to dispose themselves along the
border line after the catastrophe of Welce, we can-
not but infer that, though their ultimate victory re-
mains the more probable alternative provided the
right system be persevered in, the bands will yet
give the Russians a deal of trouble even in the
counties of Cracow and Sandomir. By a report re-
cently circulated they have begun forming guerilla
volunteers, drawing better pay and enjoying higher
privileges than the rest of the soldiery ; but the
Russian is too indolent and has too little of indivi-
dual character to achieve any remarkable feats in a
hurry, and when left to his own resources in small
detachments. He fights well enough in a regiment.
but his courage forsakes him in a patrol.
Having taken this rapid glance at the Russians,
we now turn to the insurgents, and the state of the
cause in the old roving ground of their fugitive
chief_ Of the 10,000 men remaining with Langie-
wiez on the morning of his flight, about 1,000
effected their escape to Lysa Gora and the hills of
Swiety Krzyz. There they continue unmolested,
under Czachowski and Dowgiello, having been at-
tacked but once, on venturing from the hills, at
Kozienica, on the 25th and 26th. Their menacing
Kielce, reported the other day, seems to have taken
place only in the fancy of enthusiastic admirers ;
yet they have managed to keep the Russians in
constant alarm for a distance of 20 miles, and, in a
particular case, created considerable uneasiness as
far as Miechow, whence a detachment was actually
sent to the assistance of the northern garrisons. Of
the remaining thousands a third part have entirely
disappeared from sight, and, as the Polish papers
hint, are re-forming in some mysterious locality.
Many of them have probably fallen in the heat of
pursuit, and others may be hidden, and passed off
for respectable artisans by the townspeople of the
neighbourhood. An equal number, it is computed,
sought refuge in the woods and hills of the border,
breaking up into small detachments, and clinging
together, if not from fear, from courage. About 3000,
which is the residue to be accounted for, crossed the
frontier, seeking protection in Austrian territory.
1,000 of these—always speaking in round numbers—
never gave themselves up to the authorities ; but,
finding food and shelter among their Galician compa-
triots, disposed of themselves according to pleasure.
Again, those who fell into the handsof the authorities
did not, by any means, intend staying there for good
and all. 2,000 the Kaiser received with open arms,
but about 1.200 he allowed to depart again. En-
couraged by the agents of the Cracow Committee,
and fired by the enthusiasm of the Galician
townspeople, the gallant fugitives seem to have
wended their way back almost upon the day of
their arrival on Austrian ground. Having been
left in convenient vicinity of the frontier, the return
took place along the entire distance from Cracow
to Sisniawa and Opatowice. They went in bands
from 20 to 30, dug out the arms they had concealed
before leaving Poland, and collected in the woods,
ready to begin the old game afresh. They have
been all told, however, by the committees that, if
holding out but a little longer, they will be sup-
ported by the French and avenged upon those horrid
11/luscovites they have been taught to fear and learnt
to despise in the course of so many suicidal wars.
With this charming prospect in view, and the giddy
Polish blood boiling in their veins, what else is re-
quired to convert them into eo many ardent war-
riors eager for the fight ?
From the 24th, when the Russians fired upon an
Austrian railway train while passing the frontier,
the returning insurgents ever proved the plague of
the hardly pacified district. The train coming from
Cracow was to be stopped at Macki, the border
to and Customhouse of the locality, but, in spite
of several discharges, ran on, setting down its insur-
gent load at a short distance from the disappointed
picket. On the 25th and 26th Czachowski, rein-
forced probably by the tide flowing in a different

ditectien, fought his successful encounter of Ko-i
zienica. On the same day stnall bands, numbering
between 50 and 100 men, were perceived near
Olkus and Miechalowice, while another and
stronger force passed the Vistula on their way back
near Opatowiee. The day after Jezionauski re-
turned with several hundred men by way of Por-
zemba, leaving orders for those who remained
behind to follow as soon as possible and meet him
at Luchow. On the 27th, I find, a band of some
hundred men came in sight at Walbrom, which on
the day after was occupied by a Russian column.
The 28th was marked by the appearance of 200 men
at Panki, the 29th by that of 100 at Moszanica,
and the 30th by rather less than 100 at Olkusz. On
the Ist of April they fought, and, although not vic-
torious, were not defeated, at Zczyce. Considering
that all these bands were discovered in the imme-
diate neighbourhood of Welce, and the scene of
their grand defeat, the guerilla war, we are led to
believe, has not seen its extinction with the remo-
val of one of its most accomplished leaders. It
mast be also taken into account that in guerilla
war, when the bands are found out and started,
this must be taken as proof sufficient for the exist-
ence of many more. Though not very dangerous,
and, indeed, rather unobtrusive in the neighbour-
hood of Cracow, they are even now sufficient to pro-
long rebellion, and force Russia into a trial of power
and perseverance which, even if gone through suc-
cessfully, will entail upon her considerable loss and
permanent injury. In Lublin and Lithuania, as we
shall see in the course of the survey, this danger
continues to be coupled with the more imminent
peril of revolutionary success.

Both the Russian and the National Government
outbid each other in their anxiety to secure the good-
will of the peasants. While Russia is going to ex-
tend the Lithuanian Ukase to Poland proper, and
dissolve all connexion between landlord and tenant,
the National Government has forbidden proprietors
to accept the Easter instalment on the price of the
peasants' allotments. By the Russian measure the
peasant will be obliged to pay his instalments to
Government, the latter, it is understood, reserving
to itself the right of refunding the money to the
individual proprietor, according to his political
deserts; the Polish decree refers the proprietor to
the future national exchequer, and, as we see, is
quite earnest in cancelling the debt of the party
obliged. Between the two impoverishing decrees
the Polish nobility have a fair prospect of losing the
little property they managed to save from the grasp
of Nicholas I.

(From a Berlin Correspondent.)

BERLIN, April 8.

A letter from Kowno contains interesting particu-
lars of the insurrection, which in that district, it
says, is on the increase—new bands forming, and
old ones growing in strength_ The peasantry, it
adds, are generally well affected to the insurgents,
and the Imperial ukase, intended to prevent them
from joining in the revolt, has little effect :
" The insurgent bands form themselves in the
following manner :—The nucleus is composed of stu-
dents, young noblemen, clerks and employes from
the towns, artisans, &c.; around these muster pea-
sants, and the band establishes itself in some favour-
able forest district. The arms are single and double
barrelled fowling-pieces, few rifles, pistols, revol-
vers, and swords of various kinds. Those who have
no firearms are furnished—until such time as they
shall have conquered for themselves a gun—with
pikes or scythes, manufactured in the camp in im-
provised smiths' and armourers' forges. Moveable
columns, as they are called, are sent against the
insurgent bands. When the latter consider them-
selves in a favourable position they accept the com-
bat, and otherwise they give way and retire. The
troops very seldom penetrate into the woods, but
return to their headquarters without having over-
taken the insurgents, Unhappily these military
expeditions leave the most deplorable traces behind
them. It is incomprehensible that the superior
officers of the Russian army can allow such robbing
and plundering to take place. I can again cite to
yon remarkable instances of Russian excesses. Near
the little town of Kejdany there was a moveable
column, commanded by Col. Dellingshansen. In the
night of March 27 and 28 two cavalry outposts
were disarmed by some insurgents. To discover these
latter, the troops, led on by the said colonel, attacked
the little town and completely sacked the mansion
of its proprietor, Count M. Czapski.

" On the 29th the house of Madame von Fergits-
Winsentow was plundered and burnt because it was
alleged that some insurgents bad halted there. A
woman servant, who endeavoured to save the cattle,
was thrown into the flames. The consequence of
such proceedings is that, among the country people,
a panic terror of the Russians prevails, and on their
approach everybody who can move flies from the
villages. This may be one cause that they are so
ill-informed of the movements of the insurgents.
On the 28th ult. a company of the Ist battalion of
Sharpshooters was almost annihilated by the insur-
gents, who had chosen a very favourable position,
firing down from a steep, sandy, wooden eminence
upon the troops, who had the hill on their right
hand and the river on the left, and were thus com-
pletely exposed. Of the whole company very few
escaped. To-day (April 1) Gen. Lichatscheff re-
turned hither from the Augustowo Government,
witk a regiment of Dragoons and eight guns. A
few hours after his arrival official news came in that
the insurrection had broken out again, and more
violently than before, in the district he had just left
The railway train to Wirballen, which left this at
2 p.m., has come back from the first station. The
station of Koslowa-Ruda has been attacked, and the
garrison, consisting of 80 men, annihilated by the
insurgents. Towards evening an extra train, with
two companies of infantry and 30 Cossacks, was
despatched to that place, but it was said that they
have been repulsed with loss. In the last four days
reinforcements have been received here. To-day
three wounded Russian officers and six carts of
wounded soldiers were brought in from beyond the
Wilia.

"April 2.—The train from Whimllen has arrived.
The news of the defeat of the Russians at Kos-
lowa-Ruda is confirmed. During the past night a
band of insurgents penetrated close up to the town.
They :showed themselves before the Carmelites, a
building in which are a military hospital and a pri-
son for political offenders. After the garrison had
been alarmed, they disappeared and left no trace.
I have just been witness of a cruel spectacle. Seven
insurgent prisoners, four of them wounded, were
brought in from Koslowa-Ruda. Instead of taking
the wounded men to an hospital, the soldiers paraded
them about, bleeding as they were, with their three
companions, through the principal streets of Kowno.
This seems dove to deter others from revolt."

LAW AND JUSTICE.—The sum £2,780,341 has
to be voted by the House of Commons for law
charges for the current year—an increase of £17,033 over
the vote of last year. One entirely new vote makes its
first appearance this year, namely, for the Land Registry-
office, established under the Act of last session ; the vote
proposed is of £3,300 for the period from August last to
March 31, 1863, and £5,030 for the financial year commen-
cing at this last date; of fees received not a syllable is said,
One charge in these votes, the charge for the Irish Consta-
bularY, is less than last year's by £19,851; the expense of
providing the men with Enfield rifles is over, and the out-
s lay for clothing is smaller this year. On the other hand, the
ex
expense of criminal Prosecutions at assizes and quarter ses-
sions is estimated at £23,000 more than in last year. The
charge for prison and convict services is £44,000 more than
last year; the increase occurs partly in the maintenance of
600 convicts in probationary discipline in county gaols, and
of other sentenced prisoners in county gaols and reforma-
tories, and partly also in the growing expense of Broadmoor
Criminal Lunatic Asylum, as it becomes more fully occupied,
the charge for it rising from £17,400 last year to DO' 965,
Provision is made for 10,466 prisoners in Government con-
vict prisons at home—an increase of 415 over last year ;
there are also nearly 3,000 convicts to be provided for in
Australia and Gibraltar ; and charges are made for provid-
ing for the transportation of 900 convicts to Australia, and
300 to Gibraltar. The votes, however, are not confined to
the charges of criminal justice ; there is the £166,000 for the
county courts—the estimated deficiency after allowing for
the fees paid by the suitors ; there is £17,850 for 85 revising
barristers at £2lO each, and a number of other items. If to
the whole amount of these votes we add £690,253, payable
out of the consolidated fund for other charges of courts of
justice, we shall find that the administration of justice for
the year will require from the public purse £3,470,600, to
which may be added about £1,200,000 for local police
rates. These sums, keep out of law individually as we
may, we must raise and pay by rates and taxes, subject to
such reduction or repayment as may be obtained by fines
and fees levied.

DISCOVERIES IN ROME.

(From the Builder )
The Church of St. Nicolo in Carcero has been closed for
repairs during about 17 years, but we are assured that the
slow advancing works are, at last, near to completion, and
that this ancient building amidst the quaint irregular
streets near the Tiber, where once stood the Forum
Olitorium (or vegetable market), beyond the line of
the Servian walls, will be re-opened, and restored in
a style of splendour, but preserving its leading features of
basilica architecture, within six months hence. All are
familiar with the story of " The Roman Daughter," and
the prison consecrated into a temple of piety to commemo-
rate the act by which she saved aparent's life—one example
of the reverence entertained for domestic virtue amidst
whatever corruption of manners in ancient Rome. But
archaeologists have destroyed the claims once admitted for a
spot supposed to be that story's theatre—the subterranean
cell below a temple of the republican period, included within
the St. Nicholas Church. That in this celebrated incident
the relationship of the personage was different from that
generally assumed, and often represented by art, a mother,
not a father and daughter, being the real actors in the
scene in which the life of one was saved by nourishment
from the other's breast, must be admitted on the credit
of the only reliable classic authorities by whom it is men
tioned—Pliny, " Hist Nat." vii. 36, and Valerious
Maximus, 1. v. c. 4. For the version which presents the
subject, more pictorially indeed, as a father's life thus
saved by a daughter, we have only the less trustworthy
report of Solinus, " Polyhist," and Festus, in
" Pietate ;" whilst Pliny states distinctly that the
temple dedicated to Piety on that prison site (a sacellum,
or chapel according to Sollinus) was, among several edifices,
swept away to make room for the theatre begun by Julius
Caesar and finished by Augustus, with dedication to Mar-
callus. The other Temple of Piety being in the immediate
vicinity, we may understand how the two became con-
founded, and one at least positively mistaken for the other
by ecclesiastical authorities, amidst the ignorance of Me-
dieval Rome in regard to all concerning her own antiquities.
Till the sth century of our era, it is supposed, this temple
still remained entire; and in the 9th century was raised
above its then ruined structure the church known as " St.
Nicholas in the Prison," a name expressing the popular
tradition—source, no doubt, of a special privilege possessed
by it from the time, it is said, of St. Damasus (who held
this cure before becoming pope), namely, that all the pri-
sons in Rome were subject to the jurisdiction of its clergy
as pastors of their parochial centre. A benefactor and re-
storer of this parish church was the Cardinal Borgia, who
became Pope Alexander VI.; and in 1599 was built the
façade still standing, on an obscure piazza, from ;he design
of Giacomo della Porta. Certain it is. that on this site
stood the Temple of Piety, built, or at least foundad,
573, in fulfilment of the vow made 10 years previously by
Acilius Glabro, on occasion of his victory over Antiochus,
the Syrian king, at Thermopylm ; but dedicated by that con-
queror's son, who placed before its front a guilt equestrian
statue of his father, mentioned by Livy (1., x., c. 34), as the
first "statue aurata " seen in Rome. Earlier, about the
end of the sth century, a temple to Hope near the same
spot, had been dedicated by Attilius Collatinus, who
triumphed over the Carthagenians in the year 497, and had
twice been consul. This, first restored after a fire in 640,
was rebuilt under Augustus, to be dedicated anew, after
his death, by Germanicus; and in its extant ruins Canina
points out ornamental features added on to the lonic of the
primitive building, in style evidently of the early imperial
period (see "Esposizione Topog. di Roma Antica"). The
third of the adjacent temples, hero forming one group, was
dedicated to Juno Sospita by the Censor Cornelius Cathe-
gus, four years after he had vowed its erection previously
to engaging in battle with the Cisalpine Gauls and Insu-
brians in the year of Rome 559. Of this last we have no
further record, save in the Catalogues of the Regionaries,
Victor and Rufus, showing that it still existed, probably
entire, about the end of the fourth century of our era.

The first excavations with the object of discovering these
ruins under the church by which all these temples had been
absorbed, buried beneath modern buildings, were, in 1808,
directed by the architect Valadier ; and the results led to
establishing beyond all doubt the fact that the three fanes
had stood parallel from east to west, the central being that
to Piety, and of largest dimensions, approached from the
Forum Olitorium by 15 steps, its entire area measuring 105
feet by 50 feet. Surrounded by a Doric peristyle of fluted
columns in peperino, with six in double file along the front
and back, 11 in single file along each side, it was therefore
a hexastyle pseudodipteroe. A portion of the pedestal for
the equestrian figure of Acilius Glabro was dug up near its
front, so placed that it appeared to have divided the first 10
steps of the outer staircase into two branches; and along the
remains of a projecting basment or soole, adorning the fa.
gade, were found several quadrate niches between pilasters,
destined, as Niddy infers, for the bronze tablets of Fasti,
here displayed to public view on the forum. Opposite is
supposed to have stood the Columna Lectaria, a pillar at
which it was the inhuman practice of paganism to leave in-
fants exposed for the chance of being taken to nurse by
some compassionate stranger. The church of St. Nicholas
has arcades and columns, dividing nave and aisles under a
flat coppered ceiling, the Corinthian capitals and marble
shafts being unequal, and from their irregularity manifestly
the spoils of some classic and splendid edifice. We descend
into the confessional, an elliptic chamber recently constructed
below the high altar, and thence pass through a spacious
modern vault,under the sanctnary,into a long dark corridor,
vaulted in modern brickwork, along each side of which runs
a substructure in enormous square blocks of travertine, in-
terrupted at irregular intervals by small quadrate cells,
whose walls are of peperino, alike massive, all of the same
dimensions, scarcely in any part ruinous, but without judo-
sure or any remnant of walls in front; and this absence
both of masonry and doorways to guard the entrances cer-
tainly does not consist with the theory of imprisonment
being the destined purpose of these interiors. The old ens-
tode, whose one idea on the subject is continually dinged
into our ears, with repetition of the words " carcere, car-
cere," improves indeed on the favourite version of the
" R,oman Daughter" story, by converting the mother not
merely into a father, but a senator of Imperial Rome, who
was undoubtedly confined here I

The above-described travertine structure is surmounted at
regular intervals by the basements and shafts of a peperino
colonnade, here seen in very imperfect glimpse, the upper
part of all of the pillars being built up in the church wall
above. Hence we pass into two other parallel corridors,
each lined, but only along one side, with similar cells con-
structed in peperino, opening from a projecting front of tra-
vertine. At one end of the corridor, running southwards,
we reach a flight of steps, antique, leading to a doorway,
and this egress opens on a narrow winding passage now
blocked up at a short distance by fallen' masonry. The
walls each side of this doorway aro reduced to mere rubble-
work, without any incrustation of hewn stone; and the
custode sagaciously assures us that this mysterious passage
leads as far as the basilica of St. Sebastian on the Appian
Way, at least three miles distant I A large chamber, in
masonry,similar to that of the cells, opens at the end of one
corridor, and another, still larger, is now only visible through
a gap in the modern walls, completely shut in by the re-
stored vaults under the church's tribune. The shaft and
Doric capital of one of the columns, imperfectly seen be-
low, is recognised, half embedded in a niche, after we have
returned to the aisle of the church; and opposite, in the
southern line of walls, are partly visible some other pepe-
rino columns, of which seven may be fully seen from a
narrow court external to the building on this side. In
another cuurt off the northern side are several fragments
of architectural ornaments, some in marble, now set into
a wall for better display, their rich character in a few in-
stances contrasted with the simplicity distinguishing all
else in these ruins. More interesting is what we see after
ascending to a platform immediately under the old belfry,
where we stand between two files of walls and cornices—to
the north the Temple of Hope, to the south that of Piety,
alika built in peperino, one loftier than the other, with cor-
nice better preserved, the details of the egg-moulding still
clear, though not unworn by time, with a frieze below, along
which are numerous indentures, evidently the holes for nails,
by which were fastened letters of a varnished inscription.
The opposite lower cornice is less perfect and less strongly
marked in its relief details. Still higher, ascending to an-
other terrace, we see several courses of the masonry belong-
ing to the Temple of Piety ; and these terminate in a broken
arch of very massive structure, the complete span of which
must have been considerable. Among antiques appro-
priated to sacred use in the church is a sarcophagus of the
finest green porphyry, with two expressive Medusa heads
in low relief on each front, this being destined for the relics
under the high altar, to be surmounted by a canopy resting
on four columns of Oriental alabaster.

The excavations on the height immediately above the An-
tonine Thermm are continuing, as has been the case during
the last six years, but now apparently rather in the object
of giving employment to the youths of the reformatory for
juvenile culprits located at this old convent than with any
expectation of great results. Several brick constructions,
in the style of the later imperial period, and a series of pa-
rallel arched chambers with entrances walled up, under one
wing of the inhahited buildings, attest the foundation of
some extensive edifice on this elevated ground. For some
time archaeologists were at a loss to divine further, still less
determine, when the discovery, in '59, of a few words on a
water-pipe, proved sufficient to identify beyond doubt--
ABI CHILONIS PRAEF VRB,

explaining the destination of this site for the palace of
Fabius Chilo, the Domus Cilonis of the Regionaries, its
master having been prefect at Rome, consul in the years
198 and 204, and at one time preceptor of Antoninus Ca-
racella, who was on the point of sacrificing him, together
with the countless other victims put to death after the
murder of Geta, as suspected friends of that higher victim.
Some of the brickwork ruins have bean swept away since
the discovery here ; and we were sorry to observe the dila-
pidation of a more important structure in their vicinity, de.
scribed and engraved in Sir Wm. Gell's "Topography of
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ern end of the Anto-
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