The Sun.
London, England, 1863-09-03 00:00:00

THE SUN,TALONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 3, 1863.

GREAT WE STERN RAILWAY.-
IR WARWICK RA( ":ES, Bth and 9th SEPTEMBER.—
F
, ST and SECOND CLASS RETURN TICKETS to
tetmington and Warwi issued at Paddington, Victoria,
Ba tersea. Chelsea, Ken aington, Windsor, and Reading, on
MONDAY, the 7th Sep; Amber, d following
Thursdays, day,
thwill be
available for return by an y train up to e 10th
September, inclusive.
Paddintej ton. for Leamington and Warwick, at
drains leave
a.m., 8.20 (3d class), g... 3 9, Et, 2, 3.40, 4.50, and 6.30 p.m.
6
The 9.30 a. m. Expref of Trsdn from Padd neon will call at
'Warwick on the 7th, St -11, and 9th September.

RE AT WI :STERN RAILWAY.—
WORCESTER INIUSCCAL FESTIVAL.—FIRST
and SE('ONDItETUR g TICW ETS to WORCESTER issued
at paddin!-rton, Victor la, Battersea, Chelsea, Kensington,
Windsor, and Readio fy,, on MONDAY, 7th September, and
follnwintr days, will be available for return up to SATUR-
DAY. 12th Sep tembel • itrclusive.
Trains leave Paddin -Lon for Worcester at 6 a.m., 9.30 a.m.,
1 p.m., 4.50 p.m., and t .31) p.m.

ROYAL PR, INCF,SS'S THEATRE
Lest,,e , Mr. George Vining:.
'Under the Manag( anent of Mr. Walter Moraf_Tomery.
THIS EVENIIs7G, ;Ifalzespere's Tragedy of MACBETH.
Macbeth, Mr. Waiter toutgorriery.
To be followed by A 11.01.16' II
enee DAMOND.
;:orarn aI 7.

'll-IEII ['RE-ROY-AL, ADELY.I-11.
Nr
:4olf, ProprWtor and Manazer, Mr. B. Welmter.

T [CIS -EVENING (2d week), at 7, a new comic drama, THE
TIEN AND CET 1(:,K EN 8 ; or, A Sign of Affe,qion. Messrs.
Billington, H. Phillips, Stephenson ; Mrs. Stirling and Miss
1. Simms.
After which, at a quart er-past 8, the new drama of THE
fIMJNTED MAN; OR, T.,E GHOST'S tiARGAIN, in
which will be exhibited Professor Pepper's adaptation of
the Great Spectral Illusion. Messrs. J. L. Toole, R. Phillips ,
efton. C. J. Smith; Mrs. Alfred Mellon and Miss El. SAM= 3.
Followed by a new Burletlque, entitled ILL-T RE ATETD
IL TKO VATORE. ME ssrs. Toole, P. Bedford, K. Phillips,
14;lonrne, C.. 1. Smith, Homer ; the Sisters Nelson, Carry said
Sara, and Miss K. Kelly.

ROYAL STRAND THEATRE.
Manager, Mr. W. H. Swanborough.
THIS EVENING, EIS FIRST CHAMPAGNE. air.
Leigh Murray.
Followed by (10th time) THE MOTTO, " I'M A.LL
THERE." Messrs. Honey, Turner, E. Danvers, Collier,
Clifton; ITesdames Ada Swanborough, F. Josephs, Maria
Simpson, Wallace, and Jenny White.
To conclude with TURN HIM OUT. Mr. Turner, Miss
Thorne

Commence at 7.

IrHE THIRD EDITION OF " THE SUN."
Containing. the Latest SPORTING INTELLIG:i:NCE,
inn be had Every Evening of
G. R. GLENIE, NEWS AGENT,
No. 4, Connaught-terrace, Hyde-park.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGIP
THIS DAY.-3,lorning, sh. 30m.—Aftenaoon, 511. 50m,
To-mo RR 014.-M orning, 6h. 10m.--Afternoon, GI. 30m,

The Weather—Sun Office, Sept. 2, 1863.

TSERII.O2IETER.

This morninz ...... • . 62
This day at Two o'clock . 73
Barometer-29.73.
Wind—South ; moderate.

UM>

LONDON, THURSDAY, SEPT. 3, 1863.

As practically, as assiduously, as nobly, in her
own sick-chamber, here in England, as formerly in
the field, in the hospitals, and in the barracks of the
Eest, FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE still labours in the
cause of the British Soldier. Of this, the remark.
able folio Report, recently published by the Royal
Commission appointed to inquire into the Sanitary
Condition of the Army in India, affords the last and
the most signal attestation. It does so in the form
of a really beautiful and admirable paper comment-
ing upon that Report, a paper contributed by Miss
NIGHTINGALE expressly at the request of the Royal
Commissioners. It will be remembered, of course,
that until his noble and gentle heart was stricken
motionless by what appeared to us, his survivors, a
singularly premature death, in the very noon of his
distinguished and honourable career, the late
,SIDNEY Lord HERBERT of LEE, presided over the
Royal Commission as its singularly well-selected
Chairman. When removed by death, Lord HERBERT
was succeeded as Chairman of the Commission, it
will be also borne vividly in the popular recollection,
by one hardly less qualified to discharge the duties
of that office, ono no leas conspicuous among con-
temporary statesmen and administrators, than the
noble Lord the member for King's Lynn, formerly
in succession, during his father's last Premiership,
Secretary of State, first of all for the Colonies, and
afterwards for Hindostan. It is to Lord STANLEY,
consequently, that these observations of Miss
NIGHTINGALE have been addressed, to Lord. STAN-
LEY, that is, as Chairman of the Royal Commission.
Prefixed to the ponderous folio volume of their own
Report, the Commissioners themselves have said,
by way of brief preface to this remarkable paper
penned by FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, "We have
given an abstract of the Stational Reports, and
(Report Folio, p. v.) a valuable paper of comments
on those reports, contributed, at the request of the
Commission, by Miss NIGHTINGALE." Happily,
this paper from the hands of England's One Sister
of Charity is not simply buried away in the huge
folio report of the Commissioners. It has been
wisely and beneficently excerpted from those pages,
and has just now been issued in a separate form, as
a brief but substantial publication, accessible to all.*
That the remarks of Miss NIGHTINGALE have
been throughout this paper of hers most patiently
and profoundly well-considered, may be appreciated
upon a mere glance at the interval which elapsed
between the date of the request (11th October,
1861) sent to her by the Royal Commission, and
the date affixed by her (21st November, 1862) to
the close of her elaborate communication in reply.
That is, upwards of a twelvemonth, during which
this patient Friend and Nurse of the British soldier
was musing over the facts furnished to her in the
°facial reports, while yet those reports were in
manuscript, and—at intervals during her own
sufferings—penning, bit by bit, these thirteen chap-
ters or sections into which her running commen-
taries have been subdivided. Subdivided, thus,
probably for her own convenience in regard to the
thinking of them out systematically, quite as much
as with any view to the facilitation of labour on the
part of the reader in the way of reference. Section
the First is
apropos to the evidence—evidence,
it may be said,
frightfully unanswerable of its
kind—demonstrative of the fact that Indian Camps
are peculiarly subject to the Diseases of Camps—
besides hepatic diseases, cholera fevers, diarrhoea,
dysentery. In the
Second Section the humane
critic, commenting
Disease, r a
upon the Only too demonstrable
ll
fact that Indian Stations present the
sameo s
Sanitary
Defects as Camps, enumerates as
follows the five
principal sources or causes of Camp
r viz.,
Bad Water, Bad Drainage, Filth y t
of Ventilation, and Surface Overcrowding nb,l t
- wa
rnekt
huts and sick wards. Commenting upon the bad-
ness of the water, Miss NIGHTINGALE says, with
what one might almost call a fearful glimmer of
" Where tests have been used, the com-
position of the water reads like a very intricate
prescription." The swarming of animal life in it,
being in a manner as nothing compared with the
astounding varieties of chlorides, nitrates, sulphates,
and carbonates. As to the badness of the drainage,
it is remarked that cesspits are spoken of by the
reports as though they were dressing rooms; the
severe and uncompromising analyst of these reports
observing that for Bad Drainage we might read,
"NO Drainage whatever, in any sense in which we
understand drainage." Among the capital woodcut
illustrations, scattered, here and there, among the
letterpress, may be found, at p. 15, a graphic hint
as to what is often the sum total of the Indian

humour,

A half-crown volume, bound in cloth, and extending
over ices than a hundred pages (Svo., pp. 92), printed by
Spottiswoode and Co., and published by Stanford, of
Charing .cross, comprisas within it the whole of these deeply
interrstisig and practically suggestive "Observations" by
Miss Nightingale. Not an officer in the British army
(eapecially in India) but should possess himself of a copy
of it,

haa
Drainage;System—a couple of wretched natives,

bearing between them, slung upon their
shoulders, upon a stout bamboo, an open can
of abomination ! As to the filthiness of the bazaars,
it is spoken of as something almost defying descrip-
lion.
At one hill station (where there are two such
bazaars) Nynee Tal, a bill station where men are
sent for their health (!) the stench," says Miss
NIGHTINGALE, "is at times overpowering." In
reference to the notorious want of ventilation, it is
here remarked, as impressively as instructively.,
that while the reports pronounce the ventilation t o
bE: good if the barracks are not overcrowded-4 as
the barracks are almost always overcrowded, t he
ventilation is nearly as bad as bad can be. Sew .ral
w ell-known barracks in India are then part icu-
Is rized, precisely as they are referred to i n the
r e port : as at Kirkee " scarcely any ve ntila-
t;Lon ;" at Bombay, "improvement imperativ,v ;" at
I Lamptee, " most faulty and deficient ;" at 73ellary,
" no windows ; " at Allahabad, and also at Dum
Dum "very defective," and so on—literally asque ad
;nauseam. Surface-overcrowding, the last-men-
tioned source of camp disease, is then finally com-
mented upon by Miss NIGHTINGALE, and the pre-
valence of that " overcrowding" proved to absolute
demonstration. Sectionslll., on Intemperance ;IV.,
on Diet, and V., on want of Occupation and Exercise,
are are each of them peculiarly deserving of considerationxercise,
—the large two-page illustration upontohfeolactctuerppatoiionnt
(pp. 40-41), entitled " Daily Means
and Amusement : India passim," being peculiarly
suggestive and instructive. An Indian officer of
rank, we are told, was the truthful draughtsman.
The scene depicted is from the life. It is an in-
terior. The dormitory in an Indian Barrack. The
men in their shirt sleeves. Some naked from the
waist upwards. Lying, lolling, lounging, sitting
on their beds—those beds, in or on which, we are
told, they spend 18 out of the 24 hours, six only up
or out ! Smoking, reading, day-dreaming on the fiat
of their backs, card-playing, chatting, hair-brushing,
shoe-brushing, water-drinking ad libitum. This
chapter or section (about the longest in the book) is
among them all one worthiest of the hand of FLOR-
ENCE NIGHTINGALE. It is full of good practical sug-
gestions in the way of improvement, and this, too,
an improvement not desultory but systematic. So
also, as any one might conjecture would surely be
the case, is it with Section the Sixth, the one on
Hospitals. The remaining seven need only
here be enumerated, Their titles—remembering
all the while whose hand it is that writes them—
will prove to the reflective reader sufficiently ex-
plicit as to their probable purport : to wit, Hill
Stations ; Native Lines ; Native Towns ; Absolute
Perfection of Causes of Disease ; Soldiers' Wives;
Statistics, and Sanitary Service. Such in brief
are, as one may say, the distinctive titles of the
thirteen rays of light directed from these luminous
Sections of FLORENCE NIGHINGALE'S Observations
on the Sanitary State of the Army in India—light
shed by her benign experience as a Soldier's Nurse
in Barrack, Hospital, and Field, full and clear into
the darkest and foulest recesses of the Augean
stable of our Indian Military Organisation.

The address from the Committee of the Ladies'
Sanatory Association on Dressmaking is worthy of
notice. It commences by saying that the death of a
young dressmaker, is the midst of the busy London
season, has called public notice to the condition of
her class. In 1842 it is said that a Royal Commis-
sion made evident the hardships that thousands of
young women were enduring from overwork, and
also from over-crowding, but in spite of every effort
that has been made since then, it is to be feared
that many thousands are still suffering from the
same sad causes as twenty years ago. The next
passage states an incontrovertible fact, that, how-
ever, seems little heeded, that the remuneration of
needlework is so little that needlewomen cannot
earn sufficient during the ordinary time, and are,
therefore, forced to undertake extra work. If few
actually drop down exhausted before our eyes, it is
said, yet the evil is wrought in their frames, and
the present system of dressmaking could not be
kept up if it were not for the constant arrival of
fresh workers from the country, of whom not a few
go back with broken health, and even sink into a
premature grave, " the one season taking the whole
summer of their young lives." This is, in truth'
a deplorable state of things, and yet its veracity
is attested by all experience on the subject. It is
high time that some decisive measures should be
adopted to check the continuance of this system.
The committee seem to have gone to the root of the
evil, so far as they possibly can, and they have
sounded the depths, as it were, of the nefarious
system in vogue. It is said that even a moderate
amount of sedentary labour would prove most inju-
rious if no exercise is taken to relieve its monotony.
These unhappy victims of fashion rarely pass the
threshold except on Sundays. The close rooms in
which they work and sleep tend to enervate their
exhausted frames still more, and added to this
there is an yearly strain on them, during the
mouths of the " season," when from 16 to 18
hours' work is required. The committee seek to
examine into the causes of such disastrous and de-
plorable effects ensuing from a trade which is in
itself perfectly healthy ; and whose fault is it ?they
ask. " We cannot help it," say the employers,
" for ladies will have their dresses to the day; they
give short notice and take long credit, and it is hard
to pay our way and please them." " We cannot
help it," say the ladies, " we are willing to give a
good price for good work ; but we cannot take
charge of work and workrooms.. " We can help it
least of all," say the poor girls, "for we must keep our
situations, or starve—or worse. To these replies
the committee address themselves in an effective
manner. To the ladies it is urged that much de-
pends on them, and that they can do a great deal
if they will only choose to do so. They can easily
inform themselves regarding the style of the houses
they employ—they can abstain from unreasonable
demands; and, above all, they can pay their bills.
One employer informed the committee that no
and
than five thousand pounds were due to him, n
that thus he had been brought to the verge of bank-
ruptcy. To the employers it is said that self-
interest would be promoted by increasing the com-
forts of their employees. Better work is done and
more efficient assistance rendered altogether by
those who obtain sufficient rest than by those who
are harassed and worried by incessant toil and
wabalnetstoafte of nsleesip
things. A wholesome atmosphere would
n
also tend d
e rab
with
ttho
regardconduce to
t to
oar
kmwo raem de
ne s i
in
general. LiksAvise, it is most truly said, that more
liberal outdoor assistance at the outset of the season
would be a real gain in the end, as thus the "skilled
inmates " would be kept up to a state of energy
and efficiency.
To the workwomen a few re-
marks are directed. It is said that no regular
reform can be introduced unless the workers can
e t_injuriesthat
combine to procure whet right for themselves.
They should therefore reflectarrangement ran
what injuries they
ai
ec fromfror t
he thepresent
most part, irreparable, as health, ante
broken, can never be fully restored. Their
parents or guardians should be most careful as to
where, and with whom, they apprentice them. A
most wise suggestion is made, that where a com-
fortable place cannot be got in the needlework
line, owing to the overcrowding that prevails in

'that branch, some other employment should be
sought after. It scorns strange that this idea has
not occurred to those who have the charge of young
girls. It stands to sense that the more any one
employment is chosen the less remuneration it pro-
duces, and the smaller share of comfort accrues to
its followers. If they learned to write well and to
keep accounts they would be able to get e/orae ex-
cellent situations in shops ; and in their own voca-
tion, if they were more skilled, they could obtain
greater preferment, or even undertake business
themselves. Ladies, it is said, might do much by
encouraging those houses which require ready
money, or only give three months' credit.
Thepmight
for the ass
servicesit the good work by
asking
engagements as serving in shops, or hair-dressing,
s of females in such
in preference to those of men. This excellent ad-
dress concludes by hoping that before another sea-
son has added its victims to this system of cruel
and unnecessary overwork, some of these hints
will be taken and these plans may be given a
trial. It is earnestly to be trusted that such may
be the case, for the present system is in every way
a disgrace to the community, and cannot fail to
produce the most deleterious results. It seems on
reflection that the several courses here suggested are
as wise as any that have been made on the subject,
and they appear to embrace all the needful points
of the question. The opulent classes who create
the necessity for this employment, the mercantile
managers who engage so many hands, and they to
whom is entrusted the task of providing for the
young, who must labour for themselves, have all
a heavy responsibility resting upon them. Be it
theirs to acknowledge the errors into which they
have fallen, and to endeavour as speedily as possible
to rectify the faults that may have been unwit-
tingly committed, but which entail seri'us conse-
quences on a large portion of the community.

Not the least curious of the additions made to our
store of knowledge by the adventurous researches
of Captains SPEKE and GRANT are the pictures of
races and kingdoms in the interior of the African
continent, who had never previously looked on a
white man. Great as were the obstacles offered by
Nature to the progress of the travellers, formidable
as were the difficulties which they encountered
from the absence of means of conveyance of pro-
visions and other necessaries, and serious as were
the risks to which the climate exposed them, the
uncertainty and greed of the native rulers was no
insignificant item in their catalogue of troubles.
The account given by Captain GRANT, at a recent
meeting of the British Association, while arresting
the unflagging attention of his bearers by its
novelty, its interest, and its entertaining features,
could not fail to impress them with a sense of the
arduous nature of the undertaking which those
enterprising Englishmen have carried to a success-
ful termination. The travellers were not in a
position to be independent of the native chiefs,
whose power is usually despotic, and in whose
domains a human life is held as of little or no value.
It would not have troubled the slumbers of these
miniature despots had the bold white men paid
with their lives the penalty of their intrusion, and
the populace would not certainly have cared to
interpose on behalf of the strangers. The goods
which they carried offered dazzling temptations to
the eyes of the savages, and it was extremely diffi-
cult to avoid giving mortal offence by refusing the
demands of these insatiable monarchs without
sacrificing all in their possession. One of them con-
trived to reduce the party to subjection by farbid-
ding his people to sell thew, uny of the necessaries
of life. This ingenious xgrethod of extortion pro-
duced the desired (ffr,ct, and obtained for the in-
genious mat ceavrer ttr, rifle, ammunition, and other
articles he desired. It was as dangerous to be too
friendly as to be 'ari bad teams, fur Captain GRANT
tells us that, alter staying some time with an old
unwillingSuita Sultan in thet.as Land of the Moon, his host became
part with so useful and entertaining a
companion, and three months were lost before he
co
a
get away from his inconveniently attentive
At last Captain GRANT prepared to leave,
but cn the very day of his departure the SULTAN,
whose dignity did not interfere with his activity,
drove off the porters with a stick, and having appa-
rently heard that important part of the English
code which says that possession is nine points of the
law, he helped himself to one of the rifles, which
the traveller had to wrest from him by force, pay-
ing at the same time additional presents. A King
in his own country, however, was not to be so easily
eluded, and accordingly two days after, while the
train was marching on, an armed mob sprung up
on every side, whose antics amused Captain GRANT
very much, until he discovered that they were a
band of highwaymen sent by his Majesty the
SULTAN, and a very short time sufficed to ransack
every load, and to convert the stately line of 200
porters into two or three dejected followers, with
baggage proportionately shrunk. No redress could
be obtained from a King who had openly helped
himself to a rifle, but he suffered Captain GRANT
to depart with whole bones, which, under the cir-
cumstances, was perhaps as much as could be ex-
pected. After this experience it was somewhat
alarming to pass into the domains of a King who
possessed the honourable distinction of being re-
markable for his avarice even among African chiefs.
Thanks to the old SULTAN from whom they had
first escaped, Captain GRANT and his followers
were but ill provided with the usual gifts, but suc-
ceeded in passing safely through the country at a
cost of only half their goods. Their appearance
among this people excited the greatest attention,
being the first white men seen there, and
the watching to which they were subjected
in consequence grew inconveniently officious.
In this fact they were also regarded with consider-
able awe, although some thieves tried to get into
otheir
etent l
iavte
s. rrh
night, foredeath of these whiche
a t they paidie
t thheve
sw
penalty
as
taken as a proof that the new comers were
magicians, and they were fortunately left unmo-
lested in consequence. Another of the rulers
afforded a most favourable contrast, and shows
us that the capacities of the African have been
underrated. In some parts the inhabitants are
distinguished for their amiability and intelligence.
Their curiosity at the sight of articles of European
manufacture, and their interest in pictures of Eng-
lish life, &c., betoken some degree of aptitude for
cultivation and improvement. Still the childish-
ness of the savage clings to them. The KING, who
was the most intellectual of all the Africans Capt.
GRANT encountered, at once appropriated a toy
which was made for his child for his own amuse-
ment.
This King is a favourable exception to the
reckless disregard of life which is common in the
apparent among these African tribes. The King
lower orders of humanity, and which is decidedly
h
of DAHOMEY has gained an unenviable notoriety by
wholesale slaughters, but we hear of another
monarch of whom it is commonly said that he nerer
looks bright until a few executions have come off.
" Not a day passed," says Captain SPEKE, " with-
out our hearing of, or actually seeing,
501110 poor
victim. The old feudal custom appears to
exist in this part, and any dereliction of duty
is punished
most severely. A common punish-
meta is cutting
and maiming their hands or
ears, and the KING, seeing
that one of Captain

GRANT'S hands had been injured, asked him whether
he had not been a page. The wound, however, was
more honourably acquired, having been gained in a
gallant act under the lamented HAVELOCK at the time
of his advance upon Cawnpore, a fact of which Sir
RODERICK MußcaisoN informed the Newcastle
audience. Much may be learned from studying
the characteristics of these wild races, whose con-
duct in some degree exonerates civilisation from
the charges brought against it, since many of the
ruling passions of crowded cities are apparent in
the uncultivated African wastes. The ethnologist
may trace the influence of race in the singular dif-
ferences existing between neighbouring tribes; the
political economist may speculate on the wide field
for commerce and cultivation remaining to be
opened to European capital and intelligence; while
the philanthropist may ponder on the length of
time that must elapse before these benighted
savages,
whose ignorance has certainly not pre-
served their innocence, may be brought into the
light of a larger knowledge and a purer faith.

LATEST INTELLIGENCE.

(REITTEIt'S TELEGRAMS,)

SPAIN,

MEETING OF THE PROGRESSISTA DEPUTIES.

MADRID, SEPT. 2 (EVENING).

The leading Progressista deputies will hold a
meeting on Saturday next. Friends of the Ministry
assert that the Ministers continue to enjoy the con-
fidence of the Queen.

PRAYERS FOR POLAND.

ROME, SEPT. 2.

A printed notice has been issued relating to a
solemn procession ordered for the 6th September.

The Cardinal-Vicar announces it to be the desire
of the Pope that special prayers shall be offered up
for unhappy Poland, which his Holiness observes
with grief to haie now become the scene of san-
guinary massacres. Poland, always Catholic, and
a bulwark against the invasion of error, deserves
that the Almighty should be implored to deliver
her from the evils by which she is inflicted. Peti•
tions should be put up that while retaining her
character, she may remain faithful to the mission
God has given her, and may maintain the Catholic
banner thoroughly intact.

EGYPT.
ALEXANDRIA, SEPT. 2.
The Annamite Ambassadors have left in the
Labrador upon their voyage to France.
The rise of the Nile continues to create uneasi-
ness. Measures are still being taken to :wort
disaster.
The cattle disease is diminishing.

FRANCE.
MEXICO AND THE CONFEDERATE
STATES.

PARIS, SEPT. 3.

An important pamphlet has been published by
Dentu, entitled, " France, Mexico, and the Con-
federate States."

The writer advocates the necessity of prompt
recognition of the Confederate States by Mexico.
BOURSE, Sept. 2.—Sales for realisation have
caused a retrogade movement, Threes, for the
Account, being nuw at 68f. 65c. Railway Share
Market firm. The market closed as follows :

II per Cents 97 60
Do. end month
3 per Cents 6B 50
Do. end month 68 60
Credit Mobilier 1185
Do. end mouth 1180
Bank Shares 3385 --
Credit l oneier 1320

Italian Loan 73 50
Do. end month —
Se NV ditto
Do. end month —
Russian
Austrian
Spanish Thi 53
Homo Debt

BAIL'

"A.YB.

Cash. Account.
Orleans 1036 25 .. 1040
Northern ....
New ditto -
Lyons and Mediterranean 1050 .. 1045
Geneva ..
Southern
Western
Eastern
Sardinian
Austrian
LOlrbard
North of Spain
Saragossa.. 686 50 .. 687 60
Ditto to Barcelona

AMERICA.

SOUTHAMPTON, SEPT. 3.

The Hamburg and American Company's steam
ship Saxonia, Captain Trautmann, from New York
on the 22d ult., has arrived here. She brings 144
passengers for this port, Havre, and Hamburg ;
85,619 dols. in specie for England, 25,826 dols. for
France, and 500 dols. far Hamburg.

The Saxonia passed the Germania, bound out-
wards, in lat. 50.8 north, long. 27.30 west.
During the first four days of her voyage the
&monis experienced very thick fog.

(REUTER'S EXPRESS.)

The following additional despatches appear in
the New York journals :

NORFOLK, VA., Aug. 21.
The _Richmond Whig of to-day contains the fol-
lowing : ^

CHARLESTON, S.C., Aug. 20.

The enemy's operations during the last 24 hours
have been mostly confined to a steady and continu-
ous bombardment of Fort Sumter from their. Parrot
guns on Morris Island.
Their fire begins to tell on Fort Sumter, which
replies only at long intervals.
The defence of the harbour does not depend mainly
upon Sumter. Even if that fortress should be bat-
tered down, the harbour may still be held.
Crovernor Bonham has issued a proclamation
urging the removal of all non-combatants from
Charleston as soon as possible.
The two hundred pounder Parrot guns of the
enemy are too much for the walls of Sumter, and the
fort only replies at intervals.
It has been determined to defend the city, street
by street and house by house, as long as a foot of
earth is left.

(From the Chattanooga Rebel.)
We look for ti,e worst at Charleston. It will
never be taken as it stands, however. It would be
mined and blown from its foundation first. We
do not anticipate any very encouraging news from
that quarter. The journals of the city may pat
the best face on the matter from motives of pa-
triotism ; but we had as well be prepared for any
emergency.
(From the Macon Telegraph.)
We think the Chattanooga Rebel is unnecessarily
despondent about Charleston. It is true she may,
in time, succumb to superior numbers and heavier
ordnance; but the numbers are not here yet, and
the hopes of successful defence have grown with
every day since the beginning of the siege, and so
has the strength of the position. The Charles-
tonians don't believe that their city will be taken,
and we shall not believe it
CHluntil it is done.
CAGO, August 21.
Special despatches from Memphis say that only
the Seventeenth army corps is now stationed at
Vicksburg.
A species of intermittent fever is prevalent among
the soldiers there, and those who are taken sick are
promptly removed to the hospitals here.
Very few troops are quartered at the city of
Vicksburg; only enough to do police duty. The
rest are encamped on the heights back of the city.
General Sherman's corps is still encamped near
the Big Black, on Bear and clear Clear creeks.
This corps has had the hardest service of any in the
campaign, yet they enjoy better health than any
other.

—__
The Thirteenth army corps, under General Ord,
has moved to Natchez for sanitary reasons. They
will remain there for the present.

Admiral Porter's fleet is scattered along the
Mississippi river from New Orleans to Cairo. The
intermediate distance between the points where the
gunboats are stationed are patrolled by light
draugbt boats.

There is no special news from below.
Advices from General Steele's Arkansas expedi-
tion ere looked for soon from Helena.

The following are the latest despatches from the
army of the Potomac :
WASHINGTON, Aug. 21.
_ _

Information is current bore that Lee's army hae
been moving off from our front upon the Virginia
Central Railroad to Richmond; but officers arriving
here tonight, whose position in the army entitles
them to know what is going on, assert that no such
intelligence is in the possession of our commanding
generals.

Lee is undoubtedly upon the Rapidan and Rap•
pahannoek. His pickets are extended from the
Upper Rappahantock along that river to Fredericks•
burg, and the region about Potomac creek is in-
fested with rebel cavalry.
Everything indicates that the enemy intends to
remain in his present locality, unless oUr own moye-

ments should necessitate a change of base; and it
is not impossible that the next battle may be fought
upon that river. Indeed, it is apprehended that
Leo will assume the offensive rather than retreat,
and many expect an attack from him at an early
date. Preparations for such an emergency are now
being made.

MR. F. G. CHAPMAN'S DESPATCH.
Headquarters, Army of the Potomac,
August 21.

I have information from thfee different sources
which leads mo to believe that the rebels have left
our front and gone south to Richmond.

Deserters who came across the Rappahannock say
that the movement of troops towards Fredericks-
burg from Culpepper was only a ruse to cover Lee's
real object, i.e., to enable him to move his troops
southward by way of Gordonsville.
Day before yesterday large bodies of the rebel
cavalry dashed down towards the Rappahannock
at the separate fords, driving in our pickets. They
come boldly out in sight of our lines and deployed
in fine battle order. Immediately all the corps
along the river were put under arms, in which posi-
tion they remained until morning, when, behold
the enemy had withdrawn
A cavalry reconnaissance was then made, which
went as far as Culpepper, but found no enemy;
but, on the contrary, obtained such information as
leads to the belief that the whole rebel force has
gone in the direction of Gordonsville. The reason
for my belief I am not at liberty to give.
Richmond papers of the 18th brought into our
lines speak most despondingly of affairs, but parti-
cularly deplore the prospect, now in view, that
Charleston must fall. A complete panic prevails in
Richmond to obtain greenbacks. Many of the
dealers will take no other money for the commodi-
ties they have to dispose of. The Enquirer mounts
the Jew speculators rough shod, and classes Mr.
Benjamin as the king thief of the tribe.

ORDERS OF GENERAL MEADE.
GENERAL ORDERS-NO. 80.

Headquarters, Army of the Potomac,
August 21, 1863.

1. For the purpose of giving full freedom of choice to
this army in the selection of newspapers, it is ordered that
any officer or enlisted man wishing to purchase any daily
journal not now furnished by the agent appointed under the
provisions of the circular of June 2, may give notice thereof
to the provost-marshal of the command to which he belongs,
who shall forward the same through the provost-marshal
of his corps to the Provost-Marshal General, who shall in-
struct said agent to furnish the same without delay, and a
neglect on his part to comply with such instructions shall
be held sufficient cause for vacating his appointment-
2. It appearing in several instances that the payment of
the sick and wounded of this army has been delayed by
reason of their descriptive lists having been signed by non-
commissioned officers temporarily commanding companies,
it is ordered that whenever from any cause the signature of
a commissioned officer cannot be obtained, the said list
shall be signed by a field-officer, or by the adjutant of the
regiment to which such company belongs.
3, The reports called for by paragraph 5, General Orders
No. 62, of June 12, 1863, from these headquarters from
captains of companies, will be made monthly, and will
state, in addition to the name and rank of every officer
having a soldier in his service, and the name and regiment
of the soldier so employed, and the length of time such
service has been rendered.

4. No non-commissioned officer or private can give his
parole except through an officer, and no officer for himself
or his command can, under any circumstances, give a mili-
tory parole not to serve until exchanged, except when deli.
vered to an officer of the United States, duly authorised to
receive him at one of the points agreed upon by the Govern-
ment fur the exchange of prisoners of war, or at some other
point agreed upon by the commander of an army to which
he belongs. All other paroles are null and void. Any offi•
cer or soldier of this army giving them will be returned to
duty without exchange, and will be punished for disobedi-
ence of orders.

By command of Major• General :11.1EADE.
S. Williams, Assistant Adjutant General.

The Confederate Navy.

In an interesting article, in which the Patrie
glances at recent events and the present aspect of
affairs in America, and declares the cause of the
South to be very far from lost, and that it would
be difficult to understand the Hosannah. ! of the
North, if one had not long been familiarised with
Yankee exaggeration, we find some rather curious
statistics and details respecting the Confederate
men-of-war or privateers, whichever they may be
called. The Siecle, as we know, discards both
names, and roundly treats them as pirates :
" Since the destruction by its captain of the Ta-
cony and the capture of the Archer, the Confede-
rate privateers, the identity of which is well esta-
blished, are five in number, the steamers Alabama
and Florida, and the three-masted Lapwing, which
cruise in the Atlantic Ocean ; the steamer Georgia,
which has selected for its arena the Sea of the
Antilles; and the three-masted Robert Lee, which
watches the waters of the Bermudas. There is a
sixth, which keeps about Cape Horn, and to which
several ships have fallen a prey, but her name is
not known. With the exception of the Sumter, it
was some time before the names of any of those ves-
sels reached us, and it is to be observed that we do
not even yet know them all, and that many other
anonymous ships furrow the waters of the two
oceans in search of the merchantmen of the North.
It is the struggle of the weak against the strong.
The amount of damage inflicted on Federal com-
merce by the Confederate cruisers is considerable
(by the Alabama and the Florida alone it exceeds
50 millions), and the incessant stings of these auda-
cious skimmers of the seas have excited to fury the
anger of the North, which finds it impossible
to tear from its flank this well-barbed dart. In
vain does it equip whole fleets, in vain despatch its
-swiftest steamers. Some privateers have certainly
been captured and destroyed, but the most famous
and dangerous, those which the Federal cruisers are
so anxious to take, have hitherto escaped scot free.
Captain Semmes, the South American Surcouf, has
hoisted his flag on board the Alabama. This daring
sailor is commander in the Confederate navy, he is
the terror of the merchant navy of the North and
the torment of the Federal cruisers, through
whose hands he slips like an eel. The. Washing-
ton Government has sent a whole fleet on the
track of the privateers. The gunboat United
States, steamers Erichsen, Honduras, Governor
Buckingham, and Star of the South, have long been
traversing the ocean in every direction. From Bos-
ton have just sailed the steamers Howqua, Iron Age,
Admiral Dupont, Expounder, Daniel Webster, the
school-ship Massachusetts, the revenue cutter
Morris, and the schooner Thomas Woodward ; from
Newport the sloop of war John Adams ; from
Princetown the steamer Shattuck ; and finally,
from Philadelphia, the steamer Young America.
All these efforts are particularly directed
against the Alabama and the Florida. To escape
this accumulation of enemies, Captain Semmes
and Maffit will have to redouble their energy,
audacity, and skill. They are not caught yet. Like
the famous Red Roaer of Fenimore Cooper, they
seem to have a talisman that protects them, and
enables them to set both man and the elements at
defiance."

Some of the vessels above enumerated seem
hardly of sufficient force successfully to cope single
handed with the Confederate steamers. I think it
was the Erichsen which some time ago fell in with
Florida, and was glad to beat a hasty retreat after
receiving a broadside, while the Florida, after a vain
attempt to overtake her, consoled herself by burn-
ing a Yankee merchantman before her eyes.

DOCTOR JOHNSON, in referring the English word
" curmudgeon" to the French cur and mechunt,
gives as his authority for the etymology "an unknown
correspondent"--this suggestion having been one of the
many hundreds made to him during the progress of his
work by correspondents in all parts of the country, It
seems almost incredible, but it is nevertheless true, that
Ash, having appropriated the suggestion, actually repro-
cuces it in the following form : " Curmudgecn, from the
French cceur, unknown, and in6chant, a correspondent."

•
DEATH OF A MARECUAL (!) OF THE FRENCH
EMPIRE.—One of the oldest officers of the Grand
Army has just terminated his existence at the village of
Garches, near St. Cloud. Lieutenant-Colonel Marechal
was born at Troyes on the 12th of March, 1774, and died on
the 6th of August, 1563, in his 90th year. He entered the
service in 1791, and made all the campaigns of the Repub-
lic and the Empire. Ile was wounded ten times, and, among
other battles, at Eylau, Ileilsberg, Eektauhl, Wagram, and
the Moscowa. He was created officer of the Legion of
Honour on, the oth of April, 1813.

Chula
„

HER MAJESTY,

The Queen in Germany.

ROSENAU, COBURG, Aug. 30.

Her Majesty the Queen drove to the Kallenberg
on Friday evening, and took tea with the Duchess
of Coburg.

Mr. Barnard, her Majesty's Resident at Coburg,
had the honour of an interview with the Queen on
Wednesday.
The Queen, Princess Helena, and Prince Alfred
attended Divine service at the chapel at the Kallen-
berg this morning.

Her Majesty and the royal family continue to
take drives in the neighbourhood, and have visited
the widow of Baron Stockmar and the Prince Con-
sort's former tutor, Mr. Florschuts, at Coburg.
Her Majesty's health is much the same. She is
unable to bear any great exertion or fatigue.