The Sun.
London, England, 1837-09-19 00:00:00

LIVERPOOL LINE.

The large aid powerful Steam Ships MANCHESTER and
CITY •f LONDONDERRY, run from Liverpool to Oporto,
Lisbon, Cadiz, Gibraltar, and Malaga, ivory fortnight.
♦pply to Martin aid Co., Water-street, Liverpool; and at t 6,2
Peninsular Steam Navigat.i•n Company's Offices, 61, it, Mary
Axe, London.

WILLCOX a. ANDERSON, Maikagers.

PUMP COMMERCIAL TAVERN,
( Opposite the Old Church),
BULL-RING, BIRMINGHAM.
THOMAS EVANS, (lately of Itadcnhurst's
Nelson Coach-office), having succeeded to the business of his
late Father-in-Law, begs to state that he has just completed exten-
sive alterations in the are angements of the above Establishment,
particularly by enlarging his Coffee-room, making several new, and
improving and re-furnishing the former Sitting-rooms and Bed-
rooms, &c. : the result of these improvements is, that T. E. is
enabled to offer the accommodation of a Family Hotel on the most
reasonable terms.
Visiters-to the FESTIVAL will find at this House all the conve-
nience of their own residences, upon a scale of charges which must
ensure their approbation. Commercial Gentlemen will find also
increased attention to their comforts.

*.* Ordinary every day at half-past One.

DR. JOHN ARMSTRONG'S LIVER PILLS.

I care not how I arr. physicked, so it he ■ot by the adventure of a
quack, but advice of a physician, who I am su-e will prescribe no more
or me than may consist with my safety, and need tiwth require."— Old

vin(.

THESE LIVER PILLS are now very generally
recommended by the Faculty as the best FAMILY
APERIENT, a certain remedy for an INACTIVE LIVER, a
safe and effectual Destroyer of Worms in Children, and as the Best
Friend of the DYSPEPTIC or BILIOUS SUFFERER, whose
usual symptoms are (some or all of) these—sick head-ache, giddi-
ness, flatulence, palpitation of the heart ( when arising, as it often
does, from INDIGESTION), pain in the Side and under the
shoulder blades, distressing sensation of choking, oppression after
meals, depression of spirits, and a yellow skin. The very first two
pills generally afford such relief—such ease from every distressing
pain that the patient is at once surprised and delighted. The niedi-
eine is gentle, though certain in its benign effects. It contains no
Aloes, Gamboge, or Colocynth ; occasioning no Piles, nor any
pain in its operation. Obstinate Sores heal under a course of
and Eruptions of the Skin disappear. Taken a few alternate nights
before a voyage, it greatly prevents sea-sickness.
Dr. ARMSTRONG gave his unique prescription to the Pro,-
prietor (a cousin of Mrs. Armstrong) in 1827, for his wife, who
was apparently dying of Liver Complaint, but has been ever since,
with the occasional use of the Pills, in perfect health.
N.B. Ask for " Dr. JOHN ARMSTRONG'S LIVER
PILLS," and observe that " John T. Eddy, Chemist, Bishop
Stortford," is ENGRAVED IN WHITE LETTERS on the Stamp,
sealed with a Tower on a Shield of ermine and gold. None
else genuine.
Sold by all patent medicine venders, in boxes at Is. lid., 2s. 9d.,
and 4s. 6d. each.
AGENTS ABROAD.-Bombay J. Trencher; Boston, United
States, J. A. Dickson; Calcutta, Moore, Hickey, and Co., and
Messrs. Bathgate and Co. ; Hobart Town, Seal, Spencer ; Havan-
nab, Don G. Lobe; Madras, Griffiths and Co. ; Malta, Signor
Forties:.

No. 10, LUDGATE-LULL—A NEW DISCOVERY.
MONS. JAMES M. MALLAN, Surgeon
. Dentist, No. 10, Ludgate-hill, opposite the Bell Sauvage
lan, continues to RESTORE DECAYED TETH, however large tie
cavity, with his celebrated MINERAL SUCCEDANEUM, without
PAIN, HEAT, or PRESSURE—it hardens into enamel, allays the most
excractating pain, and lash fur many years, preventing the necessity of
extraction.

LOOSE TEETH FASTENED whetberarising from AGE,NEGLECT,
DISEASE of the GUMS, or the USE of CALOMEL.
-INCORROMBLE ARTIFICIAL TEETH, fr,ns a SINGLE ONE
to a COMPLETE SET, matching exactly in form or lour the adjoin-
ing ones. These teeth will not corrode or become discoloured ; they are
fixed without WIRES or other LIGATURES, on a principle which al
ords support to the adjoining teeth, however loose, and answer every
purpose of MASTICATION a; at ARTICULATION.
To clergymen and public orators, labouring under defective vronuncia-
tion, Monsieur J. M. MALL A N'S method of replacing Teeth will be
found peculiarly valuable, as it obviates all defects of articulation.
The use of Artificial: eeth, in some instances, has been found objec-
tionable by invalids taking medicines
p n. whichcionetcsiatthiaotha‘•eatceonmdepnoclythteoirdriesnicoolvoauir,
them, or in the performance of
rintabrseettioccvtesiszfatnthhde
the
inm
perhaps, in the presence of an attendant or domestic ; Messrs. M., how-
ever,
inimical nature.
jections, by constructing
IpsiO)ch a manner as for end
NATURAL TEETH ?LACED on the above izinroved principle.
Charges as in Faris. k"rOrn Ten till Five. No. 10. Ludgate.hill,
teeth for fchoaarpvatehb bloecs eeonfp p :est ssafnoufdi

This day was published, price 10s. 6d. in boards,
SERMONS, by the late Dean VINCENT.
Volume the Second. With a Preliminary Discourse.
" The Sermons are sound and impressive ; how could they be
otherwise from Dean Vincent? All the Sermons are worthy of
attentive perusal. Had we room to give an extract, we should
find some difficulty in selecting one passage as better than others.
They are all good, bold, candid, and Christian Churchmanship.
worthy of the best and brightest times of the history of our
Church."—Church of England Quarterly Review, 1637.
See also Christian Remembrancer for August.
London : T. Cadell, Strand ; and W. Blackwood and Sons,
Edinburgh.

To be published on the first day of October, and continued
Monthly,
THE CIVIL ENGINEER and ARCHI-
TECT'S JOURNAL, containing Sixteen Pages Quarto,
price 6d., or if stamped for country circulation, price Is. per
annum extra.

The object of this publication is to afford a medium of commu-
nication to all persons interested in either of the above professions.
It will contain a monthly record of the transactions of English
and Foreign Societies, Reviews and Notices of New Books, New
Inventions, Patents, Public Improvements, Parliamentary Pro-
ceedings, Engineering Evidence, Standing Orders, Law Reports,
and Miscellaneous Information.
Communications to be addressed to the Editor of the " Civil
Engineer," at the Publisher's Office, Crane-court, Fleet-street,
London, where all advertisements are to be sent.
To be had of T. Hooper, Pall-mall-East ; Groombridge, Panyer-
alley ; Clarke and Lewis, Crown-court, Threadneedle-street ; and
all other Booksellers and Newsman.

The business of the section commenced by Profcsso,
LLOYD reading a paper on the subject of the Magnetic Ob-
servatory at Dublin. He described the construction and
various dimensions of the building, and concluded by com-
mending the liberality which Trinity College has displayed
in the undertaking. A discussion followed on the necessity
of doing away with iron and copper in such buildings, and
substituting wood instead.
Monsieur DE LA REVE then read, in French, a paper on
electro-magnetic currents, which gave rise to a discussion in
which several gentleme❑ took part. Monsieur De la Reve
was then called upon to read a paper on an optical pheno-
menon observed on Mont Blanc.

Professor LLOYD said he had witnessed the phenomenon
on Mont Blanc, and that it was one of the most beautiful
objects he had ever seen ; he had also witnessed a similar
phenomenon on the southern coast of Ireland, where he
had seen the Welsh mountains apparently raised up in the
air, till not only they, but the valleys and plains, were dis-
tinctly visible. He attributed it to a peculiar hydrometric
state of the atmosphere.
Professor STAVELEY had witnessed similar phenomera
in Belfast.

Major SABINES next read a report which be had pre-
pared.on Terrestrial. Magnetism. He said the report was
to hare been published some time since, but the-delay had
been occasioned by the receipt of much valuable informa-
tion during the laSt year. He concluded the report by
pointing out some general inferences, and described the
methods and instruments used, in order to assist those who
might be inclined to undertake such observations in future.
The thanks of the section were then given to the Major
for his valuable report.

Mr. M'GAULEY read a paper on electro-magnetic appa-
ratus. He then exhibited a new electro-magnetic appa-
ratus which he had constructed, and explained its construe-
tion and mode of operation at considerable length, by means
of diagrams ; but as we cannot give these, it would be use-
less for us to attempt an intelligible description.
Mr. HOLDEN next read a curious paper on the atmos-
phere of the moon ; after which, Lieutenant Morrison con-
cluded the business of the section by a description of an in-
strument for measuring the electricity of the atmosphere.
Dr. BREWSTER expressed his approbation of the instru-
ment, and requested Lieutenant Morrison to make further
observations and experiments, to be reported to the asso-
ciation.

SECTION F.-STATISTICS.

1. Mr. Heywood, Mr. Langton, and Mr. R. W. Greg—
Report on the condition of the working classes in six manu-
facturing towns. 2. Mr. Langton—Report on the number
of cellars in Liverpool. 3. Mr. R. A. Slaney, M.P.—Re-
marks on the condition of the poor in large towns. 4. Mr.
Felkin—Remarks on wages in manufacturing districts.
Lord Viscount SANDON in the chair.
The first paper submitted to the section was on the con-
dition of the working classes in the boroughs of Manchester,
Salford, and Bury. It consisted chiefly of tables.
Among other facts it appeared there were more than two
persons to each bed, on the average, and there were 207
beds wherein five persons slept in each, and 63 that six
slept in each.
Mr. SLANEY presented his remarks on the condition of
the working classes. The Hon. Gentleman then went on
to show how far the richer class had improved and increased
in numbers since 1820, by the increase of horses, carriages,
male servants, armorial bearings, which he stated had in-
creased upwards of 20 per cent., and in some instances one-
third. He then proceeded to show how the middle classes
had improved to a much greater extent by the increase in '
the sale of tea, coffee, sugar, number of stage coaches, use
of woollen cloth, silks, and manufactured iron. The agri-
cultural labourers, he stated, were somewhat improved in
their condition within the last ten years ; savings' banks were
also established, and not one in three of the same class now
receive relief who did formerly. He then took a view of
what Parliament had done for the working classes for some
years past, and mentioned several benefit society acts they
had passed, together with the improvements in the savings'
banks, made by the Legislature to promote their welfare.
Ia the latter he stated that the deposits had increased one-
third within the last six years, while the increase in benefit
societies was not 9 per cent, at the very utmost. A great
deal of distress arose from the labourers only having casual
employment, and to meet which he (the speaker) recom-
mended the establishment of societies which would provide
against such casualties by payments when in employment.
He instanced a society which was established by some fisher-
men, which provided, in the case of loss of boats or nets,
others in their place out of the general fund, and thereby
prevented the poor man from being ruined by the loss he had
sustained. It was the case in some agricultural parishes,
wherein a few joined together to provide against the loss of
a cow, or such like. He then came to the unskilled artifi-
cers, and stated that their increase in large towns was most
extraordinary ; that while the whole population in the
kingdom only increased 16 per cent., the increase in the
five principal towns of England was upwards of 42 per cent.
He then proceeded to show the great increase which had
taken place in the consumption of ardent spirits, by the
working classes, in large towns, and which was a great
source of poverty, misery, and crime. The increase in the
consumption of ardent spirits was nine times greater than
than the increase of the population—the consumption in
1800 was one (Teflon to each person, in 1836 it was one and
a half. The deduction to be drawn from this must be, that
the working classes had deteriorated very much within the
last fifteen years.

SECTION G.-MECHANICAL SCIENCE.

Mr. RUSSELL communicated the result of his investiga-

tions relative to tides, and tide waves in rivers. He aid
not treat of tides as in a current, but as in a wave, and of
the manner in which they might be enabled to influence the
tide so as to make it flow as might be more beneficial or less
disadvantageous. His observations had been principally
made in the rivers Dee and Clyde. The velocity of the tide
it was found was always decreased by the breadth of the
channel, and increased by the depth. If the channel were
only four feet deep, and the tide went eight miles per hour,
it would flow fifteen miles per hour if the channel were
made fifteen feet deep. The next circumstance which had.
an influence was the shape of the bank. It. was accelerated
by a vertical bank, while it was retarded by a sloping bank,
so that if with a vertical bank it flowed twelve miles per
hour, with a sloping bank it would only flow eight miles.
Another observation was, that the tide might be made to
rise higher in a river, by altering the breadth of that river.
The greatest effect would be produced by altering the
breadth at the mouth, and making it as wide there as possi-
ble, gradually narrowing by degrees. The next subject was
the creation of bores in a tide. Some amusement was here
created by the Learned President of the Section requesting
Mr. Russell to explain to the section his notion of what a
bore was. The Learned Gentleman said he would give a
description of a bore. The largest one he had heard of
was on the river at Calcutta. It came along the river with
terrific force, being a wave fifteen feet high, and rushing for-
ward at a speed of fifteen miles an hour. If one wave failed
to reach its destination before it was overtaken by another,
the accumulation of impetus caused the top to break and
curl forward, and it became a breaking surge. This was a
bore. If bores came into a river three feet deep, and the
bores were three feet high, the remedy would be to make it
deeper, and then the wave would flow in without a break-
ing surge. Loud applause greeted Mr. Russell at the con-
, clusion of this address, and the thanks of the eection were
voted to him by acclamation.
Mr. 'WEST read a paper on the ventilation of tunnels.
Mr. MARSHALL gave the result of his experiments on
railway iron. He described the several methods of refining
and puddling iron now in use. Ms experiments had been
directed to the ascertainment of the best method of pre-
paring iron so as to resist the vibratory action on railroads,
which causes the iron to exfoliate and laminate. He gave
it as his opinion that the iron used in railways should con-
tain as great a quantity of fibre as possible. He recom-
mended the use of iron manufactured immediately front the
pig iron by rolling, After some remarks from Mr. Willis
and Mr. Currie,
Dr. LARDNEX resumed his discourse on steam navigation
to India and to the United States. He exhibited a table
compiled from the logs of several of the Government packets,
one Post-office packet, and one private packet, showing the
number of pounds of coal consumed in each during every
two hours, the rate of sailing per hour, and the number of
miles each vessel had averaged on the consumption of one
ton of coals to each horsy pet:rec. He spoke highly of the
" feathering paddles," as being superior to those in common
use., lie instituted a comparison between the speed of two
steamers, the Dundee and Perth, which sail between Lon-
don and Dundee. Their average speed was 10 miles per
hour, with a consumption of 12Ibs. of coal per horse power.
Dr. Lardner proceeded to speak of the practicability and
Utility of steam navigation to the United States. He was
of opinion that. unless stations were provided at Cork and
Halifax, no vessel could be so constructed as to carry a inc-

ficiency of fuel fur the voyage, at even then, he was of
opinion that it would be useless to,attempt to compete with
line of packet. ships, which made their voyage in such
short periils. With respect to the (om un;catio a to
India by steam, he .seemed to think more favourably of the
project, especially with 1,;;c line of stations fixed upon.
Mr. RocHE found fault with the data which the Doctor
had taken.
Several other gentlemen:`poke upon the same subject,
and the Doctor briefly replied.
The Section adjourned at four o'clock-.
At 5 o'clock about 500 gentlemen sat dowel to an excel-
lent dinner, Lord Sandon, M.P., in the chair.
LECTURE ON ELECTRICITY.
Mr. S. HARMS, whose communications to the A;socia-
tion on electricity, &c., have won him an extensive tame,
delivered his lecture on the above subject last night, at
the Amphitheatre. The spacious building waA crowded to
excess, and the audience was composed of individuals of the
highest rank and respectability belonging to this and the
adjacent towns. Mr. Harris adverted to the discoveries of
Dr. Franklin, and to his method of protection againzt light-
ning, which he wished was more generally adopted. After
reading various papers detailing accidents to shipping from
lightning, he proceeded to discuss the subject of lightning
conductors, which he did with great clearness and precision.
The learned lecturer here illustrated his meaning by an ex-
periment. Having put the machine in action, he placed a
common wooden wand upon the conducting wire, the result
of which was, that the electric stream was intercepted and
carried off by the wooden conductor ; the moment this was
removed, the electric fluid was drawn from the receiver in a

series of vivid sparks. A piece of glass placed upon the
wire caused no obstruction to the passage of the fluid. The
learned lecturer by a Very neat experiment proved the
utility of lightning conductors as applied to houses. He
placed a small quantity of gunpowder within a small model
of a house. With the conducting wire attached, the fluid
passed down imperceptibly, but the moment this was re-
moved the gunpowder exploded. After having spoken
forcibly of the dangers to which ships were exposed from
lightning, the lecturer proceeded to show how it was possi-
ble, by a very neat contrivance, to adopt conductors to
them. This consisted in placing copper rods in a conti-
nuous line down the masts into the water. This was also
illustrated by experiments on the model of a vessel.
THURSDAY.
SECTION A.—MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS.
Sir DAVID BREWSTER in the chair. _

Mr. LUBBOCK commenced the proceedings by reading a
report of the Committee appointed at the last annual meet-
ing, for the purpose of preparing empirical tables of the
moon ; after which Professor Henry submitted a paper on
the lateral discharge in common electricity. A short dis-
cussion followed, Professor Staveley remarking that this
was a subject of the greatest importance, as affording a clue
to the connection of certain phenomena in galvanic electri-
city, with others pertaining to common electricity.
Dr. READE read a paper on the production of a per-
manent soap bubble for showing Newton's rings. The for-
mation of some permanent film for exhibiting the pheno-
mena of colour displayed in the ordinary soap bubble, had
long been a desideratum. Dr. Reade then proceeded to
animadvert on the phenomena presented in these bubbles.

Professor CHRISTIE then read a paper on the Aurora
Borealis in summer. It was a most singular phenomenon
that the aurora borealis should have made its appearance in
summer, as it did within the last year. This was, therefore,
a subject which demanded attention. It was suggested, as an
object worthy of investigation, by the members of the As-
sociation, that observations should be made on the appear-
ance of the dark and luminous arches in the aurora borealis,
with a view to determine the connection of the phenomena
with those of magnetism.
Captain DENHAM, R.N., then proceeded to exhibit his
improved mode of producing a red light in light-houses.
We believe the experiment was exactly the same us may be
seen in the Rock Perch Light-house. The exhibition of
Captain Denham's model gave rise to considerable discus-
sion, in which Professor Faraday and Sir David Brewster
took part. These gentlemen doubted the utility of the
change.

by a steam-engine. Hose might be attached to these pipes
where it might be requisite to move the light.
Mr. HENDRE objected to it on account of the expense.
Mr. PEARSALL, of Hull, read a paper upon tilt ai:tiou
of rain water upon lead. He instanced a Timber of cases
in which persons had been poisone;!, by lead contained in
water, and gave it as his opinion that the water contained
lead in solution as well as precipitation.
Professor DAVY intmaticed ri new gaseous carbo-hydro-
gen, which he had. prepared by repeatedly passing the
electric spark through bicarburetted hydrogen. He was
pursuing further experiments, which he would lay before
the association next year.
Professor JOHNSTONE likewise laid before the meeting a
paper on the composition and properties of a description of
hatcheline which appeared to be generally known to those
present, being a substance composed of carbon and hydro-
gen found in the coal measure.
Professor MILLER read a paper on the eT.panwm o:
crystals in different directions, by which it :Appeared that if
sulphate of lime and various other crystalline substances
were heated, they would expami, in different proportions in
different directions.
The business of the day closed at three o'clock.
SECTION C.—GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY.
The Chair was taken at half-past eleven, when two or
three notices were read, and among them a letter from Dr.
Jefferies, which stated that two cases contii.ining various
bones and teeth, not only of rats, cats, dogs, sheep, horses,
and cows, but also of bears, hyaenas, the rhinoceros, and
other animals not clearly ascertained, and a large tooth of
the left down jaw of an old tiger, which had been collected
with great labour in August last, from the immense bed of
dilutivan found in the caves of Crffa Rock, Denbighshire,
were on the table ready for inspection.
Sir PHILIP EGERTON read a paper by Sir David Brews-
ter, on a new structure of the diamond. It is stated that
diamond lenses had been used in single microscopes of
high power, but that they were unfit for the purpose, hav-
ing; a double refractive power, and producing double images;
that the surface wag covered with parallel lines or veins,
some of which refracted more than others.
Professor SEDGWICK remarked that the paper was as re-
markable as all those which emanated from the hand of
that microscopic philosopher.
Mr. J. P. HxYwooe next read a synopsis of a paper
collected with vast labour, on the coal fields of South Lan-
cashire. He said that the coal beds of South Lanca-
shire covered a space of 400 square miles, and that the
largest bed was 2.7:3 miles square. That the Earl of Bal-
carras gave employment to 8.00 parsons in the collieries
about Wigan ; and that Lord Francis Egerton, in the mines
near \Vorsley, employed 1,700 persons. That in 1836 the
coal used in Manchester was valued at fire hundred thou-
sand pounds.

Mr. WI wasrsoN next read a paper on sections of the
same district. He produced drawings of fossils discovered
in a peculiar limestone, and also one of a fish he styled a
salmon, which he had found in the coal fields. The latter
circumstance of the fish being a salmon was refuted by Sir
Philip Egerton, who stated that he had himself found a si-
milar fish, which belonged to a separate farnily, the genus
saline, never being found in coal strata.
Mr. PEACE read a Report on the dislocations and other
_ phenomena of the coal fields of Wigan ; and Mr. Logan
produced a paper on the coal beds of South Wales.
Mr. SMITH read an interesting paper on the changes of
the levels of sea and land, wishing to refute some state-
ments made by Mr. Strickland a few days before.
Professor SEDGWICK said that Mr. Smith's proposition
did not interfere with the statement of Mr. Strickland,
his (Mr. Smith's) deposit being of a tertiary formation, and
not one of gravel.
Captain PORTLOCK toad a paper on the analogy between
the Irish and English red sandstone, by the circumstance
that shells, &c. of a similar cast had been found in each.
SECTION E.—MEDICAL SCIENCE.
( &bridged from the Liverpool Mail.)
Dr. HOLLAND'S paper, being an inquiry into the in-
fluence of the mind on the heart, and other organs, in health
and disease, was read. The first inquiry was, as to the in-
fluence of the respiratory organs in the circulation of blood
in the chest. He had long investigated the influence of
respiration on the circulation of the blood. Strong emo-
tions greatly disturbed the respiratory functions, and,
consequently, the circulation. In ordinary breathing,
there was no evidence that the heart was influenced by the
brain. The expansion of the chest, caused by a deep in-
spiration, facilitated the expansion of the blood to two dif-
ferent points, the right and the left of it. The contractions of
the heart were modified according to the quality and quantity
of the blood it received. An increased quantity having
gone to it, invariably augmented the rapidity of the pulse,
but decreased its strength. That fact had often been
proved. When the increased quantity of the blood was
more stimulating than usual, the contractions were accele-
rated, and at the same time the pulse was augmented in
force. The heart was likely to be impeded in its action
by any influence which should determine blood to flow to
the chest. There was voluntary and involuntary respira-
tion. In or.e case, an individual immediately tainted from
being requested to take a deep breath ; in others, the usual
effects of taking a deep breath fhllowed, namely, a quicken-
ing of the pulse, but incapable of influencing the circulation
in the same degree as when involuntary breathing ensued
the result of deep emotions. Expiration was also a volun-
tary and involuntary action. They could laugh when they
pleased, but the effect of this on the system was not nearly
so great as from what arose from involuntary expiration.
Syncopy and palpitation of the heart were quite explana-
tory on this principle.
Dr. CARSON differed from what had been stated. He
thought that the circulation of the blood was very little
affected by respiration at all. He meant to say, as to
the force or quantity of it which passed through the vessels.
Alec Dr. Holland had replied, and some other subjects
were discussed,
Dr. CARLISLE was called on to make some remarks on
two remarkable mal.-Formations of the cerebellum of the
human subject. He produced the cast of the cerebellum
of a female of weak intellect, which was remarkably small,
not being larger than the size of an ordinary walnut, divided
into halves, and which was completely inferior to the cere-
brum, In this instance, the organs which were usually un-
derstood to bc connected and affected by this part of the
'..)rain were remarkably writ developed. The uterus and
the fallopian tubes were remarkably large. The other in-
stance was the ocrebellum of a man, one half of which was
completely deficient, and the other half comparatively
small, whilst there was surgical evidence to prove that the
animal passions of the individual were strong. He had
been induced to bring these eases forward, to make inquiry
how these could be accommodated to the theory of Dr.
Spurzheim.

SlturtoN F.—STATISTICS.
Mr. H. A.sttwotcrit proceeded to show the origin of the
late strike at Preston, which,he said, was in consequence
of the work people conc,..iving that they did not partake, in
a fair ratio, of the profits which the employers were enjoy-
lag, in consequence of the extras active state the business
had been in for some time previous ; and that they were
not paid at the Caine ratio as other persons in different towns
in the county, in the same line of business, which latter idea
was much enforced by delegates from other towns impress-
ing upon them the rate of wages they received, without
taking into eon,Peration the more favourable circumstances
under which they (the cotton spinners of Preston) were en-
ing, by a regular rate of wages throughout the year,
independent, of the fluctuations of trade—a state which
none of the others in different towns did enjoy, as well
as the difference of local situation. Previous to the
strike, the employers offered an advance of ten per cent.,
which was refused, consequently the mills were cle-sed,
by which 660 cotton spinners were thrown out of em-
ployment, together with a number of others, dependent on
this branch, Amounting to B,soo—such as piecers, children,
engineers, mechanics, and various others.
The strike
lasted nearly three months before any partial alteration
took place, and then the employers opened their milk
Many of the employers in the meanwhile had caused self-
acting mules to be erected, whereby the services of a great
number of spinners were dispensed with. At the end of
three months, the funds of the Cotton Spinners' Union
being exhausted, an unconditional surrender was made by
the turn-outs, consequently, the mills were fully resuni;;d,
and by the self-acting mules and the strangers that wire
introduced during the time of the strike, 260 of lormer
number in regular employment previous the strike, and
who were in the constant receipt of from 'Li'
Week, were thrown out of ern s. to 335. per
to seek it, while their familiet; to and left to wander
of their conduct or the vr.v... -
1". re s'tur'ving in consequence..
of employment—and many of
whom. since that peri,'
tinged, were
very
it was proved by statements pro_ tho tow_ bad characters, The total loss
neighbourhood was estimated by lures,
with the -;,h particulars thereof, at 107 4961 without
the Wbrking class deriving any benefit whatever, .but rather
t clueing them below_ what_ they were in the receipt of be-
fo:e the striko, besides other attendant evils just alluded to.
Me. G, W. HALL read his paper, wherei he reviel:: Or the improvements in
agriculture durn ing the
last
Century, and showed that what in thin respect had taken
place therein was all owing to the extensive cultivation of
the turnip and potato. He traced them from their first
introduction to the present period, and showed that wher-
ever they were cultivated agriculture and every thing at-
tglteti thereto was improved,

A long aid very animated discussion took place on this
kubject, and several noblemen and gentlemen advanced
their opinions in favour of spade husbandry.
Mr. HALL contended there were a great many vagaries
attached to the notion of spade husbandry, and that it was
a fallacy to think it would answer throughout the country.
A small piece of land being profitable under such a sys-
tem was no guidance for a large establishment.
Several gentlemen remarked on the benefit of allotting

srneil portions of land to laboorert iMtanted how
:loch thcir condition Vitr, irqt-OYCA therehy, and their mo-
rals nnd health PI-oli.A.otot

Tit tt~
SANOtli,. said he had 300 such allotments, which
ho let out at about 2/. to 31. per acre, of about a quartet of
an acre each, and which returned to the utelipier about !.It.
per quarter.
Lord Nest Nt rude A similar statement, and bora t(s-
tirnony to tha g-nod it had done in the neighbourhoad
which he resided.

Mr. FRIPP then read hir ;paper on the state of the woilcx
ing classes in one a the parishes of Bristol.
I.ITIoI G.—MECHANIC:a SCIENCE.
Mr. LANG made known to the section various improve-
mentsin the construction of ships. Among them Was I%
new description of keel, which ws laid in two parts, so that
if ri struck on a reef, the first portion knocked away
must be that portion of the keel that was embedded, when,
by care, the ship might be got off. IF, ho ever, the other
portion were beaten away, tho vessel immediately drew
fifteen inches less water, and the chances of saving her wn:
increased.

RAIL WAS VELOCIEY„---Dr. LARDNER delivered a let-
ture on the resistance to railway trains. It tt'ft3 much to be
regretted that on experiments that. could he depended upon
as accurate had been made an railways. There wet se-
veral modes of ascertaining friction. One which he had
tried was by the instrument used for measuring force, with
the principle of which they were all acquainted by the ma-
cliine in common use, called the string balance. He had
made experiments with this instrument, but he found it al-
gether inefficient. Though the rails appeared smoth, yet
they presented many inequalities, and the consequence was.
that the index needle turned about from place to place, and
rendered any decision impracticable. Another method was
to roll down an inclined .plane. The speed with which
they would go in given weight could he calculated. And
if they could gt t the speed with which they did go they
would be able to come at the amount of friction. This he
had tried.

Professor RDBINSON.—Did you take into consideration
the maion of the air?
Dr. LAIIDNER.—Why, it has been found that the action
of the air in such a case is quite inconsiderable.
Dr. LARDSER said he would point out a method of ob-
taining a certain limit of the friction. He should place as
great a load to an engine as could be taken at an ordinary
velocity. If the engine went slowly, the pressure of the
steam on the cylinder would net be much less than the
pressure in the boiler. An experiment had been made by
a member of that section. The learned doctor was of opi-
nion that 81 lbs. per ton was rather too high a calculation
for the friction, and also that the average traction was ra-
ther overstated. He thought, in fact, that about 71 lbs.
would be about the average of the friction. It was curious
to contemplate that a piece of common pack thread, capable
of bearing a strain of 71 lbs. was sufficient to draw a weight
of one ton on a railway, and of keeping it in motion.
Professor RoarNsort expressed his disagreement with Dr.
Lardner on the subject of his assertion that the air had
but little effect. The air clung so to a clock pendulum in
motion as to make a difference of ten seconds per day.
Mr. HERAPATII said he had twelve months ago pub-
lished a table similar to that shown by the learned doctor.
He had formerly made some calculations whereby he brought
out a velocity of sixty miles per hour. He had been writ-
ten to by several practical engineers, who assured him that
he was wrong as to practice, they could only obtain a result
of forty miles per hour. Ultimately he found that the
whole difference was owing to atmospheric resistance, which
made an alteration of two miles per hour. In a speed of
thirty miles per hour there were, in one experiment, twenty-
one tons of traction.
Mr. ROBERTS explained a contrivance which he had for-
merly made for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of
friction. He had found that a trifling diminution of fric-
tion took place when the speed was much increased. Mr.
Roberts mentioned a curious circumstance which occurred
to him once on the Liverpool and Manchester railroad. It
was blowing a hurricane, and the wind was almost parallel
• with the railroad, in the direction of Manchester. He was
directed to take an engine and follow a train which it was
feared would not be able to contend with the violent wind
that was blowing. He-did so, and on his return he found
that the wind, which was blowing about 80 miles an hour,
was sufficient to carry them along without the smallest as-
sistance from steam. In this manner they went at such a
speed as completely to neutralize the effect of the hurricane.
Sometimes they had a puff of air in their faces, and some-
times they felt a slight effect from the wind at their back,
but generally the effect was that of a calm still air. He
would mention another matter illustrative of the effect of
the air. At one time of his life -he used to amuse himself
by making spinning tops. He had made a top which spun
for 42 minutes. A friend requested him to make a top
for him, and with this top he took particular pains, and to
make it look more handsome he put on it a thin coat of the
finest lacquer. He found that it would not spin more than
17 minutes. Ile removed the lacquer and the top then
spun 37 minutes. From this he was of opinion that lac-
quer should not be put on clock pendulums.
Mr. HARDMAN EARLE mentioned several' experiments
which had taken place on the railway with the same en-
gines, but with different results. From this he was of
opinion that such a table as that produced by Dr. Lardnet
could not be correct nor give any correct notion of the
average amount of friction. He hoped something better
would soon be produced.
A paper was read on a new safety-lamp, invented by Mr.
Luthead.

Dr. CLANNING read a paper on a new telegraph, which
he alleged lie had invented. Ile proposed to have a circu-
lar face, with the letters of the alphabet surrounding the
margin. An index, which revolved from the centre,
pointed to the letters, and it was proposed that the words
should thus be spelled.
Lieut. MoatsoN said, so far as the simple principle of
working with a single arm was concerned, the telegraph
was good. But the system of spelling words was the
worst that had ever been conceived, from its tedious and
confined nature. Seven years ago be had invented a
telegraph with a single arm' but instead of letters he had
used figures, whereby some millions of sentences might be
conveyed.

I A Paper from Mr. CURTIS, on a new mode of making
suspension bridges, was read.
Mr. I-lAwKINs produced an ingenious contrivance for
measuring the focal power of spectacles.
The section adjourned at three o'clock.
SATURDAY,
Several geological excursions took place to the salt mines
at Northwich, the coal mines at Wortley, and to inspect
the remains of the great submarine forest at Leasowes, on
the opposite shore, although the day was very unpropitious
for each, the rain commencing early in the morning and
continuing throughout the day. .
This evening the general meeting was held at the Amphi-
theatre for the transaction of the concluding business, and
returning thanks to the various public bodies who had pro-
vided such distinguished reception and valuable accommo-
dation for the different sections.
The proceedings were commenced by the Earl of Bur-
lington, who, on account of the munificence displayed by Sir
John Tobin en the former occasion of meeting, presented
him in the name of the Association with en elegantly hound
copy of its transactions. Amongst other marks of distinc-
tion paid by the foreigners present, he also referred to a
bust of Miceenas, sent over by Professor Munn, which would
remain in the Town•hall as a testimony of the visit of the
Astlociation.
Votes of thanks to the Mayor and Corpor;itinu, to the
Manager of the Royal institution, the Ttnstees of the Sav-
ings Bank, the Medical Council; the Managers of the Bo-
tanic Gardens, and the Academy of Painting, were pro-
posed, and seconded by the Marquis of Northampton, Sir
P. G. Egerton, Professor Whewell, Rev. Dr. Carpenter,
lion. Stewart Wortley, Professor Sedgwick, Lord Sander),
Colonel Sykes, Dr, Roget, Captain James Ross, Lord
Nugent, Professor Phillips, &c., which were severally re-
sponded to by the Mayor and Managers of the several in-
stitutions.
Mr. JOHN TAYLOR, the General Treasurer, announced
the number of members belorging to the Association at
Livoroool was 1,840, whilst at Bristol it was 1,30.5, giving
a majority in favour of the former of 535, for which they
were principally indebted to the exertions of the local trea-
surer, Samuel Turner, Esq.
Tile Noble PRESIDENT' then declared the meeting ad.
journed to Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the month gr August,

By a letter from Ceylon the following melancholy
account has been detailed, viz. :—At Trincomalee, three
otßcerz belonging to the el st Regiment, with six natives,
were upset in a boat during k squall ; all have perished
except one native, who was several hours in the water.
The officers' names are Lieut. Shaw and Lieut. Harkness,
both married with children ; and Ensign Walker, single.
HERRING FISIIERY.—The herring fishery is over
for a season. The average at Aberdeen has not increased
above the statement. we gave last week, but it is admitted
on all sides that next season will materially advance the
number of boats. The curers are particularly sanguine on
this head. Wick averages 100 trans. This is less than
was expected, but still it is a fair fishing, when we consider
the number of boats at that station. From a careful ana-
lysis of the number of trans caught at all the different
ports, we find that the fishing, upon the whole, is a trifle
below an average one. This may save the curers from a
heavy loss, but the prices will not remunerate them to the
extent which their risk involves. At Wick some sales
have been made at 18s., ltut we are now inclined to think
that they will be fully above that amount. The bad wea-, ther, which interrupted the fishing on this side during od
last week of August, has led to this result.—.4o4;deen
Herald,

THE ROYAL STUD.

Sir nitrics Buicirtt.has eaugeei to be published a letter
addre.tsed to Lord Melhobrbii relati've td the 12y aue,-
;ion df thK itty,t stud. Sir Francis strongly depre.cates
the measure. The following extracts from his letter will
suffice to explain the oeininno he holds on the subject tj
" Ships and hisnS; the dito fuhninit tclii, Used be the
pride and glory of Englithilietik the' are the bul*arks of
national safetki and inStrtlMenis of national renown, and the
perfection to which we brought, and the skill with which we
used them, has long been the admiration of the world, and
our supremacy therein honourably characteristie of our
country." ; t k
" The Loyal stud is a truly toyal appendage to the Crown,
ind to tbaintain it a primary public ob;cet ; and, seeing
the Iwge RIMS foreigners are willing to give for our b,st,
horse, it i the only securiti for sonic of the wry best being
Prc!'ervol. ctlionght It;, and of their being, as they ought to
be, pr; 2A above all price, If it is unfit that under ti Queen
interests of such poblitt Importance should be disregarded,
it follows that it is unfit that a Queen should wear the
crown, and not that the Royal stud should he sold.
" The remonstrance put forth by the Jockey Club of
England will have, I hope, its due weight with your Lord-
, ship ; anyhow they will have done honour to themselves,
and have evinced to the world that Englishmen, even in
their sports, do not forget their country, and in case Go-
vernment refuses to interfere, the gentlemen and noblemen
of England will, I trust, step forward upon this occasion,
and become themselves the purchasers of the royal stud,
and by vesting it in the Crown confer a lasting benefit on
the country. . • . .

" I will only add one more observation on the subject of
this address, that I am satisfied that our late benevolent
and patriotic Sovereign, William IV., would have sooner
chopped off his right arm than have affixed his signature to
so poor-spirited, low-minded, and anti-national a project,
albeit, that his Majesty, being bred a sailor, knew more
about ships than horses, in which he took little pleasure.
Still, upon public grounds, and with true English feeling,
which guided every act of his reign, he cherished and en-
couraged the establishment of the royal stud, and I have
reason to believe, and have indeed no doubt of the fact,
that a short time before his lamented end, he confessed his
deep regret at not being well enough, considering the pro-
vision he was called upon, and it was his indispensable duty
to make for those he left behind him, to make a present to
the nation of the royal stud, at the same time expressing
his anxious hope that it should not be abandoned : thus
thought and felt William IV., and thus will, I have no
doubt, the people of England."