The Sun.
London, England, 1863-10-19 00:00:00

THERMOMETER.

This day at Two o'clock .. 59
Barometer-30.05.
Wind—South-West; moderate, and cloudy.

44.4,

LONDON, MONDAY, OCT. 19, 1863.

During this long vacation it can hardly be said
that there has been any lack whatever of exciting
and interesting topics, whether for casual conver-
sation or for more deliberate comment under the
hand of the journalist. T:-.‘e two sanguinary civil
wars so long desolating important portions of the
old world and of the new—eastwards in Poland,
westwards in North America—have all this while
been continued more:or less fiercely and uninter-
ruptedly between the respective belligerents.
Another still farther away, yonder in the far East,
in the remote archipelago of the Japanese, has
become, during the last few months, more and more
visibly a thing inevitable. Within the last few
weeks we have learnt, through the latest tidings
from Mexico, that the contest there at any
rate has, ostensibly at least, been brought to
a close. Though, while hearing this satisfac-
tory account, there are probably but very few,
indeed, amongst ns who would be half disposed
to place implicit reliance upon it—looking rather
to the probabilities of a stormy future there in
Mexico as the all but unavoidable sequel of
Marshal Fonev's victories. And this—whether
the new crown and sceptre be actually assumed
or eventually declined by the Archduke, now the
Emperor Elect of Mexico, MAXIMILIAN. -Within
the last few days only, come lamentable tidings to
us from our antipodes, to the effect that a new war
with the Maories—another of those little wars that
the old Duke of WELLINGTON so wisely bore in
such very peculiar abhorrence—has actually begun,
must perforce be resolutely persisted in, and, as
promptly as may be in any way practicable, carried
to a
close, in New Zealand. Meanwhile the Diplo•
m acy of Great Britain has been busily at work in
various other directions. A. policy of the most
incongrueus character being carried out, upon the
most contradictory and confusing system, by the
noble Earl at the }lead of the Foreign
Department.
As a Reformer, as a Parliamentary Reformer, we
might almost say so far as pretension goes, as
the Parliamentary Reformer, Lord RUSSELL for a
second time in his career has made good his claim
to the prefix of Finality, this time by emblazoning
upon his battered shield of statesmanship the meek
1, F
device—" Rest and Be T
For the utter-
ance of which same comfortable recommendation—
comfortable to a man in power, though not by any
any
weans comfortable or comforting to the aspiring
and ambitious people who put him
there,
who were deluded into so doing by
people
g
the " dodge" of his specious Resolutions—
for the utterance, we say, of try comfortable
hat (for him,
may be, though not for others) very
recommendation, Earl RUSSELL may be quite cer-
tain that he himself will be allowed very little rest
indeed, and that the people themselves will be any-
thing but thankful. Drowsed thus by the mere
soporific influences of place and its perquisites into
profound inaction as a Reformer, Lord RUSSELL
has for months past been busier than ever, if that
be possible, as a diplomatist. And his activity in
this way in the energetic conduct of the affairs of
hie Department, possesses at any rate the charm
belonging to that quality which is proverbially
declared to be so peculiarly pleasing—to
wit, variety. Never before, perhaps, has
there been such diversity of method simultane-
"sl3, displayed in dealings With snveral
distinct powers on the part of an
Secretary. To describe, the
tone, so to speak
in his ever of the policy of Eeri RUSSELL,
profoundly responsible position as
Foreign Secretary,
to the so-called 4ea,ats of late alternately truckling
Powers, and truculent tows-,:ds
the quasi Wpakr'
uee, would hardly be any esegge-
ration at all as expressive
latterly become quite of a contrast that has
flagrantdnnbt and notorious. In a
correspondence of no
perfect lucidity and
exceeding ingenuity, the noble
lordcan adroitly
contrive, it is true, to lengthen
out a series of futile,
and therefore to the particular
nationality
happens to be the sufferer, of b which
been taking
place, that is to say, between the Government of
England and the Government of Russia in re-
spect to Poland, at the very time that the Polish
provinces of the Dan are being desolated by
his pitiless troopers and their attendant hang
men and wielders of the knout. In Italy the con-

fusion is, moreover, likely to become worse con-
founded, by the same noble earl's faithful regard
to hi E; own family interests—the only thing effected
since! Parliament was prorogued in August being—to
what end ! Simply the substitution of an ELLIOT
for a, HUDSON as Ambassador at the Court of Turin. '
Ia r 3ference to Schleswig-Holstein—it can hardly, I
be, as yet obliterated from the least retent,,ve
memory here in England how, in abrupt violat',on of
what had been previously, until then, as is., might
almost be called the traditional policy of ou ,r rulers in
regard to that particular European diffi.ealty, Lord
RUSSELL addressed a most haughty and arrogant
despatch, in the interests of Germany, to the Danish
Government—and this at the eery time when
the Danes and the English. were brought
into more
of H. R. H. the Prince thanevte r in ; ima tor alliance
of WALES nce bythLeEhs appy
marriage and
H. R. H. the Princess ALEXANDRA. Strangest
contrast of all, however, among these contradictory
manifestations on the part of Earl RUSSELL'S diplo-
macy—the most startling and painful of all these
violent and glaring contrasts—there is on the one
hand the obstinate haughtiness displayed, under very
questionable circumstances, towards the Government
of Brazil, and there is, on the other hand, the
weak and timorous concession under yet more
questionable circumstances (in another sense) to
those unnatural revilers of England and the Eng-
lish, the Federals of North America, and their bung-
ling rulers at Washington. If only in remembrance
of these two widely contrasting displays of his policy
as a Diplomatist—the rupture with Brazil, and th 3
seizure of the steam rams at Liverpool—
if only in remembrance of those two in-
cidents, and always of the noble lord's histo-
rical " dodge" in regard to those well-known
Resolutions of his which brought about the last
change in the British Government—Earl RUSSELL,
we repeat, may be quite certain of this, that come
what may, England, whatever else she may do in
regard to himself and his colleagues, will not Rest,
will not be Thankful.

The proverb that " no news is good news" is
often true of public affairs as well as of private life.
The ordinary peaceful progress of a State supplies
no startling intelligence, no communications of deep
and thrilling interest. It is in times of warfare
and struggle, of revolution and internal convulsion,
that every incident has weight, every trivial par-
ticular rises into importance. In such seasons the
ordinary pursuits and interests of peaceful days
sink into insignificance, as the histories of former
times are for the most part too busy with the nar-
ratives of foreign and domestic conflicts, to have
much space to spare for any account of the condition
of the people. It is, therefore, a very favourable
sign when we receive no more exciting intelligence
from our Indian possessions than assurance of the
increasing importance of the tea trade and matters
of local intelligence. Tho year has been one of
extreme political dullness, but such years often play
a more important part in the internal development
of a country than the stormy and troubled seasons
which fill a more prominent place in its annals.
The rapid extension of the tea trade, which has
been especially noticeable in the past twelve months,
cannot be considered by the political economist as a
matter of insignificance. A large and valuable
trade has been lately developing itself in India,
which promises to give a stimulus to exertion, an
employment to; the people, a safe investment to
capital, and an important addition to the resources
of the nation. The most desponding financiers can
hardly despair of the future of India with such
statistics before them as those recently compiled
on the subject of the tea trade, and it is difficult to
exaggerate the importance of its rapid and pro-
sperous growth as a means of encouraging specula-
tors to invest their capital in the cultivation of
Indian lands. Assam has long been known as a
tea producing country from the indigenous
plant that bears its name, which some
persons esteem very highly. It is only lately,
however, that any great extension of the area of
cultivation has been attempted. In accordance
with the stand-still policy which usually presided in
Leadenhall-street, thousands of acres were left waste,
while a very little reflection might have told the
authorities that, if tea was native in Assam, it was
worth making the experiment of growing it in
Hindostan. Districts, which subsequent experi-
ence have shown to be admirably fitted for tea
plantations, were esteemed so valueless by our wise
predecessors, that, after the conclusion of the Ne-
paulese war, some trouble was taken to find out the
heirs of the former possessors. In Kumaon and
Gurwhal, which border on the Nepaulese frontier,
and lie to the north of Rohilcund, are 19,000 square
miles, which are at present yielding the absurdly
inadequate sum of £20,000 per annum to the State
—little more than a pound a year for every square
mile from provinces, part of which, according to
Dr. JAMESON, " is destined to become one of the
great centres of the tea cultivation in the Hima-
layas." This gentleman, Superintendent of the
Botanical Gardens at Seharnupore, on the border of
the Punjaub, has been the chief promoter of the
Government experiments. He presided over the
first plantations in the North-East, and has subse-
quently been very instrumental in extending the
tea cultivation, by distributing seed free of charge,
and supplying trained Chinese and Indian work-
men. The success of the Government plantations
in the Punjaub and North-West has been very
great, but not more so than that attending private
experiments. Tea bids fair to become the staple
product of India, and the Chinese are likely to find
their neighbours very dangerous rivals before long.
In the Punjaub alone, partial as is the cultivation,
there are 9,518 acres of tea plantations, which,
when they are all brought under cultivation, it is
calculated will yield 2,453,400 lbs. In the Punjaub a
smaller system of trade prevails than elsewhere in
the cultivators and thegContosuma
tion of tea in Unaritsur alone is
India, the natives beie
andithis
Effortsaeacross
result
Ba sr
pe the
51ing made,
egreatr consumers,
said.
to T
bh ee extent,lcoo,
no s 0
consump-
tion bothbp s:
a carryview,
t h
to
:: .
trade however, to
hundred packages of samples which he intends
j Thibet frontier, and with
AIdESON has made up a
as presents to the wanderingifthis
merchants who bring
wool from Thibet.
ot of employment
me
and a market is opened for n
tbeea sinueCceesnstfruall
ecktiltivators in that quarter.
natives
~.,.there .
profit
tbefonrothlae
for the
One of the chief natives in this neighbourhood
capable of
teighbourhood
consequently he is ex
lbs. from his valley alone-.
hes 5,000 acres of land, each
gto
e3xoOpolrbtsl.,soofo,toeoao,
This native has his own factory, and competes with
iy)eiecitdeidn
the English settlers in every particular, so that if
his example be followed the tea trade is likely to
y b diverting the minds of the
do us double service
native chiefs from disaffection and rebellion into
the safer and more Profitable spheres of action
_
peace and stable government for
which depend on
their success. In the north-western provinces the
Iromising. The extensive
tea prospects are equally P
valley of Dehra Doou will, 11 according to Dr. JAME-
soN's anticipations, be, in a few years, a sheet of
tea plants. In this part there are twenty owners
besides Government, of whom seven are natives.
The province of Gurwhal, on the Himalaya slopes,
if {4IIY cultivated, would, according to the report,
I "not only supply the whole of the igdiau market,

5e
asr6i
nage acres
co
tf
i
it sold, recr..mtly, for ten t
but that of Europe also withhoteues.alidAppoluannatsa.tion in
The
plantations, and f each north-western provinchesa
ac
acre noef thhaev tee a 3-813,
were cultivated from the hills of the Punjaub to the
harder of NePauli and yielded 100 lbs. per
acre, which we have seen is far below what
may be expected, the total produce would be
according to Dr. JAMESON'S estimate, 930,000,000
lbs. annually, or as much as the export of all China.
The facilities for the tea culture are even greater on
the eastern slopes of the Himalayas, where the in-
digenous plant grows abundantly. Darjeeling,
which has been known as a tea-bearing district for
the last two years, lies almost directly north of
Calcutta, and only needs the further extension of
the railway to develope its trade still more fully.
Cachar, in the same direction, produced 500,000ibs.
of tea from 31 plantations in one year, according to
the official repot t two years ago. We may, there-
fore, conclude that that amount has very consider-
ably increased since then. In the matter of export
to England, Assam is the most favoured, having a
direct water communication with Calcutta by means
of the Brahmapootra. With such facts before them,
however, we can hardly doubt that even the Indian
Government will press forward the extension of the
means of internal communication. With the excep-
tion of Sir CHARLES WOOD'S obstinate adhesion to
the old system of land tax and waste land regula-
tions, the authorities have hitherto shown every
desire to encourage the cultivation of tea. The
surprising success which has attended all such enter-
prises must serve to encourage the most hesitating
and dubious observer, although it is true the success
of the Godavery water works has not been able to
stimulate the ruling powers to further action. It
is difficult to overrate the value to India in every
way of such an important addition to her exports,
and we can only hope that every possible facility
and encouragement will be given to the cultivator
and the merchant.

The reception which Colonel LAMAR met with at
the Chertsey Agricultural Society goes far to con-
tradict the assertions made by some relative to the
state of feeling in this country on American
affairs. Almost the whole company rose to drink
the toast, which included the Colonel's name among
the visitors present at the entertainment. Through-
out the course of his remarks he was loudly cheered,
and altogether his reception was a most enthusiastic
one. Some points referred to in this discourse are
worthy of notice, and it is especially satisfactory to
meet with some authentic representation of events,
after the confused and conflicting statements
which
have appeared from those who are only half"
informed of the facts they attempt to explain. The
Colonel commenced by appropriately alluding to
the cordial reception he had met with, and declared
that it was the more gratifying to him because it
had been awarded by farmers. The reason for this
he explained, by stating that he came from a
country of farmers. A Man never speaks to greater
advantage than when he is defending
his country
from attack, or celebrating its merits, as the case
may be. Thus these earnest words seem a fitting
introduction to a speech which was designed
expressly to set forward the rights of the Seces-
sionists and expose the frauds and fallacies of their
as they had
opponents. " His country was not,
been told, one of indolent, dissolute, and wealthy
planters; but of independent, intelligent freemen,
nearly one-half of them owning the land
which they cultivated, and nearly all
of them seeing in each
up-turned sod of their
fallow-ground, that which was more precious to
them than the gold of California, the sparkle of in-
dependence, and of personal liberty." There is
much truth in this asseveration, whatever aspersions
may be cast upon its veracity by indignant dis-
claimers. It is the spirit of self-reliance and the
real love of independence which have sustained the
Confederates in their unequal struggle, and im-
parted to their thinned ranks and decaying
strength
an ever-springing endurance, and a vitality that
Had the in.
gave courage to meet the emergency.
habitants of the South been such recreants, or such
tame-spirited and ruthless tyrants as they had been
described to us in many places, as they
figured in
historical sketches, and gloomed darkly in the
pages of narratives, they never could have achieved
half of their heroic efforts, or any of their hard-
fought encounters. It is somewhat curious to
notice that in exact proportion as the Southerners
have gained upon general attention and admiration
their adversaries have deteriorated. The fact is,
that the Northerners were taken upon trust, as it
were, before the outbreak of this trying and exposi-
tory conflict. 'Without too closely scanning, or too
minutely particularising the shades of character
and distinctions of feeling, people in general seemed
to fancy that their boastful assertions and bragging
professions were connected in some way with the
will to do, and the power to bear, when
it came to the point. Experience has shown
far otherwise, and many of the skirmishes,
engagements, and rencontres that have been
chronicled in the annals of the war, have robbed
self-complacency of its triumph, and exposed the
deceptive character of vaunted freemen. Colcnel
LAMAR very forcibly pourtrayed the glaring incon-
sistencies that were apparent in the Governmeat of
Washington. He said that none of the great but.
warks of English liberty were to be found in the
Northern States. Certainly there are good grounds
tor this remark, when we note the instances brought
forward of some official arrangements, which are
more closely assimilated with despotic sway and
tyrannical interference than with any attempt at
freedom, however insufficient may be its outline
and limited its scope. The Secretary of State had
boasted that he was able, by touching a bell on his
right hand, to imprison a citizen in the distant
State of Michigan, and also, that by touching
another bell on his left band, he could imprison a
citizen. in New Hampshire or Maine. Well might
the speaker exclaim, after recapitulating these
anomalies, that freedom was not the object sought
after by the United States Government. 4. A grim
despotism glared over the land, liberty stood naked
and defenceless, cowering before it. Spies, police
officers, and provost-marshals were the ministers of
the Government." This is a stern and sombre pic-
ture to draw of the model Republic of the Western
world. We wonder what Mr. BRIGHT would say
to such a treasonable declaration concerning his
idolised States, which were to have furnished us with
a copy of social advantages a few years back, and of
whose virtues and merits he seemed ready to
discourse the livelong day. Putting aside
ub
the vexed question of the right of seers-
8i
ya nt thaegme
themselves,
e l
voefe ,
takingabolition,
ar e v
iandew
fudging lld
the F the
edera advantages
of their proceedings in the civil war, it is an
undisputed fact that they have proved faithless
to their professions of freedom, and that their
Ishole
conduct, as a people, and
a prostitution
or
the lien of the principles, and
gross viola
and unst
career as a State,
have been a
the Potomac
name of that liberty
it was once their proudest
people there.
boast that they wmhaiienh-
Pe 1 nge
given
ebne foorf e t thhee
sntaatteionosf
tained immaculate
prevailedT the perfect order
genlents, coupled
of the world.
the The gl:m
things across
soltfaneity that certainly redounded to
it
131 ige
oc rf editspo
ere.
reigned in the internal Arran he general feel-
that