The Sun.
London, England, 1830-12-28 00:00:00

NING, DECEIVII3Iqt -28, 1830.

a question, therefore, which comes hotne to the
business and thd beam of every man in St. An.
Icerw's, of every man in the country, of every
:min in the kiegdom ; and which, according as it is
well and wisely settled or otherwise will pass on, for
weal or for woe, from the present times and the
living race of men to 'generations unborn. The de-
fects and vices of our representative system are not,
on alt hands admitted. 'The• very strongholds and
citadels of the cies° system—the high places of cor-
ruption—are banging :out the white flag of ter-
rendry : with the exception of a few, which, under
old and approved commanders, still keep on the
;defensive, they have, one after another, opened their
gates to the force of public opinion (which, after all,
is the greatest of conquerors). If, with the vices of
is contracted oligarchy, (I mean contracted in re-
spect of, numbers), and of self-election, and
of consequent political monopoly, the represen-
tative system of Scotland works well, then sure
I that without these vices it would work
better. This failing, we are 'next met with
an argument addressed to, our fears; anti I know
not what phantoms, chimeras, and gorgeous dire are
conjured up to frighten us out of our propriety, and
to intimidate the weak and nervous from emettain-
ieg the bare thought of just and rational Reform.
The pale spectre of revolution Foulke Through the
land, with Lk. halter in one band and a bloody dagger
in the other: and we cannot forsooth have the close
burghs of Scotland opened up, but lo! and behold
the throne is subverted, the church is overthrows',
and the glorious institutions of our country are
levelled with the dust.—(Hear.)—tsir, this is an
argument not against improvement surely, not against
Reform, but against a spirit of wild, intemperate,
and levelling change.—(Hear.)—lt is just a new
edition of the doctrine of the Vatican, Nvho would
not correct the errors and Reform the corruptions
of the church, lest it should bring
.on the downfall of
their haughty hierarchy. It is just the blind and
wretched policy of .the weak and infatuated Princes
of the house of Stuart' who, not having wisdom to
discern the signs of the times, would not concede
one jot of their prerogative, lest it should pave
the itvuy for the destruction of the monarchy;
which nothing but their own perverse obstinacy
could have accomplished. Why,. Sir, these ex-
amples, and I know not how many other which might
be ci:ed from history, convince me that the danger
lies, not in granting ,but in refusing the reform of
abuses, whether these exist in the church or in the
state. Yes I the danger, and the great and immi-
nent danger lies in permitting abuses to exist, and
to "multiply and uccumulate till the body politic be-
comes -throughout one mass of disease and corny-
don ; and vexed society at length, when nil other
remedy.is useless, rises up and gets rid of the pest,
by dooming it to instant and just destruction. That,
Sir, is the dattger ; and there is no other way of
avoiding it than by granting
.Reform wherever and
whenever a just occasion for it arises.
Sir, the cry is, uphold the venerable institutions
of the couwry. 1 take up, I repeat, I reiterate the
cry; by all means preserve and perpetuate time Con-
stitution; and in order to do so, remote the rust
which time has gathered around it; repair the
damage which the wear and tear of centuries has
left even on its massy bulwarks ; reform the abuses
which the slow and insidious encroachments of cor-
ruption has introduced into its noble economy. We
have heard much in the praise of conservative pin-
ciples ; and as applied to what is sound and valuable
in the Constitutiou, they cannot be too much esteemed,
or too highly extolled. But it was reserved for the
out-and-out advocates of things as they ate, to hit on
the happy discovery that defects of every kind, that
vices of every degree, are to be ranked in the number
of Conservative principles. Sir, in the name of
common seneeivonservutive of what ? Of abuses,
—that the people doubtless, may be happy and cot:-
tented;---of corruption, that the administration of
the Government may of course be sound and healthy;
--:sof self-election, and sham representation, and a
monopoly of political power, that private morels I
suppose, may flourish under the shade of public and
political prolliguoy.—(llear, hear.) But, Sir, we
are admonished, it seems, that seeing the Govern-
ment has, ofits own accord, taken up the question of
Reform, it is now unseasonable and unnecessary to
petition on the. subject. As I can hardly bring my-
self to believe that our kind monitors are in eat nest
when they tender us this counsel, I think I may
dismiss it in two words. Briefly then I may reply,
we chuse to petition, because—murk the why and
the wherefore,—because there are enemies to Re-
form, enemies beat within and without Parliament,
who would not fail to take advantuge of the silence
of the people, end misrepresent them, for so they
have already done, as being hidifferent and luke-
warm on the subject of Parliamentary Reform. Nay,
I know not, such is the hardihood of asset tines which
it is possible in certain cares, to arrive to, but some
/lon. Member might he found, who would rise up in
his place, and infer from the absence of petitions,
that the people of Scotland were even howilo to
any change of the present representative system.—
(Laughter.) happily that delusion is now ut an
end—the breath of the people has scattered it.
Yes I Sir, the people of Scotland have at length
ripen in the calm attitude of reason, and, with a con-
cord and unanimity unparalleled, have declared
against abuses, to which they have too long and
too patiently submitted ; and at this moment their
solemn declaration is echoing from one end of the
island to the other. Sir, I rejoice to think that
already it resounds within the walls of Parliament,
penetrates into the sanctuary of the Palace, and finds
theme a kindly response in the breast and in the
sentiments of our ?mttriotic King,—(flear, hear,
much applause.) Ihe resolution a high I have now
the honour to move, points at tte- existence of de-
fects tu.d abuses in the representation of Scotland—
defects and abuses which seem to be on all hands
admitted. I have no doubt, therefore, that it will
meet, with the cordial and unanimous acceptance of
this mecting.

Mr. ALEX THOMSON seconded the resolution.

Dr. GILLESPIE, in proposing the next resolution,
said, in the common and ordinary intercourse of So-
duty, Mr. Preses, 1 have had repeated and favour-
able opportunities of bearing the objections which
our political opponent, advance against Pat liainentary
Reform, and l find that the most prominent, and, as
they deem, the most unanswerable of them all, is
contained in the word change. They are averse to
change in general, and to any change in our county
and burgh system or representation in particular;
and in illustration of the soundness of this position
many old saws are quoted, such as " we ken wed
how we are, we dinna ken how we may be" and
1' I was well, I wished to be better,—here I lie,"
&c. Now, Sir, here 1 mean to take them up by
showing, that indeed they lie (I crave their and
your pardon, Sir) under a mistake. There is un-
doubtedly a natural and a salutary Aversion in the
mind of mini, and of Britons in pariieultir, to any
ewhlaienegtedoin
sotlidotHitreittin.ietliiirt :readily isnlilourtiintti°ontte rrUrthoenctahret
highway, than (Les the mind of man tend to travel
in that path over which it has lire accustomed to
pas`; but whilst I fee and admit the prevalence Mid
influence of this prineiple in general, I um somewhat
surprised at its extreme influence in the old city of
St. Andrew's in prticular.- This is the very tint
Meeting, 1 lielitee , OIL • ,-11 his been culed, in the
memory of Mani to petition for change or reform,
whilst almost froutevery petty kild thulium ov:r
broadScotlanti,liefOrm petitions have been makinit.
their way to the tablo oft heCommonst ilonse of Parlia-

PRICE 7D.

meet, The human frame, physicians inform us,' when
in a healthy state, is, ever undergoing change, and, in
the course of ten years, is completely altered from
fail to nail, from head to toe. Now the British
Constitution has been, and is, constructed and con.
st4uted upon precisely the same plan from century
to century, frond age to age, nay, from year to year,
jrom session tryttession. It has been continually
ndergoing chantes—it is nothing but a bundle of
Aattges it is like the man's stockings which were
so often darned, that scarcely a thread of the origi-
oul cloth remained visible.—(flear and laughter.)—
;And in illustration, as well as in confirmation of this
fact, we appeal to history. What was Runnamede.
upon which plain C have stooped to veneration, and
embraced the soil ? What were Runnametle and

,Vlagna Chute, but a momentous, a glorious change
!spun the Men existingConstitittiOn! What was the re-
volution in 1688, when William the Third, under the
voice: of the people, mounted the, throne of these
lands, but a fundamental change in Me Men exist-
ing Constitution. What was the Union of Scot-
land with England—the full effects and advantages
of which, though foreseen, were not felt for. fifty
years after the event—but a change
,of a similar
character. And what was the more recent emans
eipation, of the Catholics.--But bete I fear
that I am trending upon embers that are yet hot,
and will require at least twenty years to cool.
Passing over the Cattiolles then, what, I ask, was
the repeal of the infamous and sacrilegious Test Act,
but a ehange„ and a most hallowed and hallowing
change on the Constitution of Great Britain ? I
Might 'aniline and amplify illustrations of this posi-
tion to any length, but sufficient has been adduced
to prove that the Constitution, for whose unchang-
ing character so many stickle, is really and essen-
tially changeable The bark of the sapling does
not more naturally extend with the extending and
swelling tree—the skin of the child does not more
naturally adjust itself to the limb and frame of the
'nun—thati does the Constitution of Britain shape
and expand over varying and extending exigencies
from age to age, and front year to year. It is be-
cauie other nations, in regard to their government,
are bide-bound; because the bark and the skin will
not change and expand with the demand for expan-
sion, that the frame-work of their constitutions are
burst and rent asunder.--(Hear,) It is because
there is not a sufficient safety valve of constitutional
change in their original constitution, ;het the ma-
chines
of continental government have so frequently
and are evea now giving way, and are in danger of
scattering the fragments of explosiou over surround-
ing kingdoms.--(Bear, turd applause.) On the
other hand, heating the resistance of salutary change
read sin in,tunetive lesson to our opponents? What
cost the (if chades his life, and the second James
Isis kingdom, but such resistance? What has
brought Glories the Tenth to crack jests with fish-
wives in the Canongute ?—( Laughter.) And what,
its short, ls'as tripped up the heids of one of the most
powerful and efficient Ministers which the King
ever eolieted in his service, and set him to.cut his
nails in the Muse of Lords, but the same ill-timed
and ill-judged resistance? When, Mr. Proses, will
the principal and the great ones of the earth" be
wise, be taught ?" Oh, but, say our opponents,
renting that some little change were necessary, and
that simile few things might perhaps be mended, this
is not the time for it—take care—wait a little, and
watch, and embrace a more convenient season. And
when, I would ask, will that more convenient season
arrive? It will be when the innkeeper, who placed
over his door-%vay, " Pay to-stay,' and good ale here
to-snotrew for nothing,"—when he shall admit that
" in-morrow" has ,errived.—(Hear, and laughter.)
We say bolas, and fearlessly,t his is the very season,
and these are the very circumstences under which
any solitary Reform can be effected.
.Hove we not
u petitioning population from land's end to land's
end ? Have we not a willing end even a leading
Ministry in this great work ? and above and beyond
all, have we not a William the Fourth?---(God
bliss him !)--second only in time to the third of
that illustrious innd liberty-hallowed name, who, with
n hind heart in his bosom, anti a broom in his hand,
is prepared, and if prepared, assuredly enabled, to
make (leafier walls in St. St ephen's,then have been
for centuries buck.—(Laughter, and applause.) The
waters are indeed troubled, but it is an angel which
bath descended to trouble them.: The ice of the
Baltic has been broken up at last, and the roar of
its rending is now in our eurs.—(lleur,) The war
of!" public opinion,' SO prophetically referred to
by our great statesman Canning, has et last arrived,
and woe be to hat Ministry or that Prince who en-
gages in combat a ith such a foe. Oh, but, add our
anti-reformists, grunting that this were the proper
time for some little alterations, we are not the per-
sons culled upon to effect it. The Ministry have
pledged themselves to the measure, and it would be
unpolite and somewhat officious in us to cumber
them with help. Very good, indeed ! excellent,
admirable reasoning, all worthy of placemen and
pensioners. Titus reasoned and acted some cautious
politicians according to history, during the earlier
ages of the Christian church. They refused to take
any part in the conversion of the heathen, on the
ground that Providence had pledged himself to their
conversion, and was undoubtedly competent to the
fulfilment of his promise. Why, both Providence
and the Ministry, if I may be permitted, without
,
impropriety, to institute the assimilation, work, and
may do :or can work, as things are constituted, by
the use of means. The voice of the people has
placed the friends of Reform in the Ministry, and
the same voice loudly and widely reified can alone
preserve them there till the great work be aerom-
plished.—(lleur.) If you desert them now, and
slence, you know well, s desertion, you are traitors
—traitors not only to your cause, to yourselves, but
degraded end disgratteful traitors to these men who,
under promise of support, you decoyed into office,
merely, it would thus seem, with the view of seeing
them kicked out again. Ina word, we have tact to
c,miliat the Hydra corruption-rthat old and avowed
system of 'maid patronage its particular—" the
keeping, namely, (in the language of our fish-wives)
of our nits fishsguts to our ain sea-maws," which
hiss di lanced rand degraded so many Administra-
tions.—(llear and laughter.) And our cause will
prosper. I remember seeing an oh.l !miming at an
early period of my life ie an ale-house, which struck
me at the time. There was the Devil, and the
Pope, and a Cardinel—a noble triumvirate... Jose
round it candle, tvtiele though they were twisting
their mouths into various and fantastic shapes to
ext ituguish, still blazed amid flickered the more : over
the heads of these Mrectonse was iliscribed these
words, which threw light on the whole subject,
"The candle of reformation is lighted, and we can-
not blow it out."---(hear, and laughter.) In the
stone words I declare my firm belief, that the candle
which is now lighted in these lands will never again,
ba extinguished, Neither Devil,- Pepe, nor Carlisle!
—neither aristoeret, pensioner, nor beroughnionger—
neit her Council-man, Deacon, nor Dears of Guild, will
ever, be able to extinguish it, When the cup is feel,
it is well known that one additionel drop will mike
it run over. And though St, Aedrew s has only
corny in at the eleventh hour, sho-may in fart con
stitute that very drop which nets, turn the scale in
favour of constitution,il-duege or reformation, what
a proud attitude for her, to potent —for her, with
her centuries on her brow, aid her eolleges in her
hand—with her mallow. on the sea, and the oilier
on the hand, proe!diming olond " that corruption
Omit be no itiore."—(Preat upplituse.)
The Rey. Mr. ArrlifN rase wide great pleasure to.

_ .
r 4--1
second the resit; ion. ifit WOW not by any Fri-
Anged observations of -his-runs the hazard of lessen-
ing theeeffetlf of the eloquence with which'it he meet-
ing bad been gratified. Dot !ter' could not let tic
opportunity pass of noticing one eirtomsomee wisAs
he had learned Since be eame into the room : he
had heard that Mr. Jeffrey, the Lord Ativneate ulf
Scotland, had offered himself:us Leandidu,e o rs's
present these burghs in Parhemenr; there ‘cos, her
wus sorry to say it, but little prospect of that CM .
neat and accomplished person'a 'tieceures4 no, (lid
not this afford one of the strongest proofs imago i'•
able of the corrupt state Of the Scottish elec:
system ? for if the people themselves had s lie Oo,,Ver
of choosing their representatives 4 could there be is
doubt that the elorptent, the indepentlion; the eons
sistent Francis Jeffs ey would be elects d with entitl.
siusm ; his name and talents would confer honour
on any place whieh be represented, as s It y shed nil.
ditional luitre on the high office to wl,:elt ht )sail
been raised : yet such a mart the
under the present system, be obliged to :
it would even be said and believed that the people
to their disgrace had rejected him. Wag this to
he borne ? Did it not present a strong argument for
Reform ? flaying said so muds, he. might tied a few
words by way of upts!ocy for his speaking at :ill on'
this occasion, 1115 beirig with the spirits at
interests, and not the worldly affairs 'of Lot
he considered that tbir of of the' pre•em Meet:
ing was hardly less important to teligiois tloin to
liberty : when indexed were the two'reer &evolved
'Liberty has ;skyey; flourished mast abundantly-
'where religion wed most sincerely cultivated; .and,
all the great struggles that have been mudesfor. eeli.
gion have also assisted the cease of freedom!"
Liberty and religion have ever been synooymous ;
and papacy atsd despotism have gone.hand in hand
to crush them. When the infatuated Charles desi
!ermined to subvert the religion of Scotland, 'lid het
not aim the same blow at her liberties ? muddle
reformers, whose itehei conseci ate tits spot Where %-!6
are now met, fought at once for their oWto faitli mitt •
freedom of their country. When the revolution el'
1088 brought %Mem to the throne, was not en
equal berfit received by dejected religion, and op
pressed liberty ? Tbe exercise of true religion
could not indeed exist without civil liberty ;
was therefore justified in saying that at the present
juncturo it was the duty of his sacred proifessitos to
join their voice to the genet-el call for -Racism
through the country. The only way in which this
Reform could be attained WAS by petition : had the '
people been properly represented, each body of .
electors might have instructed their own represen-
tative concerning their wishes, but there could be
out hope that under the present system this would
he attended with any effect, It was well, there.
fare, in the wily way that was left, forthe people to
do all that they could to support a tioverinuent,
811;6 was disposed to render them redress; end
which professed to act on principles of eeonoiny,
moderate Reform, and retrenchmeet. It would
have been folly to hive sent petitions on any of these
subjects to the late Ministry, the heed which,
the Duke of Wellington, had declared himself the
decided enemy of Reform ; now when sin
'ration had been estebliehed on different principles
it was necessary to stand by it, end support it
through the contest.
A vote of thonks was then proposed to Proro4
lleig fir the readiness with which Ise foot t;ivt Is tint
use of the Town-ball to the meeting. Same litt,e
demur being made to this vote,
PrOfessor GILLESPIE said, that as a meeting of
gentlemen lie hoped there was not one 'Hestia who
would not etirdialiy joint in the v,ite proposed.
Provost Ilaig in the exercise of his judgment thd in•
deed refuse to call she meet lig or preside in it :. but
us we claim the freedom of opinion to ourselves, let
us grunt the same to !site. Where he in our
tion,aed unfettered is ills rho hangers on and ullicial '
associations which surround him, the honour and
straight-forwardnets of his character would have
rendered him the foremost in the course which we
have adopted; and if any of us were in his situation
0 gentlemen, the heart of man is deceitful .above
sill things, and despetutely wicked"( Lesughter)— ,
let no man say that we would nos hare beet, as stout
Anti-Reformers as the Provost. Ile acted al he
did, thinking it his duty no doubt; end kvey'og
his eye perhaps the magniticeet exemple of the Loot
Provost of Editiburglo—(Laughter.).—but us sits in-
dividual and as a gentleman, be is certeissly trs isleri
to our thanks, for the kind and eimileesseuding
111111111C1* in which ha at once ,gars lie the use of
the Town•hall for a purpose contrery to his wishes.
—( Applause.)
Mr. DEMPSTER seconded the motion, Which was
carried unanimously.
Mr. SMALL having left she cloth*, it was taken by '
Dr. HUNTER.
Mr. LOTHIAN said that Dr. Gillespie had well said
that One city hail so massy memento* of all history
still reinuiltiug before her eyes, that the inti,ibitent
(weld hardly persuade themselves of the chaogeohi-
lily of any thing. Outs change, however, be hoped
they would soon 'operate upon themselves—they
would throw off that terror which seemed
hung about them, of expressing their opinione air
passing events, lie had seen it Meniumeil in us
book lately published (Cleatabm's Gavtieer OWN-pt.
land) that even "the commerciel end king
classes in St. Andrew's have a quiet, tamed, respect-
ful tone of behaviour, as if they, were always under
the fear of a reproving leek from some great muss of
letters." lie wished the author of dies book eould
have been present at this meeting, whcre lie would
have seen enough to refute his 'novo h. But to.
foster a free.spirit among the inhabitants he could
not conceive any thing more useful than the !asi-
de:ice of gentlemen of independent fortune Mid
business habits, who had nothing to tear from the
frown of any man in office. Muny might have
wished to see such a 'meeting us this; many here
entertained the sentiments which bud !wee ex-
pressed at such meetings through the country; but .
without such a one as he hall described, to originate
and propose the measure, how could it ever have
been brought about ? The gentlethen present %vete
therefore greatly indebted to Mr. Small fur the very
active and prominent part b nik e had en-in forward.
ing the preparatory business of this meeting, us
well 'as for his kindness its presiding, and , the very
able manner in whieh he had filled the chair. s
The motion wits seconded by Professor
LESPIE, and carried unanimously.
Mr. SMALL returned thanks.
The thanks of the meeting were then voted tri
Dr. John Hunter for the very frank and void'sl
manner in which he haul supported the object of the
requisitionists, and assisted in bringing *bout the
meeting.
Dr% HUNTER returned thank!. He had in. no
manner merited the honour done bins, farther than
his readinesii to co-operate in dm Cause for which
the meeting had assembled,
Thu meeting then broke up.

Our readers have not forgotten the a,,huated

discussion which took plate in the House 01 CAnninons ou
)esterday settnight, upon O'Gmtstan Matron presenting
a petition from persons tsontlued in Newitate, complaining
neconstitutio-nal iucareetation,in 001,,,equence i,l
'act of duty by the Recorder of I)%iblio. 1t re:6 W ter„;.,
k,tcd Rust Sir 110111aT Fait., by way of excitso for the
conduct of the late Ministers, in permitting the Recottler
to take h'4l scat in the Ilenmirable House, ninierrA, that
the Recorder " was independent of the Crown, 41)ii,
therafuie, Ministers roold not deprive hint of his .icat.'"—
Upon this puha the Dublin Evoning Pocket of Fti :ay
remarks, "'rho Recorder, it is true, is appointe.l by the.
Corporation of Dublin, at a salary of 600/. 4 )tor trust
arts body, and ell far as that orpolsouvrit and that;clay
ate ettitC4rllVll, the Ite,.o..ifer is strictly. tv!ei,t % f thn
Crown. But, bolisles the corn which the Ilecnidtr re.
esivec Irons the Corporation, lie receives from tile (invests-
cunt no ltd. ih to 1,600/. a-year, %hie!' i 4 annually silted
tit the Minister by Parliaostait ; and so fsr its this .ixlei-A4
hundred pounds 4.yoar iieortecrued, the It-cor.ler
fury rler;4itt i. ao
ndentortv' ttltitd: flee,eCrisn*'
1* little.Asl long e>,
the Recorder of Dublin is indrisesnlent of the C'''wt
Morn ri9 Pieper.

• •

7

Q.
~:

POLAND.
(From a Corrspontlent of the Times.)

is time l'shotild now endeavour to
show what has contributed to keep alive the
spark of patriotism in Poland during so long a
series of years, and the causes that have led to
its present explosion.
Very early in the reign of Alexander, Prince
Adam Czartoryski was invited to Petersburgh,
and entrusted with a portfolio in the Cabinet.
He enjoyed a great degree of favour with the
Emperor, who empowered him to organize a
system of public instruction for the Lithuanian
and Ukrainian provinces, which, with the help
of Count Czacki, he carried successfully into
effect. He procured the establishment of Uni-
versities at Wilna and Krzeminiec in Volhynia,
which were filled by able professors of ancient
and modern languages, and which continued to
benefit the youth of the country for above twenty
years, when the Emperor chose to replace
Prince Czartoryski by the Grand Duke Constan.
d.
It was not lens before Constantine found the
system of education too liberal, and the teachers
too enlightened, and by.a sudden and arbitrary
degree, expelled or rusticated some hundreds,
both students and graduates, among whom was
Professor Lelewel, an eminent antiquarian and
geographer. One and the same spirit has al.
ways animated the Polish patriots whether at
home or in exile,whether submitting unwillingly
to wear the gilded trappings of the Courts
which they despised, of toiling in Italy or St.
Domingo for the ambitious views of a man who
cared far less for themselves than for him ; and
that spirit was the heroic desire of preserving
the name, the glory, or at least the memory of
their nation to future ages. It was this feeling:
that prompted Dombrowski to assemble and
keep up his celebrated legion; it was this that
led to the constant endeavour of those who re-
mained at home towards preserving what they ex-
pressively term the nationality of their country.
Every thing was to be feared if Austria, Russia,
and Prussia, succeeded in abolishing their lan-
guage, religion, laws, dress, and customs, all
which has been most cruelly and artfully at-
tempted; but, thanks to the stubborn resistance
that has always been opposed, the attempts of
the conquerors have everywhere failed. They
needed no Carbonarism, no secret societies:
where the whole nation, divided as it was, formed
one VIA patriotic society, nothing was wanting
but perseverance in the few that were in a posi-
tion to exercise an active influence on their
aoutitrymen, and patience in the rest. This
well-imaned system soon met with its reward,
for to this principle of nationality which ani-
mated Dombrowski after every victory in which
the legion had participated, to renew the claims
of the Poles upon Napoleon, and to urge him
tO make an effort in their favour, is due the first
idea of the erection of the Duchy of Warsaw ;
and to the same principle which had quietly pre-
pared the rudiments of civil institutions, and
preserved the national character almost unknown
to its oppressors, is due the instantaneous vigour
with which it started into life, and the consis-
tency it assumed while as yet a new creation. The
severeignty was properly conferred on the King
of. Saxony, on whom the Polish crown had been
settled by the Diet which so honourably and
wisely abolished elective monarchy. The paltry
policy of Napoleon prevented him giving it
the title of kingdom, The Congress dethroned
him, but the true POles remember that the King
of Saxony is the heir of Poland. A better
choice of a sovereign, or one more agreeable
to the true interests of Europe, could hardly
have been selected.
The Polish army, in 1809, under Ponia-
toweki, secured for themselves the enlargement
of the Duchy ,ohich then took place, seconded,
as usual, by an interior movement among the
nobles of (laid*. Napoleon was the only
cause that they retained not half the territory
they had taken ; and had the Duchy not thus
maintained its consequence, it is hardly to be
supposed even the present kingdom would have
been allowed to stand.
During the whole of this time effbrts were
making by the enlightened men of letters, and
the gentlemen who are generally well educated,
to encourage a national spirit in civil as well as
military life.
The country houses of the great nobles were
a sort of rendezvous for all the young men who
wished to come forward under the auspices of
those who had personally borne the shock of the
first revolution. In these societies the history
of Poland was the chief study, and studied in
such a manner as to have produced, on every
favourable occasion that has since offered, the
most satisfactory results. One of the friends
and companions of Kosciuszko, Julian Niemco-
wica, bad the happy thought of writing a vo-
lume of popular ballads, on historical subjects,
taken from the early records of the monarchy,
in which the memory of the warriors who so
often defended their ancestors, and, indeed, all
Europe, from the encroachments of the Turks,
is celebrated in animating poetry, while the sm.
timents that are introduced arc made to bear
upon later events that every child could under-
stand.

tine.

The Russians have now prohibited this work,
entl erteeral others of a like na'ure. The cen•
*ors* is so strict, that the commonest French
clessic* cannot be imported, or even lawfully
poyetrwed, without they bear the stamp of Go.
yerturo,ut. I should not omit that the Episco-
ied Pe,ece, at Cracow, has been decorated with
trescoes representing the principal events of the
history of the country, modern us well as ancient,
with such an unequivocal feeling, that should
the Russians ever set foot in it, there is little
doubt of their destruction. But perhaps no-
thing bits contributed in a more lively manner to
impress on the rising generation the feeling of
what they have lost, and a longing for its reco-
very, than the national museum at Putawy. Its
brief but appropriate inscription—" The Past
to the Future," speaks volumes to every Pole
that enters it. in those words are contained
the sum of all that for the last 50 years has
formed the soul of the nation, which ever since
its lowest point of humiliation in die triple par-
titian of P7OO, has, in consequence of the well-
conceived end well-inculcated system which 1
have described, been gradually, slowly, but
surely rising in the scale of political existence.
This museum was formed by the elder part of
the Csertoryski family, who will survive, living
monuments of Poland even before the first par-
tition, and who during the few leisure years of the
long and Stormy period which has elapsed since
that catastrophe, helm collected relics of every
person celebrated in their history, civil or mili-
tary. These relics ere chiefly Arms, worn by
their ancient warriors in battle against the Turks,
Swedes, and MUSCOV !te.s, who have alternately
invaded Poland ; for it is worthy of special no.
tieei and highly creditable to the natioo, that the

Poles are perhaps the only people who never
possessed the lust of conquest—the only one
who never shed blood but in their own defence,
or that of Christian Europe. And what a re-
turn has that Europe made to them !
Down to the period of Alexander's death
things remained in a state of constant but silent
struggle between the Russian Government and
the people—constant insidious encroachments on
the one side, and steady lawful resistance on the
other. The people were never wearied of pe-
titioning and complaining according to law, and
the Government were often obliged to yield,
when they would have goaded them into rebel-
lion—(the Catholic question was carried by
similar legitimate means.) On the Emperor's
death, Europe saw with surprise that no Poles
were found implicated in the conspiracy of the
Russians. A few were arrested, anti after a
long and inquitous trial condemned to secondary
punishments ; but to the surprise of Government
itself, they were found totally► unconnected with
the Russian plot. What, indeed, had they in
common ? It was as unlike the nature of the
Poles to meditate the assassination of the Impe-
rial Family, as unlike a Russian to devise a
steady constitutional resistance to his authority.

(From the Morning Chronicle.)

We lay before our readers a third communi-
cation on the affairs of Poland, from our very
able and candid correspondent Pabel. His ob-
servations on the mode of warfare, which, from
the nature of the country, the Poles must neces-
sarily adopt, are characterised by good sense.—
He truly observes, that undisciplined hordes
can never act to advantage in open countries,
and unfortunately Poland is quite open towards
Russia. The successful resistance of regulars
in Paris and elsewhere to undisciplined men,
has led many people to suppose that regulars
can be encountered to advantage every where
by the same description of force. They forget
that a city gives to its inhabitants all the ad-
vantages of a broken country against regulars.—
Discipline is of as little use in the streets of a
town, as in the midst of an American forest.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE MORNING CHRONICLE.
SIR---I have read in the Constilutionnel of the
20th, an article on the kingdom of Poland—the
population
of which the writer estimates at more
than four milliens—and the former Polish army at
36,000 men : whence he concludes, that the armed
force which the Poles may collect from the kingdom
alone may amount to between 3 and 400,000 men.
At the same time he exults that the great cause of
the liberty of Poland is already achieved. There
are in this calculation very great errors. Nothing is
more natural than that a man of an ardent tempera-
ment, who loves his country, and who has, perhaps,
long suffered for its cause, should abandon himself
to premature hopes, and allowing his judgment to
be seduced by the success of the first moment, to
conclude that the final result will be accomplished.
But what will be the effect of such exaggera-
tions ? The adversaries of the cause smile at and
will profit by them as a proof of weakness, and the
partizans of liberty may be carried away to look at
the state of affairs in a wrong light, and even to
employ wrong means. The truth, it appears to
me, the pure and simple truth, ought to prevail in
all the accounts which relate to such an important
areir. The truth alone can deserve, it appears to
me, for unhappy Poland, the assistance of the
Great Powers, without which it will only be the
tomb of the last of its patriots. Among the four
millions of inhabitants, which the author of the
article in question reckons, we must include very
nearly one million of Jews. They detest the mili-
tary service, and it would be very bad policy to force
them at the present moment to take up arms. On
the contrary, they must be conciliated as much as
possible, and induced to supply money, and provi-
sions, and ammunition, to which they will more
readily consent than expose themselves to the fire
of musketry. There remain then little more than
three millions of Poles, as I have already stated in
my former communication.
The article already referred to Commits another
error in saying, that the army amounted to 36,000
men. Since 1815 that army never exceeded 26,000
men. It is, however, in excellent order, animated
by the greatest enthusiasm, and commanded by ex.
cellent officers. To say that the kingdom may raise
an armed force of more than 300,000 men, is to
create an unpardonable delusion. The kingdom
does not possess enough arms for such a mass, and
even if all the inhabitants between the ages of twenty
and fifty, who are in tt condition to bear arms, were
to be engaged, an army of more than 200,000 man
could not be formed. It should also be remembered
that the Russians are advancing with disciplined
troops, and that time is wanted to organize such a
mass of rude peasants, with whom the Poles will
not be able to resist a disciplined army. It will be
better to have a small but well-disciplined army,
than a disorganised horde, which would impede
rather than facilitate the operations. In all inter-
sected countries, if the mass of the inhabitants be
armed, they may accomplish wonders, because the
ground otters them all sorts of means of defence for
individual combat. But in Poland, where the
whole vast territory is almost open, particularly
towards the frontiers of Russia, some hundreds of
regular troops would be sufficient to disperse
thousands of peasants even if they were well armed.,
In my last letter there is, I observe, a great error.
It is stated that Warsaw is well fortified ; it ought
to have been, if Warsaw were well fortified, it could
resist several months. The position of this city on
the Vistula supplies considerable means of defence.
Fortification is the art of enabling a small number
of troops to defend themselves against a large num-
ber, which is now precisely the case with the Polish
army. That army possesses not only skilful and
experienced engineers, but also clever men, accus-
tomed to all the works of fortification, who could
supply all its wants. Surrounded on all sides, the
Poles cannot engage in an offensive war ; they must
confine themselves to defending, as far as possible,
the ground they occupy, till that time comes, when
they shall receive assistance.
For tide reason it seems to me very improbable
that the Dictstor has sent any regiments to Posen
and Cracow, as several Journals assert. All his
forces must be directed to sustain the attack of the
Russians, to gain the Niemco, and give his band to
Lithuania and Volliyaia. It would be very impru-
dent to draw on him the attacks of Prussia and Aus-
tria, unleqs be is compelled.
The aflitirs of Paris having taken so favourable a
turn for the common cause, the French having
covered themselves with additional glory by their
conduct in these last few days, we may, at length,
hope that n diversion for the West of Europe will
make the Despots of Germany tremble for their
owe safety, and then the time will come when
Posen and Galicia will unite with their brethren,
and Poland, strengthened by its finest provinces,
will have every chance in her favour for opposing
Russia,

PABEL

A hay-mow at Keynshatn, near Bath, was
consumed on Thursday night; and a few nights ago two
wheat-ricks, at Luntwit Major, (ilamorganahire. Many
threatening letters have lately bun received in different
parts of Devonshire, The following is a copy of one of
them

Front Residence, Dee. 3, M 1).
-We now inform you to destroy your horse.thill to your
brewery einedently, eats it will be destroyed by tire. W have
4 plan, and will only take a very few minueuts.

(Signed)

SWING."

Tire terrific monosyllables " A Swing,' wore
oiled in the reign of °tone 111., by the Opposition, as
a tout, on account of the initials of the Cabinet Ministers'
names ut that time, viz..—Auntits?,_BANowtcti, Wry-
itOUTli, JENKINhOIi, Notertt, and GICKIT A Ne..— cam.
briton,

FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.

FRENCH PAPERS.

(From the Messager des Chambres, dated Sunday.)
SAINT LAURENT (DEPARTMENT OF THE
VAR), DEc. 15.

The garrison of Nice is composed of two regiments_
of infantry, and a company of light cavalry. AA
for the possibility of keeping► down public opinion
much longer, I think it is difficult.

Every body (so my friends write to me) remem-
bers that they were once Frenchmen, and who would
not be proud to be under the paternal, liberal, and
eminently legal government of Louis Philip I.?
We often speak of France,—we long for her,—we
address all our wishes to her,—may she one day
send us her's !

We sympathise with the nations who feel the
value of liberty; of course our thoughts are directed
to Switzerland, Belgium, Poland, and, above all,
France.

It is reported that the Austrians are advancing
towards Piedmont. I imagine you will interfere if
it should be necessary. The people of July have
nothing to fear from the oppressors of Italy.
A letter from Bellingzona, of December 7, con-
tains the following details, of which we, however,
by no means warrant the authenticity :
" Terror is at its height in the city of Turin. A
small fort is building on the Monte to bombard the
city in case of an insurrection. Cannon are planted
in the principal streets, mid gunners bivouac about
their guns.
" The King of Sardinia has quitted Genoa to re-
turn to Turin. The Genoese have offered him a
pension of a million and a half to obtain the indc-
pendence of the ancient republic. The King, re-
fusing this offer, has ordered the arrest of a number
of Genoese citizens, who have been imprisoned in
the citidal of Alexandria, the fortress of Fenestrelles,
and the castle of Ivree. It is affirmed that Charles
Felix intends to abdicate in favour of the Duke of
Modena."