The Sun.
London, England, 1863-04-29 00:00:00

N°. 22,100.

THE BANK OF 0 cAGO (LIMITED).
NEW ZEALAND.
Incorporated under "'The Companies' Act. 1,62," which
limits the Shareholder's liability to the amount r i his shares.
Capital, C 50,000, in 5,00 Shares of £lOO each
(with power to increase.)
Dep sir, .£1 per Share on Application, and a further pay-
ment of £4 per Share on Allotment.
Calls not to exceed £5 per £10') Share, nor to be mact.! at less
intervals than three montlia.

It is not intendal to c+ll u more than £5O per Share.
Power is taken in the Articles of Assoc ation to reduce the
nominal amount of the shares to such amount as may
hereafter be deemed advisable.

TEE SUN, LONDC

Now ready at all the Libraries, hi 3 vols.,

T HE

DE S E It I ED HOUSE
OF HAWKSWORTH.

" This story is uncommonly well told, and will be sera to
please that large c ass or read rs who delight in startling
incidents narrated in a piqua:,t ,tyle."---Daily News.
• ' - - - -

"A novel of high clas character an.l ulexceptionablc
talent."—Mes.3eni,rer.

Name of Bank.

Paid up
Capital.

Paid up IPresent Price
per share. I per share.

Hurst and Blackett, 13, GI eat Mar.borou,gli-street.

Now ready, in 2 vols., 215.,
LIFE AMONG CONVICTIS,
l'y the Rev. C. B. GIBBON,

Chap! in in the Convi-t Service.

Australasia
V.ctoria
Ne ktouth IV .les
Uni n o' Australia
London Chartered of
Australia
New Zealani

0,000
500,0( 0
7'0,000
1,000,0

1,000,00
250,000

Prospectuses, and Form; of Appl
be oltained trom the Brokers, or at
the Company.

ication for Shama. may
the Temporary Offices of

"All (oncernel in that moment° -a wag n, the treat•
ment of our convicts, may peruse with aiterest and hem-fit
the very valuable information and the very useful su.4;.4es-
tions laid before them by Mr. Gibson in the most pleasant
and In id manner possible."—Sun.
Murat and B aekett, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

NORTH BRITISH AND MERCANTILE
INSURANCE COMPANY.

Established 1809.
Incorporated by IZ oyal Charter and Special Acts of
Parliament

ACCUMULATED AND INVESTED FUNDS, £2,12'1,828,
ANNUAL REVENUE, £422,401.
LONDON BOARD.
John White Cater, Esq., I P. du Pre Grenfell, Esq.
Chairman. A. Kloekmann, Esq.
Charle Morrison, Esq., De- John Molle t, Esq.
puty hairman. J nius S. Morgan, Esq.
A. De A rrovave, Esq. G. Garden Nicol, Esq
Edward Cohen, Esq. ,Tohn 11. Wm. Schroder, Esq.
James du Buisson, Esq. George Young, Esq.
EX-DIRECTORS.
A. 11. Campbell, Esq. I Robert Smith, Esq.
P. C. Cavan, Esq. Frederic Somes, Esq.
P. I'. Raid, Esq

3lannger of Fire Department —GeorgA H. Whyting.
Manager of Life Department—W. F. Birkmyre.
Superintendent of Foreign Department—G. H. Burnett.
Secretary—F. W. Lance.
General Manager—David Smith.
FIRE DE PARTMEN
The Company pa- ints Insurances against Fire in the United
Kingdom, and all foreign countries.
Mercanthe Risks .n the Port or London accepted at re-
duced rates.

Losses pr'mptly aril liberally settled.
Foreign R'sks.—The Director=, having a practical know-
ledge of foreign countries, are prepared to issue Polices o❑
the most favoura',le terms. In all cases a discount will be
allowed to Merchants and others effecting such Insurances,

LIFE DEPARTMENT
The following Statement exhibits the improvement effected
during the las few years :
No. of Policies
Issued. Sums. Premiums.
IQSI
18'9 -5
18 0 741 .. 4'5.610
1811 785 • 527,6 '6
1862 1,('67 ..... 768,334
Thus in five years the number of Policiei issued was 3,623,
assuring the large sum of £2,928 917.
'I he lending features of the Office are:-
1. Entire Se urity to Assurers.
2. The large Bonus additions already declared, and the
prospect of a further Bonus at the neat investiga-
tion.

3. The advantages afforded by varied Tables of premiums
—unrestr cted conditions of Policies—and general
liberality in dealing with the A ssured.
Forms of Propo.al and every information will be furnished
on application at the
HEAD OFFICES • LONDON. 58, Threadneedle-street.
4, New Banktreß.
EDINBURG!'" .64, Princes-set.uildings
West End Office-8, Waterloo-place, Pall-mall.

MR. ALEX. J. RUSSELL, Secretary.

NOTICE.
AT ODDS, the New Novel, ty the Author of
"The Initials" ands" Quits," in 2 vas., prat Bvo., is
now ready at all Booksellers and Libraries.
Richard Bentley, New Burlington-street.

TFIE PATRICIAN PUBL I C A N—Lord
Adolphus P. C. W. Vane Tempest—The Federal
Camp, &c., ate., in " FUN " this week. One Fenny.

MR. T. CARRICK begs to announce to his
Artist Friends and the Public, that his Photographic
Est tblishment, 32, RegeLt-street, Piccadilly -circus, now
in fell operati.n.
Cartes de Visite, 10 'or 10s. Od. ; 21 for .£l. Miniatures on
Ivory, Marble, and the Photographic base in his former
styles.

°ARDS FOR THE MILLION.—A CoppPr-
Nj Plate engrave) (any Style), 5) BEST Cards printed
pest free. 50 WOcling" Envelopes, 2s. A. GRANGER,
368, High Holborn, W.C.

PECTACLES.--The Patent Newly-invented
kJ Tinted Spectales are patronised by the majority of the
Nobility, includin.cz Viscount Palmerston. They afford extra-
ordinary re,ief to weak. dip, and detective vision.—S. and B.
SOLOMON S, Opticians, 39, Albemarle-street, Piccadilly.

PHEASANT REARING AND BREEDING.
—Aromatic Spanish Meal, Super. Greaves and Caycar
Excelsior, the only roper food for rearing and feeding Game
and Poultry, sold only by JAMES CHAMBERLIN, who will
send tree, on application, a Book containing the most valu-
able inlzmation, with Remarks of Gamekeepers and Fo..ltry
Hearers—Setting, Hatching, Feeding, etc.
Address, MR. JAMES CHAMBERLIN,
Foreign Wine Merchant,
Norwich.

S T E 0 E ID ON:
Patent, March 1, 1862, No. 560.
GABRIEL'S Self-adhesive Patent Indestructible MINE-
RAL TEEM and FLEXIBLE GUMS, without palates,
springs, or wires, and without operation. One set lasts a
lifetime, and WARRANTED FOR MASTICATION and
A lITICULATION, even when all others fail. Purest ma-
terials only, at hall the usual cost.
Messrs. GABRIEL, the old-established Del tists,
27, HARLEY-STREET, CAVENDISH-SQUARE;
34, LUDGATE-HILL, LONDON ;
85, NEW-STREET, BIRMINGHAM; and
134, DUDE-STREET, LIVERPOOL.
Complete Scts, 4 to 7 and 10 to 15 guineas.
One visit only required from country patients. Gabriel's
Practical Treatise gratis.

Consultatlpng free.

A NEVER FAILING REMEDY.-
Dr. SCOTT'S BILIOUS and LIVER PILLS, pre-
ftrett without any mercurial ingredient, from the recipe of Dr.
rott, of Bromley, Kent, will be found Invaluable to all who
-utßr from bilious and liver complaints, indigestion, wind,
• -palms, giddinss, dizziness of the eyes, &c. For habitual
ostiveness, as a family aperient medicine, and as a purifier
,t the blood, they mil a excellent ; mild in their opera-
tion and grateful to the stomach, they create appe ite, Pro'
ditreStiOn. and strengthen the whole nervang system.
Tool tde b y Ns- . Lambert, P, King William-street, Charinz-cross.
London, and by most druggists, in boxen,ls. lid., and three
he Quantity ip. one, 2s. 9d. Be sure to ask for Dr.
times t..., ,
i'vArV 'PI ILI ms . LTahmebYretn, it'ilennegraarvee da onsq u tall ee
green pa° , „
stamp. liikliio,oes,anwditLh
Scott's

RUI"fIIRES.—BY ROYAL LETTER,PATEN7,
WHITE'S MOC-MAIN LEVER
TRUSS
(PERFECTED AND EXHIBITED IN
GREAT
rxritRITIONS OF 1851 AND 1Q62), is allowed by jrwl! ds of
Two H m
Hundred Medical Gentler to he the most
el
nvention in the curative treatment of if E NIA,
The use of a steel springy, so often hurtful in its eireciir
4,
.r,'
s here avoided—a soft bandage being worn round the
••wly, while the requisite resisting power is supplied by the
iToc-Main Pad and Patent Lever, fitting with so much ease
,nd closeness that it cannot, be detected, and may be worn
tiring sleep. A descriptive circular may he had, and the
suss, which cannot fail to fit, forwarded by post, on the eir-
nimferenee of the body, two inches below the hips, being
Qent to the MallllffhetUreF,
Mr. WHITE, 225, Piccadilly.
A Single Truss, 165., 215., 265. f&, and 31s. 6d. Postage, ls.
-4 Double Truss, 31s. 6d., 425., and 525. 6d. Postage, is Bd.
ku Umbilical Truss, 425. and 525. Bd. I'ostage, ls. 10d.
Post-office Orders to be made payable to John White,`Post•
pffice, Piccadilly.
NEW PATENT
ELASTIC STOCKINGS,
KNEE-CAPS, (tc., for Varicose Veins and all eases of
Weakness and Swelling of the Legs, Sprains, &o. They are
Porous, light in texture, and inexpensive, and are drawn on
lilre an ordinary stocking. Prize 4s. 6d., 7s. 61, 10s., to 16s.
each. Postage 6d.
J0111%.T WRITE, Manufacturer, 228, Piccadilly.

'..........4d.
STAMPED ....sd.

,issist.-erigineers, to the Orontes; W. Scott, act-
ing assist.-engineer, to the Orontes ; E. J. Hum-
phrey and T. W. H. ItlrnEey, acting aesist.-engi-
cerrest,atroy t
thoe
101
eraorn.
m;
jarnadi
yj "it\01.1.3
.hBI e. y, to be

TIIE ARMY.
On Monday a detachment of two officers and 1G
rank and file left the camp at Colchester for the
purpose of receiving► rifle instruction at the Hy the
School of Musketry. The ricers accomp-nyirg
the detachment are Capt. Cleveland, of the 980,,
and Lieut. Safford, of the 97th Rtagicnents.

SPIRIT or THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN.
Tom Huckaback on Public, Schools.
Po and, Sleswick Holstein, &c., &c.
In SATURDAY NIGHT, No. 57.
ONE PENNY.
EO, Fleet-street.

Timss.—As the vessel of the American common-
wealth labours more and more heavily in the revo-
lutionary ocean on which, in an evil hour, she has
embarked, the tendency to separation between her
straining timbers becomes daily and hourly more
manifest. Interesting and exciting as passing events
may be, the future begins to occupy more of men's
minds than the present ; and while we hear nothing
but the most frantic declarations that the Union
must, shall, and will be preserved at the cost, if ne-
cessary, of the depopulation of half a continent, and
the slavery of the other half, the action) of men are
beginning to show how little confidence they repose
in their own most solemn declarations. Of course,
by the Constitution of the United States, that Go-
vernment to which everybody is so loudly profess-
ing unconditional loyalty has supreme power over
foreign relations of the Republic, and it is only
through it that foreign nations can be approached.
Liverpool and Glasgow have exactly as much right
to establish diplomatic or quasi diplomatic relations
with France and Russia as Illinois or Michigan to
open negotiations with the British Government.
Yet this, or something very like it, has actually
been done. We have now before us a paper ad-
dressed to the Governor-General of Canada, signed
by five influential citizens of Illinois, among whom
we observe the name of Mr, Osborn, the President
of the Illinois Central Railway, which looks ex-
ceedingly like an attempt to establish on a plausible
basis the means of a regular diplomatic communica-
tion between the State and the Colony. We are the
more strengthened in this conviction from the very
earnest disclaimer with which the document ends.
" We come," say those who sign it, "not intending
to transcend the limits of our power, and care.
fully avoiding the assumption of any other func-
tions of the Federal Government in its interna-
tional relations, but to present to the Provincial
Government of Canada, and through it to the
British Government, such facts concerning the
vast resources of the North-Western States, their
capacity for the production of the cereals, and
the difficulty of reaching tide water with their
product, as will tend to the opening of direct trade
between those States and Liverpool." The Commis-
sion must be delicate indeed which requires to be
so expressly guarded. The authority is nothing less
than an act of the Governor and Legislature of Illi-
nois authorising the Commissioners to proceed to
Canada, and to England if necessary, in order to
present statistics of the trade and productions of the
North-Western States, and to solicit from those
Governments early consideration and early action
on the subject. The case is a wonderfully strong
one, and though the fact of such a mission having
been sent to enforce it might pass without observa-
tion in times less eventful than those in which we
are living, the remarkable coincidence between this
movement and the events which seem to prove that
the North-West must give up for the future the
hope of seeing the Mississippi again open to their
commerce, seems to point to motives yet more ur-
gent than a mere wish to increase an already exist-
ing trade. The North-West, in fact, seems, however
tardily, to be awakening to the real urgency of its
situation. It has taken upon itself, with a gallantry
equal to its ill-fortune, the task of fighting the bat-
tle of the whole Confederacy. It has bled freely at
every pore, without receiving any of the consolation
which the public plunder has afforded to the fervid
patriots of New York; and the return which it re-
ceives for its gallantry and devotion is that it has
alienated the South, who are its natural customers,
without any hope of restoring that Union for which
it has fought and bled. The North-West seems to
have arrived at the conclusion that nothing but a
ship canal which shall open the furthest extremities
of Lake Huron and Lake Michigan can enable it to
pour its produce on a scale commensurate with its
abund lice into the lap of Europe. The canals at
pr ugerpag the Lake States with the 1
eite
','llttrazu :o . are smog,- eitialiow, and, _though _ fit j
for la -e craft, -quite unsuited- for sea-going
vessels.' The railway communication is entirely
inadequate, and large quantities of Indian corn are
described as left in sheds, one of which was two
miles long, by the side of the railways, from the
harvest of one year to the h:.rvest of the next, be-
cause the railway is unequal to the transport of so
vast a mass of food. In 1861 the United States—
which may for this purpose be considered to mean
the North-Western States since the Eastern States
consume more corn than they produce—imported
into England alone 2,507,744 quarters of wheat,
1,723,334 quarters of Indian corn, and 3,794,865
hundredweights of flour, the whole of which are
computed to have been sold in England for
£12,643,918. But this wheat, flour, and Indian
corn was worth in Chicago only £4,817,567, so
that the difference between the value at Chicago
and the value in London is no less than
£7,826,351. The freight from the North-West to
Liverpool is, on wheat, one-half its price ; on flour,
one-third ; and on Indian corn, seven-eights of its
price. It is calculated that were a ship canal to be
made, so as to allow direct communication, without
transshipment, between Chicago and Liverpool, the
grain might be brought to market for one-fourth of
its present price. But this calculation, stupendous
as it is, fails to give the least idea of what we may
reasonably expect the future to be. The State of
Illinois is the most thickly peopled of these regions,
and yet even there only one-tenth of the arable land
which it possesses is under cultivation. Its surface,
naturally cleared, watered by noble rivers, and pos-
sessing the same rich quality of soil as that which
made the deltas of the Nile, the Ganges, the
Euphrates, and the Tigris, the seats of the earliest
civilisation known to us, is capable of yielding
through almost any number of years ten times its
present amount of grain. In ordinary times
such statements as these would fill the
hearts of all patriotic Americans with joy
and exultation. Their lot, has, indeed, fallen in
pleasant places. They are the heirs of all ages, and
have come in the fulness of time to reap a glorious
inheritance, such as never fell to the lot of any
other people. Unfortunately, man has lent himself
with almost unexampled perversity to mar and
destroy the blessings which nature tries in vain to
shower upon him. It is proposed that the canal
should be cut from Lake Huron to the
Ottawa, and it is estimated that the expense
on the canal, together with the deepening of the
river, would amount to some £4,000,090. But
where is the money to come from P It is not likely
that Canada would contribute largely to such an
object—first, because she is only incidentally inte-
rested in its completion, the persons mainly hinted:
rested being the producer and consumer
;ec aand
secondly, because a long course of extravog
0 iraluwhich,
waste has reduced Canada to a P
• °sr 0-r; contribut-
on her own showing, she is ineape or however
ing to any object, however necessaryniways capital for
beneficial. In England there is lust a far less brilliant
any undertaking which hel!aismore improbable than
prospect, and yet nothingib
nsiontglheofpaertthoing.
for
that England should con. tri
America m
uutesta
and the
enjoy
such a purpose.
she excitement of civil war
at the same time .
If she offers human hecatombs
blessings of trio,p
demons of strife
to and \s ar, she
every day with the '
must content herself satisfaction. if the
North are still bent on restoring the U • mon, at
whatever price,extending their ve and
to
the mouth of the Mississippi, let theta •
tem abide by their
election, and give up as Worse
than
hopeless the
chance of carrying their trade d
the Sa L sverence. What Englishowl' the waters of
frantic enough to sink its company will
be
every one's attention is capital in a land whet e
thought of how to alienate,
single
mm etc his neighbour P to ruin, and to eater-
that we cannot believe These things are so evident
have the men of Illinois would
openednegotiations on the subject had they
intended to stay
fact , • • ' exactly as they are. The very
o; their
insisting so loudly on the necessity
of
further openings for their produce seems to
show that, whatever may be the case in New York,
there is on the still peaceful plains of the West
a disposition to look with no unfriendly eye on
the restoration of peace upon the basis of exist-
ing boundaries and rights. It is very singular to
find that while in the East the estrangement from
England is growing greater and greater every day,
that estrangement seems to be counterbaTanced by a
desire in the 'West to draw closer to this country.
These are the first faint indications of tendencies
which may be destined to play a prominent part
in the history of the future. The
point to
England, as a great American Power, and pow

SOCIETY OF FEMALE ARrlSTS.—Seventh
Year.—The EXHIBITION is now OPEN, at the
society's New Gallery, No. 48, Pall-mall. Admittance, is. ;
Catalogues, 6d.

ELIZA DLINDAS MURRAY, Secretary.

SAWYER'S FAMOUS LONDON DINNER
FOR THIS DAY.
At 2s. lid. each Person.
SOUPS.
Green Pea. Vermicelli.
FISH.
Mackerel, Maitre d'Hotel. Fried Soles.
ENTREES.
Veal Cutlets, sauce Tomate. Quenelles ala Rehm
JOINTS.
Roast Beef. Roast Mutton.
SWEETS.
Cabinet Pudding. Maraschino Jelly.
Cheese and Salad.
An extensive and carefully selected stock of FRENCH,
RHENISH, MOSELLE, and other WINES, imported ex-
pressly for the London Dinner.
THE LONDON, 191, FLEET-STREET.

CANTERBURY HALL AND
FINE ARTS GALLERY.
NOTICE.- ENTIRE CHANGE OF ENTERTAINMENT

LES FRERES ATHOS.
From the Carignan heatre, Turin.
Master EDWIN SAUNDERS, the Child of Song.
THE NEAPOLITAN MINSTRELS.
GRAND SELECTIONS from OPERAS, GLEES, and
CANTATAS.

Principal Artistes —Miss Russell, Miss Townley ; Mr. Green,
and Signor Tivoli.
Conductor, Mr. Jonghmans.
The celebrated UNSWORTH'S NEW SI UMP SPEECH,
The only Negro Orator of the day.
EUGENE and DULEY, with new Eccentricities.
ARTHUR LLOYD, Miss SA UNDER S, and Mr. HILTON,
the Comic Ventriloquist and Modern Magician,
EVERY EVENING.
Adm:ssion—Hall, ed. ; stalls and balcony, ls.

T H 0 X F OR D,
e, OXFORD STREET.
THIS EVENING. Auber's Grand Opera,
MASANIELLO.
GOUNOD'S FAUST,
And the New Cantata, by Herr Meyer Lutz,
" HERNE THE IIUNTER,"
Supported by Miss Russell, Miss Oesten, Miss Townley, &C. ;
Messrs. Albert, Green, Bernardi, Huish, Kimberley, &c.
with full band and chorus.
Conducted by Mr. Jonghmans.
Drew Dean's Flute Solos
UNSWORTH, the modern Demosthenes.
Eugene, W. Randall, J. Hutchenson, and the mat venous
ARTII R and BERTRAND.
" These two Parisian clowns have carried the art of
tumbling to apparently the highest pitch of perfection, and it
is impossible even for the most staid of visitors to avoid
being amused by their original gambols. They elicit shouts
of laughter and applause."—Times, April 7, 1863.

31.'ULLIEN'S PROMENADE CONCERTS.
At the ARGYLL ROOMS,
Great Windmill-street, Piccadilly.
Continued success of J. LEVY, the celebrated Cornet-a-
l'iston !
Every Evening a Grand Operatic Selection from Verdi's
Opera, IL TROVA TORE—Solos, Cornet-a-piston, by Mr. J.
Levy—Messrs. llorton, Tyler, King, Snelling, and Mosca.
Revival of the Scotch Fantasia and Irish Quadrille, by M.
Jullien.
Der Freischutz, Masaniello, L'Etoile du Nord, &c.
Doors open at Eight o'clock.
Admission, ls.
Manage'', Won't: VRENET.

THE LONI)ON ANATOMICAL MUSEUM,
containing the Wonders of Nature and Art. shown by
innumerable Models, illustrating every part of the Human
Frame ; together with a variety of Natural Preparations,
Malfoi mations, Monstrosities, Nc. ; also the Moving Ana-
tomical Dying Zouave, and other life-size figures. Open
daily from 11 to 10, for Gentlemen only. Admission, One
shilling. Entrance-44 A, Maddox-street, Regent-street,
London, W.
Illustrated Catalogue, free by post for 12 stamps, sealed 20,
Explanations throughout the day. Lecture at 4. Address
the Secretary, as above.

..,/z)k-------‘---r---- ---1-"e-----Z--,e------ 4:e - ' / " Cai NE-WS.
, •., ....-.-- '
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.44142.51 Europe. It is useless to ..?uteulate al `-flicr—kir--:
i .r
L.
64: 4.
~.
1,....: n
.40,
..,... diency of such a state of tnicse, for it'ist-ciegii§
in. ~- ~A77„.4E, „
---,iog". ‘..-04- • , ~..
• ...,.,.. • ..-
.., DIE i' x ''''4l lON--- 0 ' •fit - ' ,n,...-A...,.. '',.. inevitable. All we can desire I:1 that tLe c1=14::;(
"'''‘, - • • Itt 14. 0,04,, A --or.orr. o\\\ `-42 1.,-.',.t.f.--c... ' - .." . which is corning may be allowed to ta%e piae,,
without two or three more years of rruitless misery
and wanton bloodshed.

HERALD.—The great difficulty in the way of 14
satisfactory solution of the Polish question, the main-
obstacle which must impede any negocistions of the
Western Powers with the Emperor of Russia, is the
visionary nature of the claims which the insurgoatrs
80t forward, and less than which they are deteze
mined not to accept. So long as they dream of the+
reconstitution of the ohl kingdom of Poland, es it
existed before the first partitioe, they tlieteselvee
are raising up a barrier which trust alienate frone
them the moral support of the European Powers e
Though the du metnbermen t of Poi qed in 1702 be a
c:ime of the deepest dye, yet it is scarcely /1107 e *4,,
or lees a fruit accompli, than the annexation of time
Duchy of 'err aine by Preece but a few years pre-
risset.e, in 17CG. \Ve can neither in the one C3EO
nor in the other proceed to n Ince the co,,fL,ores_
tier.] of European countries as thay were before the,
lime of Frederick the Great. The restoration of
Poland wiJiin its encient
rail
es ould nor he prec-
tcable, Any of the st cc rat mops ot Poleed 1.: ely
published enables one at a g‘ls:ll:acteitlielerti,fs.r,(4,ssh6telni.enrni.,L
nainodreeantdhitijok
steheedsiastmine getilyance wi!l coueince ell hut
the most advanced Liberals t Let their claims ,„.e of
the most Utopian nature. Thecyallc:dcuthlde
ptraokveinfLoomf
F.PrusesnsiabinAtmheelrveillyoisse-hoat
tthisenaor7cient duchy. ( xtending
o , u,t
as far as the Baltic, and embracing most of the coast:
line of the Gulf of Dantze, thus not only depriving
her of one-fourth of her dominions, but completely
dividing East Prussia from its sister provinces. 'To
all this territory there is not the slightest doubt that
the Poles can show the strictest title in law, but as
a Statute of Limitations applies in
questions of pri-
vate right, so it must obtain in the affairs of nations.
An undisturbed possession of nearly a century has
given Prussia, as a kingdom, right which it would.
ill become most of the continental Powers of Europe
to dispute, and has effected such material changes,
not only in the ownership of property, but in the
race and language of the inhabitants, that its re-
union to Poland would be no less an injustice than
was its original severance. From Russia Poland
claims a territory of four times the extent of the
" kingdom" known to the Treaty of Vienna. The
Poles insist on ignoring that Lithuania and Little
Russia are Russian provinces ; that the peasantry—
the great bulk of the population—is not Polish, but
Russian in race, religion, and in the sympathy which
naturally springs from these two powerful connect-
ing links; that the soil has only been appropriated
by Polish landowners in defiance of the first article
of the compact entered into when Lithuania and
Poland were united by a family alliance between
their respective Sovereigns ; and that during the
period that ensued Western Russia was subjected
to Polish rule by no other right than that of con-
quest, by no other law than that of force. There
is not an atrocity which has left its stain on the his-
tory of Nicholas to which the parallel cannot be
found in the cruelties of the Polish Kings on their
Russian subjects. The persecution of the Latin
religion by the Czars would find its match in the
bloody annals of the suffering Greek Church, which
contributed its victims to the stake as lately as the
beginning of the last century. If Nicholas deprived
the Poles of all political freedom, it was a Polish
Diet which reduced by one edict every Cossack of
the Ukraine to a state of absolute slavery, and pro-
voked that insurrection under Sulima, which ended
in the living impalement of its chief. We do not
wish to muster up in long array the crimes and
cruelties of Polish conquerors against the con 4uered
Russians with any view of striking a balance be-
tween the two accounts. We wish only to remind
our readers that the tenure by which Poland held
Lithuania and Volhynia, from its first absorption
to its ultimate reconquest by Russia, was the tenure
of the sword. So long as Poland asserts claims to
this large portion of Russian territory she herself is
her own greatest enemy. The Emperor Alexander
would give the most favourable consideration to any
propositions emanating from the Western Provers
on behalf of Poland proper; he would spontane-
ously long ago have still further extended the
liberal institutions of which we have in a former
article given a faint outline, if it were not self-
evident that any such grants would produce the
very opposite effect to that contemplated. Instead
of satisfying the Poles, it would only stimulate
them to attempt to make good their pretensions to
Russian soil. Any real power he might bestow on
them, such as the tight of granting supplies and
determining the levies of troops, would be putting
weapons into the hands of a bitter enemy, who
would most certainly use them to gain those ulte-
rior objects which they do not hesitate to profess
without disguise. The kingdom of Treaty Poland
is not a sourco of strength, but an inherent cause
of weakness to Russia. The disaffection of the
Polish nobility is an element of calculation in every
hostile combination against her. Apart from the
claims of justice ands (pity, she wouldslacily con-
sent tb a :considerable sacrifice to be relieved of A
constant drain on her resources and a perpetual
clog to her internal development and progress.
But whilst the Poles not only privately foster but
openly profess their determination to recover their
usurped dominion over Russian provinces, whilst
every concession of power would be giving them a
locus stanch, and a handle which they would not
fail to use against the interests of Russia as a nation,
neither can the Emperor Alexander grant, nor the
Powers of Europe reasonably claim from him, such
concession. This is not merely a question of go-
vernment and of diplomacy. There is a strong
public opinion in Russia, a public opinion which
the free institutions the Czar has introduced
throughout the length and breadth of his do-
minions renders capable of asserting itself. That
public opinion has long been favourable
to the recognition of the real rights of
Poland. It is in accon:ance with it that the
Czar, unsolicited by any foreign power,
has so largely developed the system of self-govern-
ment in the kingdom, removed many restrictions of
the censorship, encouraged and endowed the Na-
tional Church, founded seminaries for the education
of Catholic and United Greek priests, has estab-
lished secular schools of all degrees,has again thrown
open the gates of the University of Cracow, has
filled the offices of the civil administration with
Polish functionaries, and, in a word, within the
limits of the kingdom, has favoured in every pos-
sible degree the development of the Polish na-
tionality. But the moment the Poles assert claims
to any part of territory, in whatever light we view
it, really Russian, that current of public opinion
which no monarch in the nineteenth century can
neglect if he would, sets equally strong against
them. It is not only from the Provincial Diets of
the Russian nobles and from the municipalities of
the towns that the strongest addresses have been
presented to the Czar, but the working classes, the
peasants emancipated by his beneficent policy, have
rushed in thousands to publicly testify their devoted
readiness to oppose any attack on the national-
tegrity. We have seen at Moscow 10000
WorkingPodoliathere
men assembled for that purpose.beent the
t
scene of one of those religious demonstrations
..
is scarcely a village whose church hlansno
Immense religious processions
Russia and Poland. .
which public feeling delights to manifest itself in
offering
have been formed, and
tthe shrines of the saints
forthronged
keep eyestheir fixedorwe- :011glo an
Bg
by
"Pl;lian gi
their attack,g upn prayerswdat
the success of their. arms against
they consider.
future
frueca'ne
0,,,, 4,
realisationheiilsurg insurgents
an impossible
as they couple the cause of
their ownthey
with the pretensions to e • - ons
exercise
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possibility of usurped power
not only bar any
n success, b
avert airy
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cause. ,3 mpath- of E
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upon the style
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it 3 everywhere
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willt behacsarrbieeedn forwarddeemea withoutproper
that the laying of the foundation of the memorial
tihould he a public and ceremonious ac;. Such an
office belongs by pre ernim tit right to the Queen,
cot less in virtue of her high personal interest in
the memory to le perpetuated than es the hest
representative of the frelings of the naticn, and
fwEr°
have reason to believe that b.
fore the
summer is
ward
advanced we shall see the Queen coming fors tbis
and associating herself with th;ucooutn trry:spa„ii,g.
sacred duty. We think that
Queen'it which public
on thvt perfect liberty
of
*t the
to be infringed, we ,Tay
opinion would nevPr Perm' arnest hope that the per-
express the respectful
"tte mgy mark a n„cv 1-:(1-1, d
formance of this act of pi.e
met her people, will
having once more
Eeclution, but remain thence-
! withdraw herself into
them as aforetime to countenance
forward among ire the testimonies of their
their social life, and receive
constant affection.
---.
in the Queen's public lid, and thatlit:rn(l‘)tlaajegsati3n,,

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