The Sun.
London, England, 1830-03-18 00:00:00

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LONDON,
THURSDAY EVENING, MARCH 18, 1830.

DEFEAT OF THE FRENCH MINISTRY.

An Express from Paris, with the debate of
Tuesday evening, confirms our anticipations of
yesterday. The Chamber of Deputies, after a
very stormy debate, divided on the Address to
the KING, in answer to his MAJESTY'S Speech,
when the POLIGNAC Ministry were defeated by
a majority of forty !-221 being in favour of
the Address, and 181 against it. This is con-
clusive either of the fate of the Ministry or the
existence of the Chamber.

A majority so overwhelming must at once
decide the KING in his course : he must dismiss
the Ministry or the Chamber—there is no other
alternative. If he dissolve the Chamber all
France will be put into a commotion that may
shake the Throne itself, for the feeling of hos-
tility to the present Administration is too ge-
neral—too deep rooted—and too ominous to
be despised : and if the KING should persist in
trying another chance with the present Ministry,
in the face of such a majority, he will only be
courting another proof of disgrace from an in-
dignant but patriotic Chamber—the proud re-
presentatives of a free, generous, and sympa-
thising people.

So intense was the bitterness manifested by
the majority of the Chamber that the debate was
unusually prolonged, and did not terminate till
half-past seven in the evening. The result of
the division created a most lively sensation in
the capital, which will find a ready and exulting
echo in the departments.

What effect a change of Ministry may have
on our relations with France, in respect of
Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Portugal, remains
to be seen. The present forms, at all events, a
most important and interesting crisis in the
affairs of France.

We have given long extracts of the debate of
Monday in another part of The Sun. The fol-
lowing is an abstract of the debate of Tuesday:—

" CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES.
" DEBATE OF TUESDAY, MARCH 16.

" The President took the chair at one o'clock.

"The order of the day directed reading in public assembly
the report of the examination made by the First Bui eau
of the Right of M. Dudun to bit as a Member of the
Chamber.

" Messrs. de Montbel, Guernon de Ranville, d'Hausscz,
and de Polignac, were seated on the ministerial bench.
"It appears from the report, that M. Dudon pays
3,509 f. 86c. direct taxes ; a noisy and confused discus-
sion takes place relative to the right of M. Dudon to sit
as member ; but it finally terminates in the speakers dis-
covering that the object raised against M. Dudon would
Sell equally well against several other deputies, whose right
of sitting had never been questioned.
"M. Duvergier d'llauranne takes this opportunity of
speaking of the dismissal of M. Donatien des Sesmaisons.
" The Prince de Polignac denies that this Peer had
been dismissed from his post of Colonel-in-Chief of the
Staff of the Guard on account of his voting against M.
Dudon. The Prince adds that the dismissal of this per-
sonage is not the subject of discussion.
" The admission of M. Dudon, after a great deal of
uninteresting and in elevant discussion, is decided upon
without any division.

" The Chamber then resolves itself into a Secret General
Committee, and strangers are ordered to withdraw.
" The discussion of the paragraphs of the Address was
resumed. The paragraph upon Portugal terminated in
the following manner :
" It is worthy of the solicitude of your Majesty to put
an end to the evils which afflict Portugal without touching
the protecting principle of legitimacy, which ought to be
held equally sacred by Kings and people.'
" The paragraph relating to the war with Algiers is to
the following effect :
" ' Your Majesty does not think proper to defer any
longer taking measures to obtain ample reparation for the
insult done to yvur flag. We shall wait with respect the
communications that your Majesty shall think necessary to
be made to us respecting a subject of such great import-
ance. Sire, whenever it shall be necessary to defend the
dignity of your crown, and protect national commerce,
your Ma;3sty may rely upon the support and upon the
courage of your people.'
" The Address is said to terminate in the following
manner :

ti ' Cal!ed by your Majesty's voice from all the parts o,

the kingdom, we come to lay at the foot of your throne
the homage of a faithful people, whose emotion on behold_
ing you the most beneficent in the midst of the general be-
neficence has not even now ceased, and who venerates in
you the accomplished model of the most noble and most
touching virtues.
" Sire, your subjects cherish and respect your autho-
rity. Fifteen years of iteace and liberty, which they owe
to your brother and yourself, have strongly rooted is their
hearts the sentiments of gratitude which attach them to
your august dynasty. The people, now enlightened by ex-
perience, have learned that, especially in matters of au-
thority, the antiquity of possession is the most sacred of all
titles, and that it is no less for their own happiness as well
as your glory, that ages have placed your throne above the
reach of storms and tempests. Their conviction coincides
with their ditty, to represent the sacred rights of your
Crown as the greatest guarantee of their liberty, and the
integrity, the inviolability of your prerogatives, as the safe-
guard of their rights.
" ' However, Sire, notwithstanding the unanimous sen-
timents of respect and affection with which your people
surround you, the tranquillity of France is interrupted by
the most anxious feelings, which might become fatal to her
happiness, were they to be prolonged. Our conscience,
our honour, and the fidelity which we have sworn to your
Majesty, and intend to keep with scrupulous attention,
make it our duty to make the cause of that anxiety known
to your Majesty.
" Sire, the Charter which we owe to the wisdom of
your august brother, and whose blessings your Majesty is
determined to consolidate,—that Charter has given to the
country the right of intervening in the discussion of the
public interests. Such an intervention ought to exist ; it is
indirect, and wisely circumscribed within limits which we
shall never suffer to be passed. But it is also positive in
its result; for it makes the concurrence of the political
views of your Government with the wishes of.your people
an indispensable condition of the regular administration of
public affairs.
" Sire, our loyalty and our fidelity oblige us to assert
that this concurrence does not really exist. An unjust
mistrust of the sentiments and reason of France is the
principle which now governs the Administration. Your
subjects view it with pain, because it is insulting to them ;
they also view it with anxiety, because it threatens their
liberties. But such a mistrust can find no access to the
heart of your Majesty. No, Sire, France is as great an
enemy to anarchy as your Majesty is of despotism. She
deserves that your Majesty should rely on her loyalty, as
she relies on your promises.
_

" ' Let the high wisdom of your Majesty decide between
those who do not understand a nation so calm, so faithful,
and us, who, guided by a sincere conviction, come to de-
pose it in your Majesty's bosom the affliction of a whole
people, jealous of the esteem and confidence of their King.
The royal prerogatives of your Majesty afford you the
means of establishing between the different powers of the
state, that constitutional harmony which is the first and
essential condition of the grandeur of the throne and the
prosperity of

"M. Alexander de Laborde blamed the delay in pre-
paring the expedition to Algiers, because every day cost
millions; and would to God that it only cost millions! It
would be too late for this year ; for the embarkation could
not take place till the 15th of May.
" The Minister of Marine, in a written discourse, enu-
merated the insults which had determined the Government
to prepare the expedition to Algiers. He drew a picture
of the piracies of the Dey, recalled the discussions which
had passed respecting some liquidations in favour of his
subjects, and described the blow given to the French Con-
sul. He assured the Chamber that the expedition was
necessary to avenge the honour of the French flag, and
that the result must be glorious to their ar►ns.
" The paragraph respecting Algiers was then agreed to
by the left and two centres. The three paragraphs which
followed excited no discussion.

" The last part of the Address was then debated.
" General Demarcay defended the expressions in which
it was couched.

"M. de St. Marie, M. de Cordoue, and M. de la
Boulaye, severally addressed the Chamber. The latter de-
fended the Ministry, as did likewise M. de St. Marie.
"M. Dupin succeeded M. de Boulaye. His speech
was listened to amid the murmurs of the right side and the
applauses of the left. ' You wish the Charter, you tell
us,' cried he to those who interrupted him, ' but you do
not desire its consequences. You desire the car, but you
would break its wheels.'

" The paragraph was the❑ adopted by a great majority ;
all the right, and the half of the right centre, voting
against it.
" M. de Berbis proposed an amendment on the last
paragraph, which he represented as more respectful to
the Crown.

" M. Guizot supported the original address.
" M. de Lorgeril proposes a new reading of the amend-
ment of M. de Berbis, to the following effect :---‘ Never-
theless, our honour, our conscience, and the fidelity which
we have sworn to your Majesty, impose upon us the duty
of making known to your Majesty, that in the midst of
the unanimous sentiments of respect and affection with
which your people surround you, lively disquietude has
been manifested in consequence of the changes which have
been effected since the last Session.'

" General Sebastiani opposed the amendment, and de-
fended the wording of the commission.
" M. Pas de Beaulieu spoke for the amendment,
though he was against the Ministry.
" M. Berryer spoke against the address.
" After a good deal of discussion, in which M. de
Bourdeau, M. de la Rouchefoucalt, and M. de Puymau..
rin took part (the latter declaring that the Address was
a work of darkness), it being now towards evening, the
President put the adoptio❑ of it to the vote, when the
result was—

For the Address
Against it

Majority against Ministers

The following are extracts from Hamburg
Dutch, and German Papers, received by the
Flanders Mail this morning :

HAMBURG, MARCH 9.

Accounts from Stockholm of 23d February say that the
King had on the preceding day signified by the Marishal
of the Diet to the Chamber of the Nobility, that his Ma-
jesty had fixed the 15th March for closing the Session.

BRUSSELS, MARCH 15.

Letters from Hamburg say that it is believed among
the merchants of that city that there are negotiations of
great importance on foot between the cabinets of Stock-
holm and Petersburgh, the object of which is presumed
to be an offensive and defensive alliance between the two
States.

The Nuremburg Correspondent announces, as might
have been expected, that the news of the taking of Cattaro
by the Montenegrins is unfounded.
HAGUE, MARCH 13.

(From the Journal of Antwerp.)
The important modifications in the code of instruction
criminelle, which have been assented to by the Govern-
ment, give reason to hope that it will be adopted by the
Chambers.

The project of law on the Press having been examined
by the sections, has been judged inadmissible by a great
majority.
The discussion on the petitions has greatly agitated the
public mind at the Hague. Religion has been too much
mixed up in the question, which shews the unhappy in-
fluence of parties, and religious differences on political
affairs. However, the right of petition has tfiumphed,
and it is supposed that M. Donker Curtius himself will
renounce a design which will certainly be defeated by the
free Nvill of the Chamber, to maintain that right in its
fullest extent.

CONSTANTINOPLE, JAN. 12.
It has been agreed upon by the three legations of
France, England, and Russia, that the Greek ships, and
the Greeks themselves, who belong to the new State, and
are provided with documents from the Government, shall
be placed under the protection of one of these legations,
or of the Consulates depending on them.
VIENNA, MARC!! 6.—Metalliques, 1031; Four per
Cents., 97 ; Bank Shares, 1,322.

In the interval between the opening and ter-
mination of.the Debate on the state of the country
there is a point of view in which the existing
distress well deserves to be considered. It is one
which may assist in forming a judgment as to its
temporary or permanent character, and may also
elucidate the connexion that really exists between
the currency and the general lowering of prices,
profits, and rents.
The standard for determining the relative pro-
ductiveness of the different countries of the
world is the cost at which they obtain the precious
metals. The wages of the labour which has pro-
duced the exportable commodities with which the
precious metals are purchased, regulate the wages

of every other kind of labour, and when we say
that in England the annual wages of labour are
from 9to 15 lbs. troy of silver, and in the
United States and Canada, from 12 to
20 lbs. troy, we assert that labour is one-
fourth more productive in America than in
England, or that the cost of obtaining the pre-
cious metals is one-fourth less. This difference
of course extends to rents and profits, and to the
income of money of each individual in each
country, for these depend upon the rate of wages
in general ; and it is therefore evident that what-
ever increases tho efficiency of English labour,
and raises its value in foreign markets,
tends to promote !.:a. general prosperity, by,
giving all classes a greater command of
money, and monies'-worth, than they had before.
On the other hand, whatever diminishes the
value of English labour, tends to place the coun-
try in the situation which is termed " general
distress."

The various causes in operation during the
war, and especially the improvements in machi-
nery by the inventions of ARKWRIGHT and
WATT, increased the efficiency of English labour
to a prodigious extent, and reduced to us the
cost of obtaining the precious metals by at least
one-half. Prices rose accordingly—every man's
income was swelled—rents were put up—and the
country was for a season in that thriving condi-
tion to which we , now look back with the sad
reflection that it has passed away, and with an
almost certain conviction that it is not likely to
return. For now the incomes of all producers
are grievously reduced—profits are often so low
as scarcely to deserve the name. English labour
has diminished, and is, we fear, diminishing in
value—and taxation (without disparagement to
the CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER'S late li-
berality) remains nominally the same, whilst it has,
therefore, in reality, been aggravated in its pres-
sure. This is the state in which, without exag-
geration on the one hand, or dissimulation -on
the other, the country in fact stands, and the im-
portant question to be determined is simply this—
. Why is the cost of obtaining the precious metals
greater to us than it used to be, or rather, than
it might and ought now to be ? Some people
think that the changes in the currency have
led to this result. But the Duke of WELLING-
TON showed the first night of the session that
there is more money in circulation now than at
any period of the Bank restriction, and the fact
was confirmed on Tuesday by Mr. WARD, one
of the Bank Directors. Besides which, sup-
posing the return to cash payments had
abstracted twenty million sovereigns, or less
than 400,000 lbs. troy of gold from the
whole quantity of gold bullion, coin, and plate
in the world, which is estimated at 10,000,00011,5.
troy, the removal of 1-25th part could not sen-
sibly have affected the value of gold; much less
could the substitution of gold and silver for
the four or five millions of 1/. notes lately called
in, or the subtraction of 1-500th part from the
two thousand millions sterling of gold, silver,
and plate in the world, have any perceptible in-
fluence upon prices. It would therefore be easy
to show that the distress cannot arise from
what is called " tampering with the currency ;"
nor would it be less easy, as we apprehend, to
expose the fallacies attributing it to over pro-
duction, as if every man would not like abund-
ance of all things, if he could get it—or to im-
provements in machinery, the very means of in-
creasing the efficiency of labour—or to free
trade, which does not in fact exist, but which, if
it did, would be the surest way of turning in-
dustry into the most productive channels.

These, then, cannot be the causes of the
enhancement of the price of the precious metals,
and the falling of prices. Whilst we are afflicted
with corn laws, and the remains of the system
falsely called protective—whilst we are over-run
with monopolies, and almost crushed to pieces
by taxes—are there not other causes, on the mis-
chievousness of which time may be found to
descant, to whose removal some efforts may well
be devoted ?

Mr. CONTINI, an Italian Messenger, arrived
at the Colonial Office this morning with dis-
patches from Sir FREDERICK ADAM, Lord
High Commissioner of the lonian Isles. These
dispatches are dated Ancona, March the sth.
Mr. CONTINI was also the bearer of dispatches
from Mr. DAWKINS, the British Minister in
Greece.

Mr. BUCKINGHAM has sent us a letter, to
which the very crowded state of our columns
prevents us giving insertion. In this letter he
entirely exculpates himself from the charge of
having accepted a retainer fi out the East India
Company. We should have thought it hardly
necessary for Mr. BUCKINGHAM, whose prin-
ciples have been so widely promulgated, to an-
swer so absurd a charge!