The Sun.
London, England, 1830-04-16 00:00:00

CA TTERICK-BRIDGE MEETING

Stewards—Sir D. BAIRD, Bait, and G. AR-MITA GE, Esq.
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 14.—The Craven Stakes, of 10 sovs.
each, p. p. One mile and three furlongs.
Mr. Walker's Bryan, by Blacklock
Marquis of Cleveland's gr. h. by Viscount 2
Mr. Robinson's b. f. by Swiss 3
Four others started but were not placed—three paid—
won easy.
The Produce Stakes of 25 sovs. each, h. ft. Two miles.
Duke of Leeds's Redstart
Mr. Westgarth's General Houeywood
Mr. Riddell's ch. c. by Doctor Syntax 3
Mr. Gascoigne's br. c. by Figaro 4
Eight paid—won easy.

Richmond Club Stakes of 20 sovs. each. p.p. One mile.
Mr. Fox's ch. f. by Tramp
Mr. Roe's b. c. by Welbeck 2
Mr. J. Smith's br. c. by Jack Spigot
Three paid—won easy.

The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER had
an interview yesterday with the Duke of WELLINGTON.

*

SIEGE OF ATHENS, AT THE BREAKING

OUT OF THE GREEK REVOLUTION.

Attica, however, remained for several weeks
free from any attack, except that now and then
a party of xAE4yrott (literally "thieves") descended
from the mountains and drove off some flocks of
sheep from the plain : but, in consequence of
the tranquillity to which the inhabitants of
Athens had been so long accustomed, these
trifling affairs created a great sensation. The
Turks and their partizans at -first affected to treat
the insurrection with contempt, saying that it
was only a temporary disturbance fomented by
Ali Paella as a diversion in his favour. The
Greeks, though they did not venture to. discover
their sentiments openly, yet spoke of it among
themselves as a well-concerted system of revolt,
and as the commencement of a new order of
things. In the absence of all authentic informa-
tion, reports of every kind were circulated. Day
after day was fixed for the arrival of the army of
" Liberators ;" but it was not till the end of
April, three weeks after the first intelligence, that
a party of guerillas established themselves at
Menidi, a village near the foot of Mount iEgialus.
The Turks then began to be seriously alarmed ;
they retired with their families and all their.
valuable effects into the Acropolis, taking m ith
them the Greek primates as hostages, laid in
a store of provisions, and made every preparation
for a siege. In the day-time, all was bustle and
confusion ; and the stillness of the night, so
remarkable in a Turkish town, was broken
by the cries of the guards, the shrieks of
women, and the voice of the Imaum, who,
at midnight, read the Koran in the temple
of Minerva, while the people responded in
loud shouts of " Allah el illah." This
was an anxious moment for the Greek inha-
bitants, the majority of whom were very ivell,sa-
titled with their present condition, lived on very
good terms with their Turkish neighbours, and
were very lukewarm in the cause of independence,
They were all of too pacific a disposition to
think of declaring themselves, unless sure of
the immediate assistance of their more warlike
brethren ft om the mountains ; the Turkish ma-
gistrates, to whom they had used to look for the
sptriersferrov n
matio
the oAfcorordpeorlisa;ndantdratnhqeuyilwhetyre,
idnulconiol-t
stant fear of some outrage from the Albanian
soldiers of the garrison, who paraded the streets
armed up to the teeth, and with threats and de-
fiance in their looks. In the mean time, although.
from the hill of the Areopagus we could see the
banners of the Cross waving at Menidi, which
was only about eight miles distant, nothing was
accurately known as to the force or the designs
of the insurgents. It was still a joke with us to.
ask the Greeks " when the Pallikari (the Greek
name for guerillas) were coming," and it seemed
still doubtful whether any serious attack was in-
tended,

But on the morning of the 7th of May, just
before day-break, I was aroused by the distant
sound of straggling shots and shrill cries, ‘vhicli,
by degrees, drew nearer and nearer, till at length,
a general shout and a continued volley of
mus-
ketry announced that the enemy were under the
walls of the town. In five minutes afterwards,
I saw rushing through the steeet, close under
my window, a crowd of wild-looking banditti.
armed with weapons of every description, and
cheered on by leaders, many of whom bad their
priestly garb but slightly concealed by a. more
martial attire. The town had been occupied
almost without resistance: the assailants were:
in number about twelve or fifteen hundred. The.
sentinels, strange to say, though they knew that
the enemy was at hand, were killed sleeping on.
their posts • and the" small Albanian. garrison
contented ihemselves with firing a few shots,
and then retreated into the Acropolis.
A few old Turkish men and women, who had.
persisted in remaining in their houses when
the rest of their countrymen had sought a place.
of safety, were made prisoners ; but most of .
them were rescued by the prompt and firm in-
terference of the Frank consuls, and but very

few lives were lost. A constant firing was kept
up for an hour or two after the place was
taken, both by the captors and by the inhabit-
ants, who were anxious to testify their zeal in
the cause, and as much gunpowder was thus
wasted as might have sufficed to batter the castle.
As soon as the tumult had in some degree
subsided, I walked out into the streets, and the
first sign of war that I witnessed was a poor
old black, to whom I had been daily in the
habit of giving a few paras as I passed by, but
whom I now. saw stretched dead at my
feet. The mosques were all ransacked, and
the Turkish houses given up to plunder; but
almost every thing valuable had been already
removed by the owners. In other respects the
troops conducted themselves with perfect order
and moderation. The bazaars, which had been
'shut up for a fortnight, were opened, and supplies
of every sort were eagerly contributed by the
inhabitants, among whom a general sentiment of
joy prevailed, at being at any rate liberated from
the anxious state of suspense in which they had
been kept so long. Many of them, encouraged
by the presence of their ibrmidable allies, were
walking about armed cap-a-pied ; and several of
my acquaintance, hitherto little distinguished by
courage, but who had rather the reputation of,
preferring the pipe to the sword, were so meta-
morphosed by their martial equipments, that I
scarcely recognized them, and neither party coul'l
refrain from laughing when we met.
The rest of the day was spent in allotting
quarters and distributing rations to the soldiers, •
and was undisturbed, except by a few shots which
the Turks occasionally fired from some small
guns on the battlements, and which did no mis-
chief; but in the evening a detachment of Alba-
nians, who had been sent out as a corps of ob-
servation, showed themselves on the skirts of the
olive wood, where they had been concealed
during the day-time, and made directly for the
castle. The alarm was immediately given ; and
1 soon saw from my window at least three
hundred Pullikari collected round the temple of
Theseus, which the Albanians must pass in their
retreat. But whether they overrated the number
of their antagonists, which did not exceed thirty
or forty, or were daunted.by the boldness which
they displayed in facing a force so vastly supe-
rior, they made no attempt to intercept them
except by a random fire. This handful of men
moved steadily on, leaving a few skirmishers in
twiohnicohffitahnekGedretielkestotiwlinthweairllsc,oamnrda,dheys
hoaccdasseionc
the rear, who threw themselves into the towers
secured
their firing through the loopholes, diverted the atten-
their retreat. They then darted from their
hiding-places and scampered up the hill after
them as fast as they could, and the whole party
succeeded in getting into the castle without
losing a single man.—Fteller's Tour in. the
Turkish Empire.

Mr. FERRIES left town yesterday for Tun-
bridge Was.

SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

We observe in our city article that a negociation,
or rather a discussion, has taken place between cer-
tain merchants in the city of London and the King's
Government, respecting the charges incurred for
conveying the precious metals from America to
this country in ships of war. The facts on which
the commercial part of the question rests are fully
detailed in the correspondence of the merchants
alluded to. A cargo of bullion, or treasure, has
in most cases been regarded in a different light
from that of any other merchandise. A more
speedy transmission and a more secure conveyance
have been usually demanded. Hence packets, or
King's ships, have generally been preferred. As we
transmit bills of exchange through the medium of the
Post-office, so merchants, receiving treasure from
abroad, have been desirous to avail themselves
of the advantage of an authorised and speedy
conveyance for their bullion. It is this popular dis-
tinction between the precious metals and other com-
modities, which alone could have suggested the em-
ployment of ships of war in the conveyance of the
former. Nobody ever proposed that the Royal
Navy should be required to bring home Brazil
diamonds or Jesuit's bark for the convenience of
trade, though either may be as much entitled to
consideration as Spanish dollars : neither did the
packets engage in such a traffic. If, then, King's
ships offer themselves fro: the conveyance of treasure,
they ought to do it, either as a part of the public
service, and therefore gratuitously, or at the same
rate of carriage as the packets. We can see no
more objection to the employment of a King's ship
in gratuitously bringing home gold (under proper
regulations.), then in the gratuitous employment of
the Mint in coining it into sovereigns. It would, to
be sure, create a little additional expence to the
public, so dc.es the impression of the King's head
on the bullion carried to Tower-hill. At any
rate, no good reason can be assigned why
the transmission of treasure (if paid for at
all) should riot be executed as moderately
by eir.ships of war as by the former packets ; or
why an Englishman should pay more for the con-
veyance of his dollars than a. Frenchman. The
question thus resolves itself into one or two very
simple points—namely, first, whether any cheaper
or safer medium of conveyance thee our ships of
war can be found ; and, secondly, whether any great
trading country affords greater facilities to its mer-
chants in such transactions than our own. In this
latter respect the fact appears to be established that
French trade has the advantage. France lays no
tax upon her capitalists or merchants for protecting
their treasure, and has opened additional ports for
its authorized admission. Though neither in this
respect, nor in any other, do we feel any commercial
jealousy of our neighbours, it would appear to us
unwise; for the paltry levy of certain small duties,
to drive a lucrative branch of trade—that in bullion
—from our shores to those of France. If the im-
port of the precious metals into England by means
of national ships were either perfectly free, or bur-
dined with very low duties, and subjected to judi-
cious regulations, we might, from our intercourse
with South America, enjoy nearly the monopoly of
the bullion trade. This trade, too, be it remem-
bered, will become every day of more importance as
the industry of the new republics extends,, as the
working of their mines is stimulated, and their peace
consolidated. To compensate the loss of such•a
trade to the public, of what consequence are the
perquisites of our Admirals on the American station,
or the gains of Captains commanding ships of war ?
—7lntss.

Most people supposed, from the manner in which
the Chancellor of the Exchequer opposed the motion
of Mr. Robert Grant, in behalf of the Jews, that
the Right Honourable Gentleman was merely exhi-
biting that sort of reluctance to accede at once to
any measure founded in jus ice, which might be ne-
cessary to save appearances, it being as unbecoming
in a Statesman of the right sort to agree to anything
fair or equitable without much pressing, as it would
be in a coquette to be at once kind to her admirer.
The opposition was feeble, and apparently insincere.
It seemed to us at the time, that the Right Honour-
able Gentleman was contemplating the figure he
should make Mien advocating the measure he was
then opposing, if he lent himself too heartily to Sir
R. Inglis. Mr. Perceval indeed, from the fervour
of his invocation of our Saviour, satisfied us that
he was hearty in the cause, and, therefore, our ob-
servation has no reference to him. However the
fiat has been pronounced, that the Jews are to re-
main on a different footing from that of Christians;
and the Right Honourable Gentleman being no
longer under any apprehension of the issue, will he
enabled to give himself lip, heart and soul, to the
goo 4 old cause of intolerance. We suppose
it has been thought that Government would
derogate from its dignity, and fall in the esti-
mation of the people, were it not to show, now
nud then, that it chooses not to agree to what is
right. A better occasion could hardly he chosen for
the manifestation of a dislike to justice, because the
want of even a decent pretext for withholding civil
privileges is so obvious, that no one can mistake
the refunl for any thing else than the Sic volo, sic
jubeo ; end, in the next place, the injustice may he
committed with perfect impunity; because the
Jews cannot employ any Counsellor Sheil of their
body to write articles in the Ministerial Journals of
France, pointing out the nekedness of the land from
the possibility of the union of the portion of the
Hebrew nation among us, with an invading enemy;
and it would not even be necessary for the Duke of
Welliugton, were he to concede to the Jews the
privileges they claim, to state that he was not afraid.
There is, therefore, no misconceiving the making
the opposition to the claims of the Jews a Cabinet
measure, to have its origin in any other motive but
a hearty relish for intolerance, and a wish to keep in
countenance that respectable portion of our country..
men who hate all measures in proportion as they are
fair and reasonable, and who think Government never
seems toappearto so much ad vantage as when it clings
to antiquated prejudices, and patronises illiberality.
The intelligence that the Duke will make a stand
agehist the Jews will, no doubt, endear the Duke to
satiny that his late liberal measures have estranged from
him, by showing them that where he can indulge
his inclinations he is yet with them. So, then, we
are to remain a-Christian Legislature,pure and with-
out admixture. It is true, the Legislature, though
purely Christian, is somewhat loose in its morality ;
for, according to the advocates of the Ellenborough
Divorce Bill, immorality is as certain a criterion of
fashionable society, as hypocrisy in affecting an ex-
ternal respect for religion, for the sake merely of
imposing on the vulgar. It is true that the object
of Government is to secure men in their persons and
properties; and that it is difficult to understand why
a man should be deprived of any of the advantages
for the sake of which men enter into the social
union, because he believes in the Old Testament,
and not in the New, if there is nothing in his belief
which incapacitates him from !Ring as good a sub-
ject as a Christian can be. Religion is merely in so
ter of importance with reference to Government as
it is supposed to afford, in the hopes and fears
of a future world, a guarantee for good con-
duct in this. If a Jew be sincere, he fur-
nishes in this respect the same guarantee to society
which the Christian does. Against insincerity there
is no safeguard; because a dishonest man will take
all tests and swear all oaths; and therefore, while
there is always a presumption that be who refuses
a test when it is his interest to take it is an honest
man, the taking a test merely proves that a man is in
the way which all dishonest men are sure to pursue,
though all honest men also pursue it. Blanco
White tells us that thesTead of infidelity in Spain
pat an end to the Inquisition, because infidels were
too prudent to refuse any test. A Jew who obeys
the dictates of his religion, is as much bound to dis-
charge every duty of a good citizen as a Christian'
can be. The question of the truth of the religion is
quite distinct. The Jew may find himself mistaken
in his hopes—he may have placed his relianceon
oat will fell him in the hour of exigency; but this

Years. Real Value.
1815 £43,447,373
1816 49,653,245
1817 40,328,940
1818 40,349,235
1819 45,180,150
1820 34,252,251
182 I 35,569,077
1822

Years. Real Value.
1823 £36,176,897
1824 34,589,410
1825 37,600,021
1826 38,077,330
1827 30,847,52 k
1828 36,394,817
1829 36,150,379
1830 35,212,873

T0ta1....£3i1,605,398

Total £285,049,255
Decrease .... 39,554,143

1 £324,603,398
There can be no mistake about this, for it is so clear,
so plain, so intelligible, that even a child may un-
derstand it. Here, then, comparing the first eight
years after the war with the last eight years, there
appears a decrease in the value of our exports of no
less than thirty-nine millions, five hundred and fifty-
four thousand, one hundred and forty-three pounds
sterling ! ! ! If we look at the first four years, and
compare them with the last four, the result is still
more distressing. In the former period we exported
goods to the amount of 173,778,7931., and in the
latter period only 138,605,6271., showing a decrease
in the short period of four years of upwards of
thirty five millions of pounds sterling ! ! ! But this
is not the worst part of it. We have not only
lost about thirty-five millions since 1826, but a
much larger sum, if we take into consideration the
fact that we have exported a much larger quan-
tity of goods in the latter than in the former
period. The quantity exported is enormously
increased, but the value of our labour is la-
mentably decreased. The pernicious effects of
this we see in the numerous acts of bankruptcy, the
ruinous speculations of merchants, the inadequate
profits of manufacturers, and the wretched wages
of labourers. We have destroyed our home trade,
and now our foreign trade is not worth carrying on.
We have narrowed the consumption of the domestic
market, and glutted the market abroad—therefOre
we toil, and spin, and weave, at starvation prices,
export at a loss, try one venture to redeem another,
and the Gazelle finishes the farce. This has been
our way for years; and the impudent rogues who
make a gain by the misfortunes of the manufacturer,
and the pauperism of the weaver, stand by and cheer
the mad Minister on, bawl prosperity till he
becomes deaf, and while they know in their hearts
that the country is fast going to destruction. The
system, it is true, will, sooner or later, cure itself,
hut God help those at whose expense this hazardous
cure is to be performed. This comes of governing a
great, commercial, manufacturing, and agricultural
country, by gentlemen of the marines, gentlemen of
the ordnance, gentlemen of the light infantry, and
gentlemen of the horse guards l—illorning, Journal.
It appears, by our Private Correspondence from
Terceira, that the blockade of that island is con-
ducted in so inefficient a manner, as to have more
the form than the reality of a blockade. It appears
that no less than eight vessels had put in at the
island within the spaceof eight days, and had not met
with the slightest opposition or hindrance from any
of Don Miguel's vessels, cruising around the island.
Whether this apparent negligence on the part of the
blockaders be intentional or not, is difficult to say;
but it is possible that it may be designed to lull the
garrison of Terceira into a fallacious security, with
4 yiew to some meditated plan of surprise. Our
Correspopdent says " the impression here is, that
they do not wish to prevent any vessels from enter-
ing the port; and, indeed, it is impossible to sup-
pose otherwise, considering
titer, coupled the circumstance withthe fineness of the wea-
of vessels entcr.

ing at all hours of the day." A confident enemy falls
an easier prey than a cautious one, and the Portu-
guese may be supine upon that calculation. As to
the financial matters connected with the Regency,
and which have been represented as in a very criti-
cal situation, our Correspondent gives us the fol-
lowing intelligence :—" An uneasy sensation was
created amongst the English residents here, owing to
some misunderstanding relative to some bills which
were transmitted to London, and, it appears, were
not duly honoured, The Marquis de Palmella, on
his arrival, sent for the holders, and explained all the
circumstances of the case in so satisfactory a way,
that those who hold cash are anxious to procure bills
for it." We know not whether, in this instance,
our Correspondent speaks from hearsay, or from his
own personal knowledge; we give the information
as it was seat to us, only-observing that it is from a
most respectable source.— Morning Herald.
A pamphlet has been put into our hands en-
titled, " A Dispassionate Appeal to the Legislature,
Magistrates, and Clergy of the United Kingdom,
against Mr. Calcraft's proposed Bill for throwing
open the Retail Trade in Malt Liquor," avowedly
the production of a County Magistrate, which,
though it does not contain many new observations, and
is in error, in part, in those which are made, de-
serves, nevertheless, the serious attention not only
of those to whom it has been more immediately ad-
dressed, but of the public at large. The destruc-
tive nature of the measure, in so far as the Licensed
Victualler is concerned—the rashness with which
it has been brought forward—and the injustice
of depriving, at one fell swoop, a numerous and
most industrious body of trillesmen of the hard-
earned fruits of their industry, without com-
pensating them for the loss, as well as the small
prospect of ultimate benefit to be derived from it,
or rather the almost unerring certainty of evil, are
well pointed out.
" The Chancellor of the Exchequer," observe the
author, " has no doubt been told by some influential
friends among the landed interest, that he will increase
the consumption of barley fifty per cent., by taking off
the Beer Duty, and throwing open the trade entirely.—
But as the reduction of duty will not amount to twenty
per cent. on the retail price of strong beer, it is a matter
of doubt whether an increase of consumption will
,take
place to the amount of thirty per cent. beyond the present
demand, unless other circumstances besides the repeal of
the Beer Duty were to concur for bettering the condition
of the labouring classes, who are in all cases the great con-
sumers of malt liquor. But even allowing the demand to
increase one-third beyond the present amount, the public-
houses already licensed in London and its environs, could
accommodate at least double the average number of per-
sons that frequent such houses, while the licensed houses in
all the provincial towns and villages would accommodate
four times the average number of customers, except in
very extraordinary cases of local interest;—in all which
cases temporary accommodation may be obtained at the
houses immediately adjacent, as is customary at present
(luring the time of assizes, quarter sessions, public meet-
ings, or races."
There is, consequently, as the writer observes, no
satisfactory ground for increasing the number of
public-houses—on the contrary, we believe that it
would greatly contribute to the good quality of malt
liquor, arid assuredly to the benefit of the public,
were even the present number diminished ; but thee,
say the advocates of the desired free trade in Beer,
tire high rents and premiums which are given for
public-houses disprove the assertion. On this point,
however, the author of the pamphlet before us has
a satisfactory reply :
" With respect to the clamour," says he, " that has
been raised again publicans for paying a large rental for
houses, which additional rent is supposed to be charged
on the customers, the same objection would apply to
every other class of tradesmen in the United Kingdom.
It might with as much justice be contended, that a baker
or butcher, who by great assiduity has established a va-
luable trade in certain premises, shall not demand an in-
creased rental or premium on transferring such premises
to another man, as that the owner of a public-house
shall not make the most of his property when a fair op-
portunity offers."
With regard to the attack which the " County
Magistrate" conceives to be made by the proposed
measure upon the character of the Magistracy, we
really cannot join in opinion with him. The Ma-
gistrates have undoubtedly exercised their authority,
in many instances, to the great benefit of the pub-
lic, by refusing licences to persons of bad charac-
ter, and who might naturally have been supposed
incapable of managing, with any degree of regard
to the public morals, a business which, of all others,
requires to be entrusted to upright hands; but then
it is notorious, on the other hand, that their con•
duct has been frequently stained by the most cot,
rupt, oppressive, and tyrannical decisions, against
which, until lately, the Licensed Victualler had no
remedy and no appeal. We perfectly agree, how-
ever, with the following observations :
"There is too much reason to fear," says he, " even if
certificates as to character Were required by the Board of
Excise, that such considerations would very seldom be
taken into account, when it is the interest of those who
grant the licence, as well as persons receiving it, to raise
no impediment to the measure. The local magistrate, on
the ott•er hand, is both politically and morally interested in
preventing improper persons from obtaining Victuallers'
Licences. From want of due vigilance in this respect lie
would create a hot-bed for the midnight burglar, or
poacher, in his immediate neighbourhood; as too many
instances sufficiently attest in the circuit twenty miles
round London, where the magistracy cannot maintain the
same salutary controul as they are enabled to do in the
more remote districts."
With regard again to the benefit expected to be
derived from the proposed measure, of an increased
consumption and superior quality of malt, our
" County Magistrate" observes that, judging from
the past, the anticipation will be egregiously disap-
pointed. The same expec'ation was entertained
when the Intermediate Beer Bill was under consi-
deration ; but what has been the result ? Why that,
on the one hand, " that commodity is, in the majo-
rity of instances, any thing but a genuine extract of
malt and hops ;" and, on the other, " that it is
generally sold at a profit far greater to the retailer
than the profit derived from strong beer or ale,
which pays a duty of ten shillings per barrel I"
With regard to the origin of the measure there can
be no question that it ought to be fathered upon the
great brewers, who, by the purchase of a great num-
ber of public-houses, arid the grant of loans upon
others, have given rise to an erroneous idea in
the mind of the public, that malt liquor of a better
quality, and at an inferior price, would be procured,
were the granting of licences to be taken out of the
hands of the Magistrates, and the trade completely
thrown open ; but here, as in most other cases, the
penalty of the crime—if crime it be—is to fall upon
those who have no share in the alleged abuse.—
The Brewers, in fact, have, for the last twenty years,
been getting rid, as quickly as they could, of their
public-house property. The house of Barclay and
Co., we are told, has not now even one hundred
upon its hands—that of Whitbread also compara-
tively
few; and though others, such as Calvert's
and Hanbury's, are differently situated, yet the fact
cannot be denied, that while the Licensed Victu-
allers will, on the one hand, be the greatest suffer-
, era, because to them there is no prospect of com-
pensation from the reduction of the duty, the
Brewers—those at least who have but few houses
—will be comparatively little tin-injured. The
Licensed Victualler, in fact, as the author of the
pamphlet observes,
" is to be made the scape-goat of the whole measure.
He has to sustain a loss of fifty, or in many instances of
advantageous situation of a hundred, per cent. in the value
of premises, raised, chiefly by the competition of brewers,
while in his trade he will sustain au annual loss to an
equal amount, from having the beer trade thrown open to
every competitor."
la conclusion we recommend the pamphlet, from
which we have extracted thus largely, to the candid
consideration of the Government arid the Legisla-
ture, and particularly the latter part of it, in which
the writer recommends
" That some general Act of Parliament be framed to
consolidate and amend the numerous Acts which at pre-
sent relate to the management of public-houses, and which
of late years have inflicted great hardships on the Licensed
Victuallers of London and its environs, from encouraging

men of the lowest character to bring informations against
publicans, to procure penal convictions for imaginary
offenoes."—lllorning Advertiser.

AMERICAN PAPERS.

LATEST FROM COLOMBIA.

We have received several important documents from Co-
lombia, through the politeness of Mr. Radcliff, late Consul
for the United States at Litna, who arrived in the brig
Medina, from Carthagena.
_ _

Mr. Radcliff informs us that all goes quiet at Car the-
na, and the opinion was that there would be no fight-
ing. At Guayaquil it was thought that Bolivar would he
made President for life.
At the last dates from Lima (Nov. 20th) elections were
to take place for President and Vice-President, and it was
probable that Gamarra would be continued as President.
Mr. Lawrence had arrived. All was quiet in Peru.
The Constituent Congress of Colombia wail installed at
Bogota on the 20th January, according to the decree of
December 24. Forty-seven deputies were present, exceed-
ing two-thirds of the whole number required for a quorum.
They went from the palace of the government, with the
Liberator President at their head, to the Cathedral, to at-
tend a solemn mass, and thence to the hall appointed for
their sessions, where many citizens were present. There,
after a short speech, the President, accompanied by the
Ministers of Foreign Relations and the Interior, ad-
ministered the oath to the deputies, who presented them-
selves two by two. The deputies then proceeded to vote
for their President, and Urdaneta received three votes,
Sucre twenty-five, Borrero fifteen, Castillo one, Restrepo
two, and Canabal one. Sucre, therefore, was declared
President. Esteves, Bishop of Santa Mari% was then
chosen Vice-President by 30 votes, and Burgos,'Secretary.
The Liberator then declared the Congress legally installed,
and gave the *era their seats.
General Sucre then made a speech, in which "he
praised the firmness with which Bolivar had guided the
Republic in a dangerous crisis, convoking a Congress
which will be able to heal all its distresses, and abdicating
spontaneously the unlimited power which the people had
confided in him." His Excellency replied that "in the
Congress were placed the best and most legitimate hopes
of the nation, to which they would undoubtedly give a
constitution full of power and liberty, and that he retired
with the greater confidence, because he left at the head of
the representatives the Great Marshal of Ayacucho."

" THE LIBERATOR TO THE COLOMBIANS.

" Colombians,—This day I cease to command you. I
have served you in quality of a soldier and a magistrate.
In that long period we have recouquered the country, libe-
rated three republics, and suppressed many civil wars; and
four times I have restored to the people their omnipo-
tence, by spontaneously assembling four constituent Con-
gresses. Three services were due to your virtues, valour,
and patriotism,—the glory of having directed them to
me. The Constituent Congress, which has been this day
installed, finds itself intrusted by providence with giving
to the nation the institutions it desires, by following the
course of circumstances and the nature of things.
" Fearing I might be considered as an obstacle, in
placing the Republic on the basis of its happiness, I have
thrown myself from the lofty magistracy to which your
bounty has raised me. Colombians! I have been the vic-
tim of ignominious suspicions, without having had the
power to defend the purity of my principle.. The same
persons, who have aspired at the supreme command,
have endeavoured to tear me from your heart., by attri-
buting their own sentiments to me—by making me ap-
pear the author of projects they have conceived, and by
representing me as aspiring at a Crown which they have
offered me more than once, and which I have rejected
with the indignation of the proudest republican. Never,
never, I swear to you, has my mind been stained by ambi-
tion for• a kingdom, which my enemies have artfully
forged, to destroy me in your opinion.
" Undeceive yourselves, Colombians ! my only wish has
been to contribute to your liberty, and the preservation of
your repose; if for this I have been blameworthy, I mote
than any one else merit your indignation. Do not listen,
I beseech you, to the vile calumny and the base covetous-
ness for which discord is excited on every side. Will you
allow yourselves to be blinded by the imposture of my
detractors? You are not so senseless.

" Colombians ! Approach the Coustituted Congress. It
is the national wisdom, the legitimate hope of the people,
and the last point of meeting for patriots. On its sovereign
decrees depend our lives, the happiness of the Republic,
and the glory of Colombia. If you are fatally torn away,
and abandon it, there is no other safety for the country,
and you will sink in the ncean of anarchy, leaving, as an
inheritance to your children, crime, blood, and death.
" Countrymen ! Hear my last words on terminating
my political career. In the name of Colombia, I beg you,
I beseech you to continue united, lest you should become
the assassins of the country, and your own executicners.
" Bogota, Jan. 2. " BOLIVAR."
We have not room to translate, in full, the other, docu-
ments. In the " Exposition of facts made to the Congress
by the Council of Ministers," at Bolivar's orders, Castillo
says, that almost all the Colombians have made expressions
within a few years past, in relation to the kind of govern-
ment proposed to be established, and all agree on that which
shall best support liberty, The Duly difference is in regard
to the executive power. " Some," he says, " desire a
supreme magistrate for life—others an hereditary one. The
greater part desire that he may be elective and temporary.
The Liberator alone has not expressed an opinion." In his
message to the Congress, Bolivar says, " I fear, with some
reason, that my sincerity may be doubted, when I speak
teyou of the magistrates who must preside over the
republic. But the Congress ought to be convinced that
their honour is opposed to their thinking of me for that
appointment, and mine in thinking of accepting it. Be-
lieve me, a new Magistrate is indispensable for the re-
public—the people wish to know whether I will ever cease
to command,—the American states regard me with a cer-
tain inquietude, which may bring upon Colombia evils like
those suffered in Peru. Even in Europe there arc some
who fear I may discredit, by my conduct, the noble cause
of liberty. From this time, I am only a citizen in arms,
to defend the country, and obey the Government, &c."
FRom cm/A.—We have been favoured by Capt. Tripp,
of the ship Florida, with the Mercurio de Valparaiso of
November 27, and December 1. We are unable to form
an opinion of the exact state of things in that country, but
we ere able to gather from the papers that a revolution has
taken place, by which the Government has got into new
hands (probably those in favour of a confederate systetn)
and that little blood appears to have been shed.
We learn from a passenger on board the ship Florida,
from Lima, that the inhabitants of the province of Concep-
tion had declared themselves independent of the Govern-
ment of Chili. The insurrection had become quite alarm-
ing, so that nearly all the foreign merchants of Santiago
had left that place, and had tone to Valparaiso with their
property, in consequence of which a great many robberies
had taken place.

INGREDIENTS WHICH FORM WATER.--If
the two aeriform fluids, called oxygen and hydrogen, be
mixed together in a certain proportion, the compound will
be water. In this case, the components are different from
the compound, not merely in the one being air and the
other liquid, but in other respects not lees striking. The
compound water extinguishes fire, and yet of the com-
ponents, hydrogen is one of the most inflammable sub-
stances in nature, and the presence of oxygen is indis-
pensably necessary to sustain the phenomenon of coinbus-
tion,—Dr. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopcedia, Vol. V.

SINGULAR PROPOSAL.—A young lady came
over from a great distance " to be cured," and when 1
asked her what was her complaint, she replied, " As to
that matter, I believe there is not a single complaint under
the sun which I have not got." Here was a fine cata-
logue of disorders ! I asked if she were married or
single? " Single," was the answer. I then told her,
that so many complaints as she seemed to have, could only
be cured by a husband ! At which observation she was
exceedingly exasperated ; but her anger terminated in a
proposal to many me ! I never was more surprised in my
life, and looked quite stupid. —Ha rdy's Travels in Mexico.

EXTRAORDINARY COMBAT.—My atten-
tention was suddenly diverted by a splashing in the water
below me. It was a combat between a seal and two mon-
strously large sharks. Never did I witness any thing half
so terrific. I could scarcely breathe from anxiety. The
commotion in the water was very great, and the long tails
of the sharks were at intervals ;bar or five feet out of wa-
ter, making muscular efforts, and flouncing with ferocious
energy, to keep the seal from rising to the surface. Pre-
sently their tails entirely disappeared, and in an instant
more the ruffled surface of the water, where the combat
had taken place, was discoloured with blood, bubbling up
from below; and a perfect smoothness succeeded, which
left only a trace of where the fight kad been. Two of the
crew told me they had also beheld the fight, and afterwards
saw the poor seal crawl out of the water upon the rocks
with his entrails hanging out. Judging from the appear-
ance of the sharks swimming round the island close to the
shore, I should imagine they cannot be short of thirty
feet long. They look like whales ; and I took especial
care neither to venture into the water myself, nor suffer
any of our men to do eo.—Hardy'i Travels in Mexico.