The Sun.
London, England, 1830-12-30 00:00:00

THE ARMY.

The orders from the Horsa•Civards for increasing the
Cavalry Regiments have not been M extensive as was sup.
posed ; in fact, they are only to recruit until an additional
ten men are added to each troop. No diminution of the
standard in height has been made.

To-morrow will prove an anxious day for the Alloy
and Navy, as from that period the pensions of officers'
widows in both branches of the service, will be placed on
a new and touch more confined footing than formerly.
Nona will be then entitled unless the officer has been mar.
Tied at least one year, and *erred ten years on full pay.
This latter arrangement will prove most injurious to the
officers who entered the service at the time of Nay'eaten
escape front Elba, roost of whom, unless where aided by
by powerful influence, having been placed on half-pay at
the close of the war.

The detachment of Artillery which left NVoolwioh,
during what may now perhaps be called " the late" dis-
turbances, have all returned to head-quarters ; this may
he considered the most gratifying proof of the improved
state of the country. The duty while in theirout•quar-
ters is described as of a very harassing nature, chiefly on
account of their being kept in constant readiness (day end
night) to turn out if wanted by the civil authorities.

Pita MAJESTY has been graciously pleased to
order 1001. to be paid in aid of the aubscriptien fund oats-
Wish at Newcastle, for the relief of the shipwrecked WA*
riners in the Greenland fishery, and this sum has wool-
ingly been transmitted by General WIIKAT,4III4 MA-
7EsTY'S privy purse keeper, to the Newcastle bank. This
money is to be divided between the ports of Newcastle,
Hull, and Aberdeen..— Catiadonion Mercury.

We call the attention of our readers to the
accounts from Ireland, extracted from the Will Papers.
They are calculated to add to the alarmalreitly felt respect-
ing that country. We understand that although there
was little difficulty in obtaining money on mortgage, by
owner% of estates in Ireland, a month or five week(' ago,
capitalists now refuse to lend on the security of Irish
property..-Morning chronicle.
THE CIVIL LIBT.-.--Sir ROBERT SHAW
has published a letter explanatory of the circumstances
under which he receives 8001. a-year from the Civil List.
His father, he says, purehastd the grant, and he receives
it merely in the capacity of his father's executor. Now,
MI the Civil List is the property of the public, it would be
well to ascertain what are the claims for the continuance of
this potation ? If (as an Irish contemporary suppose*, for
the rake of argument), Sir Boum' SHAW'S father gave
seven years' purchase (a very high rate) for this annuity...
that is, a hoot of 5,600/. —fur this outlay or advance, it
is admitted that the SHAIV family have been 80 years re-
miring a auto of 8001. annually, which amounts to
24,0001. It is, therefore, pretty plain (says the autho.
rity before alluded to) that the purchaser and his exe-
cutors made a good hit by this purchase ; and it is equally
clear that the public, so far from owing say thing to Sir
Honour Straw, bare a right to claim from him a large
balance. —Morning Herald.

The restlessness, the discontent, and limning
patriotism of the demagogue may generally he trawl 14/
person or domestic ratters. Went of mem
the root of evil, and an adequate supply of if the cute.
True patriotism, that rare gommodity, ja wily distill-
guishshle from the spurious, by ilk, Allawate4 1( tol444lles*
in its origin, and of a love of telitobitt til tteMitt"'

SPIRIT OP THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

. .
The Monday journals of Paris can hardly be said
to contain much news, as the resignation of Way-
*He appeared by the accounts published yesterday
morning: The resignations also of Dupont de l'Eure,
and of Odillost l3arrot, imply the dissatisfaction of
two of the most popular names among the old and
young men of France. It is idle to predict conse-
quences where even facts are not certainly known.
M. Lafitte is en eminent bankerand a shrewd man,
but, though sixty years old, is a very young state-
man; nor are the councils of the frank and impetu.
out Montalivet (clever and honest though we admit
him to be) calculated to inspire much confidence.
Sebastiani is a man of unquestionable talent, and
has latterly shown that he can conquer some of the
military prejudices of his earlier career; but his po:
polarity is to be found rather in the saloons of Paris
than among the people of France. Snub is, beyond
a doubt, a most eminent name,--eminent for talent,
military and civil, for great resources, and undoubted
intrepidity of character. But with all these titles
to admiration, he has contrived, by his subservient
conduct during the late reign, to lose the respect and
affections of .his countrymen. The name of Louis-
Philip is still a tower of strength; but popularity,
where much more is expected than can be granted,
is a short-lived power. It is evident that something
must be done, and soon, to controul the-various bo-
diea in action against the authorities, or Government
is merely a name. Soult is said to have put under
. a.month's arrest 8D of the hula of the Polytechnic
School.. We wish we could see force enough in
the Administration to dissolve the school, or at least
to suspend it for six months. At present, law and
authority are trampled tinder foot ; and, to adopt the
eloquent language of the Journal des Debuts of
'Monday, " When the law can no longer make itself
' respected,—as soon as this pivot of the social system
ceases to act,—it matters not whether the violator
of the law be the tyrant King or the tyrant people:
all is in danger—if the violator go unpunished, all is
lost."--21inte/.

We believe that nobody is foolish enough to ex-
pect candour or justice from Mr. O'Connell : his
rtiVective, therefore,, may generally be left to die a
natural death of incredulous contempt. There are,
however, occasions when the Irish agitator takes in
bend a more dangerous weapon than abuse, end flat-
' ters those whem he wishes to injure. .Though the
blundering ruffianism of his slander is beneath notice,
the Virus of his .praise may require to be wiped off,
lest it ahould have tome, if not all, of the dangerous
effects' of the slaver of rabid animals. Mr. O'Con-
nell-, in a late speech, Obierved, that the only honest
lawyer in Parliament was Mr. Attorney-General
(Denman), " because he means to support nth(gr. O'Connell's) Bill for giving the truth in evi-
dence. for libel." This wilful, attempt to place one
man :in an invidious light by investing him with
'another's merits, must tie much more offensive to
the high minded lawyer thus bedaubed with tomb)?
panegyric, :than it can be injurious to the Learned
Peer to whom the praise actually belongs—a praise,
hoWever, which We deprecate for him when we see
the object is to put two old and cordial friends in con-
trast with each other. Mr. O'Connell, as a lawyer
and
,a MeMber of Parliament, cannot be ignorant,
that the doctrine which he has the unfairness to put
forth as his own, and for supporting which he has
the impudence to praise the Attorney-Ge-
neral, is taken from a Bill introduced into the
House of Commons by Mr. Brougham, and read a
first and second time in 1827, when it was thoroughly '
explained end defended in a long and able speech by
the eloquent mover, who afterwards again, in 1828,
fully discussed and vindicated his projected mea-
sure. We are convinced that if every movement
and speech of Mr. O'Connell were well investigated
his motive would always be found to be of the
meanest and most personal nature. Mr. Doherty
has bean promoted from the office of Solicitor-
General to the dignity of Chief Justice of the Com-
mon Pleas in Ireland, as Mr. Tindal was promoted
from the corresponding office in England to a cor-
responding dignity. Is there anything nensual in
the promotion ? No. Is there anything unfitting ?
To this, we do not know that we have sufficient
mom to furnish an answer; but Mr. O'Connell,
who is so loud in reprobation of the promotion, is
hound to give other reasons besides general abuse.
Dere* Mr, O'Connell avow the real motive of his
enmity to Mr. Doherty ? Dares he avow his real
motive for clamouring to repeal the Union ? The
total loss of practice consequent on his attendance
in the House of Commons may be a sufficient rea-
son for the Hon. Gentleman to abandon his seat for
Waterford: is it a sufficient motive to dissever the
ties which bind two nations together in bonds of
mutual interest and amity ? But we see Lord
Angles.% is beginning vigorously to grapple with
the Agitator on thiorpoint ; and the Agitator is, as
usual, slinking from conflict with those who meet
him boldly and firmly.—Tiates.
As the trials continue for riotous proceedings
among the agricultural !Adorers, the disposition to
mischief appears to subside : indeed, the situation
of the country, though still not to be vaunted, is
changed from what it was six weeks ago. The
reign of terror has, in a great degree, given way to
that of the laws, To this the charges of the Judges
on circuit, and more especially on the special com-
missions, have no doubt greatly contributed ; that
of Mr. ustice Park, given in our paper of Tuesday,
left nothing to be regretted on the various points of
law which could come before the Juries on the
cases submitted to their cognizance; while its con-
clusion contained a humane appeal to gentlemen on
their return to their homes, to show the greatest
kindneis and attention to the real waists of the di,-

tressed, while they enforced strict subudwilon to the
laws. We have great pleasure in attributing the
good produced to these simple expositions of the
law, than to the verdicts of condemnation, and the

consequent sentences, because it argues a more tract-
able spirit in those who may have partly erred
through ignorance, and shows less necessity for
final severity. In the trials, indeed, which
have taken place, it appears that in many
instances the leaders have been persons un-
connected directly with agricultural labour,
though the ploughmen may have swelled the mob ;
and if we cannot plead much for the former, the
claims of the latter are but the stronger both to a
lenient sentence and to kind treutment, the most
essential test of *hie) Is sufficient wages hereafter.
Two facts have clearly resulted from the trials:—
one, that the poor (~Pourers were ; and next,
that they were not resisted with sufficient spirit
when they first broke out into excesses. Add to
this also, that they were Jowled on by inflammatory
methods; incendiaries operated upon their minds,
as they unfortunately, or some. of them, operated
wpm"' their. [nesters' stacks and mows—they set
them on.firc A poor boy, who had set fire to five
stack, in. one parish, declared with his dying breath,
and wrote with his quivering bandohet he bad been
incited to these illegal acts by hearing a lecture of
old Cobbett's, at Battle; as a poor woman re•
cently, at one'of the public offices, 'swore that her
huthend was seduced frisin her into into the moot
shockiog habits of vice by reading Cuilile's tracts :
aod yet both these wretches, with the bodies of
their victims cold before them, say that they are
the friends of the poor. Riot undoubtedly must be
put down—turbulence must be suppressed; and
these ends being attained, then may clemency be
shown, without risk to the misled, and without the
tnpututiou of fear on those who wield the law. Two
of-the Winchester trials, received last night, pre-
sent some extraordinary aonduct on the part of the
farmers which we have not time to notice as the
subjetedsaerves.—Tiewa.
As **do tint wish to serve any cause by false-
hood, we heve taken some pains of late to show
that the agricultural labourers are better off than
they were d i
71a-il-iat war, and that there is no
foundation for the statement* that the late risings
have their cause in a greater degree of distrees and
privation than usual. Aliondairt proof, if further
prove, were wow'', it 16' be found in the reports

of the tri►►ls of the rioters. Thus in the report in
the Chronicle of yesterday, of the proceedings at
Winchester, on Friday last, Jonathan Wyatt, exa-
mined in the trial of Bratcher and others, said, in

answer to a question by the Court, " Mr. Cheney's
labourers received 9s. a week, which. was the gene-
ral rate of wages throughout the parish ; same had
assistance from the parish besides." Robert
Bowdland said, " witness got Os. a week, and
is a single man." Stephen Toghill Hard-
ing said, " 9s. a Week was the common rate
of wages for single as well as married men ;
-they are now giving 12s. a week." John
Barnard said, " the men were receiving 93.
a week, and two of them 10s." Lady Cavan
said " she asked the mob why they rose, when
there was no apparent distress round Eaglehurs►,
and that the wages had been the same for several
years; witness had been in several of their cottages
and never saw any appearances of distress; they
said they had been oppressed long enough, and
they would not bear it any longer; one said he had
a large family and received 9s. a week for labour
and 3s. from the parish . . . One said he had
only Os. a week ; that his labour was worth 125.,
and he was determined to have 125." John Mutt-
day, a farmer, said " the men were usually paid by
them 9s, it week; some had Is. a week more, and
many house rent and fuel; those who came to the
parish did not have so much; if they had large fa-
milies, the parish assisted them considerably ; one
man earned Is. l lrl a day, and had 34. a week
from the parish, and be struck for an advance."

Now, during the war, at the very time wheat was
selling at eight guineas a quarter, and other de-
scriptions of food proportionably high, the agricul-
tural labourers in that part of England received the
very same wages. In Mr. Gourlay's General In-
troduction to his Statistical Account of Upper
Canada, we have abundant details as to the wages
of labour in that part of England during the last
years of the war. Mr. Gourlay farmed in the pariah
of Wiley, Wiltshire, from 1809 till 1817, and the
following is the account he gives of the state of the
poor at that period :
" Though my main pursuit in removing from Scotland
to England was to examine into the causes, and contrive
remedies for the evils of the Poor Law system, it was
several years beim I could make up my mind on any
point. For two years I interfered little in parochial ma-
nagement ; keeping, however, a watchful eye over those
that did interfere. The third year 1 became one of the
overseers, and gave minute attention to eve"), particular.
In Wiltshire and some counties round, a 'lntern of regu-
lating the wages of labour was completely matured and
acted upon. Nine shillings per week was declared to be
the pay of a labourer in Wiltshire, though in Fifeshire,
from whence I had come, twelve shillings per week, and
often more, was the customary rate. As nine shillings
per week could not maintain a man with a family, the
rule was to allow him to apply to the overseer, when be
had more than two children, hot additional pay. . . .
The glaring error in this part of the system was, setting
the wages of the labourer too low. In England the habits
of labourers were not so economical as in Scotland ; in
England labourers really required more money to maintain
them; • but here in England they had greatly less ;
here a nominal price wits set upon labour, three shillings
per week below what it was naturally worth in Scot-
land. There was no difficulty in correcting this error.
As soon as I got to be overseer of the poor, I reckoned
the labour of every able-bodied man at 12s. ; end thus at
a single stroke, not only lessened parish pay and poor.
rates, but did infinite good otherwise. The poor them-
selves were quite pleased with this change ; not so the
farmers ; who, as soon as I was out of office, reduced
wages to fls, per week. The farmers had a reason for
this, but it was founded on ignorance ; and to ignorance
and bad reasoning we may safely ascribe a full half of all
this world's misery. By holding down the nominal wages
of married men with more than two children, the farmers
had chiefly in view to hold down the real wages of single
men and those who had less than three children ; anti they
really made good their point to the great injury both of
themselves and labourers, Thus, while statute laws have
been framed to prevent manufacturing labourers from com-
bining to raise their pay, a most powerful combination,
ratified by the Magistracy of England, was at work
to keep down husbandry labour below its proper level;
anti thus it was that I could hire an English plough-
man for W. per annum, while 1 could not hire a
Scotch ploughman of the same appearance at less than
18/, It will naturally be asked why should an
Unineumbered English ploughman submit to this?
Anal the question must be solved by looking to a va•
rimy of points, and gathering causes from all of them.
The whole of the South of England was subjected to the
cursed artificial system of which a part now appears. A
spirited. young man might travel a hundred miles before
he could get beyond the limit of the agricultural combina-
tion ; and there were few spirited young men in a country
where the people could not read and write. The want
of mental energy, consequent on the want of education,
aided by attachment to the place of birth, relations,
friends, and still more, to habits of indolence, caught from
what they saw around them, all conspired to enslave la-
bourers, and to enable farmers to triumph over them in
a most pernicious victory. With a few sensible people I
could prevail by reasoning, and obtain confession, that
keeping down wages by artifice was wrong and unthrifty ;
but there Ivas no gettiug any body of farmers to act in the
face of established practice.
may be seen that by a pitiful filch, to make waves ap-
pear low in England, for the have purpose of diminishing
the wages of those not entitled to initial aid, the price of
labour was actually increased, and every liirthing of the
parish pay was merely wasted ; while the Scotch la-
bourer had 12s. per week, the English labourer would
have required I is., owing to his less thrifty modes
of living ; and I know that if they had been allowed
to draw in thus much, they would not only have made
no complaint to the parish, but every man, woman,
end child, left free to earn aubeistence in proportion to
exertion, would have bean not may contented, but have
done more for themselves and more for others. In the
parish of Wiley, under the factitious system, it was truly
disgusting to sea the consequences. One family, with a weak
and good-for-nothing creature at the head of it, not worth

,
four shillings per week, yet valued at nine shillings, and
rendered as comfortable in his living as the strongest and
best man, whose labour was worth fourteen shillings....
The difference between the natural and factitious system
was best proved in cases where piece-work could he agreed
for. In doing piece-work I had English labourers, who
surpassed any Seotchmen I ever employed in the same
way. In this piece-work the labourer was paid according
to his exertions, and then, indeed, he did exert himself.
. . . . I have said, that as soon as I was out of
office, nine shillings were substituted for twelve shillings
in reckoning the earnings of labour ; and not only was
this miserable change effected, but every regulation which
I had made to set bounds to arbitrary power was set
aside by my successor ! while the same Magistrates who
had sanctioned my acts, confirmul what was done by him I"
Such was the miserable condition of the Euglish
agricultural labourers in this very district during the
war. No one then raised his voice against this cent-
binirtion-no one attempted to aid the labourer to
extricate himself from his bondage, The Clergy
saw this ; but they held their tongues, But tines
have changed. The farmers are now poor. They
are struggling to keep their heads above water.
Farmer after farmer has gone to the workhouse. The
very artificial system which they and the gentry
planned to defraud the labourers has been the chief
means of now ruining them. The farmer is now
really an object of pay ; and the labourers have
really been their tools in many cases of late. But
the farmers, being prior, are no longer of consequence,
and therefore they may now be safely attacked for
inhumanity. The labourers having interpreted in
their own way the maxim Aide 10i, el le Cie/
eau/era, it has been inferred that the extremity of
distress has impelled them ; whereas, in reality, the
movement has originated in their elevating their
views, and wishing to obtain a higher relative posi-
tion. Though we are far from approving of vio-
lence, we consider the dissatisfaction of the labourers
a favourable symptom on the whole. As long as
men would be satisfied. with being down, the rule
with others is never to seek to raise them. What
has taken place is merely the first effects of the
light breaking in on ignorant minds. Dissatisfaction
with our present lot is the parent of all improvement
in the world. The rich will now, for their own
sake, seek to enlighten the poor ; and out of the
recent evils much good will ultimately be obtained.
—Morning amide. •
Mr. Barber Beaumont has just published a very
valuable pamphlet.,- under the title of " Thoughts on
the causes and Cure of the present Distress, with
a Plan of Parliamentary Reform." The introduc-

tory observations, in which Mr. Beaumont describes
the present state of the country, are forcibly written,
and calculated to lead to serious reflections—
" During the last three months (he observes), the Go-
vernment has been unable to afford protection 'to persons
and property. Lawless bands have perambulated the
country, exacting contributions, requiring farmers and
others to sign agreements to pay them such wages and
make such weekly allowances to those who do not work
as they choose to dictate. They have destroyed machinery
and agricultural stock to an enormous amount—committed
personal violence on magistrates and clergymen—dragged
peaceably disposed labourers from their work to join them
—frightened timid inhabitants from their homes, and de-
stroyed by secret firing the property which escaped the
attacks of open violence. The country has been in a state
of anarchy; and although the rioters have abstained from
committing any sanguinary acts, the coolness, method, and
success of their proceedings are scarcely less alarming than
if a mere desperate course had been taken. The demands
submitted to, and their superiors at length assembling
for mutual defence, together with a change in the Admi-
nistration of the Government, appear to have abated the
activity of the rebellious; but those circumstances alone
will only afford a truce to hostilities. The increase of
wages is but transferring the distresses of the labourer
to the farmer, who is already borne down by rent, tithes,
arid taxes, and who is already exhausting his capital to
defray current extremes. If he pay the increased! wages,
rent, tithe, or taxes must inevitably sutler. But unless
he pay high wages, and moreover find employment for
additional hands, the Poor-rates must be increased. to
meet the increased supply which the poor have directed
to be paid to themselves. Thus the shopkeeper, already
reduced in his profits by the distresses of the farmer, is
drawn on to bear increased burthens. In proportion us
the farmers and tradesmen become exhausted, the gentry
and clergy must supply the deficiencies, or meet the dis-
tresses of the labouring class, together with those of the
farmer and tradesman, which will then be superadded in
some other manner. What this manner must be, it is
fearful to contemplate. The more distressed labourers,
unarmed and uncountenanced, have felt their strength ; if
deep distress extend to more influential ranks, and they
feel theirs, a revolution must be the consequence."
Before proceeding to the consideration of this
valuable pamphlet, which we reserve for a future
day, we cannot help observing, that in order to
guard against the consequences which might follow
from any event calculated to shuke confidence, the
middle classes ought to be prepared for the worst.
The calling out of the Militia does not strike us us
being adequate to the emergency. The great
danger, after all, is not in the country ; but in the
great hives of commerce and industry in which so
many human beings are congregated. We think
then it would only be a wise precaution, before pro.
ceeding further with a question of so captivating ti
nature as Parliamentary Reform, to organize the
middle classes as a National Guard. We may then
proceed with less ulurm in the course on which we
must enter. We shall return to•morrow to the
questions opened up by Mr. Beaumont.—Morning
Chronicle.

We received last night the lifessager des
Chambres of Tuesday, and the other Paris Papers
of the day preceding. They contain the official
acceptance by the King of the resignation of Gene-
ral Lafayette, as General-in-Chief of the National
Guard, which we mentioned yesterday, and his
Majesty's appointment of General Lobau as the
successor to that high office. The report from the
Minister of the Interior to his Majesty, in which
this resignation is formally announced, states th:it
entreaties and remonstrances had been used to-
wards the late Chief to continue at his post, but
that they had been unattended with success, and
the veteran's resolution was not to be shaken.
Along with Lafayette's, other retirements of im-
portance were reported, and some had been officially
stated to have actually taken place. They are the
private friends and political associates of Lafayette,
and their secession is not likely to diminish the em-
barrassment which the Government must feel at these
proceedings. The names rumoured are M. Du-
pont de l'Eure, Keeper of the Seals; Odillon liar-
rot, Prefect of the Seine • M. Mathieu Dumas,
Inspector-General of the National Guard, General
Carbone!, Chief of the Stair; and M. Jouberr, Di-
rector-General of the Tuxes. The retirement. of
General Lafayette is said to have given great un-
easiness to the King; but amongst the National
Guards it has occasioned indignation against the
Chamber of Deputies. Paris continues to be per-
fecily tranquil, but the' storm was every where
brewing, which, in bursting over the devoted Chain-
ber, must disperse its members; and the institutions •
of France cannot be said to be of any enduring
shape until they shall have been again moulded
by the bands of its successors. The King's position
is any thing but an enviable one; he bears himself,
however, under all its var) ing aspects, with good
temper and firmness, which must, in the result, go
far towards vanquishing the difficulties by which he
is surrounded. His personal popularity is, at this
moment, the strongest stay of the present order of
things inYrance. The revolution seems to be mak-
ing progress in the different little states of Switzer-
land, and a Constitution similar to that of the United
States of America is said to be favourably looked
ar, as suited to their position. It will be seen, by a
letter from Frankfort, that the disgrace of Prince
Metternich is confirmed.--Morning Herald.