The Sun.
London, England, 1806-01-22 00:00:00

TO THE •LAD!IS

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PARLIAMENT.

HOUSE OF PEERS,

TUESDAY, JAN. 21.
r.i.az Session of Parliament was opened by Com-
missioners appointed by His. Majesty, to whom it
was not. convenient to attend in person. The Arch-
'biShop of -CANTERBURY, the LORD CHANCELLOR,
Lord ELLENBOROUGH„ Lord HAWKESEURY, and the
Earl of DARTMOUTH, afted as the Commissioners
under Royal authority, and the most gracious Speech
to: both Houses.of Parliament was read by the LORD
4CHANCELLOR.

•
[For-which see our Paper of yesterday.)
IlarquisWELLEsLEy,theMarquis of LANSDOWNE,
and Lord ST. JOHN, were introduced, and toot the

oaths and their seats, .
Earl NELSON was introduced by the Earls of MAC.
CLESFIktif; and BaisTO*l., attended by the, Earl
2‘.larshal, 'and Garter King'at Arm. ; and, after the

usual oaths, took his seat.
Aboa a quarter before five o'clock His Majesty's
Speech was again read. ‘'
The Earl of ESSEX then:rose to move the Ad-
:dress, and spoke to the following effeel :—" My
Lords, on the iubie& of the Motion which I am
.eow ahoUt to make, it is not necessary that I should
take up your 'Lordships' time with many 'observa-
tions. , The. nature and tendency of the Speech which
`you have just heard, is such as must of itself 'be
sufficient to induce your Lordships to concur in an
*Address to His Majesty, thanking him for the gra-
cious cornmunication contained in it, and assuring
His Majety• of our readiness to concur in every
measure which Is recommended in that Speech.—
Every one 'of yoUr Lordships must feel, much more
forcibly than any words of mine can express, the
highest sentiments of .satis.fae-tion at that most bril-
-liant arid decisive vi&ory which was lately gained
over the combined Fleets of France and Spain—a
viaory which has crowned our country with new
glory, and tended most effe&nally to establish its
permanent security against all the hostile attempts
. which the enemy may. Meditate-against us.. I am
confident that all your Lordship's participate in the
, generous and tender feelings expressed in His Ma,
' Jesty's Speech for the loss of that heroic Commander,
to whose great.talents, to whose consummate valour
and
.skill, the whole kingdom is. indebted for the
victory in .question. . Such services as these are
entitled to the highest , honours and the highest re,
wards which-it is in the poWer of the Nation tO•con-
. fer; and I trust your LOrdships, will cheerfully con-
_ cur in the magnanimous recommendation of His
Majesty to. make a suitable, provision for the Family
of the late illustrious Lord Nelson. I trust that you
will also be ready to thank His Majesty for the gra-
dons intention expressed in . His Speech, of laying
befOre this House copies of such Treaties as were en-
, tered into between His Majesty and certain Powers
on the Cootinent. _ And until those Papers come re-
gularly before Parliament; I. trust that no discussion
will be entered into on the subje& of them. When
thst period arrives;. I trust it will appear that no
blame whatever can attach to Government for the
unfortunate turn which affairs have lately 'taken on
the Continent of Europe ; but that it will appeat
'His Majesty's b-est endeavours were not wanting to
give every aid in his power to his Allies ; and that
every thing has
,been. done by us towards pro-
moting the obje& of the Confederacy, with as much
wisdom ,and foresight, as it was possible to exer-
cise. Alelancholy,as the state'of the Continent is
at this time, we have the satisfaaion to know, that
in this Country we have every thing to hope for.—
We have our own unconquerable spirit, and our
vast resources still to depend on. And Las to the
Nations of tine Continent, disastrous as the situa-
tion of Austria may be, we'have still a most power-
ful Ally in the Emperor of Russia, who has nobly
and..magnanimously persevered in that enlightened
line of policy which led him to enter into the
CenfedersCy againSt the common Enemy. If, there-
. -fore, we should be..threatened with danger, we
must meet it with.undannted r:solution ; and I have
- no doubt but a great enlightened- People, such as
.we are, will meet it -successfully. We must exert
all our efforts to counteract the, designs and at-
tempts of this aboMinable Enemy, who meditates
our destruaion, and by so doing I doubt not but this
Country will be invincible at home, and honoured
• abroad. If we are to prosecute the war, we must
do it in the most vigorous and vigilant manner. I
do not think it necessary to trespass any, longer on
your Lordships' time; but shall conclude I;vith mov-
ing, "That an humble Address be presented to His
Majesty, &c."—(Here, his Lordship read the Ads
dress, which was, as usual, an echo to the SpeeCh,
• in every part of it except one, where the House con-
doles with His '.Majesty on the death • of the late
Doke of Gloucester..
Lord Viscount ~CARLETON rose to second the
Address : he spoke nearly ai follows :—" MyLords,
. the Address to which your Lordships are now called
on to give your-aztrit; and whiCh I hope will meet
with ''srousutianimous Concurrente, does not pledge
.the -House to any specific line of proceedings and
-thesefore I trust none of your Lordships will (Ned
to it. 11lost of the topics alluded to in His noes-
.* ty's Speech are such as, must meet your concurrence.
'The glorious ViiSfory of Trafalgar is an event of
such-niagoitusle and importance, that it is. hardly
possible for the imagination to conceive any other
more transcendent.; it , is superior to almost every
other naval at:lion- for which our history is so fa-
mous. -:The unparalleled' valour displayed by all the
engaged in- that salon, and the unex-
,ampleti ability and skill with which it was conduet-
•ed, has been a subject of admiration to this Country
and the whole world. Never was's() great an En my
• so completely destroyed.' The naval skill, and the
:valour displayed on that glorious occasion, was never
equalled, and witi never be surpassed. Every man
_who recollects `the signal' given by the Hero who
achieved the successes—' England expels tha! every
man- will do his disty's--muss.- be struck with a still
• 114;s .egree of aclattration of his charae-ter. We
never can speak or-,think with suffiCient admiration
:of this great Vi&ory, nor sufficiently larnentithe fate
of him whose great mind planned the attack that
was croAned with such brilliant success. I have thus
far expressed my feeiings on this silbj,:a, because I
.wish to sire& your:attention to, the importance* of
ti•sat part of His Majesty's Speech tvhich recos.l-
- a munificent recompense to the represen-

tatives of the' demised Hero, to whom every in-'
dividual in the Country, from,. the highest - to- the
lowest, is ,so greatly indebted for his security. Your
Lordshipsi I, trust, have no, objeait2n to
cur in the expressions of co6doience on the death
Of a most illustrious and a:xtiaSle Prince, who was
_ _ .

nearly allied, and so dear to His Majesty—l mean
the late Duke of Gloucester.' - With respect to thiit
part of the Address which relates to the share
which the Government had in the late events on the
Continent, the present is not. the proper time to
discuss it ; and when that discussion comes on,
I . hope the condua of His Majesty's Goveromeut
will appear perfe6tly justified. also .am confident
we may grant further powers to Government, with
a complete reliance that they will faithfully execute
the trust reposed in them. Notwithstanding the
unfortunate turn which affairs have taken on the
Continent,.-we cannot but applaud the enlightened
Policy of the Emperor of Russia in the line of cod-
dpkt he has pursued, and entertain the most :san-
guine hopes of deriving benefit from his co-opera-
tion and friendship hereafter. That illustriotis
Prince was determined not to make an ignominious
Peace. I'he interest of Russia aifd this Country have

always been, and will ever continue to be the same;
and from this community of interests, and their
mutual friendship, the happiest consequences may
be expected. Your Lordships, I am confident, must,
all feel the necessity of prosecuting the War with.
vigour, as the only means by which we can ever
expe& to possess Security or Peace. You must
feel the magnitade of the stake we are contending
,for. But you ,nust all feel besides how great are the
resources, the power, wealth, and:commerce of this
Country. Never was its commerce in a more flou-
rishing state. And what is still greater than all—our
spirit is ,unsubdued—our valour is entire. Such a
nation, by making vigorous efforts, must be invin- ,
cible. Under all these impressions, I trust, there is
not one among your Lordships who will not cheer,
fully concur in the present Address."
The Address being read from the Woolsack?,
Earl CO WPER—" Lards, it was my in-
tention to propose an Amendment to the Address
that should be moved to_His-Ma;esty, and I should
propose that Amendment now, were it not for an
event upon which I, as' well as others, 'must have
some feelings of delicacy, a well as regret. The'
ill state of health, and the consequent abrence from
his place in another House of Parliament, of an
Honourable Perion 'who holds the principal situation
in His Majesty's-Councils, impresses mj with a de-
sire to postpone for a short time all, discussion on a
subje& in. which that Right Hon. Person must
be particularly interested ; and in .the considera-
tion of which his presence in another place must
be so desirable. I wish, therefore, to decline mak-
ing any Amendment at this time. But when I pot-
ponethe discussion, I beg it may not be understood
that I waive the. right 9f bringing forward, on ano-
ther day, a Motion similar to the Amendment I in-
tended to offer. The SubstOce of my ..A.,mend-
`mentis this : that while. this House expresses its
wish to support His Nlsjesty's Government in such
measures as may be necessary for a 'due prosecution
-of-tne. NNr7tr, it ShoUld also declare that it teels, it as a
duty it owes to the Public to see that the means fur
enabling•GOVernment to make extraordinary efforts
shall not be misap-plicd.• I now give notice, that on
Monday. next I will bring forward -a Motion; to, this
effe6t."• • • • ,

Lord' GigiVPILLZ.--cc My tords, without
intending or wishing •to -brin forward any dis,
cussion on the question now before the, House, I
feel myself obliged to trespass on your attention for
a very short time. This is-a moment in which the
extraordinary situation the Country is plaeed, in re-
quires the Most aelive and numerous attendance 'of
all the Members of Parliament; This day should
not be passed over-withont something being said, or
some explanation given, c.,o.ncerning the present state
'of the Country, and the best means of ex.tricatiq us
from•the perils which surroundus. Nothing could Jus,
tify the postponement of discussions so important as
these but the circumstance alluded to by the Noble
Earl. What fell from that Noble Earl has, relieved
my Mind from a great deal of anxiety. I highly
applaud the considerations of delicacy and feeling
upon Which he has a&ed ; and however desirable it
might otherWi:4e be to bring the important subjed
of the state of the 'Country oefore the House as
speedily as possible, yet the considerations I have al-
luded to _must justify, us in postpdning it a little
longer: My, Lords, I most heartily concur in that
part of the Address which relates to the brilliant an&
important .vietory gained over the Combined Fleets-
of the Enemy. Every, man possessed of an English
heart and an English head must •concur in all the•
praises that have so "justly been bestowed on the
persons who achieved_ that most glorious' Viaory ;-
and all must cheerfully 'concur in pledging the Na-
tional gratitude towards the If4mily of the illustrions
Hero who fell on that memorable occasion, and in
acknowledging their claim to 'every reinuneratioira
generous and grateful Coin-My Can bestow... The
part of the Address, therefore, which alludes to that,
event ,has' my full. and l:artfelt approbation ; nor
will I, fbr the, reasons that have been stated, oppose
any 'part of the Address. But in' thus acquiescing
in the postponement of the Aniendment which the
Noble Earl intended to make, I beg it to be under-
stood that I do not pledge myself to any opinion, or
debar myself the right. of ,supporting that Amend-
ment in another shape at ,some other time. I shall
therefore, at preSent, decline giving any opinion on
this general subje& until the whole of it crimes to
be fully taken .into consideration; lnd, accordingly,
I will reserve to a future opportunity the observations
I intended to make."
Lora HA WKESTURY—L" My Lords, the obser-
vations which have' fallen from the two Noble Lords
who spoke last give' neeeerygreat satisfadion.—
They very prdperly,co4sider an event which many
of us sincerely lament, as an additional inducement
Why they shotild net ei,lter into the discussion 'of
certain parts of the Address now before the House.
I give the Neble'L'ord who spoke last full credit for
,those perscaial feelings wbieli,so honourably aanate
his mind towards an individual, vOto,l'unfOrtiniately
for the public, is prevented by i,,,iisposition from
attending his duty in Parliament.. There are few
persons who must not feel for the present.situation of
a man who hai been the admiration, of his Country'
and of the 'whole-world. It gives the pleasure, t
. to find that • this circumstance causes the
postponeinent of a discusTiion would lvae
been, very improperly brought forward now.

is unnecessary for rn'e to trouble your Lordships on
•
any topic in His Alsjesty's Speech, 'or the Ad;
'dress which has Veen' so ably moved and seconded:

_ .
That Address doeS not commit Parliamept on any

land:

one, topic wihateVer. Your Lordships may concur
in every part of it, without precluding a subsequent
discussion. I am happy to find that there exists
but one opinion ;on the .Subjee't of the great and
brilliant services which the late naval victory pro-
duced, and that there is only one opinion also on
the manner in which it iS':proposed these services
should bei rewarded: I feel it necessary. to make
some obserwations on the stibjed of the Amend-
inent I.vhich. the Noble Earl said it was,his inten-
tion to make. That .Aineticlrrient refers' to ;a cer-
tain, part of the Address ,on which: information
is to, be laid before the House, without which' we
shall not be able to forth an Opinion. , His :Ma-
jesty has expressed his gracious intention to com-
municate to us this inforMation.. I conceive the
general' preaice to be this : 'Whenever His Majesty
says he will cause certain _ Papers to be laid before
Parliament, it is 'unusual to enter into any discus-
sion of the subje& to which such • Papers relate until
they are actually , laid before the .1-Iciuse. Let us
wait and see what is
,the information, contained in
those Papers before we give an, opinion ; and when
we see the. doctithents, it will be time enough for
us to come to some determination upon them. This
is the general practice of I)rliariicult ' and it, when
the documents' 'are laid before the House, they
should be found' defective, further information may
then be moved for. We are npw, my Lords, only
called on to thank His Majesty for, the gracious in-
tention he has expressed of laying the copies of cer-
tain TreatieS before •usi and when those Treaties
Come, then will be the proper time to discuss thein.
I agree entirely with the Noble Baron, that the pre-
sent is a time when the whole state of the Country
ought to be taken into consideration: His 'Ma-
jesty's Government wishes it ; and 4, am confi-
dent His Majesty's Ministers will not shrink from
the most scrupulous examination "into the state of
public affairs. I and sure they will be able td justi,
fy the in,easures they have pursued.. are not
now about to pledge the, House in .any thing on
which there can be the slightest difference of opi-
nion 3, time will come for discussion, and
His' Majesty's IGovernnient -Will be prepared • to
meet ' • .• • •;.
Lgrd 4111 IL
.G.R.4E: entered into 0,,i-same line of
argument with the_ Noble Lerd. who nookejast.-,--4 I
shall he ready," said his Lordship; "!'to discuss
subjea whenever it comes under our consideration..
I hope the Noble Lord who intended. to propose an
Amendment will not bring forward any Motion of
that sort until the Papers which contain' the necessary '
inforthation are laid before the House. I feel pecu-
liarly anxious that the question alluded to by the.two
Noble Lords should meet the fullest discussion, and
that it may be discussed in the manner wished for by
my Noble Friend. I put it to, the Noble Earl who•
gave notice of a Motion for Monday next, whether
the objet Of that notice will not be better answered
,when copies of the Treaties are on the Table of this
House. I feel anxious' then, that the Noble Earl
should not bring forward his Motion until we shall
be able to discuss the merits of it. No ,persori can
be more desirous than I :am for an early and full dis,
cussion of all the topics referred to by the two No,
ble Lords.,_ I am Confident Government will wind
justified for its conduct : and for my own part I
• hesitate not to say, that, undefall the.encurnstances,
there is not one measure that has been:adented. by
Government which I would wish to retraCt.' • •
Lord GRE NV. 4 7,4 E,, in reply, observed',, thitt it
was his wish on that day net to come to any 'decided
vote, 'But as to the state of the Country, that was a
subjea which must be brought before the Holistion
an early day. He would not then enter into any
part of the subjea„ But with respea to the
Notice that had been 'given for a Motion on Mon-
day next, he thought it ought not to be made
'at all. It was not the propriety -or the impropriety
of an Amendment that the House had to discuss.—.--
It was the general' State of the Country, and,tbat
ought to be,'brought forward as siieedily as possible.
He hoped or an early day, this . important sUbjea
would come under the consideration of Parliament.
Nothing 'cOkild justify the House: in suffering any.
considerable interval to elafiSe befofe•thiS important
question came under consideration,.
The Address was then
.read from /he WoOlsack,
and agreed. •
Lord HAWKESBURY: gave notice, that on Friday.
,he would move the Thanks of the House to Admi-
ral Lord Collino-wood, and the other Officers, toge-
ther with the Seamen and Marines, who were en-
gaged in the late ACtion off Trafalgar..
Lord littucLey gave notice, that on Friday be
would move for a Return of the nunaher.of Men
raised under the General Defence Act.
JUDGE FOX.

The Marquis of ABERCORN reminded the House
of the necessity of proceeding as speledily as possible
'in the investigation of the Charges that had been
Ref rred against Judge Fox.
At half past six the House adjourned.

HOUSE OF COMMONS.

TUESDAY, JAN. 21.

The SPEAKER having taken the Chair, evaly at
three o'clOCk,. Mr. QUARME, Yeoman Usher of the
Black Rod, informed the House, that the Lords,
authorised by .His Majesty's Special Commission,
desired the immediate attendance of the Commons
in the House of Peers.. The House accordingly at-
tencted the SPEAKER to the Lards. •
On his return the SPEAKER informed the House,
that he had ordered Writs to be issued for eleaing a
Member for the. City of Gloucester, in the room of
JOHN PITT, Esq. ; for the Burghs of St. Andrews,
Cupar,` &c.. in the roortrof the late DAVID SCOTT,
Esq. ; fbr the- County of MonmOuth, in the -room of
Sir cIIARLES.MORGAN for • the town of Borough-
bridge; in the room of late: Hon. JOHN SCOTT c;
411 d also for the Cotinty,Of Waterford, in the room
of the-late Bight Hon. JOHN BERESFORD.
. Lord CASTLEILEAGH'aiId several other new Merril
hers then took the oaths and their seats. The BC
.ttsual at the 'commencement of every Session, was
bronghtin, pro forma -for the preventing of clan-
destine outlawries. .
New Writs. were •then Ordered for eleaiug a
Member for the- Boro4gh.•of Dunwich, in Suffolk,
in the room of SNOWDON BARNE,. Esq. ; for the
Queen's ' County, in Ireland, in the. room, of Sir

EYRE CO6TE 5 for Dumbartonshire, in the room of
Sir JAMES COLQUHOUN fOr the County of Bedford,
in the room of the HOD. ST. ANDREW ST. JOHN 5

and for the Borough of Leominster, in 'the room of
the Hon. CHARLES KINNAIRD, now p Peer of Scot-

The- SPE4KER then acquainted the House, that
the Commons had been at the House of-Lords, to
be present at the opening of the Session of Parlia-
ment, under the authority of a Royal Commission,
and- had heard His Majesty's Speech read to them
by the LORD CIIAICELLOR, of which he had obtain-
ed a. Copy, and should read it for the farther
faction of 'the House.

.--_...

The MeoAge was then 'entered-as read, when
Lord FRANCIS SPENCER rose,. for the pur.
pose' of moving. an Address to his Majesty in an-
swer to his most gracious Speech to both Houses :
but he spoke in so low a tone as to be• scarcely audi-
ble from the Gallery. As nearlyi-however, as we
could collea the substance of his short • speech, it

was to the purport following :—He rose for the
purpose of moving an humble Address to His Ma-
jesty, in answer to his gracious Speech, in which
Address he would hope for the unanimous Concur-
renco of the House. For those brilliant successes

of HiS Majesty's arms by sea, which had sb emi-
nently distinguished the naval history •of the past
year, he was confident the Honse would fully coin-
cide in the sentiments expressed in His Majesty's
Speech; biit, aboVe all, in what respeded the glori-
ous and ever4fiembrable victory of Trafalgar, under
the gallant and justly regretted Hero who achieved
that proud triumph tor his Country-before he had
nohly,fallen in her cause, and left her to deplore a
loss, in which, he was convinced, every man who
heard him, sincerely participated, the concern ex-
pre s red by'His Majesty : atrci he felt the strongest
:reliance, that the House, in its liberality, -and'ses-
tice to the Memory of that great an,d gallant Coos-
mantles, would cheerfully meet the Royal- wishes, ,
and enable-His IVlajesty-to add to the honours al-
.ready conferred upon his family such signal re-
wards as would mark the • public gratitude for thss
important-sittories,'.and the public security which
the Nation so etnitently owed, to his.prowess. But,
while the Coltu such proud and distinguished
cause of • triumph in her• Naval -successes during
the last Year; and 'more particul sin that of the
vi&ory of Trafalgar, .he was -cosfident the House
,must deteplY participate in . those feeling--of regret,
.expressed by His Majgsty,.- for: the:
_reverses sus,
-mined -by :our Allies; on- the _Continents and • the
• melancholy issue of the.' late campaign. At the
-same time, the. House and the Country naust feel
high consolation in the manly conduit, and the
unshaken .attachroent manifested by our faithf4
Ally; the:Emperor of Russia, to those principles,
and that enlightened policy; which bad 'uniformly
distinguished his reign : a circumstance whtels
gave us still reasonable ground to hope that affairs
on the. Continent-. might yet be brought to a fa-
vourable issue.- • In' the crisis, howevefs in which
this Country now stood; we had nothing to fees
from the haughty menaces, or the insatiable ambi-
tion of the common Enemy, while defended by the
known loyalty and valour of 'His Majesty's Suite‘iis,
arid the unexhausted resources of this Empire,
en
the vigorous application of which, he was confident
the syisdoni and spirit of the House would cheer-
fully co-operate with His Majesty, for maintaining ..
the contest in such a Manner as to sustain- the
Country in her wonted rank amongst the Nations of
Europe, .acrd for brieging the present arduous sssu-
test to an-honourable and advantageous conclusion.
..TheNoble Lord coecluded by moving .his Address,
which reiterated the sentiments -expressed: in the
Speech. . - • _
Mr. AINSLIE seconded .the in a short
• Speech; in which- he observed, that the, events 'which
had taken place ipts-the Continent had-. been rapid,
and uncxpeeied ; -and that France had acquired by •
• War, in' a short space of time, those accessions to.
her power and territory which she 1-,s4b.efore been
gaining- under, the rtiask of Peace. • But he congra-
tulated the:House, that though the fate of the War
on the COntinent. had been lamentable,,xes our Own
Naval- and Military .charader- was unleipaired under
the pressing exigencies of this crisis;Great sacri.
flees must doubtless be made, and many privations
be, submitted to,_ but the spirit and resources of this,
Country were fully equal to the greatest exertitlns.
The language of the Enemy was menacing; his
objeaa.waa to overthrow our
.pewer; and redtice us
to a state. of ,deperideece. Bet the. Reopiw of IVs.
Country, he trusted, kneW, and were determined to
-der en. their-rights,- ..Notwithstanding our -unparal-
leled. Naval sties‘ses, and though the. -late Vietory
must he.-consiclered- as the most importisnt in the
annals -of the,Ceentry, and- as placing us in a state
of eoiripeeative seeurity,, yet it would besslangeroua
to despise the designs and efforts of our Euemy. she
exigencies. of the times required the most vigourons
measures; and, be trusted, that the. .vigour of our
Coutscils,:eed ,of our, exertions, would at length
,procure for the Country a solid, an honourable, and;
lasting,Peace. - • s '
sLordallEAY PETTYthen rose, and spoke to,
thelcilloiking Purport Ie o4ering my senti-
ments upon the present occasion, I Must- observes,,
that to that part of the Address to His Majesty;
which relates tct the ever-memorable • dsy upoa
Which the srloSy, of the British NaVy was established;
and in which the •loss-of one of the bravest and most
enlightened mer that ever conduced , to the honour
Of this Country, is deplored, I am sure no Member
of this House will, for an instant, objed. It was
the ,peculiar talent' of the•Nroble and gallant Lord'
who fell.in the moment of vidoiy, to unite all men,
in one common effort fat- one common cause ; and
it now becomes our duty, willingly to join all sen-
timents M. one bond of adnairatioro ;and, grad-
tude. But
,with regard to other .partsailse. Speech,
I am by no means disposed to yield the, same ac-
quiescence ; and,it was my intention this night to
have moved au Amendment to the. Address, express.
sive of sentiments more consonant to the 'existing
state .of affairs ; 'but, from certain iptir,stions'that
have reached me, and, _I supposes.manyother. Gets
tlerrien, that such an Amendment would lead to
discussions extremelypainful to the House, because
involving deeply the charades and conduct of a per-
son high in- of ice, whco took the principal lead in
thOse trensaalions which must necessarily become
the subject of much inquiry and.animadversion, but
whesestbseeee at present is caused by, a mistortune
which, I am sure, personally, I and eVery_rs6ti aroUnd
me must sregret; I have been induced, for the pre-