The Sun.
London, England, 1863-11-21 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER, 21, 1863.

31ESSRS. JAY t tnd CO. have nowonshow
the most olivine and perfect assortment of
SONNETS,
which their Manager h. to selected In Paris, and brought
back with her to this Est ablishment.
247, 249, = !.51, Regent-street.

BONNET'S SILE.t a. LYON.—Every Article of
commerce takes it s title either from the inventor or
manufacturer, and the more perfect the production the
Sr ‘ater
i the credit which attaches to the originator.
BONN ET'S SILKS ar e said to be incapable of identidca-
Bon in England ; but the 1. Macy of such An assertion is ex-
pos dby the very trade mai k of the firm, as exhibited by
31essrs. JAY, • of Regent-street.
The 1 ollowinv interwoven mark may be seen at the end
of
eachslanutAettt -e de C. J. Bonnet et Cie., k Lyon
et it Injurieux.” Wear gtl3 ranteed.

TIOYAL EN GLISH OPERA,
COVEArri '-GARDEN.
Under the Manazeme tt t of Miss Louisa Pync and
Mr. W . Harrison.

THIS EVENING, for this first time, Balfe's new Opera,
BLANCH s: N EVERS Miss Louisa t'yne, Miss Anna
Jules, Liss Emma Heywood.; Messrs. W. 11. Weiss, 11. Corti,
.A. Cook, A. at. Albyn, C. Ly a il, .J. Rouse, and W. Harrison.

Conductor. _Mr. A. Mellon.
Doors open at half-pas t Six—,..ommence at Seven.

riIETEA'FRE RoY,sa, DRURY- LANE.
Managers, Messrs. E. F's.lconer and F. B. Chatterton.
THIS EVENING, her Maj,esty's Servants will perform a
New and Original Farce, b y Messrs. Wm Brourh and A.
Halliday, entitled MY H. n;ART'S IN THE HIGHLANDS:
characters by Mr. J. Neville, Mr. G. Weston, Mr. Warde,
Mr. J. Marris ; Mrs. C. Melville, and Miss Ilarfleur.
After which, Lord Byron's Choral Tragedy, MANFRED.
3tessm I helps, Ryder, Rayner, Meagreson, Ward, Spencer ;
Miss Eburne, Miss E. Atkinson, Miss Leclercq, and Mrs. E.
Falconer. Vocalists—Miss Poole, Miss latter, Miss Cicely
Nott, Miss Heywood, and Mr. Swift.
To conclude with an Original Farce. by J. Oxenford,
Es q , entitled BEAUTY OIL THE BEAST. Principal cha-
racters by Messrs. Addison, G. F. Neville, Barret, Spencer,
and G. Weston; Mrs Edmund Falconer and Miss 11. Leclerq.

HEATRE ROYAL HAY M ARKET._
Sole Lessee and Manager, Mr, Buckstone.
THIS EVENLNG, SILKEN FETTE ttS Messrs. Chas.
Mathews, Chippe.ndale, W. Farren, Howe, &c. ;
Mesdames
C. Mathews and M. Harris.
Followed by T iIE GOLDEN FLEECE. Messrs. Charles
Mathews, Compton,Weathersby,&c. Mesdames C. Mathews,
Keeley. Griffith, &c.
Followed by COOL AS A CUCUMBER. Mr. C. Mathews.
And MY RUSBALND'S tiOST.
Commence at 7.

ito YA 1. 'LYCEUM THEATRE.
Under the Sole ManagementPechter.
BEL DEMONIC (a Triumphant Success) will be repeated
Every Eveninp-, until further notice.
THIS EVENING, the Comedietta, by W. Gilbert, entitled
UNCLE BABY: Mess- s. Widdicombe, J.G. Shore, Charles ;
l"nlhtaarlaian
Miss I'. Le -lercq, and Carlotta Leclercq.
After which, at Eight o'clock, BEL DEMONIC, a Love
Story, in Twelve Tableaux, taken fnraomm. Sternrdiahnailp'as
Chronicie,," by Mr. John Brow.;
ter by Mr. Fechter, supported by Messrs. Jordan, Charl C-,
Briughsm, Emery, Raymond, Moreland, Smith, Clifforeds,
Collett, Andrews , Sims; Miss Kate Terry, E. Lave
,If rB.
Lee, and Miss Els.
Doors open at half-past 6—commence at 7.

E A H.-EVERY NIGHT.

N- THE ATRE-RO YAL, ADELPHL_
sole Pronriator and %tanager. ;11:-. R. Webster.
THIS EVENING, at 7, THE TRAGEDY QUEEN: Mrs.
4kt 8, the New Drama of LEAH: 7th wee of Miss Bate-
man, supported by Messrs. Arthur Stirling R. Phillips,
Stuart, A Wood, Eburne, Miss 11.. Simms and Mrs.
To conclude with CATCHING AN HEIRESS : Miss
Woolgar and Mr. A. Wood.

ROYAL STRAND THEATRE.
Manager, Mr. W. H. Swanborough.
THIS EVENING, MY SON'S A DAUGHTER. Miss
Josephs, Mr. Parselle.
After which, MIR [AU'S CRIME. Messrs. G. TToney,
Parselle, Belford, Turner, Miss K.Saville, and Miss Manders.
Followed by IVANHOE. Miss Ada Swanborough.
To conclude with FAINT HEART NE VER WON FAIR
LADY. Mr. Leigh Murray, Miss Button,
Commence at 7.

THE TWERP EDITION OF " THE SUN,"
Containing the Latest SPORTING INTELLIGENCE,
:An be had Every Evening of

G. R. GLic.NIE, NEWS AGENT,
No. 4, Connaught-terrace, Ilyde-park.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
THlS'DAY.—Morning, 10h. 40m.—Afternoon, 11h. 14m.
ro.motutow.-Morning, Ilh. 45m.—Afternoon, —h. —ra.

The Weather—Sun Office, Nov. 21, 1863.

THERMOMETER.
This day:at Two o'clock

Barometer-29.77;
Wind—South ; light, and fine.

.)
t 1\ ru3 AVM

LONDON, SATURDAY, NOV. 21, 1863.

Elsewhere in our impression of this evening will
be found given in its entirety the whole of the
nineteenth chapter of Mr. WARREN'S
Introduction
to Law Studies. We have thus transferred to our
columns the whole of this impressive and remark-
able argument in regard to Military Justice, because
it appears to us, in every syllable of it, especially
apropos at the present moment, while the proceed-
ings are actually going forward from day to day
in connexion with the Court Martial upon Colonel
CRAWLEY, of the Inniskilling Dragoons, down at
Aldershot. The learned Recorder of Hull,
who is the author of this comprehensive
handbook to the whole complicated machinery
of English jurisprudence, to the leading prin-
ciples of the profound science upon which it is
f°'-inded, and to all the winding intricacies of the
_.General scheme of its organisation, has in himself, in
ill bent of his studies, in the range of his profes-
sional practice and experience, peculiar qualifica-
tions
enabling him to speak with authority upon
what IN
til
truth, an exquisitely delicate branch of
the
administration of the law, As the closing por-
tion of
the
nineteenth chapter of the 10 Introduction
to Law stuaie ,
call to the remebere referred to will serve to re-
it lance of those by whom the cir-
cumstanceselfrab
may have been either for-
gotton or overlooke
d
for the emendation of laws relating to the sys-
well considered project
tem alike of military and
45'1'11 Courts Martial had
already been submitted 13
WARREN to the
coneideration of Parliament:l
course of being p naflid was actually in
repared by hi
substantial enactment, When his
bsit but energetic
the outline of a
advancement
closed
career as M.P. for Midhurat `gasb
by the incident of his prcfessional du
Otherwise, very probably, the Colonel
Of
tils4 nel nis-
ment.
e
n
killing Dragoons now undergoing his
trial by his
peers, according to the old tedious bunglit system
of Courts Martial, would have been arraigaedhef
e
a tribunal not a jot more honourable of courseth,t,the
one before which he is at this present writing for
manly placed, but at any rate before one more likely,
by the very scheme of its arrangement; to have faci-
litated the administration of justice, and to have
guarded effectually against the perpetue.l recurrence
of anomalies, such as, under the existing system of
organisation, may be pronounced nothing less than
inevitable. Under any circumstances,
we cannot
for one instant imagine that a trial so remarkable
of its kind as this one in regard to Col. CRAWLEY
of the Inniskillings—no matter what the judgment
pronounced at the close of it may eventually turn out
to be—can by any possibility fail to lead the way
to some few at least among the numerous reforms
Su long recognised as requisite in regard to the
v,
e ::rk i n g, of our system of Courts 'Martial. What-
may . b
the consequences of the present Court Martial
in reference to the officer now undergoing
ay.; bitterness ofati,very lengthened and very Public
before it-_t
hat ' general good at least may be
lookedforward to as certain, or at any
rate as all but Certain
sotoner or later, to result
from it. It is, therefore,
Ne, it an especial significance
that we are now desirous of directing thus pointedly
I he attention of the gencrei
public to the most im-
pres'sive, argument anywhere discoverable, we
believe, among all the writings of our law reformers,
in fa rear of a thorough and seaTehing revision of
that portion of the law relating to the
administra-
tion of justice through the medium alike of Naval
and of :Military Courts Martial. And it is Peculiarly
worthy of remark, in regard to the argument thus
put forth by Mr. WARREN, in this vitally important
chapter of his " Introduction to Law Studies,,

that it is one which, though brief in its ex-
tent, is wonderfully suggestive of beneficial
changes, more particularly in the latter portion
of it. The learned author does not, it will be seen,
in any way content himself with indulging in mere
vague generalities, no matter how eloquently or
emphatically expressed. He enumerates, catego-
rically and with the utmost precision, the principal
points in regard to which the existing system of
Courts Martial most urgently requires modification.
interrupted, himself, in a noble and generous
endeavour to carry out this important section
of our law reforms, the ex-member for Midhurst
has at any rate pointed the way out with manly
distinctness to any one who may choose to follow. in
his footsteps, and, not only that, but to any one who
may choose, also, to advance boldly and energeti-
cally beyond the point at which, through the force
of circumstances, those footsteps of Mr. WARREN,
as a law reformer, abruptly terminated.

Among the varying aspects of the Lancashire
distress, not the least serious and' important which
it assumed in the eyes of our statesmen and philan-
thropists was its effect upon the public health.
Long continued privation has, we know, a disastrous
action upon the human frame, and when to this is
added depression of mind, inaction, and anxiety, the
combination is enough to try the stoutest and
healthiest frame. It was no secret, too, that our
Lancashire mill hands did not by any means belong
to the class of the strongest. The incessant factory
work for many generations had dwarfed their
growth and enfeebled their limbs, while the lack of
exercise was ill supplied, even by the good living
and plentiful wages they were able easily to earn.
The towns and districts where they lived were not,
as we know from recent reports, properly or effi-
ciently drained or paved. They were ill built, too,
in many quarters where the workpeople were con-
tent to huddle, so as to be near their place of
employment. When such a people were suddenly
reduced from ease and prosperity to low diet and
scanty clothing, their very subsistence dependent
on charity, gloom all around and before, their little
savings spent, their household goods gone, and
idleness and want cowering like two grim spectres
by their hearths, almost the first question that rose
to the mind of the reflective observer was naturally
what would become of these vast numbers should
scarcity be followed by its dire companion--pesti-
lence? Thanks, firstly, to PROVIDENCE, and,
humanly speaking, to the extreme mildness of last
winter, and the continuous liberality of all classes
towards the distressed districts, that great calamity
has hitherto been averted, and what is a fur-
ther cause of gratitude and rejoicing, the hard
times have as yet produced no perceptible difference
upon the general health. "The history of the
distress," says the Registrar-General in one of his
reports, " is not written in the death registers of
the year that is closed" (1862). On another occa-
sion the same high authority states that " It will
be gratefully admitted that the legal provision for
the distress and the spontaneous liberality of their
countrymen have hitherto sufficed to maintain the
people in health." This was written in April,
1863, when the winter was fairly over, and the
passage is quoted with considerable satisfaction by
the Central Executive Committee in their last re-
port to the General Committee. The same docu-
ment tells us that the Central Committee, feeling
the ground that there was for uneasiness respecting
the general health, have carefully watched for any
indications of impaired vigour and vitality in the
people, and have closely examined the returns of the
Registrar-General and those of the Local Sanitary
AssociatiOns. We have cited some of the passages
in which the subject has been mentioned by the
former, while the testimony of Mr. PURDY, of the
Statistical Department of the Poor taw Board,
comprises those statements. The latest report of
the Registrar-General, in commenting on the in-
creased mortality throughout England, states that
the two primary causes are scarlatina and diarrhea I,
but adds that they are widely diffused over the
country, and that'' Lancashire did not suffer more
than most parts, and less than some." Moreover, in
these returns the suffering county is able to bear a
favourable comparison with Yorkshire, and the
united evidence of the medical officers of the
unions throughout the cotton districts is entirely
in accordance with this gratifying intelligence. In
Ashton-under-Lyne alone, in which the dis-
tress has been exceptionally great and pro-
longed, do the medical officers report a tone of
health so low as to retard convalescence in
cases of illness. The satisfaction with which this
intelligence is read will be universal, and not the
least sensible of it will be the members of that
committee, whose indefatigable labours have so
greatly contributed to the mitigation of the distress.
With the usual practical sense and prudence which
distinguish their proceedings, however, the com-
mittee are not disposed to relax their precautions
on account of the danger having been so far safely
averted. They caution the various committees of
the relief districts, where want of employment and
consequent distress are still general, that it will be
necessary to be prepared for a winter of greater
severity. Fuel and clothing are, of course, the two
great necessities, and it will be requisite that these
shall be freely supplied to every family which has
been long dependent on relief. Further steps are
also considered desirable with a view to the remote
consequences of so long a period of depression, and
the committee therefore recommend various sanitary
precautions to the local authorities; the observance
of which will, we may hope, be further encouraged
by the public works now actively in preparation.
Meanwhile the statistics of labour aro altogether
encouraging, although the report wisely cautions
the committee against reckoning too securely on the
Continuance of the present amount of employment,
all'i warns it to prepare for increased demands
Pon its resources during the inclement months of
th,, „ . .
\ing winter. "Every month of 1863," says
ern
• tii'l
tePclrt. " has been marked by the increase of
Piqnaeat
digebee „ r an d wages, and the diminution of in•
' There are now, according to the latest
statistics, 2ss 551_
more persons dependent on their
own resources, and 120,000 more in full work, than in
January of thisyeur.
auspices
in the winter months
under such hopeful
help, besides the
than £375,000
increased supply of
in haasaPlebus, with a balance of more
et for us to
hopes'
cousiiiddes large promises of
cotton uezntly held out of an
that
~ Yeear, we may, in-
raneretdtee
withinunderGov,do.what
they ask from
those out of reach of the distress is warm
their own oawb.irei dtoisrtraiiesets.
clothing
for the men employed in the unaccustomed task el,
outdoor labour. If the winter be severe, as is for©
told, the change will indeed be great, from the hot
and crowded mill rooms, while spare diet and long
depression are by no means the best agents for
"keeping out the cold." This is all that the Corn.
mittee ask, and surely they will not ask in vain ;
but we would go a step further. These workmen
have families—so have others unfit or unneeded for
their tasks. The cold blasts of winter will pierce
through their scantily furnished rooms, where fire
is a thing of luxury to be sparingly and carefully
(i used. Cannot the thousands who provide them-
selves at this season with warm and romfortabl

clothing spare some of their last winter's garments
for these. The fashion of our day forbids a lady to
be seen in scanty or shabby attire. Nevertheless,
as quaint, old JEREMY TAYLOR justly remarks, one
man may be made richly fine and warm by what
another is ashamed to walk in. On this principle,
with little cost or care, the bare limbs of the Lan-
cashire little ones may be warmly and safely clad,
and the Lancashire mothers who, as the statistical
reports, as well as all human nature have told us,
are the greatest sufferers, may escape the distress of
cold being added to want and care.

Mr. CAVE, M.P. for Shoreham, has made a very
amusing spe'ech at Bristol, and contrived to elicit
mirth and point a moral from some striking cir-
currstances that have occurred in the policy of his
political opponents. It must be confessed that the
Liberal cause does act escape scatheless from the
hon. member for Shoreham. At all events the Con-
servatives may claim the credit of having the best
of the argument, when consistency in conduct or
fixedness of purpose is discussed in assemblies. The
shuffling policy and scrambling for power which
have of late years so characterised the chiefs of the
Liberals, and been referred to by them in exulta-
tion afterwards as proofs of their popularity and
trophies of their success, has in reality undermined
their influence most considerably. It is a question
if it be not more dignified to remain in retirement
than to court publicity after this fashion. At all
events, it has been the lot of the present adminis-
tration pretty frequently to fall under the
censure of some critical adversaries, and to be
subjected to the sarcasm of one or more ruth-
less observers. In the instance referred to we meet
with a most entertaining summary of the clap-trap
and double-dealing which rules most frequently
the game of expediency which is being played out
in high quarters. Mr. CAVE denounced with just
indignation the tricks of policy which obtained
among his opponents in 1859. He asked with
scorn where was the measure of reform which was
declared to be so much needed, and so incomparably
superior to that of Lord DERBY. The present Go-
vernment assumed power for two reasons—to
amend the state of the representation and to adopt
a better policy in the direction of foreign affairs.
How have they fulfilled their self-imposed duties,
may well be asked, and considering the vehement
denunciation of their adversaries, and the loud self-
gratulation that accompanied their advent to power,
the inquiry ought to be strictly instituted, and the
verdict an impartial one. Considering the present
prospect of affairs it can hardly be expected that
any but the most devoted adherent or exclusive
partisan will cite their foreign policy as a triumph-
ant refutation of the charges of inefficiency and
groundless boasting that have been brought against
the last coalition Ministry. As Mr. CAVE truly
remarked, " Have we not heard of a certain Secre-
tary of State who passes the week in writing little
homilies to Sardinia, to Denmark, to Russia, and
other Powers, and has he not been met each time
with something like a slap in the face for imperti-
nent meddling." Nothing can be too severe to ex-
press in adequate terms the folly and mischief of
the missive which the Foreign Secretary forwarded
in relation to Schleswig-Holstein. In a great mea-
sure he is to blame for much of the evil that has
already occurred, and also for the still greater con-
fusion that will most probably ensue henceforth in
regard to this vexed question. Then with respect
to America, how apt is the definition of Mr. CAVE
that " infirmity of purpose" makes it
appear as it
we were afraid of the Federals. Certainly with one
thing and another, England is fast losing the proud
position that she once held of being in a great mea-
sure the arbiter of the destinies, and the referee in
the vital questions that refer to the Government of
other States. Who can deny the correctness of Mr.
CAVE'S assertion that at any period of political
anxiety, or any season of particular excite-
meat and interest in public affairs, every one
asks " What line the French EMPEROR will
take ?" This is scarcely the correct thing
to take place, and it must be confessed
that with all the criticism and the hard sayings
that abound in that direction the Emperor NAPO-
LEON has succeeded in gaining a prestige for his
foreign policy that our Cabinet miserably failed to
obtain. Whatever be his errors, he has something
bold to do or to say, while we seem content with
vague despatches ; and what energy survives un-
crushed from the influence of the peace-at-any-
price party in the Cabinet is expended in the seizure
and prosecution of the property of English subjects
who offend powerful and honoured allieS. Still
more cutting were Mr. CAVE'S home-thrusts at the
renegade home policy of Government which has
disgusted the great Liberal party whose cause they
avow they adopt, and whose interests they declare
that they serve. Ho mentioned two remarkable
instances of would-be reformers at home and abroad
who were caught in the tuna of the official dodgers,
and now abjured their former zealous notions. One
was the Junior Lord of the Admiralty, who was
foremost in denouncing the insufficiency of Minis-
terial measures until he was induced to join the
ranks of those whose errors he saw so plainly at a
distance. The other example was a more notable
one. Night after night he vehemently denounced
the policy of Ministers in their supineness regard-
ing the annexation of Savoy. There was eloquence
in his language and soundness in his views; but
after a short rime a change came over the spirit of
his dream. To use the descriptive language ot the
hon. member for Shoreham, " a string is pulled
somewhere, the impassioned orator sinks through
a political trap-door, and rises Chief Secretary for
Ireland." There is sober truth as welt as
amusing simile in these entertaining sketches,
and perhaps they contain the secret of the great
decadence that has taken place of late in what is
called by courtesy the Liberal party. The reason
why these mixed up Governments, composed of in-
congruous elements, obtain so firm a hold among a
party that professes to discard them is because both
sides look to selfish ends first, and then attempt to
serve their cause and their country afterwards.
Members consider the Ministers as the dispensers
of patronage, and not as the trustees of the nation's
honour, the guardians of the people's rights, and the
adjustors of the liberties of a mighty empire. So
long as the most violent and vehement reformers
will, like Mr. BRIGHT, become mute because parties
change sides in the House, not because measures
are meted out to the country, it is quite idle for the
wise and the learned to discuss the dangers of a
Conservative Administration, and the fearful fate
that would then await the country. Suppose the
Cabinet of Lord DERBY had remained in power,
they could hardly have done less than nothing,
which is all that the most devoted adherent to
the present Government can claim as their per-
formances. Mr. CassE concluded by a lively
anecdote regarding the ballot, which was more
s t than logical, and, altogether, the hon. mem-
bermay be congratulated on having delivered
One of
the most brilliant addresses that have been
made during
the recess. The force of his satire
consisted in
its m
in vr asernblance, and there was much
in his animated
discourse to afford food for the
philosopher to diac s; while the sober observer,
who notes the
of
athe day, might well
wonder where rornevenalie„
en
in the series of life f
sseLeass d,naand reality began
•
political notabilities put before hi the po
brilliant
ortraits ot
a style and dashing 4 manner.

LATEST INTELLIGENCE.

(REUTER'S TELEGRAMS.)

DESPATCH OF THE CZAR'S REPLY

TO THE CONGRESS PROPOSITION,

BERLIN, Nov. 21.

The Spenersche Zei,lung of to-day announces
that an officer of high rank is expected to arrive
here on Sunday next, on his way to Pari,, the
bearer of the autograph reply of the Czar to the
invitations of the Emperor Napoleon to the
Con press.

TURKEY,
CONSTANTINOPLE, Nov. 20.

The Budget has been officially published. The
surplus and other figures are substantially the
same as those already made known.

The Imperial decree, ordering the publication,
proclaims reform and retrenchment as being per-
mitted by circumstances.

The French Ambassador has presented to the
Sultan an autograph letter of invitation to the
European Congress from the Emperor Napoleon.

RUSSIA.
ST. PETERSBURG, Nov. 21.

The Imperial Bank of Russia has onnonnced
that the exchange of bills of credit for specie has
been suspended for the present,

--`

POLAND.
BERLIN, Nov. 21.

Letters received here from Warsaw announce
that the National Government has published in
an extra edition of the Niepodleglose four addresses
from the Government of Wilna, AVietelisk,Kowno,
and Grodnow, bearing 250,000 signatures, protest-
ing against the expression of loyalty extorted by
General Mouravieff, and expressing entire devotion
to the National Government.

THE CAPE MAIL.

PLYMOUTI, Nov. M.

Roman arrived
The Union Company's steamship
off Plymouth at 2 o'clock this morning with the
above mail and 30 passengers. She left the Cape
on the 21st alt.; St. Helena, on the 29th; and As-
cension on the 2d November.

It was not likely that anything further would be
done at the Cape in the removal of Parliament ques-
tion until the election of the members of the Legis-
lative Council in December or January, and of the
Assembly in February.
The Lymberg Railway will be completed by the
end of the year.
The weather continued remarkably favourable
for agriculture, and produce of all kinds was abun-
dant and cheap.
Monetary and commercial affairs were dull, but
a steady though limited amount of business was
done.

There was no material alteration in the price of
Eastern province wools, but extensive purchases
had been made in execution of orders for the
North American States. Large shipments had gone
for ward.

Owing to some recent unpleasant disclosures the
banks had bee❑ cautious in discounting.
Excepting the usual complaints of cattle stealing
by the natives on the frontier, all was quiet with
the colonists.

The British. Kaffrarians continued opposed to

annexation.

The movement in the Free State in favour of
re•annexation was extending.
FRANCE.

PARIS, Nov. 2:.

The electors of the ninth circumscription of the
COte d'Or are summoned to meet for the election of
members upon the 13th and 14'1 December.
The specie held by the Bank of France has risen
to 203 million francs in consequence of the purchase
of specie to the amount of ten millions. The Coun-
cil of the Bank has observed that during the last
eight days the bills presented for discount have been
of a more satisfactory character. They are of
shorter date, and appertai❑ to real commerce, and
not to bullion dealers, as was previously the case.
The Bank, therefore, anticipates an improvement in
the state of affairs if no new incident arise.

The reply of Russia to the Emperor Napoleon's
invitation is expected here in three or four days.
Some uneasiness prevails here relative to the possi-
bility of a conflict upon the Schleswig-Holstein
question.

BOURSE, Nov. 20.—The market has been rather
more buoyant, and prices have improved, Threes,
for the Account, being now at 67f. 40c. Mobilier
has also advanced, being now quoted at I,loof.
Railway Market quiet, but firm. The market
closed as follows :-
41 per Cents. 95 15 'ltalian Loan 72 10
Do. sad month.... Do. end month 72 30
3 per Cents
Do. end month.... 67 40 Do. end month....
Credit Mobilier..., 1C97 50 Russian
Do. end m0nth....1100 Austrian
Bank Shares 3350 Spanish Threes....
Ctedittoncier Rome Debt
Roman

RAIL

rAYB.
Ca(ah• Account.
977 50 .. 980 .-
980 .. 980

Orleans
Northern ....
Now ditto
Lyons ano Mediterranean
New ditto
Geneva
Southern
Western
Eastern
Sardinian
Austrian
Lowbard
North of Spain
Saragossa..
Ditto to Barcelona

- •.
955 - .. 957 .50
915 - -

498 75 ..

691 25 :: 695 ---

520 - •- -
488 75 .„ 487 50
407 50 406 25
392 50 .. 393 75
525 - .. 527 50
532 50 .. 532 50
630 - 630
.. 325 -

SPAIN.

_
The Correspondencia of Madrid contains the fol-
lowing:—'' fte conflict in Santo Domingo has be-
come a war of races. The negroes commit the
most atrocious cruelties on any whites that fall into
their hands, and burn the towns into which they
penetrate, as if they wished to reduce themselves
to a savage state. In consequence of that sys-
tem of devastation, the Spanish troops are not
only fignting against an enemy which flies before
them, but are also deprived of shelter and sub-
sistence. The insurrection is spreading in all the
districts, with the exception of the province where
General Santana has his relatives, his friends, and
property. The General, with several battalions of
Spaniards,under the orders of Gen. Gondara, is pro-
tecting the capital, and has proved sufficientlystrong
to resist and to attack the enemy in case of need. The
arrival of the new Captain-General Vargrs has re-
tored confidence, and the feeling of the troops is still
good. Many families have arrived at Porto Rico
from Santo Domingo, and among others that of the
Captain• General Rivero. In the serious crisis
through which Santo Domingo is now passing, ]
believe that the best thing to be done is to state the
facts as they really, and the more so that nothing
is to be feared either for the honour of the Spanish
arms or for the safety of the Spaniards there, the
army being supported by a strong fleet."

MILITARY JUSTICE.

Chapter xix, of Mr. Warren's Law Studies.
Military and naval authorities are very tenacious in re-
sisting any interference, by "lawyers," whh their adminis-
trations of justice in courts martial, It has several times
been observed by officers, in the author's presence, that,
"it is rather hard to bo subject to your aws, as well as our
own; and besides that, have to submit to your interference,
or dictation, in administering our orders, among ourselves."
A different view of the case, however, is often taken by an
officer who finds himself ordered to stand a general court
martial on charges of a serious nature, involving his very
existence as an officer and a gentleman—his whole military
and social status : or when the destructive sentence of dis-
missal, or cashiering, has been pronounced, confirmed, pro-
mulgated, A " lawyer's" assistance is then frequently
-and eagerly sought for, to conduct the defence at the trial,
or advise on the steps to be taken, in order to obviate, or
mitigate, the effect of a hostile verdict, deemed unjust or
illegal.
This is not the place for discussing the excellen-
cies or detects of the existing administration of
military law : though the author has probably had
more professional experience on the subject than
may fall to the lot of most of his readers ; has
had opportunities of expressing his views in print, and was
engaged in preparing a bill in conformity with them, when
he suddenly quitted the House of Commons. All that will
be here attempted, is to give the student a general idea of
the duties he will have to discharge, if his services should
be called for by an officer, imperilled, o r conceiving himself
aggrieved, by proceedings ordered by the Commander-in•
Chief.-
Counsel, under such circumstances, when attending at
the trial—before a tribunal brilliant and imposing in ap-
pearance—feels, in spite of the dignified courtesy exhibited
to him on all sides, in a position anomalous, and exqui-
sitely embarassing, charged—only as the "friend of the
prisoner," not of the court—with most serious responsibi-
lity : fettered and harassed by the court's professed non-
recognition of him, and the compulsory silence he must
observe, on even the most critical and momentous occa-
sions ; when satisfied that the court is, unawares, going
egregiously wrong, and sacrificing the character and
honour, dearer infinitely to him than life, of the British
officer sitting beside him in mental agony. The stately
deliberation with which the proceedings are conducted—
questions and answers being in writing, alike in
examination in chief, in cross-examination, and re-
examination, and recorded at the time, not in
short hand, but by the pen of the deputy judge advocate
sorely tries the temper and patience of one trained to the
rapid, efficient, and at the same time decorous conduct of
proceedings in the ordinary courts of justice.
The "charges"—equivalent to the indictment, in an ordi-
nary criminal case—are framed, or examined, by the military
authorities at the Horse Guards, and, when necessary, under
high advice : in order that it may be ascertained that they
are such as should be submitted to the cognisance of a court
martial, and that there is sufficient evidence to substantiate
them. "It is well known," said a high military authority,
"by everybody, that in the case of charges brought before
a court martial, they are not bound to the technical forma-
lities which prevail in other courts of law ; but there is this
essential principle in every charge, before any court that
can exist in the civilised world : that the charge shall be
sufficiently specific to enable the prisoner to know what he
is to answer, and the court to know what they are called to
inquire into."
To this it may be added, that, in the language of the
great Duke of Wellington, " The proceedings of courts
martial are conducted on the principles of the civil law
courts, are founded on, in a great measure, and analogous
to, the proceedings of the other courts of law." The rules
of evidence are those of all the other courts of justice.
The first point to be attended to by counsel, attending on
these occasions, is to avoid, as far as possible, technical
objections, which are, and naturally, irritating beyond
measure to officers intent upon getting at the merits of the
case, and hating and disdaining " pettifogging." He must,
however, take care not to carry his abstinence too far.
Objections founded on the hearsay character of evidence
are often indispensable, in order to protect an officer from
gross injustice inflicted on him unconsciously, by those not
aware of the grounds of the objections to such spurious
evidence. Objections, again, to questions as" leading," t.e.,
a question framed so as to suggest a desired answer, are
often equal in importance to those aimed at the exclusion of
hearsay, but even in our ordinary courts of justice, these ob-
jections are too often captious and futile, though sustainable
in technical strictness. The irrelevancy of particular ques-
dor s, or heads of evidence, is another frequent subject of
objection, sometimes taken inconsiderately, and at other
times overlooked, and with dangerous consequences—the
result being to obscure the real points in issue, and create
cruel prejudice. Counsel must therefore always have his
eyes fixed on the real issue before the court, and be very
vigilant in preventing, as far as practicable, divergence
from it. Before a tribunal of gentlemen unversed in such
matters, it may be difficult to explain the point and force of
such objections, as the differential calculus, or the digamma :
and to advise an officer to insist, except on the best grounds,
upon such objections before his brother officers, is danger-
ous in the extreme. When an objection to evidence, or a
particular course of procedure is taken, by either the pri-
soner or the prosecutor, counsel should be prompt, terse, and
plain, in his written statement of objection or answer, so as
to be easily intelligible to a body of laymen, on its being road
out to them. For this purpose he must use his utmost efforts
to preserve calm collectedness throughout, and may safely
act on the assurance, which is hereby given him as the
result of personal experience, that the members of a court
martial, though its proceedings may be disfigured occasion-
ally by irregularity and illegality, as many a judge Adya-
cate-General can testify, mean to act fairly, honourably,
and in accordance with the very letter and spirit of their
oath. And here let it be said, with sincere and cordial
regard and respect for the British officer, that he is but
too apt, when called on to act as a member of a court
martial, to entertain the notion of administering criminal
equity, which, however pleasing to his mind, is nevertheless
to be sternly shunned and repelled, as, in the words of Ed-
mund Burke, " in truth, a mistake in jurisprudence." The
student may hereafter be called on to cope with this ten-
dency on occasions most deeply affecting the honour, the
status, and even the life of a British officer. We are told
that Dr. Johnson, talking of a court-martial sitting on a
very momentous public occasion, " expressed much doubt
of an enlightened decision; and said that perhaps there was
not a member of the court who, in the whole course
of his life had ever spent an hour by himself in balancing
probabilities."
Counsel, again, must be exceedingly careful net to put
questions of an offensive or derogatory character to wit-
nesses, or indulge in comments of that kind, in framing the
prisoner's defence--unless it be absolutely unavoidable;
and questions should be couched in courteous terms. It is
vain to deny that a legal "friend" is too generally looked
at with jaundiced eyes by members of all courts martial, and
regarded as an unwelcome intruder, come to dictate to
officers and gentlemen—to tease, perplex, and mislead
them, by quirk and quibbles. It is necessary, therefore, to
disarm them—to melt away their prejudices by candour.
courtesy, and straightforwardness, alike in reality and in
manner. Let counsel, beware of resorting to anything like
a threat, either directly or indirectly—such, for instance, as
an allusion to what may be,thereafter done at headquarters
—or, "by the proper authority reviewing the proceedings."
The desired object may be obtained without acting thus
offensively, and laying himself open—or rather the anxious
and harrassed client sitting beside him —to the indignant
charge of "dragooning" the court. He should never for-
get that that client is responsible for what his " friend" is
doing, and if that client, himself a military man, strongly
object to the course taken by his " friend," he should pause,
and not persevere, unless perfectly satisfied that he ought
to do so, or sacrifice the precious interests intrusted to him.
He must be firm, in that case, though his client may be
importunate, and even in the anxiety and excitement of the
moment, irritable—nay offensive. Yerbum sapienti.
In framing the written defence—a critical duty, and for
the discharge of which a reasonable time is always freely
granted by the Court, great discretion should be exhibited
in both selecting the topics, and the mode of deal-
ing with them. Brevity should be studied, and facts and
reasonings conveyed in language as plain and simple as
can be employed. The writer of that defence must not beat
about the bash, or bewilder the court with refined distinc-
tions, but ge to the true points in a frank, straight-
forward manner. If it be absolutely necessary to arraign
the conduct and motives of the prosecutor and witnesses, it
should be done with due courtesy and temper. Great cau-
tion should be observed in commening on the propriety
of instituting proceedings—it being borne in mind that
they have had the sanction of the supreme mili-
tary authority, under whose notice the issue will
come, and by whom every word of the writ •
ten "defence" in particular will be calmly and care-
fully weighed. The judge-advocate-general, who usually
is, and always ought to be, a lawyer, and one too of
superior professional knowledge and discretion, reviews
the proceedings immediately after the transmission of
them, sealed, to the Horse Guards. It is consequently im-
portant to have placed upon record all legal objections
taken by the prisoner, and for this purpose respectful
application must, as such objections arise, be made
to the court. Another circumstance worthy of attention
is, that the handwriting of the defence should be as dis-
tinctly and readily legible as possible; for it is to be de-
livered, not by the writer, but his excited and anxious
client, or some equally embarrassed military friend.
In addition to assisting an officer at the trial, counsel
may be called upon to advise him beforehand, as to the
conduct of his defence, the validity of the charges, and the
evidence requisite on the part of the prisoner. Counsel
may also he required to advise a prisoner against wbo m
the court has decided, and who conceives himself entitled
successfully to to impeach the legal validity of the id)l°Geereat
inns, whether the trial took place at home or abroad. Groat
from
difficulties have to be contended with, u
the very nature of the present mode of
adenidinhardships on
s • such
mili-
ts
tary justice, and its undoubted deofr
the Court of Queen's
prisoners. Two recent decisions
Bench may be advantageously referre.d toi bytitalcravectiusdioennst tae
showing the extreme difficulty of blue tig