The Sun.
London, England, 1863-11-13 00:00:00

The National Troops in Poland,

Although the winter is approaching, the national,
forces are now more numerous and better equipped
than they have been since the commencement of the
insurrection. The speech of the French Emperor
has created a great sensation in Poland, and is
generally interpreted as expressing the determina-
tion of Napoleon not to abandon the Polish cause.
The Poles are accordingly using all their efforts to
continue the insurrection till the spring, when they
regard foreig❑ assistance to be certain.

The following is a rapid sketch of the position
and numbers of the insurgent forces :—The palati-
nate in which the Poles are most firmly established
is that of Lublin. The insurgent leaders in this
palatinate are Wierzbicki, Rudzki, Kozlowski,
Szydlowski, Krysinski, Dinewski, Suchodolski,
Czyzewicz, Sienkiewicz, and Junosz. A review of
these troops took place at Tarobin on the 29th ult.
It was a magnificent sight, and greatly encouraged
the insurgents, to whom this evidence of their
strength added confidence and enthusiasm.
In the palatinates of Sandomir and Cracow
Generals Bosak, Rembajlo, and others, present a
formidable front to the numerous Russian troops
which have been sent to attack them.

Col. Kopernicki commands the numerous flying
columns of Polish cavalry which constantly harass
the enemy in the palatinate of Kalisz.
Ia Kujavia there are also three bodies of horse,
one of which is under Okoniewski.

In the palatinates of Pock and Augustow en-
counters are constantly taking place between the
Russians and the Poles. In Podlachia the official
Russian papers speak constantly of bands of armed
men which give much trouble to the imperial
troops; and in the palatinate of Mejovia the Polish
horse under Syrewicz has lately fought a series of
brilliant cavalry engagements, in which the Rus-
sians suffered a complete defeat.
Finally, in Lithuania, and especially in Samo-
gitia, the insurgents are fully prepared for the
winter, and their late victories have greatly dis-
.ed their opponents.

courag,

SOUND AND ITS TRANSMISSION.

(From, the Orb.)
Many years ago, Professor Pepper gave an illus-
trated lecture on Sound and its transmission, at the
Polytechnic. The experiments were, in fact, repe-
titions on a large scale of those institutedby Professor
Wheatstone, one of the inventors of the electric
telegraph. 'The fact that pine rods form the best
and speediest coniuctors of sound was shown in a
very remarkable way. In a room 40 feet below the
audience addressed by the lecturer, there were
placed performers on the pianoforte, violin, clarionet,
and violoncello. Before the company stood three
of Erard's grand harps upon orifices, in which pine
rods were placed, and brought into contact with the
musical instruments below. First an air was
played by each instrument singly, and then all
played in harmony. The music came up distinctly,
and could he either shut off or let in to the room at
pleasure. Douglas Jerrold, who was present at the
private view, I remember exclaimed :—" This is a
case of concealed bandittc," amidst general laughter ;
and we talked of the time when music would be laid
down in pipes like water nr gas, and an oratorio in
Exeter Hall be enjoyed at the same time in Edin-
burgh or Glasgow. It appears that an American
named Hackenhurg has appropriated this idea, and
brought out as an invention of his own, what he
calls musical telegraphy. He states that his plans
are all matured, and he is ready to supply music, at
a given rate per annum, to all the world. A piano-
forte is to be connected by electric wires with any
number of instruments ; and on being played, the
sympathetic vibration will cause a stream of music
to permeate every place in connection with the cen-
tral depot. Subscribers will be able to turn on
music at will by means of a small tap. This will be
even more wonderful than Professor Pepper's last
invention, the la onderful ghost. Whatever credit
the American may claim for the application of the
idea, to Mr. Pepper undoubtedly belongs the merit
of priority in illustrating and developing it.
It is strange, too, to find the originality of photo-
graphy disputed as discovered simultaneously in
England and France by Mr. Fox Talbot and M.
Daguerre in 1839. 'Their processes weed ifferent
but both produced permanent sun pictures: It
seems that in 1791 Matthew Boulton, the partner
of James Watt at Soho produced. large numbers of
sun-painted pictures, many of which are now
in the
possession of Mr. Smith, curator of the museum of
Patents at South Kensington. They are all copies
on very coarse foolscap paper, of well-known de-
signs, by Angelic Kauffman, the porous, water-
marked paper being
thickly covered with a varnish-
like substance, on the surface of which the picture
is produced, with the figures of the original reversed,
the drawing elaborately finished, and the lights
and shades so fully rendered, as to give much the
effect of a mezzotint. What is still more singular,
it appears that these pictures were actually sold at
Soho in large quantities, and at low prices, at the
end of the last century. Their production seems to
have been stopped by the payment of a sum to
Boulton by the Government, on the representation
of the Royal Academy that the manufacture of these
pictures would inevitably ruin the picture trade.
In this same year (1791), 'Thomas Wedgwood, the
son of the famous potter on whom Mr. Gladstone
pronounced so eloquent an eulogy, was also at work
on photography, as shown by his bills and orders
for chemicals, and beside Boulton's pictures are laid
a photograph of a neatly-laid breakfast-table, taken
by Wedgwood. It is curious that an art promising
so much should have been suffered to die. out ; but
still more remarkable is the double coincidence ex-
-produced metal
wing between the independentl
and paper photography of BoultoYif tnd Wedgwood
in 1791, aad of Daquerre and Fox Talbot in 1839.

The Aklibar of Algiers states that Sir Morton
Pete has arrived in that city to examine the pre-
sent state of the works which aro being executed on the Bou-
levard de l'lmperatrice. He has, it is said, made an offer to
the administration to construct almost immediately and on
conditions to be fixed by private contract, the buildings and
establishments of public utility which are most impatiently
looked for by the inhabitants.
PHOTOGRAPIIIC PORTRAITURE.—It is a common
error, into Which most people fall, according to
Colonel Wortley, to suppose that a photograph, because it
is taken as it were by machinery, must necessarily be f.!
likened,. 2he Colonel states that this is not the encl., and
for the following reasons :—The photographic
• the
1 i 3 not a perfect instrument, and of necessity magnifies
o.
hem out of pr
portrafiesl
objects that are nearest to it, and makes t
Portion with those situated in a plane somewhat ftuortilzrcio-Teur
the instrument. To prove this, you have onlyn
you
any collection of photographic portraits,b.:ctd
proini:lltiayt
once see that the hands, or feet, or any object
bt', to be in
OnCe see that the hands, or feet, ore
shüUld he, to be in
brought forward, are larger than they:,
wow
visible in the
due proportion. This defect,
jsitter's case of a hand, foot, or other larogfeeoOa:*ect,
t ion, and indeed the expression,alters
then opal
ofu
allow the chin to be (de-
If, then, in posing a sitte.r,.:oo
cour,o appreciably mag-
vated, or brow ht forward, its I
eves, being thrown back at
nified ; and the forehead ainsdhes, '
and a coarse, foolish ex-
the same time, are dimi%, way be fall of intelligence
pression given to a face
et.e
lenhis defect is of course much
than in one by any of the
and refinement of fea, tau!.
greater in a cheaPl3.°ita. is
one that can easily be guarded
best makers; thong
against,
benefit of reduced duty obtained by put-
Full ,
s
pure Tea; very choice at 3s. 4d. and
"i
chasing, Ilornimo.n
h Standard' at 4s. 4d. (formerly 4s. lid.), is the
s4tB;ongejstigand most. delicious imported. Agents in every
town op 1y it in phckets,