The Sun.
London, England, 1839-09-04 00:00:00

PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED.

W; Johnson and J. Odgers, coal merchants, Exeter—W.
Waite and G. Newmarch, furriers, Leeds—C. Tayleur, J.
Knowles, jun., W. Rotherham, and W. Garner, tanners, Tox-
teth-park Tanning Company (as far as respects W. Garner)—
R. and T. Pilkington, timber merchants, Blackburn, Lanca-
shire—J. Butler, sen., W. C. Butler, and J. Butler, jun.,
cutlers and manufacturers of spades, Pondhill, Sheffield, York-
shire—J. Fisher, E. Fisher, and J. Fisher, silk-spinners,
Longroyd Mills, near Huddersfield, Yorkshire—J. Canter and
W. Canter, linen-manufacturers, Baraaley, Yorkshire—J. Bide,
A. Bide, and L. Bide, glove-manufacturers, Yeovil, Somerset-
shire--W. Bannister, G. Bannister, H. Bannister, and C. Ban-
nister, coal-masters, Brierley Colliery, Stafford—J. B. Wag-
staff and W. Seddon, calico engravers, Manchester—W.
Thomas and H. Hewitt, eating-house-keepers, Shoreditch—
J. Hibbert and W. Winfrey, coach-proprietors, Macclesfield,
Cbeshire—R., A., and C. Paul, architects, Cheltenham—
G. Elton and T. Adams, saddlers' tool-makers, Walsall,
Staffordshire—J. W. Buckland and G. H. ➢fitchelmore,
.British plate metal manufacturers, Union-road, Old Kent-road.

EGYPTIAN WHEAT.—WhiIe recently in the
neig-hbourhood of Kirkmichael, we observed two ridges of
what was called Smyrna wheat (a variety lately introduced
into this country), grown by Miss Bell, at Threave, which
promises to yield a better return than any grain of the kind
we eve" saw. It is sometimes known by the name of
Abyssinian, and sometimes Smyrna wheat, and is generally
allowed to constitute a different genus from any other,
botanists placing the distioguished characteristics on the
w
compound form of the spike', which is caused by the lower
florets becoming elongated, an d formed so as to make the
whole resemble several spikes ties together, or a compound
spike. This compound form is, hoover, by no means per-
raa:lent, and when the spike assumes s simple form it is not
to b,s distinguished from the turgid wheats. Egyptian
wheat has often been introduced into several parts of
Scotland, under different names, and has received suffi-
cient attention, but its general produce and quality does
pnoarttwillyraenutlittisractueldtivinatitohneintbiscountry.
southern parts of England, and
France in particular. It is, however,
.
ular.
twenty varieties ofit Our townsman, Mr. Imrie, has 4 iven
much of his attention •
it for he last three to it, having made experiments with
iti years,ear
;a nbduth having at
experience,atpresent w
eabta.ruet
sorry
to say, leads us to the conclusion, that it is too ten-
der a plant for our
cold soil and comparatively ungenial
wee.Ay Advertiser.
clima ; asr
, though the heads are bulky, they do not ripen
said au old Cumberland farymhPeOrrFtuoAhis PdaluPgEh.t—er,
THE BENEVOLENCE "wAhlenarysh,e"
was once asking him to bu
thou always te.ize me about •
new beaver," •
why dost
kept in it, with which such k• ri • ~ such things when I'mquietly
1 sib° in, my pipe . Because
tem-
to their ' •
indictments were 1 ' pered then, feyther," was
the
ryelare always best
inquisitorial torture not I thoust reel," rejoined the farmer;er, reply.
"111 believe, lass,
the early part of the I;
,f remember that my poor feyther was just
I was a lad,
hen it was abolished by I' after he had smoked a pipe or twee he wadha'jstthe
.same ;
geen his
'second, the denominated ' h
~ aad away if it had been loose."—A paper of Tobacco.

r----~

CLOSE OF THE SESSION.

The close of the Session leaves the Tories farther
removed from office than ever. They have failed in the
attempt to take the Government, and the causes of
their failure have made new impediments in their way,
which have not been in any degree diminished by the
virulent abuse and calumny which disappointed faction
has directed against the Queen. The Duke of Wel-
lington's speech on the 23d was not the speech of a man
who contemplated a return to office. All that he mo-
destly proposes is, to guide the Government which he
cannot undertake, and to fasten upon it the policy which
he could not himself administer.

" The Noble Viscount (Lord Melbourne) in ex-
pressing his opinion that the Noble and Learned
Lord's (Lord Lyndhurst's) object was to lower tilt
Government in the public opinion, had gone on to as-
sure the Noble and Learned Lord that happen what
might, there was no chance of the Noble and Learned
Lord and his friends, meaning himself (the Duke of
Wellington) and others, rising in public opinion, or
having it in their power to carry on the government of
the country. There was, of course, no better judge or
this point than the Noble Viscount. So he (the Duk,
of Wellington) should consider this matter as entirely
settled.—(A laugh.) He could assure the Noble Vis
count that for his own part all that he desired now, or
had for some years desired, was to see a Government
in the country.—(Hear, hear.) That was what h.
desired. He desired to see the country governed ;ht
wished he could see that.—(Hear, hear.) He had
seen how it had been governed for some years past, anu
he hoped that the Noble Viscount would now turn over
a new leaf, and really govern the country in future.—
(Hear, hear.)"
What the Duke means by this is plain enough. He
wants a high-handed Government—a Government
making a free-use of the sword, and seizing every pre-
text for superseding all civil powers which are not in
Tory hands, and of course only waiting pretexts for the
abolition of the Municipal Magistracy. He wants a
Government which would see the storming and sacking
of a town in a riot, a Badajoz in a Birmingham, and
which would adjust its coercive measures to such out-
rageously exaggerated views. He wants a Government

which would look at the state of the country through
the magnifying medium of fear and hatred of a,
people, and which would place all its trust in the terrors
of the sword. In a word, as we have before observed,
he wants the Castlereagh and Sidmouth Government
of 1819, with the Six Acts, and a Manchester massacre
by way of example of the means for " keeping the people
quiet."

_
Now if this sort of government be practicable, if
it be suited to the times and temper of the people,
and the exigencies of the country, why does not the
Duke of Wellington feel himself in the condition to

undertake it? Why does his Grace call upon Lord
Melbourne to adopt a policy in which he, the Duke,
knows that he himself would not be supported ? If
the Duke's policy were suitable, the Duke's adminis-
tration would be borne, and should go with it ? At
present there is the interval of Badajos and Birming-
ham between the state of the country and the sys-
tem of government which the Duke would apply
to it.

His Grace advises Ministers to turn over a new
leaf (the first in the Orderly-book), and really to
govern the country ; in other words, to adopt a Tory
policy. The modesty of the recommendation is the
more remarkable when the broadest difference be-
tween the Whig and the Tory policy is considered,
and the effect of it.

In the Government of England it has always been
admitted that there has been the least difference be-
tween the Whig policy and the Tory policy ; and what
is the state of England ? Without going so far as to
say that Birmingham has shared the fate of Badajos,
we may affirm that the aspect of things in England is
far from satisfactory, though less menacing than it was
some few months ago.

On the other hand, in the Government of Ireland,
there has been the broadest difference between the
Whig policy and the Tory policy ; and what has bee')
the practical, the undeniable, the notorious result
Why, that the country was never so quiet, never
so tranquil ; that it spurns the English incendiaries
who go over to disturb its peace, and that it
spares its garrisons to preserve the peace of England
So, be it observed, where there is the widest differ-
ence between the Whig policy and the Tory policy there
is the greatest tranquillity ; where there is the least
difference between the Whig policy and the Tory po-
licy there is the largest amount of disaffection and ten-
dency to commotion. Seeing these results, if, as the
Duke advises, a new leaf should be turned over, would
it not now be well to try in England the system of con-
ciliation of the people which has succeeded so admirably
in Ireland, proceeding on the experience that the farther
we get from Tory uolicy the nearer we get to public;
peace and satisfaction, and that the point of the smallest
differs nee with Toryism is the point at which there is
the maximum of discontent and disturbance. These
are facts full of instruction, and which broadly mark out
the courses leading to successful and to unsuccessful
government.--Examiner.

BANKING IN FORMER DAYS.

(From Burgon's Life of Sir Thomas Gresham.)
A banker in early times pursued a very different trade
'rom that which occupies the attention of the opulent
and influential class, so called at the present day.
It is well known that the latter derive their pro-
fits from the employment of fluctuating sums of
money, deposited in their hands for conveni-
ence and safety by the public ; and for the secu-
rity of which, the respectability of the banker is a suffi-
cient guarantee. But this is a refinement of compa-
ratively recent introduction, with which our fore-
fathers were wholly unacquainted. As late as the
time of Swift, bankers gave and took a bond on receiv-
ing and lending money ; and made their profit by ob-
taining a higher rate of interest, or usury as it was called,
on the latter operation, than they allowed on the former.
Ten or twelve per cent. was the customary rate of in-
terest during the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; at which
period, we mean no disrespect to the banker when we
say, that he united in his person the trades of the usurer,
the pawnbroker, the money-scrivener, the goldsmith
and the dealer in bullion. A German traveller, who
visited England in 1593, says that he saw in Lombard-
street " all sorts of gold and silver vessels exposed to
sale, as well as ancient and modern coins, in such quan-
tities as must surprise a man the first time he sees and
considers them." At the period of Gresham's death,
a considerable portion of his wealth consisted of gold
chains. It is a curious circumstance that Lombard-
street should have retained its character as well as its
name for at least five centuries and a half ; and it may
not perhaps be out of place to mention, that within the
last thirty years several gold and silver lace-men lived
there ; a link between the ancient and modern occu-
pants of the street, which has now almost wholly dis-
appeared.
The earliest money-dealers in England were the Jews,
a people proverbial among us to this day for their riches;
and who, if they behaved as extortioners, were certainly
treated as such by our early monarchs, and became in
turn the objects of every description of hardship and
ignominy. To them succeeded the Lombards—by
which general appellation the early Italian merchants at
Genoa, Lucca, Venice, and of Florence, were designated.
They obtained a footing in this country about the
middle of the thirteenth century, and established them-
selves in Lombard-street, making it their business to
remit money to their own country by bills of exchange,
which was found particularly useful by the Italian
Clergy, who were thus enabled in an easy manner to re-
ceive the income of their transalpine benefices. In spite
of the prejudices which at first obstructed their reception,
they by degrees acquired a firm footing ; and in process
of time, became the richest merchants and the greatest
money-lenders in the kingdom. In the early part of
the fifteenth century they advanced a large sum for the
service of the State, and had the customs mortgaged to
them by way of security.
We have already in some degree explained the nature
of the business pursued by these early goldsmiths, or, as
they are sometimes called, bankers ; and pointed out
wherein their operations differed from those bankers of
the present day. The transition period was about the
reign of Charles the First ; " until which time the whole
and proper business of London goldsmiths was to buy and
sell plate, and foreign coins of gold and silver ; to melt and
cull them ; to coin some at the Mint, and with the rest to
supply the refiners, plate-workers, and merchants as they
found the price to vary." In.the time of the subse-
quent troubles, merchants and tradesmen, who before
had entrusted their cash to their servants and appren-
tices, found that practice no longer safe. Neither
did they any longer dare, on account of the distresses
of Majesty itself, to use the Mint in the Tower as a
place of deposit. They now began to lodge their neces-
sary cash is the goldsmiths' hands, for the sake of
greater security. This was in the year 1645, when
goldsmiths first exercised both professions ; and Pen-
nant, writing in 1790, says, that even in his day there
were several eminent bankers who kept goldsmiths'shops.
The first regular banker was Mr. Francis Child, gold-
smith, who began business soon after the Restoration.