The Sun.
London, England, 1839-10-17 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON. THURSDAY, OCTOBER, 17, 1839.

price of corn, caused by the Corn-laws, compels
their masters to give them a larger sum as wages,
but that larger sum does not increase their com-
mand over the necessaries of life. On the con-
trary, as the increased price of corn and consequent
rise in wages lessens employment, their real wages
are lessened. We look on that as a settled point,
and mean not to argue it further.
But the capitalist, in proportion as prices rise,
requires a larger sum to pay the wages of his men.
The artificial rise in wages, caused by the rise in I
the price of corn, as all men cat bread, extends to
every branch of society, and not only a larger no-
minal capital is required to pay the wages of
weavers and spinners, but also to pay the wages 1
of engineers and machine makers; and that
larger amount becomes fixed in all the many instru-
ments and machines which facilitate production.
This affects commerce as well as manufactures,
and the cost of bringing tea from abroad, as well
as of manufaCturing cotton at home, is enhanced
by the increased price of the corn which the la-
bourer, the shipwright, and the tailor consume.
This enhanced price must necessarily be paid by
the consumer of the tea and the cotton, and the
same is true of the enhanced price and profit on the
increased capital required to carry on everybranch of
business. On the condition alone of paying that profit
and wages, can the consumer obtain the supplies I
he wishes for. Inasmuch, therefore, as the farmer
is a consumer of any thing not grown on his own
land, and by the labour of himself or his servants,
so much must he contribute to pay the higher
wages which the master manufacturer must give
his workmen, and the profit on the larger
nominal capital the manufacturer must cm- •
ploy. When these compulsory payments are taken
into consideration, seeing that they are to be made,
in however small and imperceptible sums, on every
article the farmer buys, it may appear very doubtful
whether he can possibly benefit by the enhanced
price be gets for his corn by the Corn-laws. At
the same time, they account for the great expense
of which he complains.

There is out consideration which convinces tm
that the farmer loses by the Corn-law. He is
pledged to pay his rent and his taxes—he makes
large advances at the beginning of every season ; few
farmers have capital to meet their expenses ; in
general they borrow from the variaus tradesmen
they employ till Michaelmas ; and being thus a
borrowing and a debtor class, they arc compelled to
pay back all the sums they fancy they obtain by
the Corn-laws.

We will make one additional remark. The
increased profit the farmer is compelled to pay is
not a higher rate of profit, but profit on
a greater amount of capital. The rate
of profit, in proportion to the capital employed is,
we believe, lowered by the Corn-laws, but it must
be paid on a larger nominal amount of capital. In
this there is a close analogy with wages. The
capitalist is not so well off' though a larger sum may
be paid him, for it will not obtain for him as much
labour, or as many commodities as a smaller sum
with corn at its natural and low price. We have
thought these explanations due to to our readers,
but we shall decline as unprofitable, both to them
and ourselves, a higgling, wordy controversy.

The accounts from Manchester and the United

States, both speaking of a similar distress, indicate
that the difficulties in both places arise from one
and the same cause. There is not a doubt that the
currency with the screw put on it, has led to
the stagnation of trade in Manchester, and
the stoppage of the Banks, with the derange-
ment of trade, in the United States. Far be
it from us to say that the currency is the sole and
ultimate cause of the difficulties in both countries
The tariff in one, and the Corn-laws in the other,
would immediately refute us were we to make any
such extravagant assertion. We are aware that
the ultimate cause of the commercial distress at

Manchester and New York lies much deeper than
the currency ; and .no system of currency can finally
cure it, or prevent a repetition of it. At the same
time our present system is its immediate parent, and
were that removed we might afterwards get rid of
its next immediate cause.

The way our system seems to us to operate
injuriously is this. The Legislature has decreed
that only gold coins shall be a legal tender
in all payments above forty shillings, and it has
also lyingly decreed that the promises to pay of the
Bank of England are an actual payment every-
where except at the Bank counter. The first con-

sequence is that we must have gold to make our

payments ; and the next is that the whole paper
currency of the country is based on the gold, not
on the bullion—for silver is of no use except as
change—in the vaults of the Bank of England. The
result of the two is that the gold in the coffers of
the Bank is made to regulate the amount of cur-
rency in the whole empize.

Now gold, as we recently explained, being more
easily transported than silver, is more employed
than silver in balancing the payments between
different nations. When we require corn, which the
landlords will not allow us to buy with woollens and
cottons, our merchants necessarily buy it with gold.
When we require America to pay her debt to us,
she sends us gold if she can procure it. Both
these circumstances have arisen together. Gold
has been sent out of the country to buy corn ; the
Bank, to check that export, limited its issues ; the

merchants and capitalists here could not give
the same accommodation to their customers in
the United States as before, and our demand for gold

from our debtor, the United States, has deranged their
currency. Thus the decree of our ignorant presuming
law makers, that silver shall not be a legal tender
for above 405., and that the promises to pay of the
Bank of England are actual payments, except at the
Bank counter, reduce us to a currency based on
the small sum of gold in the coffers of the
Bank, which being exposed to all the varia-

tions caused by the demands of commerce,
makes our currency perpetually oscillate, and
causes the operations of the Bank of England to
be an equal curse to our own merchants and manu-
facturers, and to the merchants and manufacturers
of our debtor customer. •

If it were not for the two wretched pieces of
presuming, lying legislation we have alluded to,
debts would be paid equally in gold and silver, and
the whole currency of the empire, instead of totter-
ing on the narrow basis of the gold in the Bank
vaults, would rest firmly and safely on all the silver
and gold in the possession of all the capitalists and
money dealers. Resting oil the whole of this
bullion the abstraction of three or four millions
sterling of gold, which would be a small portion
of the whole, would be of comparatively little
importance, the silver remaining, the paper would
not require to be contracted, and the Bank would
neither inflict injury on the Manchester manufac-
turers nor on the New York merchants. One
step, then, towards a sounder currency would be
to rescind the law which declares that a payment
by silver beyond 40s. is not legal, and another to
repeal the false and unjust law that a promise to
pay is an actual payment, while the giving of silver
is not.

An extract from the Tine Mercury, which we
publish, makes us believe that our gentry are by no
means averse from having recourse to Lynch law
whenever they have power and their, interest is con-
cerned. According to that a party of gamekeepers
and their followers attacked a house, in which
some presumed poachers had taken refuge, and
without any warrant, or without being the minis-
ters of justice, began to break open the doors

in order to seize the poachers. A death
ensued—no inquest has been holden, but,
on the statement, we must affirm that the
case cannot rest where it is at present. If it
should, we shall soon have the landowners and their
gamekeepers collecting a squad of colliers, or other
assistants, willing to have a hand in a row, and
breaking into a house to drag out an Anti-Corn-
law opponent, as well as a presumed poacher. This
is not the time for the landed gentry to set an
example of violence.

If there be a spot in the kingdom where it might
have been supposed that the poor would receive a
double portion of the blessings of education, all men
will exclaim that spot is the town of Cambridge.
The seat of a University consisting of nearly a
score of Colleges, one can with difficulty imagine
that its very atmosphere is not imbued with an
educational influence, affecting every indweller in so
highly favoured a locality. Such a thing as a lack
of education in the sanctum sanctorunz of the att,
is the very last thing that would enter the imagina-
tion of such persons as do not bear in mind the
well-worn adage, " the nearer the Church, the
far:her from grace."

Never was this old saw better exempt fled
than in the educational state of the town of Cam-
bridge. " Of twelve prisoners," says the Cambridge
Advertiser, " within the walls of the prison, only
one was represented as being able to read
and write well ; the rest were marked as being able
to do neither, or imperfectly only ; of these seven
were under the age of twenty-oae. The RE-
CORDER observed that there must be something=
deficient in the system of education in the town
of Cambridge, or there could scarcely be such an
exhibition of youth, ignorance, and depravity."
Something deficient, indeed ! A more damning
proof of that systematic plan, upon which the
Clergy of the Church of England act, of keeping
the lower classes in a state of ignorance, could
hardly have been furnished.

Might it not have been expected that the
priests of Cambridge would have taken some
interest in the moral and religiot.:s instruction
of the poor of that town ? Was there not reason
to hope that the members of this clerical corpora-
tion, which was so richly endowed for the purpose
of national education, but which is now perverted
into an engine of sectarianism, would, by their ex-
ertions to extend to the poor inhabitants of the
town the benefits of education, have shown their
sense of the advantages which they themselves de-
rive from the same source, as well as their grati-
tude to the nation for the important privileges which
it has conferred upon them ? This, we think, ?night
reasonably have been expected of the University of
Cambridge.
But these Churchmen, like others, are actuated
by a spirit of the most selfish exclusiveness. They
are all of one kidney—all of them monopolists of
the most sordid class. They are not content with
their share of good things, or even with the lion's
share of the spoil—they must have the whole.
The narrower the sphere of education, the better
for them. They value it, and use it, as an instru-
ment of wordly advancement—as the means of ac-
quiring wealth and power ; and therefore it is that
they would keep it entirely to themselves—therefore
it is that the poor must be debarred from
it. What signifies the moral and intellectual im-
provement, the temporal or eternal welfare of mil-
lions of the unwashed poor, compared with the inte-
rests of the aristocracy or of the priesthood
We are happy to learn that some benevolent per-
sons are exerting themselves to put an end to the
disgraceful state of things, us regards education, at
Cambridge. A school, in connection with the Bri-
tish a:,.d Foreign School Society, is about to be
established, towards which Government has given
2501. out of the late education grant. This we
have no doubt will rouse the Exclusives. We shall
not be surprised to see a school on the sectarian
principle set on foot without delay. They can
never do any good but out of spite or contradiction,
and then as little as possible.

Letters from Constantinople and Alexandria,
the former of the 27th, and the latter of the 26th
ult., have been duly received, together with Smyrna
papers of the 29th ult., and Maltese journals to the
Ist inst. The news from Malta will be found in
another part of The Sun; but from Turkey anel
Egypt the intelligence communicated is not of
the slightest importance. Letters are written
merely to assure those to whom they are
addressed, that the writers have nothing to
write about. With respect to the settlement of the
Eastern question, no more appears to be known at
Constantinople and Alexandria than at Paris and
London. The Ambassadors were without powers
from their respective Governments, and the fleets
remained at the mouth of the Dardanelles, looking
wistfully towards the Sea of Marmora, but not
daring to approach it. Provisions were scarce and
dear at Beshika Bay, and the anchorage was be-
coming so bad that the two fleets were preparing
to leave it for Metelin or the Ourlac Islands. The
best understanding continued to prevail between
the officers and men of the two nations.

There is very little news in the French Journals
of Tuesday, the Moniteur, containing only in its
official columns the following telegraphic despatch
from the Spanish frontier :
" BAYONNE, OCT. 14.—Espartero left Saragossa on
the Bth; and arrived at Fuentes on the 9th. His five
divisions are concentrated at Muel. Cabrera awaits
him at Cantavieja."

NAPA RTE. Yct this fanfarronade of senile vanity
is designated " manly and dignified" by the Times.

The Journal de Paris says that it is stated as
certain that Don CARLOS will have passports
granted him for Saltzhur2„ where he wishes to fix
his residence. "It was," continues this journal,
" upon the formal refusal of the Great
Powers to intervene in favour of his pretended
rights to the Crown of Spain, that it was -.-soved
to &mud passports, after deliberation in a Coun-
cil of the Pretender's adherents at Bourges. His
departure, it is said, will take place towards the end
of the month." As this statement is made in nearly
the same terms the Constitutionne/, it is reason-
able that we should express some opinion upon it.
The French Government cannot, we think, be ig-
norant, that to grant passports to Don CARLOS,
permitting him to leave France before the war is
completely terminated in Spain, is neither more ncr
less than to afford him another opportunity of
raising the standard of rebellion in that country
It must be borne in mind that France does not
stand in the position of a strictly neutral' power,
with respect to the war in the Peninsula. Not ()lib,
-
has she 'recognised the Queen, but she has entered
into a treaty, the express object of which is to cur
off every hope of the succession of CARLOS.
Spain ks therefore a right to insist that CARLOS
shall be either given up to her or detained in
France, while his standard remains unfurled in any
part of her dominions ; and it is unquestionably
the duty of our Government to take measures that
that right be enforced and respected.
Tire Nouvaiste has a letter from Algiers an-
nouncing that the Duke of ORLEANS has been
attacked by lumbago, in consequence of having
over-fatigued himself by riding from 20 to 30 miles
daily under the burning sun of Africa.
A Paris correspondent of the Augsburg Gazelle,
after stating that the negociations commenced by M.
de Brunow, at Loudon, are not likely to lead to a sa-
tisfactory result, adds—" Russia hes offered to Eng-
land to abstain from renewing th 9 Treaty of Unkiar
Skelessi, on condition of the closing of the Dardanelles
being recognised as an article of the law of nations.
When the reasons are considered which have hindered
the maritime powers from acknowledging this treaty,
this offer of Russia must be !onkel upon as ironical. How-
ever, we must wait for the issue of the nogociations."
The Indicated?' of Bordeaux of the lath says :
" It is said that the Queen of Spain has just con-
ferred the title of Duke on the Marquis de Miraflores,
our Ambassador at Paris, as a testimony of her ap-
probation of his conduct ; the title of Marquis de
Coss Alava on General Alava, the Spanish A.mLassador
at London ; the title of Count de Casa de Cush,, on the
President of the Council. Ali her Majesty's other
Ministers have received the Grand Cross of the Order
of Charles 111., on occasion of the peace of Bergara ;
but their nomination will not be made public till after
the definitive sanction of the law on the Fueres.
" The Spanish Consul, as we hear, has addressed
to-day letters to the numerous Spaniards residing at
Bordeaux, to excite their generosity in favour of the
unfortunate soldiers who bate no means of returning to
their country."—Journal des Debats.

It was reported yesterday evening 'that passports
were to be givenito Don Carlos to go toStyria,whero that
Prince appears inclined to fix his resickence. It is in
consequence of the formal refusal ot the powers to
favour his pretended rights to the Croft of Spain, that
he has resolved, as it is said, to ask for his passports ;
and that his departure will take place towards the end
of the month.

The Allgemcine Zeitung of Leipsic contains the fol-
lowing news, in a letter from Paris, dated the 4th :
Since the Duchess of Leuchtenburg left Paris, a
marriage has been spoken of between the Duke de Ne-
mours and the Princess Theolindu, daughter of Prince
Eugene, and sister of the son-in-law of the Emperor
Nicholas. We do not know whether negociations have
been already commenced, but it is certain that the
Duche.Ts and her daughter were received in the most
gracious milnner by the Royal family."—Le Commerce.

MONEY AND COMMER,CIAL NEWS.

CITY, TWELVE O'CLOCK

COTTON MARKET, OCT. 16.—We have
had a fair demand for Cotton to-day at Previoui rates.
The Sales 3.500 bags, of which 1,000 bags were taken
by exporters.

From Hobart Town papers received to the Bth
June :

" The, Legislative Council met on Monday last, pur-
suant to requisition, when his Excellency the Lieute-
neet.Governor delivered a very long speech, of which
the following is the substance :—He begins by stating
that we assemble this day to discharge highly important
duties confided to us anew by the Sovereign. It there-
fore becomes us to look up for aid to Hint who chine is
wise, that He inly be pleased so to prosper all our con-
sultations, that in their results they may promote the
well-being and happiness of the community ; he points
out to them, not to propose but to disavowed intentioned
proposing, far their consideration any measure to inter-
!ere with the exportation of grain, owing to the scarcity
of the article of produce under which the Australian
Colonies are labouring, which occasioned h considerable
exportation of wheat from other parts ; and, as the har-
vest is believed n,t to have been so productive as usual,
apprehensions have been entertained they might thus be
deprived of the grain necessary for their own consumption;
lie further adds, that during a long succession of seasons
there has been no instance of a general failure of the
harvest in that. colony. In some the returns have been
less plentiful than in others, but there has seldom
occurred even an approach to scarcity ; he further
adds, that he has no idea of proposing any interference
by legislative enactment with the freedom of the corn
trade ; and there was another strong motive for non-
interference, did the Legislature of this colony give
its assurance to any measure by which the inhabitants
would be prevented from administering, in the exercise
of a free tt a le, to the necessities of their country;
men in the neighbouring colonies, not only would
their own agriculture be discouraged, but the Go-
vernment. in New Holland might be driven to the
alternative of nicking arrangements to secure the
future years from other sources, even though at
some disadvantage. He goes on by etating that he con-
gratulates them on the results of the operations of last
year ; that he was exceedingly gratified during his re-
cent tour throughout the interior, net only by the state
cf public works which had been constructed, and the
evident signs of active improvement which he observed
in almost every direction, but also by the anxiety which
prevails to obtain more extensively the means of reli-
gious instruction. Education also involves a question
' deeply interesting to the inhabitants ; he states
that the first Bill which he will bring un-
der their attention is an Act to repeal
the laws now in force in that island relating to the dis-
tribution of the insolvent estates, and to make provision
far the more effectual distribution of such estates, be
will also introduce an Act intituled "An Act to give'
further powers to the Sheriff of that island ;" and the
third Bill to which he drtn.es their attention is an Act
for paving and lighting the towns of Hobart Town, and
Launceston ; the fourth WI will he for altering and im-
proving the main roads ; the fifth Bill will be the Ap-
prentices and Servants' Act ; the sixth Bill is an ,ice to
compel masters of vessels to come to anchor at certain
stations within the ports of Hobart Town arid Launces-
ton. Be will also lay before them a recommenda-
ation, that an increase of IOW. per annum, should be
made to the salaries of the principal superintendant of
convicts, and the superintendent of priconers. Mr.
Robinson had proceeded to New South Wales, but the
proposed arrangement for the removal of the aborigines,
has not been effected. The sickness which formerly
prevailed, no longer continues. His Excellency finished
by stating that he had briefly drawn their attention to
the measures which in the course of the Session will be
submitted to their sanction ; he congratulates them,
upon the spirit of improvement which continues to per-
vade the colony."
We have received the Perth Gazettes to the 4th of
May. Western Australia seems ut length likely to
overcome the difficulties through which that country
has struggled so long. The accounts from various
quarters are highly satisfactory, inasmuch as emigration
and the employment of capital in emigration is rapidly
progressing. 'Offers had been made by certain indi-
viduals in England and India to invest considerable
sums in many of the productive sources of enterprise.
Orders had been received to purchase a quantity of
of shares in the Bank.

We have received Ltunceston papers to the Gt
June :

" Sir. John Franklin's phi rest/ to the Legislative
Council, on the opening. of the Sessions, last Monday
week, is chiefly remarkable for the observations on
the expediet.e.7 of interfering with the exportation of
corn from the island."

I'Ve have received South Australian papers to the
26th June. Three of the aborigines have been tried
for murder, and the law was to b allowed to take its
course on two of the nafortunate men, who were
found guilty.

We7have received Swankitiver Papers to April 15 :
. The high prices of every article of consumption must
operate seriously against even the prospect of immigra-
tion being directed to cur shores for some time.
Two of the most necessary essentials of life, flour and
fresh meat were tendered a few days ago to the
Commissariat—the flour at 41-d. per lb. and fresh meat
at Is. Id."