The Sun.
London, England, 1863-10-08 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, OCTOBiiR g, 1863.

verdict. A great and, but for ifs success, a very unpopular
expedition has resulted in the occupation of Mexico by the
French Government, and the foundation of a , onarchi-
cal regimen nearly upon the principles adopt el in France
both as regards the power of the Crown and the
rights of the people. It is impossi ite to question
the advantages derived from the char go by the
Mexicans, who for so many years had t ff-xed all the
evils of alternate anarchy and the violence and plunder of
petty tyrants. Nor can any friend of humanity and of peace
begrudge the influence acquired by France, or cavil at the
use made of it in favour of Austria. The peace of the Con-
tinent is furthered by whatever Wings these two great
Powers into a friendly connection. It would be tvuly satis-
faefory if we could regard the attitude of France
totowardscon-
Italy in the same light, but the determination seems
fosiag
tinue unabated of retaining her troops at E.orne reer 0 _
the Italian kingdom the means of completing the in
Roman
ra
and keeping from the
tion of its southern provinces,
ir)eesofprileettfhotaitooffthwebricahpathl etymalp•eiornaal.tuorwalelyr, manodstthdoespirroeuvse—uttiohne
ofof theNa
pallier support soor
ccaanudthaelo.fursi
friends
dgstvpoefn.
Ittoal
ythien vl:zorrasnteogre criminalsa
tl3,
wonder odneds
iegrni fftohr embeliefrestrict should dwatiltt
within
insnstarrernogwt h
limitsthat tahser co! s,
But the P'sible the power of her southern. neighbour..
estab-
lishment of Ffreenlionhsiniflnuetnhcee inemv,exzhiasplpikileyly,
dtoisp.urondiutecde
an uneasy e
America, and may by no remote possibility lead
tBotates
an ofamicable intercourse with the South, not, perhaps,
against the North, but in formal recognition of the seces-
sion and in breacof the blockade. The friends of humanity
would have good cause for lamenting anything so mani-
festly tending to promote the continuance of the war and
extend its mischiefs. The term " civil war" is now hardly
applicable to this miserable contest. The people of the
South are banded against those of the North exactly as any
two European nations, differing in all respects save lan-
guage, have been banded against each other—the Austrians
and Prussians for example. But give it what name we may,
no one can doubt that it is a cruel calamity to the Ameri-
cans themselves, and, though in a much less degree, to the
rest of the world, which with one accord joins in reprobat •
ing their conduct while lamenting its effects. Each party,
of course, seeks to cast on the other the heavy blame of
breaking the peace. On one side is the wicked allegation

of property in human beings; on the other, the hollow

pretext of making war to free America of slavery—her
shame and her curse, as all except slaveowners admit it to
be. Hollow we may well call it; for those who proclaimed

emancipation confess that it was a measure of hostility
to the whites, and designed to produce slave insurrec-
tion, from which the much-enduring nature of the un-
happy negro saved the country. My esteemed friend the
prelate who exalts by his eloquence and his virtues the mute
of Wilberforce, which he inherits, declared that the authors
of the measure cared as little for the black's freedom as for

the white's ; and now they call for extermination of the one
race to liberate the other. But, whatever may have been
the proximate cause of the contest, its continuance is the
result of a national vanity, without example and without
bounds. Persons subject to this failing are despised, not
hated ; and it is an ordinary expression respecting him who
is without the weakness that he is too proud to be vain.
But when a people are seized with it they change the name,
and call it love of glory. Of the individual we often hear
the remark that, despicable as the weakness is, it leads to
no bad actions. Nothing can be more false; it leads to
many crimes, and to that disregard of truth which is the
root of all offences. Certainly it produces none of the worst
crimes. The man who is a prey to vanity thirsts not for
the blood of his neighbour. How fearfully otherwise is it
when a nation is its slave I Magnifying itself beyond all
measure, and despising the rest of mankind, blinded and
intoxicated with self-satisfaction, persuaded that their very
crimes are proofs of greatness, and believing that they are
both admired and envied, the Americans have not only
been content with the destruction of half a million, but vain
of the slaughter. Their object being to retain a great name
among nations for their extent of territory, they exulted in 1
the wholesale bloodshed by which it must be accomplished,
because others were unable to make such a sacrifice. The
struggle of above two years, which loosened all the bands
that held society together, and gave to millions the
means of showing their capacity, has produced no
genius, civil or military ; while the submission to every
caprice of tyranny has been universal and habitual,
and never interrupted by a single act of resistance to the
most flagrant infractions of personal freedom. The mis-
chiefs of mob supremacy have been constantly felt, for the
calamity of rational and respectable men keeping aloof from
the management of affairs has resulted in the tyranny of the
multitude. To this tyrant the nominal rulers have never
withheld their submission, and the press catering for the
appetites of the populace, and pandering to their passions,
has persisted in every misrepresentation which might most
disguise the truth as to passing events, exaggerating each
success, extenuating each defeat, often describing failure as
victory ; while the multitude, if the truth by chance reached
them, were one day sunk in despair, another elated in an
ecstasy, almost at the pleasure of their rulers and their
guides. Nor were the falsehoods thus propagated confined
to the events of the war, they extended to all things—to the
measures of the Government and the acts of foreign na-
tions. The public feeling must not be thwarted; the peo-
ple desired to hear whatever gratified their vanity or raised
their spirits, and in this delusion must they live as long as
the war lasts and the rule is in the hands of the mob. The
truth they will never hear, because they desire to hear what
is pleasing, and not what is true. But it would be a great
mistake to charge on their false guides the follies and the
crimes which they chime in with and do their best to perpe-
tuate. The people are determined in their course. Far from
feeling shame at the cruel scenes which modern ages—nay,
which Christian times haveseen nothing t o equal, a spectacle
at which the whole world stands aghast—almost to incredu-
lity, they actually glory in it as a proof of their higher nature,
believe themselves to be the envy as the flower of mankind,
and fancy that their prowess would triumph over the most
powerful States of Europe. In such illusions their chiefs
may not practically join, but the people are, beyond doubt,
a prey to them, and will continue so to the end.
"Hear the just law, the judgment of the skies,
They that hate truth shall be the dupes of lies ;
And if they will be cheated to the last,
Delusions strong as hell shall bind them fast "
Cowper—Progress of Error.
The feeling towards England which prevails among the
American people, though arising from the excess of national
vanity and its kindred envy, is certainly in part the remains
of the old quarrel that led to the separation. We are hated
and despised. Neither feeling is at all reciprocal, but among
our kinsfolk it prevails in a degree almost amounting to
mental alienation. It can hardly be accounted for without re-
curring to the ancient grudge of the American war, and it
illustratesthesoundnees of the view taken by those who have
most considered the great subject of colonial policy, that we
must 8,) govern our settlements as to prepare for a separa-
tion on friendly terms, always assuming that sooner or later
their growth will bring about their independence. Some
distinguished men in the literary as well as political world
have lately maintained the opinion that our colonies are only
a burden, and that they give us no benefits worth the ex-
pense they entail. This is a great error, and it is not now
for the first time that Iso describe it. Sixty years ago,
while residing here, I published a work in which the whole
subject was fully examined in all its branches, and a demon-
stration given of the benefits, political, social, and commer-
cial, of colonial establishments, with detailed proofs that
their cost fulls far short of their benefits, and that the wars
ascribed to them had another origin. The book was very
soon out of print, and I have always refused to allow= a
second edition. It might now, however, be of some use, as
the information contained respecting the colonies of all
nations ought to be more generally diffused. The lapse of
GO years has no doubt made great changes, and the work
is t 3 be viewed as historical with regard to the facts, but the
doctrines have been confirmed by all that has happened ;
they are entirely applicable to the present state of affairs,
and are most worthy of attention from the promoters of social
science.,
Sixty years I ay, indeed, great indeed have been the
changes
a d l7ho
itoinchifnoate hat time have visited our race—changes
which l
principalities, and powers have undet-
gone. The destroying angel h
and their provinces together,
World and in the New, snappingas stalked abroad in the Old
t inagu themis withhn g.
from their thrones and replacingthe ties that bound States
and calling into existence new,hurling mighty sovereigns
unknown, making revolutions and
longer events that startle by theirn changes of dynasty no
the old
hu monarchiesr
a b l c
rifle aspects, but to be expected in the occurrence and ten.
affairs, and as things to which h the ordinary course of
Notwithstanding these mighty oh habit has reconciled us.
colonial policy must ever forth in changes, all that relates to
tantsubject and a practical as lon', this country an impor-
eeque language of Lord Erskine'i as—to use the pictur-
" the restless foot of English adventure his
noblest oration—
"the
on so many deserts, and there is
unceasingly
en-
croaching
English character is converting them into tried virtue of the
of civilised life." So rapid has been o flourishing
abodes
that with our Australian settlement cone
ler colonial progress
has increased tenfold in as many
years;mercial intercourse
well as our interest is so to govern it that iatilsd'nOter duty as
in-
dependence may become only a fresh ground' of
fvitable
of a lasting and hearty friendship. The origin
ofgratitude,
the similarity of character and habits, the identity coofloiny,
guage, will always make the connection natural if atahe
' separation was effected peaceably and amicably; and
whatever in commercial dealings may be the changes from
accidental circumstanc s, the tendency of emigration will
be steadily in this direction. We have more than
always
once at our meetings had occasion to observe upon the ex-
ertions made to encourage the removal of necessitous per-
sons in this way, and to repeat the warnings given by those
who were locally well acquainted with the subject. These
have been attended with effect in most instances, especially
by the promoters of female emigration, who have been made
aware that the mere necessities of the parties are not a suffi-
cient ground without the possession of such qualifications
for obtaining employment as are required in the new set-
tle'lent. This, too,
it may be remarked, is the general
nan °1"
governesses,
promotinvergnesses emigration ; and it applies not merely
to
clerks and 0 respecting whom the warning
was maven, but
,
to the humble workman or workwoman, even
the unskilled. The
ed• The attention of our body at the last
Con-
gress was, and indeed ever since has been, mainly occupied
with the great
found fully
contrect of convict treatment; and we have
given rise the Opineer/1 by all the inquiries to which it has
A formed at the ihilgia cogrego, 1801,

Out of place. Thp improvements, especially in sanitary re-
spects, in the English Local Government Act have been
extended to Scotland through the able exertions of our col-
league, Provost Lindsay, of Leith, who showed, at our last

lly felt at his retirement
b
owing to ill-health bas
ccetlings, The regret univr,
Trom Examination of Serir Crofton
Samaterially lessened by the
s whole pro-
n
l • tified th
friend Capt.h Whitty, who had
great opposition which the introduction of
selection, The
chhooonicennasdherishsiumccfeosrsoyrooafrsh,insueawhoasamp y e
high in office, filled all the
mani-
fest leaning against it of persons
with alarm. This has happily ken
the system into Great Britain encountered,. and the
of social science •
friendsdispelled by the inquiry, first, of the commission under
Lord Grey, and again of the cotninittce under Lord Carnar-
von in the House of Lords. Unfortunately, some of the
most important witnesses were not examined—as Mr. Balms
of Leeds, in neither inquiry, and Mr. Shepherd only in the
Lords', and our distinguished colleague the Recorder of
Birmingham in neither; but both reports, and especially
that of the Lords' Committee, gave the most signal triumph
to the principles which for years, both on the bench and in
the National Assocatien, he had been zealously, though
temperately, inculcating. We are not, therefore, surprised
that ho should have heartily joined the Bristol Association
(formed for obtaining an amendment of convict discipline)
in petitioning the Sovereign to promote such measures, both
executive and legislative, as may carry into effect without
delay the great improvements so fully sanctioned by seven
years' experience in Ireland. The principles are shortly
these—every mitigation of a convict's sentence, whether in
treatment, diet included, or in duration of the punishment,
must be earned by himself, not only in abstaining from
offences, but more especially in pursuing a course of indus-
try. On obtaining a ticket of leave he must be placed under
constant superintendence, and the ticket revoked not only
on his misconduct, but on his leading a vagrant life and
not supporting himself by his industry. Convicts whose
sentence has expired are photographed, so as to be recog-
nised in case of new offences, and this, which had been
originally suggested by Mr. Hill, and adopted by Sir W.
Crofton, has been favourably mentioned in the Lords' re-
port, and confirmed by the governors of the Bristol, Wake-
field, and Leeds gaols, as well as by the experience of the
Irish prisons. The convict is deterred from relapse into
crime by the certainty of his being recognised wherever
he is committed, the photographs being circulated to all
gaols. The dissent of the Chief Justice from the majority
of his brother Commissioners is to be lamented ; but
he evidently had not fully weighed the evidence of prac-
tical men, accustomed to the management of prisons and the
control of criminals—such men as Crofton, Whitty, Organ,
and he appears never to have considered the opinion so
generally entertained of late years upon the deterring effects
of punishment, and to have regarded these alone, putting
them in contrast to reformatory treatment, as if the two were
distinct and opposite; whereas, any reformatory treatment
deserving the name must of necessity be attended with suf-
fering to the convict. Upon the subject of transportation
the Chief Justice agrees with the majority of the Commis-
sioners, differing from Mr. Childers and from the great meet-
ing held at Burlington-house in February, where our secre-
tary, Mr. Hastings, contended, with great ability, against
the revival of that punishment. One recommendation of
the Lords' committee deserves great attention—that mea-
sures should be taken for making the treatment, including
of course diet, the same in all gaols. The great diversity
which at present exists in this important particular makes
the same sentence entirely different according to the prison
where a convict happens to be committed. The last session
of Parliament presented few other measures for our consi-
deration. The consolidation of the statute law was, how-
ever, promoted by an act which gave an elaborate statement
of all statutes and portions of statutes which have been di-
rectly or indirectly repealed. This was ably prepared by
the same men—Messrs. Wood and Reilly—the latter re-
commended by our nolleague Mr. Bellenden Ker, when en-
gaged in digesting the criminal law some years ago, and
afterwards when upon the Statute Law Commission. Both
Houses received the table rather from confidence in those
who prepared it than from discussion of the details, which
must necessarily have been impossible. It is much to be
lamented that nothing has been done to extend the depart-
ment of Judicial Statistics to Ireland. Our colleague, Lord
Clanricarde, when urging this more than once in the Souse
of Lords, showed that the addition of a single clerk
The
could supply the great defect which now exists.
subject of Reconcilement was once more brought for-
ward on my presenting a bill prepared by an eminent
local court judge, Mr. M. Kerr, and free from the Waal
objection to the former proposal, making the recourse
to the
Court of Conciliation altogether voluntary, and not com-
pulsory either on the parties or the judge. The late period
of the Session at which it was introduced, there is every
reason to think, alone prevented the bill from passing; and
then we should have had the unspeakable benefit of a stop
being put to vexatious and needless litigation, a, in Den-
mark, where nine-tenths of the suits commenced are
stopped by reconcilement. The Governor of
St. Sites,
Sir Benjamin Pine, who framed the new code for the
settlement, introduced reconcilement from the neighbouring
Danish settlements, where he found all claw's, from the
Governor and the Chief Judge downwards, strongly in
favour of it. The close of the Session also stopped the
important measure for exteneing the great change in thel
law of evidence—the examination of parties—to criminal
cases on the ground referred to, and, with the restriction
mentioned, in stating the difference between the criminal
procedure of Franco and our own. It was intended that
Scotland should be included in the bill, where, bewever,
the accused has certain advantages not accorded to him in
Beeeunt just,
England. This would have been on every
especially considering the great improvements which the
English law and practice have borrowed from the Scotch.
Of this number aro the two most important measures of
late years—the establishment of county courts, which I
propounded upon the express statement of their success in
Scotland, and the granting execution on bills and bonds,
unless the debtor takes proceedings for his relief. The
benefits conferred by county courts are such
be impossible to exaggerate. Between as it would
800,000 and
900,000 suits were brought in them last year for above
two millions, and the year before the
Lumber and the
amount were still greater. The actions brought in the
superior courts of common law were not one-
eighth in num-
-IFr. The relief to these courts afforded by the local tribu-
nals is manifest; but the great benefit is to the suitors,
b
who, in so many thousand instances, haverou t enjoyed the ines-
timable advantage of having justice brought
o their doors,
andof having their causes tried, which in very many in-
at all. The other measure borrowed from Scotland has
stances, but for these courts, would never have been tried
had thabeneEial effect of stopping many
hundreds of causes
which otherwise would have been brought to trial, vexati-
ously and needlessly, and thus relieving the courts of the
trial of numberless undefended ciuses. we greatly erred in
not adopting the whole Scotch procedure; it was in the bill
as sent down from the Lords, but the Commons altered it.
The progress of jurisprudence, with the study of it, since
our last Congress, has been most essentially aided by the
completion of Mrs, Austin's task in editing her deeply and
justly-lamented husband's great work, by him cnly in part
published. It is now happily accessible, both in the whole
and in a portion of it, judiciously selected for separate pub-
lication, as containing the more popular views of the sub-
ject of jurisprudence. The friends of Social Science and
of the improvement of our law, which forms so important
a branch of that science, have not a
more imperative duty
cast on them than the study and the encouragement of this
truly valuable work. In connection with. our National
Association, the Society for Promoting the Employment
of Women have diligently and successfully prosecuted
their benevolent vocation, and have been most justly
defended against the charge
of interfering with the
labour of men ; whereas the object is to employ them as
fellow-labourers in those lines which are open to both sexes,
but peculiarly adapted to women. The greateit benefit has
been conferred by this society in preparing and circulating
works useful to women in obtaining employment. No less
than eight of these have been published at so low a price
that the whole eight cost only Is. I may mention here that
the Dublin and Edinburgh societies for the same object are
still active and successful. The paper of Mr. C hadwick at
our Liverpool Congress, on the application of sanitary
science to the protection of our Indian army, led to a Royal
commission for examining the subject. The report has now
appeared ; it shows that two-thirds of the deaths are pre-
ventible, and that this important advantage is capable of
extension to the rest of the inhabitants by the adoption of
the same means, thus effecting a reduction of 60 deaths or
more in 1,000 persons to 20 or less. We may justly regard
this report as due to the labours of the association. An im-
portant meeting of the Sanitary Section, held last Congress,
led to a most able and useful statement by Dr. Greenhow
on the expediency of legislative interference with the em-
ployment of workmen of certain descriptions in crowded
rooms. The consequence was shown by him to be the pro-
duction of fatal pulmonary disease. Indeed, the average of
deaths in other occupations being 3 in 1,000, it rises to 9, and
even 10, in those employed as the doctor describes. The
further discussion on this subject, as delicate as it is impor-
tant, will it is to be hoped engage our Sanitary Section of
the present Congress. As long ago as at the Bradford Con-
gress, Mr. Rumsey, of Cheltenham, in two valuable papers,
pointed out defects in the system of registering deaths, and
the want of a record of disease. The committee to whom the
papers were referred framed a series of resolutions for a sys-
tem of sanitary registration, and the council more than
once, with the co-operation of Dr. Farr, the eminent De-
puty-Registrar, brought them before the Government.
During the last year, in further pursuance of a resolution
at the Dublin Congress, the council, in conjunction with the
Irish College of Surgeons and the Dublin Statistical Society,
pressed the subject upon the Irish Government; and though
they
oAct of
be said to be entirely successful, inasmuch as
th
of last Session has great defects, yet it is satisfac-
may confidently be expected.
‘ory to think that the statement of something more than
mereb
e regeifeotreering of deaths being necessary has been brought
fullythe Government, and that this extension
Ie
st
t ii
cs Albertw e l
servants,l gk anona
and
d his
deliveredthat
particu-
lar
an
attention to the state of domestic deeply and justly lamented Princeable and instruetive
address to the Provident Society for
their protection. The importance
moofsthis
numerousclass is uhnodd eynoi afbtlhee,
and he represented them as the
subjects of the Queen. A meeting
was held upon the subject
this summer, which I regretted being unableh. to attend. But
there was a most instructive paper readg h
useful discussion, and it may be hoped that the subject will h gaverise
to
come before our Social Economy Department, Theimort-
ance of the subject may be estimated from this, thatp the
number of domestic servants in England is calculated to be
above R milUQll, of whom 100,040 ore iu Louden, axvl 10,000

congress the importance of such a measure, and the Council
petitioned in favour of the bill. It was more than once

urged in our last congress that the invaluable attendance
in French hospitals of &eters de Charite made their estab-
lishment in this country not only expedient, but a kind of

do y. There is groat satisfaction in finding that steps have
been taken with much success towards the attainment of

this object. The most important by far is the foundation,
by the sister of cur colleague, Lord Granville, Lady G.
Fullerton (so well known for her excellent writings),
of a sisterhood under a Paris superior, in a spacious

. -
building, for which her coadjutor, Miss Easton, has nobly
contributed 45,000. These ladies being Roman Catholics,
their sisterhood is of the same persuasion, and this
somewhat interferes with their attendance in hospitals.
But Miss Brownlow Byron has established another body of
the same kind—the All saints' Home, in Margaret. street
—and there are no other attendants than those sisters at the
North London hospital of University College. This is a
great benefit gained ; and undoubtedly the exertions of this
association, and of those ladies especially who are in co-
operation with us, have mainly effected it. It is plain that
the duties of nurses offer a great and constant means of

female employment, as our amiable and able colleague I\liss
Hope and her coadjutors in this town have shown, con-
firmed by the excellent training schools for nurses under
Mrs. Balfour. The Scours de Charlie also perform the ser-
vice of nursing the sick at their dwellings. I remember that
when attending M. de Tocquaville's funeral at Cannes, the
feeling most generally expressed by all present was thank-
fulness for the comfort which attended the last weeks of his

life from the care of these excellent persons. Surely those
who have introduced this sisterhood into this country are
worthy of all acceptation. They well deserve to be the

- --
countrywomen of Florence Nightingale—and no higher
panegyric can be pronounced. Lady G. Fullerton's fame
as an author, great though it be, is eclipsed by her dis-
tinction as a philanthropist. The progress made in the
department of education during the last year has been
very solid, though less showy, than that recorded at

our former meetings. The half-school system of train-
ing, physical and mental, has been adopted in the army
by the Education Council. The Commission of Inquiry
into the employment of children in various manufactories

have reported in favour of the half-school plan. The
attention of all engaged in the management of schools to
the physical as well as mental training of children has
lately been recommended with great power in a most able,
though unpretending, tract by a well-tried teacher, Mr.
Wilmot, of Cheltenham—a tract full of important matter
upon education, the result of the reverend author's experi-
ence, and judiciously expounded. He is now a member of

our association. Mr: Chadwick has fully examined the plans
of instruction pursued in various seminaries, and the result
of his inquiries has been in many important particular&
favourable to the schools and the teaching in Scotland. It
is to be hoped that our education section may have the bene-
fit of his attendance. The Educational Institute of Scot-

inhabitants of Lowell almost as completely as those of New
Lanark, while the education of all classes was as entirely

succenlul. There wanted only the true co- operativ.)
principle to give the workman confidence in each
other and in themselves by removing the super-
intendence of the employer. In truth this, though a
very natural, is the great step of all, and which the work-
people themselves made. The communication to the work-
people at New Lanark and at Lowell of a share in the profits

of their labour was effected in the large provision made for
their education and their health; but this necessarily de-

pended upon the employer, and on his change—by death or
other causes—the successor might not have the same liberal

and enlightened views. The communistic principles on
which Owen, both in Scotland and at Now Harmony, in
America, established his villages were more nearly co•opc-
relive ; but there existed this great difference from true co-
operation, that all shared in the produce of the common
labour to a certain degree equally, for all were not only alike
instructed and attended in sickness, but were fed alike ; aL d
though the clear profits, after dednoting all expenses, were
professedly divided among families with a reference to the
services of each, there was none of that security to all that
they should reap each the fruits of his labour, which is the

essence of the co-operative plan. Co-operation gives all the
rights and independence of individuals, with all the benefits
of joint labour. The imperfect co-operative principle was
not only the ground of R. Owen's villages in Scotland and

in America—it was also the plan of the French emigrants

under Cabet and others, who carried it to the full extent of

dividing equally among all the produce and the profits of
their joint work, like the bees in a hive, who are genuine

co-operators of the imperfect kind.
" ' Omnibus una quies operum, labor omnibus onus.'
—Georgios IV.
Their toil is common, common io their sleep. If they acted
from reason and not from instinct, each for itself, it is

manifest that the work would not be done at all; and so
such communities are certain to fail. The true co-operative
principle affords a complete correction by counting the
labour of all according to the interests of each. It is impos-

sible to overrate the advantages of this system to the work-
ing classes. Besides the great advantage of obtaining goods

at the lowest price and free from all risk of adulteration or
other fraud, the first, perhaps the most important advantage
bestowed, is the strict economy which is not only incul-
cated but exacted. Each member must possess a certain
number of shares, and a weekly contribution is required
until their number is completed. Then all dealings are for
ready money, the rule being absolute against giving credit.
But a powerful incitement both to economy and exertion of
industry is afforded by the hope of profit in those concerns

which, not confined to the supply of goods, extend to
branches of manufacture carried on by the labour of the
members themselves. Furthermore, besides promoting eco-
nomy and industry, a manifest encouragement is afforded to
temperance in each member, both by the frugal habits

acquired, and by associating with others the bulk of whom
abstain from all excess. It is also a most important consi-
deration that the members must acquire habits of business

connected with the administration of the common concern

land, at its last yearly meeting, received an address of its
president, Mr. M‘Master, containing important suggestions
on the training of candidates for examination, and the wil-
lingness of the institution to examine and grant certificates
to teachers. But the objection to all superintendence of
Boards or other bodies authorized by Government on the
ground of expense that might be saved is more than doubt-
ful, and deserves fall inquiry in our Education Department,
as does the great controversy between the Privy Council
and our worthy colleagues the Lord Advocate and Mr.
Black upon some points, especially the support refused to
Ragged Schools. It would be wrong to pass over the fact
of the Scotch system having for more than a century
anti-
cipated the important step of late taken in England, of
granting substantial advantages to competitive examination.
Reference is here made to the general course of advance-
ment thethere a schools,re andonl
y a few
t y exhibitions
instances in th e
Universities, by bursaries
of
which in
out
of Scotland. These benefits extend to all ranks. A dis-
tinguished profeseer in one University had in early years
worked at his father's loom. A learned friend of mine, who
became judge in the Supreme Court, owed his education at
Oxford to an exhibition from Glasgow College. He was a
baronet's son ; but the son of a peasant on his estate might
have gained the same place at Oxford, and then, instead of
being called to the bar, would probably have gone into the
Church. The mixture of ranks in schools, male and female,
has important advantages, both social and political. It is
impossible to avoid remarking the wholly erroneous in-
ference against education drawn by many who have ob-
served with horror the dreadful excesses of the multitude in
what is believed to be the country in the world best educated,
the American States. It must, however, be remarked, in
the first place, that Irish mobs at New York had the prin-
cipal part in the outrages, especially those on the unhappy
negroes ; and next, that the Americans themselves
complain of the defective kind of education afforded to the
people. The report of the City Superintendent of Schools
at New York, made only three years ago, dwells upon the
" large masses of ignorance" (these are his words) " com-
bined with destitution and vagabondism which are to be
found in all our cities and towns," and he calls for a com-
pulsory education of the multitude. The effect of education
in this island have appeared most strikingly of late years in
many respects; but perhaps sufficient attention had not
been given to the extraordinary diffusion of useful know-
ledge, as well as harmless amusement, in cheap publications.
The subject was dwelt upon at our former meetings, parti.
cularly at Liverpool, and the progress has since been very
great. In the retrospect of former years it would not be
easy to enumerate all the benefits bestowed on our country-
men wherever the language is spoken, by the admirable
publications of Messrs. Chambers. They have been fol-
lowed by others in the preparation of works inculcating the
purest moral, political, and religious principles, and ex-
plaining the truths of all sciences. The circulation of cheap
works is:now enormous, and the low price marvellous. It
may be sufficient to mention such as the half-crown volumes
of Messrs. Houlton and Wright, sold to the extent of three
quarters of a million; the British IP orkman, by Mr.
Smithies, at one penny, containing admirable prints. So do
the various publications of our worthy colleague Mr. Cas-
sell. He and his partners, Messrs. Potter and Galpin, have
invested a large capital in this most important and philan-
thropic business, and it is to be hoped that they may soon
receive their just reward in tho return of it. Their Educator,
Band of lope, Quiver, and Pilgrim's Progress have been
well-nigh finished. Of their Bible 21 weekly numbers
have appeared ; the price is ld., and for this are given
eight pages quarto of letterpress and five really beautiful
prints. The number sold is 300,000, and thus when it is
completed there will be circulated no less than 63,000,000
of the weekly numbers. The sacrifice made it is devoutly
to be hoped may only be temporary; and in contemplating
the circulation of this and the other works just mentioned,
Mr. Cassell and his partners may well say that they have
converted every poor man's house into a school of moral and
religious instruction. These are great things, on which the
friends of social science may rejoice as having been done of
late years for the advantage, moral as well as material, of
the people, and especially of the middle and working classes.
But the most important of all the subjects connected with
their welfare which can occupy the promoters of social
science is one which was only briefly alluded to at our last
congress, the progress of the preceding year not being then
sufficiently recorded. I need hardly say that I refer to the
establishment by the working classes themselves of 00-ope-'
ration upon sound and rational principles—in other words,
to the securing of their own independence, and the improve-
ment of their habits and their character with their circum-
stances. This great matter was broached at our Glasgow
Congress three years ago, and enough was shown by our
colleagues—among th
a--erst Mr. Fawcett, Mr. Watts, but
especially that eminent philanthropist the Recorder of Bir-
mingham, Mr. Hill—to prove that the success of the worthy
and enlightened men echo many years before laid the foun-
dations of the system at Rochdale had been not cnly con-
tinued, but amply increased, and that co-operative societies
had been formed in many parts of the country, more espe-
cially in Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire. It
is truly gratifying to find that by the reports of the learned
and able Registrar of Friendly Societies, Mr. Tidd Pratt,
there wore in December last 332 of these co-operative insti-
tutOns, with 90,458 members, having 351,613 shares, and
holding a property in value of £584,766. The sums paid
for goods bought in the year 1862 amounted to L 2,067,867;
the cash received for goods sold to £2,331,650; and the rea-
lised profit to £16.5)71 O. But this is not the whole as it at
present stands, for Mr. T. Pratt informs me by letter,
dated the beginning of August. that the number of co-ope-
rative societies registered by him amounts to 521. The
progress of co -operation at present may be proved from
this, that of the 90458 members in December last, 24,308
entered during that year. But to perceive the progress
from the beginning, we have the remarkable origin of the
movement recorded. It began by 40 working men at Roch-
dale raising among themselves £2B, and their stock was
such that a jealous shopkeeper told them he could carry it
off in a wheelbarrow. Their weekly sales time years ago
amounted to £2,700. The business transacted by them
amounted to £150,000 yearly. The profits are 20 per cent.
on the capital, of which part is devoted to a library and
reading room, and 5 per cent. distributed to the share-
holders. Similar results have attended the co-operatives at
Leeds. Well, therefore, might I affirm at our London Con-
gress last year, on a view of this extraordinary progress,
that co- operation was becoming a power in the State. the
Co-operator, a monthly work, most ably conducted by Mr.
Pitman, of Manchester, well deserves the attention of this
associaton. There were hopes of his being able to attend
the congress, but at all events he will send a paper on the
subject, with which no one is so well acquainted. It must
be observed that co-operation, like all other improvements,
whether in physical science or art, or in moral and social
science, has been made by steps and in a long course of
time. Above 60 years ago Robert Owen and his partners in
the great spinning mills of New Lanark made the work-
people partakers of their profits by educating their children
and giving them such instruction as not only fitted them
for the work at the mills, but for any other
employment. Indeed, he was the founder of
infant schools as far as this island is concerned, the only
question being whether Oberlin, in Alsace, had not founded
them a few years before. The manufacturers of Lowell, in
America, adopted the New Lanark plan in the whole extent
of their great concerns, and the good feelings which pre-
vailed betyrgeu cmployero TruklvaPletlistioniolAc4 the

They are generally by rotation all in their turn parts of the
managing and governing body. Now, it is not found in
mechanics institutes or reading rooms that the individual in-
terest of each member in the welfare of the concern is direct
_ _

and immediate, as it is in co-operative societies; for here
he is a partner and the business is his own, whereas in those
other institutions he feels only such an interest as men have
in the community to which they belong. It thus happens
that in co-operative societies such a thing as a difference or
dispute among the managers, or of these with the members,
is hardly ever heard of. At the Rochdale Pioneers Society
16 years had elapsed before the last return without a single
instance of recourse to the arbitrators under the provisions

of the acts. The discussions among the members upon

their affairs, on the state of trade, and the events of the day

have had the happy effect of making them practically fami,

liar with the fundamental truths of economical science, espe-
cially the principles that regulate prices and wages, and
have thus had a salutary influence on their conduct in times
of distress. Indeed, the sums mithdrawn during the late
months, both from the stores and from the manufacturing
concerns, afford striking proofs of the beneficial influence of
co-operation. These sums were wanted to prevent the
shareholders from receiving the aid of the charitable
funds, because the feeling is universal among them to
avoid by all means the lot of paupers. It is a most impor-

taut feature in these societies that provision is always made
for the improvement of the members by setting apart a pro-
portion of the savings or gain's for thepurchase of books and
support of a reading-room. But this, thoughbeneficial, is as
it:were an accidental result or application of the funds, the
main object and essential principle of the union being
economy and profit. The extending of co-operation to the
agricultural classes, the most important part of the commu-
nity, has alreidy made some progress since the suggestion
was thrown out at our last meeting but one. At Clipaton,
in Northamptonshire, Mr. Jarman introduced it above a
year ago, with perfect success, and it has recently been
adopted at Whitfield, in Northumberland. In both places
the workmen inhabit villages the people of which are
labourers on the adjoining farms. Many years ago, in
Suffolk, Mr. Gurdon allowed 20 working men to occupy a
small farm and lent them capital to cultivate it. They did
so, and paid the rent fixed. But when the capital is not
provided by the men themselves, not only is the gain all
alike, being independent of the labour of each, but there is
a great risk of abuse and of neglect; and to this cause is
mainly due the failura of a great London co-operative so-
ciety, almost tha only instance of such a mischance. The
co-operative principle has been applied to the use of goods
as well to their purchase ; and this especially in the article
of cookery. The establishment of kitchens from which, at
a cheap rate, wholesome food may be obtained, and of good
dining-rooms whera it may be consumed, if not crrriod home
has been attended with great advantage at Glasgow and
other towns, so that the working classes may be suppliedwith
food at their own homes, or may resort for it to the rooms
acoording to their circumstances or convenience. Miss
Catherine Sinclair, of Edinburgh, has just added to her other
acts of benevolence and judicious care for the working classes
the establishment of kitchens and dining-rooms for them,
the success of which in a few weeks was complete. The vast
advantages of combination, without risk of its powers being
abused, must be obvious upon the simple statement of the
co-operative principle. No one can have any interest in
perverting its powers, for, great as those are, their confine-
ment to one object is strict and rigorous, and each individual
is interested in their never being for one instant diverted to
other purposes, even if such diversion were practicable. But
though the advantage of combination is obtained, the indi-
vidual is not lost in the mass—his separate existence is fully
preserved. Each gains exactly in ptoportion to his frugality,
his industry, and his skill, and each benefits in proportion
to his prudence in the use of his savings or his gains. The
idle or the inexpert do not profit by the industry or skill of
their brethren, though those who are in went are sure to be
helped by those whose circumstances are more fortunate.
Perfect liberty is combined with the advantages resulting
from concert and united action. One may be a co-operative
as regards his expenditure, while he works for an employer
of the ordinary kind ; another may belong to a manufac-
turing concern and not to a store ; while a third may belong
to both, or may belong to some concern different from
leither. There is not in the system or the institutions under
it that balance of good and evil which prevails in other in-
stitutions, that compromise which sometimes in their for-
mation, generally in their administration, is required to
produce harmony—
" When jarring interests themselves create
The according music of a well mixed state."
—Essay on Man.
All is here natural and necessary harmony, and good,
greater or less, but always good, without drawback or de-
duction. The comfort for the workman in his home is pro-
vided, but the home itself is beyond the reach of co-opera-
tion (unless in so far as wealth, the result of saving or of
speculation, may improve the dwelling), and it has, ac-
cordingly, been deemed expedient to encourage the estab-
lishment of club-rooms, where the industrious, whose
homes are crowded with children, or in any other respect
ill adapted for receiving friends, may be able, comfort •
ably and socially, to pass the hours not devoted to
work, or study, or rest. The institution for the pro-
moti, n of those places of social relaxation has only ex-
isted during the last year; but it has been attended with as
great success as could reasonably have been expected, and
at the late general meeting in Burlington-house it was shown
how the working classes benefited by these clubs, without
deserting their homes. It was further clearly proved that
the complaint to which Mechanics Institutes have from their
commencement been exposed, of not descending to the
humblest classes, but being more useful to themiddle orders,
can in no respect be made of the club-rooms, for, from the
moat remarkable instance—the several club-rooms founded
at Southampton—not more than one-tenth of the 3,000 mem-
bers belonged to the class of shopkeepers and clerks, the
whole of the other 2,700 being day labourers, either skilled
or ordinary workmen, and a very large proportion, about
one-third of the latter, the humblest class of all. The Car-
lisle rule is, of course, almost universally adopted, of having
the government and management exclusively in the hands
of persons who subsist by wages. Nor is it possible to cite
that rule without adverting to the admirable associations
which have been formed under its influence. Our worthy
and learned colleague, Dr. Elliott, has furnished us with
the first numbers of a periodical work, a monthly journal
(the Border City), conducted by the working classes, mem-
bers of a reading-room, and written entirely by working
men. It is only just to add that, in composition as well as
reasoning, its pages might well stand comparison with the
common
run of our periodical publications, and it is greatly
to be wished that other works of a like kind may be under-
taken by the same class in other places. The great increase
of savings banks since last Congress is a most satisfactory
thing, for they are at once an indication and a source of
popular improvement. By the latest returns, the number
of depositors exceed* 1,500,000, and the sums deposited
nearly £38,000,000, of which above £2,000,000 are
sums
not exceeding £lO, by above 700,000 depositors. The
number of accounts of dividend not exceeding £lO at the
Bank of England for the same period was little above 90,000,
and the total about £250,000. A considerable progress has
been made since our last congress in relieving the upper
clews of working wen from too close and long-continued at-
tendance to their dirks. The benevolent and judicious
men who have devoted much of their time to promote the
early closing of shops in towns, especially in London, are
ab9TO lirol4o, their eurtiow ipvpily beep

attended with increasing success. It is impossible for those burning words angry and bellicose memories. Ttis has
who remember liindon only a few years ago not to be I been his life's labour. He has been a successful leader of

struck with the change in this important respect. Not only
is Saturday now a hall-holiday but most of the shops are
closed at an hour early enough to let those employed in
them have the precious benefit of reading or attending
lectures in the evening. The health of the body as well as
of the mind is incalculably benefited by the sacrifice which
their employers in general have cheerfully made, but which
might be verymuch lessened were their wealthy customers
to join in Me benevolent plan by making purchases at
earlier hours. Nothing can be more selfish than their
refusing this; concurrence—unless, indeed, it be mere want
of reflection vn tho evil they are doing, at least on the good
they are preventing from being done. Let us hope that a
due consideration of the important subject may have the
effect of removing the cause of complaint. Important in-
deed w may well call it when as many as 700 are employed in
one establishment.* All the plans that have been under-
taken, more especially those which the people themselves
first began and then continued with a perseverance we can-
not too much commend, have had a most salutary effect in
improving their condition every way, and their character as
well as their condition ; or, at least, in bringing to light the
improvement which they have of late years received. No-
thing can be more admirable than the manner in which they
have struggled under the heavy pressure of distress during
the last 12 months. It is truly touching to mark, not only
their peaceful demeanour, by their firm resolution of only
accepting when absolute necessity requires the assistance
amply provided by the wealthier classes, and given with
great delicacy—their determination to suffer the greatest
privations before yielding to that necessity. A more con-
vincing proof could not be given of the blessed effects that

have flowed from their progress in education, and their
habits thus acquired of sober reflection upon the state of
affairs, on their own position in society, and in their real in-
terests as well as duties to the community, of which they
form so important a part. Whoever recollects the very
different conduct of the same classes half a century ago,
when suffering under an incomparably less pressure from
the same interruption of the American trade, will at once
feel thanKful for the change, and proud of his countrymen
and his country. With such sentiments may be mingled a
feeling of compassion for those who so long derided the
efforts made by the friends of social science to teach the
humbler orders generally, but especially to inculcate in
them sound views of their social interests. These are the
contemplations and the enjoyments of rational men in
our times ; and they make us rise superior to the renowned
nations of the classical ages, much as we may be their in-
feriors in merely ornamental arts. An association like ours
would have been deemed vain, or puerile, or absurd, by the
ancient sages. But so would they have had no belief in the
merits and the services of the philanthropist—nay, been
unable to comprehend them, or imagine how virtue

" Saw her Howard traversing the globe.
Onward ho moves I disease and death retire I
And murmuring demons hate him—and admire."
—Darwin.
Those ancients, indeed, have told us what was their idea
of happiness in the Isles of the Blessed,t where they con-

Opposition. He has held his own against all corners. Only
last year, last month, last week, he was the Lord J. Russell
of old—active, petulant, scornful, careless of other people's
feelings, quick in quarrel, not nice in speech. We do not
recall all this to find fault with it, but only to remark it,
Nor are we forgetful of those cases of penitence which are
most dear to heaven; chief of sinners are always the most
engaging of saints. But there are scoffers who think that
lassitude has often as much to do with a row life as coma
punction. The coquette, French cynics say, deepens by a
natural law into the devote; and inability often takes credit
for unwillingness to sin. The tiger, when his teeth are
worn down and his claws blunt, is a very inoffensive rati-
mal—and respectablity is rather the rule than otherwise
with impotent sinners. There is no reason so powerful as
70 odd years for taking the devil out of a man; and sowing
wild oats is often a matter of necessity rather than choice
when the burden of age is conveniently pressing. The
world gets sceptical about these death•bed aspirations of
statesmen. It is a trick they all affect. The Man of
December has his Life of Ccesar on the anvil. How can a
gentleman addicted to literary pursuits, and immersed
in his studies, be thought guilty of treason against the
liberties of his subjects and the intellect of his country ?
The tyrant who in his old age taught a school con-
doned, at least in his own estimation, an iron rule by
closing his career in an honourable pursuit. Even Mr.
Abraham Lincoln finds it convenient to put forth a mild
criticism on Ramie', not without a political purpose, and to
show that his inmost heart sighs for the luxury of repose.
Perhaps Earl Russell is visited with the same amiable feel-
ings. Like the hunted stag, he would fain return to the

ceived the lot of the wise to be that, freed from all care,
their whole existence would be passed in investigation
and gaining a knowledge of nature. How they would
have pitied if not despised us when told that without under-
valuing the pleasures of extended knowledge we yet re
garded it as the greatest happiness which Heaven could
bestow, to be graciously allowed the solace of looking
down upon the scene of our earthly labours, and seeing
with eyes which age and sorrow can make dim no
more, the great body of those for whom we had toiled
and suffered, exalted by the possession and by the
right use of the gifts we had helped to bestow. Some,
unhappily, there be who will not permit us to indulge
in such hopes ; who believe, at least maintain, that our
death and our extinction happen together. Men, it seems,
have been sent from the South to inculcate this dismal
error, while those who will believe anything oppose to
those who will believe nothing their visions of spiritualism
and direct communications with the departed. The pro-
moters of social science regard such errors with contempt,
only softened by pity. Theirs is the belief held, theirs the
hope cherished by Hale, and Bacon, and Locke, and New-
ton—belief in the " King Eternal, immortal and invisible,
the only wise God"—hope inspired by the study of His
works and confirmed by his revealed Word.
At the close of his address Lord Brougham was enthu-
siastically cheered.
The LORD-ADVOCATE moved, and, the Right Hon. '
JosErß NAPIER seconded, a vote of thanks.
Mr. HASTINGS read the annual report of the Council.
The Eight Hon. Mr. ADDERLEY moved the approval,
which was seconded by Lord ARDMILLAN, and carried.
Mr. HASTINGS, Secretary, reported 2,500 tickets issued.
Prince Alfred attended the evening meeting, and was re-
ceived with cheering.
The sectional meetings begin to-day, and continue until
Tuesday next. Great preparations have been made for the
conversaziones of the University and Royal Scottish Aca•
demy, and for the working men's meeting to-morrow (Fri-
day) evening 24,000 applications have been made for the
3,r,00 tickets. The attendance at the Congress is unusually
large.

quiet pastures of his youth. Perhaps he would recur to the
amenities of his early days, and in works of history or fiction
revive, or rather excel, those literary memories whin ti the
world has not unwillingly let die. The jaded epicr,.re often
sighs for the plain meats of his youth, especiall-i when the
terrors of gout and dyspepsia are upon him. Champagne
and a chicken are but simple diet for the tired reveller ; and
there is small merit in the choice if it is Ordered by a phy-
sician. Some people will suspect t• .at something of this
sort is at the bottom of Earl Russer's newly developed love
of peace and quietness. Many vaoral virtues depend on the
state of the stomach. Indigestion makes some people
irascible and querulous ; ot'aers it simply prostrates and
takes the shine and go out of them. Can it be so with Earl
Russell? Are we to attribute his new and languid look to
loss of powers or impaired digestion ? Who knows but he
may be suffering froin a lack, as he sometimes perhaps has
suffered from an excess, of the biliary secretions? It is a
terrible thing to reflect that upon a single dose of blue-pill
may depend the peace of Europe, and that next Monday
morning Earl Russell may rise a healthier, and therefore
not so pacific a man.

There is, however, ono littlo matter on which,'perhaps,all
the world is not at ono with Earl Russell. It is said of the
late Dr.Parr,that when on some occasion a young Cambridge
man waP, pertly declaiming in the good man's presence on tha
low estate of classical scholarship,and delivered himself of the
Observation--" We are not the Greek scholars that our fathers

were, Dr. Parr"—the indignant and lisping Aristarchus re-
plied, " Mind your pronounths, young man I mind your
pronounths I" So perhaps we should say to Earl Russell
—Mind your pronouns, my Lord. The desire to rest and
be thankful may be very natural to a veteran statesman who
has passed so many measures, and provided for so ample a
following of cousinry and Whiggery. But we are not all
of the house of Russell. As we have not all so much to be
thankful for, we are hardly yet fatigued with the triumphs
and successes which we owe to the present Ministry. They
have shown enormous powers of sleeping ; Sir G. Grey, re-
cently touching on the same theme, announced that the
whole Cabinet were fully resolved to do nothing as long and
as drowsily as they could. What may be the earl's feelings is
not necessarily " the feeling of the country." Ministers may
willingly repose on beds of asphodel and moly, and sing a
low croning song of the past miseries of strife. But we are
not all of us these mild-eyed lotus-eaters, We are
hardly content that our rulers should so openly proclaim
that they are going to dwell in the Castle of Indolence, and
to shut us all up in that pleasant land of Drowsihead. If
we are all going to sleep, there are our neighbours who are
peculiarly wide awake. Even a giant may be caught nap-
ping, and, though Jack has called for his nightcap, it toes
not follow that all Europe will follow our example. Sleep,
however, may be feigned. Like other politic persons, Earl
Russell may say, Non omnibus dormio. He has talked about
finality before, but nature was too stong for him ; and he
was always tinkering and hammering at some reform or
other. He talks of napping, but he means to sleep with at
least one eye open. He may find it convenient to talk about
folding his hands, but, after all, his is not the sluggard's na-
ture; or, if it is, it may be that a very rude reveille attends
him.

COUNTRY MARKETS.

4•

This shop (Shoo'bred and Co., Tottenham-court-road)
closes at 7 or 8 o'clock, according to the season, and 4 or 6
on Saturday. The young men have a library of 3,500
volumes, with a reading-room, and 80 of them attend the
drill of a Rifle Corps.
veteres quidem philosophi in beatorum insulis fin-
gout, quails naturd sit vita sapientium quos cura omni libe-
rates, nihil aliud esse acturos putant, nisi at omne tempus
in cuairendo ac discendo, in natured oognitione oonsuraant.
—Cie. De. Fin , Lib. V.

NEWARK—WEDNESDAY.
A fair supply of wheat at our market to-day, the samples
were irregular, and the demand was quiet at the prices of
last week.
White wheat new, 41s to 45s i Barley,'grindling..`29s to 31s
Red do. 3Bs to 42s Oats, old, .. 2B, to 31s
Old white 42s to 46s New do 22$ to 24s
Red do. 40s to 44s 1 Beans. 38, to 410
Barley, malting.... 36, to 4Cis / Beans, new —s to —s

Earl Go-to-bed ; Or, Rest and be Thankful,

Our contemporary, the Saturday Review, thus comments
upon the Foreign Secretary's late Finality sentiment that
we should, all of us, in regard to that old matter of Politi-
cal Reform, rest and be thankful. Ic was but natural that
Earl Russell should feel this at the bottom of his mind at
the Blairgowrie festival. After traversing all Europe and
America, and dilating on all the political topics of the day,
and surveying his own busy and restless career, he found
that he was disinclined to do more, Thankful for the day's
long work, he prepared himself for bed, smoothed his own
pillow, and addressed himself to grateful sleep. We do not
mean to say that ho has not done enough to deserve his
slumbers, but the difficulty is that he seems to suggest that
it is bedtime for all his countrymen too. It does not follow
that all cur eyes ache because Earl Russell cannot keep his
open any longer ; and though he has been a roadmaker in
his time, we are not prepared to admit that the race of
Macadam is to die with him. We may be thankful for the
road, but rest is another matter.
The lassitude and desire of repose which attend the later
afternoon of life, and the natural love of a peaceful euthanasia,
however real, may arise from very different causes. There is
not a more touching or beautiful moral spectacle than the
ripeness and richness of a long and consistent life sinking,
like the sun in his declining strength, " more lovely ore his
"course be run." Bot in this sort of life there is not the
violence and shock of contrast. Earl Russell's sunset may
be golden and thankworthy, but his day has been chequered
enough. No doubt the stormy petrel itself may have a home
and may betake itself to die surrounded by the grateful
attentions of many generations of young petrels, but it is a
bird at whose death-nest few naturalists have assisted. Earl
Russell, too, may talk in a very edifying way of his calm
and grateful desire to repose in the quiet haven where the
winds breathe soft and the tempests cease to roar ; but the
taste is at least, for him, a new one. His life, at any rate,
has been 'pent in disturbing other people's tranquillity, not
perhaps altogether without a sacrifice of his own quiet. He
has been a Reformer all his days ; and reforming, amend-
ing, improving, cannot be achieved without a certain
amount of agitation, and flurry, and jar. His eulogist on
this very occasion recalls his " strenuous fights," and his
successful efforts to burst this and that "fetter" and
" shackle." But fighting and hammering at hard obstruc-
tive chains are not easy work. Nor is the task of upsetting
Ministries and managing successful intrigues quite con-
sistent with a love of personal ease. We do not mean to say
that all these things may not be, under certain circumstances,
a matter of duty, but ono does not look for them in a very
peace-loving man—in a man who pines for rest, who longs
for the hour of sunset. Warwick the King-maker is not
the man from whom one would expect to hear an aspiration
to tired nature's sweet restorer. So, too, the author of the
Durham letter is not one whom it is easy to picture ex-
changing the mustard-pot for the oil. flask, You do not look
for,the assuager of tempests in the cloud-compelling king.
The statesman who curtly and insolently dismissed Lord
Palmerston from office may honestly—yet at the same time
very oddly, and perhaps not altogether without a pang—
parade himself as this very Lord Palmerston's eulogist
and subordinate; and after performing such a feat he may
feel disposed to close the curtains on his own political life.
Again, if Earl Russell's engrossing feeling is for peace
and quietness, it must be observed that the sentiment has
come upon him very suddenly. Why the ink is hardly dry
of his Denmark despatch, which, whatever may be said of
its matter, hardly betokens the man who seeks peace and
ensues it. So also with the tone and temper of all his recent
foreign policy. As regards Russia it may be, and we believe
that it is, our duty and our interest not to bite ; but a very
wise dog who has made up his mind not to bite usually saves
himself the superfluous trouble of barking. As far as we can
understand or characterise Lord Russell's diplomacy, it COL.
sista of a uniform course of barking and snapping and snarl-
ing—of yelping perhaps in the presence of big dogs, but of
growling ferociously over all the little ones. Witness Den-
mark and Brazil as specimens on one side, and Prince Gods-
chakoff and Mr. Seward on the other. It is but a day or two
ago that the French inspired organs talked significantly
about the hollowness of English rodomontade, and for this
rodomontade Earl Russell is responsible ; and though rodo-
montade may have its occasional functions and uses in the
great economy of political things, it is not precisely the
weapon which the test-loving statesman would take up.
We can quite understand that the late Lord Aberdeen might
have spoken from the bottom of his heart if he breathed
the prayer for peace. So with the gentle and melancholy
Falkland; but Earl Russell is not Aberdeen, nor Falk.
land, nor gentle, nor melancholy, nor dove-like. The
birds of prey do not 000. Earl Russell's life has been spent,
and on some occasions most profitably spent, in stirring the
careless, in stimulating the idle, in lashing up popular pa,.
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