The Sun.
London, England, 1863-02-13 00:00:00

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With reference to taxation, Sir MORTON pro-
pa
no sde ss
ut
po
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oxsaems itnhea the
eper
ai nn cni
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hs stehde,
limits of human discovery as to the best mode of
dealing with the subject. He says that Sir ROBERT
PEEL during the last twenty years has inaugurated
a great improvement by espousing free-trade prin-
ciples, which he had hitherto strenuously opposed ;
he unshackled the trade of the country, by which
great results had been achieved, to the wonder of
many and the greater benefit of more. Prior to
1842 the commerce of the nation was clogged and
trammelled by more than a thousand different
duties. In 1841 there were 1,162 different articles
subject to Customs duties, the greater portion of
which brought little revenue to the public treasury,
while they opposed formidable and vexatious ob-
stacles to the extension of trade. In 1862 there
were only 44 articles chargeable with Customs'
duties, and yet the revenue was wonderfully im-
proved by the repeal of the obnoxious imposts. The
amount of duties levied in 1841 on I,l62,articles
was £21,898,845; while in 1862 the 44 articles
produced £24,n36,000; giving an increase of
£2,137,155. This has been the result of the policy
of free-trade, and proves its wisdom. The declared
value of exports of British and Irish produce from
the United Kingdom was in 1841 only £51,545,116, it
rose in 1860 to £135,842,000—a marvellous increase
indeed, as the soothsayers of monopoly must ac-
knowledge ! But this is only the first fruits of
the system of free-trade, which is yet in its in-
fancy; for oar exports to France and Switzerland
from 1850 to 1860 doubled, and are still increasing
since the late treaty with France. With Austria a
great trade may yet be expected, for her population
amounts to 38,000,000, her whole trade averag-
ing only bid. per head per annum. While
that of France and Switzerland averaged 31:d. per
head. With China it is only 31-d. per head on her
population of 400,000,000, and India with only
half that number, 191 d. ; while with the United
States it amounts to 163 d., and with South Ame-
rica to 1411 d. With Russia the balance of trade is
decidedly against us, but when that immense coun-
try, with an area as great as her population is com-
paratively small, becomes penetrated with railways,
and her wilderness of steppes and forests come
within the pale of cultivation, and her people be-
come civilised, we may expect great results from
that country as well as from Austria, Spain, and
Italy. But it is not from improvement in the com-
merce of these countries that we may expect such
beneficial changes as, from the freedom and enlight-
ened character of their respective Governments,
enabling their people to live and breathe and have
their being in a quiet spirit of social liberty and
political independence. Witness what enterprise
achieves in Australia, with a population of scarcely
two millions, doing a trade of £21,500,000 a year.
Taking this as a sample of free trade among a free
people, what must it attain with a population of
four hundred millions in China and two hundred
and twenty millions in India, within the limits of
even the present generation ! Bat we must leave
Sir MORTON PETo for the present to the inspec-
tion of those who seek information of the past and
the more eager who are anxious for better doings
in the future of our national taxation and " bloated"
expenditure.

gen,ted.

The festivities attending city ceremonials are not
often of great public interest, but the royal visit of
yesterday was an exceptional case. It is the
first occasion on which the Prinoe of WALES has
appeared publicly among his future subjects as the
chief actor in such a pageant, and it happily inau-
gurates that new and more prominent career on
which the youthful Heir to the Throne
is about to enter. The fact of his majority,
together with his approaching marriage, would
naturally have brought him henceforward
more before the public, but owing to the
lamented death of his illustrious father, and the
loss of her MAJESTY'S foremost and most confiden-
tial adviser, the responsibilities of his Royal High-
ness are very greatly increased. It is, therefore,
eminently gratifying to find the youthful Prince so
well qualified to take his due position ; and its being
the occasion of his first address to his subjects
invests the ceremony of yesterday with unusual
interest. His words, though brief, expressed in
fitting terms his sense of the courtesy of the
citizens, and of the expectations formed of him.
His allusion to his royal bride was conveyed in
language which happily linked the glad felicita-
tions regarding his future happiness to the sym-
pathies which have clung round his widowed
mother, as if to remind his hearers how deeply he
was sensible of his filial responsibilities, and of
his determination that the son should not be
forgotten in the bridegroom and the heir
apparent. The approaches to the Fishmongers'
Hall were of course thronged with eager com-
petitors for the honour of seeing the Prince, and it
will be a source of gratification to VICTORIA'S
loyal subjects to learn that on the recent arrival of
ohferheMr
eEos
pT
lYe awtasWaignadisnor,alltohe wedjoytofulgreweetichoemre.
We may, therefore, hope that a new era has be-
gun, and that the arrival of the young Princess
may inaugurate happier days even for that royal
lady, with whose grief the whole nation has
so deeply and fervently mourned. Bygone sor-
rows can never, it is true, be forgotten; but Time,
so merciless in some cases, may prove a healer in
others, and the bright and pleasant visions of the
future may soften in some measure the bitter
recollections of the past.

TICKET-OF-LEAVE SYSTEM.—In the reports of
the county and borough inspectors for the year end-
ing Sept. 29, 186 t, yesterday presented to Parliament,
Major-General Cartwright, her Majesty's Inspector of ,
Constabulary, makes the following remarks, in reference
to the question of a register for the ticket-of.leave men,
which is absorbing the public interest at the present
time :—" As far as my experience as a magistrate and an
inspector of constabulary, assists me, I do not scruple
to state that nothing can be more unsatisfactory than the
present system, both to the ticket-of-leavo man and the
public. Now, when a man of that class appears in any
district he is the object of suspicion, and becomes hunted
down until he is obliged to fly, or, driven to despair,forced
to return to his own evil habits to provide subsistence. If
a general register and periodical appearance were in force,
no coercion of this sort would be required ; but those who
were really worthy of employment would, I am satisfied,
have every reasonable chance of obtaining it. This ques-
tion, and that of discharged prisoners, are of the greatest
importance to the public, and not second even to the refer-
oratory movement which has been so successfully carried out
and held to be so beneficial to the other criminals through-
out the country."

DEATH FROM STARVATION.—On Monday after-
roon an inquiry was held at the Grasshopper
Tavern, Charles-street, Whiteehapel, by Mr. H. Raffles
Walthew, the deputy -coroner, respecting the death of Chas.
Whitwell, aged 48 years, who died on Wednesday last.
It appeared that deceased had been for some time un-
able to obtain employment, and had fallen into a condition
of absolute starvation, and ho had to wander about the
streets without shelter. On Saturday week he applied at
the Whitechapel Union, and was taken into the house.
Dr. Champneys said that so broken down from destitution
was deceased upon his admission that he ordered him at
once into the infirmary. On the -Wednesday following he
was found dead in a pool of blood letween two beds. The
change from habitual starvation and the cold of the streets
to the comfort of the infirmary had caused him to rupture
a blood vessel. The verdict was—Death from rupture of
a blood vessel, acelerated by destitution.
LIVING LIKE A PRINCE.—A certain rich noble-
man, who keeps a French cook, is accustomed to call his
e chef Ninister of the Interior."

THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 13. 1863.

ARRIVAL OF THE CHINA.
QUEENS I OWN, FEB. 12.

The China arrived off the harbour at 4.30 p.m.
She brings 54 passengers and 120,838 dols. for
England, and 314,000 dols. for France.;
She landed all the mails and 10 passengers, and
proceeded at 4.45.

She was detained one day at New York by a
snowstorm. Twenty-six hours after sailing the
intermediate shaft was discovered to be fractured,
and she was compelled to disconnect her screw, and
proceed under canvass. The shaft was reversed,
end for end, and one engine got to work on the
fourth day after breaking down. All well since.
She expects to be at the Bar by 3 to-morrow
afternoon.

THE INSURRECTION IN POLAND.

LEMBERG, FEB. 12.

The statement that the insurgents under LAI-Tie-
wiez suffered considerable losses has proved exag-

Moreau, the leader of the scythemen, who
treacherously brought a detachment of Laogiewiez's
corps beneath a murderous fire from the Russian
troops, has been condemned by the insurgents and
hanged.
The chief force of Langiewicz, consisting of 5,000
men, is posted in the mountains of Krzyz.

Intelligence from Warsaw up to Sunday last has
arrived ; but as no journals were published on that
day, and even the laconic Government organ did not
appear, there was but little news. Reports were,
ho ever, numerous enough. The quick train from
Bromberg arrived at Warsaw during the evening
without having been stopped by the insurgents;

but it was well protected by soldiers. As the driver
appeared to belong to the revolutionary party he
was honoured with a military guard during the
journey, consisting of four men and one officer,
who remained at his side all the way with loaded
weapons to prevent him from stopping the train
if required to do so by the rebels. The effects and
even the persons of the passengers were well
searched on the arrival of the train by gendarmes,
as the Polish officers on the line are not trusted any
longer.

Notwithstanding all precautions the insurgents
do pretty well as they like on the railways, and
continue to take the despatches from couriers, and
to leave receipts for the documents. The same
course is pursued with the mails, as the rebels open
the bags and remove the Government correspond-

once, scrupulously giving receipts for all they take.
Private correspondence is, however, respected.
This is done with the assistance of the drivers, who
stop at a signal from the insurgents, who then
swarm out of the forests, search the trains
thoroughly, take whom and what they think
proper, and then retire to their woody fastnesses.
The following is the appeal issued by the
National Committee, the publication of which Las
already been alluded to :
"Inhabitants f Warsaw,—Whilst the National
Central Committee take the entire burden of an
interim Government upon their shoulders, they have
confided the government of the capital to a civic
chief, who forms the single national authority in
Warsaw. From this time forth, therefore, all inha-
bitants, without distinction of condition or creed,
are to obey the directions of this chief most rigidly.
Each instance of opposition or want of obed ence in
this respect will draw on the offonder the greatest
responsibility.
" Warsaw !—The entire country sends you the
expression of its thanks and its reverence for the

heroism of your eons, the bold troops who first
raised the banner of armed revolt in Poland. To-
day the general insurrection is a fact—the distinc-
tion of classes is abolished. Millions of brethren
are called to the enjoyment of equal civic rights and

the common defence of their country.
"It is a severe struggle—e struggle for life and
death—a war which will overthrow the gigantic
despot who threatens European civilisation and the
freedom of peoples. God will bless our cause.
" The enemy is dismayed by our heroic opposi-
tion ; wo must therefore complete the task with
perseverance and courage, and iu a short time we
shall see the entire country of Poland free from the
ignominous and oppressive yoke.
• " Brave people of Warsaw ! Envy not your
brethren who have h d the happiness first to shed
their blood for the cause of independence. Prepare
yourselves for the arduous struggle with the enemy
to which you will soon be called, for now our only
watchward must be ' Death to the enemy, freedom
to the country."
The following is an order of the day issued by
the above-mentioned civic chief
" 1. All orders of the civic chief must be furnished
with the stamp which is printed below.
"2. For the regulation of monetary affairs, it is
announced for general information on account of
the change in the civic administration, that from
the 3d February all receipts which were previously
given for the collection of dues are completely abo-
lished. Instead of these, new warrants will be
issued, which will be impressed with the arms of
the civic chief; at the same time a new series of
receipts, beginning with the numbers 2,000, will be
given out, and therefore all such receipts must be
issued for all payments to the national exchequer.
It is hereby remarked that all money which was
previously collected in exchange for the old receipts
is completely converted to the national exchequer.
"3. It has come to the knowledge of the National
Government that the foreign rulers, not choice in
the means adopted by them, have sent a consider-
able number of the Warsaw police among the pea-
sants as treasonable propagandists. Al officers of
the organi3ation are therefore charged to inquire
for the names of the militia at the places where
they may be sent, as they will be judged legally in
cases of perplexity.
4. It is especially ordered that the greatest
watchfulness and inquiry be exercised respecting
all business and views of the enemy, and that the
strictest surveillance be kept on all persons favour-
able to the foreign Government.
" Warsaw, Feb. 2."
The document is stamped with a green-coloured
seal, the device on which is a knight and an eagle
in a halt field.

Yesterday, on leaving the Sorbonne, where M. St.
MarcGirardin had just delivered one of his popular
lectures, several hundred students, belonging to the
Schools of Medicine and Law, proceeded in a body
to the Hotel Lambert, the residence of Prince Czar-
toryski, for the purpose of expressing to him the
sympathy of the French people towards the Poles,
and their best wishes for success in the present
movement. They were not allowed to accomplish
their object, the police having dispersed them. The
police, however, did not prevent them from shouting
repeatedly, " Vive la Pologne Several young
men were arrested.
THE BIRMINGHAM VOLUNTEERS.—On Monday
evening the seventh company of Birmingham
Volunteers were entertained at dinner at the Royal Hotel
.
by their captain, Charles Ratcliff, Esq. The prizes won
by the different members of the corps were tastefully
arranged at one end of the room, and presented a verb
brilliant appearance. A number of visitors also participated
in the pleasures of the evening. After the usual loyal and
patriotic toasts, the health of Captain Charles Ratcliff was
proposed in very flattering terms. Allusion was made to
the energetic exertions he bad used at the commencement
of the movement three or four years ago, when he nobly
set the example to the gentlemen of England by raising a
whole company solely at his own cost Since that
time be had, by his personal exertions, raised his
company to such a state of proficiency that
their skill had secured the whole of the valuable
prizes which graced the apartment in which they were
assembled. Captain Ratcliff, in acknowledging the com-
pliment, said it afforded him the greatest pleasure to see
that his highest expectations had been more than fulfilled,
and that he had the pleasure of commanding one of the best
drilled companies in Warwickshire. Sir John Ratcliff
acknowledged the toast of "The Visitors," speaking in
highly eulogistic terms of the services of the volunteers.
"The Successful Shots" was the concluding toast, when,
in addition to the prizes, Captain Ratcliff presented to Pri-
vate Baker £l5, and to Private Leeson £5, in addition to
the number-of prizes they had won at the late rifle contest
itt the county,