The Sun.
London, England, 1863-10-02 00:00:00

have found himself at home in Warsaw. Ali that
he could have missed there was peace and the op-
portunity of pursuing his studies without getting
his papers burned.
The notion of burning Chopin's piano is, I sup-
pose, not particularly Oriental. Ono significant
thing in the work of destruction was, that no port-
able articles of value were sacrificed. The children
of holy Russia did not allow their divine rage to go
beyond certain limits, and it was only what could
not be pocketed or conveniently carried away that
the avengers of disturbed order devoted to the
flames.

The Government of Warsaw and of all Poland is
now entirely in the hands of the Russians—in fact,
of the Russian soldiers and police. But on every
inch of ground not occupied by the Russian sol-
diers and police there the National Government
rules and is implicitly obeyed. Is it " terrorism,"
as the Russians pretend, that makes this Govern-
ment so powerful ? I think not, and lam sure that
there is less cause for alarm in a camp of insurgents
than at the present moment in the streets of War-
saw. The last of the Poles have now abandoned,
or been forced to leave, their official posts. M.
Ostrowski, a relation of the Marquis Wielopolski,
has been replaced in the Ministry of the Interior by
General Roznow. The successor of Count Sigismund
Wielopolski, as President of the Town, is General
Witkowski. General Roznow and General Witkow-
ski were both members of the Inquisitorial Commis-
sion of the Warsaw citadel. It is said that General
Roz wadowski, formerly chief police master of War-
saw, is to be made Civil Governor.
The police have issued an order forbidding per-
sons to enter private houses where they do not re-
sure, and cautioning house porters against allowing
this order to be contravened. They have at the
same time deigned to command that no one who
enters a refreshment house or tavern shall remain
there for more than ten minutes. I mention these
curious facts for the benefit of visitors to Warsaw
who may have letters of introduction to present, or
who may be in the habit of devoting not less than a
quarter of an hour to luncheon.

The truth about the reported " insurrection" in the
Ukraine is that there has been no political move-
ment whatever in that province, no talk about a
hetman, and no manifestation, direct or indirect, in
favour of Poland. But the peasants have risen by
thousands; and my informant, who has arrived in
Cracow from the disturbed districts, just before I
left that city, estimates at six thousand the number
who showed themselves ready to resist the Russian
Government in his immediate neighbourhood. The
cause of the rising is simple, but formidable. I say
"is," because it still exists, though for a time it may
be inactive. yV hat is now called the Ukraine, it
must be remembered, is not the Russian or Little
Russian province to the east of the Dnieper, the
country of Mazeppa and the wild horse, but the pro-
vince to the west of the Dnieper Which remained
Polish until the second partition and which at presen t
is styled in official language the Government of Kieft
The Russian or Little Russian or Ruthenian peasantry
of the Ukraine have never, since the massacre of
the haydamaks in 1768, been suspected by the Rus-
sian Government of liking the Poles. But they also
do not like paying rent either to Poles or Russians
for land which their fathers once held as freemen;
and it is the rent question, or rather the land-tax
question, which has brought them into conflict with
the Russian troops. The Russian Government,
some weeks since, deplared the peasants of the
Ukraine free proprietors, but at the same time put
a tax upon their land and called upon them to pay
into the hands of the Government the arrears of
rent or obrok due to their former landlords. The
peasants would do nothing of the kind. They let it
be clearly understood that they would pay
no one,
and though force was employed against them, and
though after the disturbances were at an end, seve-
ral chiefs of villages were severely flogged, yet the
peasants gained their point. They have not paid,
they will not pay, and the whole question is put off
until October, when still they will not pal. here
is a clear case in which the Russian Government has
ability
set the peasants against itself, and with the
it has lately shown in ruling Poland there is no say-
ing whether it may not ultimately contrive to gain
their enmity as a class. The peasants, like the in-
tervening Powers, will move if they find
their own
interests threatened, but not otherwise; and if such
a movement should take place at all it will probably
a become general. Insurgents will tell you that in
thebl
Palatinates, where the peasants are most favourably
disposed those of y
dispoaed towards them (as, for instance,
Lublin, Kaiisch, and Plock), the reply invariably
given when they are asked to
join the insurrection
is, " We must see what they do in the next village;
if they join, we don't mind joining, but not alone.
In the same way the peasants in any given Province
are likely to claim the absolute property of their
land, independent of all taxes and dues, if such a
claim is made by the peasants, their neighbours ;
the
and if any one province takes up arms on
question, nothing is more likely, nothing indeed is
certain, than that the adjacent provinces will follow
its example. It will be intereatin,, to see whet the
Russian Government will do with the peasants of
the Ukraine after the October quarter.
be said at the present moment is that after Playing
with socialist weapons throughout Poland it has
contrived in one Province at least to cut its own
fingers. All that can

However, if the Russian Government cannot get
the money it wants from the peasants of the Ukraine
and is afraid to press for it, it makes
of the contiguous one no ceremony
taxes have at last been paid
with the proprietors either of that province or
of Volhynia• The ordi-
naryeverywhere in
Poland, except in the TCnb
execution. The ; where they are
—r,doro,
now being levied by special!war-
tax of 10 per cent. on income is being
demanded in
the south-eastern provinces,
and those proprietors
who do not pay up forthwith (which very few are
able to do) have soldiers
quartered on them and
their property sold.
The so-called tax of 10 per
or 30
cent. may be a tax of 20 per cent., for it is
fixed in an arbitrary manner and it is not every
proprietor of the south-
provinces who can
easter'n
go to Kieff to complain of an overcharge. Accord-
mg to the terms of the published order, persons
considering themselves
undul taxed might appeal
within three weeks ;
but I know of cases in which
proprietors have been exorbitantly over-taxed, and
allowed only
a few days for making the payment
demanded, without they
alternative of execution,
and without any possibility whatever of appeal.
This tax is, in fact, a heavy fine laid upon the
Polish proprietors to Punish them for the:part they
have taken in the insurrection, and so to cripple
them as to render it
-- impossible for them to aid it
any longer by money contribution. Many of the
Volhynian landowners have already had their
crops and cattle seized, and as the Government de-
mands from every one Bo much as it pleases, it will
of course succeed in ruining a great number of Polish
subjects. Such a proceeding
seems strange even from
a financial point of view, but Russia probably thinks
that unless she impoverishes and exhausts Poland
she may one of these days lose it. Under Nicholas
"
the great idea was to suppress education through-
out the country. The chief notion now is to waste
and confiscate property; and it is probably quite
true that if all the Poles were lamentably ignorant
ble as they do at present.
and lamentably poor they would not give Russia
nearly so much trou

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