The British Press; or, Morning Literary Advertiser.
London, England, 1826-10-17 00:00:00

RAILWAYS.

......
This Order does not apply to the Officers and Men doing duty
with the depot companies of regiments on foreign service.
By command of his Royal Ilighness the Commander
in I ief.
HENRY TORRENS, Adjutant-General.

SNIPPING INTELLIGENCE.

LIVERPOOL, SUNDAY, OcT. 13.
Arrived the Wilson, Roes, from Trinidad and Dublin; bind.
says, Dickson. front New Orleans ; and James, (eon 31e-
ratiliarnsvailed Sept. 2.
The Prince Leopold, from Liverpool, and the Pacific, Suther-
land, from Rio de Janeiro, have arrived at Alarm:ham.
The Stapleton, from Liverpool, has arrived off blaranham.
The Tin ee Sisters. Dixon, from •Liverpool for Dlaranbam, vas
spoken with on the 2.1 of September] in lat. 44., long. 51. 20.4
The Lydia. Foster, from Liverpool for Allramichi, was spoteh
with on the 111th September, in lat. 47. 30., long. 41. 24.

PLYMOCTII. OCT. 14.—Arrived hi. Majesty's ship Thetis,
from Portsmouth ; Pallas, Le Gros, from Newfoundland ; Heigh-
'ton, Thomson, from Cadiz; Phyleaia, Bill, from Gibraltar ; !';ogle,
; and Sarah, (1011, from Leghorn; Fly, Fatter, from St.
Michael's ; Bolivar, Ilinzell„ from St. John's; and Anto:ne:,e,
Claim, from Cadiz —Wind S.E.
FALMOUTH, Ocr. 13 and 14.—Sailed the Duke of En t packet,
for Lisbon; Mary Ann, Clobbers, fee Liras; Ilutchinsoc, Low-
ther, far Demerara; Euphemia, Norris. for Montserrat; Effort,
Wood, for Teaeriffe ; London packet. Purvis, for Faro; Malta,
Sharp; and Zephyr. Anderson, for Lisbon.—Wind E. to S.E.
Cowes. OCT. 14.—Sailed the Brighton, Sebor, for New York,
at eight o'clock last night ; the Samuel, Weber, for New Orleans,
this morning: the Polen, Clechs, for sloneillea : the Sophia
M.ria,.Roperhoff, for Surinom ; the Charloua Wilhelmlna, for
PORT lIIOUTH, OCT. 14 and 13.—Arrived the Dryad. SwM.
burne, fur Quebec; West India packet, Reynolds, from London
for New Providence ; Wellington, Evans, from ditto for Madras;
St. Vincent's Planter, Boyd, from ditto for Jamaica ; and Lavinia,
Sovereign, and Renard, from London. Salted the Princess Royal,
Karns, and Thetis transports. for Cork and the West Indies;
Thomas King, Williamson, for Demerara; Enterprise, Bridge.
for Jamaica; Minstrel, Aikcoll, for Bombay; Midas. Baigrie, fur
New South Wales; Jane, Vizry, fur Madeira; West India packet,
Reynolds, for New Providence; and St. Vincent's, Boyd, for Ja-
maica —lVintl S.
DEAL, OCT. 14.—The outward-bound, which sailed last even-
ing, have not returned. Passed by the Arcturus Fraser, from
Leith for Jamaica ; Flora, Sharp, from Stem Leone for London.
Remains the Northumbrian, Davison, horn Shields for Bengal.
—ll ind E.
Ocr. 15.—A light breeze is syringing up, and the Northum-
brian is under weigh.—Al'ind S.
RAMSGATE, OCT. 15.—The Agnes, Wrench, from Liverpool.
got ashore on the main, to the east of the pier, but was hove off
with the assistance of boa men, apparentle without damage, and
put back. The William, Williams, for Bristol, TM ashore oa
Sandwich Fats, but got off this morning, without assistance or da-
mage, and proceeded.
GRAY EgEND. (ICT. 14 and 15.—Arrived the Atlas. Jones, from
St. Petersburgh ; Antos, Pearson, from Antigua ; Brutus, Rose,
from New South Wales; Columbia, Wilerin, and Prince Regent,
Taylor, from Tobago: Neptune. Cumbeektige, from Calcutta;
C. Green, Boyle, from Quebec; Georgians, Watt, from Grenada;
and Mary Ann, Moiety, from St. Domingo.
Okergseen, Ocr. 15.—Sailed the Richmond, Middleton, for
Megadere • Sarah Margaret; Bee, Nichols; and George the
lesurth. Black, for Hamburgh.
311LFORD, OCT. 14.—The Four Siatas,of Shields, which was
ttybet, has been raised, end got into a place of safety.
Panic, OCT. 12.—The Petit Jules, Margin, from Marseilles for
Caen, was wrecked near Malaga, 9th ult. Crew saved.
A lIISTERDAN. Ocr. 12.—An English brig, laden with sit,
was wrecked at NRTVii, 11 th ult. during a tremendous gale.
Eta' vont, OCT. 7.—The Brutus, V deit, from St. Petereburgh
to Guernsey, ran on shore 231 ult. off the island of Gotblatsd. but
got off after discharging part of the cargo, and would be able to
proceed the following week.
QUEBEC, S err.-14.—Artived the 12th hurt. the ship Sovereign,
Nesfield, sailed 21st July from Chatham; 13th, the bark Lord
Whitworth, Thornton, 28th ditto front Liverpool ; the brig David,
Svoland, 23d July from Cork : the brig Nancy, Forster. 23d ditto
from Limerick ; the bark Sisters, Carr, 224 do. keen Bristol; the
brig Merope, Patrick, 2r..d do. from Southampton; the brig Match,
less, Michell, 15th July Rom Aberdeen; the betg Medusa, Jimit.:l
son, 25th do. from Dublin; 14th, the Brillion, Blactay, - 'sly
from Aberdeen ; the brig Quebec Pashas. Minna. !fire
from Aberdeen ; the brig City of Aberdeen. j> able. firthlella
Aberdeen : the prig John Wood, 20th from Lie-M. t_the brigan-
tine Felix Soulimay. Parimehrdsd, 34 days from ?Maid ; the bark
l'ibelia, Corbett, 31st July from London. Thllenrionda of this
morning report about 20 earl in the river hoistipp,, tom 0( thorn
near at hand. The Brilliant, from ilbordeenptiggielbeilieederlek
off. Cape Chace, from —, proceeding for Mcdi.
Ter IDA% JULY 25.—Timothy Lewis arrival alio flotiotaThy
in a Spanish launch, from the Minn, and states Its In tbewisty
vicar of the crew of the schooner Superior, Cole, Allatayougi beat
New York to Angostura, which vessei was wreckstissi sias gth wf
May. in the Mouth of the Orinoco, and that every tool on board
perished bat himself.

The Janet, Lovell, arrived in the river from GretalsoilP iii the
2d inst. in Ist, 43. long. 15. a large ship, ha appeassmisi,dme
Indiaman, wish loss of topmast. _ .
CUSTOM HOUSE, OclctApi
.1.4
liprwsire,
SIMI'S EItTERED INWARDS.—Tits .
Riga; Porogreutid, Funnemark, from' $ ' ,
Groomer, from Frederickstadt ; Commune, alswg4it.
Petersburgh ; Jannctt, Lovell, from Grenada;
fell, from Villaviciosa; Speedwell, Holdernese, senlit
Creek; Disna, Nieman, from Rost.ek ; Earl of Mar, Hutton,
Amsterdam: Camden, Bell, from Hudson's Bay; Huntelife,Cole,
from :it. Peteraburgh ; i%lellicent, Harland, from St. John's. New
Brunswick ;• Dispatch, Williams, from Limerick ; Silvia, Brown,
from St. Lucia.
Lonvidge. for
Park, Piet t
-N Jlll-

(From the Caledomiais Mercury:l
CONVEYANCE OP PASSENGERS AYD LIOUT GOODS.
Of all the advantages of the railway, the remarkable velocity of
motion which it admits of, and which fits it so adinitably for the
conveyance of passengers, light goods, and. mails, is the most
striking and the most valuable, in a country where these objects are
becoming every day of more and more importance. This property
it derives from the original principles already t splained, on which`
its efficiency depends, namely, tile removal of all obstructions out '
of the way of the moving body. Could this be done entirely, it is
evident that the facility of motion would be perfect—the most
enormous masses, SO lunges they continued on a level plane, might
then be moved along the way with the smallest effort, and by a
continued application of power their velocity might be ineteased
without limit. Such perfection, however, can never be attained;
for, independent of those grass and palpable obstructions which
arise out of the rough materials of our com non roads, there arestill
mhos a}ising front the friction and adhesion, even of the smoothest
autfaces,whicli, as they are founded on the intimate nature and con-
stitution of matter itself, it is impossible to remove. Let the na-
tural roughness of bodies be ground down ever so smooth, still we
I*perience, on drawing the one along the other a resistance
known iu mechanics by the name oty, learn!. and which may be re-
duced, but cannot be destroyed by the most elaborate polish. Even
when, instead of drawing, we only roll the one eking the other, al-
though there is then no rubbiug whatever, still we duds degree of
resistance fioM the mere contact of the surface, which the smooth-
nate of these may diminish, but cannot altogether remove... These
resistances rank among the most remarkable phenomena in na-
tural philosophy ; the cause of them is quite unknown, but is justly
ascribed, according to the ingeslous theory of Professor fail*. t

erbreiom their extreme minuuteness, and our utter ignorance of
the laws which connect these elementary atoms, and form them into
a body, will probably ever remain conetaried. All that we an do,
therefore, iv to diminish, as much as poniale, these resistances. by
smoothing the rubbing and roiling surfaces, both of the esefiages
and of the ways, or by any other means which erperiencesnay mg-
gest. Fortunately, however, there is one retnarkab'e circumstance
connected with these obstructions, which Is highly favourable for the
purposes of speed. It appears, limn the expennients which have
been made by various philosophers on the subject of friction,
that it is nowise increased by the motion of the bodies themselves,
however rapid this may be. Suppose, fur example, a sledge is
drawn along the ice at the rate of two miles an hour ; then, accord.
log to these experiments, it follows that if it were drawn at four
miles, at eight, at twelve miles, or at any other velocity, no in-
crease would be felt in the resistance arising lions thc friction of the
rubbing surfaces. This presents the same constant retarding force
whatever be the quickness of the motion ; that when once this; I
retarding effect Is overcome, there is nothing but the mere inertia
of the mess to prevent the body from being impelled with any ve-
locity whatever. It may no doubt require a greater effort on the
part of the animal to drag it with such velocity ; but this arises not
' from any increase in the resistance arising from friction, but from
the dilliculty 'hi' all animals feel in increasing their own speed.
and chemise's* which is of the same nature as that already ez-
plained which Muds a carriage on a common road. The animal
advisees Ise with a eneidnaed progressive motion, but with a
Illet,of
_hemp* *Mikis, which 'raises and. slake its body at
'iesey used= of the limbs. This is distinctly felt on
Imrsollick, and it le the same when the animal draws a load.
Xem
_in walking or running, one does nut move regularly
%netted*. The body is raised and depressed at every step of our
vsellitess it is this incessant lifting of the mass which constitutes
tgrag oar ;notions which checks their speed, and confines it
Milt moderate limits • and it is this effect and not any in.
creme Matinsarising frotil the velocity of the moving body,
which reqoJeaS pach.efforts on the part of animals to increase the
speed o( their load even on the smoothest tracks. With machinery
this laminvenienes la not felt; the locomotive engine rolls regularly
and pregreinively along the smooth tracks of the way, wholly up.
itllllolll4 by the speed of its own motions ; and this, independent of
be manosny, Is one of the great advantages It possesses over animal.
POtril. Such is the nature of that resistance to our motion along
a. railway, arising from the rubbing of the parts; but which
Is is all cases greatly diminished by setting the carriage on
wheels, and thus confining the rubbing surfaces to the line
of the axle and nave. sail, however, there rename the resist-
ance arising from the rolling cat the wheels along the waya
and from what has been observed, this resistance appears
to follow similar laws with the other. Experiments are no
doubt still wanting on this point ; but some have lately been
made by Air. Wood, of Killingworth, author of a work on railroads,
which fomus the best practie.l treatise on that subject which has
yet been published ; anti we are informed by him, that on rolling
*heels down an inclined plane, loaded with weights to the amount
cf one cc two tons, pa sensible increase of resistance was observed
from the speed of their motions, any more than in the case of fire.
too itself. Whether we consider, therefore., the resistance on the
railway, arising from the rubbing of the surfaces in contant, airmen
their rolling the one along the other, they appear, by the laws to
which they are subject, equally favourable for the purposes of speed. ,
Obstructions there will always be in our way ; but still, so long as I
they only yresent themselves in the shape of a constant retarding
force. they can be easily overcome by the powers which Nature and
Art place at our command. We have in them a certain determi.
nate force of retardation opposing our motions ; but in that ease
we have only to apply to our machinery a constant force
of acceleration, of equal intensity. We have then force o
to force. and a very small preponderance of power will be sufficient
to hnpel the machine with any velocity that may be desired ; at
least with any velocity which it would be safe on other accounts to
attempt. How different is the case in navigation. rite fluid de-
ment supporta, no doobt, and floats on its surface, the must gigantic
masses with admirable and pert:et effect, and seems even to remove
every obstruction to their motion, except mere inertia, such is the
fecihty with which they roll. or can be moved about in any direc.
don, by a comparative nothing in the balance of weight and power.
This, however, is a mere deception. For no sooner does the ves.
set acquire any degree of velocity in the water, loan the resistance
of lb.- tense medium becomes apparent. The obstructions to its
seem to accumulate with every attempt that we make to
'forward ; and whatever amount of power is applied for this
a limit of speed is soon attained, heyondwhich ithecomes
‘o advance
rites

oiv.oirngteTheerluirirld'if•tel
- arrangentent, ...
of tbo coach are made exactly, alike, with the seats
man, guard, and passengers, the same at either end, and the
yoking-place for the horse. Such is the extreme mobility of the
whole .vehicie and its load along the railway that when. one
so in motion it is not easy stopping it; it is not oneogir
Amtedanyaimmebtoketi
'the it rehqoutre.,s
lit
tn
tta)epmparbaetums
here to " poll up," according to the coachmen's phrase;
the operation of which is peculiar. It consists of a long arm or
lever, tut fling on a centre hetween the tote and hind wheels at one
side; reaching from thence up to the coachman's box, and having
a short arm below, which, by moving the long one, can be made
to pees" strongly on the rim of the wheels, and dtiacreating &con-
siderable friction, soon brings the carriage to 'rest. Wires the
carriage is in motion, the long arm of the brake rests on a hook
under the coachman's seat; and when he wishes to check the mla-
lion of the vehicle, or to stop it altogether, the driver unlocks the
brake, sets his foot on the extremity of the loos arm, and
ing the short one against the wheels, this instantly checks the
motion, and gives him the complete command both of the cdatekidd
'the road, or other places where the view is obitttucted. the Comb-
men blows a horn to give warning of his approach to any wag-
gons or Vehicles that may be coming or going on the way: shit
in meeting or passing, either the coach or the vehicle go off into
some of the passing places, anti then return into the maim litre-
Oa some occasions it happens, through inadvertence or other cause,
that both coaches meet in a place between two passings, and when
neither of them can get out of the way of the other. Thltigs seen),
approaching to a complete stand, when one.of the coachmen an-
yokes his born, reyokes hint in an instant to the opposite end, and
draws the carriage back to one of the passing pliers, which be-
enters, allows the other coach to pass, and then resumes hie mink.
The whole affair is managed with 'uprising facility, and It its
wonderful how little these obstacles, which appear at first sight
very scions, really obstruct the progress of the traffic ; Al-
though undouhtedly the true remedy is to have a double thsei
of rails the whole length of the way. `• It was on we *Wor
I from Drusselton to Darlington,"' according to the *roil of air -
,
linformant, " that we met the Express coach coming up, atyQ
' which was viewed with much int.rest, being the first of t
Ikind we had ever seen; it was well !boded, having 16 outside,
nix inside passenger" I it was'drawo buolte lit le ploy. VA isomod •
to be-going at the rate of Moe mile an hour. Next day artmespellod.

Steelton, highly interested with the novelty of the scene, aid of
this new and extraordinary conveyance. Nothing appeared more
surprising than the rapidity and smoothness of the motion, MOM-
ing that the coach had no apt ings ; and also the ease with whet the
animal drew his load. Ain't of the way is laid with rails eighteen
feet long, and here the only irregularity in the motion arose hope
the joinings of the rails, at each of which the conch gage a very
slight jerk. This, however, we have no doubt, will be greatly re-
duced. if not entirely removed, by an improved mode of jeining
the rails, which has since been introduced, and consists in leppping
the one over the other at the joints. Some parts of the way
were laid with rails of cast iron, joined at every four feet, and
in coming upon these. the difference of motion and of feeling wax
quite remarkable. The jerks and jolts, in passing over the joio-
inga of the rails, were more frequent, more audible, and• more
sensible, resembling exactly, as the coachman justly observed to
us, the clinking of a n.ill hopper; and the whole motion was wept
irregular and harsher that, before, al hough still far more easy that
in a similar vehicle on a common road. Nothing, however. &alba-
strates more clearly the advantage of long rails and few joists r,
and the impovance of forming these with all the accuracy which
can possibly be devised. We left Darlington with athlete °W-
eide passengers, and two or three inside, and picked up verities
others on the way. lo regard to passengers, the coach appoint
to be no way limited in its numbers. The coachman Infortddd
us that one day lately, during the time of the Stockton ram&
he took up from Stockton nine inside and thiety-seeen.
out-
side, in all forty-six. Of these some were seated all • !mind
the tour of the catch on die outside, others stood crottrellik.te-
gether in a mess on the top, and the remainder chars to any put
where they could get a footing. On that ocesiion hi bad aft
horses. We 'tatted from D.erlingtoa at 14 minutes so Oghtoequi
arrived at Stockton at 33 minutes past nine, making the joaturzef
12 miles in one hour and 21 minutes, including II minium at
least spent in taking in and letting orpasseogers. This is &Ilya*
the rate of 10 miles an hour. But on -comparing the sPeettin WX-• •
ferent parts of the way, which Is easily dme by mean" Of posts
which are erected at every quarter of a mile, we found it frequeotly
as high as 14 miles an hour. We again left Stockton at 12 mimeo
past one, with 15 mashie passengers and two or three inside; and
arrived at Darlington at 25.nisnutts past two. The Gum Re ostattila
passengers is only one shilling for the whole twelve miles, and fate
shorter distances at the rate of one penny per mile. The built
fares ate exactly double of this."
Such, then, is the first great attempt to establish the Use of rail- •
ways for the general purposes of travelling, and such is the sue-
efts with which it has been attended, that the wank in this way et
already great ; and, considering that there was formerlyno came
at all on either of the roads along which the railway run mind-
lel, quite wonderful. A trade and intercourse has arlisn'eutt of
nothing, and nobody knew how. It wee unhooked for cress by the
promoters of the railway themselves, who now draw at the sate of
40W. or 5001. a year for the coaches alone ; and, altogether, the cir-
cumstances of bustle and activity -which no* appear along the lino,
with the crowds of passengers going and returning, form is mister of
surprise to the whole neighbourhood as Well as to the
our next article we shall cose.Jude the subject of railway"; by Mites-
testing the importance of these facts, and going into details of Mode
application, particularly to the conveyance Of the mails betwitela
Edinburgh and London. •
• These mindples of frictiou and resistance have been long
known. amoog. philosophers. But we are indebted to some aura
papers front the pen of Itllr. klaclaren for calling the public atten-
tion to theie, and explaining their various applications.

WE/THIN/TF.I3 SZESION9.—The actell state of Tuthill-
fields' prison is altogether as annoying as at former times. Up.
wards of three hundred offenders have been **fined there fee sevr.4l
weeks past, among whom arson unusual prOportion of *metes.
and the consequence has been that latterly those persons whe would
otherwise have been committed to Totbill-fieldi have been sent to
Clakenwell New Prison. The opening of the Sessions, *bleb
commence to-morrow, has, therefore, bees awaited with meat
anitiety by thOse concerned in preserving the deadlines* and
healthiness of Todtill.lields.
THE 9/AND/RING hitnrrust..—Yeaterdty evening, bee;
tween six and IMO o'clock, the won said to be Gaplaid
Itt'Dougall, or Al'Donald, who made some time ago the novel *l4
extraordinary bet of 1,01101. Mai he voila gei Mi. gratuitously It ,
a six months' tour, from playing en the Sooeh. pipes, made his up-
pearance in Blackfriars-read. Upon commenerthis muies.whOs
Infrom the foot of the bridge,- Surrey side. be tommemoid play.:
Mg, nod continued so rot tome; distance, wirnatifenciting any mita
daily notice, till at length Reps mimes vacs offered se him, when
It was Observed he instehtly hantled ll'efer te i servant, 'who rj:
lowed close behind. Upon this ifficovery. theVerien whin utiservedl
it very laudably made it koown,:and in the einseroL a lev me,
marts an immense (rood oak tethered the Minfitrel, sib.;
without. paying-the levet RIOn, or ale itsidinvinfert4e4
41
moelit*isboaedabolut fir year"vtlYagei",2troftii reef . 1,111"e"linid Vs dytilit° be
km weei we amid nee; to 0. plitllS laddit *id ,"blelf thisl44l6s -"ad •
ikewise hod ea s.rikil,of. liNgtirtysaiii/it ;4:ls few migirpose
whidi dosed dsring our &Zoe it to neve_ gialten4 -a
mem peeper* *AIM Id ' •gtten hkii, lirnaiwn *iii
and four shilling,.

Amsterdam: ustxuen, mason." ....J.. ...y; ri , , w„., ~,,..s
from St. Petersburgh ; Al ellicent, Harland, from St. John's. New of the' dense indium becomes igliWellt. The o bre/ocelots* to its
Brunswick ; • Dispatch, Williams, from Limerick ; Silvia, Brown, Pro seem to accumulate with every attempt that we make to
gress
from St. Ludo.. urge her forward ; and whatever amount of power is applied for this
, a limit of speed is soon attained, beyond which it becomes
ENTERED OUTWARDS.—The Elisabeth, Longridge. for reepouible to sit
sox finite. This is well exemplified by
Smyrna, Constantinopk, end Algiers ; Carshirhaa park, prat t
the troekiug on Sims or canals. We these see the animal strain.
Caroline, Campbell ; IMO Sir Edward Hernihots, Newbolt, for Jl. t and
males ; Twee of weesige Supers, De Boer, for 4,mwerdain ; Neg. lirtg to its utmost, yet continuing to plod at the canoe slow, yet
ears and difficult pace, drawing. no doubt, an enormous load, but
runus irVarens, for Antwerp und MOM'S '; Swift, Payne, nov
yne, for BR. oto advance le with any degree of speed. Even at sea, the
boa ; 'Briumnia, Fox, for Ostend ; Spanish Packet, Wrightson, for -•
Mahar Smyrna, and Constantinople. .i. r,
CLEARED Ourwanws.—Tile Boa Packet, Swint, foe Paill"wialter I thereawelitiablesr, ltd. It
eebertativoaral;:, swtre7chg'seldit ornincaftraceedeble otfenklor.
Trieste and Venice ; Fortitude, Stewart, for Dunkirk gad Gown) ol.nnitthos Vildealooditotels hiut'uThattoot:olladi"verasetbinrag' uthelyedelbel4madillaryth. eir rue".
James and Theresa, Aston, for Bordeaux ; Spring, Jack, fox Ehil- mica ' got constant.. like friction, but coatinually in.
sore and Riga • Superb, Stramick, for RoMerdani ; Geogr clip ceasing h thetrogjesof ,the.., moving „,,b°_,dt_illidihia ere* with
Fourth, Black, for Gibraltar; Briraffelliwir", for Ostend 3 lotetS tiu aceelarsisd wroth Boob am" ems. attllnS to
Oguton, for Jamaica; Florida, rasp. for New Oiloans. got the balite -
d°° The twbtldit one railway is subject to no such
CLEARED Ou TRAIT'S TO lor4ster-The Plourer, Parbluls formidable oPPool- Illealleillimee bile' on the "abarf.` ass
NV Cork f Hope, Within* for NVater o . . of such a nature as to become rather favourable to spud ; for the