The British Press; or, Morning Literary Advertiser.
London, England, 1826-01-05 00:00:00

Wln that service from the clue of the last Session of Congress.
it
have completed the surveys necessary foe ascertaining the
bill!), of a canal from the Cheupeake Day to the Ohio Ri-
. are preparing • foil Report on that subject ; which, when
hewiplesal, will he laid before you. The same observation is to be
wade with regard to the two other objects of national importance,
upon 4bich 'the Bead have been occupied, namely, the accom.
pßefronint of a national road from this city to New Orleans, and
the practicability of uniting the waters of lake Alemphrallagog
with Connectieut River. and the Improvement of the navigation of
hat river The surveys have been made, and are nearly completed.
The Report may be expected at an early period during the present
Session of Congress.
The Acts of Congress of the last session relative to the the cur.
virlang, marking, or layihg nut roads in the territories of Florida,
A r nous. Michigan. from Missouri to Mexico, anti for the conti-
nuation of the Cumberland road, are some of them fully executed,
nod others in the protein of execution. Those for completing or
commencing fortifications. have been delayed only so far as the
eircps of engineers hu been inadequate to furnish officers for the
naersury superintendence of the works. Under the Act for eon.
limning the statutes of Virginia and Maryland, incorporating the
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, three Commissioners on the
part of the United :hates have been appointed for opening books
.tad receiving subscriptions, in concert with a like number of Com-
ofissioners appointed on the part of each of those States. A meet.
lag of the Commissioners has been postponed to await the definitive
report of the Road of Engineers. The light-houses and mono-
gents for the safety of our commerce and manners; the works for
the security of the Plymouth beach, and for the preservation of the
Islands in Boston Harbour, have received the attention required by
the laws relating to those objects respectively. The continuation
of the Cumberland road, the most important of them all, atter stir-
tocontlng no inconsiderable difficulty in fixing upon the direction
of the road, has commenced under the most promising auspices,
trait the improvements of recent invention in the mode of construc-
tion, and with the advantage of a great reduction in the compara-
tive cost of the work.

The operation of the laws relating to Revolutionary Pensioners
star deserve the mewed consideration of Congress. The Act of
March 10, 1818, whlle A made provision for many meritorious and
baligent citizens, who had served in the war of Independence,
oftened a door to rume ess. abuses and in.positions. To remedy
side, the Act, lit May, 1820, exacted proofs of abiu/ite indigence.
which many really in want were enable, and all susceptible of
'that delicacy which is allied to many virtues must be deeply re-
levant, to give. The vomit has been, that some amongst the least
Muserviog hove been retained, and some in whom the requisites
With of worth and want wt •_ combined, have been stricken from
the list. As the number of these venerable relicts of an age gone
hp diminish, as the decays of body, mind, ar.d estnte of those
who survive must in the common course of nature increase, should
not a more liberal portion of indulgence be dealt out to them?
3/ay not the want, in most Instances. be inferred from the de-
mand, when the service can be duly proved and may not the last
days of human Infirmity be spared the month:mho) of purchasing
a'pinance of relief only by the exposure of its own necessities ? I
submit to Congress the expediency either of providing for individual
eases of this description by special enactment, or of revising the
.iet Or lit 3lay, lade, with a view to mitigate the r;gour of its en-
s-o%lons, in favour of persons to whom clarity, how bestowed, can
sfrareely discharge the debt of justice.
The portion of the naval force of the Union in actual service has
Wee chiefly employed on three stations; the Mediterranean, the
*As of South America bordering on the Pacific Ocean, and the
itreat Indies. An occasional cruiser has been sent to range along
the African shores most polluted by the traffic in slaves; one armed
vessel has been stationed on the coast of our eastern boundary, to
mite along the fishing grounds in Hudson's Bay, and on the
cast of !Abrader ; and the first service of a new frigate has been
performed in framing to his native soil, and domestic enjoyments,
the veteran hero whose youthful blood and treasure had freely
flowed in the cause of our country's independence, and whose whole
lie had been a series of sacrifices--and sacrifices to the improve-
mestof his fellow men. The visit of General Lafayette, alike ho-
nourable to himself and to our country, closed, as it had com-
menced, with the most affecting testimonials of devoted attachment
o his part, and of unbounded gratitude of this people to him in
ream. It will form, hereafter, a pleasing incident in the annals of
our Union, giving to real history the intense interest of romance.
and signally marking the unpurchasable tribute of a great nation's
social affectioLs to the disinterested champion of the liberties of
human kind.

_ ......
The constant maintenance of a small squadron in the M.diterra.
nun was a necespiry substitute for the humiliating alternative of
paying tribute for the security of our commerce in that sea, and for
a precarious peace at the mercy of every caprice of four Barbary
States, by whom it was liable to be violatetl. An whlitional motive
fot keeping a respectable force stationed there at this time is found
is the maritime war raging between the Greeks and the 'forks;
sled in which the neutral navigation of this Union is always in Jan..
gef of outrage and depredation. A few instances have occurred of
such depredations upon nor merchant vessels by privateers or pi.
rates bearing the Grecian flag, but without real atttltority front the
Greek or any other Government. The heroic struggles of the
('reeks themselves, in which our warmest sympathies as freemen
Chr.stlans have bean engaged, have continued to be main.
telbed with vieissi!Aes of success adverse and favourable.

dlmilar motives have rendered expedient the keeping of a like
tome on the coasts of Peru and Chili on the Pacific. The irregular
and convulsive character of the war upon these shores has bsen
attended to the conflicts upon the ocean. An active warfare has
been kept tip for years, with alternate success, though genteelly to
theadvantage of the American Patriots. lint their naval forces
have not always been under the control of their own Govern-
ments. Blockades. unjustifiable upon any acknowledged prin.
cfpica of international law, have been proclaimed by officers in
command; and though disavowed by the Supreme Authorities,
use protection of out owe! commerce :against them has been made
ground of complaint and of erroreous imputation upon sonic of the
most gallant officers of our navy. Complaints eqinilly groundless
Dave been made by the Commander. of the Spanish Royal Forces
in thaw seas ; but the most effective protection to our commerce
has been the flag and the tirnintsit of our own cos»mnissiing officers.
the cessation of the war by the complete. triumph of the Patriot
cause has removed. it is hoped, all cause of dissension with one
pity, and all vestige of force of the other. Rut an unsettled
coast of many degrees of latitude, farming a part of our own terri.
tory, and a flourishing commerce anti fishery. extending to the
%lands of the Pacific and to China, still require that the protecting
Foyer of the Union should be displayed under its flag as well
upon the ocean as upon the land.
The objects of the West India squadron have been to carry into
execution the laws for the suppression of the .Ifric.tn slave trade;
for the protection of our commerce against vessels of piratical cha-
racter, though bearing commission, from either of the belligerent
parties ; for the protection against open and unequivocal pirates.
These objects, during the present year, have loin accomplished
Melt effectually than at anv former period. The Afzican slave
vide has long ben excluded 'leant the use of our flag, ; and if some
lea ritimns of our country have continued to s..t the :awn et the
Uoien, as well as those of nature arid humanity, at defiance, by
pemerering in that abominable traffic, it Lea been only by shelter-
ing themselves under the hennas of other nations, less earnest fon
the total extinction of the trade than our.. The irregular pri-
vateers have, within the last year, been in a great measure banished
from those seas; and the pirates, for niontios nest, appear to have
been almost entirely swept away from the bonier% and the shores of
tri• two Spanish islands in those regions. The active. persevering,
attl unremitted energy of Captain Warrington, and of the officers
wed men under his command, on that trying an.: perilous service,
him: been crowned with signal somas. and are entitled to the ap-
probation of their country. lint experience has shown that not
atm a temrcrary suaperisioo nr relaxation from assiduity can be
indulged on that station, without reproducing piracy and mar.
der in all their horrors ; nor is it ptirbable that, fur years to conic,
oar immensely valuable commerce in those teas can navigate in
security without the steady continuance of an armed force devoted
to its protecti in.
It were indeed a vain and dangerous Million to believe that in
the present or probable condi:ion of human society, a commerce so
extensive and so rich as ours could exist, and be pursued in safety,
wi.hout the continual support of a military marine : the only arm
by which tlie power of this confederacy can be estimated or felt by
foreign nations, and the only standing military force which can ne-
mbe dangerous to our own liberties at home. A permanent na-
val pace-establishment, therefore, adapted to our present condi-
tion, and adaptable to that gigart;c orowth with which the nation
is advancing in its career, is among the subjects which have already
or.:upied the foresight of the last Congress, and which will deserve
your serious deliberations. Our navy, commenced at an early pe-
riod of our present political organization, upon a scale coalmen.
same with the incipient energies, the scanty resources, and the
comparative indigence el our infante. seas even then found ade.
game to cope with all the powers of Barbary, save the first, and
with one of the principal maritime powers of iattrope. At a period
of farther advancement, but with little aceertaion of strength, it not
enlysustained with honour the most unequal ofconflicta.but covered
Itself and country with unfailing glory. But it is only since the
closeof the late war, that by the number end force of ships of which
it was composed. it could deserve the name of a navy. Yet it re-
tains nearly the same organization RS when it consisted only of five
frigates. The ruses and regulations by which it is governed ur.
goody all for revision, and the want of a naval school of instruc-
tion corresponding with the Military Academy at West Point, for
the format= of scientific and accomplished officers, is felt with
daily Increasing aggravation.
The Act of Congress of 2fith May, MI, authorising an exa-
Mitleloo and survey of the harbour of Charleston, in South Ca.
retina, of Bt. Mary's in Georgia, and of the Coast of Florida, and
foe Other purposes, he
m been executed so far as the appropriation
woad permit. Those of the 3d of March last, authorising the
establishment of a Navy Yard and Depot on the Coast of Florida,
in the Gulf of Mexico, and authorising the building of ten sloops
of war, sad for ether pirrposes. are in the muse of execution ; for
the particulars if which, and other objects connected with this
deguerment, I refer to the report of the Secretary of the .Nary,
herewith communicated.
_• _ _ _
_ _

A ripen from the Poatmaster.Oeneral is also submitted, ex-
hibiting the present flourishing condition or that department.
For the that time far many years, the receipts for the Year ending
the ht of July Met exceeded the expenditures during the same
period, to the soloant of more than 45,000 dollars. Other facts
opaUy crielitebie to the administration or the department, are,
that in two years, from the Bret of July, 11•23, an improvement
of mere than 18001 dollars in its pecuniary affairs has been
realised t that he the same interval the increase of the transports-
civil oldie mail has exceeded one million five hundred thousand
=Mat sitsitally : and that one thousand and forty new post.offlees
have kw established. It hence appears, that under judicious
as Crt, the income from this sitablishment may be relied on
eattleato to deny its apnea; sad thq by the disco.-

tinuance of post roads, altogether unproductive, others of more
useful character may be opened, till the circulation of the mail
shall keep pace with the speed of our population, and the tom-
riots of friendly emeeepondenee, the matrixes of internal
traffic, anti the lights of the periodical press, shall be distributed
to the remotest comets of the Union, at a charge scarcely per-
ceptible to any Individual, and without the cost of a dollar to the
public treasury.
Upon the list occasion of addressing the Legislature of the
Union, with which I have been honoured, in presenting to their
view the execution, a far as it has beep, effected, of the measures
sanctioned by them for promoting the internal improvement of our
country. I cannot elms the conanuniemion without recommend-
ing to their calm and rsesering consideration., the general prin.
eiple in a 11)0711 en extent. The great object of the institution
of civil government h the improvement of the condition of those
who are parties to the social compact ; and no Government, in
whatever form constituted, can accomplish the lawful ends of its
institution, but in proportion as it improves the condition of those
over whom it is established. Roads and canals, by multiplying
and facilitating the communications and intercourse between
distant regions and multitudes of men, are among the most im-
portant means of improvement. But morel, pohtienl, intellectual
improvement, are duties assigned by the Author of our existence
to social, no less than to individual man. For the fulfilment of
those duties Governments are invested with power, and to the at-
tainment of the end, the progressive improvement of the condition
of the governed, the exercise of delegated power is a duty as sacred
and indispensable as the usurpation of power not granted is cri-
minal and odious. Almost the first, perhaps the very first. instru-
ment for the improvement of the condition of men is knowledge;
anal to the acrptisition of much of the knowledge adapted to the
want., the comforts, and enjoyments of human life, public Wei-
melons and seminaries of learning are essential. So convinced of
this was the first of my predecessors in this office, now first in the
memory, as, living, he was first in the hearts of our country, that
once and again in his addresses to the Congresses with whom he
co-operated in the public service, he earnestly recommended the
eteablishment of seminaries of learning, to prepare for nil the
emergencies of peace and war—s national university and a military
academy. With respect to the latter, had he lived to the present
day, in turning his eyes to the Institution at West Point, he
I would hare enjoyed the gratification of his most earnest wishes.
But, in surveying the city which has been honoured with his name,
he would have seen the spot of earth which he had destined anti be-
queathed to the use and benefit of his country, as the site fur an
University. still bare and barren.
In assuming her station among the civilised nations of the earth.
it would seem that our country had contracted the engagement to
contribute her shore of mind, of labour, and of expense. to the
improvement of those parts of knowledge which lie beyond the
reach of individual acquisition ; and particularly to geographical
and astronomical science. Looking back to the history only of the
half century since the declaration of our independence. and observ-
ing the generous emulation with which the Governments of France.
Great Britain, and Russia have devoted the genius, the intcl!i.
gence, the treasures of their respective nations to the common im-
provemeat of the species in these branches of science. is it not incum.
bent upon us to inquire whether we are not bound by obligations of
a high and honourable character to contribute our portion of energy
and exertion to the common stock ? The voyages of discovery,
prosecuted in the course of that time at the expense of those
nations. have not only redounded to their glory, but to the improve-
meet of human knowledge. We have been partakers of that im-
pavement, and owe for it a sacred debt, not only of gratitude, but
of equal or proportional exertion in the same Colll3lnll cause. Of
the cost of these undertakings, if the mere expenditure of outfit,
equipment, and completion of the expeditions were to be con-
shined the only charges, it would be unworthy of a great anti
generous nation to take a second thought. One hundred expedi-
tions of circumnavigation, like those of Cooke and Ls Perouse
would not burden the exchequer of the nation fitting them out, so
much as the ways and means of defraying a single campaign in
war. But if we take into the account the lives of those benefactors
of mankind, of which their services in the cause of their species
were the purchase, how shall the cost of those heroic enterprises be
estimated ! And what compensation can be made to them, or to
their countries for them ? Is it not by bearing them in affectionate
remembrance ? Is it not still more by imitating their example ?
By enabling countrymen of our own to pursue the sante career, and
to hazard their lives in the same cause?

In inviting the attention of Congesss to the subject of internal
improvements upon a view thus enlirg•d, it is not my design to
recommend the equipment of an expedition for circumnavigating
the globe for the purpose of scientific research and inquiry. We
have objects of useful investigation nearer home, and to which our
Cares may be more beneficially applied. The interior of our own
territories has as yet been very imperfectly explored. Our coasts
along many degrees of latitude upon the shores of the Pacific
Ocean, though much frequented by our spirited commercial navi.
gators, have been barely visited by our public ships. The River
of the West, first fully discovered and navigated by a countryman
of our own, still bears the name of the ship in which lie ascended
its waters, and claims the protection of our armed national flag at
its mouth. Kith the establishment of a military pest there, or at
some other point on that coast, recommended by my predecessor,
and already matured in the deliberations of the last Congress, I
would suggest the expediency of connecting the equip:uent of a
public ship for the exploration of the whole North-west coast of
thi: continent.

The establishment of an uniform standard of weights and mea.
sures wx, one of the specific objects contemplated in the formation
of our Constitution, and to tie that standard was one of the powers
delegated by express terms, in that instrument, to Congress. The
fiovernments of Great Britain and France have scarcely ceased to
be eccupied with inquiries and speculation% on the same subject,
since the existence of our Constitution, and with them it has ex.
minded into profound, laborious, and expensive rese ache% into the
figure of the earth, and the comparative length of the pendulum
vibrating seconds in various latitudes, from the Equator to the
Pole. These researches have resulted in the composition and pub.
lication of several works highly interesting to the cause of science.
The experiments are yet in the process of performance. Some of
them have recently been made on our own shores, within the walls
of one of our own colleges, anti partly by one of our own fellow.
citizens. It would be honourable to our country if the sequel of
the same experiments should be countenanced by the patronage of
our Government as they have hitherto been by those of France and
Britain.

Connocted with the establishment of an University, or separate
front it, might be undertaken the erection of an astronomical obser-
vatory, with provisions for the support of an astronomer, to be in
constant attendance and observation upon the phenomena of the
heavens ; and for the periodical publication of his observations.
It is with no feeling of pride, as an American. that the remark may
be made, that on the comparatively small territorial surface of Eu-
rope, there are existing upwards of one hundred and thirty of these
light houses of the skies; while throughout the whole American
hemisphere there is not one. If we reflect a moment upon the dis.
coveries which in the last tour centuries have been made in the
physical constitution of the universe, by means of these buildings,
and of observer* stationed in them, shall we doubt of their useful-
ness to every nation ? And while scarcely a year passes over our
heads without bringing some new astronomical discovery to light,
which we must fain rn..ive at second hand from Europe, are we not
cutting ourselves oft from the means of returning light for light,
while we have neither observatory or observer upon our half of the
globe, aiid the earth revolves in perpetual darkness to our unsearch.
ing eyes?
When, on the 25th of October, 1791, the first President of the
United States announced to Congress the result of the first enumet a-
lion of the inhabitants of this Union, he informed theni that the po,
pulstian of the United States bordered on four millioos of persons.
At the distance of thirty yeah from that time, the last enumera-
tion, five years since completed, presented a population bordering
upon ten millions. Perhaps, of all the evidences of a prosperous
and happy condition of human soc:ery the rapidity of the increase
of population is the most unequivocal. But the demonstration of
oar proimicrity res:s not alone upon this indication. Our commerce,
our wealth. anti the extent °lcor territories, have increased in cor.
responding proportions; and the number of independent commu.
nitica associated in our Federal Union, has, since that time, nearly
double-1. The legislative representation of the States and people,
in the two houses of Congress, hiss grown with the growth of their
constituent bodies. The !louse, which then consisted of sixty-five
members, now numbers upwards of two hundred. The Senate,
which consisted of twenty-six member'', has now forty-eight.
But the Executive, and rr,ll more the Judiciary fl pertinent, are
yet in a great measure confined to their primitive organization, and
are now not adequate to the urgent wants of a still growing com-
munity.

The naval armaments which at an early period forced themselves
upon the necessities of the Union, soon led to the establishment of
a Department of the Navy. But the Department of Foreign
Affairs, and of the Interior, which early after the formation of
the government hail been united in one, continue united at this
time, to the unqueetiortable detriment of the public service. The
multiplication ()four relations with the nations and governments of
the old world has kept pace with that of our population and corn.
merce, while within the last ten years a new family of nations, in
our own hemisphere, has arisen among the inhabitants of the earth
with whom our intercourse, commercial and political, would of
itself furnish occupation to an active and industrious department.
The Constitution of the Judiciary, experimental and imperfect as
It was, even in the infancy of our existing government, is yet more
inadequate to the administration of national justice at our present
maturity. Nine years have elapsed since a predecessor in this
office, now not the last, the citizen who perhaps of all others
throughout the Union, contributed most to the formation and
establishment of our Constitution, in his vnledi:tory atidress to
Congress immediately preceding his retirement from public life,
urgently recommended the revision of the Jutlicitry, anti the
establishment of an additional Executive Department.

The exigencies of the public service, and its unavoidable de-
fieieneies, as now in exercise, have added yearly cumulative weight
to the considerations presented by him as persuasive to the measure ;
and in recommending it to your deliberation'', I ant happy to have
the influence of his high authority in aid of the undoubted con-
victions of my own experience.
The laws relating to the administration of the Patent Office are
deserving of much consideration, and, perhaps, susceptible of some
imprdvement. The grant of power to regulate the action of Con-
gress on this subject has specified both the end tcr be attained and
the means by which it is to be effected—to promote the progress of
science and useful arts, by securing foe limited times to authors and
inventors tbeexelusive right to their respective writings and discover-
ies. Iran honest pride might be indulged in the reflection, that on the
records of that office are already found inventions, the usefulness of
which has scarcely been transcended in the annals of human in.
genuitv, would not its exultation be allayed by the inquiry,
whether else laws hare effectively Insured to the inventors the er.•

. N

THE BRITISH PRESS.

ward destined to them by the Comnitution, even a limited term of
exclusive right to their discoveries ?
On the 24th of December, 1722, it was resolved by Congress
that a marble monument should be erected by the United States in
the Capitol, at the City of %Vashingma ; that the family .4 General
IWashington should be requested to permit his body to be deposited
under it ; and that the monument be so designed as to commem-
monde the great events of his military and political life. In re-
minding Congress of this resolution, and that the monument con-
templated by it, remains yet without exerutioro, I shall indulge
only the ren.ark, that the works in tire Capitol are approaching to
completion. That the assent of the family &aired by tire revile-
tion was requested and obtsir,ed. That a monument liar been re-
cently erected in the city, at the expense of the Nation, over the
remains of another distinguished Patriot of the Revolution ; aed
that a spot lows been reserved within the walls where you are deli-
berating for the benefit of this and future ages, in which the mortal
remains may be deposited of him whose spirit hovers over you,
and listens with delight to every act of the Representatives of his
Nation, which can tend to exalt and adorn his and their country.
The Constitution under which you are assemb!ed is a charter of
limited powers ; after full and solemn deliberation upon all or any
agile objects which, urged by an irresistible sense of my own duty,
I have recanimenderl to your attention, should you come to the con-
clusion that. however desirable in themselves, the enactment of
laws for effecting them would transcend the powers committed to
you by that venerable instrument which we are all hound to sup-
port; let no consideration induce you to assume the powers not
granted to you by the People. But if the power to exercile exclu-
else legislation in all cases whatsoever over the district of Colombia,
if the power to lay and collect taxes, duties. imposts, anti excises.
to pay the debts• and provide for the common defence and general
welfare of the United States ; if the power to regulate commerce
with foreign nations and among the several Stare's, and with the
Indian tribes ; to fix the standard of weights anal measures ; to
establish post-offices and pm-roads , to declare war ; to raise and
support armies ; to provide and maintain a navy ; to dispose of,
and make all needful rules anti regulations respecting the territory
or oilier property bclonying to the United States ; and to make all
laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying these powers
into execution—if these powers, anti others enumerated in the
Constitution may be effectually brought into action by laws pro-
moting the improvement of Agriculture, Commerce, and Manu-
factures, the cultivation and meouragement of the 3lechanic and
the elegant Arts, the advancement of Literature, and the progress
of the sciences, ornamental and profound—to refrain from exercise
ing them for the benefit of the people themselves weigh& be to hide
in the earth the talent committed to our charge—would be treachery
to the most samd of ulnas.

The spirit of improvement is abroad upon the earth. It stimu-
lates the heart, and sharpens the faculties, not of our fellow.
citiesns alone, but of the na:inns of liarope, and of their rulers.
While dwelling with pleasing satisfaction upon the superior ex-
cellence of our political Institutions, let us not be unmindtul that
liberty is power; that the nation, blessed with the largest portion
of liberty, must, in prop rrtion to its numbers, be the most power-
ful nation upon earth ; and that the tenure of power by man
is. in the moral purposes of his Creator, upon condition that it
shall be exercised to ends of beneficence, to improve the condi-
tion of himself and his fellow men. While foreign nations, less
blessed with that freedom which is power than ourselves, are
advancing with gigantic strides in the career of public improve-
ment. were we to slumber in indolence, or fold up our arms, and
proclaim to the world tit it we were palsied by rite will of our con-
stituents, would it not he to cast away the bounties of providence,
and doom ourselves to perpetual inferiority ? In the course of the
year now drawing to its close, we have beheld, under the auspices,
and at the expense of one state adds Union, a new univeristy un-
folding its no, tams to the sons of science, and holding tip tie torch
of human improvement to eyes that seek the light. We have seen,
under the perseveting and enlightened enterprise of another state,
the waters of our western lakes mingled with those of the ocean.
If undertakings like these have been accomplished in the compass
of a few years, ran we, the Representative Authorities of the whole
Union, fall behind our fellow-servants in the exercise of the
trust committed to us for the bchefit of our continuo sovereign,
by the accomplishment of works important to the whole, and to
which neither the authority nun the resources of any one state can
he adequate ?
Finally, fellow-citizens, I shall await with cheering hope, and
faithful en-operation. the result of your deliberations ; assured
OW, without encroaching upon the powers reserved to the autho-
rities of the respective States, or to the people, you will, with
a due sense of your obligations to your country, and of the high
responsibilities weighing upon yourselves, give efficacy to the
means committed to you for the common good. And may lie
who searches the hearts of the children of men, pmaper your ex-
ertions to seem.; the blessings of peace, and promote the highest
welfare of our country.
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.

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Break Bonds
D;ttoßonds(lC2s)lt 14j ex div
lexican Bonds 1;41 ex die
Ditto Bonds (1825) 691 j j 70
4
Dittol Ac7ct.o G9 * I 70j 1 70j
119/ 70! 70
Neapolitan Bonds (1624)77
Peruvian Bonds 42/
Ditto A act. 43
Portuguese Bonds 75j
Prussian Bonds 92 1/ 2
Ditto Bonds (1322)
Russian Bonds 111 j
Ditsu Acct. G 1 I /
Spanish Bonds I2a
Ditto 13
Ditto 410 12/
Ditto Bonds (1323)

PRICES OF SHARES YESTERDAI
MINLi.

share. Pald. Premium per Share.
I nglo. B 1 ex i can £loo Bi 11 I •2i 011
Angln Chilian
Brazilian
Cat.tello&EspirituSamullratil 100 6 par 4
Chilian
Co!otnbian lOO 3 104 11
__. ...

Famatina
General Mining Association ... 11:0 5 lOf
aaytien lOO 4 2 dia
Hibernian SO 4 21 dis
Passo.Peruvian
pm i dis
& Potosi La Paz Peruvian Ass 5O 5 lil die
Royal Irish
.

Ilia de la Plata lOO 3 lOi
Tlalpuxalitto 460 30 60 471 47 50
United Mexican
Ditto New 4O 10 13a 12e 12101414
Welelt Iron and Coal 23 20 34t dss

♦SSURANCE ecurAxtse.
Protector Fire

GA9 MOOT AND COKE compAhics.
Cnntinental

United General

IRON nair.waYs.
Manchester and Liverpool lt,o 6 30

MISCEI.I.ANCOrt.
American and Colonial Steam 100 100 5 eiA

Britieli Iron
Canada 100 10 16
Mexican
Pwrincial Bank of Ireland lOO 10 21 i die

gik a a.r Ott apreoo.

DRURY- LA NI% THEATRE.

Thle 'vetting, THUILSDA V. Jen. 5, Nlll be performed th• Opera of

HOD
_nor,

Rob no 7, Mr. Wallnek Francis Oshahllstone. ►lr. Sinclair; Reline
Nicol Janie. Mr. Liston. Diana Vernon. Miss Stephens; Helen
Macgregor, Hrs. Dunn.

After which the Pantomime ..f

IIArthICQUIN. JACK OF ALL 11140tS.
liar:twain, Punta:eun. Ilfamthard; Clown. Ml.

T. Drown. Coluanbiite, N 1143 Barnett.

Tomorrow, The !ferriage of Vibrate; Wool-ttatherlng: and the
Palitoinline.

COVENT-GARDEN THEATRE.
This Broiling, THURSDAY, Jun 5, will be performed the
Comedy of
RULE A WIFE AND HAVE A IVIFE.

The Duke, Mr. Cooper; Leon. Mr. C. Rend',le; Michael Perez, Mr.
Ames. Emitaida, lllea Cheater.
After which the Pantomime of
HARLEQUIN AND THE CUGICK ROSE;
Or, HEAU I V AND TitE BEAST.
Muleaulo, Mr. titan Pantaloon, Mr. Harness Clown, Mr. J. h.
Grimaldi; Columbine, Mica Homer.
ToLndrrow, Charles the Second ; 'Twits I; and the Pantomime.

The Damen Passe commenced publishing ynterday morn-
ing at five o'clock.

LONDON, THURSDAY, JANUARY 5, ISIG.

The Elate, dated Tuesday, and the other Paris Papers
of Monday were received yesterday. They contain some
further details respecting the decease of the Emperor A r.r x-
ANDER. There can now be no doubt as to the fact that
the Imperial Autocrat died without violence. The suc-
cession to the Russian throne, however, continues to be
involved in obscurity. The Journal des Debate repeats
with increased confidence its fern= statement of Cox-

i•

abtlic3tion. The Editor thus expresses him-
self on Monday:— _

" We have reason to believe that the confirmirdoW of the secession
of the Emperor Nicholas I. to the throne or Russia has been
officially received at Perin. We read, however, in one of the two
Evening Ministerial Jeanne], the following postscript, which only
increases the uncertainty of the whole affair :

' "fhe last intelligence from St. Petersburgh is dated the 17th.
The Grand Duke Michael had arrived there. No change had
taken ple.ce in the situation of things. The Emperor Constantine
had Leen proclaimed at Moscow, as well as St. Pctersburgh.'
" We hope the official journal will explain itself more clearly.
Meanwhile, the fabulous tales as to the death of the Emperor
Alexander already glee place Gt the authentic and touching his-
tory of the illness of that Monarch. All those circumstances of
detail, which, in their inaulattil form, appeared incoherent, are now
perfectly in tell igible."
The news from Greece is of considerable interest. The
CAPITA N PACHAt, it is said, was blockading Missolonghi
with his fleet, while Its:tainst was marching his Egyptians
to reinforce the Seraskier, and by their combined efforts to
reduce that place. The Austrians, who have so shame-
fully violated their neu:rality, complain that they cannot
safely navigate the Mediterranean, while all other mer-
chant vessels are protected by their national flag. This is
as it should be. The Austrian flag ought not to be re-
spected by the Greeks while it is employed only to cover
the property of their enemies.
The wretched cabinet of Madrid, it would appear, have
some disposition, if they dared, to put to death:the sur-
vivors of the crew of the General Soublette, now in their
power. So monstrous an outrage against humanity will
not, however, we expect, be attempted. The Spanish
Government will be afraid to provoke the retaliatory ven-
geance of the Colombians.
Mr. STRATFORD CANNING arrived at Corfu on the
2d ult. Ills lady, we regret to find, had the scarlet fever.

',From the Munittur of Monday, Jan.:.]
TRIESTE, DEC. 20.

The Captain of the Austrian vessel, the Vierge du Chateau,
who has arrived hers in eleven days from Zante. reports that at the
time of his departure it was positively affirmed that the Capitan
Paella's fleet was then before 3lissolonglii, and blockaded that place•
Ibrahim Pacha with his army had marched to Patrs•, whence he
was to convey his troops to Lepanto, on the other side of the strait,
in order to join the Seriskier, and to terminate the siege of tit isso-
-1°1%14 by their joint r Torts ; so that the place would be attacked at
once by sea and land.

It was also reported at Zinte that thirty Greek vessels were
cruising near the islands of S..punza, and that forty vessels of the
Egyptian fleet had left Naverino to return to Alexandria, and that
they had a great many Greek families on board ; it was added that
they will bring to the :Koren another division of Egyptian troops.
There is at this time a great quantity of merchandise it, the port of
Trieste ready for exportation, but the merchants cannot venture to
trust them to any flag. If 20 French ships were here, they would
all find cargoes at a good freight, and almost all for France. Six
French ships have sailed in this manner within these three months.
[From the Etoile, dated Tuesday, Jan. 3.]
Pants, JAN. 2.

Letters from Madrid and the South of Spain agree in saying that
the Colombian vessel which ran aground near Gibraltar, and the
crew of which, consisting of 70 men, was forced to surrender to a
Spanish post, is the famous privateer General Soubette, which has
dune so much injury to the mercantile nary of the Peninsula. It
has been long sitee known that the persons on board that privateer
are almost all of them Englishmen or Anglo-Americana, that there
was not one citizen of Colombia among them, and that they had
an interpreter with them to con municate with the Spanish pri.
loners who fell into their power.
It is not known what fate is reserved for those Colombians,
Englishmen by birth or origin ; but what is very certain is, that a
decree of his Catholic Majesty, issued some years ago, pronounces
the penalty of death against every foreigner enlisted in the bands of
the American insurgents. We must add that this decree war is.
sued after a long diplomatic correspondence on the ofiieial answer of
the Government of Englund, and of the United Stiffest, which for.
really declared to Spain that they had not given permission to any
of their subjects to take arms against Ida Cutholic :Majesty, and
that they would never interfere in favour of those adventurers who
might fall into the hands of the Spaniards.-3fentorial /lur;lt lair,
A letter from Cairo, dated the 6th Oct. says, that at the time
when the Viceroy of Egypt was ending a new expedition to the
Morns his aff.irs were going on badly in Aralia. The Egyptian
troops are stated to have lost their baggage, provisions, and military
stores, and to have been beaten by several thousand Arabs who
had revolted, and that the injudicious measures taken by the Pacha
of Mecca obliged the Egyptians to evacuate the country.

ZANTE, DEC. 4,

The Ottoman fleet, after anchoring at Patras, and having landed
6,000 men, int sail again, ard on the 23d of November met with
34 Greek vessels, under Admiral 3liaoussi. Some shots were
exchanged, but the fleets could not engage on account of the dis-
tance, the calm, and the approach of night. The Greiks attempted
to set fire to some of the Turkish ships, but failed, and lost two
tire-ships. Before this unexpected meeting the Turkish fleet took
a position between Cape Papa and 31 issolonghi. The Giceks
advanced to the islands Curzolari, and arc stationed at some
distance front the Turks. Ibrahim Paella has executed the plan he
was supposed to have formed, he has advanced to Gastouni, and
made himself master of its territory, which is said to have been
the theatre of a deplorable carnage. It is afraintd that Ibrahim
has just been invested with the .tiptetne command by sea and land,
and that lie will go from Patras, where lie is now, to Missolonghi,
to direct the operations against that Owe. On the 3d of this month,
Admiral Neale,commanding the British nays, force in the Mediter-
ranean, arrived at Corfu with a ship of the line of tiO wins and two
frigates routing teem Malta, and having on beard 3lr. S. Canning.
Ambassador to Constantinople. It is said the Admiral will take
his Excellency to the Dardanelles. The usual salutes were not
fired, because the Anibassadress was ill of the scarlet fever.

FRENCH Fuxtis —PAnts, Jam. 3.—rive per Cells. 961. 70c.;
ditto for the end of the month at 3 o'clock, 961. 73e, ; Three per
Cents. 141. ; ditto fur the end of the month at 3 o'clock, 66. 102.;
Neapolitan, 7131: 30c.; Spanish Bonds, 101..—Etoile.

The Message of the No:sink:NT of the United States on
opening the Session of Congress will be read with that
attention which so important a documcnt necessarily en-
gages. It is the first Message of Mr. Quixcv ADAMS,
who, as might be expected, appears disposed to follow in
the path of his predecessor. The view he gives of the
condition of the United States is that of a nation growing
rapidly in strength and proverity.
'l'hc American finances are in the most flourishing con-
dition. Six millions of dollars, surplus revenue, have
been applied to the reduction of the debt. The total in-
come, exclusive of loans, was twenty-two millions of dollars.
The expenditure was as below stated

Dollars.
Ordinary Expenses of the Government - 7,000,000
Extraordinary ditto - - - 11.000,000
I..terest of Debt - - - . 4,000,000
Repayment of Debt - - . 6,000,000

22,1)00,000

The PRESIDENT notices the important changes in onr
commercial system, and recommends the extension of the
principles of free trade by the equalization of duties. He
announces the conclusion of a treaty of navigation and com-
merce with the Republic of Colombia, and intimates that
similar treaties will soon be concluded with several other
States of South America.

The least expected piece of information in this Message,
and by far the most important, is, that the Cabinet of
Washington have accepted the invitation to send Deputies
to the Congress of Panama. This mission, however, is not
intended to interfere with the neutrality which the Govern-
ment of the United States will continue to observe, and
from which the new Republics do not wish it to depart.
A great portion of the Message is devoted to literary and
scieitilic subjects, to which the new PILESIDENT is much

tleairous of draw;n7, the attention of the American Legis.

laturc.

The tone of Mr. ADAMS throughout the Message
candid, liberal, and pacific. Wherever he has occasion
to speak of or allude to this country, it is evidently with
the most friendly feelings.

The Times, whether it touches on the topic of Bank-
notes—or country bankers—or paper currency—or the
landed interest, endeavours to make each in its turn the
means of popular excitement and public disaffection. We
are told, in its columns of yesterday—by way of winding
up a most unjustifiable and coarse attack on Sir THOMAS
LETHBRIDGE, that—" What the nation pants for is a
sensible fall of price. Bread most be had cheap. Bests
must be sacrificed to the lives of the people. It is
monstrous impudence to talk about the ruin of the
Farmers from a lowering in the price of I reduce." The
Time,, no doubt, imagines that to declaim in favour of
CIIEAP BREAD is to take the popular side; and that,
however ignorantly it may talk upan the subject,
if it dares but take this side, it will not be pressed
to support its assertions by proof, or to give a reason
for its opinions. " Bread mutt be hod cheap." 11'hat !
whether corn be scarce or abundant? Wheelier it shall
Please the great Disposer of the Seasons to send a plentiful
or a scanty harvest? It must no doubt be the wish of
every man that bread should he cheap ; the lower its price
is the better, provided always that it is a price al which the
Farmer can realize a profit. To insist, without regard to
this, that " bread must he had cheap" is to hold the pan_
gunge, not of a rational man, but of an invendiary—not of
a friend to the working classes, but of their worst enemy,
who would uproot the foundations of all property, and in-
volve the rich and the poor in one common ruin. Iles the
inces Journalist ever asked himself, in the midst of all
his dishonest and delusive canting about cheap bread—has
he ever asked himself—What arc the manufacturing inte-
rests to do, if the Landlords and Tenants have no surplus
to lay out with them for their commodities What is
meant b} this public declaration, that " RENTS must be
sacrificed to the tiers of the people?" What is this but
the language of RevoLterios ? The dreadful crisis in
which the lives of the people could demand such a sacrifice,
must be a crisis, the tremendous necessities of which cut
all the tics of Government asunder, and break down the
barriers of property. Just as well might the Times strike
out the word tents, and say--!heFands must be sacrificed to
the lives of the people. The Annuitant, the Capitalist, the
public Functionary, if the LIVES of the people are rem-
selited as calling forMeirsacrifice—wha t can be urged in thc. r
behalf which the Landlord has not to plead ? if the Rssls
of the latter are to he taken from him, on what ground can
the owner of property of any kind rest his claim of exemp-
tion? Push these consequences to their end, and see to
what they lead ! If, by the infernal agency of any faction,
or of any party, this language of the Times is to be held in
every ale-house in the kingdom, the convulsion which of
late this kingdom has felt will be as nothing to what ere
long it will feel.
" The farmers," it is added, want noshing better than
low prices, if they can but get their lands at propartionate
rents." But if this journalist were at all informed upon a
subject on which he delivers himself with so much igno-
rant presumption, he would know that the price of agri-
cultural produce may be—and at times has been—so low,
that the landlords could obtain no rent.

The Rest is comparatively a minor consideration to the
farmer; his labour must yield a living profit, after deduct-
ing poor-rates, tithes, taxes, imposts of every kind, the
wages of labour, and all the charges and outgoings of every
description—his corn must afford him a remunerating price.
After all these deductions are made, if it does not, he must
abandon the tillage of a soil which no longer repays hi:
labour. It is is easy for the Times, and those who echo it,
to insist that " bread must be had cheap." But how, we
would ask, would theyfirec the workmen in husbandry any
more than the workmen of any other class, to labour with-
out any adequate remuneration ? As well might we ex-
claim of any—nay, of every one—of our manufactures—it
mist be had cheap. But we trust we have said enough to
induce those who may be led astray by such language to Icok
steadily btji:re them, lest a time should come when it may
be too late to luck buck.

CITY, WEDNESTMY EVEYINO.

• _
The Nloncy Market this morning bad a firmer and more
cheerful appearance than we remember to have noticed for
some time. There is still a great scarcity of stock and
abundance of money. Consols opened at 92?. The ar-
rival of the PitEsiDENT's Message had a favourable in-
fluence on public opinion, awl ('onsols immediately ad-
vanced to There was subsequently a reaction, but to
no great extent, awl the c:osing price was quoted at 3.
Reduced rose to w2l, and Three amid a half per Cents. to
91. India Bonds were 1-19. 12s. pr. Exchequer Bills Sa. 2s.
In the Foreign Market there was much beisiness done,
at prices rapidly advancing. Colombian Bonds left off at
661, Mexican G per Cents. 701, Buenos A)res 76g.
The Stare Market was busy ; but there was no material
improvement in prices.

DEATH or THE EMPEROR ALLICANDER.—A letter, of
which the following is a copy, was received yesterday by
an cininent inerchmt in the city from Taganrog. It will
he observed that it is dated the day before the Emperor's
death :

" Taganrog, Nov. 10 (VI), MI
" Our Emperor, one of the best Sovereigns in Europe, is very
ill, and all the physicians litt..e lost hopes of his recovery ; we are
expecting every anoment to hear lie is no mare. On the 5,h irst.
(old style) lie returned from a trip in the Crimea, and during the
journey, near Perekop, he felt the first symPtolll74 of the fever. On
his return here it appeared that the tali ly was the ague, which
afterwards became a bilious nervous fever of the most dangerous
nature. The malady gradually increased, and there remained
hardly any hopes, althmigh the physicians attending upon his Ma-
jesty have dour all they cauld to save him. Yesterday all the inha-
bitants were rejoiced on hearing lie hail got a little better, and the
hopes of the Doctors somewhat revived, when this morning we have
learnt that his Majesty is much worse, and God knows if their
will be any hopes of recovery."
Private letters from Warsaw give the following partici:-
lars of the death of the Emperor Alexander, the correct-
ness of which we will by no means warrant. The Empe-
ror appears to have taken cold on Ida journey through the
Crimea, where he travelled long distances on horseback, on
the sea-coast ; fever eniued, and he returned ill to Tagan-
rog, where he grew worse. Suddenly the wound in his
foot, which had been hitherto open, closed, on which he
is said to have exclaimed, J'aurui le sort de ma sisor,"
and made his last disposition in the presence of Generals
Diebitsell and Wolkonsky.—Allgenreine Zeitang of Ih-
ember 27.

A letter from the a;rent to Lloyd's, dated Alvarado,
21st of October, states that an embargo was laid on all the
shipping in that port on the 11th of October. It waa sup-
posed to be connected with the attack on St. Juan d'Ulloa,
and was only expected to continue for a few days.
Letters to the 19th October were received yesterday
from Mexico, sit the I'nited States. They state that the
American Minister had been exerting himself most stren-
uously to construe in favour of North America the article
in the treaty between Great Britain and Mexico, whereby
certain exclusive privileges were recognised by Great Bri-
tain, as to be granted, consistently with that treaty, to the
(New) American States by Mexico ; the word New having
been omitted in the treaty. he Mexican Company
(formerly known here as the Mexican Trading Company)
have made fresh contracts for some very valuable mines
in the districts of Zacatezas and Oaxaca for that Cow.
pany, in addition to those which they were working in the
latter province, with great prospects, it is said, of ultimate
results.

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