Northern Times.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1859-02-19 00:00:00

he people remain unenlightened, they must
always continue subject to their superiors, or those

nee over them. The condition
of the great body of the Irish at the present day
affords a too painful and striking illustration of this
truth. But, even in our own time, a similar union
of selfishness and vulgar apprehension characterised
the conduct of the Working Classes, when they
opposed the introduction of machinery and steam
power. Yet who will dare to gainsay now that
these have not been productive of incalculable
benefit to every one, however much many may have
temporarily suffered at the time by their attrac-
tion P Even with respect to their chief complaint,
the deprival of monastic charity, Sir Frederick
Eden (2) with reason greatly doubts whether the
monasteries generally troubled themselves with
relieving the poor that did not belong to their own
Too often, indeed, instead of applying
incomes of those to the purposes either of
religion or charity, they appropriated them to the
enriching of their own fraternity_ Ample proof
is afforded of this in au act that was
passed in the reign of Richard the Second,
compelling them to restore to the poor a portion
of their rights, and allow likewise a decent main-
tenance to the parish priest. The necessity for
such an act sufficiently shows that the charity of
the monks was not of a very lively character.
Altogether the future welfare of the country was
much dependant upon the work of the Reforma-
tion ;" for by the dissolution of monasteries, science
and literature became more diffused among the
people, whilst they were likewise benefited
by a more.

who po3sess influ

demesnes

regular execution of justice ;
the ecclesiastical branches of the aristocracy were
destroyed, and many of the obstacles that had
opposed the progress of industry being removed,
the working classes, as well as the middle ranks
of society, began to rise both in wealth and inde-
pendence, in the manner I have already alluded to
in a former chapter.

Among the carious funds appropriated to the
relief of the poor subsequent to the Reformation,
.there were many derived from curious sources ;
-and perhaps, if some of these were sought to be
adopted at the present day, they would help to
• lessen very much, I doubt not, the grievous burden
of poor rates. In 1558, for instance, Church-
wardens were empowered to levy twelvepence
upon every parishioner who omitted going to
church. Such a' law as this in existence at the
present day, would either produce a large revenue,
or serve to do away with the complaint of parsons
•having to deliver their discourses to " empty
benches." There were also penalties for swearing,
tippling, and disorderly conduct on. the Lord's
clay. It is much to be regretted, that the power
of inflicting similar penalties does not still exist,
for perhaps never was there need for some kind of
interference to try and suppress a practice which
has become far too common amongst men of late—
I mean that of swearing. How contemptible is
this practice. I would only say this much in refe-
rence to it; that Whenever you hear any one using
profane language, you wilt not wrong him if, you
pQlVityle, that this is only one of a nest of viperswhich he carries in his heart ; and, although this
is the only one which now hisses, yet each, in his
turn, is master of the poor wretch who is giving
his life blood to feed them. Persons who lay any .
claim to
.respectability, are seldom heard. using
an oath. Politeness needs not such. embellish-
ments; and truth and sincerity always despise such
auxiliaries.

Yet although the-ie penalties referred to ma 3

have been instrumental in forcing Our ancestors to
be a church-going people, we do not find the
morals of the masses to have been dither exact or
rigid. But this is to be implied to the ignorance
existing amongst them, which was still very
great, and the increase of indigence together,
which was accompanied with its usual calamity=
an increase of crime. Thus a magistrate in
Somersetshire, in the year 1.390, affirms that forty
persons had been executed in that county in a
year, for various felonies, thirty-five burnt in the
hand, thirty-seven whipped, and 183 discharged ;
and that those who were discharged were wicked
and desperate
persons. He further adds that the
other counties of England were in no better con-
dition than Somersetshire,• and some of them in a

It is diffi3ult, however, to determine upon the

C3rial

of Inc

Virtues that

elevate a nation in one country, passes in the'next
to a -different. region; vice chano.es its form
wirhoutr '
oBiwr its essence the marked features of
_
titer stand out in relief from the

individual cliai

)1. history, -owl. misl

Auaa out

neral caw

manner

constitutions and a bad form of

r subvert t

idginent as to

improv

THE NORTITER;N TIMES, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY, 19, 1859

MOZCETARY .AND COMMERCIAL.
LIVERPOOL, Friday Evening

mderate business has been dolie in the Cot-
ton Market to-day, the sales amounting to 8,000
bales, inclusive of 2,000 taken for speculation and
'export. Of the week's business, we quote the fol-
lowing report from the circular of Messrs. Wright,
junior, and Co.

The activity prevailing in our cotton market at the
date of our last oirettlar advices per Canada, continued
unabated for the following two days, and prices hard-
ened for the current qualities of American descriptions.
The Europa's advices had the effect .of temporarily check-
ing- the ardour of buyers, and caused lull in the demand;
but a favourable report from Manchester stimulated the
inquiry, and imparted renewed strength to the Subsequent,
daily operations, which (with the exception of Tuesday's
transactions) have been on an extensive scale, both specu-
lators and exporters participating in, the business with
some degree of confidence, based more particularly on
the prospect of. continued large consumption than any
mitigation of the evils to be apprehended from. political

chases, or other influences of a controlling tendency
lioliers continue to hold their stocks very freely, an(

although we must advance quotations 81 per lb, nothing
of, an animated character signalizes the..business in pro-
gress: Peace or war is still an open question, freely dis-
cussed, and vague of solution—few anticipating imme-
diate raptures-'as few, probably, regarding the preser-
vation of order as certain ; and, in such an indefinite
position, all are inclined to encircle their operations within
control 'rather than extend them over space Wand • time.
The same causes tend to the present easy condition of
money matters'; the public securities are still
by the unsettled future prospect of affairs.
steadily at the quotations,
2,000 to speculators and exporters, and
offerings free. The total sales of the week, including
what has been forwarded from the ship's side, amount a
83,133 bales, of which 69,200 are American. Speculators
have taken 14,810, and exporters 7,110, leaving 66,510
bales of all kinds to the trade. The impart fox
bales, of which 21,719 are Ameii
nown to be at sea from American uoi

8,000 bale.

86,000 bale

ioday's

Ordinar

40 to fild
5d to 6'd
5d Jo aid

PRICES TO-DAY
•
N. Orleans Fair, . Middling, 6 1-16 d..
Mobile „ 7d „ • 6 15-16 d
Atlantic .„ 7 1-16 d „ 61d
Total taken for consumption, 1859, 323,160 b15....1858„
export (,actual) „ 27,716 , „• 16,660 „
American Brazil Egypt'n E. India W. India Total

303,910 16,990 19,270 22,250 270 362,720
Sanction 1858.116,100 24,810 4,450 81,330 4,170 230,880
Messrs. Edmund Jardine and Co. in their
circular, say : •

Stock this day

The animation which characterized our market last
week has been still more marked during the present, and
although on Tuesday a somewhat quieter tone was per-
ceptible, probably from the tenor of advices from the
States per Europa which arrived pn that day, with
accounts of depressed markets there and large receipts,
yet they failed to have any permanent effect, and with large
daily sales, prices have been in favour of holders kd per
lb. in American descriptions on last Friday's quotations.
Brazils have been in very active request, and they are
to id per lb. dearer. In the lower qualities of Egyptian
an advance of Id. per lb. has been obtained, but the
better descriptions are unchanged. Surati have also
partaken in the general improvement, and are ed. per
lb. higher.

The general Produce Markets in Liverpool
during the week, have not been characterised by
any great amount of activity, but there has been
a fair amount of business done in most articles,
and prices have been tolerably regular. Brazil
Sugars have been dull, and rather easier in prices,
but West India have sold freely at previous rates.
East India remains without change. There has
been no change in Molasses, and prices
have been regular. Rums remain without change.
There has been a good demand for Coffee, both for
consumption and export. Business has, however,
been limited by the short supplies. Cocoa has
been dull. There has been a better demand for
Rice, but no improvement has been shown in
prices. Ashes have been flat. Extreme prices
have been paid for Saltpetre. Some samples of
Kooria Mooria Guano have been sold at £4 10s,
and Some Peruvian at £lO per ton. Jute re-
mains quiet. Palm Oil has advanced in
price, and is now very firm at £44. Olive Oil
has become firmer in price, the sales being about
150 tons. Tallow is firm at 54s for South American,
and Ms to 54s 6d for P.Y.C. Tea has been very
firm but not active.

During the week very little animation
has been experienced in the Liverpool Salt
trade, and prices remain steady. The' quo-
tations were—Common Salt, 4s 6d ; rough do., Gs
to 9s ; stowed Ist class, 7s 6d to 8s butter do, 6s.
There has been rather a better feeling in the
Liverpool Stock Exchange to-day, and prices
generally have had a tendency to improve. The
transactions have been rather more numerous, but
still not large. They were as follows : Eastern Coun-
ties, 121; Lancashire and Yorkshire, 951, 95?-, , 95a,
951 Lancaster and Preston £lll shares, 91 p. ;
London and North Western, 95-04; Midland, 1011,
101fi ; South Eastern, 221, 22 3-16 ; Dutch
Rhenish, 51 d ; Grand Trunk of Canada, 7 7-16 ;
Great Western of Canada, 151, 1&, 151 451.
After official hours, sales were made in Eastern
Counties at 12 3-16 ; Lancashire and Yorkshire, at
951; London and North Westerns, at 951, 95;'7 ;
Manchester and Sheffield, 38 ; Midlands, 101f24;
and South Easterns, 221, 22 3-16, 24.
The final closing prices were : Black-
burn, 111, 111 ; Chester and Birkenhead,
66, 661 ; Caledonian, 85, 851 ; Chester
and Holyhead, 481, 481 ; Eastern Counties,
12 3-16, 121 ; East Lancashire, 951, 96 ; Do.
£9 shares, 4, 1 p ; Great Northern, 105, 106 ;'
Do. A, 88, 89 ; Great Western, 56, 561 ;
Lancashire and Yorkshire Stock, 95*, 951; Ditto
shares, 1, p ; London and North Western
Stock, 951, 95 ;do one-eighth shares,ls-16, 13-16 d ;
Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire, 38, 381;
Midland Stock, 1014, 1014 ; North British, 591,

60 ; North Western, 13'1, 131 ;
fordshire, 5 xd, d ; North East

North StatL

13er wick ,
79;

York- and North Midland, 781

Leeds Capital Stock, 481, 481 ; South Eastern,
and Dover, 22 1-16, 22 3-16 ; Deitch Rhenish, 5,1,
5 d ; Great Western of Canada, 154, 16 ;
Ditto New Shares, 41, 4 d ; Great Luxembourg,
; Grand Trunk of Canada, 72-, 7 7-16.

The Manchester Goods Market has been quiet
to-day, chiefly on account of the trade being under
heavy contracts. For the India markets, some
purchases were made on Continental accounts, but
the home trade continues languid. Prices have
been very firm, both for goods and yarns, at the
recent advanced quotations.

The C

ne leading

.orn Trade continues dull in all t 1
..ei:ets of the country, and purchas_
made to supply immediate wants. In Liverpool,
this morning, the market was very thinly attended,
and only a small business was done, generally at
about Tuesday's prices. At, Wakefield the busi-

onh

s ah,

ness was small, but factors showed no disposition
to force sales, and hence prices were tolerably well

astained

Ile Board of Trade returns for the month of
December have at length made their appearance.
They were issued to-day, and show that the 'value
of goods exported ivas' 10,058,7691., showing an
er last year of 2,910,7281., and over the
same month of 1856, of 13,5431. For the year
1858, the total exports were valued at 116,614,3311.,
against 122,614,3311. in 1857, and 115,614,3311. in
1856.

increase ov

The half-yearly meeting of the London and
North-Western Railway Company was held at
Euston-square to-day, when the report of the
directors, which has already been published, was,
after some discussion, adopted unanimously, and
the dividend of four-and-a-quarter per cent. will be
paid on and after tile 26th inst. A specialineeting of
the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway Company was
held to-day, at Newcastle, for the purpose of
considering the proposal of the amalgamation with
the North Eastern. After'a lengthened discussion,
the meeting was adjourned until the annual
meeting in March, to give time to the shareholders
for enquiry. At the meeting of the North
Eastern shareholders, at York, this day,
the, proposal for amalgamation with the New-
castle and Carlisle was unanimously agreed to.
The half-yearly meeting East of the Lanca-
shire Company was held at Bury to-day. The
report of the directors was adopted unanimously,
but not until after some discussion had taken
place, during which the chairman stated that " it
was understood that the amalgamation bill last
year was defeated in the committee of the House
of Lords, by a majority of oue only." A dividend 1

at the rate of 4 per cent. per annum was declared.
The retiring directors were re-elected.
The London Stock Exchange ha,4 been heavy
to-day. Consols, after opening at the closing
prices of last night, receded to 954,-, 95t, at which
they stood at noon ; subsequently they were still
more depressed, and •at the close the highest
quotation was at which they continued after
official hours. The other securities closed finally
as follows : Three per Cents, 954-, 96; Bank Stock,
227,'229: Exchequer Bills, small and large, 36,
39' pm.

iarket was dull all d

s had a down-

. The London Share M.._
and both English and Foreign Sham_
ward tendency.. The .final closing prices were as
follows :--Ambergate, 64, 6 ; Caledonian, 'B5l,
- ditto Preference, 103, 105 ; Eastern
60k, 61,1-; East Lancashire, 95,
burgh and Glasgow, 714, 724 ;

CoUnties
97• F.,

Great Northern, 1041, 105; Do. A.,- 88, 96 ;
Ditto 8., 137, r3B ; Great Western, 561,
56 ; Lancashire and Yorkshire, 951, 95k; Brighton,
109, 1091 ; London and North Western, 951, 951 ;
London and South Western, 921, 92.1 ; Man-
ieflield, and Lincoln, 371, 381; Midland
•, North British, 59, 60 ; Ditto Preference,
North E astern Berwick, 9321, 94 ;

1011,101
111, 11:-: