Northern Times.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1859-08-24 00:00:00

THE SHAWL, MANTLE, SILK, AND DRESS WAREHOUSE, 14 & 16, BOLD-STREET. t7s

utliirdions.

I Just out. Price 3s. 6d. complete, with hundreds of Ori .
gma
Woodcuts, Title and Frontispiece by Harvey, crown 6-vo

pp. 330. -
TEN THOUSAND WONDERFUL THINGS ;
including everything Marvellous and Rare, Odd, Curious,
Quaint, Eecentric, and Extraordinary, in all Ages and Nations.
and in Art, Nature, and Science.

London i Ward & Lock, 158, Fleet-street

Just published,

ELF-CONTROL : its Advaniages and Effects in
Prolonging the duration of Human Life. A Treatise
dressed to Youth, Manhood, and Old Age, with Hints and
Remedies of importance to all requiting Confidential Advice.
Price 3sl. Post free for four penny stamps. Sold by Jones,
chemist and patent medicine dealer, 5, Paradise-street, Liver-
pool ; or direct from the authors, Messrs. S. & E. SWEDOUR,
No. 64, Seel-street, Liverpool. d

On September Ist, with Four hundred Original Illustrations

price 3s. 6d., cloth gilt.
ripHE FAMILY CYCLOP2EDIA OF USEFUL
INITRMATION ; being a Complete Cabinet Treasury
a Reference on all subj4.ltOcaring upon the Common Interests
and Daily Wants of Mankind, aB Well as a Dictionary of Social
and Domestic Economy ; the whole copiously illustrated, and
carefully written, under The supervision of the Editors of the
"Family Friend."
London: Ward & Lock, 158, Fleet-street. a 2

This day. Fourteenth Thousand. Illustrated with 1,000
Engravings, price 3s. 6d., cloth gilt.
FACTS FOR- EVERYBODY, comprising—
I.—THINGS NOT GENERALLY KNOWN.
lI.—THINGS THAT OUGHT TO BE KNOWN.
lII.—THINGS WORTH KNOWING.
" As a volume of current facts—facts from the Arts, Sciences,
and Literature—facts from Commerce and Manufactures—
facts from Anatomy and Physiology—facts from the Garden and
the Field—and facts from all sources and for Everybody—no
work has ever appeared more worthy of universal purchase."
London : Ward & Lock, 158, Fleet-street. a 24

DAVIS ON SECRET INFIRMITIES.
Just published, at the reduced price of 4,

. .
ANEW and Improved EDITION- of the *IRROR
of HEALTH, to meet the greatest —er known
or a work on the decay of natural vigour, whi tha:i 'bee*
demand
highly recommended by the profession and the is_con-
taining more information than any similar public on. The
above work shows the deplorable effects upon thii system of
excessive indulgence, mental and bodily prostratiOn, nervous
excitement, &c.—The Mirror of Health, price 15.,;0r by, post
Is. 6d., may be had from Mr. Howell, bookseller, Church-
street, and from the author,' 114, Duke-street, Liverpool,
where he may be seen daily. d

CARLISLE PATRIOT.—WeekIy: Pridayand Satur-
day, in eight pages, 48 columns. The *largest Paper in
the North of England. Stamped sheet, 4d. ; unstamped ditto,
3d. Allowance for payment in advance.
Conservative. Established in 1815. Circulates in Cumber-
land, Westmoreland, Northumberland, Ourham, ;North Lan-
cashire, and to a considerable extent in the South of Scotland.

The distinguishing features of this journalWe-Orl;Zii;;
copious reports of public proceedings, early political intelli-
gence from authentic anti influential sources, and assiduous
attention to local news.

The Patriot is largely patronised in the upper walks of life,
by the clergy, professional men, and, in fact, by persons engaged
in every kind of pursuit; having an extensive advertising con-
nection, its large and varied circulation enabling it to do ample
justice to all.
Its Conservatism, though decided, is not exclusive. The
columns of the Carlisle Patriot are, and have: ever been, open
to all persons, and parties having any .pretensions to address
the public on local or general topics.
.Printed and published by Robert Perring and Henry Scobell
Airing, at the Patriot Printing-office, Carltfre, where orders
and advertisements are received; and bY.4lltheregular agents
ni London, Dublin, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds,
Birmingham, and in every town in the peculiarrange of its
distribution. •

GOFF'S SERIES OF POPTAA.RMORICS are
the most useful Books ever Published.Nk Now Ready.—
Price 6d. each. Post Free'for sevenßtamps.
The Swimmer's Hand Guide, with many. Bngravings.
How to improve the Personal Appearance, withlteceipts and
Remedies for Beautifying the Hairy the Skin. and the
Teeth.
The Language of Flowers.
The Poetry of Flowers.
The Ball-room Instructor : a complete Guide to Dancing.
The Letter-writer's Assistant : containing upwards of eighty
Specimens on Business, Friendship, -.Love, Courtship, and
Matrimony.
The Boys' Own Book of Games, for Optdoor Amusements,
Illustrated.
The Boys' Own Book of Games, for Indoos Amusements, com-
prising Tricks of Magic, Chymical :Experiments, Cards,
&c.

The Complete Angler, with many Engraxings.
A Handy Guide to the Games and Laws relating to Chess,
Draughts, and Backgammon.
A Handy Guide on the Laws relating to,LanOlord and Tenant.
The Guide to Health and Happiness. BfDr: Anson.

Also the folloVring, Post Free, for T'hir4eetl► Stamps each.
TRUE POLITENESS for Ladies and Gentibmen, with Hints
on Bashfulness and Modest Assurance,• Etiquette, Dress,
the Art of Pleasing, &c.
THE BIRDKEEPER'S GUIDE, with numerous Illustrations.
THE PIGEON AND POULTRY KEEPER'S GUIDE, con-
taining 24 Engravfngs, and a Valuable Discovery to make
.....Hens-lay during Winter. • -

These Woiks are 'exceedingly popular.,
,and have a great sale.
To be had only of the Publishers. London : Goff and Co.,
City-road. The Trade supplied at the wholesale Department,
14, Little Queen-street, Holborn.

LONDON : its Splendour, its gainitude !
Just Published. Price Is. Post Pratfor 13 Stamps.
A. NEW AND PRACTICAL GUIDE•;for ythe Resident and
Stranger to the World's Metropolis;' Mighty, London ! and
its Environs, by Railway, Steamboat, -or pmnibus, contain-
ing a complete List of the Free Sights and Exhibitions, and
descriptive of everything really worth notice, the whole of
the information brought down to the date of = Publication ;
with notices of Distinguished Men. and Women connected
with its History.

Loridon : GOFF and Co., city-road

BARNUM ON MONEYMAKING

Just Published. Post Free forlfrhirtd6xr. Stamps

The Autobiography of P. T. Barnum, •the Yankee Showman,
written by himself ; in which .he narrates his early
History as Clerk, Merchant, and ,Editor,- and his latest
career as a Showman—Embracingjhe authentic History
of " Joyce Heath," the " Fejee Mermaid," the " Woolly
Horse," the " Herd of Buffaloe," and • other Showman
incidents generally denounced as " Humbugs ;" his con-
nection with Gen. Tom Thumb, anettlie Triumphal Musical
Campaign of Jenny Lind. With his Rules for Business
and making a Fortune. - _ .
London : Gorr and Co., City-road. • n2G

"KNOWLEDGE IS POWER.".

SOCIAL SCIENCE FOR

TETE PEOPLE

THE attention of all classes interested in Education,
or desirous of Self-improvement, is called to
GOFF'S SERIES OF EDUCATIONAL BOOKS,

Elementary and Advanced, intended for schools and Self-in-
struction, Edked and Revised by some of the most learned
scholars of the present day.
At the present time an • intense desire is expressed to diffuse
education universally, as the most certain and noble means of
producing a peaceful, moral, and happy community.
It is therefore the purpose of this undertaking to present,
at a small sum, the first outlines of the most useful branches
of education. A seed thus scattered may fall on a congenial
soil, and result in a fertility gratifying to its possessor, and
konourable to our country.

Now Ready, Pries Bd. each, sent Post Free,
BOOKKEEPING, or the Tradesman's True Friend, with ex-
planations of subsidiary bo ,ks, being a useful system for the
wholesale and retail shopkeeper.--Complete, Price Bd. _ _
PHRENOLOGY, copiously explained and exemplified ; or
how to become a Phrenologist, illustiated with eight engravings.
The best work published on the subject at any price.--Com-
t ma
plete, Price Bd.
c.,
SHORTHAND MADE EASY; or the Student's Guide to
Pressoccupatign, by which the nature of taking down Sermons,
Btwithouthp
eeeTrials,ccohin m
ee
sS t.p:_enec
occa
iehmmde spe
ofeB rttaec
maoster,
asdB
learning,r"
THE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR.--Commercial, Scienti-
fic , Arithmetical, Miscellaneous, and Artificers', for the use of
Schools, Countins-houses, and Workshops. Containingrables
for reducing Old Measures to Imperial Standard, and the
Imperial Standard- to the Old Measures. Calculations in
Bricklaying, Carpentery, Lathing, Masonry, Paper-hanging,
Paving, Planting, Plastering, Slating, Tiling, weu Sinking,
Digging, &c., &c. Fractions and Decimals. Forms of Re-
ceipts and Bills, for the man of business. Statistics. Curious
and scientific caloulations on Man, Steam, Railways, Power,
Light; Wind, &c. Language and Alphabets. Calendar of the
Church. Scripture Money, to assist those reading or teaching
the Holy Bible, Principal 'Foreign Moneys and Measures for
the Traveller or Merchant. Geographical aid Astronomical
Tables. The Compass. Miscellaneous Tables, &0., &c. Com-
plete,' Price Bd.

c.- `TIiE TUTOR'S ASSISTANT, being a compendium of Arith-
metic sand a complete Question Book; containing Arithmetic
in whol4 numbers. Mental Arithmetic, including numerous
Exercises, Vulgar Fractions, Dechnids, Duodecimals or Multi-
plication.' A collection of Questions set down promiscuously,
for the greater trial of the foregoing Rules.—ln 2 partS,
Price Bd. each.
) GOFF'S MURRAY'S GRAMMAR simplified, or how to
Wholesale or Mechanic's
Speak and Write correctly.—Complete, Price Bd.
These Works will be found useful in the Merchant's Count-
Sttmuslenoht o
of
useful knowledge appears neglected. many five shilling works
on these subjects do not contain as much information as these
ooirknwthheol
taWilorDksohoalopr,,
invaluable little books. Others in preparation.
tforthneo
Send eight postage stamps, or Sd. (preferred), to the Pub-
lishers, wh- - 11 rirward either of the above works post tree;
Traveller,ing-hou
or the Six .or -i2 stamps, saving Gd.
LONDON : GOFF & CO., CITY-ROAD.
The Trade spplied in London, at the Wholesale Department,
• 14, Little Queen- treet, Holborn.

JACK ObF
to
Marine

Just published, price One Shilling,
HE ORIGIN OF THE UNION
T
GREAT BRITAIN. The proceeds of the sal
applied to the objects of the Liverpool Mercantile
Association. Benson and Mallett, 10, Castle-street.

--*
- -
IMPORTANT ADVERTISING MEDIUM.
THE WOLVERHAMPTON jouitgAri and
MINING DISTRICT ABVERTISER; with which is
corporatecl2:- WoLVEttuAlu rTON and STAFFORDSHIRE HERALD,
ittni BIRMINGHAM, SHROPSHIRE, and MIDLAND COUNTIES
ADVERTISER. This incorporated newspaper is now firmly
established as a first-class advertising medium, and circulates
extensively through the wealthy and densely populated dis-
trict of South Staffordshire, (the great iron and mining dis-
trict), and the bordering counties of Worcestershire, Warwick-
shire, and Shropshire. It has also an extensive circulation in
the Metropolis, as well as in distant counties, and considerable
influence in Scotland and the North of England.
Published every Saturday, price 4d. ; unstamped 3d.

THE MORNING CHRONICLE having, at the close
of last year, passed into the hands of a new Proprietary,
is now conducted under an entirely new management.

During-nearly a Century THE MORNING CHRONICLE
has been the steadfast advocate of Liberal principles and
enlightened views ; always ready to support the Statesman
whose measures were calculated to promote the general inter-
ests—never the tool of Party.

Faithful t•.;1!,! .plci creed, considering judicious amelioration
to be the best Conservatism, THE MORNTNG CHRONICLE
earnestly supports onr venerable Constitution in its essential
principles—principles none the less important in their I:lrani...l
efficacy because brought into harmonious concurrence with Gad
genius and tendencies of Ole age.

Every department of this Journal has been remodelled. Its
Political Information is derived from unquestionable sources ;
and whilst it keeps its readers conversant with all important
,curreaces, political and social, both at home and abroad—the
ighter, but not unimportant, claims of Literature and Art are
equally represented in its columns.
The constant aim of the present Conductors of THE MORN-
ING CHRONICLE is to Make it an organ of influence amongst
Statesmen and public men of all denominations; and whilst
presenting a faithful reflex of the events and feelings of the
day, not to lose sight of the permanent interests and prospoe-
tive destinies of society. mwt.

occurrences, pol

TIM ONLY FULL-SIZED EVENING PAPER.
THE EVENING HERALD
Is enlarged to Eight full-sized Pages, and is an ample Record
of the Current Day's News.

The increasing importance of public events, and the rapidity
with which they transpire, demand a corresponding spirit of
enterprise in recording them. Home and foreign news has now
become so expensive that it has been found impossible to meet
the reasonable requirements of newspaper readers by offering
them in a journal of four pages only. The EVENING HERALD
is consequently doubled, and now contains the fullest Parlia-
mentary and otker.Reports, with the proceedings in the Law,
Bankruptcy, Insolvency, Sheriff's, Registration, County, and
Police Courts, -, correspondents at Paris, Turin, Genoa, and
Malta forward full'and reliable intelligence, and Reporters and
Correspondents at libm'e supply the Home News, Political,
Commercial, and Social, down to :the moment of going to
press.

- The EVENING HERALD may be had of any News Agent ;
and to Subscribers'paying in advance it is supplied (stamped)
direct from the Pablishing qffice by the Five o'clock Trains to
all parts of the Tinited Kinqorn on the following terms:—

Stamped

Quarteily. Half-yearly
£1:12 6 £3 5 0

Yearly.
£6 10 0

-- -
The unstamped editioia may be had at the Office, or of any
Newsyendor, at the following

Unsta!nped

Qtiarlerly.
1 . 6 0

Half-yearly
£2 ,12 0

Yeaily.
£5 4 0

The price of a single copy of the EVENING HERALD is.
Unstamped, 4d. ; Stamped, sd. -
All -moneys to be paid or rendtted to the address of ABEL
NADIN, Office of the. Eveniiio.o Morning Heralds, 103, Shoe-
lane, Fleet-street; London. Advertisements should reach the
office by Two p.m.

New Work.
BY W:.WALLACE FYF/

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
PRACTICE.

~/.- PRICE lIALP-A-CROWN.
With Rotatory Market and Feeding Tables

Value of Profic

T Ii E only place where Gentlemen can DINE
comfortably during this het weather is the

ALBANY

DINING ROOMS

The pleasant coolness and the sweetness of the atmosphere in
these Rooms will.: add much to the enjoyment of a Dinner,
unexceptionable both for preparation and service.

R AH AM'S

LONDON.,TEMPERA.NCE HOTEL,

29, MAXWELL-STREET, GLASGOW

For cleanliness and despatch not to be surpassed. First
house opened in the Kingdom worthy the name of a Temper-
ance Hotel. Charges moderate.

PURE

DEVONSHIRE

CIDER

ROUGH CIDER on SALE at
" THE LONDON," CLAYTON-SQUARE,
In Casks and Quart and Pint Bottles.

THE " ARIJNI;L," Private Hotel, 13 & 14,
Arundel-street, Strand. Gentlemen or Families visiting
London wilt find first-class accommodation, combined witk
comfort and economy. Bed and Breakfast, with Ilse of
elegant Sitting-rooms, 3s. No extras. Full Board, ss. per
nay.

ANDERSON'S (LATE) SAINSBURY'S
; SODA WATER MANUFACTORY,

REFRESHMENT ROOM,

22, EXCHANGE-STREET EAST.
SAINSBURY'S SUMMER BEVERAGES

IMPROVED SRIDLITZ POWDERS

SUPERIOR SCENTED LAVENDER WATER

MACKENZIE kND MIDDLEMASS'

CELEBRATED EDINBURGH BISCUITS

THE NOTED OLIVER BISCUITS

BARCLAY'S STOUT AND ALLSOP'S ALES

RADLEY'S.BIILL'S HEAD HOTEL
& N D

DINING-ROOMS,

6, MOOR-STREET.

The BILL of FARE, each day, will be found atonic sad of

superioi
BREAKFASTS, LUNCHEONS, TEAS, &c.

WINES, SPIRITS, AND_ MALT LIQUORS,

OF FIRST-CLASS QUALITY ONLY.
N.B.—No Fees to Walters.
ROBERT FRASER, PUOPRIBTOR.

FINCHAN'S. MASONIC HOTEL,
56, REGENT-ROAD, LIVERPOOL,

Week, or Meal, (OVERLOOKING ?HE NORTH END DOORS,)
for
Australia, New. York, Canada, Portland, &c.
PvEasmen-s(ige, rREBIts:,NTIOSte4mAD, eLrglNl'eaElt"pc,ofr°Bl:.
TravellerK and Visitors staying in Liverpool will find this
rDINNER DAILY at ON'S *TIMOR ; 0140 PS and RTBans
emmodatiothooear. and zosltatoony
andvezu ona4llbedossfroommst.n, esptoacwe:u;s superior
Wherer 01011
hour. any
tha
Parties Boarded either by the Day,
most reasonable terms.

NEW BRUNSWICK
ROTEL,
la, CLATTON-SQUARE, LIVERPOOL.
E. M. WH.ITEM.AN offers her beet thanks to the Public for
the liberal patronage she has already been favoured with, and
will use her best exertions to deserve an extension of the
support which was bestowed to her late husband.
Families and Gentlemen will find here every domestic com-
fort. with attention and m2derate charges.
The hotel is situated in one of the most central and open
attentions in tie town, being within five minutes' walk of the
Railway Stations, Pierhead, St. George's Hall Theatres, and
other Isiaces of Amusement. ,

ON SALE,
„ 4 The Ship NABOB,
,W"4.A. length 144 feet 3-10ths, breadth 30 feet 5-10ths,
ifiL,,,k,;a4.l depth 20 feet 6-10ths ; built in the United States
• in 1845 ; has just come out of the graving dock,
where she has been tnoroughly overhauled, boottopped, and
newly sheathed with yellow inetal, and is now classed A 1 in red
for five years ; had a new mainmast put in ; she is a large
carrier, and is well suited for the Australian or other trades.
Lying in Salthouse Dock.—For further particulars, inventories,
Sze., apply to
M. S. 'WILSON, 6, York-buildings, Liverpool. tths

CURRY, BELLOCK, and CO.,
BROKERS FOR THE SALE AND PURCHASE
OF SHIPS AND STEAMERS, SHIP VALUERS,
:*.„ AND APPOINTED BROKERS To TAB HIGH
• COURT OF ADMIRALTY, Walmer-buildings,
Water-street.

MONETARY AND COMMERCIAL

TUESDAY EVENING

In the Cotton Market to-day there was a dull

feeling, and prices tend downwards

The sale:

were about 4,000 bales, including 1,000 on spec u

lation and for export

The Liverpool Share Market has been very
quiet all day, but prices show considerable firm-

The market for the Public Funds and Securities
was very steady all day, and at one time showed
a tendency to advance. At the close, Consols
were quoted at 95 to 95a for both money and
the account. The New Threes were done at 96
to 96A.

The actual business done in the London Rail-
way Share Market to-day was but small, and
prices, although pretty steady, somewhat tended
downwards. Lancashire and Yorkshire were
quoted at 96 to 961; London and North-Western,
951 to 951 ; Midland, 1052 to 1061; and Dovers,

753 to 76

There was a thin attendance at our Corn Ex-

change to-day, and less disposition was shown to

do business

Wheat could only be sold at a re-

duction of ld. to 2d. per cental, and flour was 6d.
P" sack lower. Other articles of the trade were
also thin, and rather easier in price.
The Liverpool Produce markets remain very

dull• In Sugar very little is passing, and prices
are barely maintained. For Rice there is a pretty

good inquiry, but prices remain low
tides neglected.

Other ar-

The Manchester market continues depressed,
but little change is observable since Tuesday ; if
any, it favours buyers.

The half-yearly meeting of the Newry,
Warren-
point, and Rostrevor Railway Company will be
held at the Clarendon-rooms, on Wednesday, the

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS
From the 16th to the 22nd August, inclu •
u; de I
JO (...)
4 a Q 2
INTO pl 0 (14 0
LIVERPOOL, - -
FROM Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Sks Sacks. Brls.
Ireland 7O 25 2580 14 ... 1977 807 .„
Coastwise
Canada &
otherßri. 500 1340 • • •
Col.out of ' ' " •
Europe... 500
Europe,&c. 1440 . • 680 280 4180
Egypt
INTO
Runcorn '1 • • . • • • •
Total l5lO 38 3620 2293 780 5898 1977 857 500
- - -
EXPORTS TO
For. Parts . 7 75$ ... . • 350 . 810
Ireland l7BO „, .. 830 10 910. 280
Coastwise

LIVERPOOL PRODUCE MARKET.—AUGUST 23.
The market remains quiet, the business
being confined to 1,650 bags Cossipore of 48s. per, cwt.
MOLASSES, Rum, OR COFFEE.—Nothing has taken

SUGAT

RICE.--1-There is still some enquiry; 5,600 bags old
Rangoon are reported at 7s. 3d., 2,800 bags old Necransie
at 7s. 6d., and 200 tierces Carolina at 21s. 3d. to
225. 6d. per cwt.
JUTE chiefly at

1,870 bales have found buyers
£l4 ss. to £l7, being about previous rates.
HEMP.-115 bales Bombay at £lBlos. to £l9. lOs per

CASSIA LIGNEA.-20 Nixes at 84s. per cwt. for pile
No. 2.

1,500 bags Bombay Linseed at 50s. ; 150
bags brown Rape at 415., a!d 580 bags fair Guzerat at
48s. Per quarter.

SAGO FLOUR.-50 bags at 15s. 6d.
PEARL SAGO. —6O boxes, large, 17s. ; medium, 17s. 6d
and small, 18s. 6d.
No sales in Dyewoods.

DRYSALTERIES.—One ton of Sicilian Argols at 70s. ;
small sales of Trebizonde Bees' Wax at £9 ss. ; nothing
reported in Brimstone ; Ashes dull, pots 275. ; ten tons
Nitrate of Soda at 14s. 6d. for four to seven per cent.
OILS, &c.—Palm flat, and unchanged ; P.Y.C.
Tallow, 565. to 565. 6d. ; 20 tons fine Lard at 565. ;
small sales of Sicilian Olive Oil at V 9 ; 150 barrels
(better than common) Rosin at 3s. 10d. to 3s. 11d. ;
small sees of Spirits of Turpentine at 345. During the
last two or three days about 580 tons Valonea sold at
£l3 10s. to £l5 per ton,

PIG IRON.—No business done. Sellers at 525. 9d
cash, and buyers at 525. 6d.

LIVERPOOL METAL MARTIT"'
IRON remains .—A
.firm--0- rIMUST 23.
well supuliPa - _ .or manufactured, makers being
with orders. Scotch. Fig.—A good steady
..,..siness-doing at 435. 3d.
BLOCK TIN declined £2 on Monday.
TIN PLATES less in demand.

COPPER.—As our reports of last week would antici-
pate, the market is less firm, and late quotations could
not now be realised. -

MANCHESTER TRADE REPORT.—Auctusr 23.
Rather more firmness than Tuesday last, but there is
a want of animation.

NEWCASTLE CATTLE MARKET.-AUGUST 23,

The supply of Beef comprised 720 head. A slight
improvement took place in the Beef trade, at full rates.
The number of Sheep and Lambs amounted to 8,370.
The Mutton trade was steady, at full rates. Lambs
were in active request, and all sold at extreme rates.
Of Pigs 253 were in market, with a good inquiry.
Beef, ss. 9d. to 7s. 9d. per cwt.; Sheep, 54d. to 614.
per lb. ; Lambs, 6d. to 7d. per lb.

HULL CORN MARKET.—AuGusT 23

Thin attendance of farmers, who are busy in the
lands ; and the little old wheat offering sells at last
Tuesday's prices ; new makes 445. to 465. per 63 lbs.
Little doing in foreign, and value iivalterrd. Barley,
oats, and beans in retail demand, at late rates.