Northern Times.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1860-01-31 00:00:00

BYE-LAWS FOR SECURING STABILITY OF BUILDINGS

1. The walls of every new building, and of every
building hereafter rebuilt, shall rest upon solid ground,
or upon sufficient concrete or other sufficient sub-
structure.

The person required by section 84 of "The Act 9th
and 10th of Victoria, chapter 127, The Liverpool
Sanitary Aet, 1846," to deliver a plan of any new
building, or of any building to be re-built, shall, in
additition to the particulars thereby required, show
thereon the foundation on which the walls of every new
building, or building to be re-erected, are proposed to
rest. Upon default being made, in respect of any of
the provisions of this bye-law, it shall be lawful for the
Council to take the same proceedings, and the party
making such default shall' be liable to the same penalties
in respect thereof, as are prescribed in and by the said
section 84, and in and by the 17th section of "The
Liverpool Sanitary Amendment Act, 1854," in reference
to persons'offending against the provisions contained in
the said first-named section, in like manner and as fully
and effectually as if the provisions of this bye-law had
been originally inserted in the said sections.
tli fopunroedeaetdioinngsshtaoli bbee heaodminin
erne: pe
de c twoi
tfhsinne
ten
nnsduaffiy-s
caifetAnerthe default is committed, provided that forty-eight
hours' notice, in writing, shall have been given to the
building surveyor, before commencing such foundation,
of the intention to begin the same.
2. None of the external walls of any building erected
or rebuilt after these bye-laws conic into operation,
shall be supported with iron or other metallic columns,
storey posts or pillars, unless the same shall be of suffi-
cient
strength for the safe support of such building, or
unless sufficient solid stone or brick pillars or piers shall
be erected therewith, to secure such safe support of such
building ; and where iron or metallic columns, storey
posts, or pillars are used, the _same shall, whenever
necessary, be properly secured Chrough'the building by
tie-rods, or otherwise._ _

The owner, master-builder, work/man, or ()pier person
by whom, or by whose order, any external wall shall be
supported with iron or other metallic columns, storey
posts, or pillars, otherwise than in accordance with the
above provisions relative thereto, shall, for every such
offence, forfeit and pay a sum not exceeding five pounds;
and if any
.such person shall be convicted, on oath,
before any justice of the peace, acting in and for the
said borough, of any violation of this bYe-law, then such
owner or other person by whom or by whose order the
default was committeed shall, in the same manner as is
specified in section 41 of the sth Victoria, cap. 44,
intituled " An act for the promotion of the health of the
inhabitants of the borough of. Liverpool, and the better
regulation of buildings in the said borough," enter into
recognisance to amend the building, so as to make the
same conformable to this bye-law, and to pay the
expenses of laying any information and obtaining con-
viction thereon ; and all such further proceedings shall
be had thereon as in the said last-named act are specified,
in reference to the recognisance therein mentioned, and
to default in performance thereof, in the same manner
as if this bye-law had been originally inserted therein.

SPACE ABOUT BUILDINGS FOR AIR, AND AS TO

VENTILATION.

3. Every building, to be erected and used as a dwell-
ing-house, shall have in the rear, or at the side thereof,
an open space exclusively belonging thereto, to the
extent at least of eighty-four square feet, in the case of
any such building of an ordinary character, and of one
hundred and seventeen square feet in the case of any
such building having or being intended to have a cellar
to be let for separate occupation, or of any building
erected in double tiers, such spaces respectively to be
free from any erection thereon above the level of the
ground, other than for a water-closet. And all such
spaces shall be exclusive of any passage or street
between different properties ; but, nevertheless, 'when-
ever thorough ventilation of such building is secured, or
whenever these dimensions cannot be adhered to without
considerable sacrifice of property, such dimensions may
be modified, in special cases, at the discretion of the
Town Council of the said borough ; and whenever any
open space has been left belonging to any building,
under this bye-law, such space shall not afterwards be
built upon without the approval of the said Council.
Provided always that this bye-law, shall not apply
.to
any building already erected, or premises attached thereto
at the time of the passing of these bye-laws by the said
Council.

Every. habitable room hereafter built without a fire-
place shall be provided with proper and sufficient
special means of ventilation.

PROHIBITION OF HOUSES UNFIT FOR ILABITATION

RHINO OCCUPIED.

4. No new house, or house hereafter to be rebuilt,
shall' be occupied until the same is in every respect fit
for human habitation.

In any case where it is certified to the said Health
Committee, by the medical officer of health, that any
building, or part of a building, is unfit for human habi-
tation, the said Health Committee may, by their order,
affixed conspicuously on the building, or part of the
building, and served upon the owner, or person receiving
the rent thereof, declare that the same is not fit for hu-
man habitation ; and that it shall not, after a date thete-
in to be specified, be inhabited ; and any person who,
after the dete or time mentioned in such order, lets or
occupies, or continues to let or occupy, or knowingly
suffers to-be occupied, such building or part of a build-
ing, shall be liable for every such offence to a penalty
not exceeding twenty shillings for every day during
which the same is so let or occupied; provided always,
that if at any time after such order has been made, the
said Health Committee shall be satisfied, on, the certi-
ficate of the medical officer of health, that such house
has become or been rendered fit for human habitation,
they may revoke the said, order, and the same shall
thenceforward cease to operate.

PENALTY.
In any case where no pecuniary penalty or forfeiture
is by the above bye-laws provided, for any breach or
non-obseriance thereof, the party offending or guilty of
neglect shall forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding fifty
shillings for each and every such act or omission, and
any sum not exceeding forty. shillings for every day
during which such act or omission shall continue; and all
penalties incurred under these bye-laws shall be recover-
able by information and' summons before any justice ,
of the peace acting in and for the said borough, and be
enforced by warrant, in the same manner as penalties
arc recoverable under sections 208, 209, 210, 211, 212,
and 213, of the said Liverpool Sanitary Act, 1846, as fully
and effectually as if these-bye-laws had originally formed
part of the said act.

It is a well-knowa maxim that "time is money "—the terms
are relative ; so to save one is to save the other. We save
both time, and economise patience, and present good tempers,
when we have a good PEN—a bad one upsets patience and
temper. Preserve all, then, by purchasing your steel pens and
other stationery at E. T. Hall'swholesale steel pen warehouse,.
23, South John-street. JohnVillott's, Thomas Lowe's, G. IN .
and other maker's, on sale at Is. per note. Good
Pen Holders, 2d. per dozen. •

EXTRAORDINARY CHARGE OF STABBING AGAINST A
FARMER'S • WIFE.—Mrs. Dowding, the wife of a
respectable farmer residing at Cradley Farm; Hereford-
shire has been committed for trial, on a charge of
stabbing Mr. Thomas Orgee, a large farmer residing in
the adjoining parish of Evesbatch. It appears that the
families of each were on the most friendly terms, and
that on Friday, Mr. Orgee, who had been making merry
with some friends, wentto Cradley Farm, and, in accord-
ance with a custom of the country, called for some
cider. Mrs. Dowding was superintending the dressing
of poultry for Worcester market? on the following
day. In this oerntion, of course, knives are used for
diskidging the short feathers, and in trussing the birds.
Mr. Orgee, not content with his cider, said he would
kiss Mrs. Dowding, and attempted to do so,_ though she
warned him off. He persisted, and sbe pushed at him
with the hand in which the knife was held. The knife
entered the nipple on the left side to some depth. For
the prosecution it was attempted to be shown that this
was a malicious thrust, while the servants of the accused
assert that their mistress in pushing her hand straight
out to ward off Mr. Orgee's improper liberties, stabbed
him unintentionally.—Mrs. Dowding was admitted
to bail.

THE FRENCH 'COTTON TRADE.

The Siècle contains an article giving an historical
sketch of the cotton trade in France, from its importa-
tion by the Brothers Bowers, of Ghent, in 1800. At
present cotton spinning extends over the departments of
the Ain, the Aisne, Allier, *Allege, Aube, Aveyron,
Basses Alpes, Beaches du Rhone, Caluados, Correa,
Cote d'Or, Doubs, Drome, Eure, Gironde, Haute,
Vienne, Isere, Loire, Loire Inferieure, Loiret, Loir
et Cher, Lozere, blanche, Maine et Loire, Marne,
Mayenne, Meurthe, Meuse, Nord, Oise, Orne, Pas
de Calais, Puy de Dome, Basses Pyrenees, Pyrenees
Orientales, Rhone, Bas Rhin, Haut-Rhin, Haute-Saone,
Sarthe, aone et Loire, Seine, Seine et Oise, Seine
Inferieure, Somme, Tarn, Tarn et Garonne, Var, Vau-
cluse, Vosges, Vendee. Cotton cloths are manufac-
tured in the same departments, and in small quantities
in the departments of the Gers, Lot et Garonne,
Indre et Loire, Morbihan, Cher. There were 2,606
cotton manufactories at work in France in the year
1850. The spinning mills employed 63,064 workmen,
the cotton cloth manufactories 188,567 workmen,
and the manufactories of inferior articles 23,299.
The spinning, mills contained 16,301 frames, mules, and
throstles, and the manufactories 113,378 power-looms.
The productions of those establishments amounted in
value to only 334,000,000 f., which would give only 10f.
worth to each inhabitant, or scarcely four shirts or six
pair of stockings or one sheet, which is too little for
a civilised country, particularly when we take it into
consideration that a large quantity of the cotton
manufactured in France is exported. The cotton
imported annually into France from America, Asia, and
second-hand from England, is estimated at 72,000,000
kilogrammes, value about 108,000,000 f. This sum is
increased by the import duty, which in 1851 amounted
to 12,320,00 f. or about an eighth of its real value.
With such fiscal regulations it was inipossible for
French manufactures to compete with English. Cotton
wool prepared for spinning, coming direct from French
colonies enters free of duty. Turkish cotton imported
in French vessels pays 151. the 100 kilogrammes, and
in foreign vessels 251: Indian cotton is taxed sf. or 25f.
as the case may be. The cotton of other countries
beyond Europe, 20f. and 25f. When cotton is at all
worked, it is subject to an enormous duty. Thus
cotton in carded and gummed leaves wadding pays a
duty of 100 f, and 107 f. the 100 kilogrammes, according
as the ships by which they are imported are French
or foreign. Cotton yarn of No. 143, pays 7f. and 7f.
50c. the kilogramme ; cotton twist, Bf. 80c. All others,
without distinction of quality or number, are prohibited.
The cotton yarn that is prohibited is all that is comprised
between Nos. 10 and 143—that is all that is manufactured
in France. The consequence of the withdrawal of the
prohibition will be that yarn used in the manufacture of
coarse middling cloths, that is, those most used by the
mass of the
.population, will be admitted. Cotton lace is
prohibited in France except that manufactured by the
hand, which pays 5 per cent. on the value. At present
France does not export one third of the quantity of
cotton-lace exported by England. When the duty is
taken off the raw material and reasonable duties are
imposed on cotton yarn, it is expected that France, after
a certain time, will be able to compete with her rival.
All nations, except the English, are inferior to the
French in this branch of manufacture, in which the
talent of her weavers, dyers, and printers would, per-
haps, have secured her the first place if she could have
Ipirkoecwuirseed
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eiprriieael
of
a lower price. S
ft
transport, revise
isetho homg
dues and the various restrictions on her maritime
commerce.