The Express.
London, England, 1863-10-10 00:00:00

,

W. 5,357.]

CA]UTTA, calltng at the Cape of Good Hope
sad Madras.—APE.tll COSTIMNICATION between LON-
DON and INDIA by the magnificent Fleet of Steamers belonging
to the East India and London Shipping Col:newly ',Limited,.
The well-known dipper auxiliary steamship GOLDEN FLEECE,
2.7 d, tons, SSG-hone power, G. E. BIRD. Commander, now
'ennui in the Viosorie ,Looden) Docks, will leave on the Mb
ietoler, emnarking wormier* at and leaving Gravesend on
the 20th October, for Chliutta, cello: at the Cape of Good
Hope and Mattes. This magnificent ship, built expressly for
the India trade, has been thoroughly refitted, ham Sent-rate
sccorozoodatlen for passenger*, mid adi carry an experienced
swoon ; also a meanies'. The average passage of these
'learners bas been 70 days to Madras, some of them making the
shortest passages on enmesh The line will be continued ou the
20th of each succeeuum month, with the strictest punctuality,
by one of this Company's fleet of auxiliary screw steam ships.
For freight or passage apply to Grindley and Co., SS, Parlia-
ment-street, 0. W. the brokers, Alfred hrett and Co., 110,
Leadanhal-street, EC'.: ur at the Oboes of the Company,
Illnalmi-bana, London, LC.; where also apellinitioas foe op-
pohollaisals as midshipmen in thls service &Mild be made.
RICHARD DREW, Secretary.

BLACK BALL PASSENGER LINE of
CLIMB PACKETS for AUSTRALIA Iron London direct.
Part. Ship.—tonnage 7l—Doeki : TOM&
I
:.ydney
`)due)
Melbourne
Melbourne
Queensland
adueenaland
Adelaide Utopia. . .. . 1.600 lIL halm Oet. 17

This celebrated We of packets hare be their pasetsiality mid
raptd paste., world-Wows repatatko. sod their pea-
umm l,
.6.laareeleads aim/ to
TA 31111110114. Mnii="a. AgeobeNor the-
Bali . sod T. M. KAM& -
Co.. 1, Leadenhalletreet,
Leadaa. T.T.

1P OR SYDNEY Direct—BLACKWALL LINE
of PACKETS.—yang GRIMPB Ship ORWELL, I,IN
toas, Calash' N. QM N. will leave the lase tuna Docks on the
Ioth November, can at Plymaath, sad awry as erperleseed mar-
geca.—Apply to Messrs. PIULLIPYS, SHAM, sad I.oa Tann.
Nbest Zerbeara-blindllasts . or to r. GRIM and Co. n,
Casaba LC. Peessames by this lbw am mowed by ran tram
P=l to Plymouth at minced tares by applying to if.
Ga and Co. tor tickets.

BLACKWALL LINE of PACK—For
NILHOUP.NE (Port MIMI Disest—Noesay. OWN'S
ship ANGLESEY, 1.160 toes, Captain A. JONIR, will leave the
Nag Nadia Dacha an the NA November, mil at Plymouth. and
carry tut upertemod surgeon.—Apply to PHILLIPPR, MAW,
and LOWTBEI, loyal Exchange-buildings :orto F. GREEN
and Co., 72. Oarshin. LC. Passengers by this Has aux mooned
by esli trout Paddington to Plymouth at reduced faros by apply-
ing to F. ORIZN and Co. for ticket..

BLACK WALL LINZ of PACKETS. For
HEILDOURNI ((Poet Phillip) Wed—Messrs. 011.112 CS ship
ZOXECEOH CASTLZ. 1.100 t rm. Captain C. DINSDALE, will
ears the art India Dockson the Mb December, call M Pgrmosth
and carry an enterlencedizeon —Apply to PHILLIPP 4,
SHAW, and LOWTIEL t Exchange buildings ; or to P.
GREEN and (b.. 7S, Coral/Hi, .C. Pataragers by this lir eon
a p
roceedg by rail
CHfrom Padd
and ingto to
ticko PI) mouth at reduced isms by
to P. ININ Co.ets.

110MBAY direct
ppership (ta follow the Edwin
yea Fax), the
sPlemdad di 01:11311.17DL A 112 rs, NO tons
register. 271011 AS BPID6ING, Commander: loading in the
East India Docks. line splendid accommodation for cabin pie.
=2—ler freight or passage apply to OELLATLY, HAMM,
27144 27, LesdennalYstree2. HC.

140148AY Direct (under engagement to H. M.
Comsed for India, with Immediate despatch), the splendid
teak-boa ship LDWIN FOX, A 1 12 years, 575 tons resister,
1.1. MACL&AN, Commander; loading In the Fast India Docks.
Has good accornmodarkst for cabin passengers.—For freight or
to GELLATLY, HANK SY, and SEWELL, 27,
=raiskrli.trews, EC.

MIL LITIMPOOL Bs QUIENOTOWIr TO NOW TOOK
TRILIVIRPOOL, WSW YORK, and
PRILADELPRIA ETTLY-81LIP COMPANY intend dee
plias their toll- wed 04debe011 Bcrew Sleara-Shlpe
wewries Sher
_...

SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSOCIAIION.

EDINBURGH, Oat 9.
After the delivery of LoriCurriebill'e address
yesterday morntog the real bushiest of the emaciation was
proceeded with, in the various departments, by the reading
of papers and the discussion of them. The whole of the
sir departments were very well attended. Hi, Royal
Highness Prince Alfred, accompanied by Major Cowell, was
present, daring some portion of the day, in each of the
sections._

Is. the mirth deportment • paper by Miss Florence Nightin-
gale was read, the title being " How People may Live and
not Die in India." The preservation of health in lodia is •
quondam of eoesiderable interest. sod has a very Important
bearing upon the question of how the British race was to
retain poseemion of their wondrous Eastern Empire. The
paper of Mies Nightingale, which was read by Dr. Soorethy
Jackson, the secretary to the department, com-
menced by stating that the subject of it was
the of the most important social questioos of the day, vii.,
how the British race was to hold possession of India, and
to bestow upon ite vast population the benefit of her own
civilisation. The first fact of the question was for the pre-
sat the toast important ow, for were it impossible to keep
possession of India there was an end of the problem. The
royal commission on the sanitary state of the army in
Isdia —whose report constitutes • new social starting point
foe Imßue civilisstion—had shown that unless the health of
the British army in India could be improved, and the enor-
mous death-rats redsced, this country would Dewar be able
to hold India with a British army. As yet the offset of that
stsatitmeittram sot tally felt. Jar the Indian army was com-
paratively Dew ; bat unless stew were taken by the Indian
government to give effect to the recommeadatiocis of the
othunismioe it was unhappily certain that the mortality
would therms" with length of service. The average death-
rate of the troops sowing in ledin was no leis than 69 per
1,000 per annum—a fact which was proved both by the
statement of Sir Alatand,r Tullooh and subsequent in-
quiries. That death-rate, moreover, did not include those
who were invalided and who died on the voyage to
laid, or soon •that their return ; bat taking it simply se Ba
i c t
wee, and summing the strength of the British army at
73,000, it proved that snob an army would ass cm aa
avenge of years an entire brigade of 5,007 men per annum ;
sometimes it would be half that number, but in other years
it would lose two such brigades. And when wen they to
find 10,000 recruits to fill tip tbegap of deaths of a mingle
nahealthy year? It was said that the death•
rata ci the war year being the highest (tot from wounds),
peace, and not sanitary memares, was the realss%
As well might it be said that the British army had nearly
perished before Sebastopol, not from wounds, but from
want of every supply of oivilimed life, and peace, and sot
the supply of the wants of civilised life, was the remedy.
The royal commission had shown that if the death-rah'
were reduced to even 20 per 1,000 per annum (which is too
high)—that was double that of home stations since the,.
stations had improved—to India would be saved a tax equal
to 1,0001. sterling. And this represented the mere met of
replacing the men oat off by excess of premolar,
and preventible mortality. Reforriog next to the fess-
tioo how this great death-rate in India had &nese,
Miss Nightingale said—l am afraid the reply must be
that British civilisation is insular and local, and that it
takes small account of how the world goes on out of its
small island. There is • certain aptitude among
other nations which enables them to adapt them-
selves more or leis to foreign climates and countries. But
wherever you place your Briton you may feel quite satisfied
that be will care bathing about climates. If he has been a
largo eater and a hard drinker at home, ten to one le will
be, to may the least of it, as large an eater and as large •
drinker in the burning plains of Rindostan? Enlist an
Irish or • Scotch labourer, who has does many • hard
day's work almost entirely on farinscootis or vegetable
diet, with °maximal doses of whisky, at some Indian
station, where the thermometer rages at between 90 deg.
and 100 deg., and he will make no difficulty in disposing
of three or four time' the quantity of animal food he
ever ate under the hardest lahmr during winter
at home, if, indeed, he ever ate any at all. Now the
ordinary system of dieting British soldiers in Lida is
more aapted to a cold climate than that of oat-of.door
fermeertants doing work in Ragland. More than this,
the occasional dram at home is commuted by regulation is
India into a permission to drink two drams, i.e., six comes
of ruin spirit every day. Art be it remembered, that at the
same time, the men have little or nothing to do. The
craving for spirit induced by this regulation habit of tippling
leads to increase of drunks:inane ; so that, what with over-
eating, over-drinking, total idlences, and vice springing
directly from these, the British soldier in leas has small
chance indeed of caplet' with the climate, so-called. The
regulation alkommos of gam spirits, whieti• man may darn°
at the canteen, is DO lame thee 1S pikes per annum, which
is, I believe, three times the amount per individual, which
has raised Scotland, in the estimation of economists, to the
rank of being the most spirit consuming nation in Europe. Of
late years malt liquor has been partly substituted for spirits.
But np to the present time every man, if he thinks fit, may
draw his 184 gallons a-year of spirits besides what he gets
surreptitiously at the Bauer. So much for istemperanto ;
but mot to this, or to Its kindred vice alone, or to this mainly,
isto be laid the 'oldie's' mortality in India, as has been
falsely supposed. The diseases from which the soldier mainly
suffers there are miasmatic ; now, Intemperance never pro-
duced inisematie diseases yet. They are foul-air diseases and
foul-water dimmer, fevers, dyereteries, and so mi. Intempe-
rance may cause liver disease, and put the Nan into • state
of health which prevents him film resisting miasmatic
causes. What are theme canoes? We have not far to look.
The Briton leaves his national civilisation behind him and
brings his personal vices with him. At home then have been
great improvements everywhere is sgricultum and in town
drainage, and in providing plentiful and pure water supplies.
There in nothing of the kind in India. There a no drainage
either io town or country. There is not • mingle station
drained. If such • state of things existed at home, we
should know that we have fevers, cholera, and etre demito
expect. But hitherto no one basexpected anyt 'lig of the
kind from these same memo in India, although they are
always happening. As regards water, there is certainly not
• single barrack in India which is supplied, In our sense of
the tot m, at all. There are toothier water pipes nor drain
pipes. Water is to be had sabot from tanks into which all
the filth on the neighbouring suffice is washed by the mina,
or from shallow wells dug in newholesome or doubtful soil.
So simple • piece of mechanism as • pump is unknown.
Water is drawn in skins, carried in ski°s on the backs of
swine or bullocks. and poured into any sort of
vessel in the barracks for use. The quantity of
ester is utterly insufficient for health ; and as to
the quality, tholes' said shout that the better. There
is no reason to hope that any station in the country
has what may be called • pure water supply. Am' at
some it is to be feared that when men drink water, they
drink cholera with It. The construction of barracks
when men have to pass their whole period of genies is
another illustration of bow completely home civilisa-
tion is reversed in India. All our best soldiers have been
brought up in country cottages, and when in barracks
at home there are rarely more than from 12 to 20 men
in a mom; but as soon as the soldier goes to
India, he is put into • room with 100, or 300. and is
one case with as many as 600 also. Jost when the
principle of subdivision into a number of detached bar-
racks becomes literally of vital Importance the proceed-
ing is reversed, and the men are crowded together under
circumstances certain even in Enlland to destroy their
health. To take another illustration. Our home Bri-
tish population Is about the most active hi the world ;
in fact, we in this country consider exercise and health in-
separable. But as moos as the earns man go to India they
are shut up all day in their hot, dose barrack-moms, when
they also eat and sleep. They are not allowed to take ex.
erase ; all their meals are eaten in the hottest part of the
day, and served to them by native servants ; and they
Ile on their beds idle, and partly sleeping, till sunset.
IJorefreshing day sloth" it Judged, alleged as one of the
causes for the soldier's ill-health in lodis—the soldier, the
type of endurance and activity, who now becomes the type
of sloth. The iodise social state of the British soldier is not
only the reverse of the social state or the soldier at home,
and of the cams from which he is take., but there is • greet
exaggeration in the wrong direction, and people are sur-
prised that British soldiers die in India, and then they
lay the whole blame oh the climate. It is natural to us
to seek a scapegoat for every neglect, and climate has been
made to play this part ever since we set foot in India.
Miss Nightingale proceeded to refer to the malts of the
inquiry of the Royal Commissioe mellowing that thee* was
not a shadow of proof that India was created to be the
grave of the British race. The evidence, on the contrary,
was quite in the other direction, and showed that all that
the clunate required was that men should adapt their social
habits and customs to it—as. indeed, they must do to the
requitement& of every climate nuder helmets. This
necessity includes all the recommendations made by the
Royal Commission for improving the health and halving, or
ri quarteng the death-rate of the British army in India. They
all amount to this—You have in India such acl imate—if you
wish to keep your health in it, be moderate in eating and
drinkieg, eat very little animal food, let your diet he chietly
farinaceous sad vegetable. Spirits are a poise, to be used
only (like other poems) for any good purpose under medical
deice. Use beer or light wine, bid sparingly--drink coffee
or tea—elothe yourself lightly to suit the climate, wearing
thin damsel !always nut the skin ; take plenty of exercise,
and toe prudes*, and common sense as to the times of it.
Se for for permed habits. But • man mutat drain and
sewer his owe city, nor lay a water supply on to his own
station, ern band his ewe barracks. What follows per-
tains to government. Be particularly. careful to have •
plentifel supply of porn water laid on for *very
purpose—drain all direllinp—have no ors pits—attend
rigidly to cleansing, not only surface cleansieg—
never crowd large numbers into the same room—
build worst* hanseltreems instead of large barracks—
place these op that the air plays freely round them—raise
them above the ground, with a current of air beneath.
Never build In • wee hollow ear on • stodgy river hank,
which would he avoided even at home. lb them things,
sod the theists may be left to take ears of Resit But if '
we weal with loam about as healthy as Ragland, only

N EWS PAPER
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