The Press.
London, England, 1854-09-02 00:00:00

OPERATIONS IN THE BALTIC.

A despatch from Dantzic of yesterday's (Friday's)
date states that on Sunday, the 27th ult., General
Baraguay d'Hilliers and Vi. e-Admiral Napier went
up to Hango. In their sight the Russians blew up
the fortifications, and retreated to Abo, where there
are 15,000 troops. Abo will be attacked by the allies.
The Med in, Scott ; Gorgon, Cracruft ; Driver, Ho-
bart ; and Lightning, Sullivan, engaged eighteen
Russian gun-boats, carrying about fifty men each,
and four steamers at Abo, on the 18th of August,
without loss. Admual Martin, with a small squadron,
is gone up the Gulf of Bothnia.
The Moniteur publishes the official reports of
General Baraguay d'Hilliers, General Niel, and of
Vice-Admiral Parseval Deschenes, of the operations
of the capture of Boman,und. The account is more
detailed than that by Sir Charles Napier, but the
narratives already published have anticipated these
French despatches. General d'Hilliers does full
credit to the English troops. He says
" General Harry Jones, by contributing by his marines
and sappers to the attack on the towers of Homarsund, has
shown us once more what may be expected from the bravery
and discipline of English soldiers. The greatest cordiality
did not cease to prevail, not only between the officers of
the two fleets and those of the expeditionary corps, but also
between the soldiers and sailors."

The Cologne Gazette has the following from Stock-
holm, dated the 22nd:—" The French general has
handed over the civil government of the Aland Islands
to the Crown Provost, M. Lygnell." It is singular
that this event, if true, should not have reached us
earlier, and from other quarters.
The Emperor Napoleon reached Boulogne on
Thursday, and will stay for some days. On Tuesday
and Wednesday next grand military manauvres will
take place among the troops in the camp, at which
Prince Albert and the King of the Belgians are
expected to assist. The Emperor occupies the whole
of the Brighton Hotel at Capecum.
General Count Merlin, one of the last surviving
officers of the expedition to Egypt after the first
French Revolution, has expired at Montmorency,
near Paris, aged 70.

THE ELECTORS OF FORFARSHIRE have been for-
mally addressed by Viscount Duncan, as a candidate
to fill the vacancy in the representation caused by the
death (1 Colonel Maule. The noble lord declares
himself a Free-trader, Reformer, and financial econo-
mist, as well as a " general supporter of the Govern-
ment."

THREE CANDIDATES are expected to be in the field
for Wigan, namely, Mr. F. S. Powell, who was unsuc-
cessful in 1852 as a Conservative ; Mr. Acton, mayor

of the town ; and Mr. H. Wood, a manufacturer and
coal.propnetor. The two latter are Liberals. Mr.
Wood mar. ied only a few months ago the only child
of Mr. Hindley, M P.
A MEMORIAL, signed by 2R4 persons, including the
committee, teachers, and students in training at the
Home and Colonial Society in Gray's-inn lane, has
been presented to the Privy Council, praying that the
Educational Exhibition of the Society of Arta, at St.
Martin's-hall may be taken up by the Committee of
Council on Education, and maintained as a perms-
rent museum of education for the use of teachers
in elementary and normal schools and others en-
gaged ineeducation.
THE Aberdeen Journal intimates that the electri
telegraph to that city is expected to be in operation
about the end of November.

4.9

MI

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120

THE WAR.

THE BALTIC.
The Moniteur announces officially that the Govern-
ments of England and France, by common consent,
have resolved that the fortifications in the Aland
Islands should be destroyed, and the whole group,
Bomarsund inclusive, evacuated. The outbreak of
cholera among the troops temporarily located at
Bomarsund is said to have partly prompted this
determination. In addition, it appears that the
climate of the Aland Isles is extremely rigorous,
that enormous supplies would be necessary to enable
any force to hold possession during the winter, and
that the fortificatiuns of Bomarsund are so shattered
as to be untenable without an amount of repairs for
which there is no time before the frosts set in.
Finally, it is believed that the post Is not of value in
a military point of view sufficient to justify the
itxpense and risk of occupation.

CAPTURE OF BOMARSUND.
We have been favoured with letters from an eye-
witness describing the operations which resulted in
the fall of Bomarsund. Knowing the fidelity and
accuracy of our correspondent, we publish his nar-
rative, although it relates to events that have already
been detailed in our columns :
Bomarsund, August 11.
I have not written hitherto partly because my
anxiety to reach this place in time gave me little rest
or leisure, but chiefly because there was little or
nothing to tell. On Monday last, however, I entered
Ledsund at daybreak, and the first view of the fleet
was magnificent. A French frigate was anchored at
the entrance, and the rest of the squadron covering
miles of water further up in the sound. The smartest
and niost conspicuous vessels are, without doubt,
the Wellington and the St. Jean d'Acre, but with the
exception of these the Frenchmen are, in appear-
ance, fully equal to the British ships. They, how-
ever, have no screw line-of battle ship in these waters,
and consequently in case of any heavy work for the
ships the brunt of it would be for us.
Ledsund is a bay on the south-west part of the
Aland Islands, and Bomarsund, another splendid
roadstead, about fifteen miles distant, is approached
by narrow and winding channels, which till now have
never been threaded by a man-of-war. The whole
course, however, has been marked and buoyed, and
our steam-frigates now come up at full power as
boldly as a Citizen steam-boat dashes alongside of
Hungerford-pier. There are now eleven line-of-battle
ships, seven frigates, and more than a dozen steam-
sloops and small craft, besides transports and store-
ships, at anchor at Bomarsund. Four yachts also,
the E;smera/da, the Foam, the Mavis, and the little
Pet, are at the scene of action, and he Mosquito is
reported to be near. In Ledsund the main body of
the fleet, consisting of from thirty to forty sail, re-
mains at anchor; and Admiral Plumridge,with three
or four paddle-steamers, is blockading the enemy in
a sound to the northward of the forts.
The Russian strongholds consist of one halfmoon
battery mounting about fifty guns, and three round
towers, much resembling our martello towers at
home. All these are built of solid masonry, and are
held, it is said, by 2,000 men.
On the other hand, in addition to the overpowering
force of our ships, we have already landed 10,000
French troops, besides some hundreds of our own ma-
rines and blue jackets. Fifteen guns (321 b.) are
also to be landed, and of these some half dozen have
already been dragged up by the men, a most tedious
and laborious task.
The first operation was the destruction of a small
mud-battery of five guns which the enemy bad con-
structed, apparently, for our amusement.
The Amphion (British) and Phlegethon (French)
frigates opened fire upon it en Tuesday morning at
three a.m. from a position at short range where no
gun of the enemy bore upon them. The Russians
bolted at the first discharge, but the allied frigates
blazed away for three quarters of an hour, when the
whole affair was a heap of ruins. Four boats then
landed, spiked the guns, gave three cheers, and
returned. The enemy decamped in such a hurry
that he left some of his guns half loaded. A shot
taken from one of them is a wretchedly-cast affair,
as rough as a broken brick. Another gun ITO
loaded with a lot of little stones and two fragments
of a shell, besides its legitimate shot.
The Bulldog, with Sir Charles Napier's flag, was
ashore the whole of that afternoon, within long
range, but the Russians did not tire. They threw
some shells at the Amphion, but without effect. The
Penelope was less fortunate. She took the ground
yesterday, and was under fire for some hours. It
was reported at the camp that she was sunk, and all
the blue jackets were sent down full trot to take the
heavy ships in to her assistance. She got off, how-
ever, with the loss of two killed and one wounded.
The conduct of the French troops is the subject
of universal admiration. No sooner is a boat landed

THE PRESS.

than skirmishers are thrown out; woodcutters de-
tached ; every man knows what to do and how to do
it; and in a few hours roads are cut and levelled,
piers are run out, and everything is in complete
working order. The spirit and vivacity of their camp
life is most remarkable. It seems their natural
element; and the bonhommie and fun that con-
stantly prevail are charming. The name Anglais is
a sufficient passport to go any where or see any
thing, and a rude or uncivil expression is never
heard. It must be admitted that our own people
seem by contrast very rough and coarse; nor can we
say that our camp li shows the system, the com-
fort, or the gaiety which distinguish our allies.
Where's my kettle ? When am Ito have breakfast ?
D—n your breakfast I And that kind of thing goes
on to a great extent. On the other hand, the hard
work, gun. dragging, &c., falls almost entirely upon
us. Our soldiers and sailors are far larger and more
powerful men, and the advanced position, within a
few hundred yards of the enemy, is entrusted to our
blue jackets and marines.
There is one respect in which both nations are
perfectly alike and unanimous. I mean in their
eagerness to get into action, and their dislike of the
modern system of warfare, the leading principle of
which seems to be to keep out of gunshot. When-
ever two or three officers or men happen to meet, the
invariable greeting is a grumble answered by a growl.
In the meantime the season is slipping away ; in a
month or five weeks the weather will render it im•
possible to remain; and the finest fleet ever collected
will disperse, to the disgust of all who remember our
grandiloquent promises, and to the infinite amuse-
ment of the Czar.
Among the gossip of the fleet, we are told that a
grapeshot pierced the pillow of an officer in the
camp while he was reclining at full length in his tent
reading a novel. A French sentry is said to have
shot an unfortunate clergyman and his wife, who
would not stop when challenged. And one of the
best seamarks in the sound is the pocket handker-
chief of a middy, who, finding a shoal with a bare
pole moored to it, very cleverly lashed up his little
strip of cambric to the pole, and made himself and
the rock equally distinguished.
August 16.
Bom arsund has fallen, a victory almost bloodless
and quite inglorious.
At daylight on Sunday the French troops had got
their battery into position and opened fire at a dis-
tance of 400 yards. They had five fieldpieces and
one heavy gun, I believe a 68-pounder. Their fire
was returned from the round battery, which was the
object of their attack, with spirit and perseverance<
Every Russian shot, however, passed over too high
and wide of the mark, while the report of every
French gun was followed regularly by the crash of
their shot against the wall of the fortress.
Meanwhile skirmishers were thrown out, who,
taking advantage of the rough ground, advanced
under cover close to the enemy and threw in their
Minie bullets wherever a mark appeared. Every
part of the fortress was spattered with them, the gun-
carriages and the inside of the building through the
embrasures was drilled with bullets as thick as the
spots on a panther's back, and the ground was
strewed with flattened pieces of lead which had
been messengers of death to many unhappy
Scythians.
About half-past two p.m. a flag of truce was dis-
played, and a petition for a cessation of hostilities was
sent in that they might " put things to rights." Of
course this was refused, and in the course of the
night a storming party got into the fort.
The commandant, like a true soldier, showed
fight to the last, and with his drawn sword engaged
the first French soldier who appeared at the em-
brasure. A bayonet thrust sent him to the earth,
and the place was taken. About thirty of the
garrison were found drunk and helpless. The rest
had escaped in the night. The commandant, I hear,
still lives, but his wound must be dangerous, for the
bayonet was stained with his blood to the muzzle of
the gun.
On Tuesday, the 15th, our marines and blue
jackets had got four 3'2-pounders into a position
commanding the second round battery, and opened
fire at daybreak. Later in the morning the ships
which had thrown several shot and shell the evening
before moved up and opened fire at the large half-
moon battery at long range.
The problem was now solved, the alarmists were
proved to be false prophets, and the opinion which
prevailed amongst officers and men almost universally
turned out to be well founded. The Russian shot
fell short, the French and English missiles went
home, the battery tumbled about the ears of the
enemy, and not a ship was bit. Shells burst on the
roof and sent great plates of iron flying in all direc-
tions. Round shot thundered against the embrasures
and sent down dust and stones in avalanches. The
thirg was settled : it was no longer a question of
fact, but of hours and minutes. At five p.m. the
ships ceased firing, and the fort also gave up throw-
ing about bruta fulmina for a time.

►SATURDAY,

This morning the ships began again at ten : it
was a mere repetition of yesterday's work, and by
half-past one p.m. the drapeau blanc was displayed.
Meanwhile Admiral Plumridge's squadron and the
shore parties had accounted for the two remaining
round towers, and the fight was done.
About 2,000 prisoners have been taken, and no
gang of convicts or galley slaves could present a more
wretched spectacle than the imperial troops—filthy,
wan, haggard, cowardly, mutinous, quarrelsome,
ugly, and brutally stupid, moral and physically
debased, degenerate men. Their vile workhouse
dress, and their slouching hang-dog carriage, give
them the appearance of anything but soldiers. The
only thing about them likely to be formidable to the
foe is the stench and the vermin which pervade them-
selves and their habitation.
Their defeat and the surrender of their fortresses
were hailed by them with delight : they threw off their
arms and clothes with gest'ires of joy, they laughed,
they sang ; a few were much dejected and wept
bitterly—these were drunk.
Shot, shells, arms, and provisions lie about the
batteries in filthy heaps. As for the provisions, they
are in no danger. The blameless hyperboreans
with whom the gods loved to feast must have fed
upon different food in days of yore, or else the gods
must have odd notions in the choice of their diet.
Their arms, however, are good, their long guns are
excellent, their shot are well cast, and some of their
percussion-muskets are beautiful weapons.
The ships principally engaged on the south side
were Amphion, Valorous, Hecla, Arrogant, Ajax,
Edinburgh, Driver, and Sphynx, British; and
Duperre, Asmodie, Phlegethon, and Darien, French.
The frigates did the greater part of the work, the
large ships remained at a greater distance and fired
occas'onally.
Such is the history of the capture of Bomarsund:
twelve thousand French troops and the finest fleet
that ever floated have been collected to do the work
which six frigates might have effected in four and
twenty hours.
Of course I do not presume to criticise persons in
author►ty, and, indeed, it is with the utmost di;; deuce
and with every feeling of respect that I venture to
remark that delay, hesitation, and imbecility have
been the leading features of the affair. We have
taken a position which is useless, we have cut some
hundred throats, and captured some 2,000 tatter-
demalions. We have also acquired a vast amount of
filth and many other little things which we do not
require. Voila tout.

A. V.

Tuesday's and yesterday's Gazette contained fresh
batches of despatches from Admiral Napier and Briga-
dier-General Jones recounting the details of the
military operations, and singling out several of the
officers engaged in them for special commendation.
Lists of casualties and prisoners are also annexed.
The former presents the following
Return of the Killed and Wounded in the Force under the
Command of Brigadier-General Jones, between the
7th and 18th of August, 1854, at Bomarsund, Aland

Islands.
Killed.—The Hon. C. Wrottesley ; Henry Collins, private
R.M.,llase of Wellington.
Wounded. dangerously. Thomas Gaughan, private
R.M., her Majesty's ship Blenheim, ankle joint, by a frag-
ment of a shell ; since amputated.
Wounded severely.—William Mitchell, A. 8., her Majes
ty's ship Blenheim, by splinters of iron.
Slighty wounded.—William Bridle, gunner's mate, her
Majesty's ship Hogue,by splinters of iron.
Slight contusions.—Captain William Ramsay, her Ma
jesty's ship Hogue , Lieutenant G. F. Burgess, R.N., her
Majesty's ship Edinburgh.
Burnt. —John M`Gugan, A.B.,her Majesty's ship Hogue'
in the foot; John M'Oriffin, A. 8., her Majesty's ship
Hogue, in the foot.
The prisoners were thus disposed of :
Return of Russian Prisoners Embarked in the Under-
mentioned Ships.
Hannibal.—Officers 9, privates 304, wife of officer 1,
wives of men 7, children 2 :
total
wives of officers 2,
, 323.
Algiers.—Officers 8, privates 409,
wives of men 1: total, 420.
Royal William.—Officers 16, privates 731, wives of officers
1, wives of men 8, children 8 : total 764.
Termagant.—Officers 8, privates 199, wives of officers 3.
child 1, servants 1 : total, 207.
St. Vincent.—Officers 15, privates 499, wives of men 5,
children 2 : total 521.
Grand total, 2,235.
(Signed) F. W. Gary, Commodore.
The explosion at one of the detached forts is
described in a letter from an eyewitness as follows :--
" As soon as the main fort (Bomarsund) found the
French in possession of Tzee, the gartison began to shell
the latter, and set it on fire. It burned for a considerable
time with a smouldering fire, sending up a lazy sluggish
_
vapour, until at length the fire caught some of the pose's
in the lower basement, when it blew up with a tremendous
explosion, filling the whole atmosphere with the very
blackest smoke, and most horrible stench—a compound of
gunpowder, putridity, and half-fried sardines, with which
we found the place well stocked on our visit. The whole
concern presented a strange appearance after the esPls'

W

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R

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SEPTEMBER 2, 1854.

sion. Guns in all attitudes peeped out of the dark and
smouldering heap. Some looked with outstretched necks,
endeavouring, as it were, to breathe, some like so many
tortoises were holding on by their forefeet, while others
seemed to be thrown helplessly on their backs, and some
lay in ruins on the rocks below."
The amount of ammunition taken is very great.
Shot and shell are very abundant. Muskets and
rifles to the number of nearly 4,0(X) have been found.
The Russian officers stated that the forts had only
just been provided with three years' stores of every
kind, and ammunition for a longer period. It
appears that, before the forts surrendered, to each
man was given his allotment of clothes and money,
and the officers compelled the men to put on the new
suits.
OPERATIONS IN THE SOUTH.
The latest news from Turkey contains nothing defi-
nite respecting the long-talked-of expedition to the
Crimea. Indeed, the event seems more uncertain
than ever. Although the preparations appear to
have been completed upon a most enormous scale,
there are no sign:, of movement perceptible. On the
contrary, the last telegraphic despatches from Con..
stantinople, dated the 24th ult., report that Marshal
de St. Arnaud intended to hold a council of war at
Varna, to decide upon the " expediency of the great
expedition, considering the state of health of the
troops."
Thursday's Moniteur publishes a statement, re-
ceived from Bucharest, that a division of the English
army was expected at Obileschti, in Wallachia.
The cholera was declining in the allied camps, but
had occasioned severe mortality. The Guards, up
to the 19th of August, had lost 122 men, the Light
Division more than 150. The troops under Sir De
Lacy Evans lost over 100; as had the cavalry under
Sir R. England. In addition there bad been many
sick who recovered. The French troops suffered
still more severely, having buried 200 men a day for
three weeks. Among the Greek and Turkish popu-
lation of Varna the mortality had been heavy, about
800 having died out of 13,000. The civil European
residents, 400 in number, had had only four deaths
from cholera. The epidemic appeared also on
board the fleet in the Black Sea. The ships
were at once sent on a cruise, and returned with
the men in much better health. The Britannia
(flag-ship) had, however, lost 91 men, and the
Albion 95. Here also the French suffered most,
the deaths on board the Ville de Paris being 208,
and in the Montebello 150. Many of the officers
have been attacked by various shapes of illness.
The Duke of Cambridge has gone to Constantinople
invalided with gout and diarrhoea. Lord De Roe is
laid up at Buyukdere. Captain Smith, of the Si-
meon*' died of cholera on the 19th ult. The pre-
vious day he dined on board the Agamemnon with
Sir Edmund Lyons. He was attacked with diarrhoea
and vomiting next morning, and died in a few hours.
The Times correspondent gives a melancholy de-
scription of the state to which sickness and dis-
appointment have reduced the finest troops in the
English army :
" So completely exhausted was the brigade of Guards,
these 3,000 of the flower of England, that they had to
make two marches in order to get over the distance from
Aladyn to Varna, which is not more than (not so much,
many people say, as) ten miles. But that is not all. Their
peeks were carried for them. Just think of this, good
people of England, who are sitting anxiously in your
homes, day after .;ity, expecting every morning to gladden
your eyes with the sight of the announcement in large type
of 'Fall of Sebastopol,' your Guards, your carps debit, the
pride of your hearts, the delight of your eyes, these Ana-
aim, whose stature, strength, and massive bulk you exhibit
to kingly viNitors as no inapt symbols of your nation, have
been so reduced by sickness, disease, and a depressing
climate, that it was judged inexpedient to allow them to
carry their own packs, or to permit them to march more
than five miles a day, even though these packs were ear-
ned for them! Think of this, and then judge whether
these men are fit in their present state to go to Sebastopol,
or to attempt any great operation of war. The Highland
brigade is in better condition, but even the three noble
regiments which compose it are far from being in good
health or in the spirits in which they set out for Varna.
"General Vuasuf has been compelled to disband the
Bashi-Bazouks placed under his orders, in consequence of
a mutiny. They rushed on the paymaster aid plundered
him of the cash with which he was about to pay the troops.
The general commanded a squadron of lancers to charge
and disperse the mutineers, which was executed."

THE FIRE AT VARNA.
Details of this catastrophe, of which we gave the telegra-
phic announcement in our last paper, have since arrived.
The fire broke out in the afternoon of the lOth of August,
and before it could be checked destroyed several hundred
houses, composing nearly half the town, and a large quan-
tity of Stores belonging to the British and French armies.
It was almost miraculous that the gunpowder-magazines
belonging to the British, French, and Turks did not fall a
prey to the flames. They were providentially saved. Had
it been otherwise it is impossible to conjecture what might
have been the consequences.
II iw the fire originated is not precisely known. It is,
however, attributed to incentliarism ; and it is said that
several Greeks and others against whom there were circum-
stancea of suspicion which they could not explain have
been put to death as the authors of the calamity.

THE PRESS.

The fire broke out about seven o'clock in the evening in
a spirit-store. This building was nothing more than a
woodeu hovel, and the flames soon spread along the ad-
joining fabrics, all of the same construction, till they ap-
proached very near the English powder-magazine. The
wind blew right in the direction of the magazine, and for
some time it was in much danger. But the French troops
had turned out, followed bysome English companies: sen-
tries were stationed round the magazine, water was pro-
cured, and intervening houses were pulled down to arrest
the progress of the flames. No impression, however, was
made upon the advancing conflagration, which embraced
both sides of the street, till a body of 400 French sappers
came up, bringing with them eight or ten fire engines,
which some of them plied moat vigorously, while others,
with pickaxes and crowbars, demolished everything round
about of a nature to feed the flames. Parties of sailors
from the ships in the harbour rendered similar assistance.
But all would probably have been in vain if the wind,
which had hitherto been blowing directly upon the inaga-
sine, had not suddenly changed and begun to blow in the
opposite direction. This circumstance probably saved the
magazine.
The flames, being thus turned back, passed with incon-
ceivable rapidity along both sides of the torso, as the main
street is now called, till they reached the depilt where the
commissariat stores were kept. They spread with such
swiftness that it was impossible for the united efforts of
more than 4,000 military to stop them, by pulling down
houses, throwing water, or any other measures. These
stores and a large portion of their contents were destroyed.
Much, however, was saved. Thence the fire spread, from
three points at once, into the Turkish quarter, where a
mosque and many houses fell a prey to it ; and then the
united mass of flame passed rapidly on, full in the direc-
tion of the powder-magazines of the Turks and the French.
It is impossible to describe the anxiety which prevailed at
this moment, increased as it was 1,3 the explosion of some
spirit-casks from time to time. At one moment there was
a complete panic, for a row of burning houses just oppo-
site the magazines fell in with a horrid crash, scattering
flakes of fire in every direction. But the falling materials
happily crushed the flames beneath their own weight., and
advantage was taken of the circumstance to pour upon
them enormous volumes of water from the engines brought
up from the sea. As in the case of the British magazine,
the wind happily changed, and the " poudriere" was thus
saved by three o'clock in the morning. The tire, however,
raged the whole night in the Turkish quarter, and during
the two following days there were numerous heaps of
smouldering materials, which occasionally threatened a
renewal of the conflagration. One half of Varna has thus
been left desolate and in ruins. Between 400 and 1300
houses were destroyed, and two mosques. During the
night the French soldiers shot six Greeks : one was cap-
tured in the act of setting fire to a lumber-room in the
general hospital, and killed upon the spot ; and five, it is
said, were taken into custody.
The British forces by this catastrophe lost a vast quan-
tity of oats and flour, and nearly all the boots and shoes
stored for the use of the men. The French losses were
still greater. Many of their officers have lost all their bag-
gage. The effect of the fire was immediately to raise the
prices of provisions and of lodgings to a very high rate,
and to reduce many of the native inhabitants to a state of
perfect misery—homeless and ruined.
The English and French commissariat stores have suf-
fered considerably, but the loss, which, according to the
general estimate, is upwards of LOO,OOOl. sterling, falls
chiefly upon storekeepers, canteen-owners, and spirit and
wine venders. The Turks have lost 30,000' gallons of oil
and a very large quantity of soap.

The following extraordinary Russian order of the
day was read to the garrison of Odessa on the
13th : _ _

" His Majesty the Czar has ordered, in his high wisdom,
that the troops who had entered Wallachia and Moldavia
shall withdraw from those provinces, and march to the
point where there is the greatest danger. To protect the
principalities against an invasion by the Turks, the ancient
ally of his Majesty the Czar (Austria) has undertaken to
occupy them in the meantime. Here you will have to
combat a new enemy, who has the culpable intention of
attacking you in your own country. This enemy has been
already frequently beaten and vanquished by our valorous
fathers. His Majesty the Czar expects the same from
you. You will vanquish and destroy the enemy by your
bravery and your discipline. This new enemy is more
skilful, and more courageous, and better commanded than
the Turks ; but your courage and strength can also van•
quish this enemy, as your fathers have proved several
times. Call to mind, in fighting against the French, the
glorious year of 1812, when the Heavenly Father also sent
His hosts against these impious and criminal men, and
buried them all under the ice."

A letter from Trebizond of the 4th ult. states that
the Furious and Firebrand had arrived there, having
unsuccessfully searched all the ports on the coast of
Asia for the Russian steamer which had burnt two
trading vessels off Heraclea. The Russians are
every day adding to the fortifications of Amapa and
Soudjouk-Kaleh, where they have a corps of 20,000
men.
THE PRINCIPALITIES.

Omer Pacha entered Bucharest on the 22nd ult.
with 25,000 troops and 30 guns, and was received
by the population with general enthusiasm. He has
required 93,000 rations of bread per diem to be de-
livered at Bucharest, Obileschti, and Ursitzein
respectively. A second bridge of boats is in course
of construction from Turtukai to the opposite shore
of the Danube.

821

The Moniteur states that more than seventy thou-
sand Turkish soldiers have now passed over to the
left bank of the Danube.
The Vienna Presse announces that the Russian heaa-
quarters were at Berlad on the 25th ult., and will be
in Jassy on the 2nd of September. The Moldavian
militia, having received orders to join the Russian
army, intend to rise in a body. The Russian hos-
pitals and magazines are being removed to Bessarabia,
but the troops are stationary. Galatz is still oceu-
pied by a Muscovite force.
The Russians are fortifying the line of the Pruth
in every possible way, and a Cossack cordon has been
established all the way from Galatz-Beni up to Czer-
novitz. On the left bank of the Pruth great num•
hers of clay huts are being constructed, which are to
serve as winter quarters for the troops. Omer Pacha
is, however, likely during the present campaign to
undertake offensive operations against the Russians
at Tutshkow and Ismail. Indeed, it is said that as
soon as the Austrians are in Bucharest the Turkish
head-quarters will be removed from ltust4•huk to
Baba Dagh, in the Dobrudscha.
The Journal de St. Petersboure has an article on
the Eastern question, from which we extract the
following passage :

" The imperial Government had a right to hope that the
moderation of its acts, as well as the good faith of its in-
tentions, would have been appreciated by the Cabinet of
Vienna. It is on this persuasion that it has acted since
the commencement of the present crisis. The attitude

lately assumed by Austria ini rendering untenable for our
armies a strategic position which they had taken up with
confidence has obliged them to a movement of concen-
tration, which they have just executed."