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8. That high antiquity for distinct races is amply sus-
tained by linguistic researches, by psychological history, and
by anatomical characteristics.
9. That the primeval existence of man, in widely
separate portions of the globe, is proven by the discovery
of his osseous awl industrial remains in alluvial deposits
and in diluvial drifts; and more especially of his fossil
bones, imbedded in various rocky strata along with the
vestiges of extinct species of animals.
10. That profligacy of distinct species, inter se, is now
proved to be no test of common origin.
11. That those races of men most separated in physical
organisation—such as the blacks and the whites—do not
amalgamate perfectly, but obey the laws of hybridity.
Hence
12. It follows, as a corollary, that there exists a genus
homo embracing many primordial types or " species."
If the third article of the foregoing creed be
accepted, we should like to know to what type
of mankind the people of the United States
are to be classified, with their mixture of
Anglo-Saxon, Gaelie, and Negro blood'. But
we have not space for the discussion of views,
arbitrarily adopted, in which facts and fancies
are mixed up in the loose and presumptuous
manner of the well-known work called "Ves-
tiges of the Creation."
For some pasaages of a more amusing nature
we shall probably return to this volume on a
future occasion.

Lectures on Education. Delivered at the Royal
Institution. 1. Physiology, by James Paget,
F.R.S. 2. Economic Science, by Dr. Hodg-
son. London: Parker and Son.
CRABBE wrote :
" The world we call a school, for day by day
We something learn till we are called away."
And it is in the sense of the world being a
school, in which education should continually
progress, that these lectures are to be received.
So long as it is supposed that education termi-
nates with school or college, we shall have no
great reason to boast of the intelligence of our
adult population. The chair of the lecturer
may occupy a place midway between the
schoolroom and the busy scenes of life. and
carry forward the work of intellectual training
as long as the mind is susceptible of the plea-
sure of receiving new ideas and acquiring
knowledge. In all ranks of society education
languishes more from social neglect than from
any deficiency of educational institutes. The
man immersed in active occupation, whether
of the hands or the head, soon forgets what he
has learnt as a boy, unless his mental faculties
be in some way stimulated ; and perhaps the
surest way of heightening the standard of edu-
cation is by giving our adult population a taste
fir the higher branches of knowledge, that
youth, in its homes and various walks of life,
may perceive the use of that learning which it
has acquired, instead of being tempted to dis-
cord it, through finding no occasion for its
exercise in the society which makes up its
world. Scientific pursuits, as they combine
intellectual occupation with practical useful-
ness, are peculiarly calculated to help forward
what may be called social education.
Mr. Paget, with professorial earnestness,
" claims for physiology the pre-eminence
" among all sciences," and urges that "its
" advantages are such as might be apprehended
"by all classes of society" This principle is
right, but he carries it too far. A person with
ordinary opportunities of leisure may hope to
gain a fair view of the whole world of science,
but will not advance far if he admits the pre-
eminent claim of any one department of it.
Sir George Stephen discussed lately pro and
con the advantages of desultory and systematic
reading, and gave the preference to the latter
in the sense of restriction to one particular
shape of study. We think he erred, through
not perceiving that the aim of intellectual
exercise should be to elevate and enlarge the
whole mind, not to cram full one nook of it.
Every man should know his own specialty
well,—to that his first and most earnest atten-
tion is due; but, apart from that, it is better
that his range of reading and study should be
very wide than very restricted. Locke plea-
santly ridicules the humour of those amateurs
who devote all their leisure to one pursuit, and
tells of one gentleman of this kind ofhis acquain-
tance who discovered the elements of music
in the Mosaic account of the six days' creation.
What be says of "universality " is very just.
Dr. Arnold, a. great educational authoritl
t

809

insisted that general knowledge need not be
superficial knowledge, and advocated a wide
course of reading and study. lames Watt,
according to Jeffrey, was renowned for the valt
extent of his acquirements ; and Sir Matthew
Hale relates how the varied reading of his
leisure assisted him in his professional pur-
suits. The diffusion of scientific knowledge
amongst the public is less desirable to raise
up amateurs—who are often only quacks—than
to render society more generally intelligent,
more willing to encourage intellectual pursuits
of all kinds, and more capable of judging of
the truth and value of the discoveries or works
which come before it.
It seems one of the principles of this course
of lectures that the utility of the study of each
branch of science recommended should be
demonstrated. Of course, science in every
shape must he useful to society, through the
medium of its professors ; but it is taking much
too narrow a view of scientific teaching, as
regards the public generally, to insist that each
particular brunch of science may be useful to
each particular person who takes an interest in
it. We think the pursuit of science is phicpd on
false grounds, when mixed audiences aro
taught to expect that they may individnally
derive some practical utility from the small
share of knowledge they may expect to acquire.
It would be better that the broader ground
should be taken of representing that, in all
which raises man above mere brutal existence;
knowledge and life are identical, and that an
intellectual life is vigorous and varied just in
proportion as we extend the range and add to
the stock of our ideas. That "knowledge
" makes a man most like his Maker " is lite
rally true, as it quickens, elevates, and im-
proves his intellectual being. The opposite
of knowledge, ignorance, is intellectual death.
We quite agree with Mr. Paget in his subse-
quent view that, while Providence has taken
ample care for the good of man in those things
winch are of natural ordinance, he is left by
Providence to care for his own good in those
conditions which he creates for himself. The
senses and instincts of man are as sure a guide
for him in his elementary state as they are for
unreasoning creatures. It is not until he
exercises his reason in founding a civilisation
that reason and science are essential to enable
him to guard against the dangers which are
incident to his created arts. The following
paragraphs are worth attentive study, and wo
hope the day is not far distant when their
admirable common sense will be practically
acted on:—

Men have disturbed, in successive generations, almost
every simple and original condition of their existence. In
every generation they have been striving, with intellectual
labour, to add to the comforts and luxuries of life, to their
control of the forces, and their independence of the ordi-
nary course of nature. And many of their successes in
this strife, being achieved by the disturbance of some
natural and fit condition of mere subsistence, have almost
necessarily incurred some consequent evils, which have
marred, though they may not have neutralised, the good,
and have gradually accumulated to our damage.
If indeed, in all the improvements of our means of life,
only half the trouble had been taken to prevent or remedy
the future evil, that was taken to a'.tain the present good,
our state might have been far different. If, for examples,
men had been as anxious to invent the means of destroy-
ing coal-smoke, as to gain the myriadbeneflts of coal.fire4
if they had thought as much and as soon of constructing
drains below the ground, as of building above it ; as much
even of clearing out the refuse of our gas-lights, as of
tempering and diffusing their brilliancy for comfortable
use ;—then we might have gained unalloyed benefits from
every such disturbance of the natural conditions of life :
the vast catalogue of diseases appertaining to our social
state might have been unwritten ; and that which one age
hailed as a national blessing might not have entailed upon
the next. a national calamity, But this has not been done ;
and thus, from age to age, the evil residues of good things
have accumulated ; the good still happily preponderating,
but the evils such as every man and every society of men
have now to guard against, and such as can be averted or
counteracted with no other human power than that of the
intellect instructed in the science of health.
Hence the necessity of sanitary science. Thu
evils incident to civilisation may, and should
be, checked by the skill which civilisation in-
duces ;—but what an insult is it to our scientific
attainments, as well as to the requirements of
the public, when a vulgar brawling man is ap-
pointed to the headship of aboard demanding,
above all other offices, peculiar knowledge and
experience for the due discharge of its duties !
The public generaily v;i11 feel most interested
in those passages of this lecture which illus-
trate, in that style made so popular by Paley,

T

810

Bell, and other writers, the beneficent design
of Providence as shown in the physical con-
stitution of man. The description, of the heart,
regarded as a machine, is very striking ; but
an example less known may be selected from
what the author terms the by-purposes ac-
complished by certain physical parts while
fulfilling their primary design :
All know that the air we have once breathed is less
fit for breathing than it was before, and that if we breathe
the same air often it becomes poisonous, through the
mixture of the carbonic acid and other exhalations from the
lungs. We must breathe out the air, therefore, as so much
refuse ; and ample provision is made that we may do so ;
and it might seem design enough fulfilled when we are
thus freed from our own poison. liut is it nit an admirable
secondary design, an admirable frugality, a true wisdom by-
the-way, that, with this same air we speak ; thatthis, which
we must cast out lest it destroy us, should be used for one
of the noblest powers of man ? Surely, one might have
sosed, for so great a purpose as the communion of
human thoughts, and for all that speech and vocal melody
can achieve, there would be contrived some matchless in-
strument, some rare material. But no : the instruments
of human speech are scarcely more complex organs than
those which dumb creatures have to breathe and feed with
and the material for human speech carries out the refuse
of the blood ; the very dross of the body is used for the
outage of the mind.
Many passages of this kind, while illus-
trating important principles of physiology, add
at the same time to our conceptions of natural
theology ; and we may express here the great
pleasure we have experienced at observing
that the eminent men who have taken part in
this course have practically shown how nearly
are allied—or rather how inseparably are con-
nected—the highest scientific knowledge with
the most reverential feeling.
We must not conclude our notice of this
discourse without remarking that the modesty
of the author goes hand-in-hand with his
knowledge and wisdom. He indicates one
source of error to be avoided in all physiologi-
cal studies :
In other, and especially in the physical, sciences I think
it is only the master or the advanced student who is im-
pressed with their uncertainty. In them, speaking gene-
rally, that which is taught admits of clear proof; and im-
perfection is not spoken of, except, as it were, at the distant
boundaries of a vast body of truth. But, in physiology, the
teacher would need everywhere to mark the imperfections
of his knowledge ; iu the very rudiments, he must speak of
things as only, in various degrees, probable.
2. Dr. Hodgson's lecture on economic science
is, from its nature, less capable of practical
and amusing illustration. It commences with
a profound remark by Professor Forbes—" that
" it is the nature of the human mind to desire
" and seek a law "—and the opening sentences
are devoted to an eloquent commentary on
this axiom :
Not to the ignorant or careless eye, however, does law
anywhere reveal itself. 'The discovery of its traces is the
student's rich and ever fresh reward. To men in general,
the outward sense reports only a number of detached
phenomena ; their relations become gradually apparent to
him only whose mental vision is acute enough, and
whose gaze is steady enough, to behold them. Science,
therefore, consists not in the accumulation of hete-
rogeneous facts,—any more than the random uppiling of
stones is architecture,—but iu the detection of the prin-
ciples which co-relate facts even the most dissimilar and
anomalous, and of the order which binds the parts into a
whole. Science is, in brief, the pursuit of law ; and the
history of science is the record of the steps by which man
in this pursuit rises through classifications, of which the
last is ever more comprehensive than its predecessors, from
the complexity of countless individuals to the simplicity of
the group, and from the diversity of the many, at least
towards the oneness of the universal.
Dr. Hodgson then proceeds to infer, from
the facts of society, and from the wonderful
results of civilisation continually before us,
that there must be a law regulating the move.-
ments of society, and that economic science
rests on as sure a foundation of fact as any
other science. When, however, we looked for
an exposition of some of the leading principles
of this science, we were disappointed to find
that Dr. Hodgson failed really to grapple with
his subject. " The laws or conditions," he
says, " which determine human well-being
" are really as fixed and absolute as are the
" laws of planetary motion." Thus far our
curiosity was highly raised, and we looked for
at least some outline of that law which it is to
be supposed that the lecturer had so clearly
fixed in his mind. But, after a sketch of
industrial progress considered as a fact in the
world's history, he remarks :
It is not possible here or now to extract from even this
most hasty skei eh the merely theoretic principles which it
involves. This is the business of a long course of lectures,
and it is not, besides, my purpose to expound economic

THE PRESS.

science itself, any further than may be indispensable to
show its importance as a branch of general instruction.
Let us rather look at some of the groat practical lessons that
may be deduced from it for the guidance of individual
conduct.
We think that Dr. Hodgson has not here
treated his audience and his hearers fairly.
In these lectures we look for some indication
of those leading principles on which the
sciences they relate to depend ; and, after Dr.
Hodgson had so elaborately commented on the
beauty and importance of the laws of economic
science, we do not think that he should have
contented himself with a sketch of facts and
results. Towards the close of his discourse,
in drawing so copiously for his illustrations
from writers of the style of Mr. Dickens and
Mr. Carlyle, the lecturer took too low a measure
of the mind of his public. We are satisfied
that there can be no greater mistake than for
a professor engaged in the illustration of
scientific truth to attempt to degrade his
style to the level of a railway bookstall. By
relying on the intrinsic worth of his subject,
and on the power of thought and knowledge
to render it attractive, we are satisfied he is
likely to succeed better, even as a popular•
lecturer, than by endeavouring to render it
merely amusing, or to accommodate it to mean
• capacities. There is some merit in the author's
sketch of the rise and progress of industry and
wealth; but his lecture is not one of the most
successful of the series.

History of the Reiyns of Louis XVIII. and
Charles X. By Eyre Evans Crowe. Lon-
don : Bentley.
THOUGH we have no recollection of Mr. Crowe's
former history of France, we are happy now
to afford him frank recognition as a historic
writer of great intelligence, industry, and
talent. His style is clear, his language well
suited to his matter, and, from the copious-
ness of his facts and their consecutive arrange•
ment, his narrative has a smooth and rapid
flow which sustains attention even amid the
complicated details of French politics. Most
persons will think it a fault that the history is
exclusively confined to political events : some
notice of the social progress made by the
French people during the two reigns would
have been generally acceptable, and would
have made the narrative more complete. As
it is, the work has rather more of the charac-
ter of a memoir than of a history, and particu-
larly in the later chapters, where Mr. Crowe
describes, from personal observation, the
incidents of the July revolution. His long
residence in France gives authority to his
conclusion3,and disposes us to place confidence
in his general accuracy.
It is one of the main objects of the work to
traee the causes which have, after many ex
periinents, and some of them partially suc-
cessful, prevented the French people from
establishing constitutional government on a
solid and durable basis. The inquiry is a
curious. one, and those disposed to enter on it
will find weighty matter for meditation in Mr.
Crowe's pages.
He supposes that a despotic can succeed to
a free government with more advantages than
the contrary action can take place, as the
absolute ruler by the free discussion which
has prevailed is made acquainted with the
wants and wishes of the people, while a prince
who founds a constitutional system on the
ruins of a despotism has no light thrown on
the history of the past by which he may shape
his government. Hence it is concluded that
Napoleon began his rule with better know-
ledge of the social institutions required than
it was possible for Louis XVIII. to attain.
The King began his reign under the greatest
difficulties, and it says much for his good
sense and amiable disposition that he was
enabled to conclude it without any violent
convulsion. Twenty five years of proscription
and exile had greatly diminished the royalist
influence ; the military dynasty of Napoleon
had taken firm root in the land ; Louis came
in the train of the victors who had overthrown
the French chivalry on one of the bloodiest
plains it had ever known. He had to receive
terms of peace sufficiently humiliating to
France, though more seasonable than she
could consistently have expected from the

SATURDAY,

hands of the allies, and the kingdom was bur-
dened with heavy payments for the expenses
of the war. The King was, however, fortunate
in his first Minister, the Duo de Richelista,
who, from his influence with Alexander, ob-
tained some mitigation of the terms at first
insisted on by the allies, but it was not with-
out great pain that the Due so far overcame
his feelings as a Frenchman as to affix his
signature to the protocol :
" All is finished," wrote the duke to his sister, Madame
de Montcalm. " I signed this fatal treaty more dead than
alive. I swore not to do so, and announced my determina-
tion to the King. The unhappy prince conjured me„
bursting into tears, not to abandon him. 1 could not
hesitate. lam sure no one could have obtained more or
as much. France, expiring under the weight of calamities,
demanded a prompt delivereuce."
A yet more difficult task was to establish a.
system of government which would secure to
France all the advantages of rational freedom.
while affording securities for the safety of the
throne. On the whole, this problem was satin•
factorily solved ; the King was earnest in his
desire to rule as a constitutional monarch ;
he knew how to distinguish between factions
and parties, and managed to prevent any
collision between his Government and the
Chambers ; but he foreboded, from the violent
character of his brother, that he would not be
equally fortunate. In answering a remon-
strance from the Count d'Artois against his
system of government, he said :
I cannot without a shudder look forward to the instant
when 1 shall close my eyes. You will find yourself then
between two parties, one of which deems itself oppressed
by me, whilst the other fears to be oppressed by you.
Will you embrace one of the two? Do not deceive
yourself. Civil war, and all its evils, will be the inevitable
consequence. Will you seek to conciliate both? 1 tell you
with grief, but truth, that, like Henry IV., you will be ac-
cused of ingratitude on one side, and duplicity on the other.
If to succeed is difficult for me, who follow the middle line,
how much more difficult will it be for you, who have pro-
trounced for one side of the question ! Ido not ask you to
approve of the invariable resolution that 1 bare taken.
Time and reflection will bring you to it; and the last
momenta of my life, now surrounded by such sombre
prospects, may yet expand into happy days.
When the King was dying he renewed his
warning to his brother still more emphati-

tally :
I have tacked between parties, like Henry IV. Unlike
him, I die in my bed, and in the Tuileries. Do us 1 have
done, and you will reach the same end of pence. I pardon
whatever annoyance you may have caused me, for the
hopes I entertain of your conduct as king. But, added
the dying monarch, pointing to the Luc de Bordeaux, who
was brought in, let Charles the Tenth take care of the
crown for that boy. The prescience of the King did not fail
him. He all along, and to the last, foresaw, as Charles 11.
of England did, that his brother and successor would dis-
inherit the dynasty and prostrate the throne. On the ldth
of September, 1824, Louis XVIII. ceased at once to live
and to reign.
The result showed the King's sagacity.
When Charles Y. declared that he would
never charge his Ministers to please the
Chambers, he at once overthrew the system
which his predecessor had laboured to estab-
lish, and denied the first principle of constitu-
tional government which requires the execu-
tive to be in agreement with the legislative
power.
The obstacles which constitutional govern-
ment had to encounter in France are clearly
indicated in different passages of Mr. Crowe's
book. Oue of the most formidable was found
in the intolerance of the factions which
divided France :
That the French people should so often, so long, and so
tranquilly resign themselves to the assumption of des-
potic power by their rulers, yet display such impatience
under a reign permitting a certain degree of freedom, has
been and remains a source of irremovable and unabated
astonishment. History explains it, unfortunately, by the
fact that a regimen of freedom is always made use of by
some extreme and frantic party to enforce vengeance,
attempt reaction, and conduct the Government alter wild
and visionary views, instead of accepting and providing for
the wants and wishes of the present. Freedom in France
always becomes the rule of faction ; whereas absolute power
there has been assumed by dictators, and especially by
Bonapartist dictators, for the avowed purpose of setting
aside, or crushing under foot, extreme factions, allowing
the enemies and victims of the lately-dominaut party to
repose in security, and giving to the masses of the indus-
trious the power of pursuing their avocations, undisturbed
by the threats and the follies of political maniacs.
Those powers and statesmen who restored Louis XVIII .
to his throne in 1814 and in 1815 did not sufficiently take
into account that constitutional govenimr nt is the rule of
party, and that a sovereign who may not always escape
such influence, even when possessed of absolute power,
can scarcely hope to abstract himself from it as a consti-
tutional king. But representative government was con-
emplated in the final results which it had produced in