The Express.
London, England, 1862-10-04 00:00:00

OCXOI3,EII, 4, 1882.

!Hy BRITISH ASSOCIATION /tit TIDE
ADVANCHNIENT OF 801.1iNCL

CAMBRIDGE, Father.
, . Th•reosedinge of the association have been, on
tie wbel More animated than they were yesterday ; for
• though the artsegernents were then quite complete, yet the
en the different sections wee much larger to-day,
11 t. that a 000siciarable addition has been
weds to the number of visitors. The Chancellor of the
• Melvessitth the Duke of Devonshire, has arrived, and sp.
mend hi seneal of the sections in the course of the day.
=ligh meetingtof the associatiy or
rooms :a atitleoL visitors, The:
t being densely crowded by porous desirous
of an interesting discourse by Professor Tyndall.
"a the Forms and Action of Water," illustrated by ex-
paillmmt
TM P•Ornatios, after some preliminary remarks, in the I
mom of which he said that hie object, though • simple
one before such •an audience as that, was to trace water in
' its form sad action, from its birthplace as it were, to a
1 certain intent through its life, set out as affecting his main
point, by saying that he had before him a pan of WSW j
eraighine 10th., and he would proceed se minim its
history,te Tthe
iepseroparteTtecitrrtl.loLi'sthcZkrrslliadee, how
teas tbe separated at will by the of science, end 1
wdsw their natural state. in fact, atom by atom ; then
d the molecular forces of these Moms in transition
to the I
fethe solid ; on water in the Awe of i
tet
, effect produced thereon by heat, cold, sad • ir'
*nisi relation to the kind of rays of eelthe
the quantity of
p/ein MOM la 460
sad its effecte durieg dillcet periods fis
the plushy. or nes et
gnom, the profaner to thetriftert
INCer, aodthesos te its solid cr framing AR* itheren
,he exemplified that the adios of molecular forces, as at
Pachievieg greed consequences, could be move prase-
y shows, all tending ?JEN= the atoms in • Mate ,
transition from the lie, • the solid were " giants in
dithuse" (en assertion well by the actual bunt-
ing of certain iron bottles, In which the professor had in.
sated liquid water enough to just fill them, but which on
certain treatment bringing about • gradual solidification
and expunge of their entente, burst with a loud report
The crystalline fame were next dealt with, and the
set of the pump of water from the liquid
to •the solid state was shown by spectrum
epee • sheet set for the purpose. By this
germ the crystallite farces of water in course of
treasidon from its liquid to its solid state were beautifully
exemplified, en e: met that may be, and perhaps has
been of tea tried by breathing upon a window pane at
(krietana, with King Frost ruling without, and good fires
and company within, but tried perhaps in a non-scientific
point of view. The how and the why- Rue crystalisation
remelted upon the window panes, the professor showed by
the spectrum, and paring from the py, as it
were, to the severe, showed bow the agglomera-
tion of such atoms prodund eventually in their
silent but weaned action stupesdoes results. Pro-
fessor Tyndall next proeseded to exemplify the attrostios
of cohesion, first by sawing in two a block of ice, and then
by applying the sawn surfaces together—the raw curium—
the previoludy separated parts would again conjoin, and
that without reference to the heat surrounding them out-
wardly. To prove thi a Meek of ice was sawn as before,
and then the separated parse being plunged into hot water
(poured from a steaming kettle) in the presence of the
audience, endured again. By the hydraulic press the pro-
faner showed how hot water might be solidified by com-
mission, and proceeded to maintain the theory started by
Profaner Forbes, of St. Andrews, as to the formation of
glaciers (to which, strange as it might appear, heat was
necessary) but, by radiation, producing the glaciers and the
flexures. 'The professor modestly ignored for himself the
merits of his lecture, observing that to Professor Liveriug
all credit was due, for no man had come worse prepared
or had received more efficient help, than himself.
Is the mune of general allusions to the subject, Professor
Tyndall observed that some scientific theories had been at.
tributed to the "imagination" of their propounders. Is
reply, he allied " iniagin.ation" the diving of science,
bet at the sine Ms* • 6 wise denial" was often productive
of better results then en absolute discovery, as such wise
denial often distillate discoverer into • deeper and more
mature conflict with Nature, and with a happier amid still
more important result. (Loud applause.)
The professor's Mtn* was, as a matter of COHTIO illus-
trated by some most letereeMg experiment', in which he
was most ably sedeted by Mx. /Mason. Of these raper
meets the most stilettoes* were those as affecting water
se affected by light. The prodmor concluded amid the
applause of his sadism,.
At 11 o'closk he moil notions met at their jispective
plates of meeting.
Szerrow D.—ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY.
This section met in the hall of Goeville gad Gins Ool-
lege, which was very much crowded is consequence of the
fme of proceedings including three papers by Pro-
or Owen. There were present the Duke of Devonshire,
the Chancellor of the University, the Right Hoe. James
Napier, Professor Owen, M. Du Chaillu, Professor Kings-
ley, Professor Rollesten, Professor Bahington, Dr. Percival
Wright, Professor Huxley, he.
The chair was takes by Inc 11ev. Dr. Coos/me, master of
St. Peter's College, in the place of the president of the *se-
ttee, Professor Huxley, who, he said, bad partially lost the
use of his voice.
Professor BALFOUR read a paper by Mr. James Buckman
detailing the results of certain experiments with the seed of
malformed roots, and on the ennobling of roots, with parti-
cular reference to the parsnip.
Dr. E. WRIGHT read a paper OD recent experiments on
Heterogecesis or Spontaneous Generation, ontten by Mr.
James Samuelson.
Professor OWEN then made • communication on the zoolo-
gical significance of the brain and limb characters of man,
accompanied by some remarks cm a east of the brain of •
gorilla. He exhibited two carte, one of the human brain
and another of the brain of the gorilla, and said that from
these the difference between the brain of man and the
monkey would be at once perceptible. In the former the
posterior lobes of the eteehruni overlapped to • considerable
extent the smaller brain, or cerebellum, whereas in the
gorilla the posterior lobes of the cerebrum did not project
beyond the loins of the cerebellum—the posterior lobes is
the one cue prominent and well-marked, in the other defi-
cient. These peculiarities had been referred to by such
anatomists as Todd, Bowman, and others. From • very
prolooged .nirestigation into the characters of animals he
steadfast
--urstualited tha
was :ht.heth:thnicuteenrscoodf the, brain en
after ;
you
of study, to proe.lollo some classification of ruammalia, hosed os
the differences in the development of their brain structure.
He led placed man, owing to the prominence of the poste-
rior lobes of his brain, the existence of the posterior corner
in the lateral ventricles, and the presence of the hippecam-
pu minor in the posterior corner, in a distinct sub-kingdom
which he called archencephala, between which and the
other members of the marnnelia the distinctions were very
marked, and the rise very abrupt. The brain, in his
opidee,fwas worth more inched/nog aaimals than the foot,
hob the same difference that existed between their brains
was also observable between their feet. The lecturer then
referred to the feet of the Aye-Aye, and the Gorilla, and
pointed out the chief difference in the structure of the sleek-
' ton. These differences he considered sufficiently grit to
i elevate nun from the kingdom to which monkeys
and to place him is • distinct sub-kingdom by himself.
Professor HUILIT said be had thought that this contro-
versy, which wet not calculated to promote the dignity or
interest of science, bad, after • rest of three years, entirely
closed, but he now felt it hi duty to reply to the arguments
of Professor Owen. The unanimous voice of anatomists
during the last few years bad settled the question so tho-
roughly and satisfactorily that it was bayou(' his compre-
Mission how any dissuasion spot it meld be again raised.
The real point at Mee was the precise relation of mu to the
lower animals. Were the structural characteristics of man,
which separated him from the animals next below him,
greater or leis than those gape or structural Intervals
which separated these lower animals one from the
other! The learned protegee than altered into a ran-
parities description of the brain and form of Mall sad the
gorilla, and said he did not mean to say there was not an
immense difference between man and the lower &dime's, but
it waits ppseyychial and moral gulph, and he denied absolutely
the easteecs of thy structural gulph. He moistened—
and he was content to leave the matter to the decision of
anatomists—that whether they took the brain, the foot, at
any other part of the organisation, the structural difference
between man and the highest order of apes was sunder it
kind, sad not much greater than that which separated the
higher from the lower order of apse.
Professor HOLLFATON, in taking a view entirely mails
to Profaner Owen's theory, said that the hippo/lopes
i minor and the posterior lobe were not sufficient to then •
difference between the human end an ape's We* end
must at last be given up for 11 at purpose. Ha' desertheli
the result of recent investigatious on the subject, which Int
said Professor Owen had entirely overlooked, and excused
his vehemence by the remark that the laws of ethics sad it
love of truth were things higher sod better than the mks
of etiquette or decorous reticence.
Mr. W. H. now's, looking at the subject in as eneM
mica! view, and as a question of fact, maid that the MOM
of • considerable number of dluections of brides of theism
monkeys was that the distinction between the brats of Ora
end monkeys did net. lie in the posterior Weser Ilks hippo-
campus moor, which pasts were proportiosateiy slate
largely developed is many monkeys than in sae.
The Rev. .N. BOLZIOWORTIL observing that the dis-
cussion was unfair to Professor Owen and unfortunate for
the section, said it had anon hem his mensunicatice,
which was estinly uneestrevenials beteg take
.1, in •
eoetreeentlak Ton. The raw. psalms' nutted some
laughter by declaring that, as there wee whaitted to be a
mend sad psychical golf between sus aid the higher erder
al epos, there mast Mee he • strenedl•gethaitheeel Pro-
, tenor Own night lot have, eseceeded= ascertain-
-121 it,tad Ihkositi it adglit cove be