The Express.
London, England, 1852-11-08 00:00:00

THIS PAY.—Two O'CLOCK.

The market for our home government stooks to-day
is firm, with a quiet business, and scarcely any
change in prices. Consols are quoted 1001 to t for
money and Thursday, and 100 i to for the new so-

THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY COMMISSION.—II
rumoured that the report of the commissioners recommends
the establishment of five new professorship, whose salaries
are to be paid out of a fund created by the abstrsction of 30
per cant. from the incomes of all the fellowships in the Uni-
versity. We understand that great dissatisfaction has been
expressed at this recommendation ; and we think justly so,
for to take 601. away from junior fellows who have only
200/., would, indeed, be a hardship, and ine they will not,
we think, very easily submit to.—Cambridge Chronic!,
TRADE COMBINATIONS.—At a recent meeting of
the London Strong Boot and Shoe-manufacturers' Associa-
tion it was agreed that non•societymen should henceforth ba
admitted to employment on equal terms with sock t 3 men.
It was alms determined that such abuses as forcing mcn to
lodge in their employees' houses, supplying them with
coffee or tea against their will, and making them pay
takings, should be abolished.
11Es.rtt OF TILE MEMBER FOR CARLOW.— News
of the death of Col. Breen, M.P. for Carlow (who rid been
Vag ill) reached Dublin on Saturday.

••••...NiY1••••••••....11,

articles only, the average is 2,145. fis. ; and taking
the agricultural articles only, the average is
13,6001. 129. Amongst the former, however, are
included ribbons, on which 72,9381. was collected;
and gloves, on which 43,6381. was collected; while
on tech one of 46 art icles lass than 10/. was collected, and
on each of 16 articles only 11. was collected. Amongst
the agricultural articles are included butter, on which
158,3; 07. was collected ; w heat, on which 189,1701. was
collected; and flour, on which 72,361/. was collected;
and amongst them are alai) included onions from Bridal
possessions, on which 11. was collected; dried pears,
on which 91. was collected; and tongues from British
possessions, on which 81. was collected. Even, there-
fore, of thus 260 articles a few only contribute the
bulk of the revenue collected, and the great majority
of them do not yield a sum sufficient to balance the
trouble which the merchants who pay them are com-
pelled to take.
The rates of duty, too, are extremely various. On
agricultural articles they are u low as Id. per cwt.
on tallow imported from British possessions, and as
high as 10s. per ewt. on butter imputed from foreign
countries—between 12 and 15 pre cent on its
velum On manufactured articles they are as low as
jd. per lb. on glue beads or bailee, and Si per neat.
on artificial flowers. These various Mee of duty
mut require considerable study to confprehead and
adapt commerce to them.
Taking no further notice of any of the dodos ea
agricultural article, except those as butter and
cheese although the duties levied on clover, mustard,
and other seeds, most All rather heavily on there.
agriculturists and horticulturists who do not pow
them;—since the poor man's loaf has less snarly
freed from taxation, it is rather scandalous far
the sake of the dairy farmers to lay a tea at 11
or 15 per mot. on butter and cheese. It ,bold
be remembered, too, that this tax
heavib' on the egrisultaral labsormswet
consume these adobe, perthriely Ibis% tea mei
derable extent, end whe have to a tax ea their
food to enhance the net of the Gkeehits and Ida
landlords. The duty collided ea both iodise is
1850 amounted to 243,7311. sad the revenue said
well erre that vem, whin sparing it yeah' lower
the pnce of all the butter and chime sinsemed teem
12 to 15 per cant., and save to the tampayere ahem
twenty times as meth es the duties lather into the Ex-
chequer. These taxes were maintamed to 18424 a the
primer Peolsodea, now se IIIIi•SIMInv diesselded
that might set to be allowed to Wain in the
tariff. e say wiling now ea the saltiest of the le.
duty on eornOlor that was seldard far stetislisal
purposes, though it operateser=ve tidy.
Several of the lodes en artistes are
protective, al these IS books and decks sad Mimi
minufeetmee wholly se in part mode up—en hoots
and abuser sr Ono% and silk smarshatmla af all
kinds,' Vs 'Vast of asstirokte thw dads was to
protect the ribs% sissosokan% gloom% nod ilk ma-
nufacturers. Alpine ONO a pleiSliblibility
of our own hash bake forillishist ti do oar own
work ;—and this soak autos will smogs bur the
rate of wages umeamilly high and pride isaaatu-
rally low in the protected meepatisse, driving
aortal oat of dm% and tempting labourers to en-
gage dew them, till oiler pciag through soak issoaws-
aims and ihrubarsa b all ;retinae
briers will be 11111116114 or* warm soil is
clued in the protested beds le the
It is very mararkabl% however, that till to*
in food and the pold disemeries la Australia pane as
impetus to all bedsof seterpriee, and mind the
general rate of worm that the protected trails
men were amongst the worst paid of the seam
munity. As to the tailors and sempetrsse
fur thous behoot the duty oo cotton manu-
facture wholly or in part made-up was pre-
served, they have been, notwithstanding the duty, in
great distress. That their condition is not improved
is due to cirennistanom totally differing from pro-
tective duties. The Spitalfiel& weavers, too, who
continue proteeted, ham of late oomplaMed very mueli,
and one of their complaints, which is very curious,
throws some light on the principle at issue. Thrown
silk, of which a few years ag large quantities were
imported,,is now exported in large and increaaing
9uantities. In relation to the whole quantity of ilk
imported the thrown silk exported, was, in
1845, 0.40 per cent.; in 1851, 2.00 per cent,
In B§ftalllelds the exportation is complained of,
as eting the pries of thrown silk. Now
on this commodity there is no protecting import
duty I ft is treated as a raw material of the silk ma-
nufactures, and in the face of perfectly free competi-
tion our throwsten are succeeding, while on menu-
factureddlks, ribbons, &c., there to a duty varying
from este las per Ib.l and we think we may may

epos the berth= eitssaimi real property.
the pleemsem dumb ememerated bar
110117 sedemeed ; the lei is Melte is repealed ,
Ealof thebei stamp degas Ye hese dirdslad
stes m Nen Ms
pressentisai andrimed edam eheqpee.
of the greatest el .11 the burdens impelling
is that which is described ii the 'Maim
eiMi. N. W. Basun, the writs on Podded
Ireirmitg. and Master in Chump a whams
el. Y. authority. In answer to the Let quietism
pat to nea the subject. du* peoliensa saym
SIR " the operation of the system et spumy-
min is omit as to impose great dliatlties, great
. owe delay, and great almertainty." Ana
51,=14 11 Thelma is that there is scarcely any title
that le eserhelshie." Ans. 8,411. " A man wise
has speed to ma a field far 2001. does net knew
that he has not sentracted to spend 8001. in it
his title, and the person who has agreed to bay g
does not know that be bus not contacted to spend
6001. in getting the title approved. The expense is
unlimited." Ans. 5,416. " These dithealties remove
from the market the small purchasers. No man
would be mad enough to think of investing 1001. in
the purchase of a bit of land, for it would probably
cost him 501. to get a title to it, and nobody would
think of selling such a bit of land." Ans. 6,418.
Again, " I believe that England is the only civilised
country without a general register, and the tidy
oiri country requiring a sixty years' title, is
even forty years. I believe that in almost erryethier
country but this the transfer of property is allmll4
in the books of a notary or a registrar, te mei
public officer, and that you require only the tide of
the person who sells. In fast, land in almost weep
other country bat this is transferred in the same now
nor in which stock is transferred here.. Yoe bah to
the last purchaser only."
In other parts of his evidence, the learned gentle-
mita states that the rains of land in almost all the
better part of Eur is much higher than in
I England, and this difference he attributes to the
Idifficulty and expenses of the transfer of pro-
perty in this country; and be concludes this
portion of his evident* by giving it as his
opinion that these difficulte and expenses constitute
the &wriest Mackie upon real property, diminishing
its value, according to his estimate, by three years'
purchase. A general registry, founded on sound
principles, is a measure to which the public would
give pretty genteel assent. Bat although the jealousy
of the landowners has been amain obstacle to all the
plus for • general register of titles hitherto pro
posed in Parliament, it must be admiued that to
plan really deserving of support has yet been offered.
To expose their tides, and the real state of their
interest in the acres, of which they are to so large an
extent merely nominal owners, has not been a very
acceptable invitation to the territorial aristocracy;
nor have they beea forward to sanction any measure
trading to render the land an ordinary marketable
commodity. The effect, however, of a register of
title—our present long sixty years' titles—in Ireland,
has proved the reveres of encouraging, and there is
no doubt that the bill ptoposed last year
by Lord CAMPBT.LL would have added greatly
to the east of ceaveyeacing, and very little, it at all,
to the security ef titles. A register of titles to
be useful most comply with the requisite suggested
by Hr. Bmuos's evi that the title of the last
registered owner only mei be looked at. How far
that re practicable with oar existing Law of settle-
ment is an important question.

It would perhaps be of little avail to establish a
register, unless that factitious importance which is
attached to land for its territorial influence,—a pur-
pose wholly collateral to the substantial interests
of agriculture, and detrimental to those into-
rests,--could be lessened. To make the title
to land clear and intelligible would be a
great stride towards common sense and utility ;
but to complete the mnancipationof the land another
step must be taken—namely, to render the apparent
proprietor a free agent, to enable him to deal with
as his own the land now only nominally his. The
greet bulk of the real prpperty of this country is
ander a system of settlement by which the abisalate
ownership is continual kept in abeyance. The
tenant in tail on soeoeeding to the estate after the
life interest upon which his estate is first limited, or
in conjunction with the tenant for life—is armed with
the power of striking off his fetters, and becoming a
free proprietor, did his necessities and prejudices per-
mit him to run hie life against that of hie predeces-
sor. But so far from obeying what would seem to be
the natural impulse, he is induced before be comes
Isla pose. on to load himself with additional
by a new settlement which reduces
hie estate tail to a mere estate for life. The
unbars heir of the but tenant for life, to whom
the kw gives the siting of freedom piously gore
tkefth a similes prwim of self-matilation by way
to the idol, Family Pride 1 and by one
Mies ill-essaidared estimated at an age when he
esenely semprehendi the • value or responsibilities
of his powers of control over and
ability -to deal with his own property brooms
irrevocably reetrieted. Thus great estates stagnate
in 'Wile families, sometimes for centuries- oom-
for • keg series of years—in spited the
abhorrence which the law entertains for
lairrwhile the incumbraoces let in upon
ala re-eettlemsat still further paralyse the
ladled setheity of the seminal owner, until at
length the burden bosom intolerable, and the fa-
mily sinks into utter tuin,—a victim to the very eye•
teak which it has boss their pridp and folly to regard
for generations as a psiellese.
The baneful edhete if thus restrictions on the
tenure of land, sad the 11141111 in whisk they inter-
fere with the most 'Wiese merrens et improvement,
' have been lately illustrated is a very remarkable
manner. The Import duties up, faretinagrical-
' tura produce were no sooner withdrawn it was
found necessary, in order to enable the hems grower
to compete with the nodose or the world, to improve
the cultivation, and develop the researeee of the
soil. Drainage was everywhere inenicated as
indispensable; for so little had the noble
science of agriculture under the cold sha-
dow of Protection, that even this, which would
seem to be one of its simplest elements,
was but imperfectly understood, and only par-
tially carried into operation. But drainage
is an expensive process; and it was found
that under the restrictive system of entails and
lifeholds, the ostensible proprietor had no means of
supplying the necessary capital. The family settle-
meet, framed according to precedent, in strict tail
male, while it gave power to raise money for the
! junior offspring of the house, did net sanction any
incumbrance fur the purpose of improving, or dove-
loping the resources of the soil. Accordingly the
landlords were subeidiaed out of the national tren-
' sury for the express purpose of draining their fields
—an iudulgence which it is manifest could neverhave
been needed, had the tenure of land been based upon
' the same wholesome law/ which regulate every other
description of property. A more signal reproach'
indeed, to the policy of the laws which regulate real
property, can hardly be conceived ; and we must add,
that the facility with which the legislature has ad-
vanced, since 1817, six Millions of money to enable
the landlords to derive a rent from their neglected
acres, redounds but little to their credit as guardians
rit,e public puree. Why were the owners of pro-
' gffy worth huedreds of millions, and which has
' always held the first plies lathe money market as
emninty for loaas,asible to hies a few millions for the

Mswasigaswa,—Peer yaws ago, Frazee, uncertain of her
hum yesetnadly dlohurbsd, attached herself to you, and
tearer t nesse. Ills said to you by the immeasay of
her aaiagis, what ohs blind from your wish sad your
lairtas. Naassipswr, you hays fulfilled her elpecta•
lama pea base sand your country, and our country,
PNMaI sad wise, now proclaims with one voice that it
vides le reader power stable I. the hands which have
mak snit a salutary use of it. Never did a national wish
saris Itself to be heard with more energy, or was more ea-
diabetic ea pendent; no governmeat, therefore, was ever
mare legitimate sad, consequently, stronger (or the pros.
carthisof Francs. It is to this solemn mani-
la& tads, these well-founded hopes, that
tie Court at takes pleasure in associating itself,
sad sever, 161•Miatlisr, ma it offer to you a truer or soon
salswely-felt supswaisa of its respect and fidelity.
The Moniker also publiahes addresses in favour of
the Empire from the Courts of Appeal of Rouen,
Algiers, Metz, Montpellier, and Orleans, and from
the Civil Tribunal of Rouen. It is unquestionably
a triumph for Louis Napoleon that the principal
courts of law, which amidst the general wreck of
El bloicurliberties have so frequently done themselves
by firmly upholding law against the en-
croachments of arbitrary decrees, should at length
have given in their unqualified adhesion to the
pireEm-
The majority of the present occupants of the
judicial bench were appointed by Louis Philippe.
l'hey, like the judges in England, hold their alas.
" during good behaviour," which, practically epeak-
ing,is for life. They could not be dismissed without
a violent and irregular exercise of power which
would shock the conscience of a large and influential
part of the community. The needy judges of the
minor courts may, it is true, worship the rising son
from the hope of advancement, but the members
of the Court of Caseation, being already at the
head of the magistracy, have little to look for
from power. It has, indeed, been suggested that
these addresses from the law courts have been voted
under the apprehension that the Empire would be
inaugurated by a short dictatorship, during which
Louis Napoleon would set at naught all artillhhed
rights to freehold offioes, and send to the right -doe
every functionary who might labour nods, thaw&
piam of being lukewarm. I shrink, however, hem
believing that honourable men, such as a large pro-
portion of the judges of Paris undoubtedly are, can
have given way to feelings of slavish fear. I rather
construe their adhesion as a striking evidence of the
irresistible current of opinion, no matter how engen-
dered, which,' for the moment, converges towards
Nap3leouism. In France more than in any
country in the world, People straggle to be
in the front ranks of the majority. For the
last sixty years the greatest impediment to rational
liberty in this country has been tho utter want of
tolerance of a minority by et' party which has
massively been in pqwer. Oeoera Cavaignao
tried, mom perhaps than any other party leader, to
act with fairness towards his opponents, and the
consequence was, that his government is universally
held up as an example of contemptible weakness.
The jades now feel that abstention from positive
approbation of the present regime would be looked
upon as an set of hostility. They know that the
Empire mast be, and they would be loath to have it
said that they had no in its reestablishmentl may here remar y, that supposing Louis
Napoleon were to choose to strike a blow
at the iodepemience of the judges, he would
be applauded rather than censured by the masses.
It is ourions that the freehold tenure of the cam of a
judge, wlesii Noy it England, justly look upon as such
a mbar insrants• of liberty, is strongly objected
to by the democratic party here. This is a cons.-
=t the intolerant feeling of the national
to which I have alluded. In the time of
the fie t the necessity of clearing
the I=lllleati all its oW occupants and replacing
them bx ardent oepablieens was frequent!), premed
err their eatelderatice. The respect hitherto paid
by Louis Nasa to the irremovability of the
fudges is
Philippa to the constitutional system of
Louis e.
The Revue des Beaux Arts says It ie con-
templated to ro-establish on the column of the Place
Vendome the Napoleon after the model of that of
Chandet, dressed in the costume of a Roman Em-
peror, and gilt from head to foot. The statue of
Chaudet still existed under the Restoration, and was
only, it is said, destroyed at the period when King
Louis Philippe placed on the column the Napoleon Of
M. Beane."
A miniature of tho Duke of Wellington, painted
by Imbey, in 1818, was sold yesterday, at the sale of
the Countess d'Hijar's property at Versailles, for the
enormous price of 10,601 fr. The Marquis of Hert-
ford was the purchaser, after a very sharp competi-
tion with anuther bidder. - - -
A meeting of the 29 gentlemen, to whom the
lateral Canal of tie:kronor an 4 the railways from
Bordeaux to Cetto and to Bayonne and from Nar-
bonne to Perpignae were lately conceded, took place
on Thursday, for: purpose of naming the board of
directors. M. de Frimaldi, d'Ezpelita, Baron
Alphonse de Rot hild, M. P. Oill, and M. Demme '
having severally tensed to serve, the object of the
meeting could not be carried out, and the nomination
of a board was adjourned to another opportauenctiltz.
Letters from Lyons state that the:princit silk
manufactories in that plasm are fully mool Vel-