The Press.
London, England, 1856-05-03 00:00:00

THE PRESS.

of all the Russian, and the King of Sardinia, on the other
part, engage to respect this determination of the Sultan,
and to conform themselves to the principle stove declared.
Art. 2. The Sultan reserves to himself, as in past times,
to deliver firmans of passage for light vessels under flag of
war, which shall be employed, as is usual, in the service
of the missions of foreign powers.
Art. 3. The same exception applies to the light vessels
under flag of war, which each of the contracting powers is
authorised to station at t 1 e mouths of the Danube, in order
to secure the execution J the regulations relative to the
liberty of that river, anu the number of which is not to
exceed two for each power.
Art. 4. The present convention, annexed to the general
treaty signed at Paris this day, shall be ratified, and the
ratifications shall be exchanged in the space of tour weeks,
or soonet if possible.
In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have
signed the same, and have affixed thereto the seal of their
arms.

Done at Paris the 30th day of the month of March,
in the year 1850.
[Here follow the signatures of all the Plenipo-
tentiaries.]

2.—Convention between the Emperor of Russia and the
Sultan, Limiting their Naval Force in the Black Sea.
In the Name of Almighty God.
Art. 1. The high contracting parties mutually engage not
to have in the Black Sea any other vessels of war than
those of which the number, the farce, and the dimensions
are hereinafter stipulated.
Art. 2. The high contracting parties reserve to thew•
selves each to maintain in that sea six steam•vessela of
fifty metres in length at the line of floatation, of a tonnage
of 800 tons at the maximum, and four light steam or
sailing vessels, of a tonnage which shall not exceed 200
tons each.

Art. 3. The present convention, annexed to the general
treaty signed at Paris this day, shall be ratified, and the
ratifications shall be exchanged in the space of four weeks,
or sooner if possible.
In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have
signed the same and have affixed thereto the seal of their
ar/118.

[Here follow the signatures of the Russian and
Turkish Plenipotentiaries.]
3.—Convention between her Majesty, the Emperor of the
French, and the Emperor of Russia, respecting the
Aland Islands.

In the Name of Almighty God.
Art. 1. His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, in
order to respond to the desire which has been expressed to
him by their Majesties the Queen of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland and the Emperor of the
French, declares that the Aland Islands shall not be forti-
fied, and that no military or naval establishment shall be
maintained 4 r created there.
Art. 2. The present convention, annexed to the general
treaty signed at Paris this day, shall be ratified, and the
ratifications shall be exchanged in the space of four weeks,
or sooner if possible.
In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries
have signed the same, and have of thereto the seal of
their arms.

[Here follow the signatures of the English,
French, and Russian Plenipotentiaries.l

Declaration respecting Maritime Law, signed by the Pleni-
potentiaries of Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia,
Ittissi3, Sardinia, and Turkey, assembled in Congress

at Paris, April 10, I MO.
(Translation.)
The plenipotentiaries who signed the treaty of Paris, of
the 30th of March, 1850, assembled in conference,—

Considering,—
That maritime law, in time of war, has long been, the
subject of deplorable disputes;
That the uncertainty of the law and of the duties in such
a matter gives rise to differences of opinion between neu-
trals and belligerents which may occasion serious difficul-
ties, and even conflicts ; _ _

That it is consequently advantageous to establish a uni-
form doctrine on so important a point ;
That the plenipotentiaries assembled in Congress at
Paris cannot better respond to the intentions by which
their Governments are animated than by seeking to intro-
duce into international relations fixed principles in this
respect;
The above•mentioned plenipotentiaries, being dilly autho-
rised, resolved to concert among themselves as to the
means of attaining this object ; and, having come to an
agreement, have adopted the following solemn declara-
tion :

1. Privateering is, and remains, abolished.
2. The neutral flag covers enemy's goods, with the ex.
ception of contraband of war.
3. Neutral goods, with the exception of contraband of
war, are not liable to capture under enemy's flag.
4. Blockades, in order to be binding, must. be effective—
that is to say, maintained by a force sufficient retdly to
prevent access to the coast of the enemy.
The Governments of the undersigned plenipotentiaries
engage to bring the present declaration to the knowledge
of the States which have not taken part in the Congress of
Paris, and to invite them to accede to it.
_ _ .

Convinced that the maxims which they now proclaim
cannot but be received with gratitude by the whole world,
the undersigned plenipotentiaries doubt not that the efforts
of their Governments to obtain the general adoption thereof
will be crowned with full success.

The present declaration is not and shall net he binding,
except between those powers who have acceded, or shall
accede, to it.
Done at Paris, the 18th of April, 184.
(Here follow the signatures Qf all the Plenipo-
tentiaries.]

I

417

lorti#n anb Colonial latelligtna.

FRANCE.
The formal exchange of the ratifications of the
treaty of peace was officially announced in the Moni-
teur of Monday as having taken place on Sunday at
three p.m., at the Hotel of the Ministry for Foreign
Affairs.

On Munday afternoon the treaty and protocols
were laid before the Corps Legislatif and the Senate,
amidst the enthusiastic cheers of the members.
'the French papers during the week have been
filled with the treaty and the annexes, almost to the
exclusion of every other topic. Without exception
the treaty is regarded as highly satisfactory by the
whole French press; and the opinion expressed by
the Mats, hitherto considered an Orieanist organ,
has created some surprise

The treaty of Paris (says M. de Sacy) is intended by
its principal authors, or, we are willing to admit, its prin-
cipal author, to replace the Vienna treaties of 1t414 and
1815. On this we openly and sincerely congratulate the
French Goveroment, or rather we openly and sincerely
congratulate the Emperor himself; for some people have
reproached us, it is said, with always mentioning the
French Government and seldom alluding to the Emperor.
We ask nothing better than to correct this involuntarily
inaccurate phraseology. Old Corneille says somewhere
Or other :

A qui regarde bien
L'Empereur seul est tout, et l'Empire n'est rien."
It is to the Ertperor (continues M. de Sacy) that France
and Europe are indebted for peace; the plenipotentiaries
have proclaimed it, and we have great satisfaction in re •
peating it after them.

The Constitutionnel compares the treaty with that
ofJuly, '4l, much to the disparagement of M. Guizot's
diplomatic chef-d'ceuvre.
Count Orloff was received by the Emperor on
Tuesday in order to present letters of notification of
the accession of Alexander IL to the throne of
Russia, and also a letter of congratulation on the
birth of the Imperial Prince.
The remarkable attack of the Constitutionnel upon
Espartero last week was followed on Tuesday by the
Patrie with an article of a very opposite tendency,
which intimates a curious dessous des cartes :
The two Marshals, Espartero and O'Donnell (say, the
Patrie), are aware of the desperate efforts of demagogy and
reaction ; they know that in Spain, as well as abroad, skil-
fully organised calumny is spreading malicious reports
about them in order to raise up public opinion in Europe
against the Spanish Government.
AUSTRIA.
Count Buol, on his return to Vienna on the morn
ing of the 21st, immediately proceeded to the palace,
and was cldseted with the Emperor from ten till half:
past one.
The organisation of the Danubian principalities is
the subject of daily conferences at the Foreign-office,
under the presidency of Count Buol, and attended by
Baron Koller. The conferences were to close on the
2fith, and Baron Kolier, with Colonel von Kalik, to
leave for Bucharest on the 30th.

The evacuation of the principalities is reported as
being decided on. The Austrian troops will retire in
brigades, so that the evacuation will hardly be corn •
pleted this year.

RUSSIA.
Accounts from St. Petersburg state that an Impe-
rial decree disbands 337 druschines of militia, and
six regiments of Cossacks of the Tartar cavalry,
raised this year in the Government of Kasen, form-
ing together a total of 350,000 men of the militia of
the empire of the first and second Bans.
The Journal de St. Petersbourg publishes an Im-
perial order of the day to the militia, announcing the
termination of the war, thanking the men for their
devotion and granting a cross of honour to be worn
in retirement.

Expeditions for the conquest of the Caucasian
mountain tribes, it is reported from St. Petersburg,
will at once be organised. The Caucasian army will
be strengthened by two regiments of infantry and
two of dragoons, and the expedition placed under the
command of General Kruleff.

The Czar's journey to Warsaw is fixed for the
18th of May, when several grand reviews of the
Crimean troops will be held. It was generally
believed at Warsaw that the Grand Duke Nicholas
would assume the Viceroyalty upon this occasion.
The Emperor has addressed a letter to Count
Orloff thanking him for his loyalty and uprightness
in conducting the late negotiations at Paris, and
appointing him President of the Council of the
Empire.
The resignation of Count Nesselrode has been
officially accepted by the Emperor, and Prince
Gortschakoff appointed to succeed, with M. Ivan
Tolstoi as adjoint to the new Minister.
Count Adlerberg, the Minister of the Imperial
Household, is appointed successor to Count Orloff ,
in the post of Chief of the Imperial Staff.
A decree in the Invalide Russe suspends all levy
of military recruits for six years throughout the
whole of Russia and Poland,