The Press.
London, England, 1856-06-21 00:00:00

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conntriea throngh which he journeys. Merchants often
place large stuns of money in his hands for transit, and I
have never known one of them betray his trust. The
lower orders travel on asses, on which they place enormous
loads. Once in motion, the caravan breaks into small
patties of ten or twelve persons ; that of the djilo dar is at
the head of the column, and there, in front of all, he puts
his best beast, to set an example to the rest by her steady
and sustained pace. This mule is always gaily caparisoned,
the harness covered with embroidery and other varieties of
decoration, in addition to the bells which give notice of
the approach of the caravan. After these detachments
comes the merchandise, also carried by mules, and those
travellers who have only half, nay sometimes only a third,
of an ass. for there is often a triple partnership, ride and
tie—the f-xd, passengers bring up the rear. All halts and
hours of march are determined by the djilo•dar. If there
is no caravanserai, he selects the camping ground, and the
goods are ranged under his orders in a circle or square,
round which the travellers sleep ; the space within is
reserved for the horses and mules, which are tethered to a
long pole. The djilo-dar is, as he well need be, an active
fellow, for he has sometimes to look after five or six hun-
dred mules, their burdens and their drivers, who are ten
thonsond times more troublesome than their beasts. When
the halt is made, he announces the hour of departure for
that day or the next morning; he also regulates the pace,
or stops the caravan, by various cr:ee, which are passed
from mouth to mouth along the road.
When a caravan is attacked by robbers. the Persian mu-
leteers, if armed, anti having the advantage of position
and numbers, generally defend themselves with spirit ; but
if there is any doubt as to the probable result, they think
only of their mules, cut the harness, throw off the loads,
and. leaving the merchandise to its fate, gallop off as hard
as they can go.

• • • •
Provisions are to be obtained at almost every village;
but if they are at a great distance from one another, or it
is at the period of the year when the Persians keep their
horses on green rood, that is between May and July, the
caravan rarely encamps near the towns, and then the (lido-
dar gives notice, and the traveller lays in a stock. Poultry,
eggs, and milk are to be had in most villages ; but rice for
the pillau, the best and most nutritious food in Persia, is
not always to lie met with.

An excellent map accompanies the volume,
and with its aid the route of the traveller can
be traced from Teheran through the wide
expanse of Turcoman country to Herat. By
the crafty ruler Yar Mohammed he was received
with great distinction, through the firm con-
viction that he was au Englishman :

" Yon are an Englishman," said he, abruptly ; " I know
it : why, therefore, concealment ? Come, now, tell me
what are your intentions. If I have been to blame with
your Government, I have a right to complain of their con•
duct to me. Let h)gones be bygones. There is some•
thing to be said on both sides. Our political relations can
again be renewed, and on a friendly footing, and I will be as
sincere as you can have a right to expect ; the duplicity that
I formerly practised to Pottinger and Todd Sahebs ought
not to lower me in your opinion ; they excited the anger
of that old drunkard, the Shah Kamran, against me ; my
life was at stake, and it was high time that I should defend
it. I was in a state of continual alarm ; hut that has
ceased since his death ; at the present time all authority is
centred in me : the Afghans are devoted to me, and I
have got rid of the Persians. Speak to me, then, without
reserve, and, if your alliance can be useful to me, mine
way be of service to you."

Notwithstanding the author's assurances that
he was not an Englishman, it is doubtfnl
whether, even at last, he inspired belief. It
was after he left Herat that his main perils
and disappointments commenced. He tried
to reach Lahore by Balkh and Kabul, but was
stopped, and ultimately sent back to Herat
He then resolved on trying the route through
Southern Afghanistan to Kandahar, and was
furnished with letters by Yar Mohammed to
host Mohammed Khan at Kabul, and Akbar
Khan (our old enein3 I at Kandahar, but these
letters he had no opportunity of delivering
With great difficulty he penetrated to Kanda-
har, through a country previously unknown to
Europeans ; but there he was suspected, plun-
dered, confined, and, after some narrow
escapes, sent back to Herat, and from thence
finally returned to Teheran.

On his last visit to Herat he met with un-
expected sympathy. Fethi Khan, a cousin of
Yar Mohammed. had been employed in some
diplomatic missions..and had had much inter-
course with the English He made the author
obliging proffers of assistance :

As Asiatics are generally very lavish of propositions of
this kind, without the least ides of carrying them into
effect, I received those of Fethi Khan as simply the ex-
pression of a polite feeling ; but I was in error, for a very
short time after he had left he sent me 330 francs in gold,
a complete Afghan dress, a gun, a watch, and three horses ;
and during the whole time I resided at Herat was of
service to me in many other ways. " After the many
civilities I received from the English in India," said he,
" it is only a duty which T perform—they are Europeans,
so are the French, so that it is all one aul the tame
thing."

The incident is worth notice, as showing the
grateful feelings with which the English are
remembered at Herat. Even in Kandahar the
author formed an opinion that the people re-
gret our departure :
The people were irritated, it is true, because their
prejudices had been shocked, and rose to shake off their
yoke; but now they regret them, and I have twenty times
heard Afghans speak in terms of just appreciation of what
they had done for their good. They remembered with
gratitude their justice ; their gratuitous care of the sick in
the hospitals; the presents of money and clothes they re-
ceived when they left them cured ; the repairs of their
public works; and the extension of commerce and agricul-
ture, owing to their encouragement.
There are other expressions to the like effect,
leading to a presumption that it would be no
difficult matter for us to establish friendly
relations through the whole extent of Afghan-
istan, and to open channels of trade. The
whole volume, indeed, tends both to raise our
opinion of the commercial capabilities of the
countries of Central Asia, and to show that
with management they could be made more
accessible than is generally supposed. Con-
quest is out of the question; but much may
be done to induce the rulers of those coun-
tries to favour commercial intercourse. To
this end the efforts of our Government might
be wisely directed. The editor, noticing the
changes that may be expected from the steam
navigation of the Indus, and the extension of
the railway system in India, writes
It is in these countries of Central Asia that we shall for
some years to come have to fight a pacific battle with Rus-
sia, a battle which friends may fight, in which the straggle
will not exhaust but invigorate the combatants; where the
object of contention is, as to -rho shall bring to the nations
of Asia the manufactures of the civilised word • who shall
stimulate them most to send in return the productions of
their own fertile countries.

For such purposes, we never can stretch out our
arms too far. The extension of our commerce
is the most unexceptionable mode of extend-
ing our power, and it would be matter of
unmixed satisfaction could the humanising
influences of trade be made by any means to
penetrate the countries partially opened to
our view in M. Ferrier's valuable volume,
and the yet more barbarous States—not hope-
lessly isolated let us hope from the civilised
world—of Khiva and Bokhara.

The Primitive Doctrine of Baptismal Regenera.
tion. By J. B. Muzley, B.D. London:
Murray.

THE present treatise is one of many attempts
which have been made of late to reconcile the
teaching of the Church with what men witness
in the world, and with the peculiar doctrines
of election and final salvation which some
teachers have chosen to consider synonymous
with regeneration. Some writers would lessen
the importance attributable to the gift of
regeneration, while others, like Mr. Gorham—
and we suppose we must now add Mr.
Mozley—A ould dissever regeneration from
baptism.
"The present treatise," says the author,
" is strictly confined to one object, the aster-
" tuning of the meaning of a word,—the word
" regenerate." This term he makes equivalent
to final salvation,—to absolute goodness and
holiness, which once possessed can never
afterwards be lost. This gift, he says, cannot
be conferred in baptism, and therefore the
statements of Scripture and the Church must
admit of some qualification. To reconcile his
definition of regeneration with the testimony
of the Church and the actual state of baptised
persons, he maintains a position which has
been suggested before, but never. that we are
aware of, maintained as in this book, that
when Scripture and the Church speak of
baptised persons as regenerate, they merely
use the language of a charitable hope and
supposition, just as we ourselves speak of
men being honourable, or kings being reli-
gious. The greater part of his work is occu-
pied in proving this to be the intention of
Scripture, of the early Church, and of St.
Augustine ; and he concludes with an appli-
cation of his theory to the doctrine of infant
baptism.
In regard to the use of the word
we would ask Mr. Mozlev, is

actually and positively conferred in
not ? If there is. what better name can

to it thanitbat which the Church

regenerate,
any Grace
i baptism or
!an be given
has always

594

used ?—one which betokens a restoration to
the condition of our first parents before the
Full, but in no way implies the impossibility
of subsequent sin, any more than the holiness
of Adam and Eve prevented them from dis-
obedience. Yet was not the holiness of Adam and
Eve something more than a capacity for holi-
ness ? Both Hooker and Bishop Bethel bear
witness to the meaning of the word. In their
language, baptism is " the door of our actual
" entrance into God's house, the first begin-
" ning of life ;" and baptised infants are " those
" whom God hath called unto the first begin-
" flings of eternal life, and presented b.t the
" well-spring of new birth, wherein original
" sin is purged." Mr. Motley's line of argu-
ment, then, is this,—that regeneration is
always used in Scripture as equivalent to
actual holiness, and that persons in a state of
actual holiness cannot commit sin ; but, as
baptised persons can and do commit sin, they
cannot of necessity be regenerate, and that
consequently the High Church doctrine of
baptismal regeneration is founded on error.
The reply to that may be, that the terms of
Scripture on which he relies to establish his
definition, while undoubtedly going far be-
yond a mere capacity fur holiness, do never-
theless nowhere go so far as to imply a state
of holiness greater than that possessed by
Adam and, Eve when in a state of innocence ;
and that, just as they committed sin, so may
regenerate persons commit it. The parable of
the talents and the ten virgins, and of the
leaven in the meal—St. Paul's exhortation to
" stir up the gift that is in us "—his exhorta-
tions to the saints " to be renewed daily "
the collect for Christmas-day, "that we being
" regenerate, may be renewed daily "—the
prayer in the baptismal service, which, after
taanking God that it " hath pleased Him to
•• regenerate this infant," goes on nevertheless
to pray for his final salvation—all point with
sufficient distinctness to one interpretation of
the term regenerate. One of the strongest
passages in favour of Mr. Motley's own view
is that from St. John 1 Ep. iii. 9, " Whatever
" is born of God doth not commit sin, for his
" seed rernaineth in him ; and he cannot sin,
" because he is burn of God." But here the
Greek words for " Whatever is born " are,
Ira; 0 ryMip.4o; ; the perfect tense, " what-
" ever• has been and still is born "—that is, in
whom the seed still remains. So the present
Bishop of Liacoln,—" Whosoever having been
" born again continues in that state, and there-
" fore not only was but is a child of God, cannot
" sin wilfully and habitually" (" Witness of
the Spirit," p. 196) To the other• passages of
St. John quoted by Mr. Moziey may be op-
posed Heb. x. 26-27, vi. 4-6, Peter 2 Ep. ii. 20-22,
Matt. xii. 4345.

We have said enough to show that in
his discussion of the word regenerate Mr.
Mozley has scarcely evinced as much can•
dour or as much logic as we had a right to
expect from so eminent and able a theologian.
We pass on to his remarks on infant baptism.
At page 128 Mr. Mozley writes:—

Infant baptism has grown up so completely to be the
general rule, to which adult baptism is the exception, that
we are apt popularly to regard the institution as primarily
a al in the drat instance connected with infants, and only
secondarily with adults. But the doctrine of baptism is
the very converse of this, the institution being in truth
primarily designed for adults, and only secondarily for
infants. By baptism being primarily designed for adults,
I mean that adults alone are in thenseire4 fit subjects of
baptism. Repentance and faith are plainly laid down in
Scripture as the necessary conditions of baptism. Adults
can in themselves fulfil these conditions. and therefore
adults can be in themselves tit subjects of baptism. But
infants cannot in themselves fulfil these conditions, and
therefore are not in themselves tit subjects of baptism
They are only made such by the faith and repentance of
other persons being accepted as a substitute for their own,
that is, by allowing other persons to stand in their place,
s ).far as these conditions are concerned, and expressly
aecounting and regarding them so far as if they were those
other persons.

To assert that because " infants cannot in
`' themselves fulfil these conditions, they are not
in themselves fit subjects of baptism," is just
the same as to say that human beings must of
n cessity be made wicked before they can be
nude good—to impugn the position occupied
by the elder brother of the prodigal son, or
by the ninety and nine just persons who need
no repentance. If baptism is the washing
away of original sin, infants are fit recipients

THE PRESS.

of it. We must consider that of course all the
first converts to Christianity were adults, and
that naturally therefore Scripture language on
the subject of baptism would take its colour
from this circumstance In adults the for-
giving of original sin and the pardon of actual
offences would be united in the ceremony of
baptism. But we must consider that a bap-
tised infant now, and a baptised adult then,
are on precisely the same footing as regards
their salvation—each is cleansed of whatever
sin he was tainted with, and before any further
sin is committed may be called holy, in the
sense of pure and spotless—which is surely
something more than possessing a mere capa-
city for goodness.
There is furthermore great inconsistency in
Mr. Mozley's language when, fearful of deny-
ing the doctrine of baptismal regeneration, he
says, p. 130, " infants certainly are regenerate
" after baptism ;" and then, " we cannot assert
"of adults that they are regenerate." Let us
remember what Mr. Mozley himself means by
regeneration—the receipt of a gift of holiness
which can never he lost. Infants, then, he
says, certainly do receive this boon, which it
is impossible to lose afterwards; and then
adds, in the same breath, that when they be-
come adults they do lose it. Surely those who
abandon the old Church theory, and turn the
language of the Catechism into a mere
mockery, should look closely after their own
arguments, and not suffer any desire to recon-
cile irreconcileable dogmas to lead them into
such unsatisfactory reasoning as this.

The History of Gustavus Adolphus, and of the
Thirty Years' War, up to the King's Death.
By B. Chapman, M A., Vicar of Letherhead.
London: Longmans.

THERE is a wide difference in the qualifica-
tions required by a writer of contemporaneous
history, and one who seeks to reproduce before
our minds the picture of a past age. Accuracy
in facts, and a lucid simplicity of style, are
almost all that the former need possess to
produce a work which future generations will
accept as a classic. But the latter must have
far mole than this. He must have all the
qualities but the manual skill of the historical
painter—strong imagination, a talent for
grouping, a quick eye for the picturesque, and
a command of fervid and striking language.
Or, if he has not these, he must have some-
thing to compensate for their absence—some
original theory to propound, or some novel
discoveries to exhibit. It is no great dispa-
ragement to a writer to say that he does not
possess those qualities, for scarcely one in a
century does ; yet without them he is not
likely to produce a standard work, though he
may compose a pleasing narrative. The subject
of Mr. Chapman is a really fine one. The last
efforts of Protestantism in Germany appa-
rently crashed. Frederick of Bohemia and
his beautiful wife, the object of homage to so
many gallant spirits of the day, exiles from
their kingdom. Christian of Denmark, and
his brave Scotch mercenaries, worsted at
length in the cruelly unequal struggle, and
reduced to inactivity by the Treaty of Lubeck,
which compelled him to dismiss all the
foreign troops in his service. Most of the
great soldiers of fortune who had upheld the
cause of the Protestants vanished from the
scene ; the Duke of Saxe Weimar, Christian
Duke of Brunswick, and that extraordinary
man Ernest Count Mansfeldt, the Montreal
of the period, who always wore Elizabeth's
glove on his helmet, and died in 1626, before
he was thirty years of age, in a hovel in Dal-
matia. France and England looking quietly on,
though from very different motives—the one
merely waiting till the combatants were
exhausted to step in at the last and reap all
the fruits of the contest, the other steadily ad-
hering to the policy of non-interference which
distinguished the Stuart dynasty ; while the last,
spark of religious liberty bad been wellnigh
trodden out under the hoofs of Tilly's Cu-
rassiers—wheu suddenly from the shores of
the Baltic the youthful Swedish hero burst
down upon the Papal armies, confounded the
greatest generals of the age, and before he
was thirty-seven had stemmed that formidable
spiritual reaction, and changed the history of
Europe.

SATURDAY,

Such is the character and such the events
which Mr. Chapman has undertaken to deli-
neate. The whole career of Gustavus Adol-
phus, from his acct ssion to his death, is one
of the romances of history, arid would afford
an admirable theme to any of the class of
poetical historians—such, for instance, as the
lamented author of " The Memoirs of Prince
Rupert," who has set an example of this sort of
writing not easy to be followed. But to this class
of writers Mr. Chapman has no affinity. His
work is a. highly respectable production, and, had
it been the first of its kind, so as to fill up an
acknowledged vacancy iu history, might have
been esteemed a valuable contribution to lite-
rature. Mr. Chapman seems to have applied
himself to the regular sources of information
with commendable industry, and to have com-
posed his narrative in a laudable spirit of
moderation. He exhibits also at times no in
conside►able political sagacity. He does not
add to the reproaches usually heaped upon
James I. for not assisting his son-in-law
Frederick, whose imprudence in accepting the
Crown of Bohemia he considers almost a
sufficient justification of James's conduct:—
Oa the 25th of October he was crowned at Prague, with
a haste founded perhaps upon his disputable title, and with
a costly expenditure which in the circumstances of the
moment could ill be spared. If the Protestant►sm o • the
young King had been less sectarian in its character, and
had he, supported by the Protestant powers of Europe,
been able in one great battle to crush the troops first sent
against him, the close of his reign might not have fur-
nished so dismal a contrast to the splendour with which
it was inaugurated. Bat some of the Protestant powers
could not, and others would not help him. The Prince of
Orange would have gladly come to his assistance, but the
twelve years' truce with Spain was drawing to a close, and
he had to husband his strength for a fresh encounter.
Gustavus Adolphus could do no more than testify his good
will and sympathy by a small gift of guns, and an attempt
to engage the co-operation of the Elector of Brandenburg.
The Kings of Denmark and England discountenanced the
step which Frederick had taken, and refused him the title
of king. In vain the zealous Anbot, Archbishop of Can-
terbury, urged the King of England to follow where God
led, and avowed his conviction that the Bohemians had
just cause to reject " that proud and bloody man " Ferdi-
nand. James professed publicly that he was not suffi-
ciently versed in the laws and constitution of Bohemia to
decide a question so delicate : " Quis me fecit judicem ?"
Privately he advised his son•in-law to renounce a throne to
which he had no right. Nearer home the Imperial free
cities shrunk from the expense and danger of a quarrel
with Ferdinand: the Elector of Saxony took an open part
against the new king ; the Evangelical Union, after a faint
hesitation, abandoned him at his utmost need.

This is rather a favorable speclmen of Mr.
Chapman's style, which is often too dif-
fuse. Nor do we see in what respect he has
improved on his predecessor, liarte, on
whose literary merit Lord Chesterfield, though
he made him tutor to his son, passed so
severe a censure. The book has small pre•
tensions to excellence purely on its own merits,
and any claim to be considered the life, par
excellence, of' the great Swedish Prince, is
wholly inadmissible.

The Danes and the Swedes. By Cl-arles Henry
Scott. Landon: Longmans.
Ora notice of Mr. Scott's book has st )od over
until the subject hits partly lost its interest.
It is not, however, a work which calls for any
lengthened criticism. Its principal defects
are in style. Mr. Scott has not the fluent pen
or volatile fancy required by a writer of this
class of travels. But he is a candid and
sensible observer, and, wherever he gets upon
subjects adapted to his powers, he is
worth attention. His account of Sunday in
Copenhagen, and the reflections to which it
gives rise upon the difference of Sunday in
London, is noteworthy :

The Danes appear to be pretty regular church-goers,
that is, comparatively with other continental nations ; but
in Copenhagen the duty is principally confined to attend-
ing the morning service. On a tine Sunday afternoon,
nearly the whole population may be seen flocking to the
suburbs, all intent on enjoying the time which this day
affords them of relaxation from their weekly labour. It is
then that the tea-gardens are crammed to repletion with
the honest "townfolk ; " it is then that the Tivoli-gardens
attract the greatest numbers; then when the "merry-go-
round" attains its extreme velocity, and the carriages
descend the "Russian mountain " in quickest succession.
It is really quite refreshing to see the contei tment of
these good people, and to observe how well pier sed they
are with such simple pastimes; and while watching their
quiet enjoyment, one doubts the wisdom of deo lying a
nation of all innocent amu•ement, on the only day when
the hard-working classes can find leisure for recreation
without pecaniwy loss, and consequent depmation to
their families. Nor could we help contrasting the respect•

1