The Press.
London, England, 1854-08-12 00:00:00

TEE PRESS.

" plying the funds at the disposal of Govern-
" meat to the encouragement of the acquisi-
" tion of learning by means of stipends, which
" not only far exceed the cost of maintenance
" of the student, but, in many cases, are above
" what he could reasonably expect to gain on
" entering the public service or any of the
" active professions of life ;" determining
henceforth to reduce and abolish these, though
the income of such scholarships in few cases
exceeds eighteen, and, we believe, in no case is
more than sixty pounds per annum,—they
still hope at some distant period to effect
the regeneration of India.
On a future occasion we propose to submit
our own views of the measures required to
carry out the objects which it is the professed
design of this despatch to forward, for we, too,
are of opinion that the best guarantee for the
stability of our empire in the East consists in
educating our native subjects to appreciate the
arts, the sciences, and the literature of our
own country. We do not, however, think that
such a piece of jugglery as is contained in this
education despatch is calculated at all to effect
that end, more especially when accompanied
by such acts of habitual injustice at the India
Board as that detailed in our last num-
ber, and since exposed in the House of
Commons.

CENSUS RESULTS.
(Continued from THE PRESS of August 5.)

THE next head of investigation is that which relates
to the " occupations of the people," or, as we may
phrase it, their social division into &Asses. The
report here departs from all former precedent, and
arranges the various forms of human labour or
existence under fourteen distinct headings. In the
first rank stands the civil service of the country, in-
cluding all persons therein employed, from the
Sovereign down to the office-clerk, and embracing
both Houses of Parliament. This class contains
71,191 persons above the age of 20; among whom
are placed policemen, prison-officers of all grades,
magistrates, local officials, and employes of the East
India Company residing in England. To the above
number the civil service, properly so called, contri-
butes 37,698 individuals ; while 29,785 hold local
offices of some description, paid or unpaid. The
collective aggregate of this administrative body
amounts to 1.317 per cent. on the entire male adult
population ; or about 1 in 400 of the whole people of
Great Britain. Next comes the military service,
including army, navy, pensioners, half-pay officers,
and the like. These are thus distributed:—

Army, effective 142,870
Navy, effective 35,903
Army, non-effective 03,905
Navy, non-effective 20,492

exclusive of the East India Company's forces.
Thus we find that of the total population of Great
Britain, not reckoning the militia, employment in
which is only temporary, about 1 in 158 is engaged
in military pursuits, past or present.
In the third class stand the learned professions—
clergy, lawyers, and medical practitioners. Of these
the respective numbers are :
Clergy (of all sects)
Lawyers
Medical men

- -
Law-clerks, officers of courts, parish clerks and
persons employed about churches, and others
occupying subordinate positions in connection with
these professions, swell the entire list to 110,370.
Next come authors, artists, and men of science,
numbered as follows :

Authors, editors, and journalists 2,R68
Artists

among whom 4,915 are returned as painters, and
2,971 as architects or builders.
Scientific men, professedly and ex-
clusively so called 466
Teachers, male
66 female

This classification is of necessity imperfect; many
authors are returned as graduates of universities,
holding employment therein; many are teachers;
in fact, the number of persons who engage in more
than one occupation forbids accurate enumeration.
In the fifth division we have women and other
members of families whose duties are either those of
the household or combined with some external and
distinct pursuit. Of 3,481,524 wives, about one-
fourth engage in some kind of non-domestic employ-
ment; of 795,590 widows, two-thirds have a business
which they habitually and regularly follow. Of
youths and girls under 20 we have

747

Attending school 2,745,837
Not attending school

We infer from the context, although it is not
deafly stated, that children are excluded from this
reckoning ; but there is here a want of clearness in
the report. Of children between 5 and 15 years,
numbering 7,694,583, only 2,405,442 are returned as
habitual scholars ; showing that nearly one-half are
brought up without school-teaching of any kind,—a
result, as it appears to us, mucn less favourable than
that which we lately inferred from the educational
statistics this year published.
The sixth class includes those " who are engaged
" in lodging entertaining, attending, or providing
" articles of dress, so as to be brought much into
personal contact with those they serve,"—a singular
classification, which brings together a variety of em•
ployments totally different in character. It would
be difficult, for instance, to show that a hatter, a
shoemaker, or an undertaker, belong to the class of
personal dependents ; yet personal dependence seems
to be the idea conveyed in the definition quoted
above. Nor is it practically true—a hatter is not
more in "personal contact" with his customers
than a butcher, baker, or greengrocer. This mis-
cellaneous catalogue of trades and occupations com-
prises 2,420,173 persons ; of whom three-fourths are
women. _ _

The seventh class is confined to individuals follow-
ing mercantile pursuits, and extends from the
Rothschilds and tho Barings to costermongers and
marine-store dealers. Its numbers are not stated,
and its limits are vaguely defined. Under the eighth
class (also not numbered) are reckoned all carriers,
whether on railways, roads, canals, or the ocean.
We have next (class ninth) the agriculturi.ts, re-
turned as 2,390,508 persons, of whom three fourths,
or about 1,800,000, are men. They are subdivided
as follows :

Landowners, men
71 women

Total
Farmers, men and women 305,802
Labourers
Women employed in the field
Indoor farm servants (men)
Indoor farm servants (women)
Farmers' relatives living with and
working for them (men)
Farm bailiffs

_ .
Agents
Land surveyors
Woodmen 10,070
Gardeners and nurserymen

Of all the men above 20 years of age, 20 per cent.,
or more than one-fourth, rank under this heading;
8 per cent. of all the women ; 8 per cent. of boys
under 20; and 3 per cent. of girls under 20.
In class tenth we have all those persons who are
employed about animals, whether in catching,breed-
ing, taming them, or otherwise.; These occupaticns
employ 100,262 persons, of whom 86,528 are men.
We find nearly 37,000 men and boys engaged in
fishing ; grooms, jockeys, and men in stable employ
near 25,000 ; gamekeepers, 9,221.
Next follow mechanics, artisans, and handicrafts-
men, constituting four classes by themselves, and
collectively constituting a body of 3,700,000 indi-
viduals. Of these an ample and detailed classifica-
tion is given ; but we cannot follow it out without too
much extending our space. A fifteenth, or supple-
mentary, class is added to the rest, consisting of
persons whom employment do not fall under any
one of the above heads, but who are, nevertheless,
doers of work in some shape. The idle rich are very
few. Of adults, holding property to any considerable
amount, and without employment, we have the fol-
lowing catalogue :
Independent gentlemen 10,604
91 gentlewomen 15,318
Annuitants, men
women 121,222
157,402 persons in the poorer class are stated to have
no fixed occupation, but to be either vagrants,
paupers, lunatics, prisoners, or dependents.

REPORT ON CONVEYANCE OF MAILS
BY RAILWAYS.
THE committee appointed to inquire into causes of
alleged postal delay on the principal lines of railroad
has reported, and offers a variety of suggestions,
chiefly on points of detail, into which we Abel not
enter. It appears from the evidence taken before
them that the average delay on the London and
Newcastle line was, during the last three months of
1853, thirty-five minutes, fifty-three minutes, and
sixty nine minutes, daily. In summer it diminished,
but on the general average of nine months there
appears a detention of forty minutes daily. On the
London and Edinburgh line the daily delay averaged.

-

749

in October, thirty-one minutes; in November, thirty
three ; and in December, fifty-five. On the London
and Holyhead (same dates) it averaged thirty mi-
nutes daily in October, forty-two minutes in Novem-
ber, fifty four minutes in December. On the Bristol
(Great Western) line greater punctuality appears to
be the rule, attributable, however, in some degree to
the comparative shortness of the journey. The
average delay was, in October, twelve minutes ' • in
November, nineteen ; in December, thirty. Other
instances are given, but with the same general result.
It would seem that the demand for postal accommo
dation is continually on the increase. The estimated
average of letters, parcels, &c., which leave London
by the evening mails daily is subjoined :
Letters 217,500
Newspapers 124,333
Book-packets BB5
Bags
1,085
Making a total weight of 14 tons, 7 cwt., and some-
thing over. Of this cargo letters form thirteen per
cent.; bags, nine per cent.; parcels, two per cent.;
newspapers, seventy-six per cent.; in other words,
one-fourth only of the postal delivery is paid for, the
other three-fourths being gratuitous. The committee
recommend that the total expenses and receipts of
the Post-office, including that incurred for colonial
and foreign service, shall be laid annually, in the
form of an account, before Parliament. In this
racommendation we heartily concur.

The Moniteur of yesterday publishes a Gear_
from the Austrian Government demanding the
evacuation of the principalities, with the reply of
Russia.
The Journal de St. Petersbourg of Aug. 3 con
tains a long list of names of Wallachians upon
whom the Czar has conferred titles, orders, and
decorations for their devotedness and zeal for Russia.
The same Russian journal publishes an article in
which the siege of Silistria is several times men-
tioned, and always as " the feigned siege."
The Emperor Napoleon has intimated his inten-
tion of giving out of his privy purse 400 f. a year to
every soldier who has lost a limb in the expedition of
Djurjura (Algeria).
The cholera, which was decreasing at Marseilles,
has again increased, and among the last deaths re-
corded are two medical men. At Toulon, on the Bth
inst., 104 persons fell victims to the disease. In
some districts the inhabitants have fled from their
homes, leaving their field crops to those who might
choose to gather them.

The Mavrocordato Ministry have published their
official programme, dated Athens, the 31st ult., in
which they pledge themselves to review every de-
partment of the State, to see what abuses can be
remedied, and what benefits can be introduced,
having a due regard to the nghts of the throne as
well as to those of the people.

Three donaniers and two citizens were shot at
Parma on the sth for the part they took in the late
events.
The cholera has made its appearance at Rome.

The screw-steamer Ottawa reached Liverpool
yesterday, with New York advises of the 28th ult.
It was reported at New York that, in addition to
the treaty of neutrality agreed upon by the United
States and Russia, there is a convention by which
the latter power proposes to transfer to the former
the island of Sitka, rn the Pacific Ocean, on the west
coast of North America.

The ship Marlborough arrived off Plymouth
yesterday in eighty-nine days from Port Phillip. She
brings a mail, 100 passengers, chiefly old colonists,
04,000 oz. of gold (worth 250,0001.), and 11,0001. in
specie.
Her Majesty will leave Buckingham Palace this
afternoon immediately after the prorogation, and
return to Osborne. The Queen will proceed to
Scotland a day or two after l'rince Albert's
birthday.

THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY have
signed the deed binding themselves to contribute
50,000/. towards the cost of four magnificent steamers
to form a line of communication between Waterford
and Milford. The South Wales Compnny will con-
tribute the balance. One of the vessels is expected
to be launched in three months, and the vessels will
be put on the line as quickly as possible.

NEW DRESS FOR THE CAVALRY.—Although not sealed,
the new dress of the heavy cavalry is stated to be as fol-
lows :—The tunic to be perfectly plain and scarlet, with
double row of buttons, and turn-backs across the chest.
Facings according to regiments, with field-officers' ranks
on the collar. No scales or epaulettes, but shoulder-tabs,
same colour as the facings. Helmet without plume, but
au ornament of a lion's head. Overalls blue. A coatee—
eft a good deal to the fancies of commanding officers—will
be allowed for officers at balls or levees, but strictly prohi-
bited on all parades or duty. The stable-jacket will be
done away with, but the blue coat be kept for all fatigue-
parades, stables, and walking the streets.

THE PRESS.

rottOings in parliament.

THE AFFAIRS OF INDIA.
The act of last year having placed the administra-
tion of India more completely in the hands of the
Board of Control, and, in particular, having provided
that an annual statement of the revenue and expen-
diture, progress and prospects of our Oriental empire
should be duly and annually submitted to Parliament
by the responsible head of that board, Sir C. WOOD
on Thursday night rose to fulfil that duty. His
statement had, from various accidents, been post-
poned until the very last week of the session; and,
notwithstanding the vast importance of the subject,
barely twenty members could be induced to sit in the
House of Commons, during an August evening, for
the purpose of listening to it. Sir C. Wood com-
menced by excusing any omissions orshortcomings in
his expose, and especially the want of recent statisti.
cal returns on many important points—the authentic
revenue table, for example, would be brought down
to no later a period than April 80, 1852. These
omissions, however, arose chiefly from the circum-
stance that the present was the first occasion within
the last fifty years that an Indian budget had been
prepared for the information of Parliament; here-
after he promised that ampler and later returns
should be forthcoming. After this preface, the Pre-
sident of the Board of Control proceeded to open his
subject. First, naturally, he detailed the financial
results of the year above mentioned, that expiring in
April, 1852 :
" The revenue of the Presidency of Bengal for the year
ending 30th of April, 1852, was 7,584,4351.; the local
charge (exclusive of the military), 1,936,3621.; the local
surplus, 5,648,0731. The revenue of the north-west
provinces was 5,670,7151; the local charge, 1,402,2381.;
leaving a local surplus of 4,268,4771. The military charges
of Bengal and the north-west provinces were 5,442,2301.
The net revenue of Bengal and the north-west provinces
amounted to 13,255,1501., and the charge on them (exclu-
sive of the military) to 8,770,3301., leaving a surplus re-
venue applicable to the general purposes of India of
4,481,3201. The revenue of Madras was 3,704,0481.; the
charge, 3;204,2731.; the surplus, 44)9,7751. The revenue of
Bombay was 2,866,2981. • the charge, 2,847,39'21.; the sur-
plus, 20,9061. The total net revenues of the several pre-
sidencies amounted to 19,827,4961., and the total local
charges to 14,822,4951., leaving a total surplus of 5,005,0011.
The interest on the Indian debt was 1,967,3591., and the
amount of charges paid in England was 2,506,3771., making
together 4,473,7361., leaving a surplus, in the year 1851-52,
of revenue above expenditure of 531,2651. This statement
he thought was a satisfactory one, more especially as in the
two preceding years there had also been a surplus of re-
venue, though not quite so large. The year 1851.52 was
the last for which he had a complete statement, but he had
an estimate for 1852.53, which showed a gross revenue of
26,915,4311. a gross expenditure of 26,275,966/., and a
surplus of 639,4651. He was sorry to say that in the year
just ended-1853.54—there was a prospect of a consider-
able deficiency, the revenue being estimated at 26,586,8261.,
and the expenditure at 27,459,1611., leaving a probable
deficiency of 87'2,3351. Sir Charles then specified some of
the heads on which there would be a deficit of revenue or
an increase of charge, and stated the future prospects of
the chief sources of income—namely, the land revenue, to
which no addition could be expected; the opium duty,
which was uncertain, though he did not calculate upon a
diminution of the demand in China; salt, and customs—
concluding that there was little prospect of an increase of
the Indian revenues, and as little of a diminution of ex-

penditure."
On this latter head, namely, of expenditure, Sir C.
Wood embarked into a variety of details, alluding
especially to the chief item, that on account of the
army, concluding by stating that "notwithstanding
our late increase of territory in the Punjaub, Pegue,
and Nagpore, only two European and three native
regiments had been added to the army, which was
small compared with the forces of native States. Our
whole Indian army amounted to 320,000 men, while
the few native States maintained 398,000 men." He
then submitted that, according to the united !ex-
pression of opinion in that house, in the country,
and in India, the Government were called upon
rather to increase than to diminish the outlay on
education, public works, and the judicial establish-
ments. One only item seemed to present scope for
judicious retrenchment, and that had been judi-
ciously accomplished :
" Considerable saving had been effected in the interest
paid upon the Indian debt, of which the great mass, to au
amount of more than twenty-five millions sterling, had
been practically converted from a five per cent. to a four
per cent. stock. Nearly one and a half million had also
been paid oft', and the result of the whole series of mone-
tary transactions, which the right hon. baronet described at
much length, was to save 330,0001. per annum."
Sir Charles then adverted to the political events of
recent occufrence in India, and the prospects which
they afforded :
" The territory acquired in Ave, rich in products of
various kinds, was likely to become a valuable possession,
as well as Nagpore, which had lapsed to the British tiovern-
tuent by the death of the Rajah. The tribes in the north-
west of India had at length been coerced into submission;
friendly relations had been established with the chiefs of

SATURDAY,

North Affghanistan, and there was every prospect that next
year he should be able to make a similar announcement
with reference to Dost Mellowed Khan and Cebu]. The
Shah of Persia had professed, and had hitherto maintained,
an unbroken neutrality in the war with Russia."
He then referred to the subject of internal improve-
ments, upon which he said the energies of the
Governor-General (Lord Dalhousie) had been much
directed, and enumerated many plans which that
nobleman had set on foot for the purpose of elevating
the condition of the people or hastening the con-
struction of public works calculated to adorn and
benefit the country. Among these he mentioned
especially the great Ganges Canal, which had been
opened since the commencement of the present year,
and constituted a work altogether unprecedented in
magnitude and utility :
"It served both for irrigation and navigation; the
main trunk was 525 miles long and the branches 813,
making together nearly 900 miles, with a breadth varying
from 140 to 130 and 20 feet, and a depth varying from 10
to 8 and 5 feet. It would irrigate 14 million of acres, and
64 millions of people would reap benefit from it."
Mentioning the Punjaub, Sir C. Wood announced
that, although that province was so recently incor-
porated with the British dominions, a most satisfaci
tory progress had been made in developing its
resources; life and property were rendered secure;
much done in the way of constructing roads and
irrigation works ; and a handsome surplus secured
out of the revenues of the district. Respecting rail.
roads, he declared his conviction that the Indian
Government were bound to provide for the rapid
completion of a system of intercommunicatiin
throughout India, and detailed some of the steps
which had already been taken to secure that re-
sult :
"It had last year been decided that, let circumstances
be what they might, the construction of the Great Indian
Railway must go on, and, once undertaken, the works had
been pushed on without delay. A portion was in opera-
tion, and he hoped that much more would be speedily
completed. An electric telegraph from Calcutta to Agra,
and from Agra to Bombay, had also been constructed."
The President of the Board of Control then stated
what had been done in execution of the act passed
last year. The directors, he said, had discharged
the painful duty of reducing their numbers, and he
bad added the members which the Crown was to
appoint. The commissioners had not yet been able
to prepare a bill for dealing with the law courts, but
he hoped they would be able to do so almost imme-
diately. The regulations for the examination for
admission to the service had been promulgated, and
the first examination would take place in January
next. As regarded Haileybury, he regretted that he
could not report that anything had been done. He
hoped before long that a superintending head would
be appointed who would be responsible for the direcl
tion of public works in India, the want of an adequate
superintendent having been the great check to such
improvements. Finally, Sir C. Wood adverted to
the progress effected towards the accomplishment of
that most important work, the provision of some
general scheme of education for India
" Government proposed to do all that could be done in
furtherance of this obect, namely, to grant aids, utterly irre-
spective of religious instruction, to all schools, missionary,
Mahometan, and Hindoo, in which a sound secular edu-
cation was given. It was proposed, also, to establish
universities in the centres of the great presidencies, on the
model of the London universities, and these would grant
degrees, and below them would be established schools in
which both English and the vernacular should be taught,
and the whole of them were to be submitted to constant
inspection, under an officer of the Government. There
would also, probably, be professional branches in the
colleges."
This system, he delared, had been the result ofmuch
inquiry and mature consideration, and he concluded
a speech of about two hours and a quarter with an
expression of earnest hope that the proposed educa-
tional measures would tend to the moral advancement
of the people of India.
Sir E. PERRY eulogised ,
which the description had
and other plans for ainc._
India now announced, proved,
of parliamentary interference
the.: country. He contended
machinery by which our Eastern
was still susceptible of -
pointed out how 150,0001.
in the expenditure upon
with the additional advanl
and rapid performance of t.
Mr. KINNAIRD considered
been shown for the longer
rious salt monopoly in India.
Mr. Hums insisted upon '"
the fullest publicity to ever,
tration. He recommended
every measure by which
of the country could be imi
education extended among
Mr. DARBY SEYMOUR del
in India. Observing that

the educational scheme of
ad just been given. This,
ieliorating the condition of
)ved, he said, the high value
once in the government of
ded that the administrative
,astern empire was regulated
much simplification, and
per annum might be saved
boards and functionaries,
stage of a far more regular
r their respective duties.
red that no just cause had
.tr continuance of the inju-
adjs.
m the expediency of giving
iirery detail of Indian adrninis-
led the earnest cultivation of
the condition of the natives
improved and the means of
ng them.
ienounced the salt monopoLC
►t the revenue of that country