The Express.
London, England, 1855-04-10 00:00:00

OF THE UNITED STAIRS.

(TION TIM ',MILL
news.)
NEW YORK, Waiter 27.
By the latest news received from the South Ame-
rican Pacific coast we learn !tom the El Mercurio de

OF Till DAILY

Prociscias, published at Valparaiso, that a protest
against the transfer to the United States of any
Interest whatever in the Galapagos Islands has been
made by the minister of Peru, the chargé. d'affaires
of Spain and France, .and the English consul at
Quito. _ _ .

We have later news from California, with small
receipts of Fold, in consequence of the terrible com-
mercial panic of which I spoke in my last. By these
later advice. we learn that mast of the heavy houses
that, for the moment, bent by the board, have
resumed payment, with the exception of Adams and
Co., who have gone into the Court of Insolvency.
Wells, Fargo, and Co. resumed payment on the 27th
of Feb., with all the branches of their house, and met
all their payments. The looked-for rainy season—
which is as important to the miners in the wet dig-
giogs as the early and later rains are to the husband-
man—had set io, and unusual activity was displayed
through all the mining districts. The mint of Cali-
fornia, established • short time ago by our govern-
ment, is not able to answer all the demands that are
made upon it; but with its limited machinery it was
taming out about 60.000 dollars a day.
Among the good things which are done by our
republic may be mentioned the pains taken, and the
money expended, in the collection and distribution of
seeds, of grains, fruits, and plants. This business is
done by the sanction of Congreu, under the supervi-
sion of the Patent-office Bureau. A circular is sent
out every year by the Secretary of State, instructing
our two hundred and fifty diplomatic, consular, and
commercial agents abroad to make collections of the
most valuable seeds and grains grown in the countries
when they reside. These selections are for the most
part made with great care, and abundant quantities
pour in during the autumn and winter seasons from
every part of the world. These are scrupulously
assorted at the Patent-office by practical scien-
tific agriculturists, and divided into as many
parties@ as there are members of both Houses
=Tess. Each member receives several
parcels, all carefully labelled, with
limildiss for planting and sowing ; and, through
the members, thew used are distributed among
all the leading agriculturists, horticulturists, and
cultivators of the soil, in every portion of the
republic. A full report, generally from fifty to one
hundred thousand copies, in a neatly bound volume,
with illustrations and explanations, is published every
year, and this report meets with similar distribution.
In this manner the government of the United States
expends about half a million of dollars per annum.
The two popular ways of expending money in ti.e
United States, by Congress and the State Legisla-
tures, is to promote education and to encourage agri-
culture. A striking illustration of this fact is found
in the circumstance, that when the great discovery
was made a short time ago, of the immense deposit of
mineral phosphate of lime in the northern portion of
the state of New York, a joint committee of both
houses of the legislature of this state made a report
on the subject, and scattered it all over the Union.
Oeorgia was the first slayslsolding state of the
Union to divert capital from agricultural to manufao-
tering pursuits, and she has been richly rewarded for
her energy. So vast are the advantages of the
southern planter who manufactures his cotton on his
own plantation over the manufacturers of Lowell and
Mainshester, that the Miaow Manufacturing:Company
has just declared a dividend ef 17 per cent. clear
profits on the business of this last year of disaster
and commercial distress. Oeoegia has now betwesa
50 anti 80 cotton factories in "the full tide el saw
cereal experiment." If the time has then aim
when the New England states are losing the market
at the south for their coarse cotton muslin, what
mot be the ultimate fate of the English manufae-
@Kers as respects this country ? The rise of manu-
factures in the slave states will be followed by moat
important results on the manufacturing interests of
the north and of Great Britain.

We are glad to learn from Savannah that the re-
cent proceedings of the military tribunal which con-
demned Ramon Pinto and Nicolas Pineto to death
have been reviewed, and milder punishasents anbati-,
toted. _ .

Colonel M,Cluny, the notorious American duellist,
who is said during his lite to have killed in personal
combat more than Shy persons, yesterday came to •
most appropriate end—he killed himself. This bar-
barous practice, which at one time prevailed exten-
sively at the south, is now nearly obsolete. Stringent
enactments exist against it in all the states, and
where we had formerly two duels a day we have
scarcely a dozen a year.
Cornelius Vanderbilt, " the commercial king of
America," who has always strenuously maintained
that our merchants could sustain ocean steamers at a
profit without aid from the govern meat, is putting
his theory in practice.. On thei Est of April his
steam-ship North Star sails for Haws, the pioneer of
the new line of packets which he is establishing be-
tween New York and France. On the Srd of next
month he launches the Ariel, which is to follow the
North Star in May ; while in June the third ship of
the line gets nn6K way. These are all tint-clam
steamers, and with the enormous wealth and irm-
passible energy of Mr. Vanderbilt a great expert-
will be made. This gives us new tea American
plying