The Express.
London, England, 1855-01-13 00:00:00

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TRADES WHICH AFFECT TEE LIES.

The Committee of the Society of Arts on Indus
trio' Pathology, consisting of Dr. T. K. Chutabtra (re
porter), Mr. J. Simon, F.B, and M-. T. Twining, jun.
have just made their first annual redort to the c utell o
the society. The report is this year directed to one organ
only—the eye, and comprises communications from Mr.
White Cooper, Mr. J. Diroa, Mr. Irene,, Dr. Gibb, and
other ophthalmic surgeons,*as well as from some manufac-
turers and working men. The following is a resume' of the
report:
1. That the following classes of &Misses are exposed to
injury of the eyes from chips, splintets, dust, grit, or fluff,
iris., engineer., masons, stooecutters, cola brei.key., brick-
layer., soda water bottlers, turners, fitters, huutuermen
and smiths, maim", railway guards, rock blasters and quar-
rymen, millers, chimney-sweeps, workers in cotton, flak-
dressers, leather-cleaners, drug pietism (especially in
grinding blistering dies), shoemakers own breaking of
the awl) • and that the following appliswees have been
found useful in preventing the ill comequiuees of such ex-
posure, vac, for those liable to blows item huge portions of
hard suhitsuces, such as stem breakers, de., coarse metal
netting as eye guards, and for those exposed to the deer
dust crape spectacles, while at the mime time free ventila-
tion of the apartments they work in would relieve much of
the ine, nvenience.

2. That the following suffer firm the chemical retire of
the substances which, in the shape of solid particles pet
under the eyelids, via , bricklayers, workers in lime, strut Is-
ers in potash.
No special preventive at ems to 'be here point,:d out be-
yond the placing within reat.h of the workibeit the reody
means of immediately cle,riling the parts ..ith pore water.
some such apparatus as that described in Mr. W I.ite Coo-
per's communication might be placed in the workshop or
perintt Ltlect's office.

(The action of chemical fumes, strictly to called, h is not
been reported to cause injury )
3. That the following suffer from cams of light or glare
priceeding from the materi4 used, Iris., furnace
gliders, bnokhindere.
No practical remedy for this inconvenience has he-u sug-
grate, as spectacles which intercept the. light would dimi-
nish the efficiency of the workman.
It may be observed thst there is a crest difference
bet veen csces,iva illumini.tion of the work, and mem of
light on tko eye. The letter is the most c-ininan, and is
considered under a separde head
4. That the following suffer from deficiency of light,
%iz., dressmakers, tailors, sempetresees, cobblers, and, in
tact, nil who, having to direct the needle to a definite spot,
arc unable to nisunand the requisite amount of direct ilia-
mination.

5. That the ill effects of deficiency of light" ore much
ageravattd by working long on the same material or colour.
'Pte remedies 14 this and the foregoing evil are, increase of
light and variety of work
ti That flickering et 11.4 ht is a great evil, which is felt
much by compositors and all who work at minute objects
by gas illumination.
Tie simple remcly for this is:the employmmt of glass
chimneys.
7. It seems improper that an equal qusntity of artifc:al
light should fill on the work and on the eves of the
workman. If that is the care, the latter becorel oar-
' strained.

This evil, when it occurs, is easily obviated by ;hsees to
the light, which defend the rye, and throw the illuminati-a
nn the required object. The shades should hi made of
white or 1L Ist coloured material, in as to r, fleet es much
light as possible. Ground glass between the light and
the worker is injurious, by intercepting and e itfuging the
illuminati )n instead of din cling it on to the object.

8. It shuns doubtful whether heat and cold hive much
ill induoncis over tie healthy eye ; hut ...hen it h in a week
irritated condition, there is no doubt but that they are in-
. jurions.. . _ _ - -

9. Ilad ventilation, constrained postures., over-indulgence
in spirituous liquors, the fumes of tobacco, and ell other
violatieus of healthy habits, ere injurious to tti, cps at
the same time ns to the rest of the bldy, and uµKr..vate the
bed eff.ets of the shove-named indultrialUCCUPßtlo,%
10. The employment of the eye when the body is in an
exhausted st.ite from want of food, prol, nu,4 wo:lting
hours, mental distress, &c , even in handicrafts not of them-
selves pernicious is very detrimental to the organ. Su that
the later periods of work are those which arc found most
material's to weaken the sight and injure the eye.
The shoftening of wnrkirg 'inure would proho!,ly be
saving in the end to both master and artisan, fur the fusty
execution of that which is completed with an imp lett
organ must to a lass to the former, while the latter is ill
remuni rated by slightly increased wages for the rick ill-
ness which he runs.
11. The diffusion of knowledge bearing on the health of
artisans by means of class journals is wei thy of the serious
consideration of the philanthropist.

THE WAR, AND THE INDEPENDENCE OF
POLAND.

A crowded meeting, convened by the Mayor, was
held in the Town-hall of Bridgewater, on WVIIRMia,I,I4,
to consider tie du'y of Englishmen at the present time in
relation to the nationality of Poland. The Mayor, Joni(
Snowen, Esq., took the chair.
The Rev. S. A. SIEINEMAI, moved the first resolution,
deelat ing :
" That this meeting, deeply impressed with the import-
ance of the present war being concluded by such a peace
elone as drill effectually check the a'gree'ive policy of
Russia, and thus ensure the future tranquillity and freedom
of Europe, would dreier') its opinion that this desirable
end can be beet attained by the re-establishment of the
independence of the Polhill cation."
roe rev. gentleman rapidly traced the modern histney of
Poland, and pointed out the mischief to mankind which had
TElllll,*d from its iaiquitoue partitim, with tho cosacnt of
the Western I'owers of Europe, and urged that as we hail
net dime our duty in times gone by, it behoved us now,
engaged in war with Itussir, to endeavour to repair
that mischief by doing justice to Pelend. The *speaker
alluded to Poland, as in past times, Wig/seated for ht r chi-
valrous love of liberty, for her advance in civilisation and
literature, and for her tolerant episit in religious matters.
It. Sterne. jun., Esq., forcibly etcended the resolution,
pointing to the eggreasivo and gigantic strides which Russia
' had tali, n and wire taking, end declared that if not perma-
nently shut up in her natural barriers she would, like the
barbarous hordes of olden time, overrun an( triituple down
the tree tom of Europe. Mr. Smith called pop the people
to speak out, they were in danger of being sold by the diplo-
macy of government if they allowed ministers during the
recess of parliament to patch up a treaty of peace with Rug-
sic. He declared that in h's opinion the ministers, by their
conduct, were the cause of the war, were guilty of the blood
which had been spilt, end would be, unless the people spoke
out, guilty of joining a treaty of no value in order to hatch
up a false peace and blister them for a short time in their
position a. ministers. (licar, hear.)
The resolutieu having been carried, the mayor, after the
cheering had eubsOlcd, introduced M. Zaire, a Polish Utile,
tithe meeting.
M. ZARA, in a speech of upwards of two hours' duration,
feelingly and powerlally sketched the past and present
position of his country, geographically, socially, politically,
and religiousiy, and was repeatedly interrupted by burns
of applause from the meeting. The Bridy,water 'limes,
from which we ahridge our report, says that his !peak
was listen. I to with the meet eager attention, and we can
bear testimony that at few meetings have we witnessed
greater enthusiasm and eager desire to carry cut the objects
of the smatters than we remarked at the large me...0,g last
evening. Bridgewater has taken op the questii n right
heartily, and with her well known sturdiness will not turn
back from the mark she has once desired to retch."
An address was then read by Mr. STEINVIAL
the opinisini of the meeting, and the following resolution
' was moved by Mr. J. It. Smith, seconded by Mr. Res•iter
That the address now rend be signed by toe mayor on
behalf of the meeting, and be forwarded by him to Lord
Pelrnenon fir presentation."
Mr. Rossi-rim, in seconding the shove, atteibatrd the
whole of the bungling and mismanagement during the pre-
sent campaign to these who held the reins of government.
Was the Earl of Aberdeen—who was the known friend to
our bitterest enemy, the Emperor of Russia—a fit person to
he at the head of the government? Was Sydney Herbert,
who is the son of a RUM/Milady, fit to be the master of the
War-office, who had remained inactive till war was com-
menced by Turkey herself, sod England was oblesid to
help herb The speaker then drew a melancholy picture of
the state of our troens alter the battle of lokermann, and
ridiculed the idea of employing foreign mercenaries wheu a
legion of Poles, who had an interest ha the cause, could be
easily called around the English s'atplard—a noble ti, tun
who wculd be fighting for their fatherland.
Mr. STEINTHAL then read petitions which were in-
tended to he presented to bath houses of parliament.
Mr. TAYLOR, in a short sperea, proposed the bellowing
resolution That the petition read lie adopted by tea a
meeting and signed, and to forwarded by the mayor, the
one to the Bowe of Lords to the Earl of II irrowhy, end
that to the House of Commons to the members Mr the
Borough, reque-Ling them to support the prayer of the
petition."
The ['Bowing address of sympathy for the roles in this
country was read by Mr. Steinthal:

TO PRINCE ADAM CZARTORTSKI.
" Sir,—The inhabitants of Bridgewater in public hell
assembled, desire to approach you, and expras through yon
to your follow eanntrymsn, the noble petriwa who have
+offered in behqlf of Polish independence, ticir deep and
sincere qympi.thy with their noble end patient persever-
ance in behalf of freedom during en many years of exile and
distress.
" They would express their earnest prayer that the dawn
of batter days may be apnoacbing fur Poland, and hope that
soon, a free nation governed by institutions framed accord-
ing to their own desires and neces-itiee, they may, be able
to oppose a firm barrier against Itutsian desdutism and
barbarism; with profound respect for all who have ben en-
gaged in the arduous struggle for independence, they would
urge upon the Polish people the necissity of continued 'el:-
sacrifice and self. .
of all oppressed t
wicked to prevail
The following
and soc)nded by .
mosaly
"That tie ',theta
on behalf at the

• A vote of t iankt
pedisigth

f-devotion, and would commend the cause
to that just God who will not au6er the
it for ever."
resolution proprisilt . ZINTUAL,
by Mr. J. Mu 4 .• unsui-
t'A
Urns nowad t• Mayor
° matting, Cast-
tlinka to t1fe.g,%44 Pr*"