The Express.
London, England, 1855-03-01 00:00:00

SWANSEA ELECTION.

The election for the boroughs of Swansea,
Aberavon, and Kenfig, to fill tio vacancy caused by the
demise of J. U. Vivian, Esq., took oleo* in the Guildhall,
Swansea, on Tuesday, the mayor presiding. A large num-
ber of the Swansea electors were in attendance, together
with several of those residing in the contributory boroughs.
The prescribed formalities having been observed, and the
Mayor having suitably introduced the business of the day,
S Benson, Esq , came forward to propose Lewis Lies/rips
Dillwyn, Esq., as a candidate for the representation of the
associated boroughs. Sankey Gardner, Esq., of Neath,
seconded the norninstion. No second candidate having
bees nominated, the Mayor declared Mr. Dillwys duly
elected, and presented his congratulations to the
new member. Mr. Dillwyn then proceeded to
address the electors, and, having adverted to some
of the incidents of the election, said-1 began life es'
a moderate whig. Yon know what that means. I was
brought up in a liberal school, and the comparison of
causes and effects, in more mature life, has in no degree
served to weaken the liberal ideas I entertained ; but, on
the other hand, to strengthen them very materially In
the onset of life I took the liberal side. The first part 1
ever took in public life was at a meeting eon d for the
purposes of petitioning for the abolition of church rates.
On the question of free trade, the removal of
religious disabilities affecting any portion of:my fellow coun-
trymen, I have invariably advocated the liberal side of the
question. And I need not say that subsequent experience
has very much tended to strengthen my belief that a
liberal policy is the true policy for the welfare, the
stability, and the advancement of this country. My belief
is strengthened that a larger infusion of the popular ele-
ment in the legislation of this country is necessary. You
may rely upon it that it can be gradually done with_ per-
' feet safety and with great benefit to the constitution. With
regard to governments and parties, I beg to state that I am
not a party man. I will not vote for Mr. This or 14 Lord
That, but I will always endeavour to look to the merits of
their measures, and act accordingly. With regard to the war,
it will be my endeavour to support inch measures as will,
in my opinion, bring it to a speedy termination, eons's-
Wetly with the maintenance of the position of this country.
I believe that this war will be productive of greet reforms
in the administration of the army, and I shall give that
important question my greatest consideration. In po-
litics, u in life, we have one of three courses to pur-
sue. Yen must either go back, advance, or stop in the
middle—leave things at halves. I am for going on-
words. For myself, I cannot say that lam sorry that the
coalition ministry has been broken up. Some of those who
have gone out are, in some respects, good men ; but I am
rather glad that they have gone oat. I believe that they
Prevented the proposed measure of reform being carried
last year. If the country wished to go back, let it do so;
but Ido not believe it will do so and continue. At all
events, lam for advancing. In conclusion, I thank you
once more for the boson, you have conferred upon me. It
will be my object to give you no cause to think that the
confident* you have roused in me bas been misplaced.
Three cheers having bees gives for the newly elected mem-
ber, and Wes sheen for the mayor, the meeting separated.

Kum LIICAN.—A letter of the 14th from Balaklava
say.:—" Vs were startled lost night by the intelligence
that Lord Lassa was recalled from the command of the
cavalry division. He leaves immediately for England, se-
compound by one aide de camp and the whole of his horses.'
The remits for his recall have given rise to many tales, bet
the most prominent is that on account of the fatal day at
Balaklava ; but this is only supposition. I know this much,
that the letter of recall commenced with the words, • The
Queer desires you will send in your resignation,' or words
to that effect, which has rather a curious sound with it.
General Thackwell, we hear, is coming to take the
command."

NEWIPAPEZ COREIMPONDENTS IN 2HS CRIIILL.—
TIN correspondent of the Herold writes:—" The attention
of gutless* acting out here es correspondents for Lydon
joss*. has been called to a statement made in the Upper
House by the Earl of Harrowby, t. the effect that a meet-
ing of special correspondents had taken place here ;
that they were addressed by Lord Raglan cc kis re-
presentatives on the impropriety of certain omens.-
cations ; and that one of the aforesaid correspondents
had replied insolently and arrogantly,' and been
eonapwady ejected from the Crimea. I need hardly say
that theseto sot a partials of truth in such a statement.
The Wes earl has evidently baps made the victim of some
miebieeess boas. It is most decidedly mischievone, for
a aerials elm of the pub*, not intimately sc-
with the relative degrees of =filmes enjoyed by
tiT oesuben of their lordships' home, the =Wa-
imea*. et • an Earl of Harrowbr will very likely wet-
wad bedi otteaticat and belief. lam sure that before
this his ismilkip will see that he has been in-
posed ups% sad that some ' heartier jokers' him only
used his se the =Wham for publishing this lively but 1#
times sasidole feint ths seat of war is the out. The Wawa-
dos to whisk I proms lb lordship alludes was gives mpg-
ratable*. spatial swiewsaisels of the Dina sad aro-
imp =melee. It ens gloss by a timber of Lord lieglao's
agraejvo. sad Ores wiUt the awe parent ewarteey
sad g y foellog. The geollassa to whoa it was
abbess taseireil it la the awe wide. am& reamed a we-
iltl winit:wetersose that, se kr as they wen sew.
etwooL Lw4 &odd bare we own to impish' of
their swan for the fame."
Tim NuaAll Ramovez. Acre.—Yestettlay the,
amended bill is weenittoe to eonsobdata the Nahum
Removal Acts was lewd. It sow muds, 60 clauses, pad
a amber of forwa to be wed la conyiag the some Into Dye-
ratisa.

SOCIETY OF ARTS.

A paper was read at the rooms of this society last
night by Profaner Joint WSLOON, F.R.9 E., on the boa
Industry of the United Btatti. Earl GarateitLs was Is
the chair.

The lecturer began by tracing the wrest of the mann-
facture of iron In America from its commencement to the
present time. Previous to 1715 America was supplied from
y
the mother oilmen% About that time iron began to be
manufactured to Virginia. From 1740 to 1760 the average
of the make was 2,360 tons. This had increased in 1770 to
7,626 tons. In 1810 the year) make was 64,000 tons.
Coming down to the year 18.40 the produce for the
year was estimated at 316,000 tons; which save en
incense of 60 per tent. in eight year,. In 1842
the production fell to 226,000 tons, but during
the next four years the produce was trebled. After
various fluctuetions, occasioned by commercial and fiscal
causes, the trade revived, and the returns for the pest year
present the appearance of a make equalling the maximum
which the trade had reached previous to the depression.
The lecturer then gave a detailed account of the nature
of the ores in the United States, and their distribution. He
dwelt upon the marvellous riches in iron and coal which
await the enterprise of the capitalist, illustrating his re-
marks by references to • map, on which large black
patches marked the presence of iron and coal.
The chief seats of the manufacture were :-1. The
Houseatonic district—production, 10,000 tons ; cast
per ton, 20 dole. to 25 dole. 2. The Hudson River district
—production, 80,000 tons ; cost per ton, 18 dole. to 20 dole.
3. The Delaware and Lehigh Riven district—production
120,000 tone ; cost per ton, 16 dole. to 18 d Is. 4. Th.;
Schuylkill River district—production 100,000 tons ; cost per
ton, 20 dole. 6. The Susquehanna River distriet—produe-
tics:, 120,000 tone; coat per ton, 15 dole. to 18 dole. 6. The
eutomec Ricer district—production, 126,100 tons ; cost per
ton, 20 dole. 7. The Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee
Rivers districts—production, 160,000 tons ; cost per ton, 20
doll. The present consumption of iron in America he stated
to b. about 1,200,000 tons. Of this the Americans made
700,000 tons, and imported 600,000. This large importation
is obtained entirely ,from this country. While we
export 600,000 tons to America, we only export
400,000 in round numbers to all other countries.
America, then, is our beet customer. How are we to
keep possession of the market ? If we cannot produce iron
at • rate which will allow us to import it into the United
States under 20 dollars for pig and 60 dollars for bar iron,
the home manufacturer will beat us. The Americans have
• nateial protection of 50 per cent., which seises from the
charges of freight, commission, insurance, &c., to which
imported iron is subject; and an artificial protection of 30
per cent. shins from fiscal regulations. The English
manufacturer, therefore, has to struggle "cajun a protection
of 80 per cent. After making some remarks upon
the progressive state of the iron manufacture 131
America, the lecturer pointed to some specimens
of a beautiful product which hsd been obtained by
annealing the slug or cinder, usually considers d as refuse.
He then came to the most important portion of the lee-
tare, which was, to direct attention to a process Of making
wrought iron direct from the ore, without the interventiten
of smelting. His description et the process cannot be given
more briefly than in his own words :
" The process I refer to was patented by Renton, in 1851,
and was in operation at Cincinnati, end at Newark, New
Jersey. Another operation of some magnitude fee. • similar
purpose, and based on a similar 'ninety's (Harvey'epatent),
is carried on at Mutthaven, New York, where the return',
I am informed, are equally satisfactory. In both the
coneenion is effected by mixing the ores with a proportion
of fuel, both being reduced te a coarse powder, and
raising tho temperature by means of heat applied ex-
terrial'y to the chamber in which the mixture
is contained. The fuel is ignited, and burns at the expense
of the oxygen of the ore, and metallic iron is left mixed
with the foreign substances usually accompanying such
minerals. This reduced ore is then moved to a furnace,
suitably arranged, and subjected to a temperature sufficient
to bring the iron to a pasty condition, when It is worked
together as in a puddling furnace, and drawn out in bells
of the required size for tilting. 337 this process a great
saying is effected, as the entire ezpeuditure of exertion,
fuel, and labour, would not much exceed alai:tithe ordinary
process of puddling—while at the same time a superior
quality may be expected, IS the temperature at which the
deoxidizing action is carried on is not high enough to cause
the iron to combine either with the carbon of the fuel or
with any of the other impurities, as silicon, sulphur, phos-
horns, &e., which are always found in the ordinary pig
iron. The first (Rentoo's) lam informed will shortly be in
operation at the Llynvi Valley Works, South Wales."
Should this method prove successful, the enormous iron
resources of the United Statis might be used to the advan-
tage of both countrier. The great abundance of the mag-
netic oxide, the richest of all iron ores, and its proximity to
the coast, would furnish English ironmasters with a cheap
material, inexhaustible in amount. English capital, acting
upon American raw material, would produce the greatest
beriellts to both England and America. During the lecture,
Professor Wilson adverte.l occasionally te the disinclination
exhibited by English ironmasters to the adoption of new
I.TOONINIA
Mr. GLADSTONE defended the English manufacturers
and thought that the variation of climate in America would
,
he sufficient to prevent that country from competing with
England, in spite of her natural advantage in respect of the
raw material. During some part of the year the extremes
of temperature had the effect of stopping the manufeeegee of
iron.

Mr. Blab did not believe that the process spoken of could
he mere economical than that in we at present by the blast
furnace. We can produce 3,000,000 tons of iron per annum,
and as long as we can do this, America will he our customer.
Dr. Percy, Mr. May, Mr. Dares, Mr. Bevan, and Mr.
Macgregor addressed the meeting on the subjett.
GMANVILLI rose at the end of the disenesion,
and alluded with much emotion to the death of Mr. Hume,
who was ono of the memberst of the society, most constant
in his attendance. He paid a just and beautiful tribute to
the virtues and public spirit of Mr. Hume, and his un-
ceasing t Mots for the advancement of science. He glanced
slightly at the various remarks that had been made by the
various speakers, and paid a graceful tribute to the merits
of the lecturer.