The Express.
London, England, 1855-03-14 00:00:00

FRANCE.

mourning will extend over six mouths, commencing
March 2, the changes being made every six weeks.
Letters Iron Bt. Pt tereburg state that the body
has been exposed In a lighted chapel in the palace.
IThe face was uncovered, and the exposure was to last
until the 16th.

INDISIT OP TES DOLT laws.)
lAMB, Toutua Evinctiro.
The acme to-day has beau brilliant. The Rants,
altar touching 70fr. 330., closed at 70fr. tio., with a rise
41116 e. All securities, without axception, roes coed-
derably. Credit Mobilier improved 10fr. The Or-
land railway rose 17fr. 60o.; Southern, 13fr. 60e.
Northern, Mr. 76c., and other lines from 3fr. to 7fr.
The Austrian railway rose 12fr. 500., in consequence
of an announcement that MM. Pereira and Mired,
who have had a quarrel, had been reoonolled, and that,
the latter capitalist had marls a larp invest/mat is
the security.
A letter from Corsica states that the body of Cap-
tain Nu, the Commander of the unfortunate
Similbutte, had been found. Forty other corpses
had beau washed ashore, bat nous of them had bee,
rampaged.

(nog ?is

I THE FREE NAVIGATION OF THE DANUBE.

TO Tan EDITOR Or THI DAILY KIWI.
VIENNA, Pus 28.
Sin,—lt is well known that the free navigation of
the Lower Danube and into the Black Sea, is one of
the Four Points on which are to be based the nego-
tiations for pease. The interpretation of this point
put open it by the Allies is, that " in order to give
the free navigation of the Danube the full develop-
dent of which it is capable, it will be desirable to
liberate the part of that river below the spot where
the banks belong jointly to the two states from
the existing territorial sovereignty, as stipulated in
Art. lIL of the Peace of Adrianople. At all events,
the free navigation of the Danube could not be me-
sidered as ensured, unless placed under the control of
a amnia joint commission, clothed with the needful
authority and power to remove all the obstructions,
present or inhere, existing at the mouth of that
river." It is natural to suppose that Austria, as the
pasty most directly interested, will endeavour to
for herself a preponderating influence in this
eeensissioe, as she has all along pat the question of
the free navigation into the foreground of the
Oriental conflict,which shows how much importance
she attaches to it. Indeed, it is a great question
whether Austria would put herself forward
with so mach energy with respect to the flee
laitalcation of the Rhine, the abolition of the
dues, or the restriction of the Bound dues,
widsb, after all, are certainly more European quer
iimagenerally, and in which the states of Germany
Isms more direct interest. But we are willing to
'daft that Austria, from her geographical position,
and from her capital, and so many other of her prin-
cipal cities being situated on the Danube, has a
=aleinterest in the free navigation of that river
aray other European state ; and it is, therefore,
natural that she should sidearm to give the qua-
tion a breeder basis than it perhaps deserves, and, in
bet, to make it a German question.
There can be no doubt that the Danube, at its
source, and for a very great part of its course, is a
purely German river ; but as the upper part is not
navigable, it is not of so much importance to coin- I
WOO as the central and lower parts of any of
the ether German rivers that flow into the Baltic
and North Bea. The importance of the Danube
for Austria commences where it is no longer
a German river, and therefore the abolition of the
impediments at its mouth makes it well worth her
while to stake largely en the result. But whether
the trade of Germany, as such, can expect any great
development and extension from being placed under
the guardianship of Austria is a question that still
remains to be solved. At all events, nothing has
hitherto transpired to indicate that such would be
the case.
Only very lately the exclusive steam navigation of
the Danube below Vienna, which was always a
monopoly in the hands of a private company, has by
a new charter been extended for a period of thirty
years, thereby excluding, as a matter of course, the
competition or ships of any other nation. Can it then
be expected that if Austria get practically possession
of the whole course of the river, she will allow other
nations to participate in the navigation ? It is ex-
traordinary that Austria, in the treaty she signed
with Russia for the free navigation of the Selina
mouth of the Danube—the only navigable channel
of the delta, as all the others have long since been
allowed to be choked up with sand—never took any
steps to carry into effect the stipulations agreed to.
By virtue of the peace of Adrianople Russia obtained
possession of the right bank of the Sulina channel,
and it was only on the 22nd September, 1840, that
Atistria signed the convention at St. Petersburg with
Russia for the period of ten years.
The fifth article of this treaty, which relates to
the navigation of the Danube, is worded thus :
" The Imperial Russian government engages itself
to begin as soon as possible the works necessary to
put a stop to the increasing accumulation of sand in
the Selina chime, and to make it navigable in such
a manner that it shall in future offer no more ob-
struction to the passim of vessels entering and leaving
the Danube. These works shall be resumed and
continued as often as necessary to prevent fresh ob-
structions taking place, and as long as the season of
the year and the state of the weather permit them to
be carried on."
It must here be specially observed that Austria
signed this treaty not only for her own merchant
ships, but for those of all other nations at peace with
Russia and at liberty to navigate the Black Sea.
This latter right, as is well known,has been extended
by the Porte from time to time by different treaties
and declarations, and is now accorded to the merchant
vessels of all nations in relations of peace and amity
with Turkey.
Bat it is likewise well known what little practical ad-
vantlige malted from this treaty. Years elapsed before
Russia took any steps at all to fulfil her engagements,
and when she did, they were so imperfect and with-
out regular plan that it was evident she was not
in earnest. We first heard that a steam dredging-
machine was being constructed ; the next year, that it
had arrived ; very shortly after it broke down, and
was sent round to Odessa to be repaired. The next
season—very late in the summer—it arrived again,
but, somehow or other, could not or would not work;
and thus the time passed, the sandbanks increased,
and the foreign merchant ships went to Odessa for
cargoes of corn, and the exportation of grain from
that city rose, whilst that of the cities on the Danube
fell off in proportion. If Austria ever made any re-
presentations at all on the subject to the Russian go-
vernment, they most have been very feeble, or they
would have led to some energetic measures. When the
treaty expired, in 1850, the mouth of the Danube was
in a worse state than ever. The ships could only
cross the bar by discharging half their cargoes into
lighters, and then reshipping them on the other side,
a process attended with great expense, loss of time,
and danger, tor =ay a lighter with cargo was sunk,
and many a vessel capsized by a sudden squall, and
not being sufficiently ballasted at the moment.
In the treaty of 1840 with Russia, Austria had
agreed to the payment of certain dues, to be levied on'
merchant ships paining the Salina channel, as a just
equivalent for keeping it clear of impediments, and
the Russians did not fail to claim the payment,
though, as I have said before, they did nothing for it ;
and moreover, these duties, levied at Galatz and Braila,
ought to be made on account of the Moldavian go-
vernment. These charges were ruinously high, as
many of your English shipowners can testify. They
are as follows :—Anchorage, 20 piastres, the sanitary
gaerdian put on board 15 p.; for the quarantine esta-
blishment, iip.; fora copy of the regulations,
teenage, 3 kreasen of convention-money per ton for
disehargiog and loading, and 2 kr., if only one of these
operations be performed.
Oa the expiration of the treaty in 1850 Austria
intend into negotiations with Russia for a renewal of
It, but as the latter rammed to give any guarantees
for the doe fulfilment of the stipulations. the treaty
died a natural death, particularly as the political
keine of European affairs was ausansing a rather
threatening aspect, and the Austrian statesmen for..
saw that complications might arise which was
eventually lead to a settlement of the question in a
very different manner. But in the meantime the mouth
RUSSIA. of the Danube became more and more obstructed.
• ,
51 feet of water on the bar, which
ng
was tantamount to a complete interruption of the
We via' tit' die journal de St. Petersbourg.' of andnot nitre the
mime!.
of
the
year 1853
there
wee
Mai I
Oa greedy lasto at half-pest vie p.m., the Coeetlis navigation between the Black Sea and the Danube.'
PloseaL__, seems lhaddson the ard,,,ast Of the This state of things could not be otherwise than
""` gaga:, "zwirol- desirable to Russia, as it tended to raise the import-
aledr.......l.llater Pekes se sea *a oath to eiet7on the Black Bea,
the and to the hair. his /amid Highs". be ante of Odessa and the other ports
err of Adrianople, had
GemiTageGessaawtsaugagteit.toserwtte
heasures comma
preseyatingat
aanndd,ooanithatze, owthherichh,asinntice, ttht)ermpetato!the trade of maim
te. Is
asssesfsa aaldrakiliStri°,l°.,....•6l•l6•4 of been thriving, and those ports visited by vessels of
and
tee ishatitteats el ths es I this web all Pisan On the
Aa seer orthTtbr d abtint—nt all nations. There
Lund
befoooreharmenot
towhees miles
ties* true the daisemerrossseisg Obi sth) ear, t coat Russia no trouble or =
of
omission
and, moreover,
yort,
deem*a el slim et esediesstwill be 7 contrary, it was rather a
Se *a Talmo, Utensil elb Mau 0-IWled a than ocannimies of which she wee guilty, and it was
is Msawe
sng. sad two sad ix la the doses% te eni olding !waif pimply that she succeeded
tee het rips le the *St Ide MOM! Um lieefeeter throwing the rested part of the trade into the
1!< starless onseey.
The ear journal publishes at D3Ok• length the to- ben
believe that the true state of affairs was not
=leave to the order in which the monist- mita to
14datrmstio Ws Nig= is to be wOrIL unktl9Wit
St- Potaroborg, to in reply tn g mirk
ds o the merchants of Odessa. Still there is

In the "Latest News" of the Petrie, we read the
Whirl', relative to the ' yin Cuba :
Oar Milne state that the e a stare is Cabe bed deter-
, =lasi be IMIMMIAIMPO the Goverser-Geserel to the theatre.
It Ilia ioessEed M &re spat him from a box opposite his
atm Then the pas wee to have beta put oat, sad toe
Lleateeset verear Gemmel Illesiesoo, end the ether
alines el the smite of Gesertal Cassia, were to hays bees
despaisheL The casspirelses, whore number is estimated
at tee or Wes %Messed, were abeadestly provided with
arse, ammunitien. and
A FNMA showman, the Aboe Laborde, has pub-
lished a pamphht which makes a great noise in the
religious world, entitled " A Memorandum of the
Opponents of the New of the Immaculate Con-
ception, and of the Ineffable ROL" The author, im-
modishly on his arrival at Rome, in November last,
presented a petition to the Pope sgainat what he
tersarthe " profane novelties"intended to be enforced
upon the Church. The only answer made by his
Holiness was a summons to attend the fkgrotaria,
and there, in a dark chamber, he received from
a monk the order to leave Rowe immediately. He
did not obey. Shortly afterwards the " Lieutenant
of the Police of Cana:mos" made an incursion into
his lodgings, and seized the copies of his petition,
and also a pamphlet entitled " The Immaculate Con-
ception not a Dogma of Faith." A few days later the
Lieutenant of Polite renewed the order that he
should leave the country. M. Laborde replied that
he would not attempt to resist physical force, that be
had come to Rome to do hie utmost to avert what
appeared to him a great calamity for the Church, and
he protested against the violence with which be was
menaced. Ultimately, and after being compelled to
appear before the Inquisition, he was conducted by
gendarmes to Civita Vecchia, and there pat on board
a vowel bound for France. The Abbe gives a flat
contradiction to the story that Item. " was drunk
with joy" when the new dogma was proclaimed. He
saw nothing like enthusiasm anywhere. He con-
cludes that the Pope's decree is void, because, &copra-
log to the laws of the Catholic Church, the dogma
ought not to have been promulgated without the
authority el a General Council, in which all bishops
might have been finely heard without being exposed
to permeation.
Mdlle. Doudit has been convicted of the minor
charge brought against her before the Tribunal of
Correctional Police, and has been sentenced to two
years' imprisonment, 200 fr. fine, and the costs.