The Press.
London, England, 1854-12-02 00:00:00

Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII.
Selection of Despatches written by the
Venetian Ambassador, Sebastian Giustinian.
Translated by Raw don Brown. London:

Smith and Elder.
ONE would scarcely have expected, at this
time of day, to find new and authentic ma-
terials for the illustration of English history
of so early a period as Henry VIII. in the
archives of Venice, yet the fact is, that no-
where is there contained so minute a picture
of the English Court from 1515-19, and so
exact an account of the European intrigues
and alliances of that time, as are comprised
in this correspondence of Sebastian Gius-
tinian, the Venetian Ambassador at the Court
of our bluff King Hal.
In the days of her pride and power, the
diplomacy of Venice attained very great dex-
terity. Often her disasters in the field were
repaired by her successes in the Cabinet.
When her fortunes were at the lowest ebb,
they were not unfrequently repaired by the
skill of her ambassadors at foreign Courts,
who, early trained to business, and possessing
great penetration of mind, joined to great
suavity of manner, conciliated the good-will
of the potentates and their ministers to whom
they were accredited, and, turning enmity to
friendship, suspicion to trust, broke up the
leagues formed against the Republic, and gave
another direction to the military force which
threatened it.
Fortunately for the interests of history, her
foreign Ministers were required to be most
minute and precise in their correspondence
with their Government, and in the reports
they furnished of the leading events of their
mission. " Their ordinary despatches" says
Mr. Brown, " were intended for the informa-
tion of the college and Senate, while the more
secret and confidential were reserved for the
Doge and the Council of Ten." This cor-
respondence, with all the instructions and
reports relating to diplomatic missions, were
carefully arranged and preserved in the Vene-
tian chancery ; and had the records been kept
unimpaired to this day they would have
formed an incomparable collection for histo-
rical purposes. But revolutions, which in
must cases take a perverse delight in destroy-
ing the most precious property of a people,
have made sad ravages in these Venetian
archives, though a considerable portion of
them have escaped what Mr. Brown calls the
" patriotic excesses " which followed the French
invasion and the fall of the old Republic
in 1797.
Before transmitting official documents to
their Government, the Venetian ambassadors
commonly took copies of them, and it is to
the accident of Sebastian Giustinian having
preserved a duplicate of his despatches that
we are indebted for this publication. The
collection descended to the library of Girolamo
Contarini, who with great liberality bequeathed
the whole of his books and MSS. to the
library of St. Mark ; and here Mr. Brown's
attention was drawn to this very curious and
valuable correspondence. Giustiuian belonged
to one of the noblest of Venetian families.
Born in 1460, he was early employed by the
State, and was in his 55th year when he
arrived in England as ambassador from the
Signory in the spring of 1515. He came at a
critical period. On the first explosion of " the
League of Cambray," Venice, attacked by an
overwhelming force, had lost the whole of her
territories on the mainland ; but by her skil-
full diplomacy she broke up this league, and
slowly repaired her losses. In 1515 she was
firmly allied with France, for the recovery of
d
Ve,.- from the Emperor Maxi-
-, VII was jealous of
Nter into any
was the part
good-will, and
between Venice
3 conferences
the principal
and of all the
*lie& the un-
are detailed

THE PRESS.

in his despatches with complete fidelity.
Much of the matter is not adapted for general
reading, though to the historical investigator
the whole will be deemed very precious.
In our extracts we confine ourselves mainly
to the pictures given by this keen-eyed Vene-
tian of the personages and manners of the
English Court. This description is given of
Henry, then in the very prime of youthful
manhood:—
Assuredly, most serene Prince, from what we have seen
of him, and in conformity, moreover, with the report made
to us by others, this most serene King is not only very ex-
pert in arms, and of great valour, and most excellent in
his personal endowments, but is likewise so gifted and
adorned with mental accomplishments of every sort that
we believe him to have few equals in the world. He
speaks English, French, and Latin; understands Italian
well; plays almost on every instrument; sings and com-
poses fairly (delegnamente); is prudent and sage, and free
from every vice ; and besides is so good and affectionate a
friend to the most serene State, that we consider it certain
no ultramontane sovereign ever surpassed him in this
respect.
The ambassador had his first audience of
the King on St. George's-day at the palace at
Richmond :
Early in the morning the same two lords who met us on
our arrival came with a numerous retinue, and escorted
the three ambassadors in a large barge, followed by many
others containing the merchants and the rest of the Vene-
tians, to a palace on the Thames belonging to this most
serene King, called Richmond, distant ten miles hence.
Having landed with about two hundred persons, we went
into this palace, and on entering a very handsome and
lofty hall, a collation was served us of nothing but bread
and wine, according to the custom here, and this being
ended we passed through some other chambers, where we
saw part of his Majesty's guard, consisting of three hun-
dred English, all very handsome men, and in excellent
array, with their halberts, and, by my faith, I never saw
finer fellows. At length we entered a room where his
Majesty was leaning against a chair, which was covered
with cloth of gold brocade, with a cushion of the same ma-
terial, and a large gilt sword, under a canopy of cloth of
gold, with a raised pile. His Majesty was dressed as a
Knight of the Garter, of which order he is the superior,
and wore a very costly doublet, over which was a mantle of
violet-coloured velvet, with an extremely long train, lined
with white satin; on his head was a richly-jewelled cap of
crimson velvet of immense value, and round his neck he
wore a collar, studded with many precious stones, of which
I never saw the like.
• • • • •
•
The personal beauty of his Majesty will be well known
to your Magnificence through your brother, the Lord
Frederick ; and I have heard that besides his beauty,
which is indeed very great, he has moreover many other
most excellent qualities ; for instance, he is courageous,
an excellent musician, plays the harpsichord well, is
learned for his age and station, and has many other en-
dowments and good parts ; and the like of two such courts
and two such kings as those of France and of England
have, I fancy, not been witnessed by any ambassadors who
have gone out of Venice for these fifty years.
But it was at Greenwich that the ambassador
saw the Court in its highest splendour :
On the first day of May his Majesty sent two English
lords to the ambassadors, who were taken by them to a
place milled Greenwich, five miles hence, where the King
was, for the purpose of celebrating May-day. On the am-
bassadors arriving there they mounted on horseback with
many of the chief nobles of the kingdom, and accompanied
the most serene Queen into the country to meet the
King. Her Majesty was most excellently attired, and very
richly, and with her were twenty-five damsels mounted on
white palfreys, with housings of the same fashion, most
beautifully embroidered in gold, and these damsels had all
dresses slashed with gold lama in very costly trim, with a
number of footmen in most excellent order. The Queen
went thus with her retinue a distance of two miles out of
Greenwich into a wood, where they found the King with
his guard, all clad in a livery of green, with bows in their
hands, and about a hundred noblemen on horseback, all
gorgeously arrayed. In this wood were certain bowers
filled purposely with singing birds, which carolled most
sweetly, and in one of these bastions or bowers were some
triumphal cars, on which were singers and musicians, who
played on an organ and lute and flutes for a good while
during a banquet which was served in this place ; then
proceeding homewards, certain tall paste-board giants
being placed on cars, and surrounded by his Majesty's
guard, were conducted with the greatest order to Green-
wich, the musicians singing the whole way and sounding
the trumpets and other instruments, so that, by my faith,
it was an extremely fine triumph, and very pompous, and
the King in person brought up the rear in as great state as
possible, being followed by the Queen, with such a crowd
on foot as to exceed, I think, 25,000 persons.
Then followed dinner, served with unpa-
ralleled pomp, and after that came a splendid
joust :
The preparations for the joust being at length accom-
plished, this most serene King made his appearance in
very great pomp: on his side were ten of these noblemen
on most capital horses, all with housings of one sort,
namely, with cloth of gold with a raised pile, his Majest)'s
war horse being likewise caparisoned in the same manner;
and, in truth, he looked like St. George in person on
its hack.
The opposing party consisted of ten other noblemen, also
in rich array, and very well mounted, so that really I

SATURDAY

I

never saw such a sight ; and then they began to joust, and
continued this sport for three hours, to the constant sound
of the trumpets and drums, the King excelling all the
others, shivering many lances, and unhorsing one of hia
opponents ; so that the show was most beautiful, and I
only regret not having time to describe it in full. I never
should have expected to find such pomp ; and on this occa-
sion his Majesty exerted himself to the utmost, for the
sake of the ambassadors, and more particularly on account
of Pasqualigo (who is returning to France to-day), that he
may be able to tell King Francis what he has seen in Eng-
land, and especially with regard to his Majesty's own
prowess.
Here is another portrait of the King highly
favourable :
And first of all, his Majesty is twenty-nine years old, and
extremely handsome; nature could not have done more
for him ; he is much handsomer than any other sovereign
in Christendom, a great deal handsomer than the King of
France ; very fair, and his whole frame admirably propor-
tioned. On hearing that Francis 1. wore a beard he
allowed his own to grow, and, as it is reddish, he has now
got a beard which looks like gold. He is very accom-
plished; a good musician; composes well; is a moat
capital horseman ; a fine jouster; speaks good French,
Latin, and Spanish; is very religious; hears three masses
daily when he hunts, and sometimes five on other days:
he hears the office every day in the Queen's chamber, that
is to say vespers and compline. He is very fond indeed
of hunting, and never takes this diversion without tiring
eight or ten horses, which be causes to be stationed before-
hand along the live of country he may mean to take, and
when one is tired he mounts another, and before he gets
home they are all exhausted. He is extremely fond of
tennis, at which game it is the prettiest thing in the world
to see him play, his fair skin glowing through a shirt of the
finest texture.
He gambled with the French hostages to the amount
occasionally, it is said, of from six to eight thousand ducats
in a day.
He is affable, gracious ; harms no one ; does not covet
his neighbour's goods, and is satisfied with his own
dominions, having often said to the ambassador, " Domino
Orator, we want all potentates to content themselves
with their own territories ; we are satisfied with this island
of ours."
From the little paragraph following might
an observer who knew Henry's sensual nature
have shrewdly foreshadowed coming events :
The joust being ended, the ambassadors went to visit
the Queen, whom Pasqualigo addressed in Spanish, in
which tongue her Majesty, in like manner, replied. She
is rather ugly than otherwise, and supposed to be preg-
nant; but the damsels of her court are handsome, and
make a sumptuous appearance.
The ugly queen and her handsome damsels
formed an ominous conjunction. In another
place we read.—
The Queen is the sister of the mother of the King of
Spain, now styled King of the Romans. She is thirty-
five years old, not handsome, but has a very beautiful
complexion. She is religious, and as virtuous as words can
express.
The ambassador early discerned, and
acutely notices, the rivalry between Henry
and Francis ; and this rivalry, on the part of
Henry at least, amusingly extended to personal
appearance. Who cannot imagine the burly
monarch slapping his thigh as he asked whe-
ther Francis could show such a leg ?
Hia Majesty came into our arbour, and, addressing me
in French, said : " Talk with me awhile ! The King of
France, is he as tall as 1 am?" 1 told him there was but
little difference. He continued, "Ishe as stout'?" 1 said
he was not ; and he then inquired, " What sort of legs has
he ?" I replied, " Spare." Whereupon lie opened the
front of his doublet, and placing his hand on his thigh
said, " Look here ! and I have also a good calf to my leg."
The personal qualities of Wolsey are
described with equal minuteness :
He is of low origin : he as two bthe, one of whom
holds an untitled benefice, hro
and the other rs h
is pushing is
fortune.
This Cardinal is the person who rules both the King
and the entire kingdom. On the ambassador's first arrival
in England he used to say
to him,—" His Majesty will do
so and so : " subsequently, by degrees, he went forgetting
himself, and commenced saying, " We shall do so and so : "
at this present he has reached such a pitch that he says,
" I shall do so and so."
He is about forty-six years old, very handsome, learned,
extremely eloquent, of vast ability, and indefatigable. He,
alone, transacts the same business as that which occupies
all the magistracies, offices, and councils of Venice, both
civil and criniind ; and all state affairs, likewise, are
managed by him, let their nature be what it may.
He is pensive, and has the reputation of being extremely
just: he favours the people exceedingly, and especially
the poor ; hearing their suits, and seeking to despatch
them instantly ; he also makes the lawyers plead gratis for
all paupers.
He is in very
were Pope. He has a very fine palace, where one traverses
- great repute—seven times more sothan if
he
eight rooms before reaching his audience chamber, and
they are all hung with tapestry, which is changed once a
week. He always has a sideboard of plate worth
25,000 ducats, wherever he may be; and hie silver is
estimated at 150,000 ducats. In his own chamber there
is always a cupboard with vessels to the amount o
30,000 ducats, this being customary with the English
nobility.

Brescia and Verona from the Em
milian ; and, as Henry VIII. wa
Francis 1., and inclined to ente
alli #ga,- t him, it n
of a: 't‘o'oboiliate his goi
to in ormed bets
' . s of his
• y, and tl
1, .1 ; SY! *c t • urt, am.
ns to sr'
acv
se , e ~• • ave rise,
viori

mosommismimiNEMMllMlNNliil

DECEMBER 2, 1854.

He is supposed to be very rich indeed, in money, plate,
and household stuff.
The archbishopric of York yields him about 14,000
ducats; the bishopric of Bath 8,000. One third of the
fees derived from the great seal are his; the other two are
divided between the King and the Chancellor. The
Cardinal's share amounts to about 5,000 ducats. By the
new year's gifts, which he receives in like manner as the
King, he makes some 15,000 ducats.
Bath is that see which belonged to Cardinal Adrian, for
whom, when the Signory desired the ambassador to inter-
cede, Cardinal Wolsey was so incensed that he would not
hear of any terms, but became pacified at last through the
exertions of the ambassador.

The see of Bath, held by Cardinal Adrian,
was given in coinmendam to Wolsey, and his
rage knew no bounds when, through the inter-
ference of Venice, Adrian was retained in the
bishopric. In vain did the ambassador en-
deavour by humble apologies to appease his
wrath. Giustinian writes :
Whilst delivering this defence 1 could not express to
your Highness the rabid and insolent language used by
him, both against your Sublimity and myself, repeating,
as he did, several times that he held me not in the
slightest account, nor yet the Venetians, who were wont to
favour ribalds and rebels, and to persecute the good, and
that God and the potentates of the world would avenge such
deeds ; and that your Highness was always for the rebels of
the Church, and opposed to the Pontiffs, past and present,
and that for this you had done penance, and were accustomed
to proceed with deceit and mendacity ; and that the city of
Venice would be a seat for conspirators against the
Pontiffs, on which accounts he meant to be the State's
bitter enemy and mine, though at the same tame, by
reason of my other good qualities, he regretted my being
the minister of such iniquities ; and that your Signory
would also find that his Majesty took this thing very much
amiss, saying, " Go on, and write to the State to proceed
in favouring rebels against me; for she will see what
victory she will gain.'

In another passage we have the personal
touches which give character to a portrait :
Your master," he said, " has had the daring to give
letters, and to canvass against me, at the request of a rebel
against his Holiness ! Nor can I but complain of the
Signory for taking such a delinquent under her protection."
Continuing a long while in this state of mental excitement,
he again burst forth to the Secretary thus, " 1 charge your
ambassador and you not to write anything out of the king-
dom without my consent, under pain of the indiguatiou of
the King, and of the heaviest penalties," which expressions
and all those above mentioned he repeated several times,
becoming more and more exasperated. While thus irri-
tated he held a cane in his hand, and kept knawing it with
his teeth.

In 1516 Venice recovered Brescia to the
secret chagrin of the English Court, and both
the King and Wolsey employed all their arts
of persuasion to induce the Signory to resign
all claim to Verona. Wolsey said, with great
emphasis:—
Bo assured, that unless you desist, we are disposed to
wage as utter war against you as if you were so many infi-
dels; you will be prohibited trading all over the world ; and
we shall endeavour to get his Holiness to excommunicate
both the most Christian King and your Signory, so that,
should you choose to exist, it will behove you go into
Turkey.
And again :

Had I a seat in your senate there at Venice, so that I
could address those most sage signors, I doubt not but that
of the singular love I bear your republic I should persuade
them to leave Verona, or to join our league, for I would
prove to them their ruin and destruction as inevitable in
little more than six months.

An unlucky prediction, as Venice a few
weeks later recovered Verona, and the league
against her was completely broken up.
This correspondence gives a high idea of
the wealth and power of England dt the time
to which it relates. We think much of having
landed 30,000 men in the Crimea ; but Wolsey,
alluding to the mistrust entertained of the
good faith of France, tells the Venetian
Embassy :

Should the said King [of France] choose, on the other
hand, to maltreat English subjects, and appear not to hold
his Majesty in account, his power is such that he will know
how to avenge himself; for I tell you, Sir Ambassadors,
that we have ships here in readiness, and in eight days
could place tSO,IKX) men on the soil of France ; so we are
able to thwart an, of his projects at our pleasure.

Henry had wealth, it appears, to lend to
foreign monarchs, though he declined to part
with it without good security :
Then, as we were informed that the Catholic King had
sent a princely gift to his Majesty here, consisting of a
very valuable jewelled collar, with two 3apitsl horses, capa-
risoned rept° ornate, and an extremely rich sword, with a
view to obtain military succour for the invasion of France
(which aid, however, the King had refused), we plied the
right reverend Cardinal, in order to learn what this present
was, and its value. Having described it, he said it was
worth upwards of 100.000 ducats ; adding that the King
had formerly incurred such vast expenditure, and done so
much for his Catholic Highness, that he was able in rea-
son to make some such acknowledgment. The Cardinal

BESS.

was silent concerning any demand accompanying the gift,
so we said it was reported that King Ferdinand had endea-
voured to obtain a subsidy of troops to serve in France:
this he denied, as his Majesty would never choose to act
contrary to hie sworn league ; but from another quarter we
receive confirmation of our suspicions, nor are there want-
ing those who say that his aforesaid Catholic Majesty sent
to pawn the collar, and obtain money thereon from this
moat serene King ; but whether he has succeeded herein
or not, wt have been unable to learn, despite all our
diligence.
In a note we are informed that Henry, at
the commencement of his reign, " transacted
" considerable business in the pawnbrokiug
" line, and got some very nice articles for his
" money." In fact, he often procured in this
way rare jewels for much less than their mar-
ketable value.
We must not part from these volumes with-
out expressing approval of the very skilful
manner in which the despatches have been
rendered into English, so as faithfully to pre-
serve their character as state papers of thv
period to which they refer. They are edited,
also, with great care and knowledge. The in-
troductions and notes happily h 4 the medium
between pedantry and commonplace, and
elucidate without encumbering the text. The
work altogether gives us a high opinion of Mr.
Rawdon Brown's capacity for historical re-
search.

The Golden Legend. By Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow. Illustrated with Fifty Engra-
vings on Wood, from Designs by Birket
Foster and Jane E. Hay.

2. The Keepsake for 1855. Edited by Miss Power.
3. The Court Album. A Series of Portraits of
the Female Aristocracy.
London : Bogue.
IT is not likely that the public will be offered
a very extensive choice of gift-books this year.
Mr. Bogue is alone in the field at present.
His three elegant-looking volumes are adapted
to different tastes, " The Keepsake," under
the judicious management of Miss Power,
maintaining its character as a pleasing mis-
cellany, though it is a pity that the art and
literature of this handsome volume are not
connected together a little more naturally.
1. The beautiful style in which Mr. Longfel-
low's " Golden Legend" is produced must be ac-
cepted, we presume, as a proof of its popularity,
yet critical opinion will probably continue to be
long divided on the merits of this singular
poem. Like most of the products of American
imagination, it is marked by great daring and
freedom—though without that originality
which distinguishes genius of the highest
kind. Had the " Golden Legend " happened
to have been written before " Faust " it would
indeed have been a marvellous work, but, as it
is, we can distinctly trace the source of the
author's inspiration. But the fable is likely to
be more popular than that of " Faust" can ever
be, and the romantic and happy ending brings
it completely within the range of modern
sympathies. The introduction of the " Miracle
Play,' considering the general scope of the
poem, is in very questionable taste. We regard
it as a decided blot for this reason, if for no
other, that it is too closely copied from reality
to accord with the texture of a work of art.
There is a disposition in our day to approve
this kind of patchwork, and to admire literal
fact wherever it is introduced ; but the ten-
dency of this disposition, when not guided and
governed by fine judgment, is really to vul-
garise art, and to please the lower at the ex-
pense of the higher faculties of the mind.
Apart from the objection to the miracle-play
on this ground, it is offensive to those feelings
of reverence with which we are accustomed to
regard the most sacred of all subjects. We
do not want the gross superstitions of the
twelfth century exactly reproduced in the nine.
teenth. But the zealous mediaevalists overlook
this moral anachronism, and, believing that the
ideas and images of sense have been too much
neglected, are as willing to reproduce the
actuality of old literature as they are to revive
the crucifix, and to fancy that their devotions
are more real if offered up before a wooden
image. The reality of parts of this poem is
curious, no doubt, and as a curiosity it will
robably be admired, wondered at, and finally
discarded.

1145

But, ipart from its merits, tiieillustratiol
are very deserving of notice from their ei
treme beauty. Jane Hay is very successful ii
her mediaeval illustration of strictly mediaeval
subjects. We may mention, as particularly
happy, the " Travelling Scholastic," and, gene-
rally, the drawings from scenes in the miracle-
play. Mr. Foster, on the contrary, illustrates
the more romantic portions of the poem in
the spirit of romantic art. His drawings
descriptive of the journey of the Prince and
Flslie to Salerno are in the highest style of
romantic illustration. We have rarely seen
wood engravings which would better bear, or
more agreeably reward, minute inspection. The
binding of the volume is handsome, and it is
altogether produced in a most elegant form.
2. The literature of " The Keepsake " is of a
more varied and amusing oharacter than
usual. Mr. Bennoch, whose youth gave great
promise of poetic power, has not suffered the
cares of commerce to quite smother his early
tastes. Some graceful lines from his pen on
the portrait of Lady Bolton commence the
volume. A startling passage from the Italian
diary of the late Mrs. Homer exhibits some
of the veritable mysteries of Neapolitan life.
A charming female portrait by Mrs. Browning
is finished with characteristic grace. There
is no plate to the verses. Did the artists en-
gaged on this volume fear to place their pencil
in competition with the lady's pen :
MY KATE.
BY ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNINO.
She was not as pretty as women 1 know,
And yet all your best, made of sunshine and snow,
Drop to gide, melt to nought, in the long-trodden ways,
While she's still remembered on warm and cold days:
My Kate.
Her air had a meaning,—her movement a grace ;
You turned from the fairest to gaze in her face,
And when you had once seen her forehead and mouth,
You saw as distinctly her soul and her truth:
My Kate.
Such a blue inner light from her eyelids outbroke,
You looked at het silence, and fancied she spoke ;
When she did, so peculiar, yet soft, was the tone,
Though the loudest spoke also, you heard her alone :
illy Kate.
I doubt if she said to you much that could act
As a thought or suggestion : she did not attract,
In the sense of the brilliant and wise, I infer;
'Twas her thinking of others made you think of her :
My Kate.
She never found fault with you; never implied
Your wrong by her right; and yet men at tier side
Grew nobler, girls purer, as, through the whole town,
The children were gladder that pulled at her gown :
My Kate.
None knelt at her feet as adorers in thrall ;
They knelt more to God than they used, that was all.
If you praised her as charming, some asked what you
meant,
But the charm of her presence was felt when she went :
My Kate.
The weak and the gentle, the ribald and rude,
She took as she found them and did them all good.
It always was so with her—see what you have!—
She has made the grass greener e'en here . . . with her
grave :
My Kate.
My dear one ! when thou west alive with the rest,
I held thee the sweetest anu loved thee the best;
And now thou art dead, shall I not take thy part
As thy smile used to do for thyself, my sweet heart,
My Kate ?
We could have dispensed with the " Red
Nun," more especially as the narrative is made
to suit the plate with evident effort, and the
same observation will apply to "Juliet and the
Friar" further on, and to two or three tales ip
which the novice and bandit element predomi-
nates. The introduction of French pieces,—
as an exercise for young ladies, we presume,—
in books of this kind is not to be commended.
The tale of M. Jules de Niort does not strike
us as sufficiently excellent to justify the innova-
tion. A jesting paper by Mr. Albert Smith,
recording how lie once passed a Christmas
night, gives life to the middle 01 the volume.
His Christmas-eve was not very promising.
Here is a hint to all persons addicted to the
perilous practice of reading in bed
plead guilty to the very bad habit of reading in bed—
always, at any hour, under any circumstances. It has be-
come such a second nature, that I cannot go to sleep
without it: and so, in strange houses, that I am driven
sometimes to desperate shifts to gratify the propensity,
both as regards the light and the book. The arrangement
of the first is very troublesome at times. If you pat the
candlestick on the pillow, occasionally it falls back and sets
the curtains on fire and burns the hettse down, and then the
owner gets annoyed, and don't teak you again. l f you
build up * contrivance with a chair and the water-jug, it
tumbles over equally sad goes out at once, cutting she pi