The Express.
London, England, 1852-09-06 00:00:00

FUR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIISNCE.

stErmso OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION

BELFAST, FRIDAY Evuetwo.
The various sections resumed their sittings this
morning, coil the et verel lecture rooms in which they
were held were throneed throughout the day with visitors.
•ICTION A.—NATNItIaktICAL AND PNTSICAL SCIANCI
In this section, which was presided over by Postmen
Young, of tilieutow, Lord Rowe stated the rosette of certain
obeeteations cn seute of the starry nebula, results which
were likely to overturn many of the theories hitherto
adopted, and render a large amount of labour entirely use-
less Ile ptoduced drawings of a nebula near the middle
Mar of the Greet Bear, which was remarkable for its very
bright centre and its bearing a faint resemblesee to the
fragments of two colleen ric rings, and which Lord Roues
illustrious predeceseor in this department of scientific lite-
rature had coosidered as a wort of nebulous Saturn. How-
ever, it was seen, by the aid of Lord Itosee's telescope, that
these apparent fragments of rings were the brighter por-
tions of two central spirals, as if theta had been a kind of
whirlpool in space. Thi. peculiarity of lorm was known
as the arrangement," and it had (seen found to
per's& the nebula. to a great event, and indeed it was to
be expected that that form would be found to predominate
over all others.
Lord Howe said these drawings bail not yet been pub-
hilted, and his own conclusiens on the subject referred to
would be published by the end of autumn in the
Teintactions of the Royal Society." The theory that
the stars seen were not pan of the nebula, but only in the
inters. ning space, he disproved, by showing that on these
stars depended the relative brightness of the nebula,
which could not be the case if they were not part
thereof.
Mr. M.F.111•1111, of the Chancery Bar, read a paper on
the Feta M-organs of Ireland, After referring to the fact
that but little was known by the public nn the sweet, and
tracing this etymology of the phrase Foto llorpono itself,
be proceeded to give an account of the those, phew,
and circumstances et and under whisk the dilletood pliono
of the phetiemena hail visited the stoma of this matey,
the forms they took, earl appearances they presented. hum
this it Repriced the• these thulium bed been mostly purl
seised on the sia coasts. thangh their appearance lei
beta beard of on Laugh Neagh, and by the Cave-hell g but
they were usually wen in the neighbourhood of the Lies
of Arran, or on some part of the shore between Fair Head
and Lough Foyle ; they had been often discerned of the
West of Donegal, one upon the coast, and on three ova-
tiers at the town of Waterford. All the varieties bad
been witnewod—Marine, Aerial, and l'rismatic. They are
termed in the Irish language Musa Fealreagh, or fairy
castles. Commonly, however, though not always, the Celtic
Morgans had assumed the same general aspect, that of an
Walla resting on the sea, and the poets had duly celebrated
it.

AUCTION 8.•

Dr. J. H Gladstone read • report on the influence of the
solar radiation on the vital powers of pleats growing under
different atmospheric conditions ; and papers were read by
Dr. Apjohn on the results of analysis of • substance resem-
bling the pigelite of Prefessor Johnston; by Dr. Andrews
on the app 'cation of polarised light to the discovery of
minute qoantitira of soda ; also one sew variety of magne-
tic iron ore, with remarks on the application of hicarlsenate
of baryta to quantitotive analysis ; oho on the atomic
weights of platinum and barium.
De. Audr, ws read a poper on the subject of magnetic
iron ore. This min. ral occurs in the schist-locks of the
Mourne MolintainP, neat their junction with the granite.
In external characters, it resembles somewhat the common
mogiictic oxide, but its lustre is inferior. It wears both
in the amorphous stote and in imperftctly-famed octa-
kedrous. Its composition was found to be
xygen.
Sesquioxide of iron
Prot...side of iron
Magnesia 6.46 .... 2.68
-

SICTIOS

Papers were read by Mr. Harkness on the fossils of the
lower silutian rocks of Scotland; by Professor Nicol oa tM
etruetum of the silurian monntains of the mambo( Scotland;
also on the discovery of a fossil mastodon in the tertiary
beds of the Arno, in Tuscany, by Professor Savi—oonunu-
Invite.' by Sir H. I. Ileircht.on; by Professor M.Coy on
some fishes front the old red sandstoim ; by Mr. It. Young
on the takers of the control put of Ireland ; by Mr. C. B.
ROW on the discovery of borings of • parasitiml animal in a
fish scale found in cha,k

•ICfION D.-SW/LOOT •ND BOTANY, INCLUDING
PHYSIOLOGY.

Paper were read by Professor M'Cush on the morpho-
logical analogy between the disposition of the branches of
erogenous plants and the tremolos' of their learn; by Dr.
Moyle on the wens of thee which yield the black and
green t. Js of commeree; by Professor Dickie on the distri-
bution awl habits of echiunv livid.'; by Mr. Henley on
the structure of eeeitlillOl by Dr. 11.11•111t011. on some of the
=mire birds which produce guano on the coasts of Peru
and 13./litia, with reference to the Lobos Islands; by Pro-
fessor Allman on the signification of the ()Tippling vesicles,
in the bydroul polyp's; and DI William Ogilby, flag., en
the geographical distribution of- animals in oostesiss with
the progress of human civilisation.
ISCTION Z.—DiutiNAruT AND ITHNOLOOT.

Lieutenant 1.. Macleod, A.N., monansaitated the putt
calm. of • propseed expadition to trace the sources alibi
Niger. and exhibited &ammoniates model of. host intended
to be used by the exploring party. It would draw may
about two feet of water altogether, and was constructed in
sections, which could be taken asunder, so asto font a
smaller boat for navigs•ing the shallow rivers. He alluded
to the failure of the former expedition, owing to haulm
been mistimed ; and stated that a vessel had hese html NW
for the aew undertaking, in which he was to We, • panq
and that it was proposed to set out in April.
Captain Allen, who explored the Niger and its Vibrate-
ries, m e lopany with Lander and other celebrated travel.
hen, expressed hie coriviction to have always been that the
great riven and lakes of the West of Africa bed their ori-
gin in the East of Africa; and with regard to Lake Tchmi
he inclined to the bel of that it bad an outlet. It was so.
certainod that the water of that great lake uremia, and
this could not have been the ease it the lake had ma matiet.
He was favourable to the opinion that this outlet fell into
the Niger.
Sir It. Murchison also manifested his approval earthed*
terprise, and alluded to the efforts which be had We to
impress the importance of it upon the govetansent. Us
trusted that the emaciation would sleet itself to being the
subject again coder their eassid=ad es urped the
thanks of the section to ,:spesis
ael Sykes, P.N.S., then remit a keg esil=
paper containing a meter of geographinannell
facts respecting the territories sad ealgrole of the
Inman of Muskat, and the oliseele of leossiber,
the oast coast of Africa, with shanniginna Y Mee.
ewe to the prospects of Melees diseriery. Ile ad-
verted to the uncertainty and ignorance manifested in the
meagre accounts existing sesting Zansibar, and de-
scribed the peculiarities of patina, eLmau sad cheroots:
of the tribes along that eosin mad is the lerweise, whisk, be
otserved, wee healthy, thus sitediag o aeseeregemset
explorers.
ewrtote 111.-111•Tlerte.
Mr. Gilbert, F.A.S., read a papas on the laws of the our-
nosy in Ireland, exemplified in the changes that have
taken place in the circulation of bank notes in Ireland since
the act of 11145, under which the backs have, every four
weeks, to make returns of their Dotes and specie. The cir-
culation, prior to the peasill of that act, was 6,364,9001,;
in 1846 it was 7,259,W.; in 1847, 8,000,0001. ; Oft
4,900.50001. • in 1849, 4.310,0001. • is HMO, ; cad
in 1641, 4,400,0001. The eirculaidem was est try
the act of parliament, the wish of the sr the
amount of the gold in the beak.
Al ter a short isonversaten• wow Ito traolkit millet it
was said that the falling off Mill greressre
than in the southern banks,
Mr. :oho Locke read a paper on ri
its reparative agencies in Inlet d•esroslr
immense emigration which bed takeswlae
few years, and the large ore sent
to take out their relatives, dim paper staled If OW
tinned to go on at the alp* rat*, the
population would, is a Ml-pears, be
could he no doubt that Ilieti westigeol 1/6 se
emigrants, who, is a WM emmleSthekYod
energies, and threw 4 gas pmedweell
worn•out systems of . T e..pioothe sena midi
be found in Me edemas's. of sestilp,
ad mod reemi. 616, InMorin / 6
wsit.dolissd wow kow of tenon, wetted oat ay geld
holies hotness Mallards sod tenants ; and dm
results minor feels the Eacembered Esteem Act, which
though hard a individuals. wield place a great
portion of the Medea the seesdry he she bomb of a
dam of prepeletees ; sad, lastly re .ent of
condition et' the labouring sortie',
small lumen, who had hithertamoulses77ley eadequelely'
paid for their labour. Under the Immealsomid Estate, Act,
772 nears had been sold, the whole of whist, with the ex-
ception of fifty-two, hed bees loomesmed le the pareheests.
But the English sad baba ked benne parolessee el
estates le twenty • dire esewdes eats( thirty-two, the onanat
'mow by than befog 1,111410111. • the total meows* se
imeled by lleglisb. Irish, sad hitch, being aptitude of
7.000,055 E, very many of the perobesors bevies levelerd
lees thew 1/11111., thereby meatiag amiddis dile pagekry.
The pelasigel LOA sad Sesta paellas= bed bosst Is
the W•III6WS &crime, wirers the pepsdalise had blow re-
duced. The eters pwreiresses was shandy as the Increase,
eseiled la peeps. wed mead bs prodwoties of
g▪
reat vesserepr le Int mod ad her pospis.
• shoot emovenation test p-ee wpwo the the
awes of ebbe it was Mated list the 'Mobs
AM We the greatest blew Wee (IWO to awl *at
with a mop sheet due hem to
would be emperalof he cow
at he Me* per
awe& sod end Ie Ite of amligellew mil le Ile
animas gempeelly

• - acirioir 0.--Nomumitcot. mama.
Ilmos Wobstor, commosood boolooso of not
NNW by roarbag a paper epos tbe sow penes law, with No
bosAinio Olmo Winos of lovoolooo mod moosibiturooo M
No leverties. lie eseineseid the iliellithe
el
it le Ike wend Bleier et iheag==hzembisapritesee.
with the e eerelreek epreeke.let
shuthe sesubeg &odd mom, by whisk esileriee speeilise
ter nuerui.*.br
issmierl. while lid Misuse werglii°l=llre
rioted eve
TM lbeeceisiese O&M et the seem gebili, by
* perm - be sikt .14) toweiese mewl ha-
yerieuriele mil be yratembil by any parties els messed a
mese ; wide eareher ift the erib et ibis peendien was
ihe erielks et swam 15... H. demi dr
mil eels rim of thew, eysiiii.NLAidi Agee
done wen relbousik eso was mileisim.
korawar. Os Aftilla et aill sib epee perms
who ebbed reesileis le Se Delia lbe

administration of the law being welded to the ocimmio
si.mers, the public were reliceed nt maims and re von-
ability. Ile @Mired inventors, however. to assert their
right, sad see that the ODNinlialionen and law oMcers did
their duty.
Mr. J M. Rankin reads paper on telegraphic communi-
cative between Great Britain and Ireland, by the Mull of
Caetyre, by him and Mr. John Thomsen.
In the evealng Proteges, Stokes delivered a lecture in
May street Chitral. to a tarp sadism" as
lIIICINT DISCOVIIIINS IN Till roommates or LIMIT.
The greater part of his discourse was occupied with an
esplanetiou of the very remarkable properties eshibited 17
• dilate sobstims of sulphate of Tanis' In water, acid shied
by sulphuric avid. When the tumbler containing the rela-
tion is held Wove a skeet of white mar, it sewers en-
tirely colourless. bat who placed on • piece of black
velvet, and looked tato from above it soosses • beautiful
bias colour. The leetarer peeved, by reference to the facts
deduced from an iIIIIIITS•0 ousts, doff optical eapersreents,
made by Sir John Herschel, Ste David Brewster, and
°then, that the only perfect oaplasation that sea be
afforded is, that the different sobsers ere prodereed by a
difference is the &WOO of ON roboa•SaMial of the
rays of light pram bow the flaid he dm go albs ob-
server. He also shams' that whore 'sighs, amid ant
be procured, an infusion prepared how the hors abatis%
would produce a like Slot. As elostrio work, if allowed
to pass owe the Weiss, would show • boasttiolinvistilvtiVo
in the same sat. but imp' fa awns be as
short time. The dimooresof the farad prams *steadied
over almost two boars, end was illustrated by a number of
diagrams. At its conclusion, the lecturer was loudly sp.
pleaded; and
The Chairman (Colonel Sabine) returned to Professor
Stokes the thauks of that amenably for his esposition of bis
highly attractive lecture.
Ihe Assistant-Secretary stated, at the conclusion of the
proceedings, that 1,036 persons had become connected with
the Association since its sitting in Belfast, 286 of whom
were ladies. (Cheers.)
The meeting was then adjourned to Monday.
There are to be excursions to Antrim, Woodburn, and
the Giant's Caumway.

MANSLAUGHTER BY AN

On Wednesday Mr. Blackburn, the coroner of
Leeds, held an inquest at the Court-bones on the body of
Abraham Thresh, a labourer, aged 48, who had died on
the previous Sundae from a blow received the day before
from ouster, Mr. David WitSamos, of the and
Donlan, York road. Mr. Williamson was in eastody, and
Mr. Ferns, a solicitor, attended to watch the cane on his
behalf.
John Torten, an sgrieultural labourer, said, about six
o'clock on Friday night the deceased and three other men
came to me in David Williamson's field, in York.reed ;
they were all fresh, and said they would help me to finish my
job. After ws left the field we went to the public-house,
and I them a shilling's worth (dale. He told me that
Mr. Williamson had engaged him for next day. He came
into Mr. Willianison's farm-yard, oa the York-road, about
half.past six **cluck on Saturday morning. I was stack.
hag corn, and he forked it for sae. Between four and
five o'clock, Mr. Williamson and the deceased quarrelled
a bit. The deceased complained that the stack was too
high for him to throw up the sheaves. Mr. Williamson
said to Thresh, "It thou can't throw them up come down
and I'll get somebody else to do it." Thresh jumped down
immediately, and asked Williamson to pay him for what he
bad done. Williamson said, " I shan't pay thee for part
of a day ;" sad then Williamson walked away into
another yard. Thresh followed him, and said to Wil.
bunion, "If lea don't pay me I'll pay you, and he held
up his band as if be was iatending to strike, putting him-
self in a fighting attitude. He did set strike. Mr. Wil-
liamson went to the stable, which is sheet 20 or 30 yards
from the stack, where they berm geamulling at first. I
don't know how far it is from the Ore where Thresh Simil-
es/el to strike him. I think it is Ant lee or seven yards.
Mr. Williamson brought out a threelesaged grip. or lurk
came back to Thresh, and struck Mm ever the bead with It
and knocked him down. His bat tall ell Wlllinsea treat
to the stable in a great hurry, bat I mment imerftsther he
ran or walked. Thresh was standing where Wneseese left
him, or near it, when he was knocked Arm I evil* act
tell whether Williamson struck violeally_er est. The was
did not get up directly ; be got up hi nreeW_„ a geed
bit; I don't know how long exactly. He did not lay a
quarter of an hour; he might lay three Wastes. I saw
Thresh get up, and lean his bead as his heed against the
stable wall. He bled a good dal hem Ms bead. After
Mr. Williamson lad struck Thee* be treat *wards the
back door of his hoses. Are* temaioed 'plait the wall
about a minute or two, and thee west sear to get washed.
He came bark in about ten alavese. seethes seemed ea
well as he was before he was knesbei dews. He put his
jacket on, aid went away. In Mast Issmiautes after this,
I west into the Dag mad the. lad Ism Thee& with a pint
of beer rhi bal. emleitset el the bar dew ; he asked
me to sea, bet I did net. I west beet to say work imme-
diately, and did not as Thresh again until Sunday after-
noon. There was a feed deal of provoking language be-
tween WilliameemandTbresh, but I could not hear what
was milloe dimmest Imo the nest yard. AU I beard
Thresh say he maimea was, "If you don't pay me, I'll
gay (fight) you."
Elisabeth Thresh, daughter of the deceased, said—l was
in the house when my father came home an Saturday night.
He came home between seven and eight o'clock, as near as
I can tell. de tame home alone, sad appeared to be sober.
He complained of a very great deal of osio, and asked where
my mother was. He said ' Loose me my boots off, fur I ant
dose." I sent for my sister and a neighbour, and they
washed a wound be had on his head, and got him to bed.
He several times complained, and amid, "Oh, my had;
oh, my heed. I'm dose." He never spoke after we got
bins to bed. He was sick, and vomited ; bat we did not
smell anything like beer. He said to my sister, no he set'
nn the bed, Here, I've something here ;" and be took
Se. Id. out of his waistcoat pocket, and acid. " Here,
Baum, I'll give thee this, for I've done now." We sent
for Mr. Fodor, tbe surgeon, next morning. We did not
know until next morning what had happened.
Dr. Foster described the injuries which had been received
by the deceased. AN Won as he sew him witness considered
that the case would be fatal. . .

The prisoner made no statement, and the jury alter •
quarter of ea boar's deliberation returned a verdict of
manslaughter against him, upon which he warn immediately
committed to York Castle, to take his trial at the neat