The Express.
London, England, 1863-09-12 00:00:00

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LONDON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 12.

Tee second portion of the returns collected two
years ago in the Census of England and Wales has
just been issued. These further returns show the
ages of the people, their condition as regards mar-
riage, their occupations, and their birth-places. A
fuller, or more instructive exhibition of the condi-
tion of a community was never presented in a single
volume. Although the facts elicited by an enu-
meration of the people in their geographical distri-
bution and civil relations is obviously of the first
importance as a basis for the action of the states-
man and the legislator, no national census was at-
tempted in England before the present century.
This last, carried out with the experience gained
is six previous operations, may be regarded
as being as complete in its results as any similar
inquiry that has hitherto been instituted in any
country.
It is obviously not enough to know the mere
numbers of the people and their distribution ; the
ages of persons living in a community are, for ex-
ample, fn important element of investigation. To
know the robustness, the efficiency, and generally
the economic condition of a population we must in-
quire what proportion its adults, those upon whom
the burden of society falls, bear to the whole. The
proportion varies in different countries, and in the
same country at different periods, the causes which
act upon it being temporary or permanent, or
both. In some countries, while many children are
born, few arrive at maturity. In others, emigra-
tion and wars are taking away the most productive
of the inhabitants. Although the strength
of the United States is nourished by •
continued influx of energetic adult emi-
grants frem the Old World, and although
immigration has taken plume to an enormous
extent during the last two years and a half, it is
impossible not to believe that a war which con-
sumes the flower of the people has diminished the
total efficiency of the population of the Republic.
Now, an examination of our own latest census
returns gives, under this effect, very satisfactory
results. The total population of England and
Wales was found in 1861 to be 20,066,224, of
whom 9,082,666 'persona were under, and
10,983,558 over, twenty years of age. The
number of males of twenty years of age and up-
wards was 5,230,573. This is that portion of the
population on which all the remainder depends
for protection and support the section
from which our agriculturists, artisans, miners,
and soldiers and sailors must come. It is, there
fore, eminently satisfactory and a cause of thank•
fulness that it should be ascertained to be
in a state of unexampled efficiency. The
figures just given show that the males of twenty
years and upwards bear to the rest of the popula-
tion the proportion of 2,606 in each 10,000 of the
population. Nor is this an accidental phenomenon.
It comes before us as the development of en im
provement which extends over a considerable
period of steady advancement. At the census of
1821 the number was 2,424 in each 10,000 of the
population. In 1841 the proportion was increased
to 2,597 in that number. It is now, as we have
seen, 2,606. The curious as well as statistical
inquirer may find something in these tables of
ages. Thus it appears that two years ago there
were more than two hundred persons of
100 years of age and upwards, and between
seven and eight thousand persona between
90 and 100 years of age, living among us.
Of the male centenarians three were Chelsea pen-
sioners ; one is entered as a seaman in the Royal
Navy, and another as of the merchant service ;
eleven were agricultural labourers, four were
shoemakers, one was a fisherman, and two were
engaged in the cotton manufacture. Of the
females above 100 years of age, eighty are set
down simply as widows, six as domestic servants,
two as hospital attendant*, and three as nurses.
One female centenarian is entered as a gipsy.
From the tables showing the civil and conjugal
condition of the people we find that in a total
population of 20,066,224 there were unmarried
5,987,861 males, of whom 4,540,542 were
under, and 1,447,319 over 20 yeah of age. The
number of numarritd males between 20 and
30—a period when moat men are seeking to
establish themselves—is 961,695, leaving 486,624
persons over 30 to complete the total number of
bachelors. The widowers, who form a separate
clam, numbered 359,955. The number of un-
married females of all ages is 6,044,296, exceed-'
ing that of the unmarried males by 56,435, the
whole female population exceeding the whole male
population by 513,706. The unmarried women
under 20 years of age numbered 4,506,982;
between 20 and 25, 643,366 ; between 25 and
30, 307,633 ; between 30 and 35, 168,100;
between 35 and 40, 109,952; between 40 and
60, 223,205 ; of GO years and upwards there
were 85,158, unmarried females, including 20
centenarian spinsters. The number of widows
greatly exceeds, as usual, that of the widowers,
being 756,717. As many as 5,066 males
between fifteen and twenty years of age, are
enumerated as married, and it is stated that •
few cases have been met with of marriage• in
which the husband is under fifteen. As may be
supposed, it is in the north-western parts of the
kingdom, where, owing the abundance of employ-
ment, youth acquires independence early, that
these precocious unions are most common.
Perhaps the most interesting portions of these
returns are those which show the population of
England and Wales marshalled according to occu-
pation in six groups, although in this preliminary
survey we can only mention them. We are once more
struck with the high organization to which oar society
bee attained, and the immense variety of character