The Express.
London, England, 1852-05-26 00:00:00

ARIr 001

et obi

11.11MAPOLUL ITATIII SIMPLY COMIIITTItho—The
it =else it Ili to Tern% red allows. id Dam the 171 I;
sidshi le same Se the Mew Rime Cempasy, the
Mob Lotita , sod the Mawr Lee leathity vide
a proper Atte In enured to Ile neethera
aid Ahem et the notespelit, the onotoltles hay-
WI. lint hood emosh manse to ~hoe them
that Drib proem of sending a.mpply of pare and
Stbdiseente war Isilesses.:Kiesp 411, TINOWS• MIA
blear 111 to the etverigme On he elbolerise In the
head et ars. Oa Keetes Mr.
Wailient dot emmonholeas Imi,talimpleA
Ohba the seepanks, while hod ran la • peptides
12.1ftellteslies the New IRAs and MGM Innis Otm-
.. moil take apen
_themat the _ishis °OW Mho Lee
fedi; set meeellstelMol4 'lnueeptanthie fordo mob.
Weise of the nalgthlss. epee- a thmshr of all the power
of the moos. Ie may to Stobizerl, the lawless of
the der Lee InMts to the that they else iced
toomtless moo 'my brie the ant .at which. was to
a Mist trod by hmeelesM neaps eel was
lobe esselmtnii, Illy resmabsit hy pazikapat ..
agothed wok •I. tnipier WI rers hate the heads
si two sr mere owirollet dm Aid of *bus 1,-"grils"
Ilse wee to meats soothed Ow the tom ieseems et ha
slorthelisee. Tibtotentleill, at the same
=iisfer Na New Rime Irk.=
with wpm sett* tees mematt-
- tee, altar dell , pared a feraladea seproehe of to•
pest that en mistet bad not been sone to, sad la-
timed that they go es milks** Mew River IMI
repel:
ei the se weeks eel topenument, espial
oat fetes, and take the
tcLeedeaMM is eh re-
wide, bib them* Maw.
MiDLAND CHM WINNIX/111 WA/. 011 ILVWD.—
Tairmley the rood commay's WI for a
=away tot tows of Cana, and a des fa the
Um to

Y COUNT OUT."

Members present net evening when the home wee
counted out:—
Mr. Anstay. Mr. Hobhonse.
Sir B. Brydges. Mr. Keogh.
Mr. Carter. Mr. Lao,.
Smith Child. Mr. Miglerver.
Sharman Crawford. Mr. 0'
Mr. T. D'Egpooart. The O'Gorman *Mahon.
lord Duncan. Mr. Padre.
Mr. T. Dunoombe. Mr. Seholefield.
Mr. Ellis. Capt. SeebelL
• Captain Fordyce. ' Mr. V. Scully.
Mr. (leach. Lord Dudley Stunt.
Colonel Gilpin. Mr. Spooner.
Mr. Greene. Mr. Toured.
Mr. Greenall. Colonel Thompson.
Lord Robt. Grosvenor. Mr. Thornely.
Mr. Orogen. Sir J. Walmsley.
Hostel Owys. Mr. W. Williams.
Mr. Hamilton. Sir W. P. Wood.
air. Mgt.& Mr. E. Yorke.

WRECk OTT PENIKAEX MAllR.—Dating a strong
gale from the north•east a few nights ago, tke Union, of
Carnarnn, laden with bricks, war wrecked of Penman
Mawr. Unfortunately the muter and one man wen
drowned. A large &chooser was discovered in the bay dis-
united and °amino damaged. A tog-boat went to her
assidaece, sad mmassded fa towing kit into a plain of
oaday.

11Chi Ottinetoo•
• —••••••;•*0—"--
-TO ::EnTi.
• mlakth,fte the own •••11•11%
itltrizga 00 F
•isittbki •4104. la this
°it 14088."Lma•• Imhof talon.
!.21118% 4 Tin +Wink ea Ike

SIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
Tula DAT—LKSLIM. lA. 47a. --Altar's. 71. 111 a.
Tammany —Wmaleft, 7n. 19.1 *Ramos. 110. See.

LONDON, WBDNESDAY. MAY 96.

LORD DUST is certainly the most audacious of
Prime Ministers. Driven Into a corner on Monday
evening by Earl GREY'S masterly defence of
has trade in sugar,—its which the ex-Colonial
Ilseretary showed that under competition in this
sthrlest between colonial and foreign sugars the slave-
tau is declining, and production in our tropical
pemessions is increasing, Lord Deasy had
the temerity to state that in Cuba, at least,
the slave-trade is on the rise. Its decline in
Brasil he admitted, and rightly ascribed it " to
the vigorous and sincere exertions of the Brazilian
government;" but in Cuba, he said, " the fact was
that the slave trade was at that moment on the
increase." His lordship quoted no figures to show
this, referred to no facts, gave no authority.
It requires the aid of Brazil to settle and arrange
the affairs of the Plate, therefore ho did justice to
its government ; but having no each temporary use
for Cubs, he boldly made an usertion about that
island almost as unfounded in fact as if he had
included Brazil in the same offensive imputation.
A return of the number of Ahican slaves im-
ported into Cuba and Brazil for each of the lest ten
years has lately been presented to parlianient And
the document shows an the hat three years the im-
portation of slaves into Cuba has actually declined;
for whilst the number imported in 1849 was 8,700,
the number in 18.51 was only 5,000 ; showing a
diminution of nearly 4,000 Africans, instead of an
increase, as Lord Drau states. And this
fact is all-important as beating . on the
complaint of our West Indies, that, in the pro-
duction of sugar, they have to compete against
unlimited importations of slaves. For sugar is the
great staple oft Cub
hat a; end nine-
are tooth,
toofitthe the slavuces-
tionreVet the number actually imported is small ;
and their effect on our West India Islands must
Hanlon be trifling. .
BM 'agar is only a staple of Brazil; and it is not
a eta* the production of which is largely increasing
in that wintry.; whereas the cultivation of the other
t thqie,, soffee, is rapidly augmenting; and this fact
risA.an important bearing on the West Indian
For it was not to the culture or menu•
thelems it apt' in Brazil that the enormous numbers
old &the Jr from 1842 to 1849 were devoted ;
bat to the ting, growth, and picking of coffee-
-an article which our West Indian possessions do
ma alas into strong competition with Brazil.
The sugar plantations of Brazil are generally of old
growth, and the slaves upon them are not as • ge-
neral rale raw Africans, but negroes either born in
Brasil or of many years import. The work in a
mplantation in that country scomparatively
At the season when it is most Revere. the
negross are unusually well fed; for, in addition to
good reticles, they consume large quantities of the
mar canaltsalf; which is unusually nutritious; and
the othispenee is a much grear tendency to a
natural imams of slave populationon a Brazilian
sulisit en a Brazilian coffee plantation.
is almost invariably planted on the sides of
hinitt , the labour of attending to the plant is
sunstmsallg severe ; when ripe it affords no
sillitinal supply of nutritious food like
Niger; and when picked and piled it is liable to
Wit; this renders spreading out to dry frequently
=ary rake are sudden, and when the berry is
oat a theseuding shower greatly injures it.
Lr—rhst the Who plantation slaves are liable first to
sodden exteselesnands on them to woad the berry
tint, in order to save it from fermentation, and then
Is as sadden a piling up again to protect it from
mit. And se than calls frequently recur at night,
.thsir tack iemthitherder than that of the slaves on
mar 1 . ; hence their greater mortality,
to replacement by raw and leas skilled
lllthmithes, Lord Dann repeats these West In-
dian sempisiab, we reply,
_look ts the figures in this
taunt; end beer in mind these facts. For they
prove that those colonies have not had during the
lest ten years to pamper in the production of sugar
With anythieglflut the whole number of slaves said to
have been imported into Brazil ; whilst the entire
' number imported into Cuba has been trifling.
Nor does the return show any gnat additional
supply of slaves imported into Brazil since the ad-
=amen of slave-grown sugar, and the reduction of
the duty on foreign coffee. In 1846, in the
middle of which the measures plained of
by the West Indies were enacted, the impor-
tation is set down at 50,324 ; two years afterwards
iaile to 60,000, but for one year only ; in 1850 it
to 28,000, and in 1861 it was but 3,287. So
that, if free trade were responsible for the additional
10,000 of 1848, it must claim some of the merit of
..is
Ming of 31,000 in 1850, and of 61,000 in 1851 •
Mal One theasvopration of free trade on Brazilian
glien proportionate relief to the
6111"Iligsit Indies, according to their own theory
of their distrens.
Thll merit of free trade in the matter is, that
OEiwed free scope for sound opinion in Brazil ;
that freedom produced a great change in
sentiment on the slave-trade in that country.
by the salutary dread of continual recur-
s!
the yellow fever from slave importations,
Ithits out in 1849, it enabled the
.government
to Brasil pus and carry into effect t laws
• the slave-teed. ; and the datessranse laws
rind of their application explain the great decree's
af 1861.
' In 1849 the importations, it wM be observed, are
said to have been 64,000. Now it was in January,
1860, that Lord PALIIRRRION limed to the British
rho Brazilian station thee" peremptory
bathprodueed each disagreeable discussions
Brazil . and Great Britain. In 1850,
importations fall to , twenty-three. &an-
d ; owing, es Lord PALMERSTON alleges,
Iris severe meanies of repression; more, as. we
to the yellow fever and to Brazilian legate-
But, granting for a moment that Lord
N is correct in his cause and effect, it is
fit, in spit, of all his severity, the imports,
delays, into Brazil in 1860 was 23,000. He
Immo
done his utmost, and still left importations to
that gent
_extant.
Ingrnishm., 1860, however, the Brazilian legis-
tbs masted the stringent laws against the slave
with which we are new am familiar. By No-
er, 1860, the Brazilian • government was in a
kasifion to effectively orry.out those laws; and be-
fore the end of the year hia actually wised several
slavers and liberated many slaves. And what was
the consequence in 1851 P That while Lord PAL-
IIRRI3TON'9 external severity in 1850 had only re-
slave importations to 23,000, the in-
Ciatideystem, of repression carried out by the Bra-
zilian government in 1861 educed the importations
to 3,287. Thus showing how greatly superior a
suppressive agency is the force of a domestic policy
of repression to any application of foreign violence
and outrage.
When, then, the British West Indies come to par-
liament and claim protection of their sugars against
'the unlimited supphes Brazil and Cuba have of
African slaves, the reply is, that those countries
have now no such supply; and that the abolition
of the slave-trade is now as much the end and
object of the Brazilian government as it king has
' been the aim of Great Britain.

AMONGST other important things done at the
meeting of delegates from Mechanics' Institutions at
the Society of Arts last week, Mr. Turxem. lug
gested the propriety of copies of parliamentary
papers being given by parliament to the various
local liainstitittions. This suggestion, as might
be sup was very cordielly received, and cer-
tainly emery's support. Several petitions have been
presented to the legislatum on the subject, and
those already published not only to show
what has been already done, but to point out the way
which others should follow. The Mechanics' In-
stitute at Gateshead, the Cheltenham Literary
and Philosophies' Institution, the Derby Machu-

nid Institution, the Macclesfield Society for
the Acquirement of Useful Knowledge, the Literary •
and Scientific Institution in Tiverton have petitioned
the House of Commons to supply them with these ses-
sional papers and acts of parliament free of expense,
The Gateshead petitioners intimate their willingness
to have all such documents thrown open to the ia.
spection of resident non-members free of expense.
With respect to acts of parliament, it may be re-
marked that one great difficulty in modern English
legislation is to devise efficient means of promulgating
new laws. " Nemini lieet ignorari" is the matins
of the law courts when any luckless wight pleads
ignorance of any special law; but how is any man
to acquire a knowledge of all the multiform statutes
that are annually hatched by parliament? It is vain
to think of having these bulky and innumerable
1 documents proclaimed, as in simpler times, by beat
of drum at the market croon, or stuck up on the
church door how are Englishmen to be informed of
what they are held bound under penalties to do or
abstain from? The legislature culpably neglects its
duty, so long as it takes no measures to have
all Englishmen mode cognisant of all laws.
An important step will be taken towards
this desirable end, by adopting measures
enabling all Englishmen to read with intelligence
and plainly all new laws within their reach. Fur this
the establishment of elementary secular schools in
every district of moderato extent is one requisite,
but not of itself sufficient. The enaouragement of
local free libraries is necessary to enable men to turn
to practical account the art of reading acquired in
elementary schools. And wherever such local free
libraries are established, there ought Acts of Parlia-
ment to be sent, for deposit and preservation, in order
that the general public may have access to kuow
their contents.
The sessional papers of parliament are only second
in importance to its acts. Absurd, redundant, and
often silly though these documents be, they contain
an immense quantity of valuable information, that is
nowhere else to be found. The mass of the popula-
tion—even of the more easy and wealthy classes—
have not only no means of obtaining access to these
sources of information, but no means of learning
what they contain. To enable the public to form a
sound judgment on the great political and economical
questions now at issue, it is indispensable that they
should at least have in their power to learn what the
sessional papers contain, and to consult them occa-
sionally.
With proper precaution and judicious selection,
compliance with the petitions of the institutions
above alluded to, might be made instrumental in
promoting the great objects of national education,
and a sufficient promulgation of the laws. Let copies
of the sessional papers and acts of parliament be
tignimdtted, free of expense, to every such institution
is is favourably situated for being the centre of a
district, and has taken efficient measures to establish,
in connexion with it, a local free library. These insti-
tutions would thus be rendered accessible local pub-
lie archiles, and schools for the study of contem-
porary history and practical politics.
The object contemplated by these petitioners is
intimately connected with the movement which
aims at inducing the Commissioners for the Indus-
trial Exhibition to redistribute the contributions to
the Exhibition guarantee fund, for the purpose of
lhaving that fund applied in aid of the establishment
of local free libraries and museums. Of the five places
Likami.which the petitions named have been forwarded
tar have contributed to this guarantee fund. Tho
*due and utility of local free libraries would be ma-
terially increased by their being made places for tho
deposit and preservation of the sessional papers and
OW
of parliament for the inspection of the general
public ; and having thus been invested with a kind
1 of official character, parliament and the government
acquire a right to watch over their -rooced-
rouldinsistthe public ings, and that were foir y dealt
with.
The important step recently taken by the Society
of Arts enhances the practical, importance of these
considerations at the present moment. An organised
union has been effected between the society and
nearly two hundred local literary and scientific insti-
tutions. "Of the particular modes is which the
institutes propose to take advantage of the union so
brought about (observes the .delisnaurts of last Satur-
day) the general opinion of the delegat appeared to
bs, that a torpeof lecturers, should bo formed, with
the vie* to giving courses of lectures partaking
eassiewliat, of the nature of college classes--that the
institutions should make out lists of such books as
they wish to obtain, in order that exchanges may be
effected Xtireen themselves, and arrangements mid*
with puWistas for a reduction of price on taking a
Large quantity—that a ad/cabling library of expensive
topics and'insta-urnents should be formed—that a
moveable exhibition of inventions and improvements
in machinery and manfifaeleres should be got toge-
ther—and that the aid of men of great attainments
should be sought in establishing clones in circuits,
with the object of giving greater educational scope
and power to the institutions."
hiettt;sp appears to be at this moment awaking
t t the country to renew the enthusiasm fen
for echanies 'lnstitutions at their first establish-
ment ; to extend and perfect their machinery; and
to stimulate all the various districts of the country
to emulation and combined action. In short, the
first faint outlines of areal university for the people
have been dimly shadowed out. Now is the time
for any one who has national education really at
art* bestir himself in his own locality, and en
to his own lights; and certainly every
g Mechanics' Literary Institution should sup-
Mr. TUPNELL'ek -Mfg:N*2R r by- petitioning par-
:ftffiemt for gratuitous copies of parliamentary demi-
asks. •