The Press.
London, England, 1855-04-21 00:00:00

(Euvres de Napoleon 111. Paris: Amyot.

THE recent appearance in Paris of a complete
and very elegant re-impression of the writings of
the Emperor Louis Napoleon, and the presence
of his Majesty in this country, invite attention
to him in his literary capacity. l'he wonderful
height to which, in spite of apparently insur-
mountable obstacles, he has raised himself,
has made him, beyond all question, the most
remarkable man now living in the world ;
and the rare sagacity, admirable tact, and
immense energy which he has displayed in
connection with the Eastern question and the
war, bid fair to renter him the very greatest
of these days. Bnt vast as is his fame as the
ruler and statesman of a mighty people, it
does not annihilate that which it has been his
lot to gain as an author. It would, doubtless, be
gross flattery to place him in the bretnost rank
of literature. In his own country there are
men now living who are greater far; and even
amongst imperial and royal authors there are
several that outstrip him in nervousness of
eloquence and depth of thought. Nevertheless
his works unquestionably prove that he is
possessed of some of the highest qualities of
the author—vigour and originality of concep
tion ; a power of expression at once clear,
terse, and forcible ; the art of taking new views
out of exhausted subjects ; and a style which
is singularly elevated yet unpretending, elegant
yet manly.
If fortune had not destined Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte to sway the sceptre, he would pro
bably have made literature the business of his
life. Not only do his talents fit him for it,
but he possesses many of the tastes of the
literary man. In the days of his captivity and
exile, reading and annotation and writing
were almost his sole resource ; when he be-
came President of the Republic he spent a
considerable time daily in his library, and
even now he contrives to snatch at least some
portion of every day from his vast and mighty
avocations to spend amongst his books. If at
any time he has need of any reference or quo-
tation he alwa) C seeks for it himself, and
takes all the author's pleasure in the search.
It has mom than once happened that when
his Ministers and other dignitaries have been
admitted to him, they have found him perched
on the top of his library ladder, completely
absorbed, like another Dominie Sampson, in
the perusal of a book. The speeches, pro-
clamations, and addresses, which he may have
occasion to make, he writes himself, and he
takes the greatest pains. in polishing his style.
Before allowing them to be printed he has
proofs submitted to him, and he corrects them
' with his own hand. The corrections made

he requires, if time allows, other proofs ; and
if after all his trouble there be the slightest
fault, the change of a word, or even the mis-
placing of a comma, he is extremely angry.
Such a purist is he in matters of style that he
has frequently corrected the reports of his
Ministers, especially when they have been
destined for publication ; and numerous,
indeed, are the articles published in news-
papers which have had the honour of his
revision.

Yet, though his Majesty is an autiz.,r, and
though he is as proud of being called an
author as his uncle was to inscribe himself
" Member of the Institute," he cannot, we fear,
be considered any friend to literature. The
necessities of his political position have com-
pelled him to silence the newspaper press ;
and the press in these days, especially in
Fiance, is the must powerful and most popular
form of literal), development. Owing to the
like necessities he has, too, been obliged, by
means of fiscal laws and other measures, to
cripple the rule of books ; and, finally, they
have constrained him to exile not a few
writers of note, and to intimidate others.
No man, we are convinced, deplores more
than the Emperor, that his political regime has
been and is so disastrous to the national litera-
ture. As sovereign, he cannot but wish to see
poets, and historians, and writers of every de.
partment of literature, cast eclat on his
reign. As an author, too, he must feel a strong
professional desire for the success of authors.
And it is but justice to him to say that iu his
private and personal capacity he does all that
he can do for literature and its professors—
that is, he encourages the café portion of the
former, and pensions or provides places for
such of the latter as declare for his cause.
But this is not enough. Literature requires
political liberty, and political liberty he cannot
grant, and so literature pines.
It is not our purpose to enter into a detailed
examination of the Emperor's works ; they are
too well known to need it. Perhaps it wuula
have been well to have omitted from them the
discussion about the sugar question—a mere
local affair long since set at rest ; and certainly
there are portions of the famous treatise on
the extinction of pauperism (an impossible
thing in itself, alas !) which the illustrious
author himself would now willingly not have
written. But, passing over these faults, what
will strike the English reader even more
strongly than in his former perusal of the
works, will be the wonderful sagacity with
which in prison, in exile, and in poverty,
Louis Napoleon constantly foresaw the extra-
ordinary political events that have taken place
in France, and his own surprising eleva-
tion. Ho will also not fail to notice that the
Emperor repeatedly expresses a profound
admiration of England—a thing the more re-
markable, considering that when he wrote
hatred of "perfidious Albion" was the fashion
in France. And he will find in every page
great thoughts nobly expressed literacy
excellence of such a high order, in fact, as to
warrant the imperial author in proudly de-
positing his pen by the side of his sceptre.

Willy Reilly. By W. Carleton. London :
Hope and Co.

FEW writers have been more unlucky than Mr.
Carleton in failing to sustain the reputation he
achieved by the fictions which first made him
known. His " Black Prophet," " The Miseri"
and " Traits and Stories of the Irish Pea-
" santry," were tales moving to pity aird
terror; they exhibited the passion and poetry
of the Irish mind, and were particularly re•
markable for their portrayal of character;
but in his later productions there is an elb
sence of those qualities for which it seems
impossible to account. Of all authors living
he has the least reason for that angry outburst
against the illiberality of the age to which he
has recently given vent. His name is on the
pension list for surely as large an amount as
the best of his productions could possibly
entitle him to expect, and if hie tales lately
have met with little encouragement, it can be
only because he has not fulfilled the one con-
dition necessary to the success of a novelist—
he has failed to please.
" Willy Reilly " will do little, we are &Mud,
to revive his popularity. It is founded on a

popular Irish ballad of a hundred years ago,
relating the elopement of a beautiful girl—the
dauguter of a rich Protestant gentleman—with
a young Holum Catholic of interior station.
Willy Reilly is brought to trial ; his dear
" Colceu Bawn " is summoned as a witbess
against iiiin, but by her evidence clears her
lover, and avows her undying love to him.
The ballad is a fine one, and with skilful
treatment would have worked up into a pretty
romance. Mr. Carleton has adhered to the
outline, and has mainly fillei it up by details
of what he calls Protestant priest-hunting and
Roman Catholii; persecution under the "
(►less laws" of toe Ulric. The opening
passage of the book shows the spirit in which
it has been composed. Mr. Carleton is de-
scribing one of the vile old Irish roads :

Ireland, as our English readers ought to know, has always
beau a country teeming with abundance—a happy lanai,
in which want, destitution, sickness, sod famine, have
never been felt or known, except through the mendacious
misrepresentations of her enemies. The road we speak of
was a proof of this ; for it was evident to every observer
that in some season of superabundant food, the people,
not knowing exactly how to dispose of their shilling loaves,
took to paving the common roads with them, rather than
that they should be utterly useless. These loaves, in the
course of time, underwent the process of petrification,
but could not, nevertheless, be looked upon as wholly lost
to the country. A great number of the Irish, within the
last four years, took a peculiar fancy for them as food,
which, we presume, caused their enemies to say that we
then had hard dines in Ireland. Be this as it may, it
enabled the sagacious epicures who lived upon them to
retire in due course to the delightful retreats of Skull and
Bkibbereen, and similar asylums, there to pass the remain-
der of their lives in health, ease, and luxury.
There is not much promise of entertainment
in this dreary attempt at satire. At one time
Mr. Carleton had artistic talent in descrip-
tion ; but here the most animated passages of
the ballad lead only to vague and exaggerated
expression. Thus, when the Coleen Bawn
appears in court and raises her veil, her ap-
pearance calls forth not one distinctive
touch :

Deliberately and slowly she raised it, as the court had
desired her—but, oh, great God, wiled an effulgence of
beauty, what wonderful brilliancy, what symmetry, what
radiance, what tenderness, what expression ! But we feel
that to attempt the description of that face, which
almost had divinity Bumped upon it, is beyond all our
powers. The whole court, every spectator, man or woman,
all fur a time were mute, while their hearts drank in the
delicious draught of admiration which such beauty created.
The native Irish mind—perhaps from its
very warmth seems peculiarly liable to
blighting influences. What those have been in
Mr. Carleton's case we do not know, but we
regret that decline of his imaginative power
which at one time gave promise of a brilliant
career. The best that can be said of " Willy
Reilly " is, that the narrative runs on readably,
and that occasionally it reminds us of the
author in his better days.

PERIODICAL LITERATURE.

THE QUARTERLIES.

THE present number of the Quarterly Review con-
tains several well-written papers, but has no very
striking article. The only one with a political bear-
ing is the last, on " Public Affairs,' and that is want-
ing in distinctness of view. Our Ministerial changes
are first stated, and in noticing the formation of
the Palmerston Government, it is said, with more of
rhetorical flourish than sober truth, that—
The anomaly was presented of a Government defeated
by an immense majority brought back nearly in its
integrity, amid the acclamations of the larger part of the
nation, within a few days after it had been joyfully dis-
Lined.
The policy of Russia towards Turkey is then re-
viewed, to show that the aim of the Court of St.
Petersburg—especially since the contest of 1828-9
has been to bring the Porte into complete subjection
to it. The conoluNion drawn is, that either no peace
is po-sible, or that it will he of a character humi-
liating tA) the allies :
That the Czar is in earnest in negotiating a peace upon
any terms which will give a solid security to Europe we
do not believe. We fear that we shall either be duped at
the conference of Vienna, or that the attempt to come
to an agreement will fail. With the little that is known of
the details of the stipulations we can do no more than
urge upon the Government the extreme impolicy of ac•
°opting one ambiguous phrase or one doubtful condition.
The treaty of Adrianople, so dishonestly obtained, was as
dialrmestly evaded. Russia bound herself by it to erect
no fortifications on certain portions of the Danube, in
order that the navigation might be free She constructed
Cie forte, but called them quarantine establishments. Such
h.ts b.en her usual treacherous course, and unless we are
to have guarantees more suoatantial titan words, it is iu
Mni that im conquered at Inkermann to be beaten at

THE PRESS.

Vienna. Once for all let us insist upon concessions which
will no longer leave us at the mercy of the fraud which
opens the way for force, soil of the force which prepares
the way for a renewal of the fraud. The allies may be
hampered by the ditticu ty of carrying Germany in their
train ; but it they have the courage and firmness to perse-
vere in demanding the necessary securities, who can ques-
tion that they will triumph alike over the hesitations and
fears of Austria and the armies and diplomacy of
Russia ? With the history of the treaty of Adrianople,
and of the war which preceded it, before their eyes, it
would be fatuity in France and England to stop short in a
work which, unless it is completed, had better never have
been begun.
There are seven literary articles in the present
number, the first, upon the Crystal l'alace, is an
interesting description of that remarkable un-
dertaking. After rapidly reviewing the collections
of the different courts, the writer offers some sen
sible remarks upon the polychromatic mania, which
has lately seized upon the Crystal Palace directors,
and urges that it is only upon the principle of
rendering the object more "distinct" that poly-
chromatism can be warranted, but that when by de-
stroying the lights and shadows, and the variety of
surface proper to sculpture, by a combination of
" crude and heavy colours," all so equal in their
distinctness to the sight, that no part can be said to
be distinct at all, the practice is contrary no less to
all rules of art than to those of common sense. As
to the ancient authority which is so frequently quoted
in support of the principle, it is admitted that there
is no question but that the Greeks did apply colour
to sculpture, but then only for the object of " dis-
tinctness." " When a row of figures," remarks the
reviewer, " as in the pediments of their temples,
" ran the risk of being undistinguisbable against the
" white ground, the tympanum was tinted with that
" slight degree of colour sufficient to relieve them ;
" but there the artist stopped, because his purpose
" was accomplished." That the Greeks did colour
their figures he admits also, but urges in extenua-
tion of the practice that they knew that when there
was an ideal beauty in the forms there should be an
ideal " beauty in the colour, or none at all ":

Surely (he exclaims) if conspicuousness to the eye
werethe end proposed, those two Egyptian giants were
prominent enough in all conscience, without the help of
polychromy. These were about the last objects in the
Crystal Palace which ran any risk of being overlooked by
the public. Before their colossal proportions the poly.
cliromatist might have safely rested from his labours. All
that should have been done for them was to have let them
alone in their enormity, and allowed their true characteris-
tics—the sublimity of their size and the negative grandeur
of their expression—to speak for themselves; or, at most,
to hi ve a lded those scorched granite hues which have
been painted on the original by the heat of th.nisentla of
sons But no, such a capricious field for the exercise of
polychromy was not to be neglected : if it be right to paint
the lily and gild refined gold, the larger the scale on which
the operation is conducted the better. Red, blue, and
yellow were, therefore, ordered by the hogshead ; first,
second, and third coatings of raw house•paint were poured
in (for Memnons of plaster are thirsty souls), till at
length the beau ideal of the new art was attained, and Gog
and Magog sit there, shorn of half their size by the staring
propinquity of their colours, and with no expression left in
their features but that of a grin of delight at the gay
clothes in which they are attired.
One principal cause of the raw, crude effect of the
colouring is ascribed to the coarse material upon
which the colours were applied, viz., common plaster,
and not the ivory, marble, nor fine stone peculiar to
the antique. An able review of Giustinian's "Venetian
Despatches," is followed by an entertaining paper upon
Madame De Maintenon, in which much of her pri-
vate life and the real influence which she possessed
over the King is fully told. So much mystery ap-
pears to envelope the whole transaction of their mar-
riage, that it will probably remain a disputed point
for ever. Louis appears to have been afraid of thp
disgrace that must in those days have followed the
public acknowledgment of such an act, and to have
exacted from her a pledge rimer to reveal the secret.
Of her unbounded influence over the King there is
no doubt, but the reviewer combats the popular
'belief that the revocation of the Edict of Nantes was
more through her influence than the natural bigotry
of the King
The King had been brought up by his mother, Anne of
Austria, in the strictest notions of Spanish orthodoxy. He
was punctilious in the performan •e of the rites of the
Church, " and would never fail," says Madame de
Maintenon, " to observe a fast, but he could not compre-
hend that it was ne.•essary to repent, and to love God in-
stead of to fear him." She mentioned as an additional
trait of his character that he thought he expiated his own
faults by being inexorable on those of others, which agrees
with the description of Saint-Simon— that he believed him-
self an apostle because he persecuted the Jansenists. Not
only did he look upon Protestantism as heretical, but he
also regarded it as an act of rebellion against authority,
effendingequally his monarchical and his religious notions.
Urged by this double motive he was barely twenty-four
when he hegan to sanction numerous laws and measures
for the res'riction of the privileges which had been granted
to tue Huguenots.
A slight memoir of the Emperor Nicholas gives
a full detail of his last moments, but does not supply
that impartial view of his character and reign which

SATURDAY,

is so much needed. It is admitted, however, that
he was the author of some real reforms in his
empire :
The same strong will made itself felt in every depart-
ment of the Government. his to Nicholas that Russia
owes the code of her laws, which appeared in 1N32 iu fif-
teen volumes, Lto., and was enlarged by a supplement of
sixteen volumes in 1851. Notwithstanding its faults, and
the irremediable detect inherent in the constitution of the
country, which makes all law subordinate to the will of the
Czar, it is a vast boon to a people who were previously
only possessed of a few rude enactments, and a sort of
preamble, digested by Catherine with the aid of the
most distinguished of the French encyclopedists, Voltaire,
Diderot, and D'Alembert, who cried it up throughout
Europe as a marvel, while it was scarcely mentioned in
Russia.

The cri ique on the character of Sir Richard Steele
is a clever and full reply to Macanlay's contemptuous
notice of this witty and agreeable moralist. The
number may be termed "very readable," but can
hardly lay claim to higher praise.
The Westminster is as strong in political discus-
sion as the Quarterly is weak in it. Of the seven arti-
cles, four have a political bearing. That one on "Our
Army " somewhat meagvely reviews the whole military
system, considering that the writer's aim is to enforce
a " Radical Reform "in every branch of it- But the
reform most urgently needed, in the writer's opinion,
is a considerable increase in the pay of the army.
The following suggestions are sensible, but the must
violent opposition to them would come, we fancy, from
the party of economical reforniers:—

. -
As affairs are at present, the first thing to be done is to
improve the condition of both men and officers. Increase
the pay of the private. Don't stop his rations, and his
washing, and his wear and tear of boots and of clothing,
and his pipeclay, and barrack damages, all out of his
shilling a day. Raise the pay of the non commissioned
officer, who out of his scanty salary can scarce buy bread
for his children after paying 3s. lid. a week for a dirty
whitewashed room in a slum at the back of the barracks.
Then if, as a means of transition, every two steps were
given by purchase, and the third to merit, as displayed
either in long or brilliant services, and if the commission
of every man who died in the service were sold and given
to his family, the service would derive great immediate
benefit, and the pension•list would be rendered much
lighter.
Even Joseph Hume, it is stated, said that the
pay of our officers and int n ought to be raised. The
like claim is urged on behalf of medical officer::—

No men work harder than the medical men of the army.
No men undergo greater dangers And what are their
thanks? None. What is their pay? Why, a sum for
wh,ch the mason and carpenter has many a time struck.
This must be amended. As mere pounds, shillings, and
ence, our men are worth looking alter ; and it is not so
long since that, in times of pet feet peace, a staff surgeon
of the first class died from consumption brought on by
overwork in Cephalonia, during cholera times. How many
will die of overwork before this war is over ? Two or three
doctors will not suffice to look after a thousand men dying
like sheep with the rot. Their pay must be increased,
their influence must be more recognised.
There is justice in the following pithy remarks de-
fending Lord Raglan from the censures cast upon
him :

The Times implies that Lord Raglan is to blame be-
cause the men are overworked in the trenches, because they
do not get shelter when their work is done, and because
their rations are improperly supplied. But is it the corn
inander•in•cbiefs fault that he has not men sufficient to
work in the trenches and to make a road also. The fault
lay with the Government, which would persist in making war
with a peace establishment, and in employing its engineer
officers anywere but at the seat of war. Is it his fault that
the Government ordered this extraordinary expedition to
take place in the month of September, and appear never to
have contemplated that the town would hold out for the
winter ; leaving its army without clothes or covering, or
men to make clothes or to erect sheds? Is it Lord
Raglan's fault, when he applies for more artillery, and
when his request is laid before the Duke of Newcastle, that
it is rejected by that soldier•statesman ? For it has been
stated that, previous to sailing from Varna, his lordship wrote
home for two more field•batteries and another troop of
horse artillery, and that the adjutant•general of artillery,
having laid the demand, as a matter of form, before the
Minister of War, the !atter, then fresh in office, put his
ministerial pen through the demand. Is it his lordship's
fault that the commissariat i not under his control, nor
under that of the Horse Guareff in England, nor under the
Minister of War, but under the Treasury ?
The article "Lord Palmerston as Premier" is as
enigmatical as the noble viscount's own eharacter.
We read on one page :
In all the conduct of Lord Palmerston we are Sorry to
discern more skill than frankness, and far more policy than
liberalism.
And on another:—
In Lord Palmerston, therefore, at a Prime Minister,
directing and controlling the foreign policy and diplomacy
of the country, we have great confidence.
Yet elsewhere we read that in
Government Lord Palmerston Ran
" proof that he was not e ittal to the .
remarks on the probable consequences
misrule we are forced to agree:—
The summons to war has roused the people.
' deeply interested and excited. They watch

,ed.
pithy remarks de-
ensures cast upon
lan is to blame be•
renches, because they
done, and because
But is it the corn
of men sufficient to
oad also. The fault
persist in making war
ploying its engineer
. Is it his fault that
Briery expedition to
r, and appear never to
aid hold out for the
•thee or covering, or
sheds? Is it Lord
more artillery, and
ike of Newcastle, that
? For it has been
rna, his lordship wrote
id another troop of
t.general of artillery,
of form, before the
sh in office, put his
Is it his lordship's
nder his control, nor
ngland, nor under the
fury ?
as Premier " is as
nt's own character.
eraton we are sorry to
1 far more policy than
a Prime Minister,
policy and diplomacy
lice.
in constructing his
gave "deplorable
the crisis." In the
tenet's of continued
he people. They are
r watcb •very wove ;

APRIL 21, 1855.

they appreciate every blunder. Nothing is any longer
hidden front them. And the incapacity of generals, com-
missaries, admirals, staff officers, and harbour-masters, aro
as familiar to them as to the employers of these miserable
functionaries. Should this misrule continue unremedied,
and should it continue to produce the same effects of op-
portunities lost, armies sacrificed, millions flung away, and
the nation stamped with incapacity and disgrace, then we
nay depend upon it the people will, in some way or other,
take the matter into their own hands.
It is for the Conservative party to seriously con-
sider warnings like this, and to reflect that through
want of energetic and united action they are afford-
ing the democratic party a pretence for raising the
ery of revolution. The " Reorganisation of the
Civil Service " examines and a Ivocates the report
lately issued. The paper on "The Administrative
Example of the United States" makes some candid
admissions. Ex. gr.:—
in fact, nothing is so corrupting to the Commons
as what is called a-' Liberal Ministry." Under
it, the liberal and iudepe 'dent members become so emascu-
lated that it is very common to hear sound•hearted re-
formers say : " We want a Tory Government to restore in-
dependence to our Liberal M.P.s." The corruption is
indeed sometimes (or alas ! very often) of a coarser kind,
being effected by distributing patronage according to the
desire of those M.P.s who will support the Government.
This is as real, and to the country as pernicious, a bribery,
OA that which went on by hard cash in former days ; but
we have not space here to dwell on it. Even where this is
not of avail, still the fear of ejecting a Liberal Ministry
parslyees honest men. That sturdy economist, Joseph
Hume, voted against his own judgement, in the matter of
the Russo-Dutch loan, through this influence.
in this same paper a reform of the House of Peers
is proposed to which it is sagely suppo ed that the
" house would willingly consent." Three principal
enactments, it is suggested, would suffice :-
1. That all new peerages shall be for life only ; 2. That
no peer shall be created without a recommendatory vote
from the Commons; 3. That the Queen shall have the
right of permitting every Minister (whether in the Cabinet
or not) during his tenure of office, to sit and speak in the
Upper House, but without a vote.
Of the other articles, that on " Memoirs of the
House of Austria" gives a rapid sketch of Austrian
history from the election of Maximilian in 1493 to
the accession of the present Emperor. In " Dryden
and his Times" we are presented rather with a bio-
grayhy of the poet than a critical examination of
his genius; just praise is, however, given to Mr.
Bell's annotated edition of Dryden's poems. In
the paper on Victor Hugo, he is " estimated as
" great in every department of letters." He corn
menced his career as an enthusiastic royalist, anti
received from Louis XVIII. a pension of 2,000
francs. The Government of Charles X., on sup-
pressing his drama of Marian de L'Orme, offered
in compensation to raise his pension to 5,000 francs,
'hut he declined the offered gift. We are glad to
Sneer that in his exile in Jersey his pecuniary re-
sources are not likely to fail him :

Five thousand ponnla have been offere,l him for e
novel he has announced, to be trued " Les Nii,erables ;"
and everything he writes meets with immense pecuniary
success.

.A hundred closely written pages are devoted to a
general survey of contemporary literature.

In tke BMW' Quarterly the first article, on " The
Literature of the Italian Revival," is by far the most
laborate. For a long period in the middle ages
taly was, in the opinion of the reviewer, the mind of

,he world :
For four centuries every engine of intellectual domino•
tisen was in her hands, and thought ran in the channels in

rhich she ordained it to flow.
. gloomy view is taken of the present state of Italy.
It is conceived that the last stage of national decline
is near at hand, unless Austria should

be led, by the contest which at present absorbs the
attention of Europe, to relax her gripe upon the fairest
provinces of that favoured country, end thus afford scope
for some modem Theseus to consolidate its governments,
and form out of the fragments of its broken people a free,
happy, and united nation.
In the article on James Watt a condensed memoir
of this great mechanical genius is given. " Our New
Religions" brings together those various speculations
en theism and atheism which have lately excited
notice. The "Military System of France" gives
much information on a subject peculiarly interesting
just now. The "War Controversy " meets with an
exposition in which the principal diplomatic proceed-
ings are carefully related, though we suspect the
reading public have had rather too much of such
expositions previously. The other articles, as they
are chiefly made up from recent publications, do not
call for special notice. In this Review, also, a hun-
dred pages are devoted to short notices of recent
publications, English and continental.
The London Quarterly is remarkable for some
able papers on religious history. The opening
article on " the Albigenses" relates the chief facts in
the history of this much persecuted sect. The re-
►iew of Dean ➢lilwau's "Latin Christianity," alter
;lancing at some leading historical facts, dwells

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