The Press.
London, England, 1855-12-08 00:00:00

battles must be lost, many changes must concur—the whole
systern must be deranged, before such a catastrophe can
happen. The appearance of an Epaminondas can no
longer raise a petty Staie to power and influence over its
neighbour, suddenly 'o be lost, with the great man's life,
by some defeat at Mantineia, as it had been gained by
some unforeseen victory at Leuctra. In the progress of
freedom, knowledge, and national intercourse, this great
change has been happily effected by slow degrees ; it is a
change which immediately realises the advantages that
every former change has gained to mankind; a step in our
progress, which secures the advancement made during all
our previous career; and contributes, perhaps more than
any other revolution that has happened since the invention
of written language, to the improvement and magnificence
of the species.
Apply the principle of this noble passage to
Turkey ; give her a place in the " vast and
" regular system " of European policy ; make
the integrity of her territory a settled principle
of European statesmanship, and it would im-
mediately repose under the guardianship of
that international law which, to use the fine
image employed in this essay, keeps the
States of Europe in their place, as the planets,
great and small, are retained in their pre-
scribed orbits through the influence of gravi-
tation. The truth is, that Turkey will be safe
from Russian aggression the moment that
she becomes a member of the European
family.
The next essay on the same subject is far
inferior to it, as the partisan unfortunately
predominates over the political philosopher.
Indeed, some of the positions established in
the first essay are assailed in the second. The
following sentence, however, is weighty :

The advocates for continual war in order to prevent
ultimate danger, have uniformly neglected a consideration
in itself, one should have thought, sufficiently obvious,
that their counsels led to great and certain calamities in
the meantime, without in any degree answering the more
remote object in view.
It. will be gathered from our remarks that
these essays are of very various degrees of
merit. The best, in our opinion, are those on
Demosthenes a►►d on the "Balance of Power."
But the " characters " of the reigns of George Ili.
and George IV. are valuable from the autho►'s
personal knowledge of some of the personages,
and from the discrimination and general fair
tress of the portraiture. Some papers, as that
on the unhappy Lady Hamilton, had better
have been omitted from this collective and
authorised edition.

Collection of the Customs' Tariff's of all
Nations. Based upon a Translation of the
Work of M. Hiibner. By C. N. Newdegate,
Esq., M.P. London : Murray.
THAT this is a work which should have been
long ago performed by the Government we
think nobody will be disposed to question,
and Mr. Newdegate tells us in his introduc-
tion that he has repeatedly pressed it on their
attention. Meeting, however, with but little
success, he resolved to take advantage of the
publication of M Hiibncr's work in 1852, in
order to "remedy this grave deficienc3 "; and
in the comprehensive volume before us we
have the result of his labours. It is not, how-
ever, limited to a simple translation, but has
been considerably added to and altered in
accordance with recent changes. The whole
commercial world are deeply indebted to Mr.
Newdegate for this public-spirited under-
taking, which will ever remain a monument of
his industry, talent, and resolution.
To consider this vast subject in extenso
would of course be impossible ; but it may be
intere6ting to trace out the general principles
which would seem to pervade all tariffs alike,
as well as those which may happen to be pecu-
liar to separate ones. Duties, then, upon
imports and exports appear to be regulated,
first by the general question of revenue ; se-
condly by the principle of protection►; and
thirdly by the special requirements of each
particular country and Government.
Duties of the first description are such as are
*many levied upon those commodities which
are the natural products of a foreign clime.
Of this nature are the duties upon tobacco,
tea, wine, sugar, &c.;—and we shall find that
all nations seem to be pretty well agreed in
their treatment of !such foreign products But
here we are met at the outset with a direct
contradiction to the principles of free trade.
The theory of free trade is undoubtedly that
nations should be at perfect liberty to exchange,