The Daily Times.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1861-01-05 00:00:00

HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED

STATES.

The New York correspondent of the Times
thus concludes a lucid and eloquent communica-
tion on this subject
The old Whig party has entirely vanished from the
Northern States, and the Republican party, having the
freedom of the Territories as its leading idea, has elected

its President by a nearly unanimous vote of the frce
States—three votes out of the seven votes of the State

of New Jersey being the only one cast against him.
The Southern planting States are consequently moving
with unexampled unanimity for a dismemberment of tt e
Confederation, and there is now little doubt that, before
the expiration of Mr. Buchanan's term, the United
States of North America will, on paper at least, consist

of several slave States less than at present.
Instead of the extinguishment of slavery, as predicted
in 1787, it now threatens to extinguish the federation.
It exists in fifteen of the thirty-one States of the Union,
sends thirty senators to Congress and eighty-eight repre-
sentatives, and has controlled the Federal Government
for the whole century. All the Territories of the United
States are open to its extension. We have marked its
beginning and traced its progress. We have seen the
cotton crop, less than g Million of pounds in 1790, ex-
-I;and to 4,600,000 bales, of 400 pounds cash, in 1859.
The conclusion is irr;..°tible that this plant, which
brings honest bread and cheap clothing 11,-; many free

men and *omen, 'which yields millions of wealtn
Great Britain, arid enables a iedtiction of M./ration -Upon

the necessaries of life; which regttlates exchanges he.;
tween the greatest commeradi Ala gives
employment to more free labour than any tithei ieget
table production, has also perpetuated African bondage;
It would seem difficult to overrate the influence of the
cotton crop. So far as it has formed an element in the
foreign commerce of the United States, so far has it
brought wealth to the nation. Whether the same soil
would or would not with free labour have yielded greater
crops and brought larger returns from abroad is not the
purpose in measuring what it has accomplished. Yet
we are inclined to think that its relative value has

been over-estimated. The exports of cotton from the
United States have increased enormously since 1790 ;
but ati examination of the domestic reports shows
that other prodiibtS hate risen its the same proportion.
Since the trilled Statos began to produee gold for ex-
portation, cotton has fallen several millions short tit tank,-
half of domestic exports. It is to. be observed, too,
. .
that in order to maintain this relation -1:: c?nimerce?
Southern productions have been stimulated by law in
the ijiiiAntier i e have ptiitited .Dt,Fhile free labour ha§
beets aided thilY by the natal-al inci rd niidbY Ehropeail
immigration, and has been retarded by fitiettiatidris ii
financial policy. This stimulus to Southern produetion
has, by raising the value of field hands from $5OO to $6OO
to $1,200 or $1,500, operated at last adversely to it.
The stimulating influence of slave productions upon
other branches of American industry has been still more
fiver-estimated by ecoriontists. The ratio of cotton to
tither exports We hate already noticed. In the progress
ldf the natiOting interest df the nation thiS iirOgfeig pia)
a still less important pafi. itoie than anYthidg 'gee,
perhaps, the desire to advance the perishing thiPpihe
interest the Union. In 1787 100 British vessels
carried the crop of the Carolinas to Europe, while the
ships of the North were rotting for want of the em-
ployment which, it was asserted, they could attain by the
passage of a national Navigation Act. Yet no suell
l'yas passed by, the Federal Goterriment till 1817:
Circumstances in iterdered it itritiebessary; and it
is probable that American commerce would Lase retiVe4
and flourished even under the Old Confederation. When
Mr. Jay came to London in 1793, to negotiate the treaty
of commerce which bears his name in America, he was
instructed by General Washington to secure the tittrogro
tion of the British Navigation Laws in favour of
American bottoms. It is needless to say that he
failed; but the tokditioit of Div:TO for the licit trianif
years made the failure unimportant: "Mil 1812
the United States were • a neutral nation in the
midst of a belligerent world. It was only when
Europe was restored to peace that they enacted a
retaliatory Navigation Act. Their tonnage then
amounted to 1,300,000 tons; of which about two-
thirds was engaged in the foreign trade. In 1842 it
bad only risen to about 2,000,000. The great increase
is since that time, and is mainly owing to the increase
in the free labour of the country, caused by the great
immigration and by the production of gold. This is
the period within which the free industry of the country
has made the greatest stride, and within which the con-
sumption of foreign products has increased the most.
The cotton crop has not advanced at all in proportion;
and the ratio of cotton exports, as we have shown, has
diminished. This material prosperity should not be
charged exclusively to the account of African slavery;
300,000 masters control 3,500,000 slaves at the South;
18,000,000 of freemen inhabit the North, creating
wealth for themselves by their labour. It is they
who consume European ptodtit'tionte We hate not
the means of following the importations from Xet York
over the country, but we venture to say that thti ledgets
of its merchants will show that the Free States afe fled
principal consumers of Yorkshire and Lancashire man&
factures. Within fifteen years over three millions of
Irish and Germans have been added to these sections.
The former come destitute, the latter only provided with
coin. A sufficiency of employment soon gives them
plenty of money, articles which habit or want made
unknown to them in Europe become necessities in their
altered condition, and their needs have increased the
foreign trade of the United States beyond any stimulus
which it has received by the increase in the productions
of slave labour.
The American Union owes its territorial aggrandize-
ment to slavery, and its commercial strength to freedom,
The two systems of labour are not unlike their products.
The rude, uncultivated animal labour of the South,
worked like a machine, without a will of its own, sows,
tills, harvests, and packs in huge bales for market an
important vegetable production. Even this is not done
without the help of freemen. A kind Heaven supplies
a rich soil, and sends down the genial sunshine and
refreshing rain. Every other aid in the process, except
the actual agricultural work, is rendered by freemen. The
field tools come from their shops, and the machine which
cleans the crop when gathered, and makes it valuable,
was invented and is manufactured in the North. At the
water's edge its passes beyond the capacities of slave
labour. The intelligence of the freeman is required to
design and construct the vessel that is to carry it to
the port whence it will be transferred to the manu-
facturer, to invent and operate the railways that
carry it to the mills. What a profuseness of in-
genious invention and fertile expedients islexhausted
in transforming it into the various fabrics for use
Quick, active, working intellect is demanded at every
step. The lave, who can have no borne, •wife.,
no children,, no property, no late even that he can call
his own, what has he to induce the thought that
he can alone proae,,e these results ? His labour
yields only the rough, or, iw the strikingly„ appro-
priate language of commerce, the row aeteria, ;When
he has exhausted his rude capacities, the 11,,1„` 4;11 of
the freeman takes up the work where he left
makes of his well-packed bales fine muslins for rich
ladies and coarse clothing for the negroes themselves,
common calicoes and beautiful prints, fine spun thread&
which a spider might envy and the stoutest ropes, beau-
tiful fabrics for male attire and canvas for ships; and
when it has served its purpose in these several forms,
the same ingenuity takes possession of the tattered
remains, and converts them into perhaps the very paper
on which we write. Whether systems of labour so
unlike each other—the one so dead, the other so full. of
life—can continue to live side by side is a problem which
the United States are now attempting to solve for them-
selves.

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