The Stourbridge Observer, Cradley Heath, Halesowen & District Chronicle.
Stourbridge, West Midlands, England, 1868-01-04 00:00:00

THE YEAR 1867.

The year lsti; has passed, and is "numbered with
the years before the floixL" Dr. Young save. "We
take no note of time but from its lose." Let us, at
least, not allow the year which has just died out to
pains away without a retrospective glance at its facts
and its teachings.

The Session commenced on the sth of February, her
Maj.:lffy opening Parliament in person, but the speech
being read by the Lord Chancellor. The great event
of the Session was the passing of the Reforini Bill,
whial may be said practically to give household
suffrage to a very large extent. By tide measure so
large a number of voters will be added to the register
that even the Reform League are satisfied with this
part of the bill. The personal payment of rates is still
a question which is not wholly mettle i, and which will
probably give rise to considerable litigation at the coin-
mencement of the in at general election, and prob.ibly
something more decisive will have to be arranged by
Parliament.

The day previous to the opening of the Session •
monster Reform demonstration took place in Trafal-
dal Siptare, London, and the adjacent street/. The
trade sorb-ties of the metropolis, with some from the
provinces, Mimed the bulk of the procession, and
after speeches and resolutions, the Li itgmere and Re-
formers adjourned to the Agricultural Hall, Islington
On the whole the dedienstration was as orderly and
peaceable as A gmat out-door gathering can be. In
March there was another Reform demonstration in the
same place, and id the same charact r, owing to the
Leaguers being diewstistied with the propositions of
Mr. Disraeli as they then ANA In May there was
still another demonstration —this time in I fyde Park,
notwithstanding the warning proclamation of the
Home Secretary. There was an immense number of
people in the park, and speeches were made in accord-
ance with the "platform" of the League. The mili-
tary and police did not interfere, but perhaps order
was preserved partially from the knowledge that a
large force of soldiers and police were ensconced in
the neighbourhood.
The Fenian conspiracy, having for its professed ob-
ject the establishment of an Irish republic, has through-
out the year been a source of continued uneasiness
consequent on its treacherous and reckless develop-
ments both here and in America. li. various parts of
Ireland the treasonable conspiracy exhibited itself in
many ways, both among the military and civilians.
Among other facts we may briefly allude )0 the threat-
ened Foul in invasion of Chester, which, if it were ever
seriously intended, was prevented by the movements
of the authorities; the rising in Kerry, which turned
out to be rather an insignificant affair; a more serious
rising near Dublin, the insurgents numbering about
1,700, but which was frustrated by the military and
the police, who captured a considerable number of the
rebels ; and more Fenian raids in the West of Scot-
land. Government in April thought it high time to
make a determined stand against this wicked rebellion,
and a royal commission was accordingly appointed.
At the sittings in Dublin, true bills were found against
le persons for high treason, and trials there and in
England resulted in the condemnation and Mammoth),
tion of several who had taken an active part in the re-
bellion. Still the conspiracy broke out fitfully, and
kept the country Ma state of agitation, if not of alarm.
At length an incident occurred, so desperate in its ob-
ject and so reckless in its execution, that the whole
nation was amused by it. On the 18th of September
a police-van in Manchester started on its way front a
police-court to remove some prisoners to the gaol,
pending their trial. Among those were two men call-
ing themselves Colonel Kelly and Captain Deasy. As
these men were being placed in the van, two men made
a rush at them with a view to rescue them. One of
these fellows was arrested, but not till he had attempted
to stab the policeman. In consequence of this, Kelly
and Deasy were ironed before being placed in the van.
The van then went on its way, guarded by seven
policemen, besides the driver and Sergeant Brett, who
was inside. When passing up the Hyde-road, the
van was sit,denly attacked by a number of Feni tns,
armed with revolvers, clubs, and large stones. One
man ineffectually fired a revolver into the lock, and
others broke open the van with large stones, setting
all the prisoners at liberty. The policemen did their
utmost to prevent this, but they were overpowered,
and Sergeant Brett, who had refused to give up his
keys, was shot through the head, and soon afterwards
died, while other officers were wounded. It was felt
that it would not be advisalole to defer the trial of the
men who were arrested for this crime till the ordinary
'mime., and accordingly a special commission of
judges was appointed, by whom a number of Fenians
were tried. Three of these, Allen, Larkin, and Gould,
were found guilty of treason-felony, and were exe-
cuted at Manchester, the last penalty of the law being
approved by the vast majority of the country. Ex-
citement, however, continued through a number of
funeral processions in various parts of the country,
which were generally suppressed by the Government.
Following closely upon the execution of the Fen ians
at Manchester, the tranquillity of society was again
disturbed by the funeral processions that were organ-
ized in various parts of Ireland. In Dublin one of
these demonstrations called out some 16,000 people,
most of whom wore badges of crape in honour of the
men executed, and badges of green in honour of Ire-
land. In Limerick there was& prozeasion of about
4,000 persons, and in Belfast, and elsewhere, similar
demonstrations were organized; while even in Liver-
pool preparations on a large mettle were made for a
similar procession. It was clear that this sort of thing
'could not be allowed, as undoubtedly serious rioting,
sooner or later, would have arisen out of it. The
Government, therefore, wisely issued a proclamation
forbidding such demonstrations, and in many other
ways were precautions taken to meet the more
dangerous manifestations of Fenianism. And not
prematurely, for soon the whole country was startled
by an outrage which completely threw into the shade
that at Manchester. In Clerkenwell House of Deten-
Lion Burke, a noted Fenian, had been placed waiting
his trial, and on the evening of the 13th of December
a desperate attempt was made to rescue him, charac-
terized by a diabolical recklessness of life almost
beyond precedent. A thirty-six gallon cask, filled
with powder, was placed against the outer wall of the
prison, a fuse was fired, and in a moment the whole
neighbourhood presented a scene of destruction, deso-
lation, and death. A great part of the wall was
blown down ; one house close by was chattered to atoms
and nine others wholly or partially destroyed, while
the work of destruction was more or less apparent for
half a mile round. The personal injury was immense,
and scenes of siffiering and anguish everywhere pre-
Rented themeelves. One of the most remarkable facts in
connection with Fenianism is the rapidity with which,
immediately after the Clerkenwell tragedy, gentlemen,
tradesmen. and mechanics conic forward in various
parts if the country for enrolment as special con-
stables. This has had a good moral effect, but
unhappily as the year died out it was amidst rumours
of further atrocities, some 14 which, however, were
found to be untrue—a result probably owing to the
vigilance of the Government and of private indi-
viduals in taking all necessary precautions to frustrate
the insidious attempts of Fenian conspirators.

The Trades' Union Commission commenced its in-
quiries in March, but did not arrive at any very de-
cided or definite conclusions. Out of this Commission,
however, arose an inquir§ into trade outrages, and
especially at Sheffield, which resulted in some very
painful revelations. The existence of Fattening, the
destruction of tools, the intimidation both of masters
and men, personal injuries to a serious extent, and
even murder, were clearly proved. Among the worst
of those who engaged in these horrid acts were Broad-
head and Crooks, and it is a matter of universal
lament that they could not be punished ; but the terms
of the inquiry were such that this could not be
avoided. These men, however, have the miserable
satisfaction of knowing that they only escape punish-
ment to inert with the condemnation of society at
large. Similar inquiries to those prosecuted with regard
to Sheffield were also undertaken in connection with
Manchester and the neighbourhood.
The events which occurred in Jamaica in 1R66 were
the subject of much discussion and excitement at the
commencement of the following year. A committee
was formed for, the prosecution of Governor Eyre,
General Nelson, and Lieut. Brand; but though the
report of a parliamentary committer previously had
been partially condemnatory of all these gentlemen,
their prosecution did not result in a condemnation,
and a pecuniary testimonial to Governor Eyre was
even raised.

The explosion at the Ferndale Colliery, South
Wales, adds another to the long list of fatal casual-
ties in procuring one of the necessaries of life. This
calamity differs from most other explosions in col-
lieries in regard to its remarkable effects Of the 175
persons who were killed, the great majority died from
the direct effects of the explosion, whereas in colliery
explosions generally, nine out of ten of the deaths
arise from suffocation. It is worth noting that the
Ferndale colliery hail been in working order for live
years. and that no t xplosion had ever occurred before,
though four or live hundred tons of coal per day had
been worked. The verdict of the jury is practically
to the effect that the "accident" was the result of
carelessness.

The year has, of course, its long catalogue of crimes,
on which, however, we will not dwell. The murder by
Frederick Laker was one of the most horrible on the
list. His victim was Fanny Adams, a girl of about
eight years old. On the 24th of August the man, if we
can call him no, took his victim from a party of
children, and murdered her iu a hop-garden. The
body he mutilated in a horrid way, cutting it up, and
strewing the parts in various parts of the garden,
Going home he entered in his diary "Killed a child;
it was fine and hot." He was found guilty of this
revolting crime, and was executed on the 24th of
December, having con fesred his guilt. An, ther murder
which was specially remarkable for the circumstances
under which it was committed was that perpetrated by

Louis Bordier, a Frenchman, in London. The mur-
dered woman had lived with him, but had threatened
to leave him, and this, coupled with illness and poverty,
preyed on his mind. He made no attempt to escape,
and never denied the crime fur winch in clue time he
was executed. Another execution which will long be
remembered for its startling incidents was that of
Wiggins, a man condentned for "the Limehouse
murder." With his dying breath he declared his in-
nocence, asserting that the woman, said to have been
murdered, committed suicide. The word " innocent "
was choked in his throat at the fatal fall, and there are
many who believe that that word was true. A notable
crime was the souttling of the Screen, to defraud the
owners and underwriters. The accused were all found
guilty, and Goldeworth and Berwiek were sentenced
to twenty years' penal servitude, Webb to ten years,
and Dean to five years.
Several races of death arising out of the practice
which has been expressively called " Baby-farming "
have occurred throughout the year. Without in-
quirir;; int., the merits of each particular case, the
lessons that may be drawn from the whole are obvious
emeteh : that there is no love equal to that of the
mother, and that a hireling will not devote to an infant
that anxious care which springs only from love ; that
illicit connexions bring terrible penalties ; that these
frequent instances of cruel neglect, to use no harsher
word, demand some remedy On the part of the Legis-
lature, if remedy can be found ; and that it at leant
deeerves the serious consideration of Partiament
whether it would not be advisable to establish found-
ling hospitals. which, even supposing that they would
give an incentive to immorality, which is by no means
clear, would at all events cheek that which is much
worse, child-murder.
Towards the close of the year a great deal of dis-
tress manifested itself in the large towns, but especially
in Icaidon. The scarcity of employment, resulting
from the general slackness of trade, had its natural
result with those who had not been enabled to prepare
for the penalty of compulsory idleness. No sooner,
however, did urgent distress make its appearance
than the hand of charity was stretched forth. Money
was raised to a large extent, and in the metropolis
especially, help in a hundred forms was offered to the
poor. Soup kitchens, temporary refuges, house visita-
tions, gifts of clothing, of money, and of food speedily
eidisted the labours of the charitable ; and one mani-
festation of kind heartednesa was enpecially remarkable.
"Poor children's dinners" were subscribed for lay
good Samaritans in all parts of the country, and the
funds thus raised were so admirably disbursed that
Huainan& of little ones were fed and gladdened, and
the work is till going bravely on, so that "a merry
Christmas " has this year been the lot of nuany whose
few Christmases have been previously anything but
merry.

Among the minor social events of the year we may
brit fly allude to the illness, and happily the remvery,
we trust to be soon complete, of the Princess ot Wales;
the visit of the Sultan cf Turkey, the Viceroy of
Egypt, and the brother of the Tycoon of Japan to this
country; the visit of the Empress of the French, and
subsequently of the King of the Belgians, to the
vireen at Osborne; the terrible disaster by the break-
ing if the ice in the Regent's Park, when at least 200
persons were suddenly immersed, about forty of whom
were drowned; perhaps about a fair average amount
of trade disputes and strikes, amongst which that of
the tailors was the most important, with a decided
tendency at the close of the year to avoid them; bread
riots in several places at the early part of the year, or
rather riots which in some instances had not the excuse
of hunger, and which were speedily repressed; in-
quiries into corrupt practices at Lancaster, Yarmouth,
Reigate, and Totries, which resulted in adverse reports
in each case ; the friendly visit we received horn the
Belgian volunteers; the volunteer rifle-match at
Wimbledon; the naval review at Spithead ; the
volunteer review at Dover on Easter Monday; the
Oxford and Cambridge boat-race, for the seventh
time won by Oxford; the laying of the first stone of the
Hall of Arts and Sciences at Kensington, by the Queen;
the Reform banquet at the Crystal Palace, and sulve-
fluently a Conservative working men's demonstration;
the "stamping cut" of the cattle plague, and the
consequent relaxation of official rt strictions which had
been found necessary; the Birmingham Cattle and
Dog Show, and the Smithfield Club Cattle Show, both
speaking well for the intelligence and energy brought
to bear upon our food supply, though we do net yet
reckon dogs As animals fir food; several outrages by
poachers. and notably one near New Wortley, during
which George Thirkell, Lord Wharncliffe's game-
keeper, was fatally shot ; the conviction if Mr. J. F.
Wilkinson, and his sentence to five years' penal servi-
tude, for embezzlement of the funds of the Londbri
Joint Stock Discount Company; the destruction by
fire of Croydon Church, her Majesty's Theatre, (the
Tropical Department of the Crystal Palace 1419
destroyed by tire on December 30, IMO, and a school-
room at Accrington (where nine children were burnt to
death); the explosion of nitroglycerine at Newcastle,
killing several persons and injuring many others; sail
the report of the murder of Dr. Livingetone, whiffle
fate is not even yet known.
In the earlier part of the year the Continent was
disturbed by the designs of France on the Duchies of
Luxembourg and Limbourg. The Emperor of the.
French had made arrangements to have Luxembourg
ceded to him for a consideration, but Prussia inter-
preted, doubtless fearing that this was but a step to
the "rectification" of the Rhine frontier. Diplomatic
correspondence on the question resulted in a conference
being held in London, at which the various Bowers
decided that the French arrangement should not be
carried out, but that the fortress of Luxembourg
should be dismantled.

The French expedition to Mexico at the commence-
ment of the year had bright prospects. Maximilian,
the new Emperor, was well received by a large part
of the population, and ivith the support of France he
appeared likely to have that of Mexico itself ere long,
but troubles soon came thick and fast upon him.
Conspiracies, rebellion, and bloodshed, soon math
themselves manifest, and the poor Emperor Maximilian
was wounded in his tenderest affections by the
aberration of intellect which afflicted his wife, the
Empress Charlotte. The new empire was threatened
on all bands by the Republican forces under General
Juarez, and the French troops having quitted the
country, several skirmishes and a battle took plaee.
ultimately to the great disadvantage of the Emperor
'Maximilian. The unfortunate Sovereign was forced to
remain for a time in strict seclusion, and was betrayed
by some of his alleged supporters. The execution of
number of Imperial Gfficers was decided upon anti
carried out, anti this was ere long followed by the
cruel and uncalled-for military execution of the
Emperor Maximilian, who had at first been honour-
ably treated as a prisoner of war. The man who had
no ignoble ambition in his heart, and who was pushed
forward by France and Austria to occupy a difficult
and dangerous post, WM subjected to a mock trial,
and then shot. The news was everywhere received
with sorrow and indignation, anti the name of Juarez
will go down to posterity in connection with a cruel
and barbarous deed.

The Universal Exhibition, which wax onened on the
lot of April, and closed on the last day in September,
rendered Paris the great centre of attraction during
the whole of the summer. The Emperor inaugurated
it with a speech in which he expressed friendly feelings
towards neighbouring countries, and anticipated the
promotion of peace and goodwill from the congreg,at ion
of representatives of all nations to witness the treasures
of art, manufacture, and science, which would be un-
folded to their view. The Exhibition Was undoubtedly
opened too soon, and perhaps closed rather too early
also, but the imperial word was kept, and that Was
something. As the summer advanced the beautiful
Exhibition and is grounds were thronged daily, and
numerous sovereigns, ambassadors, diplomatists, and
noble persons paid it a visit, the Emperor and Empress
of the French lavishing their hospitality on their more
distinguished guests. The beautiful and gay city of
Paris was en fete for two or three months at least, and
money was liberally expended by the thousands on
thousands of visitors who were attracted thither. The
Exhibition was in every way a success, pecuniarily
and artistically. It far more than paid its expenses,
and was an object of delight and admiration to con•
tinuous relays of visitors from all parts of the globe.
Some dissatisfaction was expressed by a portionof the
exhibitors at the way in which the prizes were awarded,
and there is some ground for the charge that the
French were somewhat favoured, lint the visitors on
the whole eared little for this. They looked upon the
World's Fair as a great international show, and in this
respect the display has never been Equalled. To those
who paid a visit to the Champ de Mars during the
continuance of this great show it must have given
pleasure at the time, and must now recall pleasant
memories.

The Roman question, involving, among other con-
siderations, the relations of Italy and the Papacy and
the Imperial power of the Pope, has occupied much of
the attention of Europe throughout the year. The
Emperor of the French has tried to bring the question
to a settlement through the deliberations of a Euro-
pean Congress, but the year closes with the Imperial
scheme no nearer fulfilment than it ever ho n been.
Several of the minor European Powers have expressed
their willingness to assist at such a conference, but
Itnasia. Prussia, and England decline to take part in
it for the present, and it is now very doubtful whether
the Conference will take place at all.
Italy haa passed through a trying crisis in her
history, followed by further troubles, which now
appear to he gathering, owing to her disturbed rela-
tions with France. In February there was great
popular commotion owing to the introduction of the
Free Church and Ecclesiastical Property Bill, which
resulted in a diqlolution of the Chambers. But the
source of the greatest alarm to the King, the royalist
party, the Pope, and the Emperor of the French,
"the eldest son of the Church," was the growing
power and determination of the Garibaldians to have
Rome for the capital of a free and united Italy. The
only thing which appears to hare prevented the rising
of the Garihaldians was the presench of the French
troops, and no sooner were the French gone than com-
motion c,,num•ncel. Roman junta, a
revolu-
tionary organiaation, informptl Garilml.li, in Septem-
ber, that a complete insurrectionary organisation was

in readiness, and Garibaldi, in reply, urged them to
action, stating that the "Italian people" would be
found prepared. The insurrectionary movement
having hen one more threatening, Garibaldi was
arrested on the 21st of the month, as he was preparing
to enter the Papal territory. The royalist party then
commenced vigorous Action, and Bev. rid skirmishes
between the royalist and Papal troops on the one
hand, and the volunteers on the other, took place. At
length the Emperor of the French, feeling that the
royalist and Papal party were not equal to the control
of. the revolution, or fearing that they would not act
with sufficient vigour, determined on intervention, and
accordingly troops were i'ematched to the Papal
frontier. Meanwhile Garibaldi hail escaped, and on
the 3r4 of November, he headed a force which started
from Monte Rotondo with the view of taking Tivoli,
near Rome. The action, known as the battle of
Mentana, was most disastrous for the volunteers, who
had to contend with French and Papal troops. The
Garibahliar a hist some 450 killed and 900 prisoners.
The General himself was soon afterwards captured,
and the insurrectionary movement, in face of the
French occupation of Rome, was given up as hopeless.
In secret, however, it is understaid that the Garibal-
dian party are still meditating action at some future
time.

Prussia has been mainly engaged during the year in
consolidating her power over several minor States.
The Confederation, as a-ranged after the Austro-
Prussian war, only included the States of North Ger-
many, but the South German governments and popu-
lstions have been partially and are still being absorbed
and amalgamated by treaty with Prussia, though in
some cases leaving the minor States the form of local
self-government.

The American President's Message to Congress has
been regar led in our own country as of unusual im-
portance from several causes. The matter which most
directly cmcerns ourselves is the claim of America for
the losses sustained by the Alaim nut and the American
claim that the moral responsibility of England in
recognising the South as a belligerent, should be the
subject of arbitration. Lord Stanley, on behalf of
our Government, had previously declined to submit
England's conduct in recognising the &nth to any
tribunal or arbitration whatever, and it is to be hoped
that the ULited Status' Government will ultimately
see the justice of this position, and if so the minor
question of the Alalxima claims will afford no ground
for permanent differences between the two countries.
Another passage in the Message which has created
some uneasiness is that in which the President recorm
mends a declaration by Congress that the naturalisa-
tion of a foreigner absolves him from allegiance to the
country of ili4 birth. Were America to adopt such a
policy as this, it would undoubtedly be a great en-
couragement to Fenianism, and indirectly would tend
to produce ill.feeling between the United States and
ourselves; but there is no reason to fear that any such
course will be adopted.
Long and laboured negotiations and correspondence
on the part of our own Government and King Theo-
dore, of Abyssinia, with the object of obtaining the
liberty of, Constil Cameron, Mr. Rassam, and several
of our countrymen, some of whom were accredited to
his Majesty, having had no satisfactory issue, Govern-
ment decided on sending out an expeditionary force to
compel the barbarous Sovereign to surrender his cap-
tives. Parliament was convoked in November to
sanction the sts pi that had been taken, and to vote
the necessary supplies. Exception was taken to the
conduct of Government in having declared war with-
out Parliamentary sanction. but, on the whole, the
action of the Ministry was approved of, and a preli-
minary vote of two millions sterling was agreed to.
The movements of the English force and the progress
of the war are nose anxiously watched, and every
item of news from the land which is "very far off
and very little known," as Sir John Pakington re-
marked, is read with avidity; and we can but hope
that the end and aim of this costly expedition will be
gained, certain, at all events, that England's honour
will be maintained.

The West India islands suffered terribly in October
from a hurricane which swept over them. Especially
disastrous was this visitation at St. Thomas, and the
I town of Tortola was subjected to immense damage(
houses being blown down, plantations ruined, and many
lives being lost, 100 at the least. The Rhone and the
Wye steamers wove wrecked, the loss of life being
frightful, while the Conway, the Dowell', the Tyne,
and &lent strainers were very seriously injured, and
altogether about eighty vessels were blown ashore.
A terrible earthquake occurred in Java in June.
The greater par . of the sugar factories, private houses,
and indigo establishments over a large district were
destroyed.
A sail calamity happened also at Bengal, a cyclone
having swept over it in November. Its (range was
very wide, and the destruction of life and property was
inunense. About 1,000 lives, it is said, were lost, and
30,000 native huts destroyed.
The obituary list of the year is a long one. Among
pereons of eminence in rank and station are the
following names :—Oho, 'ex King of Greece; the
Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein, mother of Prince
Christian; the Duke of Northumberland; the Mar-
-1 quis of Exeter; the Earl of Mayo ; the Earl of
Rogge, eminent for his rcientifie attainments; the
Earl of Cau.perolown ; the Earl of Pomfret ; the
Earl of Kingston; the Countess of Devon; Lord
W ottesley ; L rd Kingsdown ; Lord Llanover, better
known as Sir Benjamin Hall; Lord Gray of Gray;
the Hon. A. .T. Ashley, son of the Earl of Shaftesbury ;
and Rev. Lord A. Loftus, son of the Marquis of Ely.
The ranks of those whose IIaIIIUS are (muffler as having
filled public positions have been thinned by the death
of Marshal O'Donnell, senator and soldier of Spain;
General Sir Richard Llewellyn, K.C.B. ; Sir James
Freeth, a veteran Peninsular officer ; Sir Frederick
Bence, Her Majesty's Minister at Washington • the
Very Rev. R. Dawes, Dean of Hereford ; Baron
Thierry, Austrian Ministo r of Pi ireign Affairs; the
Hon. 1..:01. ',nether, M.P. for Westmoreland ; 11.
Culling Hanbury, M.P. for Middlesex; the Right
Him. Sir J". G. Turner, senior Lord Justice of Appeal;
Achille Fonld, financier; Madame Muslims, wife o
the Turkish Ambassador, her death being a sad inci-
dent in connection with the splendid India House
ball ; Capt. Huish, so well known in the railway
world; Kenneth Macaulay, Q.C. ; Sir W. Law.
rence, serjeant-surgeon to the Queen • Mr.
John Ransom, stud groom to the Queen;
Howe Purves, Equerry to the Dowager-Duchess
of Cambridge; William Thompson, the New Zealand ,
chief ; and one of the Aztec children, once exhibited I
in England. From the ranks of literature, science, I
and art, we have loot—Miss Seolgwick, authoress '
Robert Bell, author and journalist ; N. P. Willis, I
poet and novelist; Artemus Ward (Mr. Brown),
humourist and lecturer; Alexander Smith, the
poet ; Dr. John IF-Alton, the Irish historian;
Leicester Buckingham, dramatist and journalist;
Dr. Ogilvie. author (of the "Imperial Dictionary
the her. Dr. Campbell, author and journalise;
W. Martin, better known as "Peter Parley ;" William
Kill, author; M. Ponsard, dramatist ; Victor Cousin,
a distinguished French Academician and author ;
Ingres, a celebrated Frenchpainter ; John Phillip, R. A.,
an eminent painter ; George Baxter, inventor (of oil-
coheir printing; C. It. Bennett, artist; Sir Robert
Smirke, architect; Sir George Smart, musician;
Henry Iffickland, vicar choral of St. Paul's;
Alfred Mellon, musician • W. H. Weiss, vocalist ;
Pacini, the author of several operas ; Madame Nastier
Minot, celebrated singer; Ira Aldridge, negro trage-
dian; Mollie. Georges, actress • Professor Faraday,
the eminent chemist; Nicholas Ilreyse, inventor of the
needle-gun; and Elias Howe, inventor of the sewing
machine.