The Stourbridge Observer, Cradley Heath, Halesowen & District Chronicle.
Stourbridge, West Midlands, England, 1872-09-07 00:00:00

Vistellantous ntttligena,

SOME, FOREIGN, AND COLONIAL.
THE GUARDS' BAND AND THE BOSTON Fin.
TI VAL.—The following regimental order has been issued
by Colonel Michael Bruce, and seed to the men of the
three battalions of Grenadier Guards
•• The Lieutenant-Colonel has great pleasure In communi-
cating to the real:mot that his Royal Highness the Duke of
Cambridge has been pleased to expreu his entire approbation
of the conduct of the band while on duty in America. The
Lieutenent-Colonel also avails himself of the opportunity of
adding his tribute of praise to their behaviour whilst abroad,
and lie its pleased and proud to be able to state that their
good conduct as soldiers, and their talent no musici MC has
upheld their reputation hi a manner thoroughly worthy of
the regiment to which they belong."
FLOWER Curririo.—The Chamber of Agricul-
ture Journal writes :
Those desirous of haring nice flower gardens next summer
should put in some geranium cuttings in boxes in frames, or
In front of south walls these will keep well throughout the
winter if got well rooted and kept rather dry. The best way
Is to strike them in an open border in August, but it is too
late now. Calceolarias are also nice plants, the best time to
inert cuttings of them is the fleet week in October. For
this purpose prepare a frame and put into it ...sandy loam
compost; insert the cuttings, but not too thickly, and allow
them to root slowly. Any appearance of damping off can
be easily prevented by means of dustings of dry wood ashes.
11TE. STANLEY AT THE SAVAGE CLUB.--In
London, on Saturday evening, Mr. H. M. Stanley, the
African traveller, wan entertained by the members of
the Savage Club, and upon his health being proposed
by Mr. Bandmann, who was the president of the even-
ing, he delivered a characteristic and amusing speech,
which was loudly cheered. In the course of his re-
marks he replied with much earnestness to those who
had attempted to pr we the improbability of his state-
ments. It was, he said, at his own option to leave off
the expedition whenever he deemed it right, He went
to Ujiji, and his surprise at finding Livingstone was as
great as ours might have been. He found him in
want and illness, and he relieved him. In his position
the very sight of a white man was enough to stave off
dark presentiments. Why should Englishmen be
jealous because he discovered him ? There was that
pale and attenuated old man, who had spent thirty-
five years in exploring the interior of Africa, with his
heart buoyed up by the hope that on his arrival at es
certain place he would find everything he required,
when there was nothing awaiting him. What was
more natural than that when they met they should
clasp hands I What matter was it whether it was a
Turk, a Russian, a Frenchman, a Dutchman, or an
Englishman, so long as he brought help?
Deaxxlts tte A xcetoxic LIQUOR.—The Phila-
delphia Ledger publishes the following statement based
on the Census returns appears that, in addition
to the 62,314,627 gallons of home-made spirits and
7,159,740 barrela of fermented liquors on which texas
were paid in 1871, there were imported of wine 9,788,983
gallons and 431,562 dozen bottles ; of spirits, 2,629,326
gallons and 123,667 dozen bottles; and of malt liquors,
832,431 gallons. It appears furthermore that the con-
sumers put about 500,000,000 dole, every year into the
pockets of the dealers. The proportion of those licensed
to sell liquor is about 1 in every 250 of population, and
thyme who have figured very closely claim that every 80
dnnkers support a drinking establishment, and con-
sume 460 gallons of spirits. 80 of wine, and 2,000 of beer
annually. The State of New York has 23,746 licensed
sellers, or one for every 180 of its population, while one
in 60 to one in 99 of its people are engaged in these
liquor store.. The city of New York has 7,181 licensed
sellers of drink, or one for 140 of the population, while
one in 50 to one in 70 of its people are engaged in drink
selling. Massachusetts in 1871 had 1,622 of its people
licensed to sell, and one in every 85 engaged in selling
drink. Pennsylvania had 14,431 licensed, or one to
every 240. Ohio had 12 377 licensed, or one in every
210. Illinois had 9,569 licensed, or one in every NO,
tisane bad 1,053, or one in 600. As to the other States,
the rake is betereen one to 200 and one in 600.
COLEWORTS.—Ii is much to be regretted that
the value of the colewort is not better understood by
the majority of gardeners in country districts. It is
known in the neighbourhood of the metropolis as a
most valuable green, because of its quick growth and
delicious flavour. Plants raised from seed sown at
once will be very valuable for filling quarters that are
cleared in a few weeks hence, and furnish an abundant
supply of small cabbages in the autumn. Another
sowing shoruld be made a month hence for the spring
rupply. A foot apart each way will afford them suf.
ficient space to attain their full size.—The Gardener's
Magazine.
Tem NI7MEING EFFECT OF COLD WATER.—
People are rather surprised that Johnson got so quickly
numbed in the water on his attempt to swim from
Dover to Calais. but if they will put their hands (the
hardiest part of the body) into water for even half an
hour, they wsll be astonished at the effect (remarks the
Court Journal). The pores imbibe like mouths, and
give off the breath of life, heat, with the same facility.
Few persons, also, understand folly the reason why
wet clothe' exert such a chilling influence. It is simply
this: water, when it evaporates, carries off an enor-
mous amount of
i heat, in what iscalled the latent form.
One pound of water n vapour contains as much heat
as nine or tea pounds of liquid water, and all *his heat
must, of course, be taken hen the body, rf our
clothes; are moistened with three pounds of water—that
is, if, by wetting, they are rendered three pounds
heavier—these three pounds will, in drying, carry off
as much heat as would raise three gallons of ice id
water to the boiling' poiet. No wonder that cramp
clothes chill IN. Had Johnson worn a perfectly
waterproof costume, covering feet and all, with per-
haps an aperture above to inject a little ether or brandy
over the skin, he might easily have accomplished his
task.
A Russian MARRIAGE CEREMONY. The
bride and bridegroom held a lighted taper in their
hands in front of small altar placed in the centre of
the church. Rings were placed on their fingers, and
their hands being joined, they were led by the Pope
three times round the altar. Two highly ornamented
' gilt crowns were placed on their heads and held over
them by the groomsmen during pelt of the service.
They drank wine out of a cop three times, and,
kissing one another, the ceremony finished. The mar-
, tied couple then made the tour of the church, crossing
themselves at and saluting each saintly Icon on
their way. Weddings generally take place towards
evening, PO that immediately after the ceremony dinner
commences at the house of the bride's father. At a
marriage feast lighted candles are placed in every
position and corner poseible. No other wine but
champagne should be drunk, and the quantity con-
sumed of this beverage is remarkable. The dinner is
followed by a ball, and the feasting is usually kept up
for twenty-four hours. The custom of honeymooning
done not exist in Ramis. The married temple spend
the first few days of their wedded life with the bride's
father. 'Shortly after the marriage the bride and Midie
groom meet call upon every one of their relations,
, friends, and acquaintances, and after this ceremor-
i• finished they sink back into their culinary It'
hoe ot &nu

iiii.tiel

I .Aai Lisa *sta.

Vortwo HT BALLOT fit AstraWA:—ln several
counties, claimed to be "Administration Republican,"
the vote cast exceeded the voting population. In
Depton county the voting population is put down at
2,959 ; the number of votes by ballot actually
is 3,485. In other counties the same suritticio:ql
larities are noticed. The mass of illegal and ftsu %t-
-ient rota polled apparently is in the counties through.
out the State wnere the negroes are most numerous.

_
FATAL STEAMSHIP DISASTER.—The following
telegram appears in The Times :
PHILADELPHIA, Sept. I.—The stammer Bikneille, from New
York for Aspinwall was burnt at sea on the 15th of August.
There were len persons on board, who took to sin boat, Two
of the boats were swamped, and 16 persons were drowned.
Three boats landed at Eleuthera Island One boat 1. missing
with 25 persons, who, it is supposed, were picked up by a
plump; vessel —By the slaking of the Netts, onlang Island
Sound, 22 persons were drowned ; the remaining 141 were
saved.
_

F6AST OF Si. PARTRIDGE.—The First of

September this year fell on a Ditj lion. "The Birds,"
if they have Aristophanic proclivaivs. will proclaim
themselves Sabbatarians.—Panch.

ATTEMPT TO CROSS THE CHANNEL. - The

British Medical Journal expresses its opinion that con-
tinuous immersion for ten or twelve hours, tbe time
demanded by Johnson to croon the Channel, in water
at about 60 deg. Fahrenheit, the temperature of our
seas, is La itself more than the human frame can
undergo. It represents, in a large quantity of ever-
changing water' a constant extraction of 40 degrees of
heat from the lexiy, which bar • temperature of about
99 deg. Fahrenheit. The muocular power requisite to
swim 40 miles may, probably, be weseesed by Johnson,
but when this extra tax on the strength is demanded,
the possibility of performing the feat without some
very ingenious artificial means of keeping up the heat
of the body is physiologically out ot the question.
REPEAL OF MAGNA Clisnrs.—Two Acts for
the revision of the statute law were p wed during the
past session of Parliament without much attention,
and have just been printed. A great number of ancient
and obsolete enactments are repealed, inclu ling •
portion of "The Great Charter of the Liberties of
England signed by King John at Runnymede, and
confirmed by King Edward V. ;" but only such clauses
as are out of date, referring to the marriage of
heirs, castle ward, wager of law, vacant abbeys,
appeal of death by a woman, acc. The other Acta
repealed include some curious provisions whick
have long been inoperative and probably but little
known to exist, including laws concerning the re-
fusal of heirs to marry, the bearing of armour by
privste persons, fairs held in churchyards, protee-
tion of persons fleeing into the church and defying the
realm, house-boot and key-boot within the forest,
opening and closing of town gates, purveyance for the
king's dogs and horses, "no servant shall depart from
one hundred toanother, nor wear &sword" (Richard IL);
"no shoemaker shall be a tanner nor any tanner a
shoemaker • " none shall hunt except they who have
• sufficient living " (both same reign) ; "no Welshman
nor Englishman married to a Welsh-woman shall bear
office, nor shall Welshmen have cedes" (Henry IV.);
"labourers to be sworn or put intalhe stocks;" "laws
with respect to Calais (Henry V.).and London appren-
tices" (Henry VI.) ; "no one but a lord's men shall
pores swans" (Edward IV.). Many of the Acts
repealed are in Latin.
A REAL PEDESTRIAN.—Few muscular Chris.
thins would think of taking a walk of 421 miles as
holiday exercise, and with the sole view of invigorat-
ing their phyaical and moral systems, and any athletic
feat that is accomplished at home, and not in Central
Africa, or, the very Dearest, on the Alps, is not very
likely to brirg a man much fame. Yet a young Scotch
pariah minister, the Rev. Mr. Jamieson, of St. Mat-
thew's, Glasgow, arrived on Monday afternoon in last
week, at Charing throes, London, in excellent condi-
tion, though as brown as a gipsy. after footing every
inch of the space that lies between the metropolis of
England and the Register-office Edinburgh. The
time spent on the road was eighteen days and a fore.
noon, and Mr. Jamieson never started till after break-
fast nor walked in the beat of the day. His route was
the old coach road between the two capitals, passing
through Carlisle, Greta Bridge, Donetsk:ter, Newark,
Huntingdon, &c. Mr. Jamieson carried a knapsack
on his shoulders weighing 261 b. Mr. JOAMMOn deserves
credit for starting this new idea of • holiday expedi-
tion, and perhaps the old road to Scotland will before
long be thronged with pedestrians walking, not like
hir. Jamieson, with • stately step and slow, but
hurrying between the two capitals as fast as their legs
can carry them.— Phillipides, who was sent from
Athens to Sparta, is stated to have run 150 Roman
miles in two days. In October, 1811, Mr. Rivingtom
• farmer near borchester, walked 560 miles in bevel)
days ; and a still more remarkable feat was performed
by Mr. Glanville, a native of Shropshire, who in 1806
walked 122 miles on the Bath road in twenty-nine
hours and three-quarters-
To CORRESFONDENTS.—Bitter Ale is not an
Intoxicating Liquor. It neither cheers nor inelniatea
- Punch.
FRANCE FEELING it, Arso!—The rise in the
price of coals wl ich creates so much uneasiness in Eng-
land is also taking place in France, where, however, it
is leas keenly felt, and is considered a matter of high
importance, chiefly oa account of the impetus it may
afford to attempts towards discovering and working
the French beds of coal. "The situation," says a
French paper, "is favourable to France if we know
how to take advantage of it and to make the 'sacrifices
necessary to discover and to utilize the numerous coal-
beds which lie untouched under the surface of a large
portion of our territory. Shall we learn to avail our.
selves of it, and emancipate ourselves from the tribute
we yearly pay to Belgium? We think not. We are
not sufficiently enterprising for this; the expenses of
prospecting are too great."
SUICIDE OF A CONDEMNED MIJRDERER.—An
inquest hue been held at the Portland Convict Prison,
on the body of Thomas Chapman, a convict, aged 27
years. He had been convicted of wilful murder, but
was undergoing a isenterce of penal servitude b -title.
He was admitted to Portland Prison on the 12th of
June, 1871. On the 12th August he threw himself
from a landing into the hall, pitched on his head, and
was picked up mortally wounded. He died from his
injuries about three weeks afterwards. The jury re-
turned a verdict that deceased "did feloniously,
wilfully, and of his malice aforethought, kill and
murder himself."
PIioTOGRAFH By LIGHTNING ON A HUMAN
Bonv.—The Philadelphia Record says :—" Upon pre-
paring the body of Mr. Charles Lyle, who was killed
by a stroke of lightning in this city, the impriut of a
leaf was found upon his right brea.t. A leaf of an
allanthus (tree of heaven) was found at the feet of Mr.
Lyle, he remaining in • sitting posture in the chair in
which he was titled. This leaf and the imprint were
alike in size, stem, ribs, and cellular texture of the
former. How the imprint was made is a matter that
might puzzle science, when the fact is taken into con-
sideration that the clothing of the deceased was not
disturbed in the leant
DAYLIGHT FIREWORES.—The Japanese have
fireworks made expressly to be let off by daylight. The
following description of them is taken from an account
of a recent festival in the Yokohama Herald :
" The second day was occupied with exhibitions of the in
genious daylight fireworks, of the manufacture of which the
Japanese appear to be the sole masters. As usual, these con.
stated mostly of bombs, which. expl.xling high in the air,
discharged sometimes various coloured jets of smoke, and
sometimes closely folded packages of wire and paper, which
unfolded themselves into parachutes of great bulk and sym-
metrical design. They were sometimes fish, which swam
leisurely through the atmosphere to the ground, or wakes,
which writhed themselves away over the treetops ; or great
birds, which hovered kite-like and motionless for an lucre-
dibly long time. Occasionally they took the shape of art-
tages, temples, human beings, magnified create of Mimic's,
trees and flowers—almost anything which a lively imagina-
tion could auggest. The smoke figures, however, were the
most amuJog. One of the most frequently attempted was
cattle-fish, with a body of thick. fuliginous black, and arms
of lighter hues. Of course, the illusion was very brief, the
wind not allowing the smoke to remain undbtarbod for
more than a few seconds; but while it lasted It was pee.
red.^
INQUIRY IN PAMIING.—In a shop where Law
tools are sold, Mr. Punch °Greece* an article called
"The Expelling Penholder." 14 this for use when the
pen writes a Notice to Quit f—Punclt.
MINERAL WEALTH IN AUSTRALIA. —A pri-
vate letter from Sydney, New South Wales, says :--
"The mince are still going ahead. Tin and copper win
soon be as plentiful as gold mines are. Thousands and thou.
'ands of acres are being taken, where the tin can be shovelled
up nearly all stream tin. The opal mountain affair will soon
be proved, and its whereabouts made known. The lucky
fellow who found it is te• have £60,000 and half the ground if
the opals are found to be of the right sort. The opal rum in
1 lams, and is rather thin ; but I have every reason to believe
II will it, found larger and thicker. I amonly afraid that it
• will be so pleetiful that its value will decrease. This colony
and Queensland abound In minerals and precious Mona,
such as diamonds, rabies, and sapphires. For years tin has
been walked over, kicked about, and no one knew what it
was:
_all at once dark little stones and gravel are found to
be rich with tin and copper. It was just the some with gold
until people here opened their eyes and awoke from their
dream."
CHOLERA ON TEE CONTINENT.—ChoIeTa in
the northern parts of Europe seemed to die away
gradually; no mane alarming case has occurred there
(gays the Medical Times and Gazette). The Ministry
at Copenhagen hasput in force orders of precautions
against vessels coming from Russian ports, where the
plague is said to have regained its violence, but nothing
serious has happened anywhere up to the present. The
south-eastern Provinces neighbouring the Russian (rm.
tiers, however, have experienced a grave revival of the
epidemic. From Jenny (thechief townshi pof Moldavia)
and Stoical, on August 23, 241 cases are reported
officially to have occurred recently, of which 22 ended
fatally,. Exact data as to time over which this new
attack extends are wanting. It must be remarked,
however, that cholera has been reigning in Jassy and
its neighbourhood for some time, and that the death-
rate of little over 10 per cent must be considered as
very favourable. In Czernowitz, capital of the Anstro-
Hungarian province Butovios, serious events most
have occurred as respects! cholera. On the 24th inst.
Instructions from Vienna were received, ordering the
release of prisoners for minor offences as much as
possible and to lodge another quantity in barracks
outside the town. Particulars have not yet been
given. According to the Hamburger Nachrichteu,
during the week ended the 18th inst., not leas tlian 107
cases from cholende diarrhoea were reported in that
place.
- •

• -
Faux Hem. —M. Lindeman continues his
investigation of the parasitic bodies (Gregarinids) found
on the false tresses and chignons commonly worn by
ladies (says the British Ahthate Journal). They are
to be found at the extremity of thchaire, and form
there little nodoaities, visible, on careful examination,
to the naked eye. Each of these nodosities represents
• colony of about fifty peorosperms. Each psorosperm
is spherical ; but, by the reciprocal pressure of its
neiglabours, it is flattened, and becomes discoid. tinder
the influenee of heat and moisture it swells; its
granular contents are transformed into little spheres,
and then into psendo-navioelhe —little fusiform cor-
puscles, with a persistent external membrane and en-
closing one or two nuclei. These perido-navieelbe be-
come free, float in the air, penetrate intothe interior of
the human organism reach the circula.or, apparatus,
'and produce, according to this author, various maladies
—"cardias affections, especially valvular affections.
Bright's dbease, pulmonary affections." M. Linde.
man csimalates that, in • ball-room containing fifty
ladies, forty•five millions of navloellm are sit free; and
he sioncludas that it is necessary to abolish false hair,
which eites proceeds from =Glean persona.

1

LORD DERBY ON THE LABOUR
QUESTION.
At the public diuwe*tike Akriceitural Association,
held last week at the Bury Athenaeum, (Lancashire,'
at midst ttos Eat of Derby presided—
la proposing Success to the Agricultural Society." his
Lordehlp congratulated the members on Its progress during
the three years of It. existence The Industrial community
was itself in. position aimost without precedence in recent
history, for we were overdone and inconvenienced by the
very superabundance of our own prosperity. When he was :
boy, good little books wore published exhorting the rich to
glee employ ment .to the populatim ; whereas now there
were two masters to one man, and in every department.
agriculture included, wages rose. It eras a matter we must
try to look at dispawilonattly. Masters had a right to get
their tabour as cheaply as thy could ; the employed had a
right to sell their labour as dear as they could ; and both hail
a perfect legal and moral right to combine for their a.- vent
purposes, provided always that in so doing they did not
molest or envoy those who refused to join. When any set
of men saw their way to rain 35. or 44. a week more or to
diminish their hours of work, it was not reasonable toexpect
they would give up their chance of those advantage• for a
speculative and doubtful conaideratiou of what might be the
effect is the long run upon mahufaeturi 5 or agriculture.
hut then came the tkueation, Was It quite certain that they
would always have the pow. r they now seemed to possess?
lie believed practical men considered the present pace of
thing, was too good to last, and they expected a reaction.
would be lucky for us if it came less suddenly than in
ISCI3. Dear labour must lead to diminished consump-
tion. Diminished cousomption would tend to chock pro-
duction. Diminished production would cause • decrease in
the demand for lahour, aid the
.tendency would be for wages
.

.... ~..-.......- ~ _ , ~
to fall, he would not Bay to, but towards their old lea el.
Taking the matser In another light, the simple expenation
Ithe.economical condition of things nrennil us was that the
demand for labour In all induetrial pursuits at present
erestly exceeded the supply. but suppose for argument's
sekc that a million Sr eyen
_half a million of working men

-
could be suddenly added to the population, he apprehended
that Ise should see
sdraphi change.
.To.ere would. be no more

talk of strikes and higher wages. An increase of population
could not happen all at trice, but it was a question whether
there would not be a rapid increase in a few years. Judging
from former experunce, high wages among the population
Inevitably tel to early marriages and Increased births.
Probably the same causes would still have the same effect.
In addition to that, the tendency of greater comforts Iming
attained by the poorer climes would be to check emigre.
thin. With respect to sanitary improvements, theee would
be a great diminution of infant mortality =months working
classes In the United States did the Colonies there would
be Increased foreign competitlou, and to some at least of the
rural districts the advanced rates of wages might lead now,
as they did SOO years ago, to a substitution of pasture for
tillage, especially if the price of meat continued high. It
watt then uncertain whether the present condition of the
labour market would be permanent, and those who might
seek to have the command of the market slow, would do
well to use their power with moderation. tin the other
hand, those who were inclined to complain would do
well to think twice before they gave up the game. If
be were now talking to agrtcultutal labourers meditating
either a strike or • demand for le considerable increase of
pay, he should try to impress up ,n them In their Interest
that It did Oct necessarily follow because they could
pretty well make their own terms in harvest time, that
they would be equally able to do so In the winter
Months. They could not at the some time stand upon
their extreme rights and extort from their employers
things which were not a matter o bargain, but of favour.
Bet if he were talking to employers he would tell them that
the very essence of competition was that every man within
recognised limits had a perfect right to struggle for his own
success, even at the expense of Inconvenience or failure to
othen. Assuming, however, that the present demands were
suasive, there were perfectly legitimate and unobjectionable
Ways in which the demands might be met, like that of the
people who resolved to abstain from meat while it was
dear. So, if labour was at famine prices, let them reserve
It as far as they could lor necesury use. Waste in all
things was an Faigliah fault, and retrenchment when pole
Bible was always wise in this matter. It would break the
force and lessen the violence of the movement which was
being watched with such various feelings of fear or
hope, hut which must, undoubtedly, affect in a salmis
ft degree our national interests. Ile was not in what he
had been saying prejudging the (location of what agri-
cultural wages or any othermight be That question was one
which depended upon social and economical forces, which
no individuals could permanently 11l in a more than Infinite-
simal degree, But all sodden changes whether for better or
worse pressed severely upon Individuals or classes. If the
present movement were not likely to be permanent, then the
first check put upon it only prevented a gret deal of disap-
pointment t if, on the other hand, it were likely to be per-
manent. then one effect would be that nobody would be
much the worse for having • little time and leisure to pre-
pare for the new state of things we were about to encounter.

Adverting to the Earl of Derby's well.timed and
comprehensive review of the subject, The Tinao4ll the
following leader also throws out practical hints—alike
useful to employers and employed :

I

Lord Derby has compressed into a brief space an account
of the main cooditions of the Labour (emotion in Agricul-
tare. Ile has thus brought together uoiler one view facts
and principles which are apt to be enjoined, and both
i.mployers and Labourers are here furnished with a compre-
hensive epitome of the economical circumstances with which
they hove to deal. T. e stat Anent is perfectly iutexcep-
tionable ; and yet it leaves the impreesion of berg little
ne re than a statement, aa distinguished from • solution, of
the problem. Perhape in the present state of the question
nu wbse man would venture further The solution can only be
obtained by experieuce, and the chief requisite at the present
moment is that the two parties shculd understand clearly
the bearings of their relative positions. Lori Derby corn- '
menet,* by observing Meet the rights of Loth Wes are
exactly balanced. Masters have a right to obtain labour at
ea cheap a rate es possible; the employed have a right to
sell their labour at as dear a rate as possible; {did both alike
have a right to combine. Each, in short, is perfectly jautified
in looking closely to ilie own ints rest, ma making the best
bargaiu be can for hiniself It is the erg' lice of cons petit lou
"that every man, within recoguieed limits, hen a perfect
right to struggle for his own success, even at the expense/of
Inconvellience or failure to others." It is perfectly true;
and yet this is the very state of mutual relatious we
wish, if possible, to prevent, or to modify. The very
thing we are apprehending in a new state of rural
society hi which the Lab•surers' hand and sympatLy
shall be against all other classes, nod all other classes against
him. lewd Derby seem. to hint at some restriction of this
mutual wart are in speaking of the r. recoguieed limits; of com-
petition. But what are those limits 1 Are they anything
more than the limits of probable mean 7 it is upon such
limits that Lord D,arby chiefly dwells. "We are overdone
and inconvenienced," he says, "by the very superabundance
of our own prosperity." There are two Masters afterone Ilan,
and too much work to be dome for the hands available tea.' it.
This creates the Laheureeeopportimity ; but for that reason,
lf he ham the keen eye for.hie own interests now supposed, he
wilt sonsider how bole he is likely to have this comnianil of
the market, le not the present pace of things too good to
lust? Dear labour will be eucceeded by diminishe i con-
sumption, lessened production, and then • reaction towards
a fall in wages. Moreover, the very prosperity of the working
Walls tends to encourage marriages anti multiply births; in-
creased comforts check emigration, and military Improve-
ments will diminish the rate of mortality, especially among
children. The consequence will be a steady augmentation in
the supply of labour, and a consequent diminution in its
value. These are the chief reasons for which Lord Derby
thinks that" those woo may seek to have the command of
the market now would do well louse their power with models.
anon.'
But all this, however true, Is, we fear, more sonsoling to
our children than to ourselves It may help to reconcile
farmers to higher rates under the new Public Health Act if
they can persuade themselves they are, as it were, paying an
'neural. which will guarantee them or their successors
cheaper labour fifteen or twenty years hence. But Lord
Derby himself observes that these distant forecasts are not
likely to have much immediate influence in determining the
Inuits within which the labourer will assert his rights.
"When any not of men me their way to earn 31. or
45. a week more, or to dirnlniati their hours of work,
it Is not reasonable to expect they will give up
those advantages for a speculative and doubtful con-
sideration of what may be the effect in the long run
upon manufactures or agriculture.' Even the Melte
gent workmen of towns haves. yet little, if any, capacity
for adjusting their demands to the probabilities of the
future. and agricultural Labourers are still more likely to be
at the mercy of any clever speaker who soul promise them :
en immediate advance is wages Lord Derby, does accord-
ingly, indicate two uatuirsil checks open any undue claim on
the pert if labour, which still have a more or less
prompt operation. The Mat is that to which we have
more than once adverted—that the Labourers will soon
find they cannot have their way the whole year roiled.
They are masters of the market in the summer, but not
In the winter; and if they press the farmer hard at harveet
time, they cannot expect him to show them Portals's-ration
In the dull dam when he can with dila :silty find work for
them. "They could not at the same time stand upon their
extreme rights and extort from their employers things which
were nit a matter of bargain, but of favour." This will be
fettle course of time to more points then that of work In
winter. But it is at leaat clear teat lithe Men are to demand
at all stmos the extreme rate of wages. the Farmer most be
at liberty to dispense with them when he has no need for
their services. Now, this may be good or had ; but it In-
volves one necessity which there is little reason to believe
the Men have yet faced. It involves a habit of making pro
vision against • slack time. Of course, if the Men can obtain
higher wages in the summer, and MI save out of them, they
tan afford to take the risk of being without work in the winter.
II they deliberately prefer this lodependent position, there
is not swore to be mid against it. But, independence meane
independeue• of the Rates and Independence of charity, and
can only be obtained by systematic habits of forethought.
The agricultural Labourer, on account of the greater varia-
tion in the conditions of his work, will require more steady
prudence than the artisan. II he can acrylic. this self-
dependetee, all honour to film; but this is the task he Is
laying on himself. Lord Derby's further advice to Emp'oyers
would put ench qualities to the test mere abruptly than the
Labourer probably anticipates. IL he says, labour la at famine
prices, nothing can be more legitimate than far Employers
'to reserve It m far as they can for necessary use,' That,
he points rut, ii the natural way to hreak the shock of a
sudden movement and to test the likelihood of its
permanence. " Waste in all things Is an k 'gibes
fault; and retrenchment, were possible, Is always wise in
this matter." In other words, Farmers and Landowners
must for the time restrict their op rations, and thin afford
lees employment. Snell a cosine may not be possible to
rnen eogaged in systematic farmine on a large Seale. Their
horsiness will ea little hear interruption as that of a manu-
facturer. But the advice is likely to he followed or antici-
pated by all to whom farming is in any decree a matter of
pleasure as well as profit. They will cease to do fliers on
the hmi than they must, and there is • considerable margin
of unnecessary expenditure on the estate, of many • land-
owner arid gentleman-farmer, To say nothing of machinery,
are the Labourers Dreamed for this sudden restrialon of the
current employment ? If not, the first sense of pinch will
act as • prompt corrective of unreasonable claims.
llere, however, font Derby leaves us. The problem, so
far as he oisemses it, is only to be worked out by these
counter adeulations of "social and economical forces"
But are these the sole coeditions of the qua. Den Is it
really the case that the hold of the Masters on tee Men is
meesered solely by the economical inteLigence of the two
parties to the strugglel if so, the Knifemen, it would
netit mneertdrzhmeniadebys
tv:eryoiisr attenLuse,:vdethe oppo
are urtra%
out all silos If the good feeling and the sense rf mutual
Interest which were fostered hy the comp native dependence
of the Labourer upon the Employer. Will not this good
feeling and this mutual interest go for something In the
balance agratnet the attractions of a one-si led gain I It
Is &Mettle in short, to avoid the feeling that Farmers
and Employers eaeht, noon their own showing, Co
sive no reeson to be afraid of Diner.' agitators. flow is it
that tn. mutual onnartence of which we are assured, ce-
mented by years of neighbeurhood, of daily intercourse. of
anociated labour, is dissipated atones by • few words tee n
• stranger? It ought not to be an; and Employ era we think
would do well to coneider whether they cold not enp'ple-
meet mien economical influences as are hymned by LOril
Derby by the mend Influences of friendly and confi-
dential dealing with their Men. We are not disposed
to think the fault •s all on one side when we see helimi
of Men apparently implred by a general distrust of
their If Wars. There is no noel.' reere nen,. 1,,
Its operation than that with west measure men mete
it is measured to them again. Why ehould it be imp acticanie
to make Ilien feel that their best interest is bonne op in the
interest of the firm, or the farm, for which they work / They
are fond of the maxim that Union is eirength. But with
what mason is the ltnion interpreted as if it applied solely
to men of the same dam? Why should not the maxim his felt
to be orally cogent as applied to that pyramid of classes
which constitutes • great establishment I The tendency
of modem movements is to arrange society in trent
herinonial layers with no mutual cohesion, it this Imam
formation Is to be steadied, it is for the blasters tots•
II it ware, cross braes by binding the interests of
their workpeople to their own. Eat, If the masters wish to
do this, they must above ail things avoid being forced into a
clam organisation themselves. They must endeavour to
deal personally and directly with their men ; and, if there is
any force in moral entiAdenos and generous feeling, they
ought to have no difficulty In connteracting by personal
atteacffica the mechanical and economical attraction of
slam Unions. There Is some force, In short, in • remark by
BIT John Pakington, thongh it is expressed rather in the
form of a frnion. Sir John said "his was one of those
who thought the Labourer abould be fairly met, ins
strong belief ws• that if iffits were done the agitator
would vied to Aim tia vita." Losoland primal littlosoces,

it thendd be remembered, must always be stronger, and clam
lull coc.• weaker, with the Labourer than with the Artisan,
for the simple reason that the country affords less facility for
the aggregation of classes hi large II) 4.611.11. In a word, we
1%10.10E14 Corti Dertit's'ecooornical warnings ; but it would
im a pity it Employers were to trust too much to remote and
indirect influences, and to neglect tan direct influence of
which they have hitherto Justly boasted.