The Dorset County Express and Agricultural Gazette.
Dorchester, Dorset, England, 1861-12-17 00:00:00

21grintlturt.

LAND DRAINAGE; OUTFALLS.

It was >eget...fed some three yearn agn, after a
cute:A..4lu 14 so a.041a Lad occurred with cra.ablerably
le: • Cum as erigo f .11. of rain, is ta lioi lo
en rich
an amount of drair age ex,er!ed
pernibinesitly tu ait.et tlet chinate. The suggemtion, if
ait actually litewhed et, it with bat little acceptance,
evil the ye..r 11864) t 100 r.oinplete Mal %Cry
prmetiral ',flotation of the figment. Ti. bulb is, that
the ext, Lt of land re:gni:nig dui:nage which hat been
drad,,,„l is yalap,csiively MIMI, MI iodides Can lio more
inipertent than to cell ti e a•tention of owlelrs and
(weepiero of the land to the aliaidote nem smite which
exista for proaccuting with rigour this fundamental
improvrin. lit. Until land too rete lairs of timiature
has been relieved of its surplus eater, all other attempts
to impiove it ale practically useleas. Coder drains,
ham recently hamed the mil+ , mct of a 'su the
London Farmers' Club, by Mr. J. Bailey Denton, who,
Ps the ee,:iticer tool atlirryor CIF Olin of the Drainage
Companies, Anil an excellent prectical &Muer, is fully
enupetetit to discuss the subject. Ills thC4lll Was
"The effect of Untletilrainace 111 the A aerial Chaunol*
and Outfslls of the rutted Kin;Rlont." state., that
the pm.ing of the Public a s Drainage Act in 18111,
which tirst placed at thu dispimial of the Limited interest
%stoney on loan for eltainage peewees, and entedilialied
the princiile of char.:Mg entailtd properties with the
gradual sepaysia tA it the 1,415, gave an immense
impubie to drainage improvements. Debbie., pbblie
moneys No hotel, theft WO streral Companies evhicli
groat loan' for drainaga and offer iis,proveseents, and
which have powers for obtaining first charges on ?waled !
tatates. Tlo,re i.e elso a Privet.: Moneys Drainage Act, I
which etm'ilea the life-tenaut of an entailed estute to
charge tie propeas for a:oliler
u intrp._.soa. The Iwo I
itulhy expeaulesi under the Public Meneya Drainage
I Act amounts to x:,w,214, and under Prieate lloneva
I Drainage Act 1= 4,101 have been expoluded. Ties !
terimo. C prenieit base negotiated advances of money
to leinlownent for di-Amigo and either agri,ultural
improvements to the amount of £1,503,4915, mid a
large eapitalist is Mated to have recently obtained a
apecial Act of Pailiaissent e.abling Mtn to make
advances fur the iturrovement of entailed estate* upon
the mite terms mill in the same meimer AS such
adVanCra are made by the lesproveuiebt ComPanieL
I Thus it is obvious no latalowlier need omit
fez to improve
want of the neceoiary funds. The extent of the
a lim drained under the several public and private Acts
ia 1110,000 acres, at an average coat of LS 7e. per acre.
Mr. Denten estimates the Lod draioad ky_ laniloWnCra
oith thrlr owe. capital at 800,000 acres. Yet, although
a total sent of £5,258,655 has Imueii expended in
drainage under the supervision of the Inclir-ure Corn' ,
niimiosiern, and in accordance with the power' of those
Acts of Parliament, and nearly a inn and a ball of
acre. have Leen drained Otos/ether, Mr. Denton lays:
" Hut, after till, the lauds drained by one Weans and
another are sunimed up, they do nut amount to One.
sixteenth of the extent yet I-noires, to be drained,
which as estimated at above tsventy-one mill of acres
of cultivated land and land capable of profitable Cal-
tirsttiun atter draiionte."
Ile rho IlielltiOnh • fact worthy of netice, i. a., that
tl.e higher rate of intereat paid for loans to the Cour
Pauloo and private capitalist* than the rate paid for
Goverumt lit loans has checked the drainage by owners
of entailed estates, but that the increased extent of land
dralued by the larger amid richer proprietors with their
own Isionry Morn than makes up fur the deficiency.
This chows that the public money was lent under the
market price, used that, after all, the beat course is to
leave inifsrovensent of land to be worked out by the
on nets without petting or advances by the Govern.
meat. The larger proprietors, *how estates are in most
cases entailed OA well a• 1 those of handler proprieturs,
60e1 it better to 'Win their land with their OWII tttttt ay.
ni,tead of availing themselves of the more cumbrous
system of advances by the Improvement COSsiranh.4.
The advantage of huproecutents made with the land-
lords' own y is that they are .sly effected by
Mean. of McLane, and conatitute, in fart, savings on the
part of the proprietors. At the came time, it may be
well that landowners Amulet bear in mind that they can
lay out their tummy, whether savings or other funds, on
their own settled estates, and yet arcane Ruch money
for the Innent of their younger children. The son who
siacceeds to the estate will also have been greatly bone-
titled by finding the eeitate improved by useaus of the
outlay after the charge 1.. run out. Mr. Denton also
r.-forred to the effect of the wet year 18110 as awakening
ferment to the necessity of deep ilraiiiing atrong land.
indeed, draining and deep cultivation are now well
nigh univencally acknowleiged to be the primary and
essential improve:atlas on atrong soils. A niinimuut
depth of four feet is now the admitted rule, to lie
applied wherever practicable and with proper attention
to the irregularities M surface, and the foreword tttt ing
the width of drains to the character of the moil and sub-
Noll, constitutes the drainer's axiom. The main diffi-
culty is in the cost, for in atiff clays the draMs cannot
well be haul too Clow together. And lining lauds' even
when drained, must nut, if in grass, be posched and
trodden by heavy :dock, or, it arable, by culture or by
11/C1.11,.i1l Wet Wrath:T.

Tie lecturer classifies soils aurcliarged with water as
free or percolating, and alosorlaut retentive soils. The
first close of soils can usually be dried by distant
drains, mod test links are the beat index of their sue-
ee,afial and economical drainage. By attention to the
Icicle and the like, land of Ills kind can often be laid
dry by a few and cumparatieely distant &sine, often
kid at irregular intetviels. The strong and retentive
soils must be uniformly drained throughout. No in-
crease of depth beyond the four feet will enable the
drainer to lay his drains it clay soils at a greater ins-
tance thou seven or tight yards apart. And test holes
effort' on the latter clam of soils no ciiterion of the
tifeet or Alen hey of the drainage. In practice, these
classes of soils will be found • good deal wiled up to-
gether, and hence skill and diseretion are often re-
quired to drain effectually at the least practicable ex-
pense. Mr. Denton says all soils which contain I.lO°C
argillaceutta matter are found to require underdraining,
and the instance between the drain.; will vary with the
proportion of alumina the and contains. The effect of
drain& eis is to learn flood*, is Inch arise chiefly from
heavy falls of rain flowing off the surface of the soil,
and on drained land nearly all the aster makes its
way through the soils into the drains, whence it is
gradually carried away by the outran ditches, brooks,
and river.. It also strengthens the natural :Airings by
retaining at • lower level the water-bed and lessening
evaporation. Early in the acasui the free Kola, when
drained, discharge the rainfall most rapidly, but after
the autumn and early winter rains, when the clay soils
" have land their peculiar faculty of retention fully
satisfied, and hold within as much as in their drained
mindition they are capable of holding," they discharge
tloo largest proportion of any subsequent rainfall, in the
shortest time.

We here find the clay-land farmer's practical rule of
taking all his stock off his land by Chrietinas, and
earlier if there be great falls of rain, folly justified.
We may also comprehend how the general drainage or
clay-lend district may, late in the season, say in
Jaimary and February, throw upon the o-tfalls and
rivers an muisrisisus 11111114 of water in • short time, aoe.
render the improvement of river outtalk essential to
protect lowlying diattiets from severe floods.
To that object the " Land Drein4ge Act 11161" ii
directed. It authorises the appointment of the cous.
inisaiisiin of sewers, and the creation of elective drain-
age districts throughout the country wheressiever • large
area requires drainage, or • combined system of drain-
age, warping, or itrigation. For these purposes large
'mum to clear rivers and outfalls, and to rate the lands
therehy :greeted, are given. To o auto details of the
Act would On merely tedious. fliers is a power to
private ..)wvere to procure outran*, which is of snore
individual interest. Thus a person about to drain his
land sissy find it necessary, in order to effect his object,
that new drains should be opened through the lands of
another person, or that existing drains or ditches be-
hieging to another owner" should be cleansed, widened.
etraightened, or otherwise improved." He may, in
rush eases, apply to the other owner for leave to make
drains or improvements through his land. This is
done by a notice, stating the mituie of the works he
proposes to make, as well as the esdnismeation he
proposed to afford. The adjoinmg owner nifty by deed
assent to the application sod the tens, prepeeed, and
such assent Is theu to be binding on all persous
having any interest in the estate. If the adjoining
lawless ner be under disability, i.e., an infant, married
or lunatic, and therefore having no tower to
assent, the arrangement must be approved by two sur-
veyors. A 'mord of the assent to he registered by the
Clerk of the Peace.

Should the adjoining owner refuse to went, the ap-
rlicant may procure the matter to be decided by I
ju.tices at petty sem' or by arbitration. By these I
means, the terms on which so eutfall is to be obtained
will be settled between the parties. After outfall
drains have been thus opened, they may be keot 1
clear and maintained by the person whose land has
been drained by such or his successors. Mr.
Denton referred to this Act and considered its pro-
ri,ions to be too complex, but we cannot help sating
that it affiriels relief in eases where before the land-
owter was belplesa, and that it may be made the
means of touch useful improvement.
A cos AND how Tu MMILIC Hit.—A cob is a sort
of animal either extremely difficult or extremely easy
to be met with. A 1110 TC valuable sort of horse than •
quick, active, liighly•hrod pony of fourteen hands, with
round carcase, wall bead, lumens, back and quarters,
and clean but powerful limbs, is scarcely to be met
with. When really handsome, and temperate, and
well bred, he will command any price, and should
go only into the stables of millionaire harken, merchant
princes, or noblemen of the highest clam and the most
fastidious taste. If you cannot buy • cub, you may
sometime./ make one, and I will endeavour to give you
• recipe. Keep a sharp look-out upon all the coarse-
bred, shaggy-coated annuals you van see either in the
country lanes, commons, or farmer.' yards in your
neighbourhoml. As good a head las you can get for
your money is desirable; a broad back, big quarters. •
, thick and curly tail, with big flat legs, are indispensable.
Don't be partieuhr ablaut the shoulders, nor how he puts
his foot down, only be sure be lifts it up. Square the
tail ; and if Mr. Martin is defunct, nick him ; take the
, hair from l,i.s jowl, legs, and fetlocks; give him two
iloses of plipric, and feed upon brewers grains and
}mama; put on him a neat Wilkinson and Kidd, and
, one of Gordon's best Hanoverisua, and you will have
very valuable weiglit.carrying cub. As everything is
worth what it will fetch in tlie market, you may con-
bider yourself in possession of a treasure; only dont
take him for sale at Piocadily, but let your market be
that of flungerford or Covent-garden.—Bailis Maga-
:isle

- - -
CATTLI FOR USZ, AND CATTLI FOR Snow.—
English gramma eagerly purchase lean, and sell at the
beat prices when fat, and Scotch polled cattle
and 'Welsh runt,. Illack-fseed Highland and Cheviot
sheep, fox hall the year at least, fill the butchers' shops
.4 London with very choice legs and loins. In Lincoln-
shire and the adjoining counties you may we square
miles of Lincoln sheep feeding down turnips, and thus
protecting what was waste from returning to its original
lisrresinese Rut it is only by exception that these
favourites of the butcher appear on the champ clot of
the Royal Agricultural tournaments. N.irfolk and
Suffolk have a breed of polled cattle which the dairy
tanners of these counties highly esteem. There were
just six specimens, at Leeds, all sent by one locally
patriotic nobleman. Sussex boasts end highly values a
I.renl of large red lung-horned cattle, bearing the
county mune, which seem like all enlarged bovine
edition of the Herons. Like the Devon% they are
lemma draught cattle and a-e amongst the pictu..
I resque faaturvs of the &Nei strung slay valleys, a.