The Stourbridge Observer, Cradley Heath, Halesowen & District Chronicle.
Stourbridge, West Midlands, England, 1872-02-03 00:00:00

lisccliancous

HOME, FOREIGN, AND COLONIAL.
FRESH WOMEN OP THE FEITURE.—It is proposed
to transfer the Ladies' College to Cambridge. This
addition, if made, to Alma Mater will, in case of future
controversy between disorderly undergraduates and
other inhabitants, be obviously an advantage over
Town in favour of Gown. For even the Graduates
and Dons of the gentler sex will all be Gownswomen.—
Pn o eh.

MILITARY USE OF RAILWAYS. A military
committee is now sitting at Berlin to inquire into the
results of the employmeet of railways during the late
war in the conveyance of troop, ammunition, provi-
sions, &c. it is found that when the distance is short,
and a considerable force has to be conveyed, it will
proceed More rapidly on foot than by railway. An
army corps of 36,000 men will go a distance of 15 Ger-
man miles in less time than if it were conveyed by
a double line of railway, and a distance of 27 miles in
less time than if it were conveyed by a single line. A
saving of time is only to obtained in forwarding large
bodies of troops by railway when the proportion of
troops to German miles is as 2,000 to 1 on • double
line, and as 1,333 to 1 on a single line. The French
frequently suffered great losses from not observing this
rule, while, on the other hand, they surpassed the
'Germans in employing railways for the conveyance of
provisions. For this purpose so-called " Magasins
Mobiles " were brined, each of which contained ten
days' provisions for an army corps, and was always
kept ready on the line to be despatched whereser it
might be wanted.

A STRONG "INTEREST."—In the financial
year 1870 71 no less than 347,723 Excise licences were
granted to dealers in and retailers of excisable liquors
used asbeverages in the United Kingdom; the amount
of duty charged was £1,297,341. The number was
made up as follows :—To publicans there were granted
87,262 licences for retailing beer, 07,252 for retailing
spirits, 46,379 for retailing wine, and 24,625 occasional
licences. There were 47,555 licences granted to beer-
shop keepers; 4,892 licences to retailers of wine to be
consumed off the premises, and 3,207 to retailers of
wine in refreshment houses; 399 licences for retailing
beer, &c., in packet boats; and 500 spirit licences to
grocers in Ireland. There were 6,608 licences granted
to dealers in beer, and 4,092 additional licences to re-
tail; 6 361 licences to dealers in spirits, and 3,546 addi-
tional licences to retail; and 4,331 licences to dealers
in wine. There were 122 licences to makers and
dealers in " sweets," and 10,302 lieenees to retailers.
There were also granted 32,707 licences to brewers,
5,323 to maltsters, 312 to distillers and rectifiers, and
6,501 to refreshment-houses.

Fmnica AND Barris BuDozirs.—M. Thiers
has been censured by some of our contemporaries for
his fiscal policy of seeking to impose heavy duties on
raw materials. At any rate. however, France will not
be saddled (like an ass) with an Income tax; so the
taxation to which that country will be subjected, will
be comparatively light, even if it should have the effect
of making butchers' meat as frightfully dear there as it
is in England.—Punch.

LAID ELCHo AND THE VoLIINTEERS.—The
Timts, referring to a letter from Lord Elcho on the
Easter Monday review, which it publishes, recom-
mends the volunteers to spend a week or two under
canvas, which would do them far more good than an
excursion, which Lord Lich° will not allow to be a
pic-nic, but which he nevertheless advocates as a party
of pleasure. If the volunteers are to be regarded as an
important part of the constitutional defensive boee of
the country, they must in their training awl exercise
consider not what will yield thapi the most amusement,
but What will give them the test instruction. Mr.
Cardwell's amalgamation of our military estlblish-
'melts must perforoe mean more thorough-going service
no the part of all branches alike.
TIIE SCOTCH PUBLICHOUSE 81L1.. Mr. Usher,
of Edinburgh, at the meeting of the country alebrewere
with Mr. Bruce, the Home Secretary, was reported to
have produced statistics to show that since the intro-
duction of the Publichouse Act into Scotland the con-
victionB for the illicit consumption of spirits has in-
creme(' in the proportion of five to iv, Lord Kin-
naird has addressed a letter, dated the 27th inst., on
this subject to Mr. Bruce, in which he says

" Such a statement is calculated at first sight to While.]
you and the public. No doubt that convictions have in-
creased since the town and county police have had power
under the Publichouse Act to inform against and prosecute
such offenders, but the number of illicit vendors of spirits
thus convicted is a mere bagatelle to the number of illicit
vendors before the passing of the Act, as it was then only the
business of the Excise to detect and prosecute such offenders
against the Excise laws. Before introducing the Public-
house Bill I obtained much Information on that point, and
found that not only spirit dealers but publichonse keepers
carried on a very large trade by means of illicit vendors
of spirits through provision shops, country grocers, hawkers,
and women, who, with well-filled bladders under their
clothes, returned home with their proportions considerably
diminished."

DOCTORS IN COURT.—Medical men, experts
,and others, in the witness-box, are unfortunately apt
to use technical terms for which there are no equiva-
lents in plain English. For this pedantry the Judge
usually snubs them. Quite right. There are no hard
words or phrases, of which the use, by Judges or
Counsel, in sometimes unavoidable, in Law.- - Pend I,

A LITTLE MISTAKE I—lt is said that re-
cently a sporting clerk banded the wrong paper to the
curate to announce the singing of a new anthem. The
unfortunate occurrence commenced thus :—" J erry
when feeling annoyed at the leader of the choir for
writing so brief and irreverently, the curate added,
" The words of the anthem are from the book of Jete-
miah." With another glance at the paper, he pro-
ceeded hurriedly in the manner of one wanting to get
rapidly through some formal business—' "3 to (taken '
—ahem ! From the Ist to the 3rd verses are taken.
' Fi(th heat, 25 yards start '—ahem !" Fortunately for
the reverend gentleman, at that moment the choir
started with a grand buret, and he sank to his seat
utterly appalled by the discovery that his unlucky
clerk had handed to him a wrong paler, and instead of
the words of the anthem, he had been announcing to a
remarkably attentive congregation several of tilt par-
ticulars connected with a forthcoming race, in which
one of the competitors was the clerk's dog "Jerry."

MAZZINI AND GARIBALDI.—The z:eta fl
Milano publishes a letter from Mazzini in which he
Nays, referring to Garibaldi :

" Whence arise our differences? I have never attacked
Garibaldi I have never replied to his attacks. lam even
ready, at this very moment, to enter into any compact with
him. But this compact, this agreement, can only be
carried out according to a programme, and that programme
can only be the Itepublimn one. Garibaldi has never
openly declared it. Garibaldi need not, unless he wishes,
shake hands with me or with others. But Garibaldi ought to
say to the Italians, ' In twenty days or twenty years you
will have no safety except in . . . . ihere a blank is
left to be filled in). Then the country would know that we
are united. An occasion will arise. Let us prepare to take
advantage of it by practical and united labour. As to
dividing action with bin, a few days will suttee when the
occasion arises. Get this from him. Leave off saying that
you are affiliated to the International. Let us treat the
religions question with respect, and differences will soon
disappear. I write with difficulty. Endeavour to under-
stand me and repeat to your friends.—Yours, GIUSEPPE
MAZZINI.—LugaIIo, Jan. 10, 1872."
A HINT TO GOURMANDS. —TII.O late Mr.
Walker, the author of The Original, was an excellent
specimen of a gourmet. He describes a good dinner as
having taken place at the Atheneum, which consisted
of half•aolozen oyAters, a water zoutchie of flounders
with brown bread and butter, a grouse with French
brans to follow, a bottle of claret, and then a cup of
coffee. Thackeray used to say that the above was the
best dinner a man could have, only he substituted
fresh herrings for flounders. A red herring aud a
penny loaf is best suited to a simple genius of that
order.

MATRIMONIAL CHANCESh—(FrOM the MaN-
rhexter Examiner):—

"Scotch lady (Si:, educated and prepossessing, wishes to
correspond with respectable gentlemen, with view to mar-
riage no objection to go abroad. Address," Ac.-- A gen-
tleman, widower, middle aged, income .uso a year, would
like to make the acquaintance of a lady, with a view to
matrimony ; would prefer a good pianist°. Address," Ac.—
" A young gentleman, with £4OO to tab) per annum, and
more shortly, and respectably connected, desires to corre-
spond with an amiable young lady, of prepossessing appear-
ance of good birth and education, with a view to matrimony
the strictest honour may be relied on. Address," Ac.—" A
respectable working man, In business, a widower, one child,
Is desirous of corresponding with a lady with some means,
about 45, with a view to matrimony loving, pious, and
frugal ; a dbmenter , ono brought up in the country pre-
ferred.
_Address, with real name and residence," Ac.

_
No MISTAKE IN THE NAME.—As "A Thank-
offering from India," a contemporary announces that
on account of the recovery of the Prince of Wales,
a charitable donation of VIM has been sent to London
by Mr. Cowasjee Jehanger Ileadymoney. Anybody
would have given Mr. lleadymoney credit for having
earned his name, and now everybody must see that
he well deserves it. Is Mr. lleadymoney a Parsee?
At any rate, he is the reverse of Parsimonious.
Punch.

LANDSLIP ON THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.
—At an early hour on Monday morning an extensive
landslip took place on the Great Western Railway,
near Old Oak-common, Acton, and a short distance
from the Victoria and Paddington Junction, by which
it is calculated upwards of 50 tons of earth was dis-
placed, and the entire traffic of the line suspended for
some hours. For some months past large numbers of
workmen had been engaged at this part of the line
erecting bridges under the Great Western and North
London rails, in order to connect the two for goods
traffic, and it is supposed that in consequence of recent
, heavy rains the embankment, which is here about Mt.
above the level of the surrounding land, gave way,
completely destroying the down metals, and forcing
the earth and large blocks of timber used in the con-
struction of the bridges into the adjoining meadow.
As soon as the accident was discovered, a gang of about
thirty men were at once set to work; but A was eight
o'clock before the damage was sufficiently repaired to
allow trains to pass on either line. After that hour the
entire traffic, both local and main line, was worked on
the up-metals, between Ealing and the junction until a
late hour in the day, causing considerable inconveni-
ence and delay to the hundreds of season ticket-holders
who daily use this line. The slip was fortunately dig.
covered in time to prevent a serious accident with the
down passenger train.

THE SPECULATIVE THEORIES OF I3LANQUI.—
Itlanqul, who was the high priest of the Commune,
and who is to be tried by Court-martial on the sth of
February, is a man.di culture as well as a Revolution-
ist ; and from his prison-cell at Versailles he has sent
a curious letter to the Academy of Sciences on the
canoes of the zodiacal light. Addressing the President,
he says :
science has not yet declared the callers of the zodiacal
lights. . Comets must certainly in their sidereal encoun-
ters have left behind them many fragments within the circle
of the earth's attraction. Do not these atoms thus made
prisoners, and crowded together by the action of the earth's
rotathm towards the equator, form those lenticular appear-
ances which shine at sunrise, and above all after sunset? The
heat of the day has expanded them, and rendered their lumi-
nosity more apparent than it was in the morning, after the
coolniss of the night.

These transparent muses, all resemble comets, and perme-
able by the smallest star, spread overall ',unloose space, front
the equator to the tropics, where they begin to decrease
and finally cease. . . .

It is evident that the comets, in their contact with the
earth, leave fragments behind them. These fragments can-
not pass beyond a certain height without being Arawn in by
the centrifugal force, which sends them into space. The
earth's atmosphere is covered with cometic lining, the seat
and source of the zodiacal lights.

SUICIDE BY A BOY.—About nine o'clock on
Friday morning a little boy, only seven years of age,
committed suicide in a most determined manner at
.Rotherham, under very peculiar circumstances. The
boy, whose name is Fredwick Dolphin, resoled with his
father, a farm labourer, at Ickles-hall. Between
eight and nine o'clock on Friday morning he was sent
by his mother to Rotherham to fetch some groceries
and barns. He seems to have arrived !safely at the
town and to have obtained the goods. On lie
way home he met a boy named Edward Thane
on a bridge crossing the river Bother, a short
distance from the town, and he told this boy that
he had lost a leather satchel in which he was
carrying some of the goods. He said his mother
would be sure to beat him when he got home, and that
he therefore intended to drown himself. So saying, lie
got over a wall into a field by the river-side, and threw
a can he was carrying into the water; he then took off
his cap and Inverness cape awl threw them in also,
immediately afterwards jumping in himself. The
river was much swollen by the late heavy rains, and the
boy's body was washed down by the stmng current at
a great rate into the river Don, which is joined by the
Ruttier about 20 yards from the bridge.

SIR W. GULL ON INseNrrv.—lteferring to the
case of Christiana Edmunds in the Presidential address
which he delivered at the Clinical Society of London,
on Friday evening, Sir William Gull said that the
study of insanity is part of the study of vital dynamics
which is familiar to physicians. The lawyer and the
ordinary observer says " the man is mad' because be
I has committed an act of overt insanity - a crime,
perhaps; but it often happens that in diseases of the
' brain—in insanity, as in other diseases, the crime is
only an indication of the sudden stress which has been
laid upon a weak and diseased organ which has long
been suffering from latent disease. When medical men
are called upon to state their grounds for believing that
insanity exists in any given case of crime they are com-
monly expected to produce evidenco that the disease
had previously manifested itself. It Jr. when the stress
is laid upon the weak organ—heart, or brain, or ab-
dominal organ—that it often supplies for the first time
evidence of its insufficiency or of its disease. This is
the every-day experience of physicians in snob coarse
forms of organic disease as 'tarsi disease of the heart,
or even some forms of peritonitis. It is the frequent
experience of physicians also in cases of insanity. Itis
sometimes said, when insanity is discovered as the
cans, of a crime, that it could not have existed boeanae
it did not show itself before • it would be more just
frequently in such cases to 41ndt that it did exist be-
cause it has shown itself. It was sometimes said that
an ignorant man was as good a judge of insanity as the
most experienced physician, but physicians—at least,
life-long students of men--could not adtnit this.

SPZNI,ING IN ADVANCE !—A good deal of
money has changed hands during the recent Mil in
Paris; among those who have most liberally parted
with it have been the Americana; they have made
many a tradesman stare at the extensiveness of their
orders. They jokingly Ray they are spending the
Alabama irdemnity in RAIN ance. The masked balls are
heir- better supported ; there is no falling off in
,t , c,lot come to see the sport. There is greater
„,,,toroes ; one of the and drollest
was an artistic combination of oyster-shells, with
mussels for trimming. Rousseanobeerved, "Luxury
corrupts all; the rich who enjoy it, and the poor who
covet it." . .

'WINNING A WAGER !—The Swiss Times tens
the following story :

_
A pastor, receiving a visit from a brother In the Ministry,
complained to him that the members of his congregation
had adopted the evil habit of continually leaving the church
before he had finished his sermon. "That would not do for
me," replied the friend. in a very eomident tone. The
pastor, well knowing that his friend was not a Cicero, offered •
to lay him a wager that the hearers would treat the preach-
ing of his guest as they treated his own. The latter imme-
diately accepted it, and commenced the next Sunday his
preaching with the following introduction :—" In-entree in
flutist my discourse contains La o division.: the first is for
the godless, the second for the righteous. Let us begin with
the first part." This was any brief, mid concluded with the
following aimstrendie "Now, ye stupid sinners, ye who
blaspheme ('heist and make a mock at His holy teaching, ye
who are full of all vice and far from repentance, I have done
with you. Arise and take yourselves off from the Lord's
house, for the second part of my discourse is devoted to
those amongst you who are of a clean heart r' Not one of
the congregation arose, until the Amen was uttered; they
were all of a clean heart.
LOVE AND WAR !—A provincial French paper
relates an episode of have and war which has just been
brought to light at Pontarlier. It appears that a
young widow of that town had the misfortune to have
a handome Prussian corporal billetted on her. Fritz
was gallant and protecting, and, in spite of her
patriotism, Cupid succeeded in gaining possession of
the widow's heart. The war over, the corporal left for
his native home, promising to name the happy day.
Last week the widow received her lover's orders to
publish the banns, but in the ardour of her affection
she forgot all about her neighbours' feelings. The
consequence was that, as soon as the town heard of
the intended nuptials, the most indignant repaired to
the„widow's house, and smarthed up all her furniture,
and would have probably done the same with the
widow but for the arrival of the police. About thirty
persons were arrested and sentenced to imprisonment.
The widow has since sold off and gone to Fatherland
to join her soldier !addle.

A LETTER FROM THE PRINCESS ROYAL—The
AM/en/eine Zituiig publishes the following letter of the
Crown Princess of Germany to Klaus C roth, the
author :

" I have received with great joy the second volume of the
Quickborn,' which you have had the goodness to send to
me. I love the beautiful language, full of power and grace-
fulness, which you command with such complete mastery,
and which, like almost no other, represents the living and
working, the thinking and feeling of our people in their fall
truthfulness and naturalness. With the many-coloured change
of grave and gay pictures with which you attract and delight
the reader you know every-where how to preserve the pure
moral feeling which ',yes deeply in the consciousness of the
German people, and which the poet above all cannot wound
with impunity. The applause which you have found far
beyond the limits of your special home shows better than I
can express how your • Quickl.rig has indeed become a source
of refreshment and comfort for every mind and every heart.
If your poems impress themselves easily on the memory
through their depth of sentiment and frequently touching
simplicity of form, so have the homely short expressions of
the plait devaahe language a quite peculiar charm and capa-
bility of doing, justice tin every mood of I air heart (Gem ot/G.
As the freshness and the wholesome humour of yonr poetry
carry one on irresistibly, so strikes the soft breath of melan-
choly, which it frequently shows, directly into the heart,
and evokes many a tear,—Viendtt A, Crown Princess."
-

THE -REAL AMERICAN GENTLEMAN ! Tim
style of the " real " American gentleman can ho
gathered from the following:—
Entered Into the office of the Hotel Gotthard, in Paris, a
gentleman. " Sir," said he in languid accents, assuming au
attitude of studied grace, and Indolently eyeing the clerk,
"call you give ine a room?" The clerk nodded, smiled,
pastel him a pen and spread open the register before him.
The stranger ungloved his dainty hand and subscribed his
some. The clerk touched a bell and said to the respondent
garcon: "Show this gentleman to No. 39." The guest
meekly followed the boy towards the stairs. At the foot he
'pause?, and turned his eyes upwards with a dubious look ;
then returning he said : "I beg your pardon, but you have
no elevator, I perceive. Could you do me the favour to call
another small boy or two to carry Inc up? Ido not like to
trouble you, hut the truth is I have been a little despondent
of late, and just before coming in I shot myself here in tho
breast, and really I have no confidence in the fidelity of my
legc. While the gentleman was speaking a pool of blood
was rising about his loorts. Ile turned round, begged
pardon for the mess he was making, for any further trouble
he might give after he had Mashed, and he diet?.
CoL TOMLINE ON ACRICULTURAL CHAMPERS.

... .
- 'Colonel Tomline, M.P., attended the annual dinner
of the members of the Lincolnshire Chamber of Agri-
culture, and observed that at present chambers of
agriculture had practically done nothing. The malt
tax still existed, two-thirds of the property in England
still paid no rates, and county financial boards had not
yet been formed. Year by year, however, the
chambers were taking wider and wider views and
speaking in a louder and yet louder tone' which would
eventually be heard where the power alone was in
England—viz., in the House of Commons. The
poverty and misery of London and the large towns
deserved the attention of the reflecting men of Eng-
land. On that subject chambers of commerce and
chambers of agriculture were united, and in that
alliance there was some hope of a reform in the present
state of things. The pauperism of London was uso
comprehensible when contrasted with its; lart
it became comprehensible when it was seen that tho
greater portion of the wealth employed no labour and
paid no rates. The pauperism of London was im-
perilling the institutions of the country. lb: was in-
formed that for the last month the Mint had been
coining silver day and night owing to the persisteney
which he had evil), ad. Next week he should go to tin
Mint and ascertain whether this was the cast- or not.
If chambers of agriculture showed determination and
persistency perhaps there was some hope of their get-
ting rates levied fairly.
MEDICAI. BARONE/USN. —At the present
moment it may interest our readers to learn that the
first member of the medical profession who is recorded to
have been promotedto a baronetcywas Sir Lucas Pepys,
M.D., whose title' created in 1784, is now absorbed
in the Earldom of Cottenham. His elevation to the
dignity was followed by that of several others in the
reigns of George ILL and George IV., among whom
we may mention the names of Sir Francis Milman,
physician to George 111., Sir Walter Farquhar, phy-
sician to George IV., during the Regency; Sir Henry
Halford, who was well known at the close of the last
century and the beginning of this by his former name
of Dr. Vaughan, and who was physician to both those;
Sovereigns; Sir Astley Cooper, the celebrated surgeon;
Sir Everard Home, Sir Matthew Tierney, and Sir
William Knighton. King William IV., during the
seven years of his reign, appears to have raised to the
Baronetage three members of the profession—namely,
Sir Charles M. ('harks', Sir Ilenjaniin Brodie, the
eminent surgeon ; and Sir Stephen Ilammick. During
the present reign the same honour has been bestowed,
inter altos, upon the following eminent surgeons and
physicians, practising in England, Seotland, or Ire-
land :—Sir James Clark, Sir Henry Holland, Sir
Charles Locock, Sir David Corrigan, Sir Philip Cramp.
ton, Sir Thomas Watson, Sir James Simpson, Sir
William Lawrence (Serjeant•Surgeon to Her Majesty),
Sir 'William Jenner, Sir William Fergusson, Sir James
Paget, Sir Hobert Christison, and Sir William GMII.
THE GERMAN CENSUS.—TIie results if tho
late census, so far as they are already known, seem to
point even more than the preceding ones to the rapid
growth of great towns in Germany. During the war
of liberation Berlin, which had then 197,000 inhabi-
tants, was the only town in Prussia with a population
of more than 100,000. Berlin has now 828,000 inha-
bitants, and besides the capital, Prussia has ten cities
with a population of 100,000 in round numbers or it
wards. They are: Breslau, 200,000; Elberfeld-
Barmen, 100,000; Cologne, 130,000; Konigberg,
112,000; Magdeburg, with its suburbs Neustadt,
Sudenburg, and Buckau, 110,000; Hanover, 105,000 ;
Frankfortom-Main, with Bockenheim and Bernheint,
104,000; Dantzic, 100,000; Stettin, 97,000; and
A1t0na,95,000. In the rest of Germany there are four
cities which have a population exceeding 100,000, viz.:
Hamburgh, 240,000; Munich, 190,000 ; Dresden,
177,000 ; and Leipsic, 107,000; while four have nearly
reaeled that figure, viz. Stuttgard, 92,000; Nurem-
berg, 87,000; Bremen, 80,000; and Straslairgh, 80,000.
Besides the above-mentioned cities Prussia contains
seventeen towns wilia more than !!0,000 inhabitants,
which, according to-the new regulations, will therefore
each form an independent administrative circle.
Among these are Aix-la-Chapelle, 80,000; Dossehlorf,
80,000; Crefeld, 70,000; Essen, 45,000• Duisburg,
30,000; Wiesbaden, 32.000; Cassel, 44:000; Halle,
52,000,• Erfurt, 32,000; Posen, 10,000; Elhing, 30,000
Frankfort-on-Oder, 44,000; Potsdam, 42,000: Dort.
mood, 41,000; and Giirlitz, 46,000.

,
THE ATLANTIC TEEECRAPHS. A memorial
has been presented by. the Council of the Society of
Arts to the Prime Minister, urging the importance of
the Government at once securing by purchase the
ocean telegraph cables connected with England, and
thus combining the external with the internal tele-
graph service under the management of the Post.
(Alice. The memorialists call attention to the espouse
and uncertainty connected with the present arrange-
ments, and the need for a very wide extension of the
submarine telegraph system to our various colonies
and naval stations. It ix further pointed out that the
delay in acquiring the internal telegraphs Les added
seriously to the cost of purchase, and that the great
bulk of that purchase money may be properly con-
sidered as a penalty for the 4iovernmental neglect
after the necessity of the measure had been demon.
strate.L The memorialists consequently wife the
completion without delay of a proper edema' as well
as internal system of public postal telesPB,i4ahy by the
compulsory purchase of all the existing submarine
lines of cable, and consolidating the wane with the
general prwtal system of this country,
PARLIAMENTARY STATISTII,B,—The Session of
Parliament, which ii commence on the 6th ,f
February, is the 15th held during the reign of het
Majesty. The last Parliament of William IV, Wll9
prorogoed by the Queen bi person July 17, 1837, and
the first Parliament of Victoria was opened by her
Majesty, November 20, 183 f. It wasprorogued per•
sonally August 16, 18:18; the Sessions of 1839, 1840, and
1841 were opened aud prorogued by the Queen in person ;
the new Parliament of 1841. was opened and prorogued
kr Commission ; the Session rif 1842 was opened and
prorogued in person ; the Session of 1846 was opened in
person and proro;r4ed by Commission ; the Session
of 1847 WO° opened and prorogued in person ; the
new Parliament of 1848.1vas opened by Commission awl
Prorogued in person, September, 5, 1848; the Session
of 1849 was opened in person and prorogued by Corn.
121ifIgion ; tlis Session of 1610 was opened by Commission
and prorogued in person ; the Sessions of 1851 and 1852
were opened and prorogued in person; the new Perils.
meat of 1852 was opened in person and prorogued by
Commission, August 20, 1813; the Session of 1854 was
opened and prorogued in person; the Sessions of 1811
and 1:856 were opened in person and prorogued by Com-
mission; the Session of 1857 was opened and prorogued
by Commissior., as was also the new Parliament of
181.7: the Sessions of 1818 and 18.19, the new Parlia-
ment of 18:41, and the Sessions of 1860 and 1861 weru
each opened in person and prorogued by Commission.
From 1861 to 1866 the Sovereign neither opened nor
Prorogued Parliament, but in that year Use Queen
enlarged rum her retirement.