The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1856-01-08 00:00:00

COMMERCIAL LAW.

THE experience of the last two sessions has proved
that, whatever may be the duty imposed upon the
Executive Government in the prosecution of the War'
there is no reason why the whole business of legisl3'
tion should be set aside, and really useful reforms
indefinitely postponed, upon the excuse that the war
had necessarily monopolised the consideration of everY
subject. If the Ministers have full occupation in
providing for the energies of a contest of which none,
can yet pretend to see the end, such a monopoly 01
attention can only apply to those immediately con'
cerned in warlike preparations. The law-lords and
inferior members of the administration might be
advantageously occupied in founding legislation where
reform is admitted to be urgently required ; and
perhaps there is no question in which greater
improvement may be made than the law affecting
commercial transactions. It has long been acknow'
ledged that many acts of injustice are submitted t°
owing to the long; delay and great expense of legs'
redress, which_have rendered the remedy worse than

the disease. In numerous mercantile transactions,
where the justice of the case would be fully met by
an appeal to the custom of the trade or of the port,
and where a decision might be arrived at within an
interval sufficiently brief to render it of advantage 0
both parties, the remedy is denied, because there is 10
tribunal but the ordinary law courts, and in these It
is well known that the custom of merchants is Yell

ittle understood, while the inevitable delay is in most
cases altogether subversive of justice. There appears
to be no good reason why some attempt should not be
made to afford the Commercial interest that practical
benefit which would certainty result from a cheap and
expeditious mode of adjusting the many differences
which are of almost daily occurrence.
There is no doubt that, where both parties in anY
commercial dispute are disposed to submit the point
of difference to the arbitration of impartial persons,
the object sought may be arrived at without much
difficulty ; but, unfortunately, in many such cases,'
there is an unwillingness on one side or the other to
be bound by such decisions, and injustice is often sub-
mitted to rather than the expensive process and un-
certain result of a law suit should be incurred. The
remedy for such a state of affairs is comparatively
easy, inasmuch as all that is requisite is the legiala
tion of local courts, formed of men of commerial expe-
rience, and whose decisions should have all the force
of law. Such courts would only be required in
towns like Liverpool, and a few other places similarly
engaged in business, and might be constituted of re-
tired merchats, with the assistance of some gentlemen
of the legal profession.
The great advantage of the establishment of such
courts would be, that all questions in dispute might
be decided almost immediately, without that dangerous
delay which virtually amounts to a denial of justice.
Then would follow the important feature of economy,
owing to all the witnesses being on the spot, the evi.
dence,in many cases,being principally of a documentary
character, with the further advantage of the costly
assistance of gentlemen learned in the law being for
the most part unnecessary. A measure of this kind
would be a boon to commerce, and one to which such
an important interest is certainly entitled. It is, at
the same time, eminently practicable, notwithstanding
the opposition which is sure to be given to it by the
lawyers in the House of Commons, who view every
attempt at a real reform in the administration of jus-
tice as an attack on the legitimate profits of the pro-
fession. Such was the spirit in which the institution
of County Courts was received; but it is to be hoped
that the representatives of the mercantile interest
will press the question upon the attention of the legis-
lature, in the full confidence of the justice of their
claim.

All that is really required is the authorised esta-
blishment of local courts, to consist of men of mercan-
tile experince, and established reputation for probity
and intelligence, to whom shall be referred all ques-
tions of difference relating to mercantile transactions,"
at a fixed scale of charges, and sitting at brief inter-
vals, so as to combine economy and dispatch. The
members of the court might be paid for their time and
trouble out of the fees ; their proceedings might be-
registered, so as to be adapted for reference in case of
further proceedings, while, at the same time, security
might be afforded against palpable injustice by admit-
ting a right of appeal to the superior courts, a remedy
which would not often be resorted to, except in ev
treme cases. We have thrown out these suggestions
as being worthy of consideration, in the hope that the•
question will be taken up by some member of Parlia-
ment in the approaching session.

SANtARY 8, 1856.

46STRALIAN EMIGRATION FROM

LIVERPOOL.

a
fadpast year shows a considerable, indeed a great,
eft ZZg off in the general trade of emigration. Liverpool has
ed in that decrease, and particularly in the diminished
co:1j (if Passengers from the British islands, and from the
ei;gin‘lll.e],3l of Europe, to our Australian colonies. For a
he ion in the tide of emigration, many causes may easily
ha acidut ; the most conspicuous and telling among which
undoubtedly, been the war. This, by absorbing the surplus
4
-ellr male population, has at once lessened the number of
hoavventerous spirits, who, tired of the monotony of home life,
hn,e formed the bulk of our best emigrants. These, having
7 their attention aroused in many ways, have been drafted
proaY 11 the allurements of military ambition, which has
amore attractive than a colonial life of mingled industry
a` adventure. While war has been directly the means of
te'
neltig the number of emigrants, its indirect influence,
tisirig a scarcity of hands in the labour market at home,
still further to withdraw the ordinary inducements
emigration. With this knowledge before us, we were fully
hammed to find that emigration, in common with every other
oft; of commercial enterprise, had sustained a great falling
the in Which it would have been absurd to expect that
14,pellalisenger trade between Britain and Australia should
prnied an exception.
Dmip the returns for the year, we learn that the diminution
tit trade has been great at all the emigration ports of the
fleet °,111; Yet, it is gratifying to find that the noble Australian
to rat_tbe Mersey fully sustains the pretensions of Liverpool
Azie-',4l` as the first Australian, as it is admittedly the first
ket-tean, port in Europe. That such is the case will be ap.
tet konl-the few annexed facts, taken from the emigration
It
rRaS of the year. The number of vessels despatched from the
niel37, far Atetmlian ports, daring the year has been 115, with
beZ_Vate Iteirthen of 126,462 tons ; while, in 1854, the num-
enlPa Sent out was 194, and their collective carrying power
62
"42 tons. This, for the year, shows a falling off of
tetiBe-Ps, and, in aggregate burthen, to the extent of 44,590
P*6'l Tie falling off in London, however, has been immea-
k an:l greater, amounting, in number of ships, to 286, and,
frtl,rrgate burthen, to 111;840 tons. The great falling off
bus,7_°, in Liverpool, indicated by the preceding numbers
4"11 effect chiefly amongst those owners who went into
tisei bade more as occasional shippers, and has been compare-
attotnalit little felt by those firms who have directed their
14t4,!1011 exclusively to the business, and have devoted their
eo;lgence, their energies, and their capital, to the successful
°tee lig out of this great branch of nautical enterprise. This
tiseetvation might be hilly borne out by reviewing individual
111,2 although it could scarcely be better or less invidiously
pfZrated than by reference to the experience of one or other
No! great Australian shipping houses, conspicuous among
stand those whose superior facilities of -transport have
ktir for them the Government contracts for-conveying the
tafe ;,.1/141a- Of these, not without due consideration, we feel
and making choice, for illustration, of Messrs. Pilkington
teteCilson's " White Star" line of royal mail packet-ships,
111'11, that they will bear a favourable comparison with any
10,01`; 'II the trade. In making this selection, we are also, in
gree, influenced by the fact that their splendid vessel,
~e
1'0344n ,commanded," by Captain Sheridan, is the first
11'1
Mail packet which will, after this day's publication, leave
:o,ll,etry for:Australia.
desD the course of last year, the owners of-this noble " line "
lonsatehed 'fifteen ships, with an aggregate burthen of 22,403
prise and conveyed 3,173 passengers ; of whom, 2,737 were
414 „:,_linasengers—that is, parties paying' heir own passage,
taw:tenting their own ships—and 436 government emi-
ktte''' In 1854, the passenzers, of both classes, conveyed by
Pilltington and Wilson, numbered 4,660, showing a
,iaetion
lese; ofiabout one-fourth of that number on the present
n While the general emigration from Liverpool has fallen
bee-1441Y a'half, and from other ports iu a still greater de-
preference thus manifestly conferred on the
1te4.1,.' Star" line is easily accounted 'for. The ships are
l'esse-41. "'II to be first class—sound, fad-sailing, well-found
their'-"autrnsted to the command of captains selected for
toNeininent nautical skill, gentlemanlike bearing, and
lie44jtillginent. These qualities have been displayed by them
Des Y Wass; and are fully evinced in :the cheerful good tem-
'ci.7forty and happiness maintained among 521 passengers,
toy ""amain'-Brown, on board the "White Star," on her last
Melbourne, as these are recorded in the pages of
White Star Journal," kept by the passengers, and
locialigna -by them after their arrival out; in which hilarity
teed;LtYrand-good feeling were manifested in every day's pro-
-1411- 'lf testimony were wanting-to establish nautical
the'of e!lentemper, and sound judgment, in the commanders
ttie ships, such evider.ce would be furnished in more than
thr abundance, by the able conduct of Captain Devey, of
teot 41termaid," who, on his homeward -voyage, under the
(h" trying circumstances, maintained--the thorough confi-
ei7 of hiapassengers and crew, and so-successfully resisted
iI terapts.at coercion, on the part of Her Majesty's Consul
theDt ernarabneo, as to elicit the warmest commendation from
siliDowners and underwriters of London and Liverpool, to
let,ml;e.,..the =thanks of his owners, and to maintain the
thi mqted reputation of the "White Star''' line as possessing
,111 of the very best construction.
tleede natnirable sailing qualities of these sale vessels, for
kkvand safety, as well as comfort, have been repeatedly ac-
)o3, land
classes of passengers who have made the
SekageL. in them outwards or inwards ; and their character as
ilsZata is further manifested by the established and still
eoe'ei:lig estimation in which they are held by shippers of
regard
one or In to such matters as those Jest referred to
alth, t;l'io facts plainly stated are worth a bushel of opinions,
Ilie-,:tgarnished with all the sophistical powers of eloquence.
maid „its Star" carried out the largest, and the "
at her last departure, took the most valuable cargo ever
111;11,e(1.„..tna single.vessel, from Great Britain -for Australia.
I)oll,l,l'nermaid" made the passage from Liverpool to Mel-
in 74 days .14 hours, and in that voyage. completed a
J of 3,200 nautical utiles in 13 successive days. The " Red
doltet* made the qukikest voyage on record fronaiverpool to
kie:lltne, performing the entire distance in 69 days:lo hours,
ynd returned to Liverpool after an absence of only,five months
te, n days, including the time she was detained abroad
No Shalimar" came home from Melbourne in -15 days,
ilish;fC the voyage out and back in 6 months and -14 days,
I
toCing the time she:lay at Melbourne. The " Arabian"
ken't4eteci a voyage to Melbourne and back to Liverpool in 6
to-4 and 17 days, although she was detained 35 days at the
1144 :I' Port. The " Sardinian," which is new to the Austra-
lekNle of Liverpool, and is likewise a new vessel, is well
44'4 48 a fast and easy .sailing ship, having performed her
Dost/,,age from Halifax to ,Liverpool in 10 days ; from this
iglkte returned to America, making the voyage to New York
of days, a rate of sailing not.easily paralleled in the records
oikorlone achievement; and on the voyage from San Fran-
-
esti° New York she made the rim in such a style as to,
het7e the marvellous sailing of -the "Sovereign of the Seas,,
the eon the same ports. It cannot be necessary, except for
44:IrPose of avoiding confusion,,to say that all the vessels
s'4l,except the " Sovereign of the Seas," belong t) Messrs.
1441, 4ton and Wilson's " White Star" line of Australian
do,- ;Were it desirable to appeal to further facts in illustra-
shi' of the great excellence of the established lines of clipper
446 Plying between Liverpool and Australia, these might
app ybe ••furnished. In such a ease it might be deemed
l'lkicient to -point to the marvellous double voyage of the
bkitcteo Polo," twice from Liverpool to Melbourne, and twice
wtthin.the brief period of one year ; to make general
ti;e4 to the heautiful proportions and vast carrying caacity
h e 4 Ltonald 'Mackay ;" the " Champion of the Seas,' also,
ttitteif symmetrical lines andluxurious ae.commoda,tion,would
hi 'l,ll another. vidence of the high pitch of excellence to
4B:eisale combination of skill and enterprise has brought the
Weti, of the first-class Australian passenger trade. Nor
ref t; such an enumeration, if gone into, be complete without
e,len to the ships of Mr. Walthew's line.
tteg Proverb assures us that "one swallow does not make a
1144,14er," and it is probably right that the public should
fos:te in conferring a decided preference on isolated per,
ktitces ; but in the face of so numerous an array of well-
fleetliticated nautical facts as belong to the Australian
it Hof Liverpool, of which the preceding are merely samples,
tite not wonderful that the public confidence should be so
101' ttb44Y accorded to that noble fleet, nor is it unreasonable
to rood
leading commercial and other authorities of the port to
qte4°ll4 of such achievements. The pride thus naturally ex-
v, bis the best guarantee for a continuance of the efforts by
such aded.vantages and sitch a character have been estab-
13Y maintaining a justifiable emulation the public
esta reW
are served, while individual enterprise is fostered and
arded.

ti,
'aOVel,"-*e4AVAL TRANSPORT SERVlCE.—Whatever regret may
01.—en felt by the country on account of the shortcomings
%ilk exhotecutive our generals, or our admirals, such feelings
applied to the services performed by the vessels
tlie transport service, more especially . the steam
1111:it f theni• Judging from the number of sailing vessels
ve rr°e been. towed by this fleet, the number of troops ,hatf
Z,ll conveyed without accident, and the amou.n o
e„"4 horses carried without delay or loss, the services of
"I,llaeh of our marine have been prodigious, and may be.
eb-oe' as a gratifying symbol of the ability and intent-
Ne ei
"ssessed by the commanders and officers employed.
K;earg„.essel alone the Niagara, of the Cunard line of.
te1.41111-0131, t°hasAm America under the command of Captain Neil
441„ during a period of thirteen months, besides
la ofa g'e sailing transports, conveyed to the Black Sea
addleers, 11,963 men, 3,000 tons of stores, and 762 horses,
gt,vvep„.ti°a to this immense traffic, Capt. Shannon conveyed
to;Loffi",etngland and Ireland, during less than two months,
"4
Ofstores,'-4u9(33 men, 974 women, 118_9 children, and 18,000

TRADE REPORT FOR EIGFITEEN .fitlN-

DEED AND FIFTY-FIYE.

(FROM THE ANNUAL CIRCULAR OF MESSRS. T. AND H.

LITTLED.A.LE AND CO.)

TILE attention of all classes has been so much occupied
throughout the past year with the varying phases of the war,
that its commercial operations have not been watched and
discussed with the usual care, and hence probably the differ-
ence of opinions entertained as to its results. On this ac-
count, and still more as being our first entire year of active
warfare, it may not be uninteresting briefly to pass in review
some of our leading articles of import and distinct trades.
Our last annual circular closed with this remark, " we look
forward with confidence to 1855 being a more prosperous year
with the commercial class than the past," and such undoubtedly
has been the fact. In 1854 nearly every leading article of im-
port lost money, indeed it was a worse year to the merchant
than it is prudent to admit—loss was the rule and profit the
exception—in the last year the reverse has happily been the
case. . _ _

To begin with Cotton, the import into the country has been
the largest on record (2,277,000 bales) with the single ex-
ception of 1852—two-thirds of which has probably left a
profit, in some instances a very large one to the importer, and
we close the year with the smallest stock since 1847, giving a
consumption of over 40,000 bales per week.
Sugar, so disastrous in its results to importers in 1854, has
been a highly satisfactory trade, and during the latter part of
the year has left large profits from whatever quarter imported.
COFFEE has given a better result on importations than in
1854, both from Brazil and Ceylon, indeed must be classed as
good.
TEA forms the only exception amongst our leading imports,
on which the loss has been heavy ; and what makes the fact
the more annoying is, the enormous amount of bullion sent
out for the purchase of these Teas, to the serious detriment of
our money market. •
Siroz has probably done harm rather than good, with small
exceptions. -
INDIGO has paid handsome profits to the importer, both to
this country and to France.
WooL, both from Australia and Bombay, has given .•a good
return on a large import.
TlMBER.—Probably in no article is the contrast of the two
years so marked as in this—the one being as successful (deals
excepted,) as the previous year was disastrous.
Those articles also, more directly influenced by the war,
Which were noted as paying well in 1854, have done so again
in 1855, such as Tallow, Hemp, and Linseed; whilst the
African trade, which was then remarked upon -as being pro-
bably the most prosperous of the year, has again retained a
front rank. _ _ _

If we refer-to particular trades, we find the American, good ;
North American or Canadian, the same ; South American,
(Brazil and West Coast), satisfactory; Calcutta, a remarkably
good year; Bombay, Ceylon, Batavia, and Mauritius, all good
taken as a Whole—China and Australia forming the excep-
tions.—Mediterranean, more particularly the Levant, a trade
which a few years since seemed almost extinct, is now most
flourishing—indeed the gold of the Allies is creating an open-
ing at Constantinople and the neighbouring districts, ha-
mense in extent and likely to be fro: more lasting than the
war out .of which it has originated, and even the trade with
the Baltic, though of course much reduced, has not been
without -its profits.
Amongst our home trades there has been great activity,
notwithstanding the war and the high price of food ; probably
the most prosperous has been thelron trade—the make has
far exceeded any former year, and yet the consumption and
export have kept pace with it ; no-doubt the stimulus given to
iron shipbuilding by the demand 'for steam transports and the
large contracts for the munitions of war have greatly contri-
buted to this result. Its ally the Coal trade, stimulated by the
same causes, has been little inferior in results. The Manches-
ter manufacturers, it is true, have not had a successful year—
the price of Cotton, coupled with the high rates of money, pre-
venting them working to a profit, and, had it not been for the
unprecedented demand for Turkey, stocks must have accumu-
lated. The Silk trade has also been unremunerating, but the
Woollen manufacturers have prospered in nearly all branches
—far more so than in 1854. The Shipping interest has had
another good year, except, perhaps, in cotton freights. Last,
not-least, the Agriculturists cannot complain ; and the labour
of the nation was never more fully occupied, or better paid.
From the foregoing remarks, it must be admitted that 1855
*lll rank amongst the prosperous years of this country, and
that not confined to one class in particular, but widely dis:
seminated through the community. What its successor may
prove, it is impossible even 'to conjecture,—peace-or war will
mainly determine its character. One thing, however, in its
favour, is the certainty of a most abundant supply of Cotton—
the best guarantee of a large trade and safe prices'; though we
confess we do not look forward to the comingyear with so
much confidence as we did the last, simply because. of the
deranged state of the money market, and the higher-range of
-value attained by many articles. Greatcaution is imperative.
The money market has presented some singular features
dining the past year. For: the first eight months the supply
was most ample, and though loan after loan was announced,
they appeared to create only a momentary influence; and
although it was the season 'of our heaviest imports and stocks
efproduce, the rates of discount steadily declined from five per
cent. in January to 3,1 per cent. in June. Pent why this
decline ? Simply because -the bullion increased from 12
millions to 18 millions ; not 'from the want of demand for
money—the deposit on the loans, the large requirements of
government for the outfit,uf -the second campaign, and the
daily.demands of commerce _led to the constant -.report of " a
large demand but an ample supply"—and yet the circulation
of the Bank kept remarkably-steady, and was the same within
fasopoo in January and .Jc.ne, when suddenly the golden
tidebegau to ebb from us, and the whole phase of matters was
changed.
France had been overtrading, and the bank of France, in
the vain endeavour to keep her rate of discount at four per
cent., allowed her coffers to be so drained of bullion that she
must _get a supply at any cost, and made a contract with
Messrs. Rothschilds for £4;000,000, which was supplied from
this country. To stop this and other drains the Bank began
in September to put on the screw—compelled to do so, of
course, by the act of 1844 to-check their circulation of notes
in proportion to their declining stock of bullion. Zn six weeks
(from £th September to 18th October) they raised their rates
from 3 per cent. to seven, and what did they effect by it ?
The circulation of notes actually increased £640,000, from
£20,104,000 to £20,648,000, whilst the bullion, on the con-
trary, continued to decrease ata more rapid rate than before.
But how fared the commercialpublic ? Every banker armed
himself with a reserve, and parted with his notes so grudgingly,
ae to create a famine in the midst of plenty. The average
circulation of the bank for the first six months of the year was
£19,672,000, with abundance of money, at rates steadily de-
clining from 5 to 3i per cent.; fer the last six months the
average circulation has been £19,985,000, with money appa-
rently scarce and difficult to get,-.at advancing rates from 31
to 7 per cent., and the stocks of produce diminished to their
lowest point. But this is only half the picture, for not only
has the actual circulation of bank notes been £310,000
greater, but, from the moment the rate of interest exceeded
five per cent.,l2ankers' bills have circulated in payments of
every kind, toa much greater extent than bank notes, and to
their substitution.
There have been few years recently when theeommerce of
the country has gone on with greater uniformity as to supply
and demand. Imports and exports are alike steady and mo-
derate, undertrading rather than overtrading, no heavy stocks
and no lengthened speculations if, then, with such a sound
state of things, commerce is to be taxed with a doublexate of
interest, what may we expect, in the course of the next few
months, when our ,nnusually large imports of cotton, torn,
sugar, &c., will be met by equally large loans and government
demands for a campaign double in extent of what we have yet
seen both in this country and France.? and how far will the
bank be allowed to raise the rate of discount, should the drain
of gold continue, before an expedient be resorted to, to.relex
the metallic law ?
The bullion has again . decreased, and the year .closes ,at
£10,820,143 ; reserve of notes, £5,963,850; notes in cironla-
tion, £18,700,615..

DRUNKENNESS AND DISHONESTY.—Winifred Ferguson, a
wretched looking girl, stole a shawl from the shop door of
Messrs. Robertson and Mason, .drapers, &c., Old Haymarket,
,on Saturday night. She was •brought up at the Poliee,court
,yesterday, when she pleaded that she was so drunk that she
did not know what she was doing. It appearing that she
was affected by drink at the time of the robbery, she was sen-
tenced to a week's imprisonment only.
NOTHING, TEAT TURNED OUT X 0 ,BE SOMETHING.—Hugh
J. Wallace, a man in the garb of a mechanic, was brought up
at the Xolice-court yesterday, by Police-officer 1761, on suspi-
cion of having stolen a shawl. At an,early hour in the morn-
ing -the officer met him in Richmond-row, and observing
something rather bulky under his coat, asked " What have
you there ?" " Oh, nothing !" replied the fellow. "Do you
call this nothing?" said the offieer, pulling .a fine shawl out.
The man could give no satisfactory account as to how he came
in possession of the property, and he was therefore remanded
for inquiry.
THOMAS'S SHILLING CONCERTS.—The fourth season of
these interesting and delightful coneerts commences, in the
Philharmonic-hall, this evening. As in the former instances,
they are to extend over four weeks, and, during their con-
tinuance, extraordinary novelties and attractions will be pro-
duced. These will include a succession of eminent vocalists,
and solo instrumental performers of great excellence, among
whom are Madame Ametlei, and Miss P. Horton, whowill give her
personation of Puck, in the " Midsummer Night's,Dream, "
which will be produced with all the music composed for A by
Mendelssohn. In short, the selection of the music, and the
celebrity of the artistes engaged, while indicating the good
taste and enterprise of Mr. Thomas, establish his claim to
public patronage.
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.—The monthly meeting of the
council was held yesterday. The President announced that
two vacancies had occurred at the board. One by the decease
of Mr. A. W. Powles; and the other by the resignation of
Mr. Cross. To supply these vacancies Mr. Joshua Dixon and
Mr. Thomas Sellar were unanimously elected. The proceed-
ings of the committee on the Monte Videan Loan of 1845
were read and adopted. They comprised a recommendation
that a further letter should be sent to the Foreign-office, hi
reply to the proposal submitted for the settlement of the claims
under that loan. A letter was read from the Earl of Claren-
don, stating that the subject of abolishing the Danish Sound
dues was occupying the attention of Government : also, one
from the Steam-ship Association, appointing Mr. Robert La-
mont the deputy to the council for the current year. It was
referred to the committee on communications to make the
necessary arrangements for the annual general meeting at the
commencement of the next month.
A LAMB THRICE LED TO THE SLAUGHTER.—George Lamb,
a jolly tar, in his way quite a nautical swell, was brought up
at the Police-court yesterday, by Inspector Horn' charged
with having three wives living. The inspector said he appre-
hended the tender-hearted Lamb immediately on his stepping
ashore from America, on Saturday night, the women having
previously instructed him to do so. Mr. Bluck here stated
that he appeared for the prisoner, and it would he better to
adjourn the case for a day or two. Inspector Horn : " All the
three wives are here, sir," pointing to a group of good-looking
women near him. Mr. Bluck : " Well, bless their dear little
hearts, let them stop there !" (Laughter.) The case was
accordingly adjourned to complete the evidence. It is stated
that the prisoner, who was mate of a vessel, and pretty well
off, married his first wife, Bridget Macdonald, at St. John's
Church, in this town, on the 11th of August, 1845, and his
third wife, Jane Harris, at St. Peter's Church, in this town,
on the 23rd February, 1855, his second wife having " fixed"
him in America, in the interval bets een the lira and third
marriage, about the year 1848.