The Stourbridge Observer, Cradley Heath, Halesowen & District Chronicle.
Stourbridge, West Midlands, England, 1878-11-02 00:00:00

EPITOME OF NEWS.
I BRITISH AND FOREICIN,

The followinz anagram has been circulated on the
names " Disraeli" and " Gladstone " which somewhat
oppositely resolve themselves into "I lead sir," and "U leads
not."—Court Journal. _ _

-
Two small parcels of Ceylon tea were sold at the
public tea sales on Monday at a fairly satisfactory price.
This is the first instance of tea grown in Ceylon being
placed upon the London market.
A meeting of Wesleyan ministers and laymen was
held in London on Tuesday to consider the grave financial
condition of the connexion, and to discuss what methods
should be employed to remedy the present state of affairs.
One plan suggested was that a great connexion fund of
£2,121,000 should be raised to commemorate the introduction
of laymen into the Conference. The meeting was adjourned.
The weather in the metropolis during Tuesday night
was exceedingly cold, and on Wednesday morning there was
a slight fall of snow and sleet. From various parts of the
country boisterous weather is reported.
The master builders of Liverpool have given six
mouths' notice of a general reduction of wages in all branches
of their business, and in some cases an extension of the hours
of work to 55 hours per week. The association attribute this
decision to the prevailing depression of business.

On Tuesday Mr. Osborne Morgan, M.P., assisted
in laying the foundation stones of a new Welsh Calvinistic
chapel at Gwerstwelt, Wrexham, and in doing so he said he
had, a few days ago, a proof that the Welsh language was
not dying out, for he had received a request that he would
act as patron of an Eisteddfod in New Z,aland. It was,
therefore, the duty of the Welsh people to raise up chapels
where Welsh services could be held, as he did not think the
language would ever die.
The Home Secretary, at the request of the Court
of Quarter Sessions, has issued an order under the provisions
of toe Wild Fowl Preservation Act, varying the close time
for wild fowl in the West Riding of Yorkshire, so as to be
from the 15th of March to the lit of August in each year.

A painful impression was caused in North Devon
by the sudden death, on Tuesday, of Prebendary Karslake.
Only on the previous Thursday he was present at a banquet
at South Molton, given in his honour, at which three peers
and three members of Parliament were present, the Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer being prevented from attending by
his Midland engagements. Prebendary Kerslake WAS then
presented with 300 guineas towards restoring Meshaw
Church, of which he was rector, in recognition of his long
life of service in many public capacities.
A telegram from New York says that the Man-
hattan Savings Institution was robbed on Sunday by
burglars, who abstracted securities to the value of
2,673,000 dols., and 64,000 dots., in cash and negotiable
bonds.
The underground telegraph now works all the way
between Strasburg and Kiel, 1,210 kilometres, with perfect
success.
On Tuesday a contract was signed by a London
firm and forwarded to Berlin for the raising of the Grosser
KurfUrst. The firm to whom the contract has been given
has been engaged already in surve}ing and recovering any-
thing valuable from the wreck fcom the time the vessel went
down.— The Times.
It was stated at a Conference held in London on
Monday at the Mansion louse that the sum of £.55,000 has
been subscribed towards the funds for the relief of the suf-
ferers from the Abercarn explosion. The requirements are
estimated at upwards of £50,000 It was decided to close
the lists at the end of the present month, and when all the
claims are settled the balance will be invested in the names
of trustees for application to a kindred purpose.

- -
Pauperism at Berlin has been steadily increasing
sinca 1875. Communal relief was given in 1875 to one per-
son in 82, in 1876 to one in 80, and in 1877 to one in 74 For
the current year the number will be still larger. The revenue
of the institutions for the poor not in receipt of communal
relief is already exhausted for the current year, and further
demands can no longer be satisfied.
- - -

Since the outbreak of yellow fever in the Southern
States of America, it is estimated that 30,000 persons have
been attacked by the epidemic, fatally in about 12,000 cases.
On Saturday last there were twenty-one deaths from this
cause in New Orleans, and eight at Memphis.

The bishops have, it is understood, come to a resolu-
tion that in future licenses shall not be granted for the re-
marriage according to the rites of the Churn of Englatd of
divorced persons.

I\\re often hear of young men abandoning other
professions for the Stage, but very rarely of a young man
leaving the stage for other professions An instate of this,
however, is afforded at San Francisco, where Mr. Bishop,
who play eel Pistol to the Henry V. of Mr. George Rignold at
Bootn's Theatre, is practi:iug as a surgeon.-2'l.e Theatre.
• In France handkerchiefs printed with chloride of
cobalt are sold under the name of " Foulards Barometre."
Toe design represents a man with an umbrella. In tine
weather the umbrella is blue ' • in changeable, grey;
and in rainy weather, white. The tir-t washing removes
the chloride of cobalt, and the handkerchief loses its baro-
metric propertiea.—Court Journal.
• The City of Paris is about to have reproduced by
photography all the old maps of the capital that can be found
in public or private collections. According to statistics
drawn up by the servim of Fine Arts at the Prefecture of the
Seine, there are in existence no fewer than 1,800 of such plans,
all possessing some interest.
The formation of a siege train is at present engaging
the attention of the French Government, and one firm (ac-
cording to the Standard) has received orders for nearly 100
guns of the heaviest calibre. They are to be lg feet in length,
with Armstrong rifling, and will throw a projectile of 8001 b.
weight
A large representative meeting of miners has been
held at Gornal Wood to determine what course should be
taken in reference to the working hours question. The men
considered eight hours quite long enough to work in the
mine, and passed a resolution not to comply with the pro-
posal of the employers to work nine hours, and also not to
submit to a reduction in wages.
There were 2,500 births and 1,446 deaths registered
in London last week. Allowing for increase of population,
the births were 65 above, and the deaths 61 below the
average numbers iu the corresponding week of the last ten
years. The annual death-rate from all causes, which had
been equal to 20 7 and 20-0 per 1 000 in the two preceding
weeks, rose to 21-1 The deaths included 4 from small-pox,
18 from measles, 46 from scarlet fever, 12 from diphtheria, 33
from whooping cough, 80 from different forms of fever, and
10 from diarrheas.

A gale so severe swept over Liverpool on Monday
that not a single vessel left the Mersey.
- - -

Two hundred and nine thousand nine hundred and
twelve peraons visited the Paris Exhibition on Sunday last.
The Australian cricketers have won a match at San
Francisco against the twenty-two of California by an innings
and 135 runs. The Australians scored 802 in their first innings,
while the twenty-two only obtained 62 in their first and 105
in their second innings.

Positive denial Is given (in a telegram from Copen-
hagen) to the statement made in a London newspaper, that
the King of Denmark's consent to the marriage of Princess
Thyra was only given on condition of the Duke of Cumber-
land abdicating all his rights in the Crown of Hanover.
A little bird brings me a whisper about an educa-
tion Act Amendment Bill now hatching in Whitehall, which
if it should see light, will create some lively debate in
Parliament.—Mayfair. _ _

A Lag() wooden building situated on Leon-side,
Nottingham, which is used by the Corporation of Notting-
ham for stabling purposes, was partially destroyed by fire
last Saturday. At the time the fire broke out there were in
the stables a dozen splendid horses belonging to the Cor-
poration. Six of these horses were burnt to dea:.h, their
bodies being dreadfully charred. The other six horses,
occupying stalls on the other side of the stables were rescued
with considerable difficulty.

Mr. Gladstone having been invited to become the
president of the Clerks Union Manchester Society, fir the
assistance of the unemployed clerks, writes :—" I can well
understand that the subject of your union is one of great and
pressing importance at the present time; but it is one with
which I have no means of connecting myself usefully, and it
would he against my rules to join a body in whose proceed-
ing I could take no share."

During the late storm in America the steamer
Express foundered in Cher.peake Bay. Sixteen lives were
lost.—The ship Davis, Al, from Callao for Hampton Roads,
with 1,400 tons guano, was totally wrecked near Cape Henry.
Eighteen lives were lost.—The steamers City of Houston,
New York for Galveston, and General Barnes, Savannah for
New York, were totally wrecked near Cape Hatteras, but no
lives were lost. The City of Houston, with her cargo, was
valued at 250,000 dols., and the General Barnes at 50,000
dols.

The barque Carnatic, 871 tons, sailed from Graves-
end on Friday in last week, having on board the following
number of emigrants for Rockhampton—viz., 38 married
person% 101 single men, 123 single women, 33 children be-
tween the ages of 12 and 1, and seven infants, making a total
of 301 souls.

It is stated that the First Commissioner of Works
has determined to try the electric light in the nous, s

Parliament.

Mr. R. W. Duff, addressing his constituents at
Keith, expressed a belief in criticising the Berlin Treaty that
peace would not be permanent. Be disapproved of Lord
Lytton's Afghan policy, but he still hoped that war might be
averted. ile entirely concurred in the policy advocated by
Lords Lawrence and Grey.

Lord Justice Coleridge, in his charge to the Devon
Grand Jury remarked upon the fact of petty juries loeing
usually composed of men of an inferior class, and his lord-
ship threatened in the future to commit for contempt any
officials entrusted with summoning juries who exempted by
favour anyone liable to serve, no matter to what class of
respectability he belonged.

On Monday night Mr, Sidebottom, M.P., addressed
his constituents at Stalybridge. He reviewed the legisla-
tion of the pa.it session, and, referring to the depression in
trade, said it would be folly to attribute it to the conduct or
action of the Government. It arose to a great extent from
bad harvests, famines in India and China, overtrading,
want of reciprocity, and the limited liabilities law. He de-
fended the conduct of the Government in the Lstern Ques-
tion, and said it was better to spend six or cight millions
now in keeping out of a Russian war than to spend a hun-
dred milli:n as in 1855.

A telegram from New York says that the Arctic
schooner Florence has arrived at Provincetown in a leaky
condition, and her supply of provisions exhausted. She has
experienced some terlific weather in the Arctic regions, and
her crew have suffered great distress, but are nevertheless
all well.

The receipts from the congregational collections in
Birmingham on Sunday last in aid of ;the Queen's Hospital
amounted to £5,400.

Mr. J. B. Gough delivered an address in favour of
temperance at the Corn Exchange, Cambridge' on Tuesday
evening, when the large building was densely crowded.
Special trains had been run from neighbouring places. The
audience included a large number of university men. The
Rev. Canon Hopkins, 8.D., rector of Littlepont, presided.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer acknowledges in
The Times (as "Conscience Money ") the receipt of the first
halt of a £lOO-note, sent anonymously from "G. W. H."
Ornaments made of the blood of bullocks are the
latest mania amongst fashionable dames, (according to the
Paris Figaro), ladies admiring the peculiar black tint which
pervades the ornaments, and which is absent from thee of
similar appearance derived from the mineral instead of the
animal kim.dom. The blood is first dried in a sieve, and
reduced to powder, and then again sifted to ensure the utmost
fineness in the material. the powder is next fired in moulds
and powerfully pressed for five or ten minutes, and is ulti-
mately cut and polished to the necessary shape.
The Earl of Wharncliffe presided at the annual meet-
ing of the North of Ehgland Manufactory for the Blind, held
on Saturday at Sheffield. It was reported that subscriptions
to the new school for the blind at Sheffield amounted to
nearly £l3 000, and that a further sum of £2,000 was required,
Two subscriptions of £lOO each were announced at the meet-
ing. By the bequest (.f Mr Holy, of Sheffield, the institu-
tion, when erected, will be liberally endowed.

The actual and immediately available strength of
the German navy has been very materially increased during
the present year by the completion of several vessels which
left the slips in 1877 and in the early part of 1878.
Three hundred and thirty-two spindles and 6,000
100-ns are running short time at Burnley, and 75,000
spiNdles and 731 looms are stopped altogether, in conse•
quenle of had trade. Uhe output of coal has been reduced
by one•third, and the production at the ironworks by one-
fourth.

The Besthorpe manorial estate, the property of Earl
Winterton, and situated at Attleboroisigh, in Norfolk, about
14 miles from the county town, was sold by auction, In lots,
at Norwich on Saturday. The principal lot, comprising
Betthorpe-hall, the old manor house, realized £17,500. The
entire estate consisted of 1,100 acres, and the day's sale pro-
duced, exclusive of the advowson, a total of nearly £50,000.

"The Doc de Nem mrs, according to the Univers, is
about to marry a Polish Princess, Helena Sanguszko, who is
42 years of age, but extremely yout:g-looking and bawl some
The duke, who has been a widower since 1857, is regarded as
the only i egitimist and tiltromontaue of the Orleans Princes.
The Princess's mother was a Czartoryski, into which family
one of the duke's daughters has married."—Paris Corre-
spondent of The Times.
John Le Cornu, a farmer, lost his life on Monday
morning on the St. Aubin's .11ailway, Jersey. He had gone
to St. Anbin's Bay to gather seaweed, and left his horse and
cart on the road and crossed the railway to the beach. On
returning, he attempted to cross the line at the moment a
train was pnlling up at a roadside station, and although the
station master called out to him and the driver blew his
whistle he persisted, and was knocked down and killed.

The Leicester Borough coroner has held an is quest
at St. Matthew's Church School, on the body of Ernest
017111 Robinson, 17, clerk, who met with his death on Satur-
day night. The schoolrooms, it appears, are used by ans
athletic club connected with the church, and Robinson was
swinging on the trapeze at a height of about Oft. from the
gr6und. He was observed suddenly
,to slip and fall head
downwards, striking the floor with considerable force. His
companions picked him up, and found that he was quite
dead Mattresses were placed beneath the trapeze, hut
Robinson fell beyond them. Medical aid was at once sum-
moned, and it was found that death had resulted from dis-
location of the neck. A verdict of "Accidental death "was
returned.
Much uneasiness about the Oriental question is
expressed by Sunday's Vienna newspapers. The Tagblate is
of opinion that a new conflict is most probable in con-
sequence of the provoking attitude of Russia, and says that
nothing remains but to summon Russia to fulfil the obliga-
tions which it entered into at Berlin.

At a meeting of master builders of Banbury it was
resolved, in consequence of depression in the building trades,
to reduce the wages of carpenters and joiners Id. an hour.
A similar reduction will be made in the wages of mechanics
employed in other branches of the building trade, and
labourers will be reduced 11. an hour.

Some idea of the enormous business done in grain at
Chicago may be gathered from the fact that in one day re-
cently no fewer than 2,475 waggons containing cereals
arrived in that city. Alio% lug each waggon to measure,
with buffers and stack coupliug, 32it., we have a continuous
train of trucks fifteen miles in length. As that is Riot by any
means an exceptional day's receipt we can readily under-
stand that Chicago is a busy city—Court Journal.
The largest farm in the world is probably that
which has just been purchased by a New York Joint Stock
Company in Northern New Mexico. It covers 250,000 acres,
and will be used for cattle and sheep raising. A good shirt
has already been made with 5,000 improved American cattle
and 15,000 Merino sheep.
They hive s dramatic way of doing everything in
France. Even the purchase of the captive balloon last
week was made the subject of a little fete, and when the con-
tract was signed by Mr Gooch, the orchestra struck up a
concert of alternate French and English airs. The balloon
has been so successful that its proprietors will mark the
close of their season by oganising a series of gratuitous
ascents. —Mayfair.
The North-Eastern Railway Company have ac-
ceded to a request of the Cleveland mineral owners for a re-
duction of 7f per cent. in the tonnage rates. The company
reduced its: rates 7f per cent. for the requisionists three
years ago. This concession will conveniently relieve local
utanufActurers under circumstances of bad trade ; and if the
North of England puddlers and mill hands agree to the pro-
posed reduction of wages as well, matters will assume a
somewhat improved aspect.

The Edinburgh School Board have intimated that
after the Ist November it will prosecute the parents of all
children under nine years of age found selling newspapers or
other articles, and all children over nine and under 14 found
selling newspapers or other articles after seven o'clock at
night, unless they hold certificates as to their ability to
read and write, and of a knowledge of elementary
arithmetic. _ _ _

- The grand jury at Manchester Assizes made a pre-
sentment to the judge, in which they expressed an opinion
that a great numher of cases that came bi,lore them at these
assizes might, with great public advantage, had the law
allowed them, have been sent for trial at quarter sessions.
They also called attention to the serious public inconvenience
arising from the clashing of assizes with quarter sessions in
that county.

The Bank of England has gone in for reform. The
other day the directors issued an order prohibiting the
wearing of shooting-coats and low crowned hats. Many
years ago there was a standing rule in the Bank against
moustaches, but it was given up as the fashions changed.—
Court Journal.

Last Saturday, Lord Derby and Lord Winmareleigh
paid a visit to Southport for the purpose of presenting to
the Convalescent Hospital the surplus fund of the subscrip-
tions raised in aid of the distressed cotton operatives during
the recent depression. In the afternoon their lordships
visitei tile hospital, and afterwards dined with the Mayor of
Southport.
As illustrating the vast extent to which emigration
between the E3stern and Western States of America is
going on this year, it is stated that in Dakota, Knew, Min-
nesota, and Nebraska, three and a quarter million acres
more have been disposed of in 1378 than in 1877. The greater
portion of the land is taken up by homestead settlements,
and timber culture claims. This immense area is nearly
equal to that of Yorkshire.

A t a meeting of the Central Committee of the
French National Lottery, held on Saturdi.y, it was decided
that, as the eight million of ticliets was already completely
exhausted, the capital of the lottery should be raised to ten
millions. This figure, it is announced, will be irrevocanle
and final. The committee aho authorised the purchase of
new prizes to the amount of 2,255,000 f.
Readers of James Russell Lowell will remember his
poem entitled, " Dara," which tells the story of a Persian
shepherd who becl.me ruler ot a province, and who wherever
he went cairied with him what was supposed to be a trea-
sure-chest, but on being opened was found to contain
nothing but the shepherd's vest he once wore. Dara has an
American imitator in the person of the Rev. Robert Collier,
the eminent Unitarian minister of Chicago, who has in his
study the anvil upon which he hammered in the English
town where as a youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith.
—Echo. _

Wing on Tuesday, the Paris Correspondent of the
Daily News says :—" The Princess of Wales in her long visit
to the Exhibition yesterday, was escorted 'by the Prince of
Denmark. The Prince of Wales, contrary to my mistaken
statement, did, as well as the Duke cif Aosta, join the
Marshal in the Compiegne battue,ltnd the French papers say
that the r.nglish Prince made the largest bag out of 1,100
head of game killed. Ilis Royal Highness had a hard day's
work, for in the evening he went with the Princess Alexandra
to the Francais to see Octave Feuillet's Sphinx revived at his
special re quest. Mdlle. Croizette died in the poisoning
scene with that realism that long ago made her famous.
la
Tthecei
Prince of Wales went behind the scenes and c a
the actors and actresses, and gave M. Febvre, who plays an
I..nglish lord, his own Malacca gold-headed cane, which the
actor used iu the third act."
,111(01 .G".1.411(1 I

lo

On the 26th of October Field-Marshal Moltke
entered upon his seventy-ninth year. He has quite re-
covered from his recent attack of erysipelas.
We have some good news for the peoplr in general,
and the Government in particular. The price of wheat is
lower than ever. Last week the average price was 395.
per quarter. The average price for the corresponding week
In 1377 was 535. 7d.—Echo.
A smart scholar, had this question put to him by a
School Board inspector :—" Well, my boy, do you know what
'syntax' means r The child of a teetotaller answered;
"Yes, sir, the duty upon spirits."

The Frankfurter Zeitung reports a glut of maid-
servants in Frankfort. Many omen are offering their
services at nominal wages in order to secure a home for the
winter.

Headed by Menotti Garibaldi on Sunday, some
2,000 persons went to the Villa Gloria, near Rome, to cele-
brate the anniversary of the desperate engagement in 1567
between 500 Pontiflcial Zouaves and a column of seventy
Garibaldians commanded by Henry Cairo brother of the
present Italian Premier.

The Countess of Derby on Tuesday, at Liverpool.
opened s college for girls, capable of accommodating
pupils.
At the Social Science Congress, Cheltenham, on
Tuesday, the opening address was delivered by Mr. Gambler
Parry, president of the Art Department, on "The It, ition
of Fine Art to Social Science." air. Parrf contended that a very
close relationship exists between prose and poetry, romat ce
and reelity, and art and the driest subjects of social science.
He referred to the establishment of art schools, and the
number of visitors to the exhibitions as a proof that the
English people of the lower orders are beginning to appreci-
ate very earnestly the flee st works of art within their
reach.
Speaking at the laying of the memorial stone of a
new Baptist Tabernacle, in Shorediteh, Loudon, Mr. S. Morley,
M.P., hoped that Christian workers would appeal to the
people rather on the broad ground of Christianity than with
the view of seeking converts to a particular denomination,
and at the same time expressed himself strongly in regard to
the position of Evangelical clerg) men in the Church of Eng-
land.
Lord Justice Bramwell, in charging the grand jury
at the Oxford Assizes, said that a commission of judges had
reported that in their opinion four gaol deliveries in the
year were too many. The Home Secretary had been of a
different opinion. Ilia own opinion was that four gaol de-
liveries were not too many. It was a most important thing
that any man who had the misfortune to have a charge
made against him, of which he was innocent, should be -.
tried at once •, on the other hand, it was very desirable that -
speedy punishment should folio upon crime. •
Farms in some parts of Iszkanas sell at from three
to five cents an acre. An Arkansas paper says that dirt is .
such a drug in that State that, if a purchaser does not look •
ont, they'll smuggle forty or fifty extra acres on him in
making out the deeds.
A story is told which goes a long way to explain the -
Duke of Connaught's popularity in the army. One of the -
prince's fellow-, flicers was about to leave his regiment.
Calling to bid him farewell, his royal highness was induced ' • .
to promise kim his carte. It was to arrive on the night be- •
fore the officer took leave. But it did not come. Early next
morning the officer was riding out of barracks, when, just as
he reached the gates, he heard his name shouted by a " •-•
breathless runner. Turning round he saw Prince Arthur, . .
flushed and panting, rushing along at full speed, and holding
up, in explanation of his unprincely haste, the promised ee'
photograph. Something had happened to prevent its pre- t‘
sentation on the previous night, and the prince had turned ..
out early in order that with his own lips he might make
apology for the apparent breach of promise.—Court J 0111716 .;

- -
The annual report of the Local G-fivernment Board,
issued on Monday, states that the sums e xpended in relief to
the poor during the year ended at Lady-day, 1877, amounted
to £7,400,034, being an increase of £64,176, or less than one
percent. on the corresponding disbursement of the previous
year. The latest census of pauperism in 1877 discloses a
slight increase compared with the enumeration at 1876. The
loans to sanitary authorities have of late years increased to a
remarkable extent, and now form one of the most consider-
able elements in the annual growth of the local indebtedness
of the country.
Discussing the statement that negotiations have
been set on foot with the object of bringing about a com-
plete understanding between England, Austria, and France
on the subject of the carrying out of the Treaty of Berlin
the Liberia of Tuesday states that in diplomatic circles a
Rome it is admitted steps in that sense have been taken b
England. but that it is not considered likely that they wit
meet with SUCCESS.

The recent rains have been exactly what the farmers
of many of our principal wheat-growing districts needed to
enable them to plough their clover leys for wheat. Sowing
has now commenced in earnest, and with fine, though not
too pershteutly dry weather, autumn wheat will be got in
under favourable conditions. It has been a splendid autumn
for killing weeds, and many foul fields—and there were plenty
of them—have been well cleaned by the plough or the steam
cultivator.—Mark Lane Express.
Lord Colin Campbell's election expenses (Argyle-
shire) amounted to £5,700 9s. 4d.; while Colonel I.lalcolm's
amounted to about £9,000.

The beetles and other insects of the United States
appear to be coming to the aid of the distressed British
farmer. We are constantly hearing of some new variety or
of some old variety which has suddenly developed a taste
for cultivated corn and other crops. The latest is the
Cetonia inda, a beetle which has this year for the first time
been observed to attack maize in a green state, having
previously subsisted. it was supposed, on fruit and flower
buds.--Mark Lane Express.
The Marquis of Ripon, at the opening of a Catholic
bazaar at Wakefield, on Monday, said that the provision of
adequate primary education was a duty incumbent upon all
who had the means of a:dir,g in that great work They were
sometimes told that the English system of education was
not a symmetrical one. Re entirely admitted that such waa
the case, but he was not the least inclined to quarrel with
the system on that account. Individuals seemed to be so
various, and men were so divided in opinion, that it was
necessary, if they wanted to have a s)stem of education
which should meet the requirements of all classes and all
•opialons in a country like this, that the system should not
be cut and dry to suit the temporary opinions of a majority,
hut that they should have a system capable of meeting
the wants of varied classes and men of differing opinions.
Speaking at a large meeting on Monday evening in
connection with a new Mechanics' Institution, opened by
Sir Ughtred Kay-Shuttleworth, M.P., at Accrington, the
Bishop of Manchester deprecated the reading of novels to
any great extent. There could be no doubt that we had
reached a state of intellectual development considerably
in advance of preceding generations, but he maintained that
the well-being of the country depended upon the moral
more than th:e intellectual condition of its people. We
were not so highly educated as the Germans or the people
of Holland and Sweden, and we were appi,aching a great
trial. He believed that to a great extent the depression of
trade was caused by over-production.