The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1855-07-31 00:00:00

SUPPLEMENT TO TICE LIVERPOOL STANDARD

56

matter some consideration, I think I may offer the following
directions to those who have not had any experience in this
preparation. For drilling five acres of turnips or Swedes,
procure 20 bushels of half inch bones, crushed in a dry state;
this quantity will usually weigh about 800 lbs. ; get 200 lbs.
of the ordinary sulphuric acid of the manufacturer, which
would generally be of the specific gravity 1,810.* Add to
this acid an equal weight of water, stir it in an earthen or
wooden vessel, pour this very gently over the bones, as equally
distributed as may be, delivering it close over the bones, as any
splashing will destroy clothes, and may damage the operator.
When the mixture has laid about two days, take it out and
turn it into a conical heap, and cover it with turf ashes, or
such as are commonly prepared on the farm for drilling, in
which state it might be left for three or four weeks, to break
down more effectually any portion's of the bone which have
not been sufficiently done before. Uncover the heap, and add
to the ashes first used as many as will make up the quantity
the party usually uses in drilling, whether 20, 30 or more
bushels per acre, and then mix those and the bone paste very
thoroughly together. Form the mixture again into a heap,
and cover it with earth, to remain till within a few days of its
being required for drilling, .when the heap should be again
turned over, and every portion of the bone paste then found
should be broken down with the spade or fork, in order that
the whole should be completely mixed with the ashes. The
acid and bones may be mixed in various ways, but as this is
an article required every season, I consider the most efficient
or economical, because permanent, receptacle is a brick tank
formed thus—dig out the earth in some convenient spot near
the homestead, and bottom it and line it with brick (one brick
laid fiat is sufficient) set in coal ash lime mortar, and pointed
in the inside, with good fresh Portland cement. For mixing
five quarters of bones with the acid at a time, I have found a
tank 6 feet long, 3 feet wide, 30 inches deep, a convenient size.
None need exceed this size, for the same mixture may be
repeated every two days, until any quantity required is pre-
pared.—C. Lawrence, Cirencester, Agricultural Gazette.
DAIRY FARMING.—We gave, a few weeks since, some in-
teresting particulars on the subject of the treatment and yield
of cows. In reference to this subject, Harold Littledale, Esq.,
of Liscard-hall, near Egremont, writes as follows, under date
of the 9th instant :—I had churned on Saturday from a lot of
cows, about three months calved, and all of the large York-
shire breed, fed on Italian rye-grass, 42 gallons of milk, pro-
duce 19.1 lbs. butter ; to-day, 521 gallons of milk, produce 23
lbs. butter. The produce of butter varies with the breed of
cows : in a general way, we have found from the large York-
shire cow it takes three gallons for a pound of butter ; Ayr-
shire less ; and an Alderney still less. At one time I took a
great interest in trying experiments upon different cows, and
the quantity of butter they would produce; and the most ex-
traordinary yield, which I have never seen equalled since, was
from a cow the cross of an Alderney and a short-horn. After
having calved above two months, she gave so rich a milk, that
in the lactometer the cream did not separate from the milk,
and we had a pound of butter from rather less than a gallon
of milk ; and, although a small, poor-looking thing, we had
fourteen pounds of butter a week from her. We also had a
large Yorkshire cow, a great milker, which, after having
calved upwards of three months, gave us 191 lbs. of butter in
the week. In the lactometer the average of cream for that
description of cow was eight, this one's was eighteen. A cow
gives much more butter when she has calved about three or
four months, and the quantity of milk is diminished; also, a
great deal will depend upon the quality of food. We churn by
steam, and last summer we tried the shortest possible time we
could do • it in. It was a hot day, and we accomplished it in
five minutes and a half, the engine making 300 revolutions
per minute, and the quantity eighty gallons of milk. We have
alsto found out, in this very hot weather, that it pays us well to
put American ice into the milk, before churning, to reduce the
temperature, to get out more butter :—the result of the same
quantity of milk without ice, 15 lbs. of butter ; with ice, 201bs.

woodcuts completely from tracings made from the copy of the
book in the British Museum. Re has also printed his edition
on paper made expressly in imitation of that used by Caxton,
and has bound it in antique style, with appropriate ornamen-
tal tooling. The result of all this care and imitative skill is a
handsome volume, in small folio, published at the price of two
guineas.—Athemeton.
THE .DARVEL CALCULATING GaL.—The Ayr Advertiser
has an account of a recent public examination at Beith of the
girl whose wonderful powers of calculation have attracted so
much notice. The gentleman in charge of the child allowed
any one present to propose questions to her. Among the
queries thus submitted were—How many times does a clock
strike in the month of June ? 4,680 was the prompt reply.—
In the year 1855 ? 56,940. In a lifetime of 75 years?-
4,270,500. She was now asked the value of 313 yards of linen
at 2s. 94d. per yard, and in 35 seconds she gave the answer,
£44 Os. 3d. Being requested to show the modes operandi,
she began aloud with 313 times a makes 939, the 4's in 939,
534 times and a over, and so of all the other denominations.
She was now asked to cube 795 and give toe quotient of that
product divided by 19. The product, 60'2.459,875, and the
quotient, 26,445,250 11-19 were both correctly given. In the
performance of this last heavy que%tion her teacher begged to
be allowed to give her the square upon the board to assist her
memory. She did not avail herself of it.
INTERESTING ASTRONOMICAL FACT.—Two persons were
born at one place, at the same moment of time. After an age
of 50 years, they both died, also, at the same spot, and at the
same instant, yet one had lived 100 days more than the other.
How was this possible ? The solution turns on a curious, but,
with a very little reflection, a very obvious point ',Mcircumna-
vigation. A person going round the world towards the west
loses a day, and towards the east gains one. Supposing, then,
two born together at the Cape of Good Hope, whence a voyage
round the world may be performed in a year; if oae perform
this constantly towards the west, in fifty years he will be 50
days behind the stationary inhabitants ; and if the other sail
towards the east, he will be fifty days in advance of them.
One, therefore, will have been 100 days more than the other,
though they were born and died in the same place, at the same
moment, and even lived continually in the same latitudes,
and reckoned by the same calendar.
EARLY CLOCKS.—These were said to have been found in
England by Julius Caesar, 55 B.c. but the chief in.prove-
ment in them was made by Fromantiel, a Dutchman, who
issued the following advertisement (1658) in the Common-
wealth Mercury :—" There is lately a way found out for
making clocks that go exact, and keep equaller time than any
now made without this Regulater,. (examined and proved
before his Highness the Lord Protector, by such Doctors
whose knowledge and learning is without exception), and are
not subject to alter by change of weather, as others are, and
may be made to go a week, or a month, or a year, with
once winding up, as well as those That are wound up every
day, mid keep time as well; and is very excellent for all
House clocks, that go either with springs or weights ; and
also steeple clocks, that are most subject to differ by change
of weather. Made by Ahasueras Fromantiel, who made
the first that were in ENGLAND. You may have them at his
house on the Bank-side, in Mosses-alley, Southwark ; and at
the sign of the Maremaid, in Lothbury, near Bartholomew-
lane end, London."
DEPARTMENT OP SCIENCE AND ART.—The report of the
department of science and art, from the pen of Dr. Lyon Play-
fair, has just been published in the form of a blue book, with nu-
merous and lengthy appendices. It is dated the Ist oiJan. last.
Dr. Lyon Mayfair sums up his report by observing generally,
that the department has made a marked advance in extending
instruction in art to elementary schools, 10,500 children having
received such instruction through it agency. In concert with
the Committee of Council on Education, it has enabled 1,044
teachers of public schools to learn drawing at the local schools
of art, with a view of introducing it into their own schools, and
1,270 masters it various training colleges throughout the
kingdom, have been examined for certificates in elementary
drawing. Mans of illustrating the course of instruction have
been widely spread, and, in addition to the usual trade supply,
294 schools lave obtained examples through the department,
at an average cost of six guineas for each school. The local
schools throughout the provinces have been attended by nearly
20,000 persons, chiefly artisans. The museums of the depart-
ment hava been visited by above 204,000 persons, and the Art
Library of Marlborough-house by nearly 8,000. The exhibition
of studeits' prize drawings in the provinces has been inspected
by above 66,000 persons, and the Botanical and Zoological
Gardeti in Dublin have had above 135,000 visitors. The Cen-
tral Schools in London continue to be made as useful as pos-
sible the schools throughout the kingdom, and have been
the neans of providing well-trained masters for the provincial
schools. The public services connected with the department
coninue in an active state. In regard to the-firiancial expen-
dittre of the department, it is asserted that every effort for
economy has been made, and, of the aggregate sum of £79,846
voted last year, it is expected that more than £17,000 will be
maid into the Exchequer at the close of the financial year.

TRIPLE•RISING PHENOMENON OF DROWNING PERSONS.—
the reason, we apprehend, is this—the specific gravity of man
is rather less, bulk for bulk, than that of water, in consequence
of the air contained in the lungs, so that, when a person falls
or plunges into the water, there is a struggle between the
momemtum acquired by his descent, and the difference of
specific gravity between himself and the medium in which he
is immersed. A series of oscillations ensues in consequence.
He rises and falls ; but in about the time sufficient for three
such oscillations, a sufficient quantity of air is displaced from
the hugs to render his specific gravity greater than that of

JULY 31'1/

~;
water, and, as a matter of course, he rises no 1119'
_,ine.
not always the case: a man may be loaded, or othe7A,
oil
recollect a case in point. A carpenter was at vr.dAl do;
bows of a ship, and fell overboard. He went stra,,ost,'
and never rose again. The vessel from which he fop or,
time becalmetlin the Atlantic, and the dazzling rays gAdia.„ere
sun illumined his red nightcap as he sunk lower, Tprio
without a struggle, until by degrees it diminished, It ho'
speck—and then the aching eye could see no 111°'„110,0t
singular thing, but not more singular than true, tilia,7o c,`..tot
never, perhaps, before been thought of, that all eaw.,er ,`7OO
to be when in the dark. The geranium can no lod!atykt
the scarlet richness of its flowers—the cheek of I),t
longer tinted with the rose—when once in darisil:Owt,-ot
that we cannot see these tints and colours, but atter
really do not exist ; for colour is not a property OfTst3ll`
the effect of luminous rays , upon its surface or 011e11:,
it may chance to be opaque or transparent ; it 91)
cause is absent, the effect cannot take place. ice,"
perhaps, be more correct to state the fact in this
all colours become black in the dark ; for black i 5
tally the negation of colour, and nothing
Journal.
- FASHIONS.
ioe.o
.01P
TILE silk dresses recently prepared are very Or' e trio,
though they chiefly differ only in the style 0' the,
Amongst the greatest novelties, as far as regards olst the
may be mentioned a dress of violet-coloured , fro° 00e,
has the corsage high, and fastened behind. 11„"f theott
corsage is trimmed with ruches of gauze ribbon e ab° rhr
colour as the dress, disposed in horizontal rows, 0,11,4tb vde of
other. The skirt is trimmed with flounces edged al
of gauze ribbon. A much admired dress has uipestili°
silk, of a pattern
,consisting of broad stripes
dfail;er gre,
figured with very narrow stripes or lines of 3 igo:tdvilefi,
the same hue, and these stripes alternated with deope,''
of a sea-green moire. This dress is intended f°rsud f „lee'
and is made with the corsage half high belmilo of
front. The corsage has revers bordered by lestPlijocte ra
green velvet ribbon, and edged by very narrowt oi` •ItlO°44e
and grey silk intermingled ; at the point in f 0,11,1)00 ~ore
the revers terminate under a bow of green Ilf•Aittills
ends flowing over the skirt. The sleeves are °To l'fritirei
elbow, and at the lower part are trimmed with sad
namented, like the revers, with bows of velvet by a, oft t
the lower frill is looped up in front of the drra„,,,oseaAti;
ribbons without ends. The under sleeves are edleali7to
bouillonnes of tulle, and a frill of lace. The %t 0, /0"
formed of horizontal rows of the same lace, "4ift°
s
narrower width. There is no trimming 01 the
Orli(
dress.
The number of dresses made with
increase. They are now beginning
°light material
dresses when made of barege and
Otrhedresses of this
high corsages generally preferred f .
tfront of sthel
full ; the fullness being drawn to a point in
_, are
They are fastened behind, and, in lieu of a basqd.e_rreA:,
higilvcoo.rdsoapgteeds
t,,i,iinthesttifisloieudricaetstobie,
twhaeisstkbiay
oT,llt,hv,e;himchayshboeurlslroicji;pltb%gref
a narrov band, which is covered by dceinture oo' Olt
in front in long flowing ends. The sleeves of t,h,e, ~V
dresses are, for the most part, trimmed with frip'
egs
above ancther, each looped up by a bow of ribbed:cry e f Ole
Many of the new caps, though plain, are '
They are trimmed with flowers and ribboll• 010100
prettiest we have seen consists of a fauchon of I?)tspio
point at the back rounded, and the other two nog, 013 t,
so as to form small lappets at the ears. This call inch
rr
with loops °f light blue sarsanet ribbon about
black h
half wide, intermingled with loops of narrow
toy hivOy
Among the caps intended for evening cokulda,
tioned several composed of tulle arid blonde, adt:` `toia )rettT
ribbon and flowers. .A cap of worked muslin,,gvery I"ooflti,e
worn as in-door neglig6 or morning costume, lie or e
trimmed with cerise-colour gauze ribbon. Lit,„ plscetoOrtx.l
tion, as far as regards style, has recently take'. c°'rere
head-dresses of ribbon and flowers worn is evenaitiv prt fro
A fashionable Parisian dressmaker has recet°o,ol)ll,,
as
several evening dresses for a lady who is about otrott'ocii+l,
Paris to spend"some time at her chateau in the cselll,3thot3)
of these dresses consists of white Chambers' gag 911et1,1-
Aoa, ~,
terial, which we have noticed on a former occo,, 4of tye
atl. -11,
more firm and lustrous, is as transparent as g, el jraill,"
kind. The dress is made with two skirts, filus„,.,'jeet,`,„o,se,
torn simply by a hem. The upper skirt is orunfei'cleci
_I
side of the front with three wreaths of ivy
from the hem to the waist. These wreaths gllte o'o9'oll
in size as they ascend. The leaves, which 5t of etv
crape, are fastened to the dresS by a small tvv",,er ovell,ete
round the edge and upon the veins. To thcia,10040,,,,,,rd'0l
wreath is attached a bow of ribbon with ends iliellesytrialoa he
lower skirt. The corsage is trimmed with bree.drere t ter
ted with small wreathes of ivy-leaves. The sleeeops,. „et
with bows and flowing endS of ribbon. The ic,l)o4lot
worn with this dress is formed of small 5Pr33:',051 "tile r.
mingled with berberries and sweet-briar bi°sl",t, at
of the same will be placed in front of the
where the bret el les meet. —Lady' s Newspall-
LIVERPOOL :
kreLlt'3l 41•1o.6
Printed aria Published every TUESDAY ,9{3,"
Proprietor, ROBERT PEARSON THA,,,vitAs
Percy-street, at the STANDARD GENP,Ifr
OFFICE, No. 4, Sr. Gsoaea's Car4so,D.
Tuesday, July 31, 1355.