text: A Nanogram Dose of the CYP3A Probe Substrate Midazolam to Evaluate Drug Interactions.
  The objective of the study was to establish an in vivo method for assessing cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity using therapeutically inert nanogram doses of midazolam. We administered four escalating single doses of oral midazolam (0.0001-3 mg) to 12 healthy participants, stratified according to CYP3A5 carrier status, to assess pharmacokinetics linearity. We then evaluated the interactions with the CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole (400 mg q.d.) after nanogram and regular doses of midazolam. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) were linear over the entire range of doses. Ketoconazole reduced midazolam oral clearance by 92.8%. AUC and Cmax increased by 1,540 and 363%, respectively. CYP3A5 carrier status had no influence on midazolam oral clearance or its inhibition by ketoconazole. This is the first study showing that midazolam pharmacokinetics is linear in a 30,000-fold concentration range, and therefore that nano- and microgram doses of midazolam can reliably predict the pharmacokinetics of midazolam in therapeutic doses and can be used to assess CYP3A activity even in the presence of strong CYP3A inhibitors.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2013); advance online publication 20 March 2013. doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.27.
entities.id: T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T1 T20 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
entities.type: CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL GENE-Y GENE-Y GENE-Y GENE-N GENE-Y GENE-N GENE-N CHEMICAL GENE-N CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL
entities.text: ketoconazole midazolam Midazolam CYP3A CYP3A CYP3A5 CYP3A CYP3A5 cytochrome P450 3A CYP3A midazolam CYP3A midazolam midazolam midazolam ketoconazole midazolam Ketoconazole midazolam midazolam