text: Summary
  Kindt et al.1 published a report entitled "Intestinal immune activation in presumed post-infectious functional syspepsia" in the August issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility in 2009. By comparing the signs of inflammation and the degree of hyperplasia of the enterochromaffin cells (EC) in duodenal biopsies obtained from patients with presumed post-infectious functional dyspepsia (PI-FD) and unspecified-onset functional dyspepsia (U-FD), they showed that PI-FD is associated with persistence of focal T-cell aggregates, decrease in CD4+ cells and increased macrophage counts surrounding the crypts, without any significant differences in the numbers of EC or chromogranin A (CA)-positive cells (mast cells). This finding may indicate impaired ability of the immune system in these cases to terminate the inflammatory response after an acute insult.
  
entities.text: ['Intestinal']
entities.type: Multi-tissue_structure
entities.entity_id: PMC-2879834-sec-01_T1
entities.text: ['enterochromaffin cells']
entities.type: Cell
entities.entity_id: PMC-2879834-sec-01_T2
entities.text: ['EC']
entities.type: Cell
entities.entity_id: PMC-2879834-sec-01_T3
entities.text: ['T-cell']
entities.type: Cell
entities.entity_id: PMC-2879834-sec-01_T4
entities.text: ['CD4+ cells']
entities.type: Cell
entities.entity_id: PMC-2879834-sec-01_T5
entities.text: ['macrophage']
entities.type: Cell
entities.entity_id: PMC-2879834-sec-01_T6
entities.text: ['crypts']
entities.type: Multi-tissue_structure
entities.entity_id: PMC-2879834-sec-01_T7
entities.text: ['EC']
entities.type: Cell
entities.entity_id: PMC-2879834-sec-01_T8
entities.text: ['chromogranin A (CA)-positive cells']
entities.type: Cell
entities.entity_id: PMC-2879834-sec-01_T9
entities.text: ['mast cells']
entities.type: Cell
entities.entity_id: PMC-2879834-sec-01_T10
entities.text: ['immune system']
entities.type: Anatomical_system
entities.entity_id: PMC-2879834-sec-01_T11