bhavin-gajjar/laravel-coder-lora-train huggingface dataset:
[Laravel 10] Explain broadcasting: Introduction

In many modern web applications, WebSockets are used to implement realtime, live-updating user interfaces. When some data is updated on the server, a message is typically sent over a WebSocket connection to be handled by the client. WebSockets provide a more efficient alternative to continually polling your application's server for data changes that should be reflected in your UI.

For example, imagine your application is able to export a user's data to a CSV file and email it to them. However, creating this CSV file takes several minutes so you choose to create and mail the CSV within a queued job. When the CSV has been created and mailed to the user, we can use event broadcasting to dispatch an App\Events\UserDataExported event that is received by our application's JavaScript. Once the event is received, we can display a message to the user that their CSV has been emailed to them without them ever needing to refresh the page.

To assist you in building these types of features, Laravel makes it easy to "broadcast" your server-side Laravel events over a WebSocket connection. Broadcasting your Laravel events allows you to share the same event names and data between your server-side Laravel application and your client-side JavaScript application.

The core concepts behind broadcasting are simple: clients connect to named channels on the frontend, while your Laravel application broadcasts events to these channels on the backend. These events can contain any additional data you wish to make available to the frontend.

<a name="supported-drivers"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain broadcasting: Server Side Installation

To get started using Laravel's event broadcasting, we need to do some configuration within the Laravel application as well as install a few packages.

Event broadcasting is accomplished by a server-side broadcasting driver that broadcasts your Laravel events so that Laravel Echo (a JavaScript library) can receive them within the browser client. Don't worry - we'll walk through each part of the installation process step-by-step.

<a name="configuration"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain broadcasting: Configuration

All of your application's event broadcasting configuration is stored in the config/broadcasting.php configuration file. Laravel supports several broadcast drivers out of the box: Pusher Channels, Redis, and a log driver for local development and debugging. Additionally, a null driver is included which allows you to totally disable broadcasting during testing. A configuration example is included for each of these drivers in the config/broadcasting.php configuration file.

<a name="broadcast-service-provider"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain cache: Cache

- Introduction
- Configuration
    - Driver Prerequisites
- Cache Usage
    - Obtaining a Cache Instance
    - Retrieving Items From the Cache
    - Storing Items in the Cache
    - Removing Items From the Cache
    - The Cache Helper
- Atomic Locks
    - Driver Prerequisites
    - Managing Locks
    - Managing Locks Across Processes
- Adding Custom Cache Drivers
    - Writing the Driver
    - Registering the Driver
- Events

<a name="introduction"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain cache: Introduction

Some of the data retrieval or processing tasks performed by your application could be CPU intensive or take several seconds to complete. When this is the case, it is common to cache the retrieved data for a time so it can be retrieved quickly on subsequent requests for the same data. The cached data is usually stored in a very fast data store such as Memcached or Redis.

Thankfully, Laravel provides an expressive, unified API for various cache backends, allowing you to take advantage of their blazing fast data retrieval and speed up your web application.

<a name="configuration"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain cache: Configuration

Your application's cache configuration file is located at config/cache.php. In this file, you may specify which cache driver you would like to be used by default throughout your application. Laravel supports popular caching backends like Memcached, Redis, DynamoDB, and relational databases out of the box. In addition, a file based cache driver is available, while array and "null" cache drivers provide convenient cache backends for your automated tests.

The cache configuration file also contains various other options, which are documented within the file, so make sure to read over these options. By default, Laravel is configured to use the file cache driver, which stores the serialized, cached objects on the server's filesystem. For larger applications, it is recommended that you use a more robust driver such as Memcached or Redis. You may even configure multiple cache configurations for the same driver.

<a name="driver-prerequisites"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain cache: Database

When using the database cache driver, you will need to set up a table to contain the cache items. You'll find an example Schema declaration for the table below:

    Schema::create('cache', function (Blueprint $table) {
        $table->string('key')->unique();
        $table->text('value');
        $table->integer('expiration');
    });

> [!NOTE]  
> You may also use the php artisan cache:table Artisan command to generate a migration with the proper schema.

<a name="memcached"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain cache: Memcached

Using the Memcached driver requires the Memcached PECL package to be installed. You may list all of your Memcached servers in the config/cache.php configuration file. This file already contains a memcached.servers entry to get you started:

    'memcached' => [
        'servers' => [
            [
                'host' => env('MEMCACHED_HOST', '127.0.0.1'),
                'port' => env('MEMCACHED_PORT', 11211),
                'weight' => 100,
            ],
        ],
    ],

If needed, you may set the host option to a UNIX socket path. If you do this, the port option should be set to 0:

    'memcached' => [
        [
            'host' => '/var/run/memcached/memcached.sock',
            'port' => 0,
            'weight' => 100
        ],
    ],

<a name="redis"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain cashier paddle: Laravel Cashier (Paddle)

- Introduction
- Upgrading Cashier
- Installation
    - Paddle Sandbox
- Configuration
    - Billable Model
    - API Keys
    - Paddle JS
    - Currency Configuration
    - Overriding Default Models
- Quickstart
    - Selling Products
    - Selling Subscriptions
- Checkout Sessions
    - Overlay Checkout
    - Inline Checkout
    - Guest Checkouts
- Price Previews
    - Customer Price Previews
    - Discounts
- Customers
    - Customer Defaults
    - Retrieving Customers
    - Creating Customers
- Subscriptions
    - Creating Subscriptions
    - Checking Subscription Status
    - Subscription Single Charges
    - Updating Payment Information
    - Changing Plans
    - Subscription Quantity
    - Subscriptions With Multiple Products
    - Multiple Subscriptions
    - Pausing Subscriptions
    - Canceling Subscriptions
- Subscription Trials
    - With Payment Method Up Front
    - Without Payment Method Up Front
    - Extend or Activate a Trial
- Handling Paddle Webhooks
    - Defining Webhook Event Handlers
    - Verifying Webhook Signatures
- Single Charges
    - Charging for Products
    - Refunding Transactions
    - Crediting Transactions
- Transactions
    - Past and Upcoming Payments
- Testing

<a name="introduction"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain cashier paddle: Introduction

> [!WARNING]  
> This documentation is for Cashier Paddle 2.x's integration with Paddle Billing. If you're still using Paddle Classic, you should use Cashier Paddle 1.x.

Laravel Cashier Paddle provides an expressive, fluent interface to Paddle's subscription billing services. It handles almost all of the boilerplate subscription billing code you are dreading. In addition to basic subscription management, Cashier can handle: swapping subscriptions, subscription "quantities", subscription pausing, cancelation grace periods, and more.

Before digging into Cashier Paddle, we recommend you also review Paddle's concept guides and API documentation.

<a name="upgrading-cashier"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain cashier paddle: Installation

First, install the Cashier package for Paddle using the Composer package manager:

Next, you should publish the Cashier migration files using the vendor:publish Artisan command:

Then, you should run your application's database migrations. The Cashier migrations will create a new customers table. In addition, new subscriptions and subscription_items tables will be created to store all of your customer's subscriptions. Lastly, a new transactions table will be created to store all of the Paddle transactions associated with your customers:

> [!WARNING]  
> To ensure Cashier properly handles all Paddle events, remember to set up Cashier's webhook handling.

<a name="paddle-sandbox"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain cashier paddle: Paddle Sandbox

During local and staging development, you should register a Paddle Sandbox account. This account will give you a sandboxed environment to test and develop your applications without making actual payments. You may use Paddle's test card numbers to simulate various payment scenarios.

When using the Paddle Sandbox environment, you should set the PADDLE_SANDBOX environment variable to true within your application's .env file:

After you have finished developing your application you may apply for a Paddle vendor account. Before your application is placed into production, Paddle will need to approve your application's domain.

<a name="configuration"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain collections: Introduction

The Illuminate\Support\Collection class provides a fluent, convenient wrapper for working with arrays of data. For example, check out the following code. We'll use the collect helper to create a new collection instance from the array, run the strtoupper function on each element, and then remove all empty elements:

    $collection = collect(['taylor', 'abigail', null])->map(function (?string $name) {
        return strtoupper($name);
    })->reject(function (string $name) {
        return empty($name);
    });

As you can see, the Collection class allows you to chain its methods to perform fluent mapping and reducing of the underlying array. In general, collections are immutable, meaning every Collection method returns an entirely new Collection instance.

<a name="creating-collections"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain collections: Extending Collections

Collections are "macroable", which allows you to add additional methods to the Collection class at run time. The Illuminate\Support\Collection class' macro method accepts a closure that will be executed when your macro is called. The macro closure may access the collection's other methods via $this, just as if it were a real method of the collection class. For example, the following code adds a toUpper method to the Collection class:

    use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
    use Illuminate\Support\Str;

    Collection::macro('toUpper', function () {
        return $this->map(function (string $value) {
            return Str::upper($value);
        });
    });

    $collection = collect(['first', 'second']);

    $upper = $collection->toUpper();

    // ['FIRST', 'SECOND']

Typically, you should declare collection macros in the boot method of a service provider.

<a name="macro-arguments"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain collections: Macro Arguments

If necessary, you may define macros that accept additional arguments:

    use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
    use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Lang;

    Collection::macro('toLocale', function (string $locale) {
        return $this->map(function (string $value) use ($locale) {
            return Lang::get($value, [], $locale);
        });
    });

    $collection = collect(['first', 'second']);

    $translated = $collection->toLocale('es');

<a name="available-methods"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain configuration: Application Overview

In a hurry? You can get a quick overview of your application's configuration, drivers, and environment via the about Artisan command:

If you're only interested in a particular section of the application overview output, you may filter for that section using the --only option:

Or, to explore a specific configuration file's values in detail, you may use the config:show Artisan command:

<a name="environment-configuration"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain configuration: Environment Configuration

It is often helpful to have different configuration values based on the environment where the application is running. For example, you may wish to use a different cache driver locally than you do on your production server.

To make this a cinch, Laravel utilizes the DotEnv PHP library. In a fresh Laravel installation, the root directory of your application will contain a .env.example file that defines many common environment variables. During the Laravel installation process, this file will automatically be copied to .env.

Laravel's default .env file contains some common configuration values that may differ based on whether your application is running locally or on a production web server. These values are then retrieved from various Laravel configuration files within the config directory using Laravel's env function.

If you are developing with a team, you may wish to continue including a .env.example file with your application. By putting placeholder values in the example configuration file, other developers on your team can clearly see which environment variables are needed to run your application.

> [!NOTE]  
> Any variable in your .env file can be overridden by external environment variables such as server-level or system-level environment variables.

<a name="environment-file-security"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain configuration: Environment File Security

Your .env file should not be committed to your application's source control, since each developer / server using your application could require a different environment configuration. Furthermore, this would be a security risk in the event an intruder gains access to your source control repository, since any sensitive credentials would get exposed.

However, it is possible to encrypt your environment file using Laravel's built-in environment encryption. Encrypted environment files may be placed in source control safely.

<a name="additional-environment-files"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain console tests: Success / Failure Expectations

To get started, let's explore how to make assertions regarding an Artisan command's exit code. To accomplish this, we will use the artisan method to invoke an Artisan command from our test. Then, we will use the assertExitCode method to assert that the command completed with a given exit code:

    /**
     * Test a console command.
     */
    public function test_console_command(): void
    {
        $this->artisan('inspire')->assertExitCode(0);
    }

You may use the assertNotExitCode method to assert that the command did not exit with a given exit code:

    $this->artisan('inspire')->assertNotExitCode(1);

Of course, all terminal commands typically exit with a status code of 0 when they are successful and a non-zero exit code when they are not successful. Therefore, for convenience, you may utilize the assertSuccessful and assertFailed assertions to assert that a given command exited with a successful exit code or not:

    $this->artisan('inspire')->assertSuccessful();

    $this->artisan('inspire')->assertFailed();

<a name="input-output-expectations"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain console tests: Input / Output Expectations

Laravel allows you to easily "mock" user input for your console commands using the expectsQuestion method. In addition, you may specify the exit code and text that you expect to be output by the console command using the assertExitCode and expectsOutput methods. For example, consider the following console command:

    Artisan::command('question', function () {
        $name = $this->ask('What is your name?');

        $language = $this->choice('Which language do you prefer?', [
            'PHP',
            'Ruby',
            'Python',
        ]);

        $this->line('Your name is '.$name.' and you prefer '.$language.'.');
    });

You may test this command with the following test which utilizes the expectsQuestion, expectsOutput, doesntExpectOutput, expectsOutputToContain, doesntExpectOutputToContain, and assertExitCode methods:

    /**
     * Test a console command.
     */
    public function test_console_command(): void
    {
        $this->artisan('question')
             ->expectsQuestion('What is your name?', 'Taylor Otwell')
             ->expectsQuestion('Which language do you prefer?', 'PHP')
             ->expectsOutput('Your name is Taylor Otwell and you prefer PHP.')
             ->doesntExpectOutput('Your name is Taylor Otwell and you prefer Ruby.')
             ->expectsOutputToContain('Taylor Otwell')
             ->doesntExpectOutputToContain('you prefer Ruby')
             ->assertExitCode(0);
    }

<a name="confirmation-expectations"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain console tests: Confirmation Expectations

When writing a command which expects confirmation in the form of a "yes" or "no" answer, you may utilize the expectsConfirmation method:

    $this->artisan('module:import')
        ->expectsConfirmation('Do you really wish to run this command?', 'no')
        ->assertExitCode(1);

<a name="table-expectations"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain container: Service Container

- Introduction
    - Zero Configuration Resolution
    - When to Utilize the Container
- Binding
    - Binding Basics
    - Binding Interfaces to Implementations
    - Contextual Binding
    - Binding Primitives
    - Binding Typed Variadics
    - Tagging
    - Extending Bindings
- Resolving
    - The Make Method
    - Automatic Injection
- Method Invocation and Injection
- Container Events
- PSR-11

<a name="introduction"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain container: Introduction

The Laravel service container is a powerful tool for managing class dependencies and performing dependency injection. Dependency injection is a fancy phrase that essentially means this: class dependencies are "injected" into the class via the constructor or, in some cases, "setter" methods.

Let's look at a simple example:

    <?php

    namespace App\Http\Controllers;

    use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
    use App\Repositories\UserRepository;
    use App\Models\User;
    use Illuminate\View\View;

    class UserController extends Controller
    {
        /**
         * Create a new controller instance.
         */
        public function __construct(
            protected UserRepository $users,
        ) {}

        /**
         * Show the profile for the given user.
         */
        public function show(string $id): View
        {
            $user = $this->users->find($id);

            return view('user.profile', ['user' => $user]);
        }
    }

In this example, the UserController needs to retrieve users from a data source. So, we will **inject** a service that is able to retrieve users. In this context, our UserRepository most likely uses Eloquent to retrieve user information from the database. However, since the repository is injected, we are able to easily swap it out with another implementation. We are also able to easily "mock", or create a dummy implementation of the UserRepository when testing our application.

A deep understanding of the Laravel service container is essential to building a powerful, large application, as well as for contributing to the Laravel core itself.

<a name="zero-configuration-resolution"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain container: Zero Configuration Resolution

If a class has no dependencies or only depends on other concrete classes (not interfaces), the container does not need to be instructed on how to resolve that class. For example, you may place the following code in your routes/web.php file:

    <?php

    class Service
    {
        // ...
    }

    Route::get('/', function (Service $service) {
        die($service::class);
    });

In this example, hitting your application's / route will automatically resolve the Service class and inject it into your route's handler. This is game changing. It means you can develop your application and take advantage of dependency injection without worrying about bloated configuration files.

Thankfully, many of the classes you will be writing when building a Laravel application automatically receive their dependencies via the container, including controllers, event listeners, middleware, and more. Additionally, you may type-hint dependencies in the handle method of queued jobs. Once you taste the power of automatic and zero configuration dependency injection it feels impossible to develop without it.

<a name="when-to-use-the-container"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain container: When to Utilize the Container

Thanks to zero configuration resolution, you will often type-hint dependencies on routes, controllers, event listeners, and elsewhere without ever manually interacting with the container. For example, you might type-hint the Illuminate\Http\Request object on your route definition so that you can easily access the current request. Even though we never have to interact with the container to write this code, it is managing the injection of these dependencies behind the scenes:

    use Illuminate\Http\Request;

    Route::get('/', function (Request $request) {
        // ...
    });

In many cases, thanks to automatic dependency injection and facades, you can build Laravel applications without **ever** manually binding or resolving anything from the container. **So, when would you ever manually interact with the container?** Let's examine two situations.

First, if you write a class that implements an interface and you wish to type-hint that interface on a route or class constructor, you must tell the container how to resolve that interface. Secondly, if you are writing a Laravel package that you plan to share with other Laravel developers, you may need to bind your package's services into the container.

<a name="binding"></a>
[Laravel 10] Explain container: Simple Bindings

Almost all of your service container bindings will be registered within service providers, so most of these examples will demonstrate using the container in that context.

Within a service provider, you always have access to the container via the $this->app property. We can register a binding using the bind method, passing the class or interface name that we wish to register along with a closure that returns an instance of the class:

    use App\Services\Transistor;
    use App\Services\PodcastParser;
    use Illuminate\Contracts\Foundation\Application;

    $this->app->bind(Transistor::class, function (Application $app) {
        return new Transistor($app->make(PodcastParser::class));
    });

Note that we receive the container itself as an argument to the resolver. We can then use the container to resolve sub-dependencies of the object we are building.

As mentioned, you will typically be interacting with the container within service providers; however, if you would like to interact with the container outside of a service provider, you may do so via the App facade:

    use App\Services\Transistor;
    use Illuminate\Contracts\Foundation\Application;
    use Illuminate\Support\Facades\App;

    App::bind(Transistor::class, function (Application $app) {
        // ...
    });

You may use the bindIf method to register a container binding only if a binding has not already been registered for the given type:

> [!NOTE]  
> There is no need to bind classes into the container if they do not depend on any interfaces. The container does not need to be instructed on how to build these objects, since it can automatically resolve these objects using reflection.

<a name="binding-a-singleton"></a>