Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 1.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of PPG Industries, Inc.  (“PPG” or the “Company”) and all subsidiaries, both U. S.  and non-U.
S. , that it controls.
PPG owns more than 50% of the voting stock of most of the subsidiaries that it controls.
For those consolidated subsidiaries in which the Company’s ownership is less than 100%, the outside shareholders’ interests are shown as noncontrolling interests.
Investments in companies in which PPG owns 20% to 50% of the voting stock and has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the investee are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
As a result, PPG’s share of the earnings or losses of such equity affiliates is included in the accompanying consolidated statement of income and PPG’s share of these companies’ shareholders’ equity is included in “Investments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
Transactions between PPG and its subsidiaries are eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U. S.  generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period.
Such estimates also include the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed resulting from the allocation of the purchase price related to business combinations consummated.
Actual outcomes could differ from those estimates.
Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue when the earnings process is complete.
Revenue from sales is recognized by all operating segments when goods are shipped and title to inventory and risk of loss passes to the customer or when services have been rendered.
Shipping and Handling Costs Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling are reported in “Net sales” in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
Shipping and handling costs incurred by the Company for the delivery of goods to customers are included in “Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization” in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
Selling, General and Administrative Costs Amounts presented as “Selling, general and administrative” in the accompanying consolidated statement of income are comprised of selling, customer service, distribution and advertising costs, as well as the costs of providing corporatewide functional support in such areas as finance, law, human resources and planning.
Distribution costs pertain to the movement and storage of finished goods inventory at companyowned and leased warehouses, terminals and other distribution facilities.
Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and totaled $324 million, $297 million and $235 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Research and Development Research and development costs, which consist primarily of employee related costs, are charged to expense as incurred.
## Table 0 ##
Legal Costs Legal costs, primarily include costs associated with acquisition and divestiture transactions, general litigation, environmental regulation compliance, patent and trademark protection and other general corporate purposes, are charged to expense as incurred.
Foreign Currency Translation The functional currency of most significant non-U.
S.  operations is their local currency.
Assets and liabilities of those operations are translated into U. S.  dollars using year-end exchange rates; income and expenses are translated using the average exchange rates for the reporting period.
Unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a separate component of shareholders’ equity.
Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments (valued at cost, which approximates fair value) acquired with an original maturity of three months or less.
Short-term Investments Short-term investments are highly liquid, high credit quality investments (valued at cost plus accrued interest) that have stated maturities of greater than three months to one year.
The purchases and sales of these investments are classified as investing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.
Marketable Equity Securities The Company’s investment in marketable equity securities is recorded at fair market value and reported in “Other current assets” and “Investments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet with changes in fair market value recorded in income for those securities designated as trading securities and in other comprehensive income, net of tax, for those designated as available for sale securities.
12.
Employee Benefit Plans Defined Benefit Plans PPG has defined benefit pension plans that cover certain employees worldwide.
The principal defined benefit pension plans are those in the U. S. , Canada, the Netherlands and the U. K.  These plans in the aggregate represent approximately 96% of the projected benefit obligation at December 31, 2015, of which the U. S.  defined benefit pension plans represent the majority.
U. S.  Defined Benefit Plans As of January 1, 2006, the Company closed the salaried defined benefit plans to new entrants.
The defined benefit plan of certain hourly employees was closed to new entrants in 2006 or thereafter.
Eligible employees participate in a defined contribution retirement plan.
Further in 2011, the Company approved amendments related to certain U. S.  defined benefit plans so that depending upon the affected employee’s combined age and years of service to PPG, certain employees stopped accruing benefits either during 2011 or at some point in the future.
The affected employees will participate in the Company’s defined contribution retirement plans from the date their benefits under their respective defined benefit plans are frozen.
The Company has amended other defined benefit plans in other countries in a similar way and plans to continue reviewing and potentially changing other PPG defined benefit plans in the future.
Plan Termination During June 2014, PPG terminated one of the defined benefit pension plans containing only participants who are no longer accruing benefits, which lowered the projected benefit obligation and plan assets of PPG’s defined benefit pension plans by approximately $41 million.
Additionally, PPG recorded an immaterial settlement loss related to the termination of the plan.
Postretirement medical PPG sponsors welfare benefit plans that provide postretirement medical and life insurance benefits for certain U. S.  and Canadian employees and their dependents of which the U. S.  welfare benefit plans represent approximately 91% of the projected benefit obligation at December 31, 2015.
Salaried and certain hourly employees in the U. S.  hired on or after October 1, 2004, or rehired on or after October 1, 2012 are not eligible for post retirement medical benefits.
The U. S.  welfare benefit plans include an Employee Group Waiver Plan (“EGWP”) for certain Medicare-eligible retirees and their dependents which includes a fully-insured Medicare Part D prescription drug plan.
As such, PPG is not eligible to receive the federal subsidy provided under the Medicare Act of 2003 for these retirees and their dependents.
These plans in the U. S.  and Canada require retiree contributions based on retiree-selected coverage levels for certain retirees and their dependents and provide for sharing of future benefit cost increases between PPG and participants based on management discretion.
The Company has the right to modify, amend or terminate certain of these benefit plans in the future The following table sets forth the changes in projected benefit obligations (“PBO”) (as calculated as of December 31), plan assets, the funded status and the amounts recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet for the Company’s defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans:
## Table 1 ##
The PBO is the actuarial present value of benefits attributable to employee service rendered to date, including the effects of estimated future pay increases.
The accumulated benefit obligation (“ABO”) is the actuarial present value of benefits attributable to employee service rendered to date, but does not include the effects of estimated future pay increases.
The ABO for all defined benefit pension plans as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $5,220 million and $5,624 million, respectively
Defined benefit pension plan contributions
## Table 2 ##
PPG contributed $75 million to its U. S.  defined benefit pension plans in 2018.
Contributions to PPG’s non-U.
S.  defined benefit pension plans in 2018 were required by local funding requirements.
PPG expects to make mandatory contributions to its non-U.
S.  defined benefit pension plans in the range of $20 million to $30 million in 2019.
PPG may make voluntary contributions to its defined benefit pension plans in 2019 and beyond.
Asbestos settlement trust funding In June 2016, PPG fully funded its portion of the trust that was established by the U. S.  Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania in May 2016.
PPG’s total cash obligations to fund the Trust totaled $813 million (pre-tax).
All payments were applied against a previously established PPG reserve for the total asbestos trust obligation.
The Company utilized cash on hand for the payments, and this funding had no impact on PPG’s previously stated cash-deployment targets.
Refer to Note 14, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” under Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.
Cash used for investing activities - continuing operations
## Table 3 ##
2018 vs.  2017 The $701 million increase in cash used for investing activities - continuing operations, was primarily due to the absence of the prior year proceeds from the sale of the North American fiber glass business and higher capital expenditures, including business acquisitions.2017 vs.  2016 The $535 million decrease in cash (used for)/from investing activities - continuing operations, was primarily due to the absence of the prior year proceeds from the sale of the flat glass business, European fiber glass business and two Asian joint ventures, as well as lower capital expenditures, including business acquisitions, partially offset by the current year proceeds from the sale of the North American fiber glass business.
Capital expenditures, including business acquisitions
## Table 4 ##
(1) Includes modernization and productivity improvements, expansion of existing businesses and environmental control projects.
(2) Including cash acquired, business acquisitions totaled $387 million, $332 million, and $362 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Capital expenditures related to modernization and productivity improvements, expansion of existing businesses and environmental control projects is expected to be in the range of 2.5% to 3.0% of sales during 2019.
A primary focus for the Company in 2019 will continue to be cash deployment focused on shareholder value creation, with a preference for business acquisitions.
Cash proceeds from divestitures In September 2017, PPG completed the sale of its North American fiber glass business to Nippon Electric Glass Co.  and received approximately $540 million in pre-tax cash proceeds.
During 2016, PPG finalized the sale of its flat glass business and several other businesses and business affiliates.
The Company received total pre-tax cash proceeds of approximately $1.1 billion from these business divestitures.
Refer to Note 3, “Acquisitions and Divestitures” under Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Tables referenced above, in order (Table 0 first):
<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Research and development – total</td><td>$505</td><td>$509</td><td>$479</td></tr><tr><td>Less depreciation on research facilities</td><td>19</td><td>17</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Research and development, net</td><td>$486</td><td>$492</td><td>$463</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">Pensions</td><td colspan="2">OtherPostretirementBenefits</td></tr><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td></tr><tr><td>Projected benefitobligation, January 1</td><td>$5,775</td><td>$5,240</td><td>$1,196</td><td>$1,070</td></tr><tr><td>Service cost</td><td>59</td><td>52</td><td>17</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Interest cost</td><td>201</td><td>230</td><td>45</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Actuarial (gains) / losses - net</td><td>-143</td><td>846</td><td>-104</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>Benefits paid</td><td>-271</td><td>-390</td><td>-52</td><td>-44</td></tr><tr><td>Plan transfers</td><td>—</td><td>36</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency translation adjustments</td><td>-237</td><td>-229</td><td>-19</td><td>-12</td></tr><tr><td>Curtailment and special termination benefits</td><td>-8</td><td>-6</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>-27</td><td>-4</td><td>1</td><td>-5</td></tr><tr><td>Projected benefitobligation, December 31</td><td>$5,349</td><td>$5,775</td><td>$1,084</td><td>$1,196</td></tr><tr><td>Market value of planassets, January 1</td><td>$4,839</td><td>$4,701</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Actual return on plan assets</td><td>-19</td><td>658</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Company contributions</td><td>289</td><td>41</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Participant contributions</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Benefits paid</td><td>-249</td><td>-375</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plan transfers</td><td>—</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plan settlements</td><td>-17</td><td>-4</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plan expenses and other-net</td><td>-4</td><td>-4</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency translation adjustments</td><td>-214</td><td>-198</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Impact of commodity chemicals transaction</td><td>—</td><td>-22</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>—</td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Market value of planassets, December 31</td><td>$4,627</td><td>$4,839</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Funded Status</td><td>$-722</td><td>$-936</td><td>$-1,084</td><td>$-1,196</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other assets (long-term)</td><td>57</td><td>86</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Accounts payable and accrued liabilities</td><td>-67</td><td>-27</td><td>-63</td><td>-64</td></tr><tr><td>Accrued pensions</td><td>-712</td><td>-995</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Other postretirement benefits</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-1,021</td><td>-1,132</td></tr><tr><td>Net liability recognized</td><td>$-722</td><td>$-936</td><td>$-1,084</td><td>$-1,196</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td>U.S. defined benefit pension plans</td><td>$75</td><td>$54</td><td>$134</td></tr><tr><td>Non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans</td><td>$24</td><td>$33</td><td>$54</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>($ in millions, except percentages)</td><td colspan="3"></td><td colspan="2">% Change</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2018 vs. 2017</td><td>2017 vs. 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Cash (used for)/from investing activities</td><td>-$764</td><td>-$63</td><td>$472</td><td>1,112.7%</td><td>-113.3%</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>($ in millions, except percentages)</td><td colspan="3"></td><td colspan="2">% Change</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2018 vs. 2017</td><td>2017 vs. 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Capital expenditures<sup>-1</sup></td><td>$411</td><td>$360</td><td>$380</td><td>14.2%</td><td>-5.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired<sup>-2</sup></td><td>$378</td><td>$325</td><td>$349</td><td>16.3%</td><td>-6.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Total capital expenditures, including acquisitions</td><td>$789</td><td>$685</td><td>$729</td><td>15.2%</td><td>-6.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Capital expenditures, excluding acquisitions, as a % of sales</td><td>2.7%</td><td>2.4%</td><td>2.7%</td><td>12.5%</td><td>-11.1%</td></tr></table>

Question: what was the percentage change in research and development 2013 total from 2013 to 2014?
Answer: 0.06263
Reasoning program: subtract(509,479), divide(#0,479)