The contractual maturities of held-to-maturity securities as of January 30, 2009 were in excess of three years and were $31.4 million at cost and $28.9 million at fair value, respectively.
For the Successor year ended January 30, 2009 and period ended February 1, 2008, and the Predecessor period ended July 6, 2007 and year ended February 2, 2007, gross realized gains and losses on the sales of available-for-sale securities were not material.
The cost of securities sold is based upon the specific identification method.
Merchandise inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market with cost determined using the retail last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) method.
Under the Company’s retail inventory method (“RIM”), the calculation of gross profit and the resulting valuation of inventories at cost are computed by applying a calculated cost-to-retail inventory ratio to the retail value of sales at a department level.
Costs directly associated with warehousing and distribution are capitalized into inventory.
The excess of current cost over LIFO cost was approximately $50.0 million at January 30, 2009 and $6.1 million at February 1, 2008.
Current cost is determined using the retail first-in, first-out method.
The Company’s LIFO reserves were adjusted to zero at July 6, 2007 as a result of the Merger.
The Successor recorded LIFO provisions of $43.9 million and $6.1 million during 2008 and 2007, respectively.
The Predecessor recorded a LIFO credit of $1.5 million in 2006.
In 2008, the increased commodity cost pressures mainly related to food and pet products which have been driven by fruit and vegetable prices and rising freight costs.
Increases in petroleum, resin, metals, pulp and other raw material commodity driven costs also resulted in multiple product cost increases.
The Company intends to address these commodity cost increases through negotiations with its vendors and by increasing retail prices as necessary.
On a quarterly basis, the Company estimates the annual impact of commodity cost fluctuations based upon the best available information at that point in time.
Store pre-opening costs Pre-opening costs related to new store openings and the construction periods are expensed as incurred.
Property and equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost.
The Company provides for depreciation and amortization on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:
## Table 0 ##
Improvements of leased properties are amortized over the shorter of the life of the applicable lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset.
HEWLETT PACKARD ENTERPRISE COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Note 1: Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Loss Contingencies The Company is involved in various lawsuits, claims, investigations, and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business.
The Company records a liability for contingencies when it believes it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.
See Note 18, ‘‘Litigation and Contingencies’’, for a full description of the Company’s loss contingencies.
Recent Tax Legislation On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the ‘‘Tax Act’’) was enacted into law.
The Tax Act includes significant changes to the U. S.  corporate income tax structure, including a federal corporate rate reduction from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, limitations on the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation, creation of new minimum taxes such as the Base Erosion Anti-abuse Tax (‘‘BEAT’’) and the Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (‘‘GILTI’’) tax and the transition of U. S.  international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a modified territorial tax system, which resulted in a one-time U. S.  tax liability on those earnings which have not previously been repatriated to the U. S.  (the ‘‘Transition Tax’’).
In December 2017, the U. S.  Securities and Exchange Commission (‘‘SEC’’) issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No.118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (‘‘SAB 118’’), which allowed the Company to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date, which for the Company ended in the first quarter of fiscal 2019.
In accordance with SAB 118, the accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act was completed based on currently available legislative updates relating to the Tax Act.
The Company has elected to treat taxes due on future GILTI inclusions in U. S.  taxable income as a current period expense when incurred.
For further details, see Note 8, ‘‘Taxes on Earnings’’.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In March 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (‘‘FASB’’) amended the existing accounting standards for retirement benefits.
The amendments require the presentation of the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line items as other employee compensation costs, unless eligible for capitalization.
The other components of net periodic benefit costs will be presented separately from the service cost as non-operating costs.
Effective at the beginning of the first quarter of fiscal 2019, in connection with the adoption of the accounting standards update for retirement benefits, the Company reflected these changes retrospectively by transferring its non-service net periodic benefit credit (cost) from operating expense to other (income) and expense in its Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
The net periodic benefit credit (cost) transferred to other (income) and expense for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, was as follows.
Refer to Note 6, ‘‘Retirement and Post-Retirement Benefit Plans’’ for additional information.
## Table 1 ##
In November 2016, the FASB amended the existing accounting standards for the classification and presentation of restricted cash in the statement of cash flows.
The Company adopted the guidance in the first quarter of fiscal 2019, beginning November 1, 2018, using the retrospective method.
As a result of adopting this accounting standards update, for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company
Item 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Results of Operations – CNA Financial – (Continued) CNA’s property and casualty field structure consists of 33 branch locations across the country organized into 2 territories.
Each branch provides the marketing, underwriting and risk control expertise on the entire portfolio of products.
The Centralized Processing Operation for small and middle-market customers, located in Maitland, Florida, handles policy processing, billing and collection activities, and also acts as a call center to optimize customer service.
The claims structure consists of a centralized claim center designed to efficiently handle property damage and medical only claims and 14 claim office locations around the country handling the more complex claims.
CNA utilizes the net operating income financial measure to monitor its operations.
Net operating income is calculated by excluding from net income the after tax and minority interest effects of (1) net realized investment gains or losses, (2) income or loss from discontinued operations and (3) any cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles.
In evaluating the results of our Standard Lines and Specialty Lines segments, CNA management utilizes the loss ratio, the expense ratio, the dividend ratio, and the combined ratio.
These ratios are calculated using GAAP financial results.
The loss ratio is the percentage of net incurred claim and claim adjustment expenses to net earned premiums.
The expense ratio is the percentage of insurance underwriting and acquisition expenses, including the amortization of deferred acquisition costs, to net earned premiums.
The dividend ratio is the ratio of policyholders’ dividends incurred to net earned premiums.
The combined ratio is the sum of the loss, expense and dividend ratios.
Standard Lines The following table summarizes the results of operations for Standard Lines for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005.
## Table 2 ##
2007 Compared with 2006 Net written premiums for Standard Lines decreased $331 million in 2007 as compared with 2006, primarily due to decreased production.
The decreased production reflects CNA’s disciplined participation in the current competitive market.
The competitive market conditions are expected to put ongoing pressure on premium and income levels, and the expense ratio.
Net earned premiums decreased $178 million in 2007 as compared with 2006, consistent with the decreased premiums written.
Standard Lines averaged rate decreases of 4% for 2007, as compared to flat rates for 2006 for the contracts that renewed during those periods.
Retention rates of 79% and 81% were achieved for those contracts that were available for renewal in each period.
Net income increased $3 million in 2007 as compared with 2006.
This increase was primarily attributable to improved net operating income, offset by decreased net realized investment results.
See the Investments section of this MD&A for further discussion of net investment income and net realized investment results.
MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC.  CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
## Table 3 ##
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Tables referenced above, in order (Table 0 first):
<table><tr><td>Land improvements</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>Buildings</td><td>39-40</td></tr><tr><td>Furniture, fixtures and equipment</td><td>3-10</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Fiscal year ended October 31, 2018</td><td>Fiscal year ended October 31, 2017</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">In millions</td></tr><tr><td>Cost of products and services</td><td>$61</td><td>$25</td></tr><tr><td>Research and development</td><td>4</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative</td><td>70</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Restructuring charges and transformation costs</td><td>- 14</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$121</td><td>$61</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Year Ended December 31</td><td>2007</td><td>2006</td><td>2005</td></tr><tr><td>(In millions, except %)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net written premiums</td><td>$3,267</td><td>$3,598</td><td>$3,473</td></tr><tr><td>Net earned premiums</td><td>3,379</td><td>3,557</td><td>3,518</td></tr><tr><td>Net investment income</td><td>878</td><td>840</td><td>632</td></tr><tr><td>Net operating income (loss)</td><td>536</td><td>405</td><td>-80</td></tr><tr><td>Net realized investment gains (losses)</td><td>-87</td><td>41</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Net income (loss)</td><td>449</td><td>446</td><td>-62</td></tr><tr><td>Ratios:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Loss and loss adjustment expense</td><td>67.4%</td><td>72.5%</td><td>90.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Expense</td><td>32.5</td><td>31.6</td><td>32.7</td></tr><tr><td>Dividend</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>Combined</td><td>100.1%</td><td>104.6%</td><td>123.6%</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td> Common  Stock  Voting</td><td>Common Stock Non - Voting</td><td>Additional Paid-In Capital</td><td>Treasury Stock - Common Stock Voting</td><td>Retained Earnings (Deficit)</td><td>Accumulated Other Comprehen- sive Loss</td><td>Total Stockholders’ Equity</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="7">(In thousands)</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31, 2010</td><td>$108</td><td>$9</td><td>$340,615</td><td>$-70,000</td><td>$-34,605</td><td>$-1,651</td><td>$234,476</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>47,704</td><td>—</td><td>47,704</td></tr><tr><td>Cumulative translation adjustment and foreign currency exchange hedge, net of tax</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-634</td><td>-634</td></tr><tr><td>Unrealized net gain on securities available-for-sale, net of tax</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>403</td><td>403</td></tr><tr><td>Stock-based compensation</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>6,859</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>6,859</td></tr><tr><td>Exercise of stock options</td><td>4</td><td>—</td><td>6,803</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>6,807</td></tr><tr><td>Withholding tax payments on restricted stock vesting and stock option exercises</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-4,415</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-4,415</td></tr><tr><td>Conversion of Series B Preferred stock to common stock voting</td><td>1</td><td>—</td><td>-20,688</td><td>51,002</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>30,315</td></tr><tr><td>Tax benefit from the exercise of warrants in prior years</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>4,237</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>4,237</td></tr><tr><td>Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>7,305</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>7,305</td></tr><tr><td>Repurchases of common stock</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-6,935</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-6,935</td></tr><tr><td>Cash dividend on common stock</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-13,683</td><td>—</td><td>-13,683</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31, 2011</td><td>113</td><td>9</td><td>340,716</td><td>-25,933</td><td>-584</td><td>-1,882</td><td>312,439</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>60,069</td><td>—</td><td>60,069</td></tr><tr><td>Cumulative translation adjustment and foreign currency exchange hedge, net of tax</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-748</td><td>-748</td></tr><tr><td>Unrealized net (loss) on securities available-for-sale, net of tax</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-463</td><td>-463</td></tr><tr><td>Stock-based compensation</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>8,385</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>8,385</td></tr><tr><td>Exercise of stock options</td><td>3</td><td>—</td><td>8,522</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>8,525</td></tr><tr><td>Withholding tax payments on restricted stock vesting and stock option exercises</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-20,003</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-20,003</td></tr><tr><td>Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>14,775</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>14,775</td></tr><tr><td>Conversion of common stock non-voting to common stock voting</td><td>2</td><td>-2</td><td>-15,878</td><td>15,878</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Repurchases of common stock</td><td>—</td><td>-7</td><td>-52,908</td><td>-22,218</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-75,133</td></tr><tr><td>Cash dividend on common stock</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-65,129</td><td>—</td><td>-65,129</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31, 2012</td><td>118</td><td>—</td><td>283,609</td><td>-32,273</td><td>-5,644</td><td>-3,093</td><td>242,717</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>76,016</td><td>—</td><td>76,016</td></tr><tr><td>Cumulative translation adjustment and foreign currency exchange hedge, net of tax</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-537</td><td>-537</td></tr><tr><td>Unrealized net (loss) on securities available-for-sale, net of tax</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-453</td><td>-453</td></tr><tr><td>Stock-based compensation</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>8,879</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>8,879</td></tr><tr><td>Exercise of stock options</td><td>1</td><td>—</td><td>3,038</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>3,039</td></tr><tr><td>Withholding tax payments on restricted stock vesting and stock option exercises</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-5,001</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-5,001</td></tr><tr><td>Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>5,032</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>5,032</td></tr><tr><td>Cash dividend on common stock</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-19,330</td><td>—</td><td>-19,330</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31, 2013</td><td>$119</td><td>$—</td><td>$295,557</td><td>$-32,273</td><td>$51,042</td><td>$-4,083</td><td>$310,362</td></tr></table>

Question: what was the percentage change in the excess of current cost over lifo cost from 2008 to 2009 .
Answer: 43.9
Reasoning program: subtract(50.0,6.1)