Gross profit decreased $64.8 million, or 13.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2009 from the year ended December 31, 2008.
Gross profit as a percentage of net sales decreased from 20.8% of net sales in the year ended December 31, 2008 to 19.9% of net sales in the year ended December 31, 2009 primarily due to the decreases of sales prices and volume described previously.
Selling and administrative expenses were essentially unchanged, up 0.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2009 from the year ended December 31, 2008.
Corporate overhead for the year ended December 31, 2009 decreased $6.5 million, or 10.6%, from the year ended December 31, 2008.
The decrease was primarily attributable to lower salary and fringe benefit expenses ($5.9 million) and other items which were individually insignificant.
Other expense, net, decreased $0.7 million, or 4.7% for the year ended December 31, 2009 compared to the year ended December 31, 2008.
The decrease was primarily due to lower legal related costs ($1.6 million), partially offset by increased fixed asset disposal costs ($0.8 million).
Interest Expense, Net and Income Taxes Interest expense, net of interest income, increased by $3.8 million, or 12.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2009 compared to the year ended December 31, 2008, due to lower interest rates on our investments, which reduced interest income by $5.0 million in 2009 compared to 2008.
PCA’s total effective tax rate was 16.1% for the year ended December 31, 2009 and 35.5% for the year ended December 31, 2008.
The effective tax rate in 2009 varies from the U. S.  federal statutory tax rate of 35.0% principally due to the impact of the alternative fuel mixture tax credit, state and local income taxes and the domestic manufacturers’ deduction.
PCA had no material changes to its uncertain tax positions under ASC 740, “Income Taxes,” in 2009.
Year Ended December 31, 2008 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007 The historical results of operations of PCA for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 are set forth below:
## Table 0 ##
Net Sales Net sales increased by $44.5 million, or 1.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2008 from the year ended December 31, 2007.
Net sales increased primarily due to increased sales prices of corrugated products and containerboard ($111.0 million), partially offset by the impact of lower sales volume ($66.5 million).
Total corrugated products volume sold decreased 2.9% to 30.3 billion square feet in 2008 compared to 31.2 billion square feet in 2007.
On a comparable shipment-per-workday basis, corrugated products sales volume decreased 3.3% in 2008 from 2007.
Shipments-per-workday is calculated by dividing our total corrugated products volume during the year by the number of workdays within the year.
The larger percentage decrease on a shipment-per-workday basis was due to the fact that 2008 had one more workday (252 days), those days not falling on a weekend or holiday, than 2007 (251 days).
Containerboard sales volume to external
We use a measurement date of December 31 for plan assets and benefit obligations.
A reconciliation of the changes in the projected benefit obligation for qualified pension, nonqualified pension and postretirement benefit plans as well as the change in plan assets for the qualified pension plan follows:
## Table 1 ##
At December 31, 2009, the fair value of the qualified pension plan assets was greater than both the accumulated benefit obligation and the projected benefit obligation.
The nonqualified pension plan, which contains several individual plans that are accounted for together, is unfunded.
Contributions from us and, in the case of postretirement benefit plans, participant contributions cover all benefits paid under the nonqualified pension plan and postretirement benefit plans.
The postretirement plan provides benefits to certain retirees that are at least actuarially equivalent to those provided by Medicare Part D and accordingly, we receive a federal subsidy as shown in the table.
PNC PENSION PLAN ASSETS Assets related to our qualified pension plan (the Plan) are held in trust (the Trust).
The trustee is PNC Bank, N. A.
The Trust is exempt from tax pursuant to section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code).
The Plan is qualified under section 401(a) of the Code.
Plan assets consist primarily of listed domestic and international equity securities and US government, agency, and corporate debt securities and real estate investments.
Plan assets as of December 31, 2009 do include common stock of PNC.
Assets related to the pension plan investments of the former National City qualified pension plan are held in trust.
The trustee is PNC Bank, N. A.
The Trust is exempt from tax pursuant to section 501(a) of the Code as of December 31, 2009.
The plan is qualified under section 401(a) of the Code.
During 2009, the majority of plan assets were transferred to the PNC Trust.
At December 31, 2009, plan assets consist primarily of cash equivalents, listed domestic and international equity securities and US government, agency, and corporate debt securities.
Plan assets do include common stock of PNC as discussed below.
The Pension Plan Administrative Committee (the Committee) adopted the current Pension Plan Investment Policy Statement, including the updated target allocations and allowable ranges shown below, on August 13, 2008.
Table of Contents POLO RALPH LAUREN CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) Additional information pertaining to the restricted stock and RSU activity is as follows:
## Table 2 ##
21.
Employee Benefit Plans Profit Sharing Retirement Savings Plans The Company sponsors three defined contribution benefit plans covering substantially all eligible employees in the U. S.  and Puerto Rico who are not covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
The plans include a savings plan feature under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code.
The Company makes discretionary contributions to the plans and contributes an amount equal to 50% of the first 6% of salary contributed by an employee.
Under the terms of the plans, a participant is 100% vested in Company matching and discretionary contributions after five years of credited service.
Contributions made by the Company under these plans approximated $8 million in Fiscal 2011 and $6 million in each of Fiscal 2010 and Fiscal 2009.  International Defined Benefit Plans The Company sponsors certain single-employer defined benefit plans and cash balance plans at international locations which are not considered to be material individually or in the aggregate.
Pension benefits under these plans are based on formulas that reflect the employees’ years of service and compensation levels during their employment period.
The aggregate funded status of the single-employer defined benefit plans were net liabilities of $1.7 million and $5.1 million as of April 2, 2011 and April 3, 2010, respectively, and were primarily recorded within other non-current liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
These single-employer defined benefit plans had aggregate projected benefit obligations of $33.6 million and aggregate fair values of plan assets of $31.9 million as of April 2, 2011, compared to projected benefit obligations of $25.4 million and aggregate fair values of plan assets of $22.5 million as of April 3, 2010.
The asset portfolio of the single-employer defined benefit plans primarily consists of debt securities, which have been measured at fair value largely using Level 2 inputs, as defined in Note 15.
Pension expense for these plans, recorded within SG&A expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, was $1.8 million in Fiscal 2011, $4.2 million in Fiscal 2010 and $4.0 million in Fiscal 2009.
Union Pension Plan The Company participates in a multi-employer pension plan and is required to make contributions to the UNITE HERE (which was previously known as the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, prior to its merger with the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union) (“Union”) for dues based on wages paid to union employees.
A portion of these dues is allocated by the Union to a retirement fund which provides defined benefits to substantially all unionized workers.
The Company does not participate in the management of the plan and has not been furnished with information with respect to the type of benefits provided, vested and non-vested benefits or assets.
UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC.  AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) comprised of corporate and government bonds, hedge funds, real estate investments and private equity funds.
The commingled funds are valued using net asset values, adjusted, as appropriate, for investment fund specific inputs determined to be significant to the valuation.
Investments in hedge funds are valued using reported net asset values as of December 31.
These assets are primarily invested in a portfolio of diversified, direct investments and funds of hedge funds.
Real estate investments and private equity funds are valued using fair values per the most recent partnership audited financial reports, adjusted as appropriate for any lag between the date of the financial reports and December 31.
The real estate investments consist of U. S.  and non-U.
S.  real estate investments and are broadly diversified.
The fair values may, due to the inherent uncertainty of valuation for those alternative investments, differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market for the alternative investments existed, and the differences could be material.
At December 31, 2010 approximately $3.766 billion of the plan assets are held in comingled stock funds that each hold U. S.  and international public market securities.
The plan held the right to liquidate its positions in these commingled stock funds at any time, subject only to a brief notification period.
No unfunded commitment existed with respect to these commingled stock funds at December 31, 2010.
The plan holds approximately $2.098 billion of its investments in limited partnership interests in various private equity and real estate funds.
Limited provision exists for the redemption of these interests by the general partners that invest these funds until the end of the term of the partnerships, typically ranging between 12 and 18 years from the date of inception.
An active secondary market exists for similar partnership interests, although no particular value (discount or premium) can be guaranteed.
At December 31, 2010, unfunded commitments to such limited partnerships totaling approximately $585 million are expected to be contributed over the remaining investment period, typically ranging between three and six years.
Approximately $2.023 billion of the plan investments are held in hedge funds that pursue multiple strategies to diversify risk and reduce volatility.
Most of these funds require two to three months notice for redemptions and allow them to occur either quarterly or semi-annually, while others allow for redemption after only a brief notification period with no restriction on redemption frequency.
No unfunded commitments existed with respect to these hedge funds.
The fair value measurement of plan assets using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) changed during 2010 due to the following (in millions):

Tables referenced above, in order (Table 0 first):
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">For the Year Ended December 31,</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>Change</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">(In millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Net sales</td><td>$2,360.5</td><td>$2,316.0</td><td>$44.5</td></tr><tr><td>Income from operations</td><td>$241.8</td><td>$293.5</td><td>$-51.7</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense, net</td><td>-31.7</td><td>-25.6</td><td>-6.1</td></tr><tr><td>Income before taxes</td><td>210.1</td><td>267.9</td><td>-57.8</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for income taxes</td><td>-74.5</td><td>-97.8</td><td>23.3</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$135.6</td><td>$170.1</td><td>$-34.5</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">Qualified Pension</td><td colspan="2">Nonqualified Pension</td><td colspan="2">Postretirement Benefits</td></tr><tr><td>December 31 (Measurement Date) – in millions</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated benefit obligation at end of year</td><td>$3,533</td><td>$3,493</td><td>$274</td><td>$253</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year</td><td>$3,617</td><td>$1,507</td><td>$263</td><td>$113</td><td>$359</td><td>$243</td></tr><tr><td>National City acquisition</td><td>-164</td><td>2,109</td><td></td><td>145</td><td>-7</td><td>105</td></tr><tr><td>Other acquisitions</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Service cost</td><td>90</td><td>44</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Interest cost</td><td>206</td><td>86</td><td>15</td><td>6</td><td>21</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Amendments</td><td>-43</td><td>-17</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Actuarial losses (gains) and changes in assumptions</td><td>83</td><td>-18</td><td>24</td><td>2</td><td>21</td><td>-17</td></tr><tr><td>FASB ASC 715-60 adoption</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Participant contributions</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>14</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Federal Medicare subsidy on benefits paid</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Benefits paid</td><td>-178</td><td>-94</td><td>-24</td><td>-10</td><td>-40</td><td>-33</td></tr><tr><td>Projected benefit obligation at end of year</td><td>$3,611</td><td>$3,617</td><td>$282</td><td>$263</td><td>$374</td><td>$359</td></tr><tr><td>Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year</td><td>$3,292</td><td>$2,019</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>National City acquisition</td><td></td><td>2,032</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Actual return on plan assets</td><td>607</td><td>-665</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Employer contribution</td><td></td><td></td><td>$24</td><td>$10</td><td>$24</td><td>$22</td></tr><tr><td>Participant contributions</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>14</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Federal Medicare subsidy on benefits paid</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Benefits paid</td><td>-178</td><td>-94</td><td>-24</td><td>-10</td><td>-40</td><td>-33</td></tr><tr><td>Fair value of plan assets at end of year</td><td>$3,721</td><td>$3,292</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Funded status</td><td>$110</td><td>$-325</td><td>$-282</td><td>$-263</td><td>$-374</td><td>$-359</td></tr><tr><td>Net amount recognized on the balance sheet</td><td>$110</td><td>$-325</td><td>$-282</td><td>$-263</td><td>$-374</td><td>$-359</td></tr><tr><td>Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income consist of:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prior service cost (credit)</td><td>$-54</td><td>$-12</td><td>$2</td><td></td><td>$-17</td><td>$-22</td></tr><tr><td>Net actuarial loss</td><td>658</td><td>1,004</td><td>53</td><td>$30</td><td>35</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Amount recognized in AOCI</td><td>$604</td><td>$992</td><td>$55</td><td>$30</td><td>$18</td><td>$-8</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3"> Fiscal Years Ended</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> April 2,   2011</td><td> April 3,   2010</td><td> March 28,   2009</td></tr><tr><td><i>Restricted Stock</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average grant date fair value of awards granted</td><td>$125.26</td><td>$55.93</td><td>$59.22</td></tr><tr><td>Total fair value of awards vested (millions)</td><td>0.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.1</td></tr><tr><td><i>Service-based RSUs</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average grant date fair value of awards granted</td><td>$125.26</td><td>$82.47</td><td>$64.12</td></tr><tr><td>Total fair value of awards vested (millions)</td><td>9.8</td><td>14.2</td><td>10.2</td></tr><tr><td><i>Performance-based RSUs</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average grant date fair value of awards granted</td><td>$75.29</td><td>$58.16</td><td>$57.48</td></tr><tr><td>Total fair value of awards vested (millions)</td><td>39.0</td><td>32.6</td><td>40.8</td></tr></table>

Question: Which element has the second largest number in 2009 for Qualified Pension
Answer: Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year