The Company incurred significant non-recurring separation costs in 2007 as a result of the Separation.
These costs were primarily associated with establishing the Ameriprise Financial brand, separating and reestablishing the Company’s technology platforms and advisor and employee retention programs.5.
Acquisitions and Pending Transactions On September 30, 2009, the Company announced a definitive agreement to acquire the long-term asset management business of Columbia Management Group (‘‘Columbia’’).
The total consideration to be paid will be between $900 million and $1.2 billion based on net asset flows at Columbia before closing.
The acquisition is expected to be funded through the use of cash on hand and is expected to close in the spring of 2010, subject to satisfaction of closing conditions that are generally present in similar acquisitions.
In the fourth quarter of 2008, the Company completed its all-cash acquisitions of H&R Block Financial Advisors, Inc. , subsequently renamed Ameriprise Advisor Services, Inc.  (‘‘AASI’’), J.
& W.  Seligman & Co. , Incorporated (‘‘Seligman’’) and Brecek & Young Advisors, Inc.  for $329 million, $432 million and $26 million, respectively.
The cost of the acquisitions included the purchase price and transaction costs.
These acquisitions further expanded the Company’s retail distribution and asset management businesses.
The Company recorded the assets and liabilities acquired at fair value and allocated the remaining costs to goodwill and intangible assets.
See Note 2 and Note 9 for additional information on goodwill and intangible assets.6.
Variable Interest Entities The Company consolidates a VIE for which it is considered the primary beneficiary.
As of December 31, 2009 and 2008, the Company had investments of $10 million and non-recourse debt of $6 million, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to this entity.
The Company has variable interests for which it is not the primary beneficiary and, therefore, does not consolidate.
The Company’s maximum exposure to loss as a result of its investment in these entities is limited to its carrying value.
The Company has no obligation to provide further financial or other support to the VIEs nor has the Company provided any additional support to the VIEs other than services it is separately compensated for through management agreements.
The Company had no liabilities recorded as of December 31, 2009 and 2008 related to these entities.
The Company is a limited partner in affordable housing partnerships which qualify for government sponsored low income housing tax credit programs.
Certain of these partnerships are considered to be variable interest entities; however, the Company does not consolidate these partnerships because it is not the primary beneficiary.
The carrying values of the affordable housing partnerships are reflected in investments and were $28 million and $54 million as of December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
For the collateralized debt obligations (‘‘CDOs’’) managed by the Company, the Company has evaluated its variability in losses and returns considering its investment levels, which are less than 50% of the residual tranches, and the fees received from managing the structures and has determined that consolidation is not required.
The carrying values of the CDOs are reflected in investments and were $58 million and $50 million as of December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
The Company manages $6.4 billion of underlying collateral consisting primarily of below investment grade syndicated bank loans within the CDOs.7.
Investments The following is a summary of investments:
## Table 0 ##
Item 6.
Consolidated Five-Year Summary of Selected Financial Data The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial information from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006 and 2005 and for the five-year period ended December 31, 2009.
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.
For the periods preceding our separation from American Express Company (‘‘American Express’’), we prepared our Consolidated Financial Statements as if we had been a stand-alone company.
In the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements for those periods, we made certain allocations of expenses that our management believed to be a reasonable reflection of costs we would have otherwise incurred as a stand-alone company but were paid by American Express.
Accordingly,our Consolidated Financial Statements include various adjustments to amounts in our consolidated financial statements as a subsidiary of American Express.
The selected financial data presented below should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included elsewhere in this report and ‘‘Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
’’
## Table 1 ##
Earnings (Loss) Per Share Attributable to Ameriprise Financial common shareholders: Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Ameriprise
## Table 2 ##
(1) During 2007, 2006 and 2005, we recorded non-recurring separation costs as a result of our separation from American Express.
During the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, $236 million ($154 million after-tax), $361 million ($235 million after-tax) and $293 million ($191 million after-tax), respectively, of such costs were incurred.
These costs were primarily associated with establishing the Ameriprise Financial brand, separating and reestablishing our technology platforms and advisor and employee retention programs.
(2) Diluted shares used in this calculation represent basic shares due to the net loss.
Using actual diluted shares would result in anti-dilution.
HOST HOTELS & RESORTS, INC. , HOST HOTELS & RESORTS, L. P. , AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds received, was $40 million, $15 million, and $9 million in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in millions):

Tables referenced above, in order (Table 0 first):
<table><tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"> December 31,</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> 2009</td><td> 2008</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"> (in millions) </td></tr><tr><td>Available-for-Sale securities, at fair value</td><td>$32,546</td><td>$22,873</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial mortgage loans, net</td><td>2,663</td><td>2,887</td></tr><tr><td>Trading securities</td><td>592</td><td>501</td></tr><tr><td>Policy loans</td><td>720</td><td>729</td></tr><tr><td>Other investments</td><td>453</td><td>532</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$36,974</td><td>$27,522</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td> </td><td colspan="5"> Years Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> 2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007 -1</td><td> 2006<sup>-1</sup></td><td> 2005<sup>-1</sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td colspan="5"> (in millions, except per share data) </td></tr><tr><td> Income Statement Data:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net revenues</td><td>$7,805</td><td>$6,916</td><td>$8,506</td><td>$7,985</td><td>$7,341</td></tr><tr><td>Expenses</td><td>6,885</td><td>7,341</td><td>7,498</td><td>7,123</td><td>6,596</td></tr><tr><td>Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Ameriprise Financial</td><td>$722</td><td>$-38</td><td>$814</td><td>$631</td><td>$558</td></tr><tr><td>Income from discontinued operations, net of tax</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Net income (loss) attributable to Ameriprise Financial</td><td>722</td><td>-38</td><td>814</td><td>631</td><td>574</td></tr><tr><td>Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests</td><td>15</td><td>-54</td><td>-8</td><td>65</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Net income (loss)</td><td>$737</td><td>$-92</td><td>$806</td><td>$696</td><td>$574</td></tr><tr><td> Earnings (Loss) Per Share Attributable to Ameriprise Financial common shareholders:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Ameriprise Financial:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td>$2.98</td><td>$-0.17</td><td>$3.45</td><td>$2.56</td><td>$2.26</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted</td><td>2.95</td><td>-0.17 (2)</td><td>3.39</td><td>2.54</td><td>2.26</td></tr><tr><td>Income from discontinued operations, net of tax:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td>Net income (loss) attributable to Ameriprise Financial:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td>2.98</td><td>-0.17</td><td>3.45</td><td>2.56</td><td>2.32</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted</td><td>2.95</td><td>-0.17 (2)</td><td>3.39</td><td>2.54</td><td>2.32</td></tr><tr><td> Cash Dividends Paid Per Common Share</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shareholders</td><td>0.68</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.11</td></tr><tr><td> Cash Dividends Paid:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shareholders</td><td>164</td><td>143</td><td>133</td><td>108</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>American Express Company</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>53</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td> </td><td colspan="5"> December 31,</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> 2009</td><td> 2008</td><td> 2007</td><td> 2006</td><td> 2005</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td colspan="5"> (in millions) </td></tr><tr><td> Balance Sheet Data:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Investments</td><td>$36,974</td><td>$27,522</td><td>$30,625</td><td>$35,504</td><td>$39,086</td></tr><tr><td>Separate account assets</td><td>58,129</td><td>44,746</td><td>61,974</td><td>53,848</td><td>41,561</td></tr><tr><td>Total assets</td><td>113,774</td><td>95,577</td><td>109,135</td><td>104,391</td><td>93,195</td></tr><tr><td>Future policy benefits and claims</td><td>30,886</td><td>29,293</td><td>27,446</td><td>30,031</td><td>32,725</td></tr><tr><td>Separate account liabilities</td><td>58,129</td><td>44,746</td><td>61,974</td><td>53,848</td><td>41,561</td></tr><tr><td>Customer deposits</td><td>8,554</td><td>8,229</td><td>6,206</td><td>6,688</td><td>6,796</td></tr><tr><td>Debt</td><td>2,249</td><td>2,027</td><td>2,018</td><td>2,244</td><td>1,852</td></tr><tr><td>Total liabilities</td><td>103,898</td><td>89,110</td><td>100,947</td><td>96,015</td><td>85,508</td></tr><tr><td>Ameriprise Financial shareholders' equity</td><td>9,273</td><td>6,178</td><td>7,810</td><td>7,925</td><td>7,687</td></tr></table>

Question: what was the percentage change in cash paid for income taxes , net of refunds received between 2016 and 2017?
Answer: 1.66667
Reasoning program: subtract(40,15), divide(#0,15)