assets resulting from the decrease in the federal tax rate included in the Tax Act and a decrease in the domestic manufacturing deduction primarily resulting from an increase in our 2018 expected discretionary pre-tax pension contributions.
See Note 13: Income Taxes in Item 8.
SEGMENT OPERATING RESULTS Basis of Presentation We are aligned into three reportable segments: Ingalls, Newport News, and Technical Solutions.
The following table presents segment operating results:
## Table 0 ##
KEY SEGMENT FINANCIAL MEASURES Sales and Service Revenues Period-to-period revenues reflect performance under new and ongoing contracts.
Changes in sales and service revenues are typically expressed in terms of volume.
Unless otherwise described, volume generally refers to increases (or decreases) in reported revenues due to varying production activity levels, delivery rates, or service levels on individual contracts.
Volume changes will typically carry a corresponding income change based on the margin rate for a particular contract.
Segment Operating Income Segment operating income reflects the aggregate performance results of contracts within a segment.
Excluded from this measure are certain costs not directly associated with contract performance, such as the Operating FAS/CAS Adjustment and non-current state income taxes.
Changes in segment operating income are typically expressed in terms of volume, as discussed above, or performance.
Performance refers to changes in contract margin rates.
These changes typically relate to profit recognition associated with revisions to EAC that reflect improved or deteriorated operating performance on that contract.
Operating income changes are accounted for on a cumulative to date basis at the time an EAC change is recorded.
Segment operating income may also be affected by, among other things, contract performance, the effects of workforce stoppages, the effects of natural disasters such as hurricanes, resolution of disputed items with the customer, recovery of insurance proceeds, and other discrete events.
At the completion of a long-term contract, any originally estimated costs not incurred or reserves not fully utilized, such as warranty reserves, could also impact contract earnings.
Where such items have occurred and the effects are material, a separate description is provided.
Sales and Service Revenues 2018 - Newport News revenues, including intersegment sales, increased $558 million, or 13%, in 2018 compared to 2017, primarily driven by higher revenues in aircraft carriers and naval nuclear support services, partially offset by lower revenues in submarines.
Aircraft carriers revenues increased primarily as a result of higher volumes on the execution contract for the RCOH of USS George Washington (CVN 73) and the advance planning contract for Enterprise (CVN 80), partially offset by lower volumes on the inactivation of the decommissioned aircraft carrier Enterprise (CVN 65) and the execution contract for the RCOH of the redelivered USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72).
Naval nuclear support services revenues increased primarily as a result of higher volumes in submarine support and facility maintenance services.
Submarines revenues related to the Virginia class (SSN 774) submarine program decreased due to lower volumes and performance on Block III boats, partially offset by higher volumes on Block IV and Block V boats.2017 - Newport News revenues, including intersegment sales, increased $75 million, or 2%, in 2017 compared to 2016, primarily driven by higher revenues in aircraft carriers and naval nuclear support services, partially offset by lower revenues in submarines.
Aircraft carriers revenues increased primarily as a result of higher volumes on the advance planning and execution contract for the RCOH of USS George Washington (CVN 73), the construction contract for John F.  Kennedy (CVN 79), and the advance planning contract for Enterprise (CVN 80), partially offset by lower volumes on the execution contract for the RCOH of the redelivered USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72), the construction contract for the delivered USS Gerald R.  Ford (CVN 78), and the inactivation of the decommissioned Enterprise (CVN 65).
Naval nuclear support services revenues increased primarily as a result of higher volumes in submarine support and facility maintenance services, partially offset by lower volumes in aircraft carrier support services.
Submarines revenues related to the Virginia class (SSN 774) submarine program decreased due to lower volumes on Block III boats, partially offset by higher volumes on Block IV boats.
Segment Operating Income 2018 - Newport News operating income in 2018 was $318 million, compared to income of $354 million in 2017.
The decrease was primarily due to lower performance in the Virginia class (SSN 774) submarine program, including Delaware (SSN 791) and Montana (SSN 794), the resolution in 2017 of outstanding contract changes on the inactivation of the decommissioned Enterprise (CVN 65) and the RCOH of USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72), as well as one time employee bonus payments in 2018 related to the Tax Act, partially offset by favorable changes in workers' compensation expense and the increased volume described above.2017 - Newport News operating income in 2017 was $354 million, compared to income of $386 million in 2016.
The decrease was primarily due to lower volume and risk retirement in the Virginia class (SSN 774) submarine program, favorable changes in overhead costs in 2016, and the receipt in 2016 of a local government incentive grant, partially offset by the resolution of outstanding contract changes on the inactivation of the decommissioned Enterprise (CVN 65) and the RCOH of the redelivered USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72).
Technical Solutions
## Table 1 ##
Sales and Service Revenues 2018 - Technical Solutions revenues, including intersegment sales, for the year ended December 31, 2018, increased $36 million, or 4%, compared to 2017, primarily due to higher revenues in oil and gas services and MDIS services, partially offset by lower nuclear and environmental and fleet support revenues.2017 - Technical Solutions revenues, including intersegment sales, for the year ended December 31, 2017, increased $261 million, or 38%, compared to 2016, primarily due to higher volume in MDIS services following the
December 2016 acquisition of Camber and higher volumes in fleet support and oil and gas services, partially offset by lower nuclear and environmental volumes due to the resolution in 2016 of outstanding contract changes on a nuclear and environmental commercial contract.
Segment Operating Income 2018 - Operating income in the Technical Solutions segment for the year ended December 31, 2018, was $32 million, compared to operating income of $21 million in 2017.
The increase was primarily due to an allowance for accounts receivable in 2017 on a nuclear and environmental commercial contract and higher income from operating investments at our nuclear and environmental joint ventures, partially offset by one time employee bonus payments in 2018 related to the Tax Act and lower performance in fleet support services.2017 - Operating income in the Technical Solutions segment for the year ended December 31, 2017, was $21 million, compared to operating income of $8 million in 2016.
The increase was primarily due to improved performance in oil and gas services and higher volume in MDIS services following the December 2016 acquisition of Camber, partially offset by the establishment of an allowance for accounts receivable on a nuclear and environmental commercial contract in 2017 and the resolution in 2016 of outstanding contract changes on a nuclear and environmental commercial contract.
BACKLOG Total backlog as of December 31, 2018, was approximately $23 billion.
Total backlog includes both funded backlog (firm orders for which funding is contractually obligated by the customer) and unfunded backlog (firm orders for which funding is not currently contractually obligated by the customer).
Backlog excludes unexercised contract options and unfunded IDIQ orders.
For contracts having no stated contract values, backlog includes only the amounts committed by the customer.
The following table presents funded and unfunded backlog by segment as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:
## Table 2 ##
We expect approximately 30% of the $23 billion total backlog as of December 31, 2018, to be converted into sales in 2019.
U. S.  Government orders comprised substantially all of the backlog as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Awards 2018 - The value of new contract awards during the year ended December 31, 2018, was approximately $9.8 billion.
Significant new awards during the period included contracts for the construction of three Arleigh Burke class (DDG 51) destroyers, for the detail design and construction of Richard M.  McCool Jr.  (LPD 29), for procurement of long-lead-time material for Enterprise (CVN 80), and for the construction of NSC 10 (unnamed) and NSC 11 (unnamed).
In addition, we received awards in 2019 valued at $15.2 billion for detail design and construction of the Gerald R.  Ford class (CVN 78) aircraft carriers Enterprise (CVN 80) and CVN 81 (unnamed).2017 - The value of new contract awards during the year ended December 31, 2017, was approximately $8.1 billion.
Significant new awards during this period included the detailed design and construction contract for Bougainville (LHA 8) and the execution contract for the RCOH of USS George Washington (CVN 73).

Tables referenced above, in order (Table 0 first):
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">Year Ended December 31</td><td colspan="2">2018 over 2017</td><td colspan="2">2017 over 2016</td></tr><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>Dollars</td><td>Percent</td><td>Dollars</td><td>Percent</td></tr><tr><td>Sales and Service Revenues</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ingalls</td><td>$2,607</td><td>$2,420</td><td>$2,389</td><td>$187</td><td>8%</td><td>$31</td><td>1%</td></tr><tr><td>Newport News</td><td>4,722</td><td>4,164</td><td>4,089</td><td>558</td><td>13%</td><td>75</td><td>2%</td></tr><tr><td>Technical Solutions</td><td>988</td><td>952</td><td>691</td><td>36</td><td>4%</td><td>261</td><td>38%</td></tr><tr><td>Intersegment eliminations</td><td>-141</td><td>-95</td><td>-101</td><td>-46</td><td>-48%</td><td>6</td><td>6%</td></tr><tr><td>Sales and service revenues</td><td>$8,176</td><td>$7,441</td><td>$7,068</td><td>$735</td><td>10%</td><td>$373</td><td>5%</td></tr><tr><td>Operating Income</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ingalls</td><td>$313</td><td>$313</td><td>$321</td><td>$—</td><td>—%</td><td>$-8</td><td>-2%</td></tr><tr><td>Newport News</td><td>318</td><td>354</td><td>386</td><td>-36</td><td>-10%</td><td>-32</td><td>-8%</td></tr><tr><td>Technical Solutions</td><td>32</td><td>21</td><td>8</td><td>11</td><td>52%</td><td>13</td><td>163%</td></tr><tr><td>Segment operating income</td><td>663</td><td>688</td><td>715</td><td>-25</td><td>-4%</td><td>-27</td><td>-4%</td></tr><tr><td>Non-segment factors affecting operating income</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Operating FAS/CAS Adjustment</td><td>290</td><td>205</td><td>163</td><td>85</td><td>41%</td><td>42</td><td>26%</td></tr><tr><td>Non-current state income taxes</td><td>-2</td><td>-12</td><td>-2</td><td>10</td><td>83%</td><td>-10</td><td>-500%</td></tr><tr><td>Operating income</td><td>$951</td><td>$881</td><td>$876</td><td>$70</td><td>8%</td><td>$5</td><td>1%</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">Year Ended December 31</td><td colspan="2">2018 over 2017</td><td colspan="2">2017 over 2016</td></tr><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>Dollars</td><td>Percent</td><td>Dollars</td><td>Percent</td></tr><tr><td>Sales and service revenues</td><td>$988</td><td>$952</td><td>$691</td><td>$36</td><td>4%</td><td>$261</td><td>38%</td></tr><tr><td>Segment operating income</td><td>32</td><td>21</td><td>8</td><td>11</td><td>52%</td><td>13</td><td>163%</td></tr><tr><td>As a percentage of segment sales</td><td>3.2%</td><td>2.2%</td><td>1.2%</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>December 31, 2018</td><td>December 31, 2017</td></tr><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td>Funded</td><td>Unfunded</td><td>Total Backlog</td><td>Funded</td><td>Unfunded</td><td>Total Backlog</td></tr><tr><td>Ingalls</td><td>$9,943</td><td>$1,422</td><td>$11,365</td><td>$5,920</td><td>$2,071</td><td>$7,991</td></tr><tr><td>Newport News</td><td>6,767</td><td>4,144</td><td>10,911</td><td>6,976</td><td>5,608</td><td>12,584</td></tr><tr><td>Technical Solutions</td><td>339</td><td>380</td><td>719</td><td>478</td><td>314</td><td>792</td></tr><tr><td>Total backlog</td><td>$17,049</td><td>$5,946</td><td>$22,995</td><td>$13,374</td><td>$7,993</td><td>$21,367</td></tr></table>

Question: what was the percentage increase in the operating income from 2016 to 2017
Answer: 1.625
Reasoning program: subtract(21,const_8), divide(#0,const_8)