indefinitely in our foreign subsidiaries.
If these earnings were distributed into the U. S.  in the form of dividends to eBay companies domiciled in the U. S.  or otherwise, or if the shares of the relevant foreign subsidiaries were sold or otherwise transferred, we would be subject to additional U. S.  income taxes (subject to an adjustment for foreign tax credits) and foreign withholding taxes.
Further, as a result of certain of our ongoing employment and capital investment actions and commitments, our income in certain countries including Switzerland, Singapore and Luxembourg, is subject to reduced tax rates.
Our failure to meet these commitments could adversely impact our provision for income taxes.
Additionally, please see the information in "Item 1A: Risk Factors" under the caption "We may have exposure to greater than anticipated tax liabilities. "
From time to time, we engage in certain intercompany transactions and legal entity restructurings.
We consider many factors when evaluating these transactions, including the alignment of our corporate structure with our organizational objectives and the operational and tax efficiency of our corporate structure, as well as the long-term cash flows and cash needs of our different businesses.
These transactions may impact our overall tax rate and/or result in additional cash tax payments.
The impact in any period may be significant.
These transactions may be complex and the impact of such transactions on future periods may be difficult to estimate.
We are regularly under examination by tax authorities both domestically and internationally.
We believe that adequate amounts have been reserved for any adjustments that may ultimately result from these examinations, although we cannot assure you that this will be the case given the inherent uncertainties in these examinations.
Due to the ongoing tax examinations, we believe it is impractical to determine the amount and timing of these adjustments.
Liquidity and Capital Resources Cash Flows
## Table 0 ##
Operating Activities We generated cash from operating activities of $5.0 billion , $3.8 billion and $3.3 billion in 2013 , 2012 and 2011 , respectively.
The increase in cash provided by operating activities in 2013 as compared to 2012 is due primarily to higher net income driven by higher revenues, increases in non-cash charges to net income related to our provision for transaction and loan losses and depreciation and amortization and lower cash paid for income taxes.
The increase in cash provided by operating activities in 2012 compared to 2011 was due primarily to higher income from operations resulting from growth in revenues.
Cash paid for income taxes in 2013 , 2012 and 2011 was $466 million , $789 million and $373 million , respectively.
Investing Activities The net cash used in investing activities of $6.0 billion in 2013 was due primarily to net cash paid for purchases of investments of $7.5 billion , purchases of property and equipment of $1.3 billion and the purchase of consumer loan receivables (net of collections and charge-offs) originated through our Bill Me Later merchant network of $794 million , partially offset by proceeds of $3.9 billion for sales of investments.
The net cash used in investing activities of $3.8 billion in 2012 was due primarily to net cash paid for purchases of investments of $3.1 billion, purchases of property and equipment, of $1.3 billion and the purchase of consumer loan receivables (net of collections) originated through our Bill Me Later merchant network of $727 million, partially offset by proceeds of $1.4 billion for sales of investments.
Equity Method and Cost Method Investments.
For most publicly traded investments, the fair value of our Company’s investment is often readily available based on quoted market prices.
For non–publicly traded investments, management’s assessment of fair value is based on valuation methodologies including discounted cash flows, estimates of sales proceeds and external appraisals, as appropriate.
The ability to accurately predict future cash flows, especially in developing and unstable markets, may impact the determination of fair value.
In the event a decline in fair value of an investment occurs, management may be required to determine if the decline in market value is other than temporary.
Management’s assessments as to the nature of a decline in fair value are based on the valuation methodologies discussed above and our ability and intent to hold the investment.
We consider our equity method investees to be strategic long-term investments; therefore, we generally complete our assessments with a long-term viewpoint.
If the fair value is less than the carrying value and the decline in value is considered to be other than temporary, an appropriate write-down is recorded.
Management’s assessments of fair value in accordance with these valuation methodologies represent our best estimates as of the time of the impairment review and are consistent with our internal planning.
If different fair values were estimated, this could have a material impact on the financial statements.
The following table presents the difference between calculated fair values, based on quoted closing prices of publicly traded shares, and our Company’s carrying values for significant publicly traded bottlers accounted for as equity method investees (in millions):
## Table 1 ##
1 In instances where carrying value exceeds fair value, the current decline in value is considered to be temporary.
Other Assets.
Our Company invests in infrastructure programs with our bottlers that are directed at strengthening our bottling system and increasing unit case volume.
Additionally, our Company advances payments to certain customers to fund future marketing activities intended to generate profitable volume and expenses such payments over the applicable period.
Advance payments are also made to certain customers for distribution rights.
Payments under these programs are generally capitalized as other assets in our balance sheets.
Management periodically evaluates the recoverability of these assets by preparing estimates of sales volume, the resulting gross profit, cash flows and other factors.
If the assets are assessed to be recoverable, they are amortized over the periods benefited.
If the carrying value of these assets is considered to be not recoverable, such assets are written down as appropriate.
Property, Plant and Equipment.
Certain events or changes in circumstances may indicate that the recoverability of the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment should be assessed.
Such events or changes may include a significant decrease in market value, a significant change in the business climate in a particular market, or a current-period operating or cash flow loss combined with historical losses or projected future losses.
If an event occurs or changes in circumstances are present, we estimate the future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition.
If the sum of the expected future cash
performance based restricted stock awards is generally recognized using the accelerated amortization method with each vesting tranche valued as a separate award, with a separate vesting date, consistent with the estimated value of the award at each period end.
Additionally, compensation expense is adjusted for actual forfeitures for all awards in the period that the award was forfeited.
Compensation expense for stock options is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.
MAA presents stock compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in "General and administrative expenses".
Effective January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee ShareBased Payment Accounting, which allows employers to make a policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur.
The Company elected this option using the modified retrospective transition method, with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings, and there was no material effect on the consolidated financial position or results of operations taken as a whole resulting from the reversal of previously estimated forfeitures.
Total compensation expense under the Stock Plan was approximately $10.8 million, $12.2 million and $6.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Of these amounts, total compensation expense capitalized was approximately $0.2 million, $0.7 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
As of December 31, 2017, the total unrecognized compensation expense was approximately $14.1 million.
This cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average period of 1.2 years.
Total cash paid for the settlement of plan shares totaled $4.8 million, $2.0 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Information concerning grants under the Stock Plan is listed below.
Restricted Stock In general, restricted stock is earned based on either a service condition, performance condition, or market condition, or a combination thereof, and generally vests ratably over a period from 1 year to 5 years.
Service based awards are earned when the employee remains employed over the requisite service period and are valued on the grant date based upon the market price of MAA common stock on the date of grant.
Market based awards are earned when MAA reaches a specified stock price or specified return on the stock price (price appreciation plus dividends) and are valued on the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation.
Performance based awards are earned when MAA reaches certain operational goals such as funds from operations, or FFO, targets and are valued based upon the market price of MAA common stock on the date of grant as well as the probability of reaching the stated targets.
MAA remeasures the fair value of the performance based awards each balance sheet date with adjustments made on a cumulative basis until the award is settled and the final compensation is known.
The weighted average grant date fair value per share of restricted stock awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, was $84.53, $73.20 and $68.35, respectively.
The following is a summary of the key assumptions used in the valuation calculations for market based awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
## Table 2 ##
The risk free rate was based on a zero coupon risk-free rate.
The minimum risk free rate was based on a period of 0.25 years for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
The maximum risk free rate was based on a period of 3 years for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
The dividend yield was based on the closing stock price of MAA stock on the date of grant.
Volatility for MAA was obtained by using a blend of both historical and implied volatility calculations.
Historical volatility was based on the standard deviation of daily total continuous returns, and implied volatility was based on the trailing month average of daily implied volatilities interpolating between the volatilities implied by stock call option contracts that were closest to the terms shown and closest to the money.
The minimum volatility was based on a period of 3 years, 2 years and 1 year for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The maximum volatility was based on a period of 1 year, 1 year and 2 years for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The requisite service period is based on the criteria for the separate programs according to the vesting schedule.
Changes in the allowance for loan losses of RJ Bank were as follows:
## Table 3 ##
The reserves for unfunded lending commitments, included in Trade and Other Payables on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, were $9.4 million and $9.2 million at September 30, 2009 and September 30, 2008, respectively.
RJ Bank reserves for its unfunded lending commitments based upon product type and expected funding probabilities for fully binding commitments.
This will result in some reserve variability over different periods depending upon the product type mix of the loan portfolio at the time and future funding expectations.
Impaired loans which have unfunded lending commitments are analyzed in conjunction with the impaired reserve process.
NOTE 8 - VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES: A VIE requires consolidation by the entity’s primary beneficiary.
Examples of entities that may be VIE’s include certain legal entities structured as corporations, partnerships or limited liability companies.
The primary beneficiary is the party within the VIE that absorbs a majority of the VIE’s expected losses, receives a majority of its expected residual returns, or both.
In order to be a VIE, the equity investors in the entity by its design either lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support.
We evaluate all of the entities in which we are involved to determine if the entity is a VIE and if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary.
We hold variable interests in the following VIE’s: Raymond James Employee Investment Funds I and II (the “EIF Funds”), a trust fund established for employee retention purposes, certain low income housing tax credit fund entities in which Raymond James Tax Credit Funds, Inc.  (“RJTCF”) holds an interest, and various other partnerships involving real estate.

Tables referenced above, in order (Table 0 first):
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2013</td><td>2012</td><td>2011</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">(In millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash provided by (used in):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Operating activities</td><td>4,995</td><td>3,838</td><td>3,274</td></tr><tr><td>Investing activities</td><td>-6,012</td><td>-3,763</td><td>-3,307</td></tr><tr><td>Financing activities</td><td>-1,354</td><td>1,951</td><td>-838</td></tr><tr><td>Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents</td><td>48</td><td>100</td><td>-15</td></tr><tr><td>Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents</td><td>-2,323</td><td>2,126</td><td>-886</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>December 31, 2003</td><td>FairValue</td><td>CarryingValue</td><td>Difference 1</td></tr><tr><td>Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc.</td><td>$ 3,695</td><td>$ 1,260</td><td>$ 2,435</td></tr><tr><td>Coca-Cola FEMSA, S.A. de C.V.</td><td>1,568</td><td>674</td><td>894</td></tr><tr><td>Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company S.A.</td><td>1,109</td><td>941</td><td>168</td></tr><tr><td>Coca-Cola Amatil Limited</td><td>1,083</td><td>652</td><td>431</td></tr><tr><td>Grupo Continental, S.A.</td><td>266</td><td>169</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>Coca-Cola Bottling Company Consolidated</td><td>131</td><td>61</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>Coca-Cola Embonor S.A.</td><td>126</td><td>135</td><td>-9</td></tr><tr><td>Coca-Cola West Japan Company Ltd.</td><td>78</td><td>123</td><td>-45</td></tr><tr><td>Embotelladoras Polar S.A.</td><td>38</td><td>41</td><td>-3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$ 8,094</td><td>$ 4,056</td><td>$ 4,038</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2015</td></tr><tr><td>Risk free rate</td><td>0.65% - 1.57%</td><td>0.49% - 1.27%</td><td>0.10% - 1.05%</td></tr><tr><td>Dividend yield</td><td>3.573%</td><td>3.634%</td><td>3.932%</td></tr><tr><td>Volatility</td><td>20.43% - 21.85%</td><td>18.41% - 19.45%</td><td>15.41% - 16.04%</td></tr><tr><td>Requisite service period</td><td>3 years</td><td>3 years</td><td>3 years</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="5">Year Ended</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Sept. 30, 2009</td><td>Sept. 30, 2008</td><td>Sept. 30, 2007</td><td>Sept. 30, 2006</td><td>Sept. 30, 2005</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="5">($ in 000’s)</td></tr><tr><td>Allowance for Loan Losses,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beginning of Period</td><td>$ 88,155</td><td>$ 47,022</td><td>$ 18,694</td><td>$ 7,593</td><td>$ 7,642</td></tr><tr><td>Provision For Loan Losses</td><td>169,341</td><td>54,749</td><td>29,410</td><td>11,153</td><td>1,037</td></tr><tr><td>Transfer to Reserve for Unfunded</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Commitments</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-1,086</td></tr><tr><td>Charge-Offs:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Real Estate Construction Loans</td><td>-3,222</td><td>-</td><td>-629</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial Real Estate Loans</td><td>-77,317</td><td>-10,169</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Residential Mortgage Loans</td><td>-27,314</td><td>-3,745</td><td>-454</td><td>-61</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Total Charge-Offs</td><td>-107,853</td><td>-13,914</td><td>-1,083</td><td>-61</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Total Recoveries</td><td>629</td><td>298</td><td>1</td><td>9</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Net Charge-Offs</td><td>-107,224</td><td>-13,616</td><td>-1,082</td><td>-52</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Allowance for Loan Losses,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>End of Period</td><td>$ 150,272</td><td>$ 88,155</td><td>$ 47,022</td><td>$ 18,694</td><td>$ 7,593</td></tr><tr><td>Net Charge-Offs to Average Bank</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Loans, Net Outstanding</td><td>1.43%</td><td>0.22%</td><td>0.03%</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr></table>

Question: considering the years 2015 and 2016 , what is the percentual increase observed in the total compensation expense under the stock plan?
Answer: 0.76812
Reasoning program: divide(12.2,6.9), subtract(#0,const_1)