For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company repurchased a total of 9.9 million shares, 17.6 million shares and 13.9 million shares, respectively, of its common stock for an aggregate cost of $1.3 billion, $1.7 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively.
In December 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized additional expenditures of up to $2.5 billion for the repurchase of shares of the Company’s common stock through December 31, 2017, which was exhausted in the third quarter of 2017.
In April 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an expenditure of up to $2.5 billion for the repurchase of shares of the Company’s common stock through June 30, 2019.
As of December 31, 2017, the Company had $2.1 billion remaining under its share repurchase authorizations.
The Company may also reacquire shares of its common stock under its share-based compensation plans related to restricted stock awards and certain option exercises.
The holders of restricted shares may elect to surrender a portion of their shares on the vesting date to cover their income tax obligation.
These vested restricted shares are reacquired by the Company and the Company’s payment of the holders’ income tax obligations are recorded as a treasury share purchase.
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company reacquired 0.3 million shares, 0.3 million shares and 0.4 million shares, respectively, of its common stock through the surrender of shares upon vesting and paid in the aggregate $33 million, $29 million and $49 million, respectively, related to the holders’ income tax obligations on the vesting date.
Option holders may elect to net settle their vested awards resulting in the surrender of the number of shares required to cover the strike price and tax obligation of the options exercised.
These shares are reacquired by the Company and recorded as treasury shares.
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company reacquired 2.2 million shares, 0.5 million shares and 0.7 million shares, respectively, of its common stock through the net settlement of options for an aggregate value of $298 million, $48 million and $92 million, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, the Company reissued 0.8 million, 0.9 million and 1.0 million treasury shares, respectively, for restricted stock award grants, PSUs, and issuance of shares vested under advisor deferred compensation plans.19.
Earnings per Share Attributable to Ameriprise Financial, Inc.  Common Shareholders The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to Ameriprise Financial, Inc.  common shareholders are as follows:
## Table 0 ##
The calculation of diluted earnings per share excludes the incremental effect of nil, 1.5 million and 1.7 million options as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, due to their anti-dilutive effect.20.
Regulatory Requirements Restrictions on the transfer of funds exist under regulatory requirements applicable to certain of the Company’s subsidiaries.
As of December 31, 2017, the aggregate amount of unrestricted net assets was approximately $904 million.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (‘‘NAIC’’) defines Risk-Based Capital (‘‘RBC’’) requirements for insurance companies.
The RBC requirements are used by the NAIC and state insurance regulators to identify companies that merit regulatory actions designed to protect policyholders.
These requirements apply to both the Company’s life and property casualty insurance companies.
In addition, IDS Property Casualty is subject to the statutory surplus requirements
of the State of Wisconsin.
The Company’s life and property casualty companies each met their respective minimum RBC requirements.
The Company’s life and property casualty insurance companies are required to prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with the accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the insurance departments of their respective states of domicile, which vary materially from GAAP.
Prescribed statutory accounting practices include publications of the NAIC, as well as state laws, regulations and general administrative rules.
The more significant differences from GAAP include charging policy acquisition costs to expense as incurred, establishing annuity and insurance reserves using different actuarial methods and assumptions, valuing investments on a different basis and excluding certain assets from the balance sheet by charging them directly to surplus, such as a portion of the net deferred income tax assets.
RiverSource Life received approval from the Minnesota Department of Commerce to apply a permitted statutory accounting practice, effective July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018, for certain derivative instruments used to economically hedge the interest rate exposure of certain variable annuity products that do not qualify for statutory hedge accounting.
The permitted practice is intended to mitigate the impact to statutory surplus from the misalignment between variable annuity statutory reserves, which are not carried at fair value, and the fair value of derivatives used to economically hedge the interest rate exposure of non-life contingent living benefit guarantees.
The permitted practice allows RiverSource Life to defer a portion of the change in fair value, net investment income and realized gains or losses generated from designated derivatives to the extent the amounts do not offset the current period interest-rate related change in the variable annuity statutory reserve liability.
The deferred amount is amortized over ten years using the straight-line method with the ability to accelerate amortization at management’s discretion.
There was no immediate impact to statutory surplus at the effective date for the permitted statutory accounting practice.
As of December 31, 2017, application of this permitted practice resulted in a decrease to RiverSource Life’s statutory surplus of approximately $3 million.
State insurance statutes contain limitations as to the amount of dividends that insurers may make without providing prior notification to state regulators.
For RiverSource Life, dividends in excess of unassigned surplus, as determined in accordance with accounting practices prescribed by the State of Minnesota, require advance notice to the Minnesota Department of Commerce, RiverSource Life’s primary regulator, and are subject to potential disapproval.
RiverSource Life’s statutory unassigned surplus (deficit) aggregated $(306) million and $275 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
In addition, dividends whose fair market value, together with that of other dividends made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the greater of the previous year’s statutory net gain from operations or 10% of the previous year-end statutory capital and surplus are referred to as ‘‘extraordinary dividends.
’’ Extraordinary dividends also require advance notice to the Minnesota Department of Commerce, and are subject to potential disapproval.
Statutory capital and surplus for RiverSource Life was $2.4 billion and $3.0 billion as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Statutory capital and surplus for IDS Property Casualty was $781 million and $800 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Statutory net gain from operations and net income (loss) are summarized as follows:
## Table 1 ##
Government debt securities of $4 million as of both December 31, 2017 and 2016 held by the Company’s life insurance subsidiaries were on deposit with various states as required by law.
Ameriprise Certificate Company (‘‘ACC’’) is registered as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the ‘‘1940 Act’’).
ACC markets and sells investment certificates to clients.
ACC is subject to various capital requirements under the 1940 Act, laws of the State of Minnesota and understandings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (‘‘SEC’’) and the Minnesota Department of Commerce.
The terms of the investment certificates issued by ACC and the provisions of the 1940 Act also require the maintenance by ACC of qualified assets.
Under the provisions of its certificates and the 1940 Act, ACC was required to have qualified assets (as that term is defined in Section 28(b) of the 1940 Act) in the amount of $6.4 billion and $5.9 billion as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
ACC had qualified assets of $6.9 billion and $6.3 billion as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Ameriprise Financial and ACC entered into a Capital Support Agreement on March 2, 2009, pursuant to which Ameriprise Financial agrees to commit such capital to ACC as is necessary to satisfy applicable minimum capital requirements.
Effective April 30, 2014, this agreement was amended to revise the maximum commitment to $50 million.
For the years
## Table 2 ##
26.
Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
## Table 3 ##
Item 9.
Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None.
Item 9A.
Controls and Procedures Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the ‘‘Exchange Act’’)) designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be reported in the Exchange Act filings is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in and pursuant to SEC regulations, including controls and procedures designed to ensure that this information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding the required disclosure.
It should be noted that, because of inherent limitations, our company’s disclosure controls and procedures, however well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met.
Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Based upon that evaluation, our company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable level of assurance as of December 31, 2017.
PART II ITEM 5.
MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES The following table presents reported quarterly high and low per share sale prices of our Class A common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) for the years 2007 and 2006.
## Table 4 ##
On February 29, 2008, the closing price of our Class A common stock was $38.44 per share as reported on the NYSE.
As of February 29, 2008, we had 395,748,826 outstanding shares of Class A common stock and 528 registered holders.
Dividends We have never paid a dividend on any class of our common stock.
We anticipate that we may retain future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business.
The indentures governing our 7.50% senior notes due 2012 (“7.50% Notes”) and our 7.125% senior notes due 2012 (“7.125% Notes”) may prohibit us from paying dividends to our stockholders unless we satisfy certain financial covenants.
The loan agreement for our Revolving Credit Facility and the indentures governing the terms of our 7.50% Notes and 7.125% Notes contain covenants that restrict our ability to pay dividends unless certain financial covenants are satisfied.
In addition, while SpectraSite and its subsidiaries are classified as unrestricted subsidiaries under the indentures for our 7.50% Notes and 7.125% Notes, certain of SpectraSite’s subsidiaries are subject to restrictions on the amount of cash that they can distribute to us under the loan agreement related to our Securitization.
For more information about the restrictions under the loan agreement for the Revolving Credit Facility, our notes indentures and the loan agreement related to the Securitization, see Item 7 of this Annual Report under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity” and note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

Tables referenced above, in order (Table 0 first):
<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="3">Years Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2015</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(in millions, except per share amounts)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Numerator:</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$1,480</td><td>$1,314</td><td>$1,687</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>Net income attributable to Ameriprise Financial</td><td>$1,480</td><td>$1,314</td><td>$1,562</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Denominator:</td></tr><tr><td>Basic: Weighted-average common shares outstanding</td><td>154.1</td><td>166.3</td><td>181.7</td></tr><tr><td>Effect of potentially dilutive nonqualified stock options and other share-based awards</td><td>2.6</td><td>1.9</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted: Weighted-average common shares outstanding</td><td>156.7</td><td>168.2</td><td>184.2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Earnings per share attributable to Ameriprise Financial, Inc. common shareholders:</td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td>$9.60</td><td>$7.90</td><td>$8.60</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted</td><td>$9.44</td><td>$7.81</td><td>$8.48</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="3">Years Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2015</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">RiverSource Life</td></tr><tr><td>Statutory net gain from operations</td><td>$958</td><td>$834</td><td>$1,033</td></tr><tr><td>Statutory net income (loss)</td><td>222</td><td>322</td><td>633</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">IDS Property Casualty</td></tr><tr><td>Statutory net income (loss)</td><td>-10</td><td>-8</td><td>-44</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="3">Years Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2015</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Operating earnings:</td></tr><tr><td>Advice & Wealth Management</td><td>$1,163</td><td>$911</td><td>$859</td></tr><tr><td>Asset Management</td><td>740</td><td>621</td><td>761</td></tr><tr><td>Annuities</td><td>710</td><td>329</td><td>650</td></tr><tr><td>Protection</td><td>216</td><td>263</td><td>198</td></tr><tr><td>Corporate & Other</td><td>-426</td><td>-359</td><td>-214</td></tr><tr><td>Total segment operating earnings</td><td>2,403</td><td>1,765</td><td>2,254</td></tr><tr><td>Net realized gains (losses)</td><td>44</td><td>6</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Net income (loss) attributable to CIEs</td><td>2</td><td>-2</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>Market impact on variable annuity guaranteed benefits, net</td><td>-232</td><td>-216</td><td>-214</td></tr><tr><td>Market impact on IUL benefits, net</td><td>4</td><td>36</td><td>-1</td></tr><tr><td>Market impact of hedges on investments</td><td>-2</td><td>3</td><td>-21</td></tr><tr><td>Integration and restructuring charges</td><td>-5</td><td>—</td><td>-5</td></tr><tr><td>Pretax income per consolidated statements of operations</td><td>$2,214</td><td>$1,592</td><td>$2,142</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="4">2017</td><td colspan="4">2016</td></tr><tr><td>12/31</td><td>9/30</td><td>6/30</td><td>3/31</td><td>12/31</td><td>9/30</td><td>6/30</td><td>3/31</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8">(in millions, except per share data)</td></tr><tr><td>Net revenues</td><td>$3,160</td><td>$2,981</td><td>$2,985</td><td>$2,901</td><td>$3,062</td><td>$2,998</td><td>$2,871</td><td>$2,765</td></tr><tr><td>Pretax income</td><td>600</td><td>628</td><td>511</td><td>475</td><td>469</td><td>238</td><td>410</td><td>475</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>181</td><td>503</td><td>393</td><td>403</td><td>400</td><td>215</td><td>335</td><td>364</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9">Earnings per share:</td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td>$1.20</td><td>$3.29</td><td>$2.53</td><td>$2.56</td><td>$2.49</td><td>$1.31</td><td>$1.99</td><td>$2.11</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted</td><td>$1.18</td><td>$3.24</td><td>$2.50</td><td>$2.52</td><td>$2.46</td><td>$1.30</td><td>$1.97</td><td>$2.09</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9">Weighted average common shares outstanding:</td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td>151.0</td><td>153.0</td><td>155.1</td><td>157.5</td><td>160.4</td><td>164.0</td><td>168.3</td><td>172.6</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted</td><td>153.8</td><td>155.4</td><td>157.5</td><td>160.1</td><td>162.4</td><td>165.8</td><td>170.1</td><td>174.4</td></tr><tr><td>Cash dividends declared per common share</td><td>$0.83</td><td>$0.83</td><td>$0.83</td><td>$0.75</td><td>$0.75</td><td>$0.75</td><td>$0.75</td><td>$0.67</td></tr><tr><td>Common share price:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High</td><td>173.62</td><td>149.99</td><td>133.02</td><td>135.20</td><td>119.32</td><td>101.81</td><td>102.74</td><td>105.47</td></tr><tr><td>Low</td><td>147.79</td><td>128.06</td><td>118.84</td><td>110.56</td><td>86.25</td><td>84.93</td><td>84.92</td><td>76.00</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>2007</td><td>High</td><td>Low</td></tr><tr><td>Quarter ended March 31</td><td>$41.31</td><td>$36.63</td></tr><tr><td>Quarter ended June 30</td><td>43.84</td><td>37.64</td></tr><tr><td>Quarter ended September 30</td><td>45.45</td><td>36.34</td></tr><tr><td>Quarter ended December 31</td><td>46.53</td><td>40.08</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>High</td><td>Low</td></tr><tr><td>Quarter ended March 31</td><td>$32.68</td><td>$26.66</td></tr><tr><td>Quarter ended June 30</td><td>35.75</td><td>27.35</td></tr><tr><td>Quarter ended September 30</td><td>36.92</td><td>29.98</td></tr><tr><td>Quarter ended December 31</td><td>38.74</td><td>35.21</td></tr></table>

Question: In which year is Market impact of hedges on investments positive?
Answer: 3