EIGTHEENTH CONGRESS OF THE 
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES 
First Regular Session
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SENATE
S.B. No.1097
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INTRODUCED BY SENATOR RISA HONTIVEROS
AN ACT RECOGNIZING THE RIGHTS OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, POPULATIONS, AND
PROCESSES AND PROVIDING MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION AND
ENFORCEMENT THEREOF
EXPLANATORY NOTE
The Earth's average temperature has risen about 0.9 degrees Celsius since the late 19th 
century, largely driven by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. While climate 
change has occurred throughout, and even prior to, recorded history, this was mostly due to 
variations in the amount of solar energy received by the planet. However, with respect to recent 
global warming trends, the scientific consensus is that it has been caused by human activity.
This global warming has caused sea levels to rise 8 inches in the last century, the 
Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to decrease in mass, the retreat of glaciers around the 
world, an increase in the number of record-high temperatures, and the acidification of surface 
ocean waters.
Humans have also converted around half o f the world's habitable land to agriculture. 
This massive conversion of forests, wetlands, grasslands, and other terrestrial ecosystems has 
produced an alarming decline in the planet's biodiversity. In 2019, a report by the 
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services noted that 
up to one million plant and animal species are facing extinction due to human activity.
Habitat loss is also being accelerated by my massive fires -  largely set by humans - that 
have engulfed forests from the Amazon to central Africa. According to Global Forest Watch, the 
tropics overall lost some 8.9 million acres of primary rain forest last year, an area equal to the 
size of Belgium.
The Institute for Economics and Peace has also reported that 971 million people live in 
areas with high or very high exposure to hazards such as cyclones, floods, bushfires, and rising 
sea levels. A substantial number of those at-risk individuals are from the Asia-Pacific region. 
Thus, it is not surprising that the top nine countries facing the highest risk from climate change 
are all Asian.
Among these countries, the Philippines is at the greatest risk o f experiencing multiple 
climate hazards out o f any other country on Earth. Moreover, these hazards affect not only the 
environment but also the peace and order situation within a country. 
Not only are conflict- 
prone countries more vulnerable to natural disasters, those disasters themselves can also 
trigger further internal unrest.
Today, environmental laws regulate the use and exploitation of nature by humans. They 
legalize fracking, drilling, and open-pit mining. The consequences have proven catastrophic. 
Perhaps a new way of looking at the relationship between humanity and the natural world


In 1972, law professor Christopher Stone published a seminal article "Should Trees Have 
Standing?" that explored the possibility of recognizing natural ecosystems and processes as 
legal entities. He described how women and slaves had long been treated as rightless in law 
and suggested that, just as they had eventually attained rights, so should trees and other 
nonhuman living things.
Existing legal systems force us to think of nature anthropocentrically: in terms of human 
concerns rather than what concerns nature. In the midst of a climate and biodiversity crisis, 
there is a growing consensus that it is time secure the highest form of legal protection for 
nature by recognizing that natural ecosystems and processes possess certain inherent and 
inalienable rights. Worldwide, legislation and jurisprudence have begun to accumulate in this 
new area of law.
In 2006, the first law recognizing the legal rights of nature was enacted in the borough 
of Tamaqua, Pennsylvania. The community sought to prevent dredging sludge laden with PCBs 
(polychlorinated biphenyl) being dumped in an abandoned coalmine. Communities across more 
than 10 US states have now followed suit, including New Hampshire, Colorado and Pittsburgh.
In 2008, Ecuador enshrined the rights of nature -  or Pachamama or Mother Earth -  in 
its constitution, the first country to do so. Since then, Bolivia has enacted a law defining the 
earth as "a collective subject of public interest," and declaring both the planet and the life- 
systems inhabiting it as titleholders of inherent rights specified in the law.
Nepalese environmental advocates are developing a constitutional amendment that 
would, if adopted, recognize the right of the Himalayas to be free from pollution. In Mexico, 
Pakistan, Australia and other countries, frameworks for extending legal rights to natural systems 
are being proposed and legislated.
Courts have also ruled that ecosystems are capable of possessing rights under law.
Colombia's Supreme Court was recently asked to consider the impact of deforestation in 
a lawsuit that led to a groundbreaking ruling declaring the Amazon an entity "subject to rights," 
and entitled to conservation, maintenance, and restoration. 
In 2017, the state high court in 
Uttarakhand, India, ruled that in order to protect the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, they should be 
considered legal persons with all corresponding rights, duties and liabilities.
As the planet teeters on the edge of an irreversible catastrophe, 
it is time to make a 
fundamental shift in humanity's relationship with nature before it is too late. Environmental 
survival is human survival
Thus, the proposed bill seeks to recognize natural ecosystems, populations, and 
processes as legal entities sui ^£>r7er75 entitled to certain inherent and inalienable rights, such as 
those related to their existence, regeneration and restoration. 
Furthermore, as nature cannot 
do so directly, the bill also vests environmental advocates with the standing necessary to 
petition our courts on its behalf. However, in all such proceedings, nature shall be considered 
the real party-in-interest and all damages and monetary claims awarded by the court shall be 
held in trust by a conservation committee and used for its restoration and renewal. Hence, the 
immediate passage of this measure is earnestly sought.
offers a way to avert disaster.


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EIGHTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE 
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES 
First Regular Session
))
)
SENATE
s.B. no.1097
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*19 OCT-2 P2‘-49
INTRODUCED BY SENATOR RISA HONTIVEROS
AN ACT RECOGNIZING THE RIGHTS OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, 
POPULATIONS, AND PROCESSES AND PROVIDING MECHANISMS FOR THE 
PROTECTION AND ENFORCEMENT THEREOF
Be it  enacted by the Senate and the House o f Representatives o f the 
Philippines in Congress assembled:
Section 1. Short Title.
2019"
This Act shall be known as the "Rights of Nature Act of
Section 2. Declaration o f Policy. - It is hereby declared the policy of the State to 
recognize natural ecosystems and processes, or distinct and identifiable portions 
thereof, including populations of plant and animal species, as legal entities sui generis 
possessing certain fundamental and inalienable rights. The State shall provide simple, 
effective and expeditious mechanisms for the protection and enforcement of these 
rights.
Section 3. The Fundamental Rights of Nature. - Natural ecosystems, populations, 
and processes shall have the right to exist; to the maintenance of the vital cycles, 
functions and processes that ensure their continued sustainability and well-being; to the 
conditions necessary for their renewal and restoration; and to adequate and effective 
representation vis-a-vis the protection and enforcement of these rights. These rights 
shall be in addition to, and shall not impair or limit, any other right or remedy available 
under existing law, administrative regulation or jurisprudence. A violation of any existing 
environmental law or regulation shall be deemed a prima /&c/e violation of these rights.
The State likewise recognizes that there are limits on the ability of natural 
ecosystems, populations, and processes to regenerate as well as on the ability of 
humanity to undo and reverse any damage it has caused. Where there are threats of 
serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a 
reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation
Thus, all human development that alters, affects or modifies natural ecosystems, 
populations or processes must be sustainable, ensure the maintenance of critical 
ecosystem services, allow for renewal and restoration, and respect intra- and 
intergenerational equity.
Section 4. Construction. - This Act shall be liberally construed for the purpose of 
promoting, enhancing and protecting the rights of natural ecosystems, populations and 
processes recognized herein. When human activity may lead to serious and irreversible 
harm that is scientifically plausible but uncertain, immediate action shall be taken to


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avoid or diminish the threat or occurrence thereof.
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Section 5. Obligations o f the Government. - The Government shall take all 
necessary action to protect and enforce the rights recognized by this law including, but 
not limited to, the following:
(a) 
Develop and implement policies and regulations for prevention, early 
warning, protection, and precaution to  prevent hum an a ctivity from  
causing the extinction of living populations, the alteration of the cycles and 
processes that ensure life, and the destruction of livelihoods and cultural 
systems that are intertwined with natural ecosystems, populations, and 
processes;
Promote balanced forms of production and patterns of consumption that, 
while satisfying the needs of the people, safe-guard the regenerative 
capacity and integrity of natural ecosystems, populations, and processes;
Protect 
natural 
ecosystems, 
populations, 
and 
processes from 
the 
exploitation of its components, the commodification of living systems or 
the processes that support them, and the structural causes and effects of 
global climate change;
(d) 
Ensure long-term energy sovereignty, increased efficiency and the gradual 
incorporation of clean and renewable alternative sources into the energy 
matrix;
(b)
(c)
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(e) 
Demand international recognition of ecological debt through the financing 
and transfer of clean technology compatible with the rights recognized in 
this Act;
(f) 
Promote peace and the elimination of all weapons of mass destruction; 
and
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(g) 
Promote the recognition of the rights of natural ecosystems, populations, 
and processes in multilateral, regional and bilateral international relations.
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Section 6. Legal Personality o f Natural Ecosystems, Populations & Processes.
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- The legal personality of natural ecosystems, populations, and processes, including all
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of their living and non-living elements, as well as any distinct and identifiable portions,
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aggregations or components thereof, shall be recognized under law. In any action for
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the protection or enforcement of the rights recognized herein, the natural ecosystem or
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process involved shall be considered the real party-in-interest.
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Section 7. Representation & Standing. - Any Philippine resident may file an action
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to enforce the rights or obligations recognized under this Act on behalf of the natural
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ecosystem, population, or process concerned, which shall be the real party-in-interest.
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Upon the filing of any such action, the Court shall issue an order which shall contain a
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brief description of the cause of action and the reliefs prayed for, requiring all interested
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parties to manifest their interest to intervene in the case within a reasonable amount of
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time from notice thereof.


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Section 8. Reliefs. - If warranted, the court shall issue a judgment in favor of the
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natural ecosystem, population, or process on whose behalf an action for the protection
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and enforcement of the rights recognized herein was filed, which shall include measures
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for its continuing protection, preservation, restoration, or renewal. Monetary damages
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to be awarded shall be those necessary to support the continuous and complete
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rectification or repair of the damage done to natural ecosystems, populations or
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processes by the defendant. Attorney's fees, costs of suit and other litigation expenses
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shall be awarded to the party or parties who instituted the action for the protection and
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enforcement of the rights recognized herein.
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Section 9. Trust Fund. - Fines, damages or any other monetary awards imposed
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upon the defendant shall be held and administered in trust by the conservation
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committee provided for in this Act on behalf of the natural ecosystem, population, or
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process considered the real party-in-interest of the action, and used to implement the
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measures for protection, preservation, restoration, or renewal ordered by the court.
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Section 10. Appointm ent of Conservation Committee. - To administer the trust
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fund and implement the measures necessary for protection, preservation, restoration, or
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renewal of the natural ecosystem, population, or process on whose behalf an action
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pursuant to this Act was filed, the court shall appoint a conservation committed from
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the stakeholders concerned, in accordance with the implementing rules and regulations
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of this Act. The court shall 
give preference to residents and indigenous cultural
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communities from the area, 
local government units, and people's and other non-
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governmental organizations or public interest groups accredited by or registered with
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any relevant government agency. Under no circumstances shall a person or entity
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responsible for a violation of the rights recognized herein be appointed to a
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conservation committee.
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Section 11. Designation o f Courts and Prom ulgation o f Procedural Rules. -
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The Supreme Court shall designate the court or courts that will hear and resolve cases
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brought under this Act and 
shall promulgate the rules of pleading, practice and
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procedure to govern the proceedings brought under this Act.
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Section 12. Strategic Lawsuits against Public Participation. - A Strategic Lawsuit
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against Public Participation (SLAPP) is any action filed to harass, vex or exert undue
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pressure against any person or legal entity that has taken legal action or made a public
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communication of any kind in connection with the enforcement or protection of the
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rights recognized herein or any other environmental law or regulation. The defendant in
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a SLAPP may file a special motion to dismiss at any point of the proceedings alleging
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that the case is a SLAPP. This special motion to dismiss shall be resolved within thirty
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(30) days after it is heard. If the court dismisses the SLAPP, it shall award damages,
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attorney's fees and costs of suit. The dismissal shall be with prejudice.
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Section 13. Education. - Respect for and recognition of the inherent and inalienable
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rights of natural ecosystems and processes shall be integrated into all levels of the
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educational system.
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Section 14. Prohibited Acts. - The following crimes of ecological destruction shall be
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prohibited and punished pursuant to this Act:
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(a) 
Damaging or disrupting a natural ecosystem or process, in whole or in 
part, thus rendering it dead or incapable of renewal or restoration;


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(b) 
Causing, or directly contributing to, the extinction of a plant or animal
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species;
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(c) 
Willfully promoting, encouraging or abetting the destruction or extinction
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of a natural ecosystem, process, or species of plant or animal; and
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(d) 
Altering, changing or modifying the natural cycle, function or structure of a
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natural ecosystem , process, o r species o f plant o r anim al, thus interfering
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with, impeding, or degrading its continued sustainability and well-being.
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Section 15. Penalties. - The crime of ecological destruction shall be punished by
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reclusion perpetud as well as a fine in the amount of not less than ten million pesos
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(PIO,000,000.00), or the cost of the actual damage caused to the natural ecosystem or
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process concerned, whichever is higher. The costs required for the restoration, renewal
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or rehabilitation of the natural ecosystem, process or species concerned shall likewise
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be imposed on the offender upon conviction.
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In case the offender is a public official or employee, the penalty of removal from
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office, with perpetual disqualification shall likewise be imposed. In case the offender is
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an official or employee of any Government-owned or controlled corporation (GOCC), the
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penalty of dismissal from employment shall be imposed with perpetual disqualification
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from serving in any GOCC or public office.
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When any of the punishable acts herein defined are knowingly committed on
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behalf of or for the benefit of a juridical person, by a natural person acting either
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individually or as part of an organ of the juridical person, who has a leading position
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within, based on: (a) a power of representation of the juridical person provided the act
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committed falls within the scope of such authority; (b) an authority to take decisions on
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behalf of the juridical person: Provided, That the act committed falls within the scope of
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such authority; or (c) an authority to exercise control within the juridical person, the
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juridical person shall be held liable for the fine imposed by this section. The liability
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imposed on the juridical person shall be without prejudice to the criminal liability of the
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natural person who has committed the offense.
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If the offender is an alien, he shall, after service of the sentence prescribed
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above, be deported without further administrative proceedings.
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Section 16. Lien upon Personal and Im m ovable Properties o f Violators. - Fines
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and penalties imposed pursuant to this Act shall be liens upon personal and immovable
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properties of the offender. Such lien shall, in case of insolvency of the respondent
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offender, enjoy preference subsequent to laborer's wages under Article 2241 and 2242
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of Republic Act No. 386, otherwise known as the New Civil Code of the Philippines.
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Section 17. Im plem enting Rules & Regulations. - The Secretary of Environment
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and Natural Resources (DENR), in coordination with the Commission on Human Rights
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(CHR), Department of Science & Technology (DOST), Department of the Interior &
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Local Government (DILG), Department of Education (DEPED), Commission on Higher
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Education (CHED), and associations or organizations representing environmental
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advocates shall issue the Implementing Rules & Regulations necessary for the effective
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implementation of this Act within ninety (90) days from the effectivity thereof.


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Section 18. Appropriations. - The amount necessary for the initial implementation of
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the provisions of this Act shall be charged against the current year's appropriations of
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the Department of Environment & Natural Resources. Thereafter, the funds necessary
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for the purposes of this Act shall be included in the General Appropriations Act.
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Section 19. Separability Clause.- If any provision of this Act is declared
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unconstitutional or invalid by a court of competent jurisdiction, the remaining provisions
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not affected the re b y shall continue to  be in full force and effect.
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Section 20. Repealing Clause.- All laws, decrees, executive orders, department or
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memorandum orders and other administrative issuances or parts thereof which are
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inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby modified, superseded or repealed
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accordingly.
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Section 21. E ffectivity.- This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after publication
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in the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation.
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APPROVED.