FIFTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC 
OF THE PHILIPPINES 
First Regular Session 
SENATE 
Senate Bill No. 873 
) 
) 
) 
INTRODUCED BY SEN. JINGGOY EJERCITO ESTRADA 
EXPIcANATORY NOTE 
Parents in the Philippines discipline and punish their children through the 
use of corporal or physical punishment in the following forms: spanking with hand; 
pinching; hitting with an object; twisting the child's ear; pulling the hair; slapping 
the face or head; confinement in a sack; or shaking. 1 
Filipino children also 
experience threats of physical punishment and humiliating treatments such as 
being shouted at in front of others, labeling and denigration 2 
In a survey 
conducted by Save the Children in the Philippines, 85% of children surveyed said 
that they were punished in the home, and 82% said that they were hit in different 
parts of the body.3 In the areas covered by the UNICEF country programme, 60 
percent of women (3.6 million) report that they use at least one form of 
psychological or physical punishment to punish or discipline their children. 
In 
particular, 13 percent reported that they used some severe physical punishment 
on their children.4 
A survey conducted among Filipino students generated 
evidence that Filipino children, especially adolescents, also experience verbal 
abuse, degradation and other forms of psychological punishment, and that even 
these non-physical forms of punishment have negative effects on children, such as 
low self-worth, depression, displaced anger and aggression. 5 
According to the World Report on Violence and Health (2002) by the World Health 
organization, in the short term, corporal punishment " ... kills thousands of children 
each year and injures and handicaps many more. In the longer term, a large body 
of research has shown it to be a significant factor in the development of violent 
behavior, and it is associated with other problems in childhood and later Iife.,,6 
Children who are disciplined with spanking or other physical punishments are 
more likely to be anxious and aggressive than children disciplined through other 
methods.7 
. 
Various researches show that corporal punishment is ineffective in disciplining 
children of all ages and most often, it produces anger, resentment, and low-self-
I WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, WORLD REPORT ON VIOLENCE AND HEALTH 63 (2002); 
SAVE THE CHILDREN-SWEDEN, WHAT CHILDREN SAY: RESULTS OF THE COMPARATIVE 
RESEARCH ON THE PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN IN SOUTHEAST 
ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2005,12-19 (2006). 
2 SAVE THE CHILDREN-SWEDEN, at 12-19 (2006). 
3 SAVE THE CHILDREN-SWEDEN, Research on corporal punishment in Bagong Silang, Caloocan City 
and Cebu City, (Unpublished; 2005) 
. 
4 UNICEF, Philippines Sub-Regional Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2007 
5 Esther Esteban. "Parental Verbal Abuse: Culture-Specific Coping Behavior of CoJlege Students in the 
Philippines." Child Psychiatry and Human Development, Vol. 36, No.3. (March 2006), pp. 243-259. 
6 WHO, at 64. 
7 ScienceDaily, Spanking Leads to Child Aggression and Anxiety, Regardless of Cultural Norm, 14 
November 2005, citing Lansford, et aI., Physical Discipline and Children's Adjustment: Cultural 
Normativeness as a Moderator, Child Development, Vol. 76, Issue 6 (2005). 


esteem on children.8 
It also teaches the child that violence is an acceptable 
behavior and is a solution to problems; thus, corporal punishment perpetuates 
itself as children imitate the actions'of adults.9 
Children have expressed that they do not want to be hurt by their parents and 
teachers, and wished that there are other non-violent ways of disciplining them. In 
the Philippines, researches and interviews with children show that children believe 
that discipline is important and that they need guidance from adults. However, 
children say that they will learn better if their parents and teachers talk to them in 
a calm and understanding way, explain to them what they have done wrong or 
how they should do things the right way, and make them feel that they are still 
loved and accepted. Parents admit that they feel guilty and sorry about punishing 
their children but they are not aware of any other way of disciplining children 
except for what they have learned from their own parents and grandparents. 
Parents have expressed the need for alternative positive and non-violent methods 
for disciplining children.10 
The Committee on the Rights of the Child has emphasized several times that 
corporal punishment is not compatible with the provisions of the Convention on the 
Rights of the Child and is inconsistent with the requirement of respect for the 
child's dignity.11 Article 37 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child requires 
States Parties to ensure that "no child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, 
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." 
As a State Party to the 
Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Covenant on Civil and 
Political Rights, the Philippines has the obligation to prohibit all forms of physical 
and mental violence, including corporal punishment and deliberate humiliation 
within the family.12 In accordance with Article 19 of the CRC, States Parties are 
required to "take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational 
measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury 
or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including 
sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person 
who has the care of the child." The Committee has made it clear that this requires 
the prohibition of all forms of corporal punishment, including punishment inflicted 
by parents in the home.13 
In the Report of Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, the independent expert for the United 
Nations Global Study on Violence against Children, he recommended that States 
prohibit all forms of violence against children, in all settings, including corporal 
punishment, by 2009.14 To date, 24 States have enacted legislation prohibiting 
corporal punishment and 22 other States have made a public commitment to 
prohibition. 
The World Report on Violence against Children, recommended the prohibition of 
corporal punishment in the home as well as in other settings and the promotion of 
8 Sureshralli Paintal, Banning COlporal Punisbment of Children: A Position Paper, available at 
http://www.stophitting.com/disathome/sureshranLphp. 
9 KATE HARPER, ET AL. Ending Physical and Humiliating Punishment of Children, A Manual for Action 
8-11 (Save the Children 2005). 
10 SAVE THE CHILDREN-SWEDEN, Research on corporal punishment in Bagong Silang, Caloocan City 
and Cebu City, Philippines (Unpublished; 2005); Documentation of a consultation with the Active Youth 
movement and the Children and Youth Organization on physical and emotional punishment of children, 
NORFIL, Quezon City, 12 February, 2005; Exploring discipline in Filipino families, (unpublished, 2008); 
"Time for Change," an audiovisual production, Quezon City, 2008. 
11 Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No.8, CRCIC/GC/8, 2 March 2006. 
12 General Guidelines Regarding The Form And Contents Of Periodic Reports To Be Submitted By States 
Parties Under Article 44, Paragraph l(b), Of The Convention, paragraph 88, CRC/CI58, 20 November 1996. 
13 Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 8, CRC/C/GC/8, 2 March 2006. 
14 Report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children, Al61/299, 29 
August 2006. 


The World Report on Violence against Children, recommended the prohibition of 
corporal punishment in the home as well as in other settings and the promotion of 
positive, non-violent relationships with children.15 
The report also called for the 
prohibition of corporal punishment and other humiliating and degrading treatment 
in schools.16 
, 
The U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child, in reviewing the Philippine country 
report in 2005, recommended: 
42. In the light of its general comment No. 1 (2001) on the 
aims of education and the recommendations adopted by the 
Committee on its day of general discussion on violence against 
children within the family and in schools (see CRC/C/111), the 
Committee reiterates that corporal punishment is not compatible with 
the provisions of the Convention and it is inconsistent with the 
requirement of respect for the child's dignity, as specifically required 
by article 28, paragraph 2, of the Convention. Therefore, the 
Committee recommends that the State party prohibit by law all forms 
of corporal punishment in the home, in schools and in private and 
public institutions, in the juvenile justice system and the alternative 
care system. 
43. The Committee recommends to the State party that it 
conduct a comprehensive study to assess the nature and extent of 
corporal punishment in different settings, including the home 
environment. Furthermore, the Committee recommends that the 
State party sensitize 
and 
educate parents, 
guardians 
and 
professionals working with and for children by carrying out public 
education campaigns about the harmful impact of violent forms of 
"discipline" and promote positive, non-violent forms of discipline as 
an alternative to corporal punishment.17 
Considering the above-stated compelling reasons, there is an urgent need to 
prohibit corporal punishment and all other forms of humiliating or degrading 
punishment of children in the home, in schools, in institutions, in alternative care 
systems and in all other settings. Thus, immediate passage of this bill is earnestly 
requested. 
' 
Senator 
IS PAULO SERGIO PINHEIRO, WORLD REPORT ON VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN, at 93-94 
(2006), 
\6 PINHEIRO, at 153, 
17 Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations: Philippines, paragraph 42, 
CRCIC/15/Add,259, 21 September 2005. 


FIFTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC 
OF THE PHILIPPINES 
First Regular Session 
SENATE 
Senate Bill No. 873 
) 
) 
) 
INTRODUCED BY SEN. JINGGOY EJERCITO ESTRADA 
AN ACT 
PROHIBITING ALL CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND ALL OTHER 
FORMS OF HUMILIATING OR DEGRADING PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN 
AND PROMOTING POSITIVE AND NON-VIOLENT DISCIPLINE OF CHILDREN, 
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in 
Congress assembled: 
SECTION 1. Short Title. -
This Act shall be known as the "Anti-Corporal 
Punishment Act of 2010." 
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy -
The State recognizes the vital role of 
children and youth in nation building and shall promote and protect their physical, 
moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth 
patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic 
affairs. The State shall defend the right of children to assistance, including proper 
care and nutrition, and special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, 
exploitation, and other conditions prejudicial to their development. The State shall 
protect the best interests of the. child through measures that will ensure the 
observance of international standards of child protection, especially those to which 
the Philippines is a party. 
No child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading 
treatment or punishment. 
Such treatment or punishment, including corporal 
punishment and all other forms of humiliating or degrading treatment or 
punishment, violates the child's right to be respected for his/her human dignity and 
physical integrity and to equal protection under the law. 
The State respects the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents, 
guardians, or other persons leg,ally responsible for the child, including those 
exercising special or substitute parental authority, to provide, in a manner 
consistent with the evolving capacities of the child, appropriate direction and 
guidance in the exercise by the child of his/her rights. 
The State shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that school 
discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child's human dignity. 
In this regard, the State shall promote the positive and non-violent discipline 
of children in the home, in the school, in institutions, in alternative care systems, in 
employment and in all other settings. It shall establish the necessary structures 
and mechanisms and mobilize resources to make this possible. 


The State shall take all appropriate measures to protect the child from all forms 
of physical or mental violence, injury of abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, 
maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the custody of 
parents, guardians or any other person who has the care of the child. 
Such 
protective measures shall include effective procedures for the establishment of 
social programs to provide necessary support for the child and for those who care 
for the child, as well as for other forms of prevention and for identification, 
reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child 
maltreatment, and, as appropriate, for legal or judicial action. 
SEC. 3. Definition of Terms. - The following terms as used in this Act shall 
be defined as follows: 
(a) "Child" refers to a person who is below eighteen (18) years of age, or those 
over but are unable to fully take care of themselves or protect themselves 
from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation or discrimination because of a 
physical or mental disability or condition; 
(b) "Corporal punishment" refers to punishment or penalty for an offense or 
imagined offense, and/or acts carried out for the purpose of discipline, 
training or control, inflicted'by an adult or by another child, who has been 
given or has assumed authority or responsibility for punishment or 
discipline. It includes physical and humiliating or degrading punishment, 
such as but not limited to: 
1. Blows to any part ora child's body, such as beating; kicking; hitting; 
slapping; lashing; with or without the use of an instrument such as a 
cane, shoes, broom, stick, whip or belt; 
2. Pinching; pulling ears or hair; shaking; twisting joints; cutting and 
shaving hair; cutting or piercing skin; carrying, dragging or throwing a 
child; 
3. Forcing a child, through the use of power, authority or threats, to 
perform physically painful or damaging acts, such as holding a 
weight or weights for an extended period; kneeling on stones, salt or 
pebbles; squatting; standing or sitting in a contorted position; 
4. Deliberate neglect of a child's physical needs, where this is intended 
as punishment; 
5. Use of external substances, such as burning or freezing materials, 
water, smoke, pepper, alcohol, excrement or urine; 
6. Use of hazardous. tasks as punishment or for the purpose of 
discipline, including those that are beyond a child's strength or bring 
him or her into contact with dangerous or unhygienic substances; 
such tasks include sweeping or digging in the hot sun or rain; using 
bleach or insecticides; unprotected cleaning of toilets; 
7. Confinement, including being shut in a confined space or material, 
tied up, or forced to remain in one place for an extended period of 
time; 
8. Any threat of physical punishment; 
9. Any other physical act perpetrated on a child's body, for the purpose 
of punishment or discipline, intended to cause some degree of pain 
or discomfort, however light; 
10.Verbal assaults, threats, or intimidation; 
11. Verbal abuse, scoldilJg, yelling, swearing, ridiculing or denigrating; 
12. Child made to look or feel foolish in front of one's peers or the public; 
and 
13. Other acts or words which belittle, humiliate, scapegoat, blame, 
ignore, or isolate the. child. 
(c) "Foster parents" refers to persons duly licensed by the Department of Social 
Welfare and Development to provide planned, temporary, substitute 
parental care to children. 


(d) "Guardians" refers to legal guardians and other persons, including relatives, 
with physical custody of the child. 
(e) "Parents" refers to biological parents, step parents, adoptive parents and 
the common-law spouse or partner of the parent. 
(f) "Persons legally responsible for the child, including those exercising 
special or substitute parental authority" refers to those provided for under 
Presidential Decree No 603, as amended (the Child and Youth Welfare 
Code), Executive Order No. 209, as amended (the Family Code), and 
Republic Act No. 7610, as amended (the Special Protection of Children 
against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act). 
(g) "Positive discipline" refers to an approach to parenting that teaches children 
and guides their behaviour, while respecting their rights to healthy 
development, protection from violence and participation in their learning; 
(h) "Service provider" refers to any person who, in a residential or non-
residential setting, provides services to children. It includes social workers, 
center administrators and personnel, house parents, health service 
providers, day care workers, volunteers, security guards in schools and 
centers, guards in a youth detention home, law enforcement officers, 
barangay officials and tanods, and jail officers. 
(i) "Teachers and school officials and administrators" refers to persons 
exercising authority over students, including guidance counselors, prefects 
of discipline, physical education instructors, school personnel, scout 
masters and CAT and CMT or ROTC commandants, tactical officers and 
student officers. 
U) "Yayas, housemaids and caregivers" refers to domestic workers with direct 
contact to the child. 
(k) "Institutions" refers to residential and non-residential Child-caring agencies, 
including youth homes, youth rehabilitation centers, drop-in centers, 
temporary shelters and orphanages; and churches or religious centers, 
including places of worship and parish centers. 
SEC. 
4. 
Prohibition. 
-
All corporal punishment and all other forms of 
humiliating or degrading punishment of children is hereby prohibited in the home, 
in the school, in institutions, in alternative care systems, in employment and in all 
other settings. 
Parents, yayas, housemaids and caregivers, foster parents, 
guardians, relatives who have custody of the child, or other persons legally 
responsible for the child, including those exercising special or substitute parental 
authority, teachers, instructors and school officials and administrators of both 
public and private academic and vocational institutions, 
employers and 
supervisors, service providers, priests, nuns, pastors and other members of 
religious congregations or church'es, or any other person who has the care of the 
child who inflicts corporal punishment or humiliating or degrading punishment on 
the child shall be liable in accordance with existing penal laws, provided that the 
penalty shall be imposed in the maximum period, except where a higher penalty is 
provided under Act No. 3815, as amended, otherwise known as the "Revised 
Penal Code," Republic Act No. 7610, otherwise known as the "Special Protection 
of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act," or Republic 
Act No. 9262, otherwise known as the "Anti-Violence Against Women and their 
Children Act"; provided, that if the act is not penalized under the above-mentioned 
laws, the penalty shall be arresto mayor in its maximum period. 


If the penalty imposable for the act is only arresto menor or arresto mayor 
the prosecutor may instead of filing the case refer the accused to the local social 
welfare and development office for assessment and intervention; provided, that the 
offender has not been previously charged under this Act. The interventions shall 
include seminars on children's rights and positive and non-violent discipline of 
children, counseling, anger management and referrals to other rehabilitative 
services. 
If the offender is the parent or a person exercising parental authority, the 
court may suspend parental authority in accordance with Executive Order No. 209, 
as amended, otherwise known as the "Family Code of the Philippines". 
SEC. 5. Other Remedies. - The remedies available to the victim under 
Republic No. 7610 and Republic Act No. 9262 shall be available to the child where 
applicable. 
SEC. 6. Who May File a Complaint. - Complaints on cases of corporal 
punishment or humiliating or degrading treatment of children may be filed by the 
following: 
(a) Offended party; 
(b) Parents or guardians; 
(c) Ascendant or collateral relative within the third degree of consanguinity or 
affinity; 
(d) Officer, social worker or representative of a licensed child-caring institution; 
(e) Officer or social worker. of the . Department of Social Welfare and 
Development or the local social welfare and development office; 
(f) Police officers, preferably those in charge of the Women and Children's 
Desk 
(g) Barangay chairman or kagawad; 
(h) Teacher, NGO worker, health provider, day care worker; or 
(i) At least two (2) concerned persons from the place where the act occurred 
who have personal knowledge of the act. 
SEC. 7. Persons Intervening Exempt from Liability. -
In every case of 
corporal punishment or humiliatir,lg or degrading punishment, any person who, 
acting in good faith, responds or intervenes without using violence or restraint 
greater than necessary to ensure the safety of the victim, shall not be criminally, 
civilly or administratively liable. 
SEC. 8. Venue. - The Regional Trial Court designated as a Family Court shall 
have original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases of corporal punishment or 
humiliating or degrading treatment of children. In the absence of such court in the 
place where the offense was committed, the case shall be filed in the Regional 
Trial Court in the place where the crime or any of its elements were committed at 
the option of the complainant. 
. 
SEC. 9. 
Reporting. -
All cases of corporal punishment or humiliating or 
degrading punishment of children brought to the barangay or the police, or a 
healthcare provider, shall be reported to the local social welfare and development 
office within eight (8) hours from the time of the complaint, without prejudice to the 
continuation of the investigation or the filing of the appropriate criminal case. 
Failure to report within the prescribed period shall be a ground for administrative 
action against the barangay official or police officer, or healthcare provider. 
SEC. 10. Confidentiality. -
All records pertaining to cases of corporal 
punishment and other humiliating or degrading punishment of children, including 
those in the barangay, the police or public or private healthcare facility, shall be 
confidential and the right to privacy of the victim shall be respected. 


Whoever publishes or causes to be published, in any format, the name, 
address, telephone number, school, or any identifying information of a victim or 
immediate family member of the victim, without their consent, shall be penalized 
with a fine of not more than Two Hundred Thousand Pesos (P200,OOO.OO). 
SEC. 11. Assessment and Intervention. - The local social welfare and 
development office, through its social workers, shall conduct an assessment in all 
cases of corporal punishment and other humiliating or degrading forms of 
punishment of children to determine the appropriate interventions, considering the 
best interest of the child at all times. The assessment shall be completed within 
three (3) calendar days, without prejudice to the conduct of a more comprehensive 
case study report. The interventions may include psychosocial interventions for the 
child and the family, protective custody by the social worker, temporary placement 
for the child, medical and legal services, and seminars on children's rights and 
positive and non-violent discipline .of children, counseling, anger management and 
referrals to other rehabilitative services for the perpetrator. 
The assessment shall be conducted and interventions shall be provided by 
the local social welfare and development office whether or not a criminal case is 
filed. 
SEC. 12. Roles and Responsibilities.-
a. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) shall 
formulate a comprehensive program to promote the positive and non-violent 
discipline of children and the prevention of the use of corporal punishment 
and humiliating or degrading forms of punishment of children. The program 
shall be developed in coorc!ination with other government agencies and the 
private 
sector, 
including 
academic 
institutions, 
non-governmental 
organizations and parent-teachers-community associations. 
The program 
shall include capacity buildlng of service providers, parenting education and 
positive and non-violent discipline of children, child-friendly reporting 
mechanisms, child protection services and support, and documentation, 
data management and monitoring systems. 
The Department Social Welfare and Development shall integrate positive 
and non-violent discipline of children in the training of officials and staff of 
Child-caring institutions. It shall ensu re that officials and staff of institutions 
do not use corporal punishment and humiliating or degrading punishment 
on any child under their custody. It shall also ensure that appropriate action 
is taken against erring officials and staff of institutions. 
b. The Department of Education (DepEd) and the Commission on Higher 
Education (CHED) shall integrate positive and non-violent discipline of 
children in the training of school officials, teachers and personnel. The two 
agencies shall ensure that school officials, teachers and personnel do not 
use corporal punishment and humiliating or degrading punishment on any 
pupil or student. 
They shall also ensure that appropriate criminal and 
administrative action is taken against erring school officials, teachers and 
personnel. 
The CHED shall integrate positive and non-violent discipline of children in 
the Education, Psychology and Social Work curricula, and in the curriculum 
of other disciplines related to child work. 
c. All local social welfare and development offices (SWDOs) shall adopt and 
implement programs and services to promote the positive discipline of 
children and the prevention of the use of corporal punishment and 
humiliating or degrading forms of punishment of children. They shall also 


provide assistance to victims, and families of victims, of corporal 
punishment and humiliating pr degrading punishment. 
d. Local Councils for the Protection of Children (LCPCs) shall support 
programs that promote the positive and non-violent discipline of children, 
prevent the use of corporal punishment and humiliating or degrading forms 
of punishment of children, and respond to such cases. 
e. The Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC) under the DSWD shall 
disseminate all relevant information on this Act among relevant government 
agencies and entities. It shall monitor the enforcement of this Act and the 
implementation of all programs and services provided for under this Act. It 
shall also mobilize the different inter-agency mechanisms within its national 
and local structures to support the implementation of programs and 
services. 
f. 
Local government units shall mobilize, strengthen and support local 
structures, such as the local councils for the protection of children, local 
special bodies, lupong tagapamayapa and children's associations in 
facilitating the reporting of, prevention of and response to cases of corporal 
punishment, and promotion of positive discipline in their respective 
localities. 
g. The Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) shall include the prevention of corporal 
punishment and humiliating or degrading punishment of children in its 
programs. 
SEC. 13. Implementing Rules and Regulations. - The Department of Social 
Welfare and Development, in consultation with the Department of Education, the 
Commission on Higher Education, the Department of Interior and Local 
Government, the Department of Health and other relevant government agencies, 
leagues of local government officials, non-governmental organizations, and 
children's 
organizations, 
shall' promulgate the 
Implementing 
Rules 
and 
Regulations of this Act within six (6) months from its approval. 
SEC. 14. Suppletory Application. - For purposes of this Act, the Revised 
Penal Code, as amended, Child and Youth Welfare Code, as amended, and other 
applicable laws shall have suppletory application. 
SEC. 15. Appropriation. - The amount of One Hundred Fifty Million Pesos 
(P150,OOO,OOO.OO) is hereby appropriated for the initial implementation of this Act. 
Thereafter, the Department of Social Welfare and Development, the Department of 
Education and the Commission on Higher Education shall include the amounts 
necessary for the implementation of this Act in their annual budgets. 
SEC. 16. Separability Clause. - If any section or provision of this Act is held 
unconstitutional or invalid, the other sections or provisions shall not be affected. 
SEC. 17. Repealing Clause. - All laws, presidential decrees, executive orders 
and rules and regulations, or parts thereof, inconsistent with the proviSions of this 
Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly. 
SEC. 18. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days from the 
date of its complete publication in at least two (2) newspapers of general 
circulation. 
Approved,