FIFTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE 
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES 
First Regular Session 
) 
) 
SENATE 
Senate Bill NJ.' 149 
Introduced by Senator Francis N. Pangilinan 
EXPLANATORY NOTE 
It is about time the Philippines passed a freedom of information bill, a bill that will 
provide for the government to publish or release documents and information of public concern 
should any person ask for it. 
There have been debates and verbal battles about the denial of government to release 
public documents and information pertaining to official transactions, decisions, contracts, 
appointments and policies. With respect to the govemment, it is difficult to grant access to 
documents held by the state because the data can be used to incriminate public officials. But 
looking deeper at the rationale of a 'right to know' bill, the disclosure of documents and 
information to the public raises the credibility of the government and her officials and ensures 
government's accountability before the people. 
The passage of the Freedom ofInformation bill will afford public officials the leverage to 
render service with opermess and transparency. 
It is expected that the bill will help curb 
conuption in government and promote transparency at all levels in the bureaucracy. The first 
step to progress is to fight cormption and the state as a whole cannot confront cormption if the 
government will hide things from the people. Hence the passage of the bill is being sought. 


FIFTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE 
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES 
First Regular Session 
) 
) 
SENATE 
Senate Bill No. __ 1_4_9_ 
Introduced by. Senator Francis N. Pangilinan 
AN ACT 
IMPLEMENTING THE RIGHT OF THE PEOPLE TO INFORMATION ON 
MATTERS OF PUBLIC CONCERN GUARANTEED UNDER SECTION SEVEN, 
ARTICLE THREE OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION AND THE STATE POLICY 
OF FULL PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF ALL ITS TRANSACTIONS INVOLVING 
PUBLIC INTEREST UNDER SECTION TWENTY EIGHT, ARTICLE TWO OF 
THE 1987 CONSTITUION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress Assembled: 
SECTION I. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Freedom of Information Act of 2009". 
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. - The State recognizes the right of the people to information on 
matters of public concern, and adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its 
transactions involving public interest, subject to the procedures and limitations provided by this Act. 
This right is indispensable to the exercise of the right of the people and their organizations to 
effective and reasonable participation at all levels of social, political and economic decision-making. 
SEC. 3. Coverage. - This Act shall cover all government agencies as defined under Section 4 
of this Act. 
SEC. 4. Dentition of Terms. -As used in this Act: 
a) "Information" shall mean any knowledge, record, document, paper, report, letters, contract, 
minutes and transcripts of official meetings, maps, books, photographs, data, research 
material, film, sound and video recordings, magnetic or other tapes, electronic data, computer 
stored data, or any other like or similar data or material recorded, stored or archived in 
whatever form or format, which are made, received or kept in or under the control and 
custody of my government agency pursuant to law, executive order, rules and regulations, 
ordinance or in connection with the performance or transaction of official business by any 
government agency. 
b) "Government agency" shall include the executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as 
the constitutional bodies of the Republic of the Philippines including, hut not limited to, the 
national government and all its agencies, departments, bureaus, offices and instrumentalities, 
constitutional commissions and constitutionally mandated bodies, local governments and all 
their agencies, regulatory agencies, chartered institutions, government-owned or controlled 
corporations, including wholly-owned or controlled subsidiaries, government financial 
institutions, state universities and colleges, tbe Armed Forces of the Philippines, the 
Philippine National Police, all offices in the Congress or the Philippines including the offices 
of Senators and Representatives, the Supreme Court and all lower courts established by law. 


c) 
"Official records" shall refer to information produced or received by a public officer or 
employee, or by a government agency in an official capacity or pursuant to a public function 
or duty, and is not meant to be a stage or status of the information. 
d) "Public records" shall include information required by law, executive orders, rules, or 
regulations to be entered, kept and made publicly available by a government agency. 
SEC. 5. Presumption. - There shall be a legal presumption in favor of access to information. 
Accordingly, government agencies shall have the burden of proof of showing by clear and convincing 
evidence that the information requested is exempted 28 from disclosure by this Act. 
SEC. 6. Access to Information. - Government agencies shall make available to the public [or 
scrutiny, copying and reproduction in the manner provided by this Act, all information pertaining to 
official acts, transactions or decisions, as well as government research data used as basis for policy 
development, regardless of their physical form or format in which they are contained and by whom 
they were made. 
SEC. 7. Exceptions. - Subject to the qualifications set forth in Section 8 of this Act, access to 
information may be denied when: 
a) The revelation of the information requested will create a clear and present danger of war, 
invasion or any external threat to the State as determined by the Office of the President andlor 
the Secretary of the Department of National Defense; 
b) The information requested pertains to the foreign affairs of the Republic of the Philippines, 
when its revelation would unduly weaken the negotiating position of the government in an 
ongoing bilateral or multilateral negotiation or seriously jeopardize the diplomatic relations of 
the Philippines witll one or more states with which it intends to keep friendly relations; 
c) The information requested pertains to internal and external defense and law enforcement, 
when the revelation thereof would render a legitimate military operation ineffective, unduly 
compromise the prevention, detection or suppression of a criminal activity, or endanger the 
life or physical safety of confidential or protected sources or witnesses, law enforcement and 
military personnel or their immediate families. Information relating to the details of the 
administration, budget and expenditure, and management of the defense and law enforcement 
agencies shall always be accessible to the public; 
d) The information requested pertains to the personal information of a natural person other than 
the requesting party, and its disclosure would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of his 
or her personal privacy, unless it forms pali of a public record, or the person is or was an 
official of a govemment agency and the information requested relates to his or her public 
function, or the person has consented to the disclosure of the requested information; 
e) The information requested pertains to trade, industrial, finallcial or commercial secrets of a 
natural or juridical person other than the requesting party, obtained in confidence by, and/or 
filed with a government agency, whenever the revelation thereof would seriously prejudice 
the interests of such natural or juridical person in trade, industrial, financial or commercial 
competition, unless such natural or juridical person has consented to the disclosure of the 
requested information; 
f) 
The information requested is privileged from production in legal proceedings by law or by 
the Rules or Court, unless the person entitled to the privilege has waived it; 
g) The information requested is exempted by law, in addition to those provided in this Section; 
h) The information requested is obtained by any committee of either House of Congress in 
executive session, whenever such information falls under any of the foregoing exceptions; and 
i) The information requested consists of drafts of decisions by ally executive, administrative, 
judicial or quasi-judicial body in the exercise of their adjudicatory functions whenever the 
revelation thereof would reasonably tend to impair the impartiality of verdicts, or otherwise 
obstruct the administration of justice. 
SEC. 8. Qualifications. - Even if the information requested falls under the exceptions set forth in the 
preceding section, access to information shall not be denied if: 


a) The information requested may be reasonably severed from the body of the information which 
would be subject to the exceptions; 
b) The public interest in the disclosure outweighs the harm to the interest sought to be protected 
by the exceptions; or 
c) The requesting party is either House of Congress, or any of its Committees, unless the 
disclosure will constitute a violation of the Constitution. 
SEC. 9. Procedure of Access. - (a) Any person who wishes to obtain information shall submit a 
request to the government agency concerned personally, by mail, or through electronic means. The 
request shall state the name and preferred contact information of the requesting party, and reasonably 
describe the information required, the reason for the request of the information and the preferred 
means by which the government agency shall communicate such requested information to the 
requesting party: Provided, that the staled reason, or the failure to state the reason for the request of 
the information, shall not be used as a ground to deny the request or to refuse the acceptance of the 
request, unless such reason is contrary to law. If the request is submitted personally, the requesting 
party shall show his current identification card issued by any government agency, or government or 
private employer or school, or a community tax certificate. If the request is submitted by mail or 
through electronic means, the requesting party may submit a photostatic or electronically scanned 
copy of the identification, or other convenient means as determined by the agency. 
(b) The request shall be stamped by the government agency, indicating the date mld time of 
receipt and the name, rank, title and position of the receiving public officer or employee with the 
corresponding signature, and a copy thereof furnished to the requesting party. In case the request is 
submitted by electronic means, the government agency shall provide for an equivalent means by 
which the requirements of this paragraph shall be met. 
( c) The request may indicate the following preferred means of communication: (1) A true 
copy of the information requested in permanent or other form; (2) An opportunity to inspect the 
requested information, using equipment normally available to the government agency when 
necessary; (3) An opportunity to copy the requested information using personal equipment; (4) A 
written transcript of the information requested contained in an audio or visual form; (5) A transcript 
of the content of the information requested, in print, sound or visual form, where such transcript is 
capable of being produced using equipment normally available to the government agency; (6) A 
transcript of the requested information from shorthand or codified form; or (7) Other reasonable 
means or format. 
(d) A government agency may communicate the information requested in a form other than 
the preferred means whenever such preferred means would unreasonably interfere with the effective 
operation of the agency, or be detrimental to the preservation of the record. 
(e) The government agency shall comply with such request within seven (7) calendar days 
from the receipt thereof. 
(f) The time limits prescribed in t,his Section for the production of the requested information 
may be extended whenever there is a need for any of the following: (1) To search for and collect the 
requested information from field facilities or other establishments that are separate from the office 
processing the request; (2) To sem'ch for, collect and appropriately examine a voluminous amount of 
separate and distinct information which are demanded in a single request; (3) Consultation, which 
shall be conducted in all practicable speed, with another government agency or among two (2) or 
more components of the government agency having substantial interest in the determination of the 
request; and (4) To consider fortuitous events or other events due toforce mujeure or other analogous 
cases. 
(g) The government agency shall, in writing or through electronic means, notify the person 
making the request of the extension, setting forth the reasons for such extension and the date when 
the information requested shall be made available: Provided, that no such notice shall specify a date 
that would result in an extension of more than fifteen (15) calendar days from the original deadline. 


SEC. 10. Access Fees. - Government agencies may charge a reasonable fee to reimburse the actual 
cost of reproduction, copying or transcription and the communication of the information requested. 
SEC. 11. Notice of Denial. - If the government agency decides 10 deny the request, in whole or in 
part, it shall, within seven (7) calendar days-from the receipt of the request, notify the person making 
the request of such denial iii writing or through electronic means. The notice shall clearly indicate the 
name, rank, title or position of the person malting the denial, and the grounds for the denial. In case 
the denial is by reason of a claimed exception, the denial shall also state clearly the legitimate aim or 
interest sought to be protected in the confidentiality, and the facts and circumstances invoked 
showing the substantial harm to, or frustration of, the legitimate aim or interest that will result in the 
disclosure of the information requested. Failure to notify the person making the request of the denial, 
or of the extension, shall be deemed a denial of the request for access to information. 
SEC. 12. Implementation Requirements. -- (a) For the effective implementation o(this Act, every 
government agency shall prepare a Freedom of Information Manual, which shall include the 
following information: 
1) The location and contact information of the head, regional, provincial and field offices, and 
other' established places where the public can obtain information or submit requests; 
2) The types of information it generates, produces, holds andlor publishes; 
3) A description of its record-keeping system; 
4) The person or office responsible for receiving requests for information; 
5) The procedure for the filing of requests personally, by mail. or through the identified 
electronic means; 
6) The standard forms for the submission of request and for the proper acknowledgement of the 
request; 
7) The process for the disposition of the reqnest, including the routing of the request to the 
person or office with the duty to act on the request, the decision-malting, and the grant or 
denial of access and its implementation; 
8) The procedure for the administrative appeal of any denial [or access to information; 
9) The schednle of fees; 
10) The process and procedure for the mandatory disclosure of information under Section 14 of 
this Act; 
11) Should the agency lack the capacity to comply with Section 14 (a) of this Act, a brief 
description of its plan to facilitate compliance within three (3) years from the approval of this 
Act; and 
12) Such other information, taking into consideration the unique characteristics of an agency, that 
will help facilitate the effective implementation ofthis Act. 
(b) The foregoing information shall also be posted in its website and bulletin boards, and shall be 
regularly updated; 
(c) In 110 case shall the absence of the aforementioned guidelines be a reason for the denial f any 
request for information made in accordance with this Act, 
SEC. 13. Remedies in Cases of Denial. - (a) In all government agencies other than the judicial 
branch-
1) Every denial of any request for access to information may be appealed to the person or office 
next higher in authority, following the procedure mentioned in Section 12 (8) of this Act: 
Provided, [hat the appeal must be filed within fifteen (15) calendar days from the notice of 
denial and must be, decided within fifteen (15) calendar days from filing, Failure of the 
government agency to decide within the aforestated period shall constitute a denial of the 
appeal; and 
2) Instead of appealing or after the denial of the appeal, the person denied access to information 
may file a verified complaint with the Office of the Ombudsman, praying that the government 


agency concerned be directed to immediately afford access to the information being 
requested. Such complaint shall be resolved by the Office of the Ombudsman within sixty 
(GO) calendar days from filing, or earlier when time is of the essence taking into account such 
factors as the nature of the information requested, context of the request, public interest and 
danger that the information requested will become moot. The Office of the Ombudsman shall 
promulgate its special rules of procedure for the immediate disposition of complaints filed 
pursuant to this Section. Unless restrained or enjoined, the decisions of the Office of the 
Ombudsman shall be immediately executory, without prejudice to review in accordance with 
the Rules of Court. 
3) Instead of filing a complaint with the Office of the Ombudsman, whenever a request for 
information is denied originally or on administrative appeal, the requesting party may file a 
verified petition for mandamus in the proper court, alleging the facts with certainty and 
praying that judgment be rendered ordering the respondent, immediately or at some other time 
to be specified by the court, to disclose the information requested and to pay the damages 
sustained by the requesting party by reason of the denial. The procedure for such petition shall 
be summary in nature. 
(b) In the Judicial Branch - The Supreme Court shall promulgate the remedies that would govern 
offices under its jurisdiction. 
(c) The remedies under this section are without prejudice to any other administrative, civil or 
criminal action that may arise from the same act. 
(d) The remedies available under this Act shall be exempt from the rules on no exhaustion of 
administrative remedies and the application of the provisions of Republic Act No. 9285, otherwise 
known as the Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2004. 
(e) In case the requesting party has limited or no financial capacity, the Public Attorney's Office 
shall be mandated to provide legal assistance to the requesting party in availing of the remedies 
provided under this Act. 
SEC. 14. Mandatory Disclosure of Transactions Involving Public Interest. --- (a) Subject to 
Sections 7 and 8 of this Act, all government agencies shall upload on their websites, which shall be 
regularly updated every fifteen (15) days, all the steps, negotiations and key government positions 
pertaining to definite propositions of the government, as well as the contents of the contract, 
agreement or treaty in the following transactions involving public interest: 
1) Compromise agreements entered into by a government agency with any person or entity 
involving any waiver or its rights or claims; 
2) Private sector participation agi'eements or contracts in infrastructure and development projects 
under Republic Act No. 6957, as amended by Republic Act No. 771 8, authorizing the 
financing, construction, operation and maintenance of infrastructure projects; 
3) Procurement contracts entered into by a government agency; 
4) Construction or concession agreements or contracts entered into by a government agency with 
any domestic or foreign person or entity; 
5) Loans, grants, development assistance, technical assistance and programs entered into by a 
government agency with official bilateral or multilateral agencies, as well as with private aid 
agencies or institutions; 
6) Loans from domestic and foreign financial institutions; 
7) Guarantees given by any government agency to government-owned or - controlled 
corporations and to private corporations, persons or entities; 
8) Public funding extended to any private entity; 
9) Bilateral or multilateral agreements and treaties in defense, trade, economIc partnership, 
investments, cooperation and similar binding commitments; or 
10) Licenses, permits or agreements given by any government agency to any person or entity for 
the extraction andlor utilization of natural resources. 


A summary list of the foregoing information uploaded in the website shall be posted in the 
bulletin boards of the concerned government agency. 
(b) The information uploaded in the website under letter (a) of this Section may be withdrawn 
after a period of three years from the time of uploading: Provided; that an abstract of the 
information withdrawn shall remain uploaded in the website, containing a brief description of the 
transaction and an enumeration of the information withdrawn, and indicating the dates of posting 
and withdrawal. 
(c) Should an agency lack the capacity to comply with letter (a) of this Section, the agency 
shall initiate a capacity-building program, or coordinate with another appropriate agency, to 
facilitate substantive compliance not later than three (3) years upon approval of this Act. 
SEC. 15. Promotion of Openness in Government. - (a) Duty to Publish Information - Government 
agencies shall regularly publish, print and disseminate at no cost to the public and in an accessible 
form, in conjunction with R.A. 9485, 'or the Anti- Red Tape Act of 2007, and through their website, 
timely, true, accurate and updated key information including, but not limited to: 
I) A description of its mandate, structure, powers, functions, duties and decision-making 
processes; 
2) A description of the frontline services it delivers and the procedure and length of time by 
which they may be availed of; 
3) The names of its key officials, their powers, functions and responsibilities, and their profiles 
and curriculum vitae; 
4) Work programs, development plans, investment plans, projects, performance targets and 
accomplishments, and budgets, revenue allotments and expenditures; 
5) Important rules and regulations, orders or decisions;: PrOVided, that they be published within 
fifteen (15) calendar days from promulgation; 
6) Current and important database and statistics that it generates; 
7) Bidding processes and requirements; and 
8) Mechanisms or procedures by which the public may participate in or otherwise influence the 
formulation of policy or the exercise of its powers. 
(b) Keeping of Records - Government agencies shall maintain and preserve their records in a 
manner that facilitates easy identification, retrieval and communication to the public. They shall 
establish Management Information Systems (MIS) to strengthen their capability to store, manage and 
retrieve records, and to facilitate access to public records. The following shall not be destroyed: 
1) Records pertaining to loans obtained or guaranteed by the government; 
2) Records of government contracts; 
3) The declaration under oath of the assets, liabilities and net worth of public officers and 
employees, as required by law; . 
4) Records of official investigations on graft and corrupt practices of public officers; and 
5) Other records where there is a significant public interest in their preservation or where 
there is likely to be such interest in the future. 
(c) Accessibility of Language and Form - Every government agency shall endeavor to 
translate key information into m~or Filipino languages and preset them in popular form and means. 
(d) Improving Capability - Every government agency shall ensure the provision of adequate 
training for its officials to improve awareness of the right to information and the provisions of this 
Act, and to keep updated of best practices in relation to information disclosure, records maintenance 
and archiving. 
SEC. 16. Criminal Liability and Administ~ative Liability. - The penalty of imprisonment of not less 
than one (I) month but not more than six (6) months shall be imposed upon: 


a) Any public officer or employee receiving the request under Section 9 of this Act who shall 
fail to promptly forward the request to the public officer within the same offices or agency 
responsible for officially acting on the request when such is the direct cause of the failure to 
disclose the information requested within the periods required by this Act; 
b) Any public officer or employee responsible for officially acting on the request, who shall: 
I) Fail, to act on the request within the periods required by this Act; 
2) Knowingly deny the existence of existing requested information; 
3) Destroy information being requested for the purpose of frustrating the requesting party's 
access thereto; 
4) Claim an exception under Section 8 of this Act, or under the Constitution, when the claim 
is manifestly devoid of [actual basis; or 
5) Refuse to comply with the decision of his immediate supervisor, the Ombudsman or the 
court ordering the release of the information requested that is not restrained or enjoined by 
a·court; 
(c) The head of office of the government agency directly and principally responsible for the 
negotiation and perfection of any of the transactions enumerated in Section 13 (a) of this Act, 
who shall knowingly refuse, to direct the mandatory posting or uploading of such transaction 
despite the agency capacity to implement such directive. The same penalty shall be imposed upon 
the public officer or employee who, despite a directive from the head of office, shall fail, to post 
or upload any of the transactions enumerated in Section 14 of this Act; 
(d) Any public officer or employee who shall destroy, or cause to destroy, records of 
information covered by Section 15 (b) of this Act; 
(e) Any public officer who formulates policies, rules and regulations manifestly contrary to 
the provisions of this Act, and which policies, rules and regulations are the direct cause of the 
denial of a request for information; or 
(f) Any public or private individual who knowingly induced or caused the commission of the 
foregoing acts under this section. The foregoing shall be without prejudice to any administrative 
liability of the offender under existing ,laws and regulations. 
SEC. 17. Act Not a Bar to Claim of Right to Information Under the Constitution. - No provision of 
this Act shall he interpreted as a bar to any claim of denial of the right to information under Article 
Ill, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution 
SEC. 18. Separability Clause. - If, for any reason, any section or provision of this Act is held 
unconstitutional or invalid, no other section or provision shall be affected. 
SEC. 19. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees, executive orders, rules and regulations, issuances or 
any part thereof inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, including Memorandum Circular No. 78 
dated I4 August I964 (Promulgating Rules Governing Security of Classified Matter in Government 
Offices), as amended, and Section 3, Rule IV of the Rules Implementing Republic Act No. 6713 
(Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees), are deemed repealed. 
SEC. 20. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in at least two 
(2) national newspapers of general circulation, 
Approved,