TWENTIETH CONGRESS OF THE 
)
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES 
)
First Regular Session 
)
SENATE 
Senate Bill No.
550
25 JUL 14 i 2 53
Introduced by Senator JOEL VILLANUEVA
AN ACT
PROVIDING FOR A MAGNA CARTA FOR WORKERS IN THE 
INFORMAL ECONOMY AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
EXPLANATORY NOTE
According to the International Labor Organization (ILO) - more than half of the 
global labor force is engaged in informal work. 1The IMF says 60% of all workers are 
involved in unregulated jobs, that amounts to around two billion workers employed in 
informal jobs and four out of every five businesses are not formally registered.2
In the Philippines, the 2018 Informal Sector Survey conducted by the Philippine 
Statistics Authority estimates that there are about 15.68 million informal or self- 
employed workers nationwide.3 This number represents more than one third of the 
estimated 43 million workforce in the country at that time.4 More recently in the April 
2025 Labor Force Survey5, 19.342 million workers were classified under self-employed, 
worked for private households and in family-operated farm or businesses. 
Representing nearly 40% of the total 48.35 million employed during the same period.
World Economic Forum. What is the informal economy and how many people work in it Available at 
https;//www.weforum.org/stories/2024/06/what-is-the-informal-economy/ (Accessed on 1 July 2025).
IMF. Five Things to know about the Informal Economy. Available at 
https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/07/28/na-072821-five-things-to-know-aboLit-the-informal- 
economy (Accessed on 1 July 2025).
Philippine Commission on Women. Available at https://pcw.gov.ph/magna-carta-of-workers-ln-the-lnformal- 
economy/ (Accessed on 1 July 2025).
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). July 2018 Labor Force Survey. Available at 
https://psa.gov.ph/statlstics/survey/labor-and-employment/labor-force-survey/ 
title/Employment%20Situation%20in0/o20July%202018 (Accessed on 1 July 2025).
PSA. April2025Labor Foice Survey. Available at https://psa.qov.ph/statistics/labor-force-survey (Accessed on 
1 July 2025).
1


The informal economy plays a vital role in sustaining the country's economic 
activity, particularly for those unable to access formal employment.6 However, despite 
its importance, workers in the informal economy remain largely outside the coverage 
of labor laws and social protection systems. This persistent exclusion leaves a 
significant segment of the workforce without adequate legal safeguards, rights at 
work, or access to social security.
This gap in protection is especially stark when viewed against the backdrop of 
the Constitution, which mandates the State to promote a just and dynamic social 
order, free the people from poverty through adequate social services and employment 
opportunities, and ensure a rising standard of living and improved quality of life for 
all. It further obliges the State to protect the rights of workers, promote their welfare, 
and afford full protection to labor in all forms.
Thus, this bill seeks to address this long-standing gap by formally recognizing 
the rights, protections, and entitlements of workers and economic units in the informal 
economy. It affirms the applicability of labor standards and constitutional guarantees 
to all workers, regardless of employment status. It also strengthens the right of 
informal workers to organize and mandates key agencies to provide targeted support, 
including social protection, access to infrastructure, and assistance for market 
integration. This includes capacity-building to enable own-account workers to use e- 
marketing platforms and reduce dependency on middlemen—a need underscored 
during the COVID-19 lockdowns, when direct access to consumers proved vital.
Finally, the bill directs the DSWD, in coordination with the DILG, DICT, DOLE, 
and other agencies, to establish a national registry of informal economy workers. The 
confusion experienced in aid distribution during the pandemic further highlights the 
urgency of this measure.
In view of the foregoing, the immediate passage of this bill is earnestly sought.
JOEL^yiLLANUEVA'*
Op. cit., IMF


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TWENTIETH CONGRESS OF THE 
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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES 
)
First Regular Session 
)
SENATE
25 JUL'14 P2 S3
\
It .■
Senate Bill No.
550
Introduced by Senator JOEL VILLANUEVA
AN ACT
PROVIDING FOR A MAGNA CARTA FOR WORKERS IN THE 
INFORMAL ECONOMY AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in 
Congress assembled:
Chapter I
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
SECTION 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Magna Carta for 
Workers in the Informal Economy."
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is hereby declared the policy of the State
to:
a)
b)
Promote a just and dynamic social order that shall ensure the prosperity and 
independence of the nation, and free the people from poverty through policies 
that provide adequate social services, promote decent, sustainable, and full 
employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all; 
Protect, promote, and fulfill the rights of every worker, including gender equity, 
non-discrimination, the right to self-organization, just and humane conditions of 
work, access to social protection programs and services, access to justice, 
security of and in the workplaces, and the right to represent their organizations 
in a continuing process of consultation, social dialogue, and tripartite bodies; and


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c) Establish an integrated and coherent policy, at all levels of government, of 
formalization of informal economic units and informal economy workers, and 
make them visible in all relevant national and local statistics.
SEC. 3. Coverage. - This Act shall apply to all workers and economic units, 
including enterprises, entrepreneurs, and households in the informal economy, in 
particular:
a) 
The self-employed workers, own-account workers and employers, members of 
cooperatives, and members of other social and solidarity economy units;
b) 
Home-based workers or contributing family workers, irrespective of whether they 
work in economic units in the formal or informal economy;
c) 
Employees holding informal jobs in or for formal enterprises, or for economic 
units in the informal economy, including those in contract arrangement and/or 
in supply chains, or as paid domestic workers employed by households;
d) 
Workers in unrecognized or unregulated employment relationships;
e) 
Agricultural workers or fisherfolk in unrecognized or unregulated agricultural or 
farming endeavors and fishing activities; and
f) 
Non-regular domestic workers.
SEC. 4. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the following terms shall 
mean:
a) 
Informal Economy to all economic activities by workers and economic 
units that are, in law or in practice, not covered or insufficiently covered by formal 
arrangements and does not cover illicit activities;
b) 
Economic Units in the Informal Economy include units that employ hired 
labor, units that are owned by individuals working on their own account, either 
alone or with the help or contributing family workers, cooperatives and other 
social and solidarity economy units, and informal work that may be found across 
all sectors of the economy, in households, as well as public and private spaces;
c) 
Informal Economy Workers' Organization refers to a group of informal 
sector workers, whether formally constituted or otherwise, that are organized 
with the primary objective of promoting the rights and welfare of workers in the 
informal economy;


d)
e)
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f)
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g)
h)
Informal Employment or Work refers to an employment or work 
arrangement with no legal protection and social benefits, unrecognized or 
unregulated, either in the formal or informal sector whether public or private, or 
in households either based on casual or contractual employment, kinship, or 
personal and social relations;
Own-account worker to workers who, working on their own account or 
with one or more partners, hold the type of job defined as a self-employed job, 
and have not engaged, on a continuous basis, any employee to work for them 
during the reference period;
Security of and in the Workplace refers to the right of every worker and 
informal economic units to an environment that guarantees and protects the 
spaces to undertake their work, including the right to be safe in one's own 
workspace, security of tenure and freedom from discrimination, risk, danger, 
doubt, anxiety, or fear of being removed, evicted, or prevented from working; 
Social Protection refers to policies and programs that seek to reduce poverty 
and vulnerability to risks and enhance the social status of the marginalized by 
promoting and protecting livelihood and employment, protecting against hazards 
and sudden loss of income, and improving people's capacity to manage risk, as 
well as all other interventions that support communities, households, and 
individuals, both women and men, and realizing their rights as citizens through 
their full participation in decision-making affecting or which may affect their 
access to and control over resources necessary to maintain and sustain a decent 
and secure life;
Social and Solidarity Economy Units refers to enterprises and organizations, 
including cooperatives as defined under Republic Act No. 9520, otherwise known 
as the Philippine Cooperative Code of 2008, mutual benefit societies, associations, 
foundations, and social enterprises which produce goods, services, and 
knowledge that meet the needs of the community they serve, through the pursuit 
of specific economic and social objectives and the fostering of solidarity.


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Chapter II
2 
RIGHTS AND BENEFITS
3 
SEC. 5. Rights and Benefits of Workers in the Informal Economy. -
4 
Workers in the informal economy shall be entitled to all the rights accorded to workers
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by the Philippine Constitution, the Labor Code of the Philippines, as amended, and
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relevant international human rights instruments and international labor standards.
7 
Accordingly, the State shall guarantee all workers in the informal economy the
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following:
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a) Right to security of and in the workplace;
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b) Right to make a living by work freely chosen or accepted;
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c) Right to just and favorable conditions of work, including provision for work-life
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balance, childcare, and other facilities;
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d) Right to a living wage and equal remuneration for work of equal value without
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distinction of any kind, especially for women who shall be guaranteed equal
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wages for work similar or equivalent to those done by men;
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e) Right to equal opportunity for promotion, subject to no other considerations than
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seniority and competence;
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f) Right to safe and healthy working conditions, safeguarding general, occupational,
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and reproductive health;
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g) Right to basic services, including affordable medical care, reproductive and other
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health services, low-cost housing, water, sanitation, cheap and affordable
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electricity, and efficient and effective transportation system;
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h) 
Right to rest, leisure, and reasonable limitation of working hours;
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i) 
Right to maternity and paternity benefits, as provided for by law;
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Right to equal access to education, skills training, and economic resources to
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develop self-reliance, especially for the youth, without any discrimination;
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Right to self-organization and to collectively negotiate with government and
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other entities in the promotion of their welfare and in the advancement of their
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interests, free from any political interference;
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I) Right to adequate food, clothing, shelter and standard of living, and the
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continuous improvement of such standard;


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m) 
Right to be free from any form of discrimination, violence, exploitation, including 
sexual exploitation, harassment, abuse, and any form of inhumane treatment 
which debases, degrades, or demeans the intrinsic worth and dignity of the 
worker as a human being;
n) 
Right to accessible social protection and safety nets, labor market programs, and 
social welfare interventions such as social security, health care, and insurance;
o) 
Right to participate in policy and decision-making processes and social dialogue, 
including access to information and resources relevant to the promotion and 
protection of their rights and welfare; and
p) 
Right to equal and equitable access to justice for redress of grievances, including 
alternative dispute resolution processes.
SEC. 6. Rights and Benefits of Own-Account Workers. - In addition to 
the rights of workers in the informal economy, own-account workers, as well as 
informal economic units, being the working poor's primary instruments to address and 
overcome poverty, shall be accorded preferential rights by the State over the 
following:
a) 
Infrastructure support, such as farm to market roads, common, affordable, and 
secure workplaces and facilities, merchandising centers, farmers' markets or 
bagsakan^NWh proper storage facilities, and inventory bulk-buying centers;
b) 
Policy support to ensure the unimpeded transport of their produce or products;
c) 
Policy support to promote and protect locally-produced products and services, 
including enhancement of the local value chain;
d) 
Ease and facilitation of access to markets, including capacity-building to access 
e-marketing facilities that will especially remove middlemen in the transaction 
and facilitate the sale of produce or products directly to the consumers;
e) 
Access to affordable, appropriate, and adequate financial services, including, 
among others, collateral-free and gender-balanced credit at low interest;
f) 
Access to appropriate and adequate machinery, equipment, and other 
technologies, with the end view of increasing productivity and growth;
g) 
Protection from unjust dislocation from places where economic activities are 
conducted, observing the policy of "relocation before demolition";


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h) Measures against racketeering, extortion, and harassment, by both State and
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non-state elements;
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i) Common workplaces, shared facilities, product development and technology
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support, and adequate and affordable marketing facilities;
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j) Freedom from deprivation of property without valid cause and due process of
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law; and
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k) Affordable and customized social security and insurance programs.
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SEC. 7. Rights of Legitimate Organization of Workers in the Informal
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Economy or Employment - Workers in the informal economy or employment may
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organize into unions, cooperatives, social and solidarity economic units' organizations,
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and mutual benefit associations. Organization of workers in the informal economy or
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employment shall register with the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and
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shall have the right to:
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a) Freely function and act as the representatives of their members in policy and
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decision-making processes, collective negotiations, tripartite bodies and
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consultations, multi-sectoral and other similar bodies;
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b) Establish, join, or affiliate with national federations or confederations and
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international trade union organizations;
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c) Access information from concerned government institutions and other parties
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that are pertinent to the protection and promotion of the rights and welfare of
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their members;
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d) Own property, whether real or personal, for the use and benefit of their
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organizations and members;
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e) Sue and be sued under their registered name; and
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f) Undertake all other activities, not contrary to law, designed to benefit their
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organizations and members.
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SEC. 8. Assistance to Organizations of Workers in the Informal
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Economy. - The State shall promote and support the formation of organizations
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among marginalized farmers, fisherfolk, women, and workers in the informal economy
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or employment, whether in manufacturing, agriculture, transport, retail, services, or
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home-based enterprises.


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Towards this end, all national government agencies, government financial
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institutions, and local government units' plans, programs, and policies shall foster an
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atmosphere conducive to the exercise of the right to self-organization of the workers
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in the informal economy. Such policies shall also facilitate and promote access to credit,
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skills training, and inputs at lower cost. These policies shall also be geared towards
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assisting such workers in obtaining fair prices for their produce or products and
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ensuring uninterrupted supply chain for the efficient, effective and economical
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transport of their products to consumers.
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Chapter III
11 
SECURITY IN THE WORKPLACE OF WORKERS IN THE
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INFORMAL ECONOMY OR EMPLOYMENT
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SEC. 9. Designation of Workplaces. - Local Government Units (LGUs), in
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coordination with legitimate organization of workers in the informal economy and their
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members, affected communities, and other relevant groups, shall identify, designate,
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and design a system of assignment on the following:
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a) Productivity and merchandizing centers as viable workplaces for informal workers,
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which may include markets and vacant areas near markets, vacant public spaces
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and other spaces which may be a private property that the LGU may acquire,
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lease, or negotiate with legitimate organization of workers in the informal
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economy for lease under a memorandum of agreement; and
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b) Routes, terminals, and specific lanes for small transport workers.
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SEC. 10. Policy on Eviction and Demolition. - Workers in the informal
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economy or employment shall not be evicted from their homes and workplaces without
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any legal ground as provided under Republic Act No. 7279, otherwise known as the
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"Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992." They shall also be provided with the
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same or similar livelihood opportunities, adequate water and electricity and decent
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conditions of living in accordance with law. Logistical viability for the displaced shall
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be given priority in the course of determining the relocation sites or areas.
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SEC. 11. Policy on Confiscation of Materials and Impounding of
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Vehicles. - In cases where demolition or eviction is warranted by appropriate court
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order, the public officer or government agency that conducted the same shall ensure


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non-violence and shall issue an itemized receipt of all products, goods, and other
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materials seized or confiscated from vendors and other affected workers in the
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informal economy or employment. In no event shall these products be destroyed or
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discarded in the course of such demolition or eviction.
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Tricycles, pedicabs, and other modes of transportation shall not be impounded
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for violations of license, registration, or traffic regulations unless the said vehicles were
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utilized in the conduct of criminal activities. In cases of violation of traffic regulations,
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a traffic violation ticket shall be issued to the erring driver without impoundment.
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SEC. 12. Policy on Relocation of Vending Sites. - Before any public market
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is closed, sold, or demolished, all market vendors shall first be reiocated by the LGU
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to a temporary or new public market. Notice of the intention to close, sell, or demolish
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any public market shall be made to all concerned vendors at least sixty (60) days
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before the actual transfer or relocation to another market site. Within the sixty-day
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period after issuance of notice, the LGU shall conduct consultations with affected
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vendors on the relocation site and implementation of the relocation.
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Vendors, ambulant or otherwise, occupying or selling in public places not
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previously designated as vending sites shall be provided notice of transfer at least
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fifteen (15) days before the actual transfer to the designated vending site. The fifteen
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(15)-day notice shall likewise apply to vendors granted with permits but whose
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workplaces are withdrawn from the list of allowable vending sites. Any change in the
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list of allowable vending sites shall only be done after consultation with the affected
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vendors.
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In the event that a new public market is constructed in place of an old one,
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market vendors with stalls displaced from their workplaces shall be given priority in
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the assignment of stalls in the new market.
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SEC. 13. Policy on Relocation of Terminals and Change of Route. -
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Relocation of designated terminals for tricycles, pedicabs, jeepneys and other similar
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modes of transportation and any change of route shall not be arbitrarily carried out
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without prior notice and consultation with the drivers and/or transport groups
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concerned, legitimate organizations of workers, affected community, and other
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relevant sectors. The relocation of terminals and change of route shall be
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implemented through an ordinance, the enactment of which shall be subject to the
8


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required consultation and notice of intention as provided in the immediately preceding
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section.
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Chapter IV
5 
SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR THE INFORMAL SECTOR
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SEC. 14. Formalization of the Soda! Protection Floor. - The State shall
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support, sustain, enhance, or institutionalize the social protection floor initiative
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through convergence of the resources of various agencies of the government for
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continuous social security and health insurance subsidies to vulnerable and other
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informal workers, as well as initiate programs for the unemployed, children, and older
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persons based on applicable and ever improving standards.
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SEC. 15. Social Welfare and Safety Nets. - The Department of Social
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Welfare and Development (DSWD), in coordination with the DOLE, Department of
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Agriculture (DA) and other government agencies, shall consolidate all social welfare
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programs and safety nets to address the needs of the workers in the informal economy,
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including direct assistance, policy development, and community engagement for the
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workers.
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SEC. 16. Rote of the Department of Labor and Employment -The DOLE
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shall engage in labor market interventions that shall provide adequate protection and
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enable transition of workers in the informal economy to formal work arrangements. It
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shall ensure timely and immediate action for labor concerns, as well as job generation,
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and other pertinent concerns.
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SEC. 17. Social Insurance. - Social insurance programs including Social
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Security, Pag-ibig (Home Development Mutual Fund), and universal health care shall
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be made fully available to workers in the informal economy. For this purpose, policies
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and mechanisms for their full utilization and benefit shall be formulated by the Social
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Security System, HDMF, and the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation.
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Chapter V
30 
LABOR STANDARDS AND ENFORCEMENT OF LABOR LAWS
31 
FOR WORKERS IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY


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SEC. 18. Applicability of the Provisions of the Labor Code. -The provisions
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of the Labor Code particularly, the minimum age requirement, general labor standards
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and occupational safety and health shall be adapted to work, engagement or
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employment in the informal economy.
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SEC. 19. Prohibited Acts Specific to Workers in the Informal Economy.
6 
- The following are deemed prohibited:
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a) Non-compliance with Minimum Labor Standards and Occupational
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Health and Safety Standards. The terms and conditions of employment of
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workers in the informal economy shall not be lower than the minimum standards
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set by law. The lack of formality of the work arrangement between the employer
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and the worker or intermittency of work shall not mean the absence of an
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employment relationship in the informal economy; it is sufficient that there is
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control on how the work is to be done at the time of the engagement or economic
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dependence of the worker on the employer is present.
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In all cases, the employment agreement shall be explained to the worker,
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and be in a language that is easily understandable to the worker. The worker
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shall also be furnished a copy of such employment agreement for his records.
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b) Recruitment or Finders' Fees. Regardless of whether the worker was sourced
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either through an empioyment agency or a third party, workers in the informal
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economy shall neither be charged nor levied a recruitment fee or finders' fee by
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the employment agency or third party.
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c) Hazardous Work and Conditions. Workers in the informal economy shall not
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be engaged to do hazardous work, activity, or undertaking, or be exposed to
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hazardous working conditions. The rights of all workers under Republic Act No.
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11058, otherwise known as An Act Strengthening Compliance with Occupational
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Safety and Health Standards and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof, shall
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be promoted and fulfilled.
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d) Interference and Coercion. Any person is prohibited from committing any of
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the following acts of interference and coercion:
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(1) Preventing any worker from upholding or exercising his/her rights;
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(2) Preventing any worker from joining or assisting organization for purposes
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not contrary to law;
10


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(3) Preventing any worker from carrying out his/her duties or functions in an
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organization, or to penalize the same for any lawful action performed in
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that capacity and in the performance of his/her work or undertaking;
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(4) Harassing, threatening, coercing, or intimidating any worker that has the
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tendency or has the result of preventing him or her from performing his or
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her duties and functions;
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(5) Transferring, penalizing, or terminating the services of a worker without
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valid or legal ground; and
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(6) Other acts calculated to diminish the independence and freedom of workers'
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organization to direct its own affairs.
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e) Non-compliance with Republic Act No. 7610, as amended by Republic
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Act No. 9231 in the employment of minors. - In cases where minors are
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contracted or hired to render work or services in any informal economic activity,
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the DOLE and the LGU or a duly elected Barangay official where the work is to
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be done shall ensure compliance with Republic Act No. 7610, as amended by
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Republic Act No. 9231. The employer of the minors shall also provide them with
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access to at least elementary or secondary education, either through traditional
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schooling or alternative learning systems.
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SEC. 20. Visitoria! and Enforcement Power of the Secretary of Labor
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and Employment - The scope of the visitorial and enforcement power of the
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Secretary of Labor under Article 128 of the Labor Code of the Philippines, as amended,
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shall include employment and other work engagement in the informal economy.
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Chapter VI
25 
POLICY COORDINATION AND DEVELOPMENT
26 
SEC. 21. Function of National Economic Development Authority. - The
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Committee on Social Development of the National Economic Development Authority
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(NEDA) shall develop policies and programs that shall:
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a) facilitate the transition of workers and economic units from the informal to the
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formal economy to achieve inclusive development and to realize decent work for
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all, while respecting workers' fundamental rights and ensuring opportunities for
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income security, livelihoods and entrepreneurship;
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b)
C)
promote the creation, preservation and sustainability of enterprises and decent 
jobs in the formal economy and the coherence of macroeconomic, employment, 
social protection and other social policies; and 
prevent the informalization of the formal economy.
SEC. 22. Informal Economy Initiatives of Local Development Council. 
- The Local Development Councils of all provinces, cities, and municipalities shall 
establish a body of coordination, registration, and assistance for workers in the 
informal economy within their respective jurisdictions.
The Local Development Councils shall also form a sectoral or functional 
committee that shall facilitate the registration of informal economy workers.
Chapter VII
REGISTRATION OF INFORMAL ECONOMY WORKERS
SEC. 23. Registration. - The DSWD, in coordination with the Department of 
Interior and Local Government (DILG), Department of Information and 
Communications Technology (DICT), DOLE, and other appropriate government 
agencies, shall establish a system of registration of workers in the informal economy.
The national and local governments shall review, revalidate, and reassess such 
database as a tool for national and local planning and for other purposes every two 
(2) years.
The registry of economic units shall take into account the different sub­
classifications in terms of asset size, number of workers, social insurance provided, 
statutory benefits and wages, industry, geography, premises, sex, ethnicity, 
vulnerability, and roles and functions. The database shall also indicate informal 
economic units which may be categorized as livelihood enterprises and entrepreneurial 
or growth-oriented informal businesses.
CHAPTER VIII 
FINAL PROVISONS
SEC. 24. Penalties. -
Any person who shall willfully interfere with, restrain or coerce a worker in the 
exercise of his or her rights or shall in any manner commit any act in violation of
a)
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b)
c)
d)
e)
any of the provisions of this Act shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of 
not less than Twenty Thousand Pesos (Php20,000.00) or imprisonment of one 
(1) to six (6) years or both fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the Court. 
If the offender is a public official, the Court, in addition to the penalties provided 
in the preceding paragraph, may impose the additional penalty or disqualification 
from public office.
Any person who violates Section 11 of this Act (Policy on Confiscation of Materials 
and Impounding of Vehicles) shall be liable. Nothing herein shall prohibit the 
aggrieved workers in the informal economy from initiating a criminal or civil 
action against the responsible person or officer.
Failure to implement Sections 12 (Policy on Relocation of Vending Sites) and 13 
(Policy on Relocation of Terminals and Change of Route) shall render the 
responsible official/s administratively liable pursuant to Republic Act No. 7160 
and other applicable laws, without prejudice to any civil or criminal cases that 
may be filed against such erring official/s.
If a private institution/company is found to have violated any provisions of this
Act, its business shall be suspended or revoked at the discretion of the Court.
SEC. 25. Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR). The DOLE, DILG, 
DSWD, and NEDA, in coordination with other concerned government agencies and 
stakeholders, shall formulate the implementing rules and regulations within 180 days 
from the effectivity of this Act.
SEC. 26. Separability Clause. - If any portion or provision of this Act is 
declared unconstitutional, the remainder hereof or any provisions not affected thereby 
shall remain in force and effect.
SEC. 27. Repealing Clause. - Any law, presidential decree or issuance, 
executive order, letter of instruction, rule, or regulation inconsistent with the 
provisions of this Act is hereby repealed or modified accordingly.
SEC. 28. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its 
complete publication in the Official Gazette or in a newspaper of general circulation.
Approved,
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