FOURTEENTH CONGRFSS OF THE REPUBLIC 
) 
7 JuI4 30 012: 7. 
OF THE PHJLIPPINES 
) 
First Regular Session 
) 
n * n  
Introduced by Senator Ramon Bong Revilla, Jr. 
EXPLANATORY NOTE 
A government maintains the allegiance and support of the citizens by keeping them 
informed on matters affecting their interest and well-being. Without it, the reservoir of 
public trust dries up, and government soon enough loss the basis of popular support, and 
cannot be maintained except against the people’s will. 
For this reason, the Bill of Rights provides: “The right of the people to information 
on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to 
documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to 
government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen 
subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.” Upon this right is anchored the basic 
right of the citizens to be informed of the process and decisions made by the government in 
the process of governance. 
Without transparency and proper information, the future of the nation is left solely in 
the hands of public officials and decision makers at the expense of utilizing the active 
participatory process of governance provided ynder the Constitution. Without it, public 
officers are unduly emboldened in the belief that their actions, even when wrong and 
injurious to the public interest, could be screened away from public knowledge. By 
guaranteeing the citizen access to official records, documents and papers pertaining to 
official acts, transactions and decisions of the government, the Filipino people have actively 
participated in the decision-making and legitimizing process of governance, 
Moreover, in this process, public officers are also made more keenly aware of their 
accountability to the public. Yet even the freest and most open government requires a 
measure of secrecy for some of the things it does to enable it to carry out its duties more 
effectively than if everything were promptly disclosed in the marketplace. 
The security and defense of the State from internal subversion and external threats, 
the stability of its currency and reserves, and the preservation of law and order oRen require 
the adoption of certain measures which lose their effect in the glare of publicity, and which 
therefore are best covered by the mantle of secrecy, so that the government may be able to 
secure the best advantage to the national interest. The security and defense of the nation 
would be severely impaired if anyone who might wish to do it h a m  had free access to 
official information relating to security and defense. 
Still, under the pretext of keeping certain information secret, a government may 
become over-secretive and keep secret even those which it has no just reason to keep secret. 
The national interest is harmed as much by indiscriminate disclosure as by excessive 
secrecy. This proposed measure, therefore, enhances the free flow of information and the 


formation of a vigorous, free and enlightened public opinion, while paying proper regard to 
the need to protect official information pertaining to national security. 
In view of the foregoing concerns, the early approval of this bill is being earnestly 
sought. 


FOURTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE mPuBLrc 
OF THE PHILIPPINES 
First Regular Session 
S.B. No. ”””7s 
Introduced by Senator Ramon Bong Revilla, Jr. 
AN ACT 
TO ENSURE. PUBLIC ACCESS TO OFFICIAL 
INPOR. MATION AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES 
Be it enacted by the Semte and the House of Representatives of the Philippines in 
Congress ussembled: 
SECTION 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the “OfftciaI Information 
Access Act of 2007.” 
SEC, 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is hereby declared the policy and purpose of this 
Act to secure the constitutional right of the citizens to have free access to official 
information, subject only to the limitations imposed hy the rights of individuals, public order 
and safety, the defense, and foreign relations of the country. In particular, the State shall take 
adequate steps to prevent the unauthorized disclosure of confidential documents. In no case, 
however, shall official information be classified and withheld to conceal official error, 
misconduct or inefficiency, to restrain free initiative, or to shield a public officer or office 
from embarrassment. 
SEC. 3. Definition of Term. - For purposes ofthis Act: 
a) “Government” -means the national government 
b) “Agency” - means any instrumentality of the government including government-owned 
or controlled corporations 
c) “Official Information”, “Oficial Records”, “Documents” - means documents or parts of 
documents, records in writing, on film or tape or by other means pertaining to official acts, 
transactions or decisions, or articles or things which are owned by, or in the custody of, or 
from part of the records of the government, or any of its agencies and instrumentalities, or of 
its officials and employees in their official capacities, such as contracts, correspondence, 
drawings, plans, master plans, development plans, feasibility studies, engineering designs, 
sketches, tracings, paintings, prints, photographs, photocopies, photograph negatives, or any 
abstract, reproduction or summary thereof, models, designs, patterns, specimens, codes, 
words, countersigns and passwords. 
d) “Cabinet Papers” - means records of the proceedings of the Cabinet and Cabinet 
committees, including written proposals, briefs and other documents or papers, in whatever 
form, and the circulation of which is limited to the Cabinet or Cabinet committees. 


e) “Foreign Relations” - means relations between the government of the Philippines and any 
other country or any international body the members ofwhich are governments. 
f) “Defense Contract” - means any contract, agreement or undertaking which is awarded, 
with or without public bidding, by the government or any of its agencies, in favor of a 
qualified person, natural or juridical for the supply of materials, equipment spare parts, 
supplies, or services, for the construction, repair or improvement of buildings, depots, 
quarters, arsenals, shipyards, camps or similar installations, or facilities, intended for, 
adapted to or suitable for the defense of the country from internal attack or external 
aggression. g) “Communicate” - means to divulge, disclose, make known, or pass, transfer 
or transmit, in any manner or to any extent, any official information. 
SEC. 4. Access to Information. - 
(1) Each agency shall make available for public inspection and copying official records 
unless they are promptly published or copies thereof offered for sale. To the extent required 
to prevent a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, an agency may delete 
identifying details when it makes available or publishes official records. 
(2) Each agency shall currently publish in the Official Gazette - 
(a) descriptions of its organization, its functions, and the established places at which, the 
employees from whom, and the methods and procedures whereby, the public may 
obtain information, make submittals or requests, or obtain decisions; 
(b) statements of general policy or interpretations of general applicability 
formulated and adopted by the agency; 
(c) each amendment, revision, or repeal of any of the foregoing 
Except to the records made available under paragraph (1) and (2) of this Section, each 
agency, upon any request for records which (a) reasonably describes such records and (b) ;is 
made in accordance with published rules, stating the time, place, and procedures to be 
followed, shall make the records promptly available to any Filipino citizen. 
(3) Each agency shall promulgate regulations specifying the procedures to be followed by all 
parties requesting for the production of records, including a uniform schedule of fees to be 
collected by all constituent units of such agency. Such fees shall be limited to the recovery 
of only the direct costs of the search and dupfication of documents. Documents shall be 
furnished without charge or at a reduced charge where the agency determines that a waiver 
or reduction ofthe fee is in the public interest, 
SEC. 5. Request for Records. 
(1) Each agency, upon any request for records made under Section 4 of this Act, shall: 
(a) decide within ten (IO) days (excepting Saturdays, Sundays and legal holidays) 
after the receipt of any such request whether or not to comply with it: Provided, That 
denial of any request shall be explained hlly in writing, and the person making the 
request shall be advised of hidher right to appeal the decision to the head of the 
agency concerned; and 
(b) decide any appeal within twenty (20) days (excepting Saturdays, Sundays and 
legal holidays) after the receipt of such appeal. Notice of denial of any request for 
records under this Section shall set forth the name and title or position of each person 
responsible for the denial of such request; or 


(2) In unusual circumstances, the time limits prescribed above may be extended by written 
notice to the person making such request, setting forth the reasons for such extension and the 
date on which a determination is expected to be made: Provided, That no extension shall 
exceed ten (10) working days. As used in this paragraph, “unusual circumstances” means - 
(a) the need to search for and collect the requested records from field or other 
establishments that are separate from the office processing the request; 
(b) the need to search for, collect, and appropriately examine a voluminous amount 
of separate and distinct records which are demanded in a single request; or 
(c) the need for consultation with another agency having a substantial interest in the 
determination of the request or among two or more components of the agency having 
substantial subject-matter interest therein. 
(3) Any person making a request to any agency for records shall be deemed to have 
exhausted hisher administrative remedies with respect to such request if the agency 
fails to comply with it within the time limits provided in this Section. 
SEC. 6. Judicial Review. - 
(1) On complaint, the proper court may enjoin the Agency concerned from withholding 
agency records and order the production of any agency records improperly withheld. 
(2) If the agency can show that exceptional circumstances exist and that the agency is 
exercising due diligence in responding to the request, the court may allow the agency 
additional time to produce the records. 
(3) Whenever the court orders the production of any agency records improperly withheld 
from the complainant and the court additionally issues a written finding that an officer or 
employee may have acted arbitrarily or capriciously in withholding such records, the Civil 
Service Commission shall promptly initiate a proceeding to determine whether disciplinary 
action is warranted against the officer or employee primarily responsible for the 
withholding. The Commission, after investigation and consideration of the evidence 
submitted, shall submit its findings and recommendations to the officer or employees 
concerned. The Administrative authority shall, within thirty (30) days take the corrective 
action recommended by the Commission. 
SEC. 7. Exemption. - The provisions of Section 4 and 5 of this Act shall not apply 
to: 
(1) Classified official information as defined in this Act; 
(2)Unpublished information, including position papers, concerning diplomatic negotiations; 
(3) Defense contracts; 
(4) Cabinet papers; 
(5) Information specifically exempted from disclosure by statutes; 
(6) Trade secrets and commercial or financial information; 
(7) Inter-agency or intra-agency memoranda or letters which would not be available by law 
to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency; 
(8) Personnel and medical files and similar files, the disclosure of which would constitute a 
clearly unwarranted invasions of personal privacy; 
(9) Investigatory records compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the extent that 
the production of such records would - 
(a) interfere wth enforcement proceedings; 
(b) deprive a person of a right to a fair trial or an impartial adjudication; 
(c) constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy; 


(d) disclose the identity of a confidential source and, in the case of a record compiled by a 
criminal law enforcement authority in the course of a criminal investigation, or by an agency 
conducting a lawful national security intelligence investigations, confidential information 
furnished by confidential sources; 
(e) disclosure investigate techniques and procedures; or 
(f) endanger the life or physical safety of law enforcement personnel. 
(10) Information contained in or related to examination, operation, or situation reports 
prepared by, on behalf of, or for the use of an agency responsible for the regulation or 
supervision of financial institutions; or 
(1 1) Geological and geophysical information and date, presented in maps, reports, and charts 
and in particular those required by regulation to be submitted to the government by private 
government corporations and entities; or 
(12) Technical data and information specifically exempted from disclosure by bilateral or 
multilateral agreements to which the Philippine Government is a party. 
This section shall not be construed to limit the powers of courts and administrative agencies 
with quasi-judicial hnctions to order the production of records which are relevant to the 
issues in cases pending before such courts or agencies. 
SEC. 8. Security Classification. 
(1) For purposes of this Act, official information relating to national security shall be 
categorized as follows: 
(a) Top Secret - Oficial information the unauthorized disclosure of which 
would cause exceptionally grave damage to the national security. Examples 
of “exceptionally grave damage” include but are not limited to armed 
hostilities against the Philippines or its allies; disruption of foreign relations 
vitally affecting the national security; the compromise of vital national 
defense plans or complex cryptographic and communications intelligence 
systems; the revelation of sensitive intelligence operations; the disclosure of 
national defense plans or complex cryptographic and communications 
intelligence systems; the disclosure or scientific or technological 
developments vital to national security. The classification “Top Secret” shall 
be used with utmost restraint. 
(b) Secret - Official information the unauthorized disclosure of which would 
cause serious damage to the national security. Examples of “serious damage” 
include but are not limited to disruption of foreign relations significantly 
affecting the national security; significant impairment of a program or policy 
directly related to the national security; revelation of significant military 
plans or intelligence operations; and compromise of significant scientific or 
technological developments relating to national security. The classification 
“Secret” shall be sparingly used. 
(e) Defense-Confidential - Official information the unauthorized disclosure 
of which would cause damage to the national security Examples of “damage” 
include but are not limited to impairment of a program or policy directly 
related to the national security; revelation of routine military plans or 
intelligence positions; 
compromise of 
scientific 
or technological 
developments relating to national security. No documents shall be given more 
than one (1) classification. In case a series of documents or volumes have 
more than one (1) classification, the least restrictive shall apply. 


(2) Authority to Classify Documents. - The authority to originally classify official 
information shall be limited to: 
(a) The President of the Republic of the Philippines, the Secretary of Foreign 
Affairs, the Secretary of Finance, the Executive Secretary, the Secretary of 
Justice, and the Secretary of National Defense, the head of the Intelligence 
community. 
(b) Such other officials as may be authorized in writing by the President. 
(c) Information shall be deemed as classified within the meariing of this Act 
if in the case of document, it is marked with any of the three ( 3 )  
classifications described in this Section. 
(d) The responsible Department Secretary or official concerned shall 
undertake a periodic review of the official information which has been 
classified by hindher under this Act, for the purpose of ensuring the correct 
classification of official information at all times. 
(e) A Department Secretary may, in the performance of hisher duty and when 
the national interest requires it, communicate in confidence certain official 
information classified under this Act to responsible members of mass media 
for the purpose of providing the latter with adequate background on vital 
national or international developments. 
(0 Regulations concerning the classification, review, declassification and 
handling of classified official information shall be promulgated by the 
President. 
SEC. 9. Unlawful Acts. - Any person who, having in hidher possession or control, 
any official information classified in accordance with Section 8 of this Act, by reason of 
hidher holding or having held public office or contract with the government, or by reason of 
hidher being employed under a person who holds, or has held such office or contract, 
communicates directly or indirectly any such classified official information to any person 
other than a person to who is duly authorized to communicate it, shall be guilty of an offense 
under this Act, and shall be liable on conviction by the Court to imprisonment for a term 
ranging from one (1) year to six (6) years or a fine ranging from Php 10,000.00 to Php 
100,000.00 or both at the discretion ofthe Court. 
SEC. 10. Other Unlawful Acts. - 
(1) A public officer or employee who fails to comply with directions of proper authorities 
about the return or disposal of classified information or the retention of such information 
contrary to hidher official duty shall be guilty of an offense under this Act and shall be 
liable on convictions by the Court to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three (3) years 
and a fine not exceeding Php 50,000.00 or both at the discretion of the Court. 
(2) A public officer or private person who, without authority, removes a classification or 
makes a copy of a classified official information without placing the proper mark, With 
intent to circumvent the security classification under Section 8 hereof, shall be guilty of an 
offense under this Act and shall be liable on conviction by the Court to imprisonment for a 
term not exceeding one (1) year and a fine not exceeding Php 20,000.00 or both, at the 
discretion of the Court, if the official information involved is classified as TOP SECRET; 
not exceeding six (6) months and a fine not exceeding Php 10,000.00 or both, at the 
discretion of the Court, if the official information involved is classified as SECRET; not 
exceeding three (3) months and a fine not exceeding Php 5,000.00 or both, at the discretion 
of the Court, if the official information involved is classified as DEFENSE - 
CONFIDENTIAL. 
SEC. 11. Protected Parties. - A legitimate member of the press who gains access to 
classified information described in Section 8 through reportorial enterprise shall enjoy the 


constitutional protection of the freedom of the press and shall not deemed to have committed 
any unlawful act: Provided, However, That he/she secures and uses hidher information in 
the krtherance of hidher profession in the public interest, and not for the purpose of 
inflicting exceptionally grave or serious damage to national security: Provided Further, That 
hdshe does not pass it on to third parties for their own illicit purposes. 
SEC. 12. Prosecution. - No prosecution of an offense under Section 9 hereof shall 
be instituted without the written approval of the Secretary of Justice, and without a 
certification 
of the responsible Department Secretary or official concerned that: 
(1) A review has been conducted by the responsible Department Secretary or official 
concerned of the classification of the official information disclosed without the authority; 
and 
(2) At the time of the disclosure, the official information was properly classified in 
accordance with Section 8 of this Act. 
In case the official information was originally classified by the Secretary of Justice, no 
criminal proceedings shall commence without the written approval of the President. 
SEC. 13. Separability Clause. - If, for any reason, any section or provision of this 
Act shall be held unconstitutional or invalid, the other section or provision not otherwise 
affected shall remain valid. 
SEC. 14. Repealing Clause. - All laws, presidential decrees, executive orders, 
proclamations, rules and regulations which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Act 
are hereby repealed or modified accordingly. 
SEC. 15. Effectivity Clause. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days from its 
publication in the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation. 
Approved,