TWENTIETH CONGRESS OF THE 
)
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES 
)
First Regular Session 
)
SENATE
S.B. No. 558
oi'UU';.';
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25 JUL 14 P3 42
RHCEr/ED BY
INTRODUCED BY SENATOR RISA HONTIVEROS
AN ACT
RECOGNIZING THE RIGHTS OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, POPULATIONS, 
AND PROCESSES AND PROVIDING MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION 
AND ENFORCEMENT THEREOF
EXPLANATORY NOTE
The Earth's average temperature has risen about 1.1 to 1.2 degrees Celsius 
since the late 19th century, largely driven by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the 
atmosphere. While climate change has occurred throughout, and even prior to, 
recorded history, this was mostly due to variations in the amount of solar energy 
received by the planet. However, with respect to recent global warming trends, the 
scientific consensus is that it has been caused by human activity.
This global warming has caused sea levels to rise 8 to 9 inches in the last 
century, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to decrease in mass, the retreat of 
glaciers around the world, an increase in the number of record-high temperatures, 
and the acidification of surface ocean waters.
Humans have also converted around half of the world's habitable land to 
agriculture. This massive conversion of forests, wetlands, grasslands, and other 
terrestrial ecosystems has produced an alarming decline in the planet's biodiversity. In 
2019, a report by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and 
Ecosystem Services noted that up to one million plant and animal species are facing 
extinction due to human activity.
Habitat loss is also being accelerated by my massive fires - largely set by 
humans - that have engulfed forests from the Amazon to central Africa. According to 
Global Forest Watch, the tropics overall lost some 8.9 million acres of primary rain 
forest last year, an area equal to the size of Belgium.
The Institute for Economics and Peace has also reported that just under 1.3 
billion people—projected to rise to nearly 2 billion by 2050—live in areas with high or 
very high exposure to hazards such as cyclones, floods, bushfires, and rising sea levels.
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A substantial number of those at-risk individuals are from the Asia-Pacific region. Thus, 
it is not surprising that the top nine countries facing the highest risk from climate 
change are all Asian.
Among these countries, the Philippines is at the greatest risk of 
experiencing multiple climate hazards out of any other country on Earth.
Moreover, these hazards affect not only the environment but also the peace and order 
situation within a country. Not only are conflict-prone countries more vulnerable to 
natural disasters, those disasters themselves can also trigger further internal unrest.
Today, environmental laws regulate the use and exploitation of nature by 
humans. They legalize fracking, drilling, and open-pit mining. The consequences have 
proven catastrophic. Perhaps a new way of looking at the relationship between 
humanity and the natural world offers a way to avert disaster.
In 1972, law professor Christopher Stone published a seminal article "Should 
Trees Have Standing?" that explored the possibility of recognizing natural ecosystems 
and processes as legal entities. He described how women and slaves had long been 
treated as rightless in law and suggested that, just as they had eventually attained 
rights, so should trees and other nonhuman living things.
Existing legal systems force us to think of nature anthropocentrically: in terms 
of human concerns rather than what concerns nature. In the midst of a climate and 
biodiversity crisis, there is a growing consensus that it is time secure the highest form 
of legal protection for nature by recognizing that natural ecosystems and processes 
possess certain inherent and inalienable rights. Worldwide, legislation and 
jurisprudence have begun to accumulate in this new area of law.
In 2006, the first law recognizing the legal rights of nature was enacted in the 
borough of Tamaqua, Pennsylvania. The community sought to prevent dredging sludge 
laden with PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl) being dumped in an abandoned coalmine. 
Communities across more than 10 US states have now followed suit, including New 
Hampshire, Colorado, and Pittsburgh.
In 2008, Ecuador enshrined the rights of nature - or Pachamama or Mother 
Earth - in its constitution, the first country to do so. Since then, Bolivia has enacted a 
law defining the earth as "a collective subject of public interest," and declaring both 
the planet and the life-systems inhabiting it as titleholders of inherent rights specified 
in the law.
Nepalese environmental advocates are developing a constitutional amendment 
that would, if adopted, recognize the right of the Himalayas to be free from pollution. 
In Mexico, Pakistan, Australia and other countries, frameworks for extending legal 
rights to natural systems are being proposed and legislated.
Courts have also ruled that ecosystems are capable of possessing rights under
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law.
Colombia's Supreme Court was recently asked to consider the impact of 
deforestation in a lawsuit that led to a groundbreaking ruling declaring the Amazon an 
entity "subject to rights," and entitled to conservation, maintenance, and restoration. 
In 2017, the state high court in Uttarakhand, India, ruled that in order to protect the 
Ganges and Yamuna rivers, they should be considered legal persons with all 
corresponding rights, duties, and liabilities.
As the planet teeters on the edge of an irreversible catastrophe, it is time to 
make a fundamental shift in humanity's relationship with nature before it is too late. 
Environmental survival is human survival
Thus, the proposed bill seeks to recognize natural ecosystems, populations, and 
processes as legal entities sui generis entitled to certain inherent and inalienable 
rights, such as those related to their existence, regeneration, and restoration. 
Furthermore, as nature cannot do so directly, the bill also vests environmental 
advocates with the standing necessary to petition our courts on its behalf. However, 
in all such proceedings, nature shall be considered the real party-in-interest and all 
damages and monetary claims awarded by the court shall be held in trust by a 
conservation committee and used for its restoration and renewal.
Hence, the immediate passage of this measure is earnestly sought.
RISA HONTIVEROS 
Senator


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TWENTIETH CONGRESS OF THE 
)
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES 
)
First Regular Session 
)
SENATE
S.B. No. 558
,.s .
: 
of tt;f ■ ■■ r':
25 JUL 14 P3 '42
Rf'CEIVeO B?
INTRODUCED BY SENATOR RISA HONTIVEROS
AN ACT
RECOGNIZING THE RIGHTS OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, POPULATIONS, 
AND PROCESSES AND PROVIDING MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION 
AND ENFORCEMENT THEREOF
Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the Philippines in 
Congress assembled:
SECTION 1, Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Rights of Nature Act 
of 2025 "
Sec. 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is hereby declared the policy of the State to 
recognize natural ecosystems and processes, or distinct and identifiable portions 
thereof, including populations of plant and animal species, as legal entities suigeneris 
possessing certain fundamental and inalienable rights. The State shall provide simple, 
effective and expeditious mechanisms for the protection and enforcement of these 
rights.
Sec. 3. The Fundamental Rights of Nature. - Natural ecosystems, populations, 
and processes shall have the right to exist; to the maintenance of the vital cycles, 
functions and processes that ensure their continued sustainability and well-being; to 
the conditions necessary for their renewal and restoration; and to adequate and 
effective representation vis-a-vis the protection and enforcement of these rights. 
These rights shall be in addition to, and shall not impair or limit, any other right or 
remedy available under existing law, administrative regulation or jurisprudence. A 
violation of any existing environmental law or regulation shall be deemed a prima facie 
violation of these rights.


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The State likewise recognizes that there are limits on the ability of natural
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ecosystems, populations, and processes to regenerate as well as on the ability of
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humanity to undo and reverse any damage it has caused. Where there are threats of
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serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a
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reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation
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Thus, all human development that alters, affects or modifies natural
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ecosystems, populations or processes must be sustainable, ensure the maintenance
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of critical ecosystem services, allow for renewal and restoration, and respect intra- and
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intergenerational equity.
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Sec. 4. Construction. - This Act shall be liberally construed for the purpose of
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promoting, enhancing, and protecting the rights of natural ecosystems, populations
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and processes recognized herein. When human activity may lead to serious and
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irreversible harm that is scientifically plausible but uncertain, immediate action shall
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be taken to avoid or diminish the threat or occurrence thereof.
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Sec. 5. Obligations of the Government - The Government shall take all
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necessary action to protect and enforce the rights recognized by this law including,
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but not limited to, the following:
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(a) 
Develop and implement policies and regulations for prevention, early
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warning, protection, and precaution to prevent human activity from
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causing the extinction of living populations, the alteration of the cycles
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and processes that ensure life, and the destruction of livelihoods and
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cultural systems that are intertwined with natural ecosystems,
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populations, and processes;
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(b) 
Promote balanced forms of production and patterns of consumption that,
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while satisfying the needs of the people, safe-guard the regenerative
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capacity and integrity of natural ecosystems, populations, and processes;
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(c) 
Protect natural ecosystems, populations, and processes from the
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exploitation of its components, the commodification of living systems or
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the processes that support them, and the structural causes and effects
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of global climate change;


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(d) 
Ensure long-term energy sovereignty, increased efficiency and the
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gradual incorporation of clean and renewable alternative sources into the
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energy matrix;
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(e) 
Demand international recognition of ecological debt through the
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financing and transfer of clean technology compatible with the rights
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recognized in this Act;
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(f) 
Promote peace and the elimination of all weapons of mass destruction;
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and
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(g) 
Promote the recognition of the rights of natural ecosystems, populations,
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and processes in 
multilateral, regional and bilateral international
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relations.
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Sec. 6. Legal Personality of Natural Ecosystems, Populations & Processes. -
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The legal personality of natural ecosystems, populations, and processes, including all
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of their living and non-living elements, as well as any distinct and identifiable portions,
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aggregations, or components thereof, shall be recognized under law. In any action for
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the protection or enforcement of the rights recognized herein, the natural ecosystem
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or process involved shall be considered the real party-in-interest.
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Sec. 7. Representation & Standing. - Any Philippine resident may file an action
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to enforce the rights or obligations recognized under this Act on behalf of the natural
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ecosystem, population, or process concerned, which shall be the real party-in-interest.
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Upon the filing of any such action, the Court shall issue an order which shall contain
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a brief description of the cause of action and the reliefs prayed for, requiring all
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interested parties to manifest their interest to intervene in the case within a reasonable
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amount of time from notice thereof.
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Sec. 8. Reliefs. - If warranted, the court shall issue a judgment in favor of the
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natural ecosystem, population, or process on whose behalf an action for the protection
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and enforcement of the rights recognized herein was filed, which shall include
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measures for its continuing protection, preservation, restoration, or renewal. Monetary
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damages to be awarded shall be those necessary to support the continuous and
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complete rectification or repair of the damage done to natural ecosystems, populations
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or processes by the defendant. Attorney's fees, costs of suit and other litigation


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expenses shall be awarded to the party or parties who instituted the action for the
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protection and enforcement of the rights recognized herein.
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Sec. 9. Trust Fund. - Fines, damages, or any other monetary awards imposed
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upon the defendant shall be held and administered in trust by the conservation
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committee provided for in this Act on behalf of the natural ecosystem, population, or
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process considered the real party-in-interest of the action, and used to implement the
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measures for protection, preservation, restoration, or renewal ordered by the court.
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Sec. 10. Appointment of Conservation Committee. - To administer the trust
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fund and implement the measures necessary for protection, preservation, restoration,
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or renewal of the natural ecosystem, population, or process on whose behalf an action
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pursuant to this Act was filed, the court shall appoint a conservation committed from
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the stakeholders concerned, in accordance with the implementing rules and
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regulations of this Act. The court shall give preference to residents and indigenous
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cultural communities from the area, local government units, and people's and other
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non-governmental organizations or public interest groups accredited by or registered
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with any relevant government agency. Under no circumstances shall a person or entity
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responsible for a violation of the rights recognized herein be appointed to a
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conservation committee.
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Sec. 11. Designation of Courts and Promuigation of Procedural Rules. - The
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Supreme Court shall designate the court or courts that will hear and resolve cases
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brought under this Act and shall promulgate the rules of pleading, practice, and
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procedure to govern the proceedings brought under this Act.
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Sec. 12. Strategic Lawsuits against Public Participation. - A Strategic Lawsuit
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against Public Participation (SU\PP) is any action filed to harass, vex, or exert undue
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pressure against any person or legal entity that has taken legal action or made a public
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communication of any kind in connection with the enforcement or protection of the
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rights recognized herein or any other environmental law or regulation. The defendant
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in a SLAPP may file a special motion to dismiss at any point of the proceedings alleging
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that the case is a SLAPP. This special motion to dismiss shall be resolved within thirty
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(30) days after it is heard. If the court dismisses the SLAPP, it shall award damages,
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attorney's fees and costs of suit. The dismissal shall be with prejudice.


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Sec. 13. Education. - Respect for and recognition of the inherent and
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inalienable rights of natural ecosystems and processes shall be integrated into all levels
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of the educational system.
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Sec. 14. Prohibited Acts. - The following crimes of ecological destruction shall
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be prohibited and punished pursuant to this Act:
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(a) 
Damaging or disrupting a natural ecosystem or process, in whole or in
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part, thus rendering it dead or incapable of renewal or restoration;
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(b) Causing, or directly contributing to, the extinction of a plant or animal
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species;
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(c) 
Willfully promoting, encouraging or abetting the destruction or extinction
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of a natural ecosystem, process, or species of plant or animal; and
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(d) Altering, changing or modifying the natural cycle, function or structure
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of a natural ecosystem, process, 
or species of plant or animal, thus
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interfering with, impeding, or degrading 
its continued sustainability and
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well-being.
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Sec. 15. Penalties. - The crime of ecological destruction shall be punished by
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reciusion perpetua as well as a fine in the amount of not less than ten million pesos
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(P10,000,000.00), or the cost of the actual damage caused to the natural ecosystem
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or process concerned, whichever is higher. The costs required for the restoration,
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renewal or rehabilitation of the natural ecosystem, process or species concerned shall
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likewise be imposed on the offender upon conviction.
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In case the offender is a public official or employee, the penalty of removal from
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office, with perpetual disqualification shall likewise be imposed. In case the offender
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is an official or employee of any Government-owned or controlled corporation (GOCC),
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the penalty of dismissal from employment shall be imposed with perpetual
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disqualification from serving in any GOCC or public office.
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When any of the punishable acts herein defined are knowingly committed on
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behalf of or for the benefit of a juridical person, by a natural person acting either
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individually or as part of an organ of the juridical person, who has a leading position
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within, based on: (a) a power of representation of the juridical person provided the
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act committed falls within the scope of such authority; (b) an authority to take
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decisions on behalf of the juridical person: Provided, That the act committed falls


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within the scope of such authority; or (c) an authority to exercise controi within the
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juridicai person, the juridicai person shali be heid iiabie for the fine imposed by this
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section. The iiabiiity imposed on the juridicai person shali be without prejudice to the
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criminal liability of the natural person who has committed the offense.
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If the offender is an alien, he shall, after service of the sentence prescribed
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above, be deported without further administrative proceedings.
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Sec. 16. Lien upon Persona! and Immovable Properties of Violators. - Fines
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and penalties imposed pursuant to this Act shall be liens upon personal and immovable
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properties of the offender. Such lien shall, in case of insolvency of the respondent
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offender, enjoy preference subsequent to laborer's wages under Article 2241 and 2242
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of Republic Act No. 386, otherwise known as the New Civil Code of the Philippines.
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Sec. 17. Implementing Rules & Regulations. - The Secretary of Environment
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and Natural Resources (DENR), in coordination with the Commission on Human Rights
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(CHR), Department of Science & Technology (DOST), Department of the Interior &
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Local Government (DILG), Department of Education (DEPED), Commission on Higher
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Education (CHED), and associations or organizations representing environmental
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advocates shall issue the Implementing Rules & Regulations necessary for the effective
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implementation of this Act within ninety (90) days from the effectivity thereof.
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Sec. 18. Appropriations. - The amount necessary for the initial implementation
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of the provisions of this Act shall be charged against the current year's appropriations
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of the Department of Environment 8i Natural Resources. Thereafter, the funds
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necessary for the purposes of this Act shall be included in the General Appropriations
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Act.
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Sec. 19. Separability Clause. - If any provision of this Act is declared
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unconstitutional or invalid by a court of competent jurisdiction, the remaining
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provisions not affected thereby shall continue to be in full force and effect.
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Sec. 20. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees, executive orders, department
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or memorandum orders and other administrative issuances or parts thereof which are
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inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby modified, superseded, or
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repealed accordingly.


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Sec. 21. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after
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pubiication in the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) newspapers of general
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circulation.
Approved,