In conclusion , this review supports the hypothesis that hypovitaminosis D is associated with adverse outcomes after diverse surgical procedures .
The importance of vitamin D for musculoskeletal health has long been recognized , and awareness of significant extra-skeletal effects in health and disease is rapidly emerging .
Although it has been possible for many decades to quantify serum markers of vitamin D deficiency , and to correct deficiency at low cost and with high safety , the influence of vitamin D status on post-surgical outcomes has only recently been identified as a research topic of interest .
To the present , these data have not been the subject matter of formal review .
Accordingly , we conducted a systematic review to assess the association between perioperative vitamin D status and outcomes after surgery .
Vitamin D status and the risk of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in cardiac surgery.
AIMS A significant proportion of cardiac surgical patients develop critical post-operative complications . We aim ed to investigate the association of pre-operative 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) levels with major cardiac and cerebrovascular events ( MACCE ) in cardiac surgical patients . METHODS AND RESULTS From January 2010 to August 2011 , we consecutively measured circulating 25(OH)D in 4418 operated patients . Of the study cohort , 38.0 % had deficient 25(OH)D values ( < 30 nmol/L ) and additional 32.3 % had insufficient values ( 30 - 49.9 nmol/L ) , whereas only 3.1 % had values > 100 nmol/L. The incidence of MACCE was 11.5 % . In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models , the odds ratio of MACCE at deficient , inadequate , and high 25(OH)D levels was 2.23 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.31 - 3.79 ] , 1.73 ( 95 % CI : 1.01 - 2.96 ) and 2.34 ( 95 % CI : 1.12 - 4.89 ) , respectively , compared with 25(OH)D levels of 75 - 100 nmol/L. A U-shaped association with circulating 25(OH)D was also present for duration of mechanical ventilatory support and intensive care unit stay . Multivariable-adjusted 6- and 12-month mortality were higher in patients with deficient 25(OH)D levels compared with patients with 25(OH)D levels of 75 - 100 nmol/L. CONCLUSION Deficient 25(OH)D levels are prevalent in cardiac surgical patients in Central Europe and are independently associated with the risk of MACCE . Further research should clarify the potential of vitamin D supplements in reducing cardiovascular risk in vitamin D-deficient patients and also the mechanisms leading to adverse effects on the cardiovascular system in the small group of patients with 25(OH)D levels > 100
In conclusion , this review supports the hypothesis that hypovitaminosis D is associated with adverse outcomes after diverse surgical procedures .
The importance of vitamin D for musculoskeletal health has long been recognized , and awareness of significant extra-skeletal effects in health and disease is rapidly emerging .
Although it has been possible for many decades to quantify serum markers of vitamin D deficiency , and to correct deficiency at low cost and with high safety , the influence of vitamin D status on post-surgical outcomes has only recently been identified as a research topic of interest .
To the present , these data have not been the subject matter of formal review .
Accordingly , we conducted a systematic review to assess the association between perioperative vitamin D status and outcomes after surgery .