Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .
Validation of a Mathematical Model for Ultrasound Assessment of Gastric Volume by Gastroscopic Examination
INTRODUCTION : Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents is a serious perioperative complication . Previous models of ultrasound gastric volume assessment are preliminary and have not been vali date d by an external “ gold st and ard . ” In the present study we propose a more accurate model based on prospect i ve data obtained from 108 patients undergoing bedside gastric sonography and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy ( UGE ) .  METHODS : Patients undergoing elective UGE were r and omized to ingest one of 6 predetermined volumes of apple juice after an 8-hour fasting period  . A cross-sectional area of the antrum in the right lateral decubitus position ( Right lat CSA ) was measured by a blinded sonographer following a st and ardized scanning protocol . Gastric fluid was subsequently suctioned under gastroscopic vision during UGE performed by a blinded gastroenterologist and measured to the nearest milliliter . RESULTS : Data from 108 patients suggest that a previously reported model tends to overestimate gastric volume particularly at low volume states . A new best fit mathematical model to predict gastric fluid volume based on measurements of Right lat CSA is presented . This new model built on a more accurate gold st and ard can be used to estimate gastric volumes from 0 to 500 mL , in nonpregnant adults with body mass index < 40 kg/m2 . CONCLUSIONS : We report a new prediction model to assess gastric fluid volume using st and ard 2-dimentional bedside ultrasound that has several advantages over previously reported models
Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .