The results confirmed the presence of a relation between executive functions and overweight/obesity , although the directionality of this relation was not clear ; nor did any single executive function emerge as being more involved than others in this relation .
Despite this , there was evidence of a reciprocal influence between executive functions and overweight/obesity .
Conclusions : This systematic review underlines the presence of a relationship between executive functions and overweight/obesity .
Moreover , it seems to suggest a bidirectional trend in this relationship that could be the cause of the failure of interventions for weight reduction .
Background : The increasing incidence of people affected by overweight or obesity is a significant health problem .
The knowledge of the factors which influences the inappropriate eating behaviors causing excessive body fat is an essential goal for the research .
Overweight and obesity are significant risk factors for many health diseases , such as cardiovascular problems , diabetes .
Recently , many studies have focused on the relationship between body weight and cognitive processes .
Objectives : This systematic review is aim ed to investigate the existence and the nature of the relationship between excessive body weight ( overweight/obesity ) and executive functions , analyzing cross-sectional , and longitudinal studies in order to verify the evidence of a possible causality between these variables .
Cognitive function after bariatric surgery: evidence for improvement 3 years after surgery.
BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery is associated with improved cognition , and it is possible that such improvements are found at extended follow-ups . We hypothesized that cognitive improvement would be maintained 3 years after bariatric surgery . METHODS Fifty bariatric patients were recruited from the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery parent project . Participants completed a computerized cognitive test battery to assess cognitive function  at 12 weeks , 12 months , 24 months , and 36 months after surgery . RESULTS Repeated measures revealed main effects for attention , executive function , and memory . Attention improved up to 24 months and then slightly declined although it still fell within the average range at 36 months . Improvements in executive function reached their peak at 36 months after surgery . Short-term improvements in memory were maintained at 36 months . No main effect emerged for language . CONCLUSIONS Bariatric surgery may lead to lasting improvements in cognition . Prospect i ve studies with extended follow-ups ( eg , 10 years ) should examine whether bariatric surgery can attenuate cognitive decline in severely obese patients
The results confirmed the presence of a relation between executive functions and overweight/obesity , although the directionality of this relation was not clear ; nor did any single executive function emerge as being more involved than others in this relation .
Despite this , there was evidence of a reciprocal influence between executive functions and overweight/obesity .
Conclusions : This systematic review underlines the presence of a relationship between executive functions and overweight/obesity .
Moreover , it seems to suggest a bidirectional trend in this relationship that could be the cause of the failure of interventions for weight reduction .
Background : The increasing incidence of people affected by overweight or obesity is a significant health problem .
The knowledge of the factors which influences the inappropriate eating behaviors causing excessive body fat is an essential goal for the research .
Overweight and obesity are significant risk factors for many health diseases , such as cardiovascular problems , diabetes .
Recently , many studies have focused on the relationship between body weight and cognitive processes .
Objectives : This systematic review is aim ed to investigate the existence and the nature of the relationship between excessive body weight ( overweight/obesity ) and executive functions , analyzing cross-sectional , and longitudinal studies in order to verify the evidence of a possible causality between these variables .