In frail older persons , moderate-to-large beneficial exercise effects were noted on inflammation , muscle strength and physical functioning .
In healthy older persons , effects of resistance training ( most frequently investigated ) on inflammation or muscle strength can be influenced by the exercise modalities ( intensity and rest interval between sets ) .
Muscle strength seemed the most frequently used outcome measure , with moderate-to-large effects obtained regardless the exercise intervention studied .
Similar effects were found in patients with specific diseases .
Summary Exercise has moderate-to-large effects on muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Purpose of review This systematic review reports the most recent literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on  muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Effect of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on arterial stiffness and inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers: a randomized controlled trial of myocardial infarction patients.
BACKGROUND Arterial stiffness have shown an independent predictive value for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality . OBJECTIVE This study sought to evaluate the effects of an 8-week exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program ( ECR ) on arterial stiffness , and on inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers . Additionally , it was assessed two potential confounding variables , daily physical activity and dietary intake . METHODS In this parallel-group trial , 96 patients ( 56 ± 10 years ) were r and omized to either  the exercise group ( EG ) or control group (  CG ) 4 weeks after suffering acute myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) .  ECR consisted of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise at 70 - 85 % of maximal heart rate during 3 sessions weekly , plus usual care . CG participants received only usual care . Baseline and final assessment s included arterial stiffness through carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity ( cf-PWV ) , inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers , daily physical activity , and dietary intake . ( Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01432639 ) . RESULTS After 8 weeks , no significant changes were found between groups in cf-PWV , inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers , daily physical activity , or dietary intake . Excluding those patients ( n = 7 ) who did not attend , at least 80 % of the exercise sessions provided similar results , excepting a significant reduction in cf-PWV in the EG compared to the CG . CONCLUSIONS A short-term ECR does not seem to reduce arterial stiffness and inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers of post-MI patients under optimized medication . Nevertheless , the decrease of cf-PWV observed in the EG , when considering only those patients who attended at least 80 % of exercise sessions , warrants further investigation
In frail older persons , moderate-to-large beneficial exercise effects were noted on inflammation , muscle strength and physical functioning .
In healthy older persons , effects of resistance training ( most frequently investigated ) on inflammation or muscle strength can be influenced by the exercise modalities ( intensity and rest interval between sets ) .
Muscle strength seemed the most frequently used outcome measure , with moderate-to-large effects obtained regardless the exercise intervention studied .
Similar effects were found in patients with specific diseases .
Summary Exercise has moderate-to-large effects on muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Purpose of review This systematic review reports the most recent literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on  muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .