AE may improve physical functioning in healthy older people and is at least as effective as LE
BACKGROUND ageing and sedentary behaviour cause negative changes in the neuromuscular systems of healthy older adults result ing in a decrease in physical functioning .
Exercising in water ( aquatic exercise , AE ) has been shown to be effective at improving physical functioning in this population ; however , no systematic review with meta- analysis has been published .
The water exercise improves health-related quality of life of frail elderly people at day service facility
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of water exercise  at a day service facility and the effects of water exercise frequency on health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) . Methods Participants ( n = 30 ) were r and omly separated into three groups : two indicating exercise frequency , at once-weekly or twice-weekly , and a control group . One-hour exercise intervention sessions were carried out once or twice a week , accordingly , for 24 weeks . The water exercise session comprised a warm-up on l and , activities of daily living ( ADL ) exercises , stretching , strength training , and relaxation in water .  HRQL was evaluated using the Medical Outcomes Survey Short-Form 36 ( SF-36 ) question naire , and ADL disability was assessed using the Functional Independence Measure . Results Significant differences were found between pre- and 6 months in both the once- and twice-weekly groups in HRQL ( p < 0.05 ) . No significant difference was found among pre- , 3 months , and 6 months . The effect size between the once and twice groups was moderate in both the physical component summary ( 0.72 ) and mental component summary ( 0.75 ) at 3 months . ADL disability shows significant correlation with HRQL . Conclusion Water exercise intervention at a day service facility improved participants ’ HRQL for 6 months by improving exercise habits and ADL disability . Furthermore , the HRQL change differed according to exercise frequency : twice-weekly exercise showed more rapid improvement than once-weekly
AE may improve physical functioning in healthy older people and is at least as effective as LE
BACKGROUND ageing and sedentary behaviour cause negative changes in the neuromuscular systems of healthy older adults result ing in a decrease in physical functioning .
Exercising in water ( aquatic exercise , AE ) has been shown to be effective at improving physical functioning in this population ; however , no systematic review with meta- analysis has been published .