Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .
Effect of obesity intervention programs on adipokines, insulin resistance, lipid profile, and low-grade inflammation in 3- to 5-y-old children
Background : Childhood obesity can cause the development of cardiovascular risk factors . We assessed the effect of a multidisciplinary intervention program on cardiovascular risk factors and compared this effect with a usual-care program in 3- to 5-y-old overweight or obese children . Methods : Seventy-five children were r and omly assigned to a multidisciplinary intervention or a usual-care program . Anthropometry , body composition , and abdominal adipose tissue were assessed at the start and end of a 16-wk program . Concurrently , fasting concentrations of serum lipids , glucose , insulin , HbA1c , leptin , adiponectin , high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α , and interleukin (IL)-6 were determined . Results : In both groups , insulin sensitivity improved , demonstrated by decreased insulin concentrations and a decreased HOMA2-IR . In the multidisciplinary intervention group , there was also a decrease of HbA1c and TNF-α . In the usual-care group , an increase in glucose concentrations was found . Comparing both groups , changes over time were not different , besides trends in the decrease in total cholesterol and TNF-α , in favor of the multidisciplinary intervention group . Combining the results of both groups , a correlation was found between the decrease in body fat percentage ( BF% ) , and both HOMA2-IR and triglyceride ( TG ) concentrations . Conclusion : In 3- to 5-y-old children , both obesity intervention programs improved insulin sensitivity , in parallel with a reduced BF%
Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .