CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals increased hepatic lipid content after a single high-fat meal with no additional modulation by added protein.
BACKGROUND Fat accumulation in nonadipose tissue is linked to insulin resistance and metabolic diseases . Earlier studies have shown that hepatic lipid accumulation can occur after 4 d of a high-fat diet in humans , and this fat accumulation can be blunted by the ingestion of additional proteins . OBJECTIVES In this study , we explored whether a single high-fat meal increased the lipid content in liver and skeletal muscle as measured by using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( ¹H-MRS ) and whether the addition of protein can modulate the postpr and ial ectopic lipid storage . DESIGN Intrahepatic lipid ( IHL ) and intramyocellular lipid ( IMCL ) concentrations were determined by using ¹H-MRS before and 3 and 5 h after a high-fat with added protein meal ( 61.5 % of energy from fat ) or a high-fat without added protein meal ( mean ± SEM : 51.1 ± 7.9 g of protein ; 191.9 ± 9.9 kcal added ) in a r and omized crossover study . IHL and IMCL concentrations were converted to absolute concentrations ( g/kg wet weight ) by using water as an internal reference . RESULTS Nine lean , healthy subjects [ 6 men and 3 women ; mean ( ±SD ) age : 22.7 ± 3.0 y ; mean body mass index ( in kg/m² ) : 21.8 ± 1.8 ] were included in this study . IHL concentrations increased ∼20 % ( P < 0.01 ) at 3 h after the meal and did not further increase after 5 h. In contrast , IMCL concentrations were not altered during the postpr and ial period ( P = 0.74 ) . The addition of protein to a single high-fat meal did not change the postpr and ial accumulation of fat in the liver ( P = 0.93 ) or skeletal muscle ( P = 0.84 ) . CONCLUSIONS In this study , we showed that a single energy-dense , high-fat meal induced net lipid accumulation in the liver , which was detected by using in vivo ¹H-MRS . This noninvasive approach might bring new opportunities to study postpr and ial hepatic lipid dynamics . The addition of protein did not change the ectopic lipid retention after a single high-fat meal
CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .