Such interventions would have the potential to reduce the prevalence of chronic pain in the population .
Although certain risk factors can identify individuals who are most likely to develop chronic pain , few interventions to prevent chronic pain have been identified .
To facilitate the identification of preventive interventions , an IMMPACT meeting was convened to discuss research design considerations for clinical trials investigating the prevention of chronic pain .
We present general design considerations for prevention trials in population s that are at relatively high risk for developing chronic pain .
The risks and rewards of covariate adjustment in randomized trials: an assessment of 12 outcomes from 8 studies
Background Adjustment for prognostic covariates can lead to increased power in the analysis of r and omized trials . However , adjusted analyses are not often performed in practice . Methods We used simulation to examine the impact of covariate adjustment on 12 outcomes from 8 studies across a range of therapeutic areas . We assessed ( 1 ) how large an increase in power can be expected in practice ; and ( 2 ) the impact of adjustment for covariates that are not prognostic . Results Adjustment for known prognostic covariates led to large increases in power for most outcomes . When power was set to 80 % based on an unadjusted analysis , covariate adjustment led to a median increase in power to 92.6 % across the 12 outcomes ( range 80.6 to 99.4 % ) . Power was increased to over 85 % for 8 of 12 outcomes , and to over 95 % for 5 of 12 outcomes . Conversely , the largest decrease in power from adjustment for covariates that were not prognostic was from 80 % to 78.5 % . Conclusions Adjustment for known prognostic covariates can lead to substantial increases in power , and should be routinely incorporated into the analysis of r and omized trials . The potential benefits of adjusting for a small number of possibly prognostic covariates in trials with moderate or large sample sizes far outweigh the risks of doing so , and so should also be considered
Such interventions would have the potential to reduce the prevalence of chronic pain in the population .
Although certain risk factors can identify individuals who are most likely to develop chronic pain , few interventions to prevent chronic pain have been identified .
To facilitate the identification of preventive interventions , an IMMPACT meeting was convened to discuss research design considerations for clinical trials investigating the prevention of chronic pain .
We present general design considerations for prevention trials in population s that are at relatively high risk for developing chronic pain .