In the fixed effect model , the warming group had significantly less pain and lower incidence of wound infection , compared with the no-warming group .
In the r and om effect model , the warming group was also associated with lower risk of post-anesthetic shivering .
Both in the r and om and the fixed effect models , the warming group was associated with significantly less blood loss .
Perioperative warming of surgical patients is effective in reducing postoperative wound pain , wound infection and shivering .
Systemic warming of the surgical patient is also associated with less perioperative blood loss through preventing hypothermia-induced coagulopathy .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to systematic ally analyze the trials on the effectiveness of perioperative warming in surgical patients .
[The effect of intraoperative warming on patient core temperature].
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of using fluid warming and forced-air warming system on  patient core temperature , blood loss , blood transfusion , extubation time , and postoperative shivering .  METHODS Forty ASA ( American Society of Anesthesiologists ' Physical Status ) I-II patients , aged 21 - 69 years , scheduled for elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia , were enrolled in the study . The patients were premedicated with intramuscular dolantin 50 mg and atropine 0.5 mg . Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 1 mg , fentanyl 50 - 100 microg and propofol 1.5 - 2.0 mg/kg . Tracheal intubation was facilitated with vecuronium 1 mg and succinylcholine 1.5 - 2.0 mg/kg . The patients were mechanically ventilated and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane 1.5 - 2.0 % , 50 % N2O in oxygen and intermittent iv boluses of fentanyl ( total dose 5 - 6 microg/kg ) . Vecuronium was used for muscle relaxation during maintenance of anesthesia . The patients were r and omly divided into 2 groups : control group ( n = 20 ) and warming group ( n = 20 ) . In both groups , the patients were covered with surgery blanket . In the warming group , patients were additionally warmed with fluid warming device and forced-air warming system during the operation . The core temperature was recorded every 20 minutes during the operation , as well as the blood loss , blood transfusion , extubation time and postoperative shivering . RESULTS The core temperature at the end of the surgery was ( 36.4 + /- 0.4 ) degrees C in the warming group and ( 35.3 + /- 0.5 ) degrees C in the control group . The difference was statistically significant ( t = 7.547 , P < 0.001 ) . There was no significant difference of blood loss and blood transfusion between two groups . The extubation time was significantly shorter in the warming group [ ( 18 + /- 6 ) vs ( 26 + /- 10 ) min , t = -3.364 , P = 0.002 ] . 6 patients shivered postoperatively in the control group and none in the warming group ( chi2 = 7.059 , P = 0.008 ) . CONCLUSION Fluid warming system and forced-air warming system can effectively maintain normothermia during the surgery and then help to reduce the extubation time and postoperative shivering
In the fixed effect model , the warming group had significantly less pain and lower incidence of wound infection , compared with the no-warming group .
In the r and om effect model , the warming group was also associated with lower risk of post-anesthetic shivering .
Both in the r and om and the fixed effect models , the warming group was associated with significantly less blood loss .
Perioperative warming of surgical patients is effective in reducing postoperative wound pain , wound infection and shivering .
Systemic warming of the surgical patient is also associated with less perioperative blood loss through preventing hypothermia-induced coagulopathy .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to systematic ally analyze the trials on the effectiveness of perioperative warming in surgical patients .