Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .
Choice and availability of takeaway and restaurant food is not related to the prevalence of adult obesity in rural communities in Australia
OBJECTIVES : To establish whether choice and availability of takeaway and restaurant food consumption are associated with increased obesity .  DESIGN : Crossroads Undiagnosed Disease Study : a cross-sectional study undertaken between June 2001 and March 2003 . SETTING : A regional centre and six shire capitals of variables size in rural Victoria , Australia . PARTICIPANTS : In total , 1454 residents of r and omly selected households . MEASUREMENTS : Obesity ( by body mass index ( BMI ) or waist circumference ) , weekly recreational activity , self-reported frequency of takeaway consumption , number of local takeaway and restaurant food outlets in the area . RESULTS : The prevalence of obesity ranged from 25.5–30.8 % and was higher than the general Australian population among both men and women . Those in the regional centre were less likely than those in large and small shire capitals to participate in recreational activity of 150 min or more ( 39.7 vs 48.4 % , 46.0 % respectively , P=0.023 ) and yet reported better access to facilities and amenities for physical activity . Recreational activity of ≥150 min/week was associated with 0.75 ( 0.58–0.97 ) fold less risk of obesity . BMI was unrelated to takeaway consumption . Waist circumference was significantly lower among those eating no takeaways , but similar whether takeaways were consumed < 1/month or ≥1/week . Increased takeaway consumption was associated with increased consumption of higher fat preparations of dairy and meat products . Availability of takeaway outlets and restaurants was unrelated to obesity . CONCLUSION : The obesity epidemic exists among those without significant consumption of or availability to takeaway foods . In a setting of easy availability of food , the obesity epidemic relates strongly to reduced physical activity , but not to consumption of takeaway food
Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .