This review summarised in detail the effects  SD exercise interventions had on sedentary middle-aged individuals alongside the adherence to the prescriptions .
SD exercise was seen to be beneficial for improving metabolic outcomes physical characteristics , cardiorespiratory fitness and functional measures
Many chronic diseases and illnesses are caused by the lifestyle , including the physical activity habits , of an individual .
As such , consistent high levels of exercise should be encouraged across the lifespan , to limit the risk of developing one of these conditions and allowing for healthy aging to occur .
Exercise prescriptions that encourage high completion and adherence rates in an independent manner and improve health related outcomes should be provided to individuals .
To date , no review has identified optimal prescriptions of exercise to achieve this in sedentary middle-aged adults and this is important , given the higher risk of developing illnesses in this population as they age .
This review examines the effects prescriptions of self-directed ( SD ) exercise has on adherence and health related outcomes in sedentary middle-aged individuals in good general health currently and aims to identify the most suitable forms of planned SD exercise that can be carried out independently .
Exercise-Induced Weight Loss is More Effective than Dieting for Improving Adipokine Profile, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammation in Obese Men.
The adipokines chemerin and adiponectin are reciprocally related in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and inflammation in obesity . Weight loss increases adiponectin and reduces chemerin , insulin resistance , and inflammation , but the effects of caloric restriction and physical activity are difficult to separate in combined lifestyle modification . We compared effects of diet- or exercise-induced weight loss on chemerin , adiponectin , insulin resistance , and inflammation in obese men . Eighty abdominally obese Asian men ( body mass index [ BMI ] ≥ 30 kg/m(2 ) , waist circumference [ WC ] ≥ 90 cm , mean age 42.6 years ) were r and omized  to reduce daily intake by ~500 kilocalories ( n = 40 ) or perform moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise ( 200 - 300 min/week ) ( n = 40 ) to increase energy expenditure by a similar amount for 24 weeks . The diet and exercise groups had similar decreases in energy deficit ( -456 ± 338 vs. -455 ± 315 kcal/day ) , weight ( -3.6 ± 3.4 vs. -3.3 ± 4.6 kg ) , and WC ( -3.4 ± 4.4 vs. -3.6 ± 3.2 cm ) . The exercise group demonstrated greater reductions in fat mass ( -3.9 ± 3.5 vs. -2.7 ± 5.3 kg ) , serum chemerin ( -9.7 ± 11.1 vs. -4.3 ± 12.4 ng/ml ) , the inflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( -2.11 ± 3.13 vs. -1.49 ± 3.08 mg/L ) , and insulin resistance as measured by homeostatic model assessment ( -2.45 ± 1.88 vs. -1.38 ± 3.77 ) . Serum adiponectin increased only in the exercise group . Exercise-induced fat mass loss was more effective than dieting for improving adipokine profile , insulin resistance , and systemic inflammation in obese men , underscoring metabolic benefits of increased physical activity
This review summarised in detail the effects  SD exercise interventions had on sedentary middle-aged individuals alongside the adherence to the prescriptions .
SD exercise was seen to be beneficial for improving metabolic outcomes physical characteristics , cardiorespiratory fitness and functional measures
Many chronic diseases and illnesses are caused by the lifestyle , including the physical activity habits , of an individual .
As such , consistent high levels of exercise should be encouraged across the lifespan , to limit the risk of developing one of these conditions and allowing for healthy aging to occur .
Exercise prescriptions that encourage high completion and adherence rates in an independent manner and improve health related outcomes should be provided to individuals .
To date , no review has identified optimal prescriptions of exercise to achieve this in sedentary middle-aged adults and this is important , given the higher risk of developing illnesses in this population as they age .
This review examines the effects prescriptions of self-directed ( SD ) exercise has on adherence and health related outcomes in sedentary middle-aged individuals in good general health currently and aims to identify the most suitable forms of planned SD exercise that can be carried out independently .