HM provided a clear protective effect against NEC , with an approximate 4 % reduction in incidence .
HM also provided a possible reduction in LOS , severe ROP and severe NEC .
Particularly for NEC , any volume of HM is better than EPTF , and the higher the dose the greater the protection .
Evidence regarding pasteurisation is inconclusive , but it appears to have no effect on some outcomes .
Improving the intake of mother ’s own milk ( MOM ) and /or donor HM results in small improvements in morbidity in this population
The influence of early postnatal nutrition on retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low birth weight infants.
BACKGROUND Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP ) is the most common serious ophthalmic disease in preterm infants .  Human milk may provide a protective effect for ROP ; however , beneficial effects of human milk preclude r and omized trials . Therefore , we conducted a retrospective analysis comparing early postnatal nutrition with ROP development . OBJECTIVE Evaluate relationship between early postnatal nutriture and ROP surgery . DESIGN / METHODS Nutrition data was collected for inborn AGA infants , BW 700 - 1000 g.  ROP surgery was the primary outcome variable . A single pediatric ophthalmologist supervised examinations . All infants received triweekly IM vitamin A as chronic lung disease prophylaxis ( Tyson : NEJM , 1999 ) . RESULTS  BW and gestational age were 867+/-85 g and 26.3+/-1.2 weeks ( n=77 , mean+/-1SD ) . ROP surgery infants(n=11 ) received more parenteral nutrition , 1648 mL , and less human milk , 13.8 mL/kg-day , and vitamin E , 1.4 mg/kg-day , during the second postnatal week . Human milk was a negative predictor for ROP surgery , odds ratio=0.94 . Both groups met vitamin A recommendations ; however , 74 % was administered via IM injections . Neither group met vitamin E recommendations . CONCLUSIONS Human milk feeding , parenteral nutrition volume and vitamin E intake were predictors for ROP surgery .  IM vitamin A injections provided the majority of vitamin A ; vitamin E administration was insufficient . Improving human milk feeding rates and vitamin dosing options may affect ROP surgery rates
HM provided a clear protective effect against NEC , with an approximate 4 % reduction in incidence .
HM also provided a possible reduction in LOS , severe ROP and severe NEC .
Particularly for NEC , any volume of HM is better than EPTF , and the higher the dose the greater the protection .
Evidence regarding pasteurisation is inconclusive , but it appears to have no effect on some outcomes .
Improving the intake of mother ’s own milk ( MOM ) and /or donor HM results in small improvements in morbidity in this population