Most systematic review s and meta-analyses from controlled feeding trials have shown that fructose-containing sugars in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates do not show evidence of harm and , in the case of fructose , may even have advantages for glycaemic control , especially at small doses .
Nevertheless , trials in which fructose-containing sugars supplement diets with excess energy have shown adverse effects , effects that appear more attributable to the excess energy than the sugar .
There is no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects , although there is potentially cause for concern where fructose is provided at high doses or contributes excess energy to diets .
Concerns are growing regarding the role of dietary sugars in the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases , including diabetes .
High-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) and sucrose are the most important dietary sweeteners .
Both HFCS and sucrose have overlapping metabolic actions with adverse effects attributed to their fructose moiety .
Ecological studies have linked the rise in fructose availability with the increases in obesity and diabetes worldwide .
This link has been largely underpinned by animal models and select human trials of fructose overfeeding at high levels of exposure .
Coffee and sweetened beverage consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.
The authors analyzed data from a prospect i ve , community-based cohort to assess the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus  associated with coffee and sweetened beverage consumption . They included 12,204 nondiabetic , middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities ( ARIC ) Study ( 1987 - 1999 ) . Consumption of each beverage was assessed by food frequency question naire and classified into categories of cups per day . They found an inverse association , after adjusting for potential confounders , between increased coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men ( for > or = 4 cups ( > or = 0.95 liter)/day compared with almost never : hazard ratio = 0.77 , p(trend ) = 0.02 ) with no significant association in women ( hazard ratio = 0.89 , p(trend ) = 0.32 ) using a combination of self-report of physician-diagnosed diabetes , diabetes treatment , and a fasting or nonfasting blood glucose test . When self-reported diabetes or diabetes treatment alone was used , a stronger and significant inverse association was seen in men and women . Sweetened beverage consumption ( men : hazard ratio = 1.03 , p(trend ) = 0.94 ; women : hazard ratio = 1.01 , p(trend ) = 0.58 ) showed no consistent association with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus . In summary , increased coffee consumption was significantly associated with a decreased risk of diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in community-based US adults
Most systematic review s and meta-analyses from controlled feeding trials have shown that fructose-containing sugars in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates do not show evidence of harm and , in the case of fructose , may even have advantages for glycaemic control , especially at small doses .
Nevertheless , trials in which fructose-containing sugars supplement diets with excess energy have shown adverse effects , effects that appear more attributable to the excess energy than the sugar .
There is no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects , although there is potentially cause for concern where fructose is provided at high doses or contributes excess energy to diets .
Concerns are growing regarding the role of dietary sugars in the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases , including diabetes .
High-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) and sucrose are the most important dietary sweeteners .
Both HFCS and sucrose have overlapping metabolic actions with adverse effects attributed to their fructose moiety .
Ecological studies have linked the rise in fructose availability with the increases in obesity and diabetes worldwide .
This link has been largely underpinned by animal models and select human trials of fructose overfeeding at high levels of exposure .