Current evidence also suggests the efficacy of  dimethyl sulfoxide and amitryptyline therapy .
Hydroxyzine , intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin  , and  resiniferatoxin therapy  failed to demonstrate efficacy , but evidence was inconclusive owing to method ological limitations .
Pentosan polysulfate may be modestly beneficial for symptoms of PBS/IC .
There is insufficient evidence for other pharmacologic treatments .
BACKGROUND More than 180 different types of therapy have been used in the treatment and management of  painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis ( PBS/IC ) , yet evidence from clinical trials remains inconclusive .
This study aim ed to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacologic approaches to PBS/IC , to quantify the effect size from r and omized controlled trials , and to begin to inform a clinical consensus of treatment efficacy for PBS/IC .
Acquired rifamycin resistance with twice-weekly treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis.
RATIONALE Rifabutin was recommended in place of rifampin during treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis ( TB ) to facilitate concomitant potent antiretroviral therapy , but this approach has not been evaluated in a prospect i ve study . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the activity of intermittent rifabutin-based therapy . METHODS Patients with culture-confirmed TB were treated under direct supervision with 2 mo of rifabutin , isoniazid , pyrazinamide , and ethambutol ( given daily , thrice-weekly , or twice-weekly per the local tuberculosis control program ) , followed by 4 mo of twice-weekly rifabutin plus isoniazid . MEASUREMENTS Culture-positive treatment failure or relapse . MAIN RESULTS A total of 169 eligible patients were enrolled . Most had advanced HIV disease ; the median CD4 cell count and HIV-RNA level were 90 cells/mm3 ( interquartile range , 35 - 175 ) and 5.3 log10 copies/ml ( interquartile range , 4.8 - 5.7 ) , respectively . Nine ( 5.3 % ) patients had culture-positive treatment failure ( n = 3 ) or relapse ( n = 6 ) . Eight of these nine ( 89 % ) cases had isolates with acquired rifamycin resistance . Treatment failure or relapse was associated with baseline CD4 lymphocyte count , being 12.3 % ( 9/73 ; 95 % confidence interval , 6.5 - 22.0 % ) among patients with CD4 < 100 cells/mm3 versus 0 % ( 0/65 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.0 - 4.5 % ) among those with higher CD4 lymphocyte counts ( p < 0.01 ) . One hundred thirty-seven ( 81 % ) patients received antiretroviral therapy during TB treatment . Adverse events were common , but only two patients ( 1 % ) permanently discontinued study drugs . CONCLUSIONS Intermittent rifabutin-based therapy for HIV-related TB was well tolerated , but there was a high risk of treatment failure or relapse with acquired rifamycin resistance among patients with low CD4 lymphocyte counts
Current evidence also suggests the efficacy of  dimethyl sulfoxide and amitryptyline therapy .
Hydroxyzine , intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin  , and  resiniferatoxin therapy  failed to demonstrate efficacy , but evidence was inconclusive owing to method ological limitations .
Pentosan polysulfate may be modestly beneficial for symptoms of PBS/IC .
There is insufficient evidence for other pharmacologic treatments .
BACKGROUND More than 180 different types of therapy have been used in the treatment and management of  painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis ( PBS/IC ) , yet evidence from clinical trials remains inconclusive .
This study aim ed to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacologic approaches to PBS/IC , to quantify the effect size from r and omized controlled trials , and to begin to inform a clinical consensus of treatment efficacy for PBS/IC .