In general , active non-invasive anaesthetic methods seemed to provide favourable results compared to placebo or no anaesthesia , and topical anaesthetic drugs and PSF seemed to result in a better pain reduction than skin cooling .
However , the current evidence is insufficient to provide recommendations for daily clinical practice .
Future studies should also evaluate sex differences in pain perception , have uniformity with regard to vali date d pain measurement scales and address clinical ly significant differences in pain reduction besides statistically significant differences
Pain is a common side-effect of dermatological laser procedures .
Non-invasive anaesthetic drugs and anaesthetic procedures can be used to provide pain relief and increase patient satisfaction and treatment efficacy .
However , it remains unclear which method provides the best pain relief .
The objective of this systematic review was therefore to assess the efficacy and safety of non-invasive anaesthetic methods during dermatological laser procedures .
Validity, reliability, and clinical importance of change in a 0-10 numeric rating scale measure of spasticity: a post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
BACKGROUND The measurement of spasticity as a symptom of neurologic disease is an area of growing interest . Clinician-rated measures of spasticity purport to be objective but do not measure the patient 's experience and may not be sensitive to changes that are meaningful to the patient . In a patient with clinical spasticity , the best judge of the perceived severity of the symptom is the patient . OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability , and determine the clinical importance , of change on a 0 - 10 numeric rating scale ( NRS ) as a patient-rated measure of the perceived severity of spasticity . METHODS Using data from a large , r and omized , doubleblind , placebo-controlled study of an endocannabinoid system modulator in patients with multiple sclerosis-related spasticity , we evaluated the test-retest reliability and comparison-based validity of a patient-reported 0 - 10 NRS measure of spasticity severity with the Ashworth Scale and Spasm Frequency Scale . We estimated the level of change from baseline on the 0 - 10 NRS spasticity scale that constituted a clinical ly important difference ( CID ) and a minimal CID ( MCID ) as anchored to the patient 's global impression of change ( PGIC ) . RESULTS Data from a total of 189 patients were included in this assessment ( 114 women , 75 men ; mean age , 49.1 years ) . The test-retest reliability analysis found an interclass correlation coefficient of 0.83 ( P < 0.001 ) between 2 measures of the 0 - 10 NRS spasticity scores recorded over a 7- to 14-day period before r and omization . A significant correlation was found between change on 0 - 10 NRS and change in the Spasm Frequency Scale ( r = 0.63 ; P < 0.001 ) , and a moderate correlation was found between the change on 0 - 10 NRS and the PGIC ( r = 0.47 ; P < 0.001 ) . A reduction of approximately 30 % in the spasticity 0 - 10 NRS score best represented the CID and a change of 18 % the MCID . CONCLUSIONS The measurement of the symptom of spasticity using a patient-rated 0 - 10 NRS was found to be both reliable and valid . The definitions of CID and MCID will facilitate the use of appropriate responder analyses and help clinicians interpret the significance of future results
In general , active non-invasive anaesthetic methods seemed to provide favourable results compared to placebo or no anaesthesia , and topical anaesthetic drugs and PSF seemed to result in a better pain reduction than skin cooling .
However , the current evidence is insufficient to provide recommendations for daily clinical practice .
Future studies should also evaluate sex differences in pain perception , have uniformity with regard to vali date d pain measurement scales and address clinical ly significant differences in pain reduction besides statistically significant differences
Pain is a common side-effect of dermatological laser procedures .
Non-invasive anaesthetic drugs and anaesthetic procedures can be used to provide pain relief and increase patient satisfaction and treatment efficacy .
However , it remains unclear which method provides the best pain relief .
The objective of this systematic review was therefore to assess the efficacy and safety of non-invasive anaesthetic methods during dermatological laser procedures .