There was no effect of calcium supplementation  on femoral neck or lumbar spine BMD .
There was no evidence of effect modification by baseline calcium intake , sex , ethnicity , physical activity or pubertal stage .
While there is a small effect of calcium supplementation in the upper limb , the increase in BMD which results is unlikely to result in a clinical ly significant decrease in fracture risk .
The results do not support the use of calcium supplementation  in healthy children as a public health intervention .
These results can not be extrapolated to children with medical conditions affecting bone metabolism
BACKGROUND Clinical trials have shown that  calcium supplementation in children can increase  bone mineral density ( BMD ) although this effect may not be maintained .
There has been no quantitative systematic review of this intervention .
To determine the effectiveness of calcium supplementation for improving BMD  in children .
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To determine if any effect varies by sex , pubertal stage , ethnicity or level of physical activity , and if any effect persists after supplementation is ceased .
Milk, dietary calcium, and bone fractures in women: a 12-year prospective study.
OBJECTIVES This study examined whether higher intakes of milk and other calcium-rich foods during adult years can reduce the risk of  osteoporotic fractures .  METHODS This was a 12-year prospect i ve study among 77761 women , aged 34 through 59 years in 1980 , who had never used calcium supplements .  Dietary intake was assessed with a food-frequency question naire in 1980 , 1984 , and 1986 . Fractures of the proximal femur ( n = 133 ) and distal radius ( n = 1046 ) from low or moderate trauma were self-reported on biennial question naires . RESULTS We found no evidence that higher intakes of milk or calcium from food sources reduce fracture incidence . Women who drank two or more glasses of milk per day had relative risks of 1.45 for hip fracture ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 0.87 , 2.43 ) and 1.05 for forearm fracture ( 95 % CI = 0.88 , 1.25 ) when compared with women consuming one glass or less per week . Likewise , higher intakes of total  dietary calcium or calcium from dairy foods were not associated with decreased risk of hip or forearm fracture . CONCLUSIONS These data do not support the hypothesis that higher consumption of milk or other food sources of calcium  by adult women protects against hip or forearm fractures
There was no effect of calcium supplementation  on femoral neck or lumbar spine BMD .
There was no evidence of effect modification by baseline calcium intake , sex , ethnicity , physical activity or pubertal stage .
While there is a small effect of calcium supplementation in the upper limb , the increase in BMD which results is unlikely to result in a clinical ly significant decrease in fracture risk .
The results do not support the use of calcium supplementation  in healthy children as a public health intervention .
These results can not be extrapolated to children with medical conditions affecting bone metabolism
BACKGROUND Clinical trials have shown that  calcium supplementation in children can increase  bone mineral density ( BMD ) although this effect may not be maintained .
There has been no quantitative systematic review of this intervention .
To determine the effectiveness of calcium supplementation for improving BMD  in children .
.
To determine if any effect varies by sex , pubertal stage , ethnicity or level of physical activity , and if any effect persists after supplementation is ceased .