No significant differences were observed for weight , waist circumference , fat mass , blood lipids ( i.e. total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , triacylglycerols ) , C-reactive protein , diastolic and systolic blood pressure , fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin .
Sensitivity analysis of high quality RCTs confirmed the data of the primary analyses , while exclusion of studies with diabetic subjects result ed in an additional benefit of high-protein diets with respect to a more marked increase in HDL-cholesterol .
Conclusion According to the present meta- analysis of long-term RCTs , high-protein diets exerted neither specific beneficial nor detrimental effects on outcome markers of obesity , cardiovascular disease or glycemic control .
Background Meta-analyses of short-term studies indicate favorable effects of higher protein vs. lower protein diets on health outcomes like adiposity or cardiovascular risk factors , but their long-term effects are unknown .
Low-carbohydrate–high-protein diet and long-term survival in a general population cohort
Objective : We have evaluated the effects on mortality of habitual low carbohydrate – high-protein diets that are thought to contribute to weight control . Design : Cohort investigation . Setting : Adult Greek population .Subjects methods : Follow-up was performed from 1993 to 2003 in the context of the Greek component of the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and nutrition . Participants were 22 944 healthy adults , whose diet was assessed through a vali date d question naire .  Participants were distributed by increasing deciles according to protein intake or carbohydrate intake , as well as by an additive score generated by increasing decile intake of protein and decreasing decile intake of carbohydrates . Proportional hazards regression was used to assess the relation between high protein , high carbohydrate and the low carbohydrate – high protein score on the one h and and mortality on the other . Results : During 113 230 persons years of follow-up , there were 455 deaths . In models with energy adjustment , higher intake of carbohydrates was associated with significant reduction of total mortality , whereas higher intake of protein was associated with nonsignificant increase of total mortality ( per decile , mortality ratios 0.94 with 95 % CI 0.89 –0.99 , and 1.02 with 95 % CI 0.98 –1.07 respectively ) . Even more predictive of higher mortality were high values of the additive low carbohydrate – high protein score ( per 5 units , mortality ratio 1.22 with 95 % CI 1.09 –to 1.36 ) . Positive associations of this score were noted with respect to both cardiovascular and cancer mortality . Conclusion : Prolonged consumption of diets low in carbohydrates and high in protein is associated with an increase in total mortality
No significant differences were observed for weight , waist circumference , fat mass , blood lipids ( i.e. total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , triacylglycerols ) , C-reactive protein , diastolic and systolic blood pressure , fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin .
Sensitivity analysis of high quality RCTs confirmed the data of the primary analyses , while exclusion of studies with diabetic subjects result ed in an additional benefit of high-protein diets with respect to a more marked increase in HDL-cholesterol .
Conclusion According to the present meta- analysis of long-term RCTs , high-protein diets exerted neither specific beneficial nor detrimental effects on outcome markers of obesity , cardiovascular disease or glycemic control .
Background Meta-analyses of short-term studies indicate favorable effects of higher protein vs. lower protein diets on health outcomes like adiposity or cardiovascular risk factors , but their long-term effects are unknown .