Most systematic review s and meta-analyses from controlled feeding trials have shown that fructose-containing sugars in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates do not show evidence of harm and , in the case of fructose , may even have advantages for glycaemic control , especially at small doses .
Nevertheless , trials in which fructose-containing sugars supplement diets with excess energy have shown adverse effects , effects that appear more attributable to the excess energy than the sugar .
There is no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects , although there is potentially cause for concern where fructose is provided at high doses or contributes excess energy to diets .
Concerns are growing regarding the role of dietary sugars in the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases , including diabetes .
High-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) and sucrose are the most important dietary sweeteners .
Both HFCS and sucrose have overlapping metabolic actions with adverse effects attributed to their fructose moiety .
Ecological studies have linked the rise in fructose availability with the increases in obesity and diabetes worldwide .
This link has been largely underpinned by animal models and select human trials of fructose overfeeding at high levels of exposure .
Dietary pattern, inflammation, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women.
BACKGROUND Inflammation is considered a key mechanism leading to type 2 diabetes , but dietary exposures that lead to inflammation and diabetes are largely unknown . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the relation between a dietary pattern associated with biomarkers of inflammation and the incidence of type 2 diabetes . DESIGN We conducted a nested case-control study of 656 cases of type 2 diabetes and 694 controls among women in the Nurses ' Health Study and 2 prospect i ve cohort studies of 35,340 women in the Nurses ' Health Study and 89,311 women in the Nurses ' Health Study II who were followed for incident diabetes . RESULTS Through the use of reduced rank regression , we identified a dietary pattern that was strongly related to inflammatory markers in the nested case-control study . This pattern , which was high in sugar-sweetened soft drinks , refined grains , diet soft drinks , and processed meat but low in wine , coffee , cruciferous vegetables , and yellow vegetables , was associated with an increased risk of diabetes ( multivariate-adjusted odds ratio comparing extreme quintiles : 3.09 ; 95 % CI : 1.99 , 4.79 ) . We identified 1517 incident cases of confirmed type 2 diabetes in the Nurses ' Health Study ( 458,991 person-years ) and 724 incident cases in the Nurses ' Health Study II ( 701,155 person-years ) . After adjustment for body mass index and other potential lifestyle confounders , the relative risks comparing extreme quintiles of the pattern were 2.56 ( 95 % CI : 2.10 , 3.12 ; P for trend < 0.001 ) in the Nurses ' Health Study and 2.93 ( 95 % CI : 2.18 , 3.92 ; P for trend < 0.001 ) in the Nurses ' Health Study II . CONCLUSION The dietary pattern identified may increase chronic inflammation and raise the risk of developing type 2 diabetes
Most systematic review s and meta-analyses from controlled feeding trials have shown that fructose-containing sugars in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates do not show evidence of harm and , in the case of fructose , may even have advantages for glycaemic control , especially at small doses .
Nevertheless , trials in which fructose-containing sugars supplement diets with excess energy have shown adverse effects , effects that appear more attributable to the excess energy than the sugar .
There is no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects , although there is potentially cause for concern where fructose is provided at high doses or contributes excess energy to diets .
Concerns are growing regarding the role of dietary sugars in the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases , including diabetes .
High-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) and sucrose are the most important dietary sweeteners .
Both HFCS and sucrose have overlapping metabolic actions with adverse effects attributed to their fructose moiety .
Ecological studies have linked the rise in fructose availability with the increases in obesity and diabetes worldwide .
This link has been largely underpinned by animal models and select human trials of fructose overfeeding at high levels of exposure .