The highest level of evidence from systematic review s and meta-analyses of controlled trials has not shown that fructose-containing sugars behave any differently from other forms of digestible carbohydrates .
Fructose-containing sugars can only lead to weight gain and other unintended harms on cardiometabolic risk factors insofar as the excess calories they provide .
Prospect i ve cohort studies , which provide the strongest observational evidence , have shown an association between fructose-containing sugars and cardiometabolic risk including weight gain , cardiovascular disease outcomes and diabetes only when restricted to sugar-sweetened beverages and not for sugars from other sources .
In fact , sugar-sweetened beverages are a marker of an unhealthy lifestyle and their drinkers consume more calories , exercise less , smoke more and have a poor dietary pattern .
Fructose-containing sugars are a focus of attention as a public health target for their putative role in obesity and cardiometabolic disease including diabetes .
The fructose moiety is singled out to be the primary driver for the harms of sugars due to its unique endocrine signal and pathophysiological role .
However , this is only supported by ecological studies , animal models of overfeeding and select human intervention studies with supraphysiological doses or lack of control for energy .
Fried-food consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease: a prospective study in 2 cohorts of US women and men.
BACKGROUND Through the processes of oxidation , polymerization , and hydrogenation , the cooking method of frying modifies both foods and their frying medium . However , it remains unknown whether the frequent consumption of fried foods is related to long-term cardiometabolic health . OBJECTIVE We examined fried-food consumption and risk of developing incident type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) or coronary artery disease ( CAD ) . DESIGN Fried-food consumption was assessed by using a question naire in 70,842 women from the Nurses ' Health Study ( 1984 - 2010 ) and 40,789 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study ( 1986 - 2010 ) who were free of diabetes , cardiovascular disease , and cancer at baseline . Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate RRs and 95 % CIs for T2D and CAD adjusted for demographic , diet , lifestyle , and other cardiometabolic risk factors . Results were pooled by using an inverse variance-weighted r and om-effects meta- analysis . RESULTS We documented 10,323 incident T2D cases and 5778 incident CAD cases .  Multivariate-adjusted RRs ( 95 % CIs ) for individuals who consumed fried foods < 1 , 1 - 3 , 4 - 6 , or ≥7 times/wk were 1.00 ( reference ) , 1.15 ( 0.97 , 1.35 ) , 1.39 ( 1.30 , 1.49 ) , and 1.55 ( 1.32 , 1.83 ) , respectively , for T2D and 1.00 ( reference ) , 1.06 ( 0.98 , 1.15 ) , 1.23 ( 1.14 , 1.33 ) , and 1.21 ( 1.06 , 1.39 ) , respectively , for CAD . Associations were largely attenuated when we further controlled for biennially up date d hypertension , hypercholesterolemia , and body mass index . CONCLUSIONS  Frequent fried-food consumption was significantly associated with risk of incident T2D and moderately with incident CAD , and these associations were largely mediated by body weight and comorbid hypertension and hypercholesterolemia
The highest level of evidence from systematic review s and meta-analyses of controlled trials has not shown that fructose-containing sugars behave any differently from other forms of digestible carbohydrates .
Fructose-containing sugars can only lead to weight gain and other unintended harms on cardiometabolic risk factors insofar as the excess calories they provide .
Prospect i ve cohort studies , which provide the strongest observational evidence , have shown an association between fructose-containing sugars and cardiometabolic risk including weight gain , cardiovascular disease outcomes and diabetes only when restricted to sugar-sweetened beverages and not for sugars from other sources .
In fact , sugar-sweetened beverages are a marker of an unhealthy lifestyle and their drinkers consume more calories , exercise less , smoke more and have a poor dietary pattern .
Fructose-containing sugars are a focus of attention as a public health target for their putative role in obesity and cardiometabolic disease including diabetes .
The fructose moiety is singled out to be the primary driver for the harms of sugars due to its unique endocrine signal and pathophysiological role .
However , this is only supported by ecological studies , animal models of overfeeding and select human intervention studies with supraphysiological doses or lack of control for energy .