The results suggest that despite the existence of hegemonic thinking to guide these relationships , BP and physical activity do not always have negative associations , and BP and obesity do not always have positive associations .
In the light of the importance of the impacts that obesity and physical activity may have on  blood pressure ( BP ) among adolescents , and the suggestion that abnormal pressure levels at young ages are maintained into more mature stages of these individuals ' lives , the scope of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the associations between obesity and BP and between physical activity and BP among adolescents .
College athletes with an elevated body mass index often have a high upper arm muscle area, but not elevated triceps and subscapular skinfolds.
Body mass index ( BMI , calculated as kg/m 2 ) is increased by high amounts of both lean and fat tissue . Therefore , a very muscular individual with low body fat could be classified as overweight by BMI . To evaluate this problem , the relationship between  BMI  ,  body fat  as indicated by the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds , and muscle mass as indicated by upper arm muscle area ( UAMA ) was studied in 107 male and 106 female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III athletes . Sex , the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds , and UAMA were significantly related to BMI ( overall P < .0001 , R 2 = 0.617 ) , although the relationship was nonlinear and more complex in females than in males . Thirty-eight athletes had a  BMI of 25 or higher , indicating overweight or obesity . Of these , only four had excess body fat , as indicated by a sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds greater than the 85th percentile , but 27 had high muscle mass , indicated by a UAMA greater than the 85th percentile . In the nonr and om sample of athletes we studied , BMI frequently classified muscular individuals who did not have high skinfold measurements as overweight
The results suggest that despite the existence of hegemonic thinking to guide these relationships , BP and physical activity do not always have negative associations , and BP and obesity do not always have positive associations .
In the light of the importance of the impacts that obesity and physical activity may have on  blood pressure ( BP ) among adolescents , and the suggestion that abnormal pressure levels at young ages are maintained into more mature stages of these individuals ' lives , the scope of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the associations between obesity and BP and between physical activity and BP among adolescents .