Collectively , these outcomes support a volumetric dilution of vitamin D. The slopes of the respective regression lines , however , indicate a smaller increase in 25OHD than would be expected from a direct mobilization of stores into the circulation .
Hence , sequestration of 25OHD and its conversion to inactive metabolites would also play a role .
The purpose of this review was to confirm a volumetric dilution of vitamin D in obesity .
It was based on the hypothesis that weight loss , particularly fat loss , would increase serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25OHD ) in the obese .
Micronutrient deficiency in obese subjects undergoing low calorie diet
Background The prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies is higher in obese individuals compared to normal-weight people , probably because of inadequate eating habits but also due to increased dem and s among overweight persons , which are underestimated by dietary reference intakes ( DRI ) intended for the general population . We therefore evaluated the dietary micronutrient intake in obese individuals compared to a reference population and DRI recommendations . Furthermore , we determined the micronutrient status in obese subjects undergoing a st and ardized DRI-covering low-calorie formula diet  to analyze if the DRI meet the micronutrient requirements of obese individuals . Methods In 104 subjects baseline micronutrient intake was determined by dietary record collection .  A r and omly assigned subgroup of subjects ( n = 32 ) underwent a st and ardized DRI-covering low-calorie formula diet over a period of three months . Pre- and post-interventional intracellular micronutrient status in buccal mucosa cells ( BMC ) was analyzed , as well as additional micronutrient serum concentrations in 14 of the subjects . Results Prior to dietetic intervention , nutrition was calorie-rich and micronutrient-poor . Baseline deficiencies in serum concentrations were observed for 25-hydroxyvitamin-D , vitamin C , selenium , iron , as well as ß-carotene , vitamin C , and lycopene in BMC . After a three-month period of formula diet even more subjects had reduced micronutrient levels of vitamin C ( serum , BMC ) , zinc , and lycopene . There was a significant negative correlation between lipophilic serum vitamin concentrations and body fat , as well as between iron and C-reactive protein . Conclusions The present pilot study shows that micronutrient deficiency occurring in obese individuals is not corrected by protein-rich formula diet containing vitamins and minerals according to DRI . In contrast , micronutrient levels remain low or become even lower , which might be explained by insufficient intake , increased dem and and unbalanced dispersal of lipophilic compounds in the body . Trial registration The study was registered at Clinical Trials.gov ( NCT01344525 ) . The study protocol comprises only a part of the approved trial protocol
Collectively , these outcomes support a volumetric dilution of vitamin D. The slopes of the respective regression lines , however , indicate a smaller increase in 25OHD than would be expected from a direct mobilization of stores into the circulation .
Hence , sequestration of 25OHD and its conversion to inactive metabolites would also play a role .
The purpose of this review was to confirm a volumetric dilution of vitamin D in obesity .
It was based on the hypothesis that weight loss , particularly fat loss , would increase serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25OHD ) in the obese .