We found high quality evidence that hormone therapy in both primary and secondary prevention conferred no protective effects for all-cause mortality , cardiovascular death , non-fatal myocardial infa rct ion , angina , or revascularisation .
There was no strong evidence of effect on risk of stroke in this group .
Our review findings provide strong evidence that treatment with hormone therapy in post-menopausal women overall , for either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events has little if any benefit and causes an increase in the risk of stroke and venous thromboembolic events
BACKGROUND Evidence from systematic review s of observational studies suggests that hormone therapy may have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease events in post-menopausal women , however the results of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) have had mixed results .
This is an up date d version of a Cochrane review published in 2013 .
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of hormone therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women , and whether there are differential effects between use in primary or secondary prevention .
Secondary aims were to undertake exploratory analyses to ( i ) assess the impact of time since menopause that treatment was commenced ( ≥ 10 years versus < 10 years ) , and where these data were not available , use age of trial participants at baseline as a proxy ( ≥ 60 years of age versus < 60 years of age ) ; and ( ii ) assess the effects of length of time on treatment .
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of physical exercises and estrogen therapy on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women
Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the isolated and associated effects of estrogen therapy ( estradiol valerate 1 mg/d orally ) and physical exercise ( moderate aerobic exercise , 3 h/wk ) on health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) and menopausal symptoms among women who had undergone hysterectomy . Design : A 6-month , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial with 44 postmenopausal women who had undergone hysterectomy . The interventions were physical exercise and hormone therapy ( n = 9 ) , being sedentary and hormone therapy ( n = 14 ) , physical exercise and placebo ( n = 11 ) , and being sedentary and placebo ( n = 10 ) . HRQOL was assessed by a Brazilian st and ard version of the Medical Outcome Study Short-Form Health Survey and symptoms by Kupperman Index at baseline and after 6 months . Results : There was a decrease in symptoms in all groups , but only groups who performed physical exercise showed an increase in quality of life . Analysis of variance showed that changes in physical functioning ( P = 0.001 ) and bodily pain ( P = 0.012 ) scores over the 6-month period differed significantly between women who exercised and women who were sedentary , regardless of hormone therapy . Hormone therapy had no effect , and there was also no significant association between physical exercise and hormone therapy in HRQOL . Conclusions : Physical exercises can reduce menopausal symptoms and enhance HRQOL , independent of whether hormone therapy is taken
We found high quality evidence that hormone therapy in both primary and secondary prevention conferred no protective effects for all-cause mortality , cardiovascular death , non-fatal myocardial infa rct ion , angina , or revascularisation .
There was no strong evidence of effect on risk of stroke in this group .
Our review findings provide strong evidence that treatment with hormone therapy in post-menopausal women overall , for either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events has little if any benefit and causes an increase in the risk of stroke and venous thromboembolic events
BACKGROUND Evidence from systematic review s of observational studies suggests that hormone therapy may have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease events in post-menopausal women , however the results of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) have had mixed results .
This is an up date d version of a Cochrane review published in 2013 .
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of hormone therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women , and whether there are differential effects between use in primary or secondary prevention .
Secondary aims were to undertake exploratory analyses to ( i ) assess the impact of time since menopause that treatment was commenced ( ≥ 10 years versus < 10 years ) , and where these data were not available , use age of trial participants at baseline as a proxy ( ≥ 60 years of age versus < 60 years of age ) ; and ( ii ) assess the effects of length of time on treatment .