In the present meta- analysis , reductions in the risk of hip fracture  with milk consumption were only observed among American adults , but not among Sc and inavian adults , possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Sc and inavian countries .
The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption , which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health .
Fueling this uncertainty , the elevated  risk of hip fracture  in association with  milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women .
The cumulative evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk , yogurt , and cheese , and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest
Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients , the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal .
Effects of a Multispecies Probiotic Supplement on Bone Health in Osteopenic Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial
ABSTRACT Objective : The development of alternative approaches to prevent and /or treat osteoporosis , as a chronic progressive bone disease , is being considered currently . Among dietary supplements , probiotics may have favorable effects on bone metabolism . Therefore , the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a multispecies probiotic supplementation on bone biomarkers and bone density in osteopenic postmenopausal women . Methods : This r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed on 50 patients with osteopenia aged 50–72 years . Participants were r and omly assigned to take either a multispecies probiotic supplement ( GeriLact ; n = 25 ) or placebo ( n = 25 ) for 6 months . GeriLact contains 7 probiotic bacteria species . Participants received 500 mg Ca plus 200 IU vitamin D  daily . Bone mineral density ( BMD ) of lumbar spine and total hip and blood biomarkers including bone-specific alkaline phosphatase ( BALP ) , osteocalcin ( OC ) , collagen type 1 cross-linked C-telopeptide ( CTX ) , deoxypyridinoline ( DPD ) , parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) , 25-OH vitamin D , and serum pro-inflammatory cytokines ( tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and interleukin [IL]-1β ) were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study . Results : The multispecies probiotic significantly decreased BALP ( p = 0.03 ) and CTX ( p = 0.04 ) levels in comparison with the control group but had no effect on BMD of the spine and total hip . Moreover , there was a statistically significant decrease in serum PTH ( p = 0.01 ) and TNF-α ( p = 0.02 ) in the intervention group compared to the placebo group . Conclusions : These results may suggest the favorable effects of the multispecies probiotic supplementation for 6 months on bone health in postmenopausal women due to slowing down the rate of bone turnover
In the present meta- analysis , reductions in the risk of hip fracture  with milk consumption were only observed among American adults , but not among Sc and inavian adults , possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Sc and inavian countries .
The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption , which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health .
Fueling this uncertainty , the elevated  risk of hip fracture  in association with  milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women .
The cumulative evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk , yogurt , and cheese , and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest
Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients , the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal .