There was interaction by food source , with specific food sources showing beneficial effects ( fruit and fruit juice ) or harmful effects ( sweetened milk and mixed sources ) in substitution studies and harmful effects ( sugars‐sweetened beverages and fruit juice ) in addition studies on at least one outcome .
Conclusions Energy control and food source appear to mediate the effect of fructose‐containing sugars on glycaemic control .
Although most food sources of these sugars ( especially fruit ) do not have a harmful effect in energy matched substitutions with other macronutrients , several food sources of fructose‐containing sugars ( especially sugars‐sweetened beverages ) adding excess energy to diets have harmful effects .
Objective To assess the effect of different food sources of fructose‐containing sugars  on glycaemic control at different levels of energy control .
Hypercaloric diets with increased meal frequency, but not meal size, increase intrahepatic triglycerides: A randomized controlled trial
American children consume up to 27 % of calories from high-fat and high-sugar snacks . Both sugar and fat consumption have been implicated as a cause of hepatic steatosis and obesity but the effect of meal pattern is largely understudied . We hypothesized that a high meal frequency , compared to consuming large meals , is detrimental in the accumulation of intrahepatic and abdominal fat . To test this hypothesis , we r and omized 36 lean , healthy men to a 40 % hypercaloric diet for 6 weeks or a eucaloric control diet and measured intrahepatic triglyceride content ( IHTG ) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H-MRS ) , abdominal fat using magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , and insulin sensitivity using a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp with a glucose isotope tracer before and after the diet intervention . The caloric surplus consisted of fat and sugar ( high-fat-high-sugar ; HFHS ) or sugar only ( high-sugar ; HS ) and was consumed together with , or between , the three main meals , thereby increasing meal size or meal frequency . All hypercaloric diets similarly increased body mass index ( BMI ) . Increasing meal frequency significantly increased IHTG ( HFHS mean relative increase of 45 % ; P = 0.016 and HS mean relative increase of 110 % ; P = 0.047 ) , whereas increasing meal size did not ( 2-way analysis of variance [ ANOVA ] size versus frequency P = 0.03 ) . Abdominal fat increased in the HFHS-frequency group ( + 63.3 ± 42.8 mL ; P = 0.004 ) and tended to increase in the HS-frequency group ( + 46.5 ± 50.7 mL ; P = 0.08 ) . Hepatic insulin sensitivity tended to decrease in the HFHS-frequency group while peripheral insulin sensitivity was not affected . Conclusion : A hypercaloric diet with high meal frequency increased IHTG and abdominal fat independent of caloric content and body weight gain , whereas increasing meal size did not . This study suggests that snacking , a common feature in the Western diet , independently contributes to hepatic steatosis and obesity . ( Trial registration : http://www.forestplots.net ; nr . NCT01297738 . ) ( Hepatology 2014;60:545–553
There was interaction by food source , with specific food sources showing beneficial effects ( fruit and fruit juice ) or harmful effects ( sweetened milk and mixed sources ) in substitution studies and harmful effects ( sugars‐sweetened beverages and fruit juice ) in addition studies on at least one outcome .
Conclusions Energy control and food source appear to mediate the effect of fructose‐containing sugars on glycaemic control .
Although most food sources of these sugars ( especially fruit ) do not have a harmful effect in energy matched substitutions with other macronutrients , several food sources of fructose‐containing sugars ( especially sugars‐sweetened beverages ) adding excess energy to diets have harmful effects .
Objective To assess the effect of different food sources of fructose‐containing sugars  on glycaemic control at different levels of energy control .