Community-based programmes achieved good results for most risk factors except BMI and ( glycated haemoglobin ) HbA1c .
INTRODUCTION Although cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) prevention programmes have been effective in urban residents , their effectiveness in non-urban setting s , where cardio-metabolic risk is typically elevated , is unknown .
We systematic ally review ed the effectiveness of primary prevention programmes aim ed at reducing risk factors for CVD/T2DM , including blood pressure , body mass index ( BMI ) , blood lipid and glucose , diet , lifestyle , and knowledge in adults residing in non-urban areas .
Lifestyle intervention can prevent weight gain during menopause: Results from a 5-year randomized clinical trial
Context : Menopausal-related weight gain and increased waist circumference have major cardiovascular health implication s for older women . The efficacy of a dietary and physical activity lifestyle intervention to prevent weight gain and elevations in cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors from the peri- to postmenopause is unknown . Objective : To report the 54-month results of a lifestyle dietary and physical activity program on weight , body composition , physical activity , diet , and other CVD risk factors . Design : Data are from a 5-year r and omized clinical trial known as the Women ’s Healthy Lifestyle Project , conducted from 1992 to 1999 . Participants : 535 healthy , premenopausal women ages 44 to 50 at study entry enrolled into the trial . Intervention : Participants were r and omly assigned to either a lifestyle intervention group receiving a 5-year behavioral dietary and physical activity program or to an assessment -only control group . The lifestyle intervention group was given modest weight loss goals ( 5–15 lb , or approximately 2.3–6.8 kg ) to prevent subsequent gain above baseline weight by the end of the trial . To achieve weight loss and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels , intervention participants followed an eating pattern consisting of 1,300 kcal/day ( 25 % total fat , 7 % saturated fat , 100 mg of dietary cholesterol ) and increased their physical activity expenditure ( 1,000–1,500 kcal/week).Main Outcome Measures : Regarding weight gain prevention , 55 % ( 136/246 ) of intervention participants were at or below baseline weight compared with 26 % ( 68/261 ) of controls after 4.5 years , χ(2 , N = 507 ) = 45.0 , p < .001 . The mean weight change in the intervention group was 0.1 kg below baseline ( SD = 5.2 kg ) compared with an average gain of 2.4 kg ( SD = 4.9 kg ) observed in the control group . Waist circumference also significantly decreased more in the intervention group compared with controls ( M = −2.9 cm , SD = 5.3 vs. M = −0.5 cm , SD = 5.6 , p < .001 ) . Moreover , participants in the lifestyle intervention group were consistently more physically active and reported eating fewer calories and less fat than controls . Long-term adherence to physical activity and a low-fat eating pattern was associated with better weight maintenance . Conclusions : In healthy women , weight gain and increased waist circumference during the peri- to postmenopause can be prevented with a long-term lifestyle dietary and physical activity intervention
Community-based programmes achieved good results for most risk factors except BMI and ( glycated haemoglobin ) HbA1c .
INTRODUCTION Although cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) prevention programmes have been effective in urban residents , their effectiveness in non-urban setting s , where cardio-metabolic risk is typically elevated , is unknown .
We systematic ally review ed the effectiveness of primary prevention programmes aim ed at reducing risk factors for CVD/T2DM , including blood pressure , body mass index ( BMI ) , blood lipid and glucose , diet , lifestyle , and knowledge in adults residing in non-urban areas .