Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .
Determinants of weight gain in pregnant women attending a public prenatal care facility in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a prospective study, 2005-2007.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the determinants of weight gain during pregnancy . The study adopted a prospect i ve cohort design with four follow-up waves and included a sample of 255 pregnant women that received prenatal care at a public health care facility in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . A mixed-effects linear longitudinal regression model was used , having as the dependent variable the weight assessed in four follow-up waves , and as independent variables : demographic , socioeconomic , reproductive , behavioral , and nutritional data . Mean weight gain was 0.413 kg per gestational week , consistent with recommendations by the Institute of Medicine . Per capita family income and smoking were associated with total weight gain during gestation . According to the longitudinal multiple linear regression model , age ( beta = 0.6315 ) , menarche ( beta = -2.3861 ) , triglycerides ( beta = 0.0437 ) , blood glucose ( beta = 0.1544 ) , and adequacy of energy consumption ( beta = -0.0642 ) were associated with gestational weight gain . Special attention should be given to these sub-groups , due to increased risk of excessive weight gain
Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .