Comorbidity , gender , age , number of sessions , duration , intervention type , setting , medication use or dropout percentage did not influence the effect of treatment .
CONCLUSIONS Psychological treatments have a small effect in reducing parent- , teacher- and observer-rated CD problems  in children and adolescents with clinical CD problems/diagnosis .
There is not enough evidence to support one specific psychological treatment over another .
Many reports failed to provide detailed information to allow optimization of psychological treatment strategies
BACKGROUND This meta- analysis evaluates the efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments for conduct disorder ( CD ) problems in children and adolescents , based on child , parent and teacher report .
Improving parenting skills for families of young children in pediatric settings: a randomized clinical trial.
IMPORTANCE Disruptive behavior disorders , such as attention-deficient/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder , are common and stable throughout childhood . These disorders cause long-term morbidity but benefit from early intervention . While symptoms are often evident before preschool , few children receive appropriate treatment during this period . Group parent training , such as the Incredible Years program , has been shown to be effective in improving parenting strategies and reducing children 's disruptive behaviors . Because they already monitor young children 's behavior and development , primary care pediatricians are in a good position to intervene early when indicated . OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of parent-training groups delivered to parents of toddlers in pediatric primary care setting s. DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS This r and omized clinical trial was conducted at 11 diverse pediatric practice s in the Greater Boston area . A total of 273 parents of children between 2 and 4 years old who acknowledged disruptive behaviors on a 20-item checklist were included . INTERVENTION A 10-week Incredible Years parent-training group co-led by a research clinician and a pediatric staff member . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Self-reports and structured videotaped observations of parent and child behaviors conducted prior to , immediately after , and 12 months after the intervention . RESULTS A total of 150 parents were r and omly assigned to the intervention or the waiting-list group . An additional 123 parents were assigned to receive intervention without a r and omly selected comparison group . Compared with the waiting-list group , greater improvement was observed in both intervention groups ( P < .05 ) . No differences were observed between the r and omized and the nonr and omized intervention groups . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Self-reports and structured observations provided evidence of improvements in parenting practice s and child disruptive behaviors that were attributable to participation in the Incredible Years groups . This study demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of parent-training groups conducted in pediatric office setting s to reduce disruptive behavior in toddlers . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00402857
Comorbidity , gender , age , number of sessions , duration , intervention type , setting , medication use or dropout percentage did not influence the effect of treatment .
CONCLUSIONS Psychological treatments have a small effect in reducing parent- , teacher- and observer-rated CD problems  in children and adolescents with clinical CD problems/diagnosis .
There is not enough evidence to support one specific psychological treatment over another .
Many reports failed to provide detailed information to allow optimization of psychological treatment strategies
BACKGROUND This meta- analysis evaluates the efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments for conduct disorder ( CD ) problems in children and adolescents , based on child , parent and teacher report .