RESULTS In ADHD patients the middle and inferior frontal gyri , basal ganglia , and cerebellum were most often affected by MPH .
The middle and inferior frontal gyri were frequently affected by MPH during inhibitory control tasks .
Throughout nine task-based fMRI studies investigating MPH 's effect on the brains of pediatric patients with ADHD , MPH result ed in increased activation within frontal lobes , basal ganglia , and cerebellum .
In most cases , this increase " normalized " activation of at least some brain areas to that seen in typically developing children
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is a psychiatric disorder affecting 5 % of children .
Methylpheni date ( MPH ) is a common medication for ADHD .
Studies examining MPH 's effect on pediatric ADHD patients ' brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) have not been compiled .
The goals of this systematic review were to determine ( 1 ) which areas of the brain in pediatric ADHD patients are modulated by a single dose of MPH , ( 2 ) whether areas modulated by MPH differ by task type performed during fMRI data acquisition , and ( 3 ) whether changes in brain activation due to MPH relate to clinical improvements in ADHD-related symptoms .
A right hemispheric frontocerebellar network for time discrimination of several hundreds of milliseconds
Debate still surrounds the nature of the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus ( DLPFC ) in time perception . This region is frequently associated with working memory and is thus implicated as a so-called " accumulator " within a hypothesized internal clock model . However , we hypothesized that this region may have a more primary role in time perception . To test this hypothesis we used functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) to examine the neural correlates of relatively pure time perception with a temporal discrimination task where intervals of 1 s had to be discriminated from those of 1.3 , 1.4 , and 1.5 s. Time perception in this particular time domain within the " perceived present " has not previously been investigated using fMRI . By using relatively short time periods to be discriminated and also contrasting activation with an order judgment task , we aim ed to minimize the confounding aspects of sustained attention and working memory . In a group of 20 healthy right-h and ed adult males , neural activation associated with time discrimination was found in a predominantly right hemispheric network of right dorsolateral and inferior prefrontal cortices , right supplementary motor area , and left cerebellum . We conclude that right DLPFC , rather than having a purely working memory function , might be more central ly involved in time perception than previously thought
RESULTS In ADHD patients the middle and inferior frontal gyri , basal ganglia , and cerebellum were most often affected by MPH .
The middle and inferior frontal gyri were frequently affected by MPH during inhibitory control tasks .
Throughout nine task-based fMRI studies investigating MPH 's effect on the brains of pediatric patients with ADHD , MPH result ed in increased activation within frontal lobes , basal ganglia , and cerebellum .
In most cases , this increase " normalized " activation of at least some brain areas to that seen in typically developing children
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is a psychiatric disorder affecting 5 % of children .
Methylpheni date ( MPH ) is a common medication for ADHD .
Studies examining MPH 's effect on pediatric ADHD patients ' brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) have not been compiled .
The goals of this systematic review were to determine ( 1 ) which areas of the brain in pediatric ADHD patients are modulated by a single dose of MPH , ( 2 ) whether areas modulated by MPH differ by task type performed during fMRI data acquisition , and ( 3 ) whether changes in brain activation due to MPH relate to clinical improvements in ADHD-related symptoms .