In the present meta- analysis , reductions in the risk of hip fracture  with milk consumption were only observed among American adults , but not among Sc and inavian adults , possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Sc and inavian countries .
The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption , which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health .
Fueling this uncertainty , the elevated  risk of hip fracture  in association with  milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women .
The cumulative evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk , yogurt , and cheese , and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest
Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients , the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal .
Sex Steroid Hormones and Fracture in a Multiethnic Cohort of Women: The Women’s Health Initiative Study (WHI)
Context We hypothesize that endogenous sex steroids are associated with fracture risk independent of race/ethnicity . Design and Setting We performed a nested case-control study within the prospect i ve Women 's Health Initiative Observational Study . Incident nonspine fractures were identified in 381 black , 192 Hispanic , 112 Asian , and 46 Native American women over an average of 8.6 years . A r and om sample of 400 white women who experienced an incident fracture was chosen . One control was selected per case and matched on age , race/ethnicity , and blood draw date .  Bioavailable estradiol ( BioE2 ) , bioavailable testosterone ( BioT ) , and sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) were measured using baseline fasting serum . Conditional logistic regression models calculated the odds ratio ( OR ) and 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) of fracture across tertiles of hormone . Results In multivariable and race/ethnicity-adjusted models , higher BioE2 ( > 8.25 pg/mL ) and higher BioT ( > 13.3 ng/dL ) were associated with decreased risk of fracture ( OR , 0.65 ; 95 % CI , 0.50 to 0.85 ; P trend = 0.001 and OR , 0.76 ; 95 % CI , 0.60 to 0.96 ; P trend = 0.02 , respectively ) . The interaction term between race/ethnicity and either BioE2 or BioT was not significant . There was no association between SHBG and fracture risk . In models stratifying by race/ethnicity , higher BioE2 was associated with a lower risk of fracture in both white women ( OR , 0.56 ; 95 % CI , 0.36 to 0.87 ) and black women ( OR , 0.61 ; 95 % CI , 0.39 to 0.96 ) . Higher BioT was associated with a significantly lower fracture risk in only black women ( OR , 0.65 ; 95 % CI , 0.43 to 1.00 ) , P trend = 0.03 . Conclusions Serum BioE2 and BioT are associated with fracture risk in older women irrespective of race/ethnicity and independent of established risk factors for fracture
In the present meta- analysis , reductions in the risk of hip fracture  with milk consumption were only observed among American adults , but not among Sc and inavian adults , possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Sc and inavian countries .
The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption , which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health .
Fueling this uncertainty , the elevated  risk of hip fracture  in association with  milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women .
The cumulative evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk , yogurt , and cheese , and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest
Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients , the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal .