The Frailty Index was examined in almost all these dimensions , with the exception of reliability , and its diagnostic and predictive characteristics were shown to be satisfactory .
Gait speed showed high sensitivity , but only moderate specificity , and excellent predictive ability for future disability in activities of daily living .
The Tilburg Frailty Indicator was shown to be a reliable and valid measure for frailty screening , but its diagnostic accuracy was not evaluated .
Screening Letter , Timed-up- and -go test and PRISMA 7 ( Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review s and Meta-Analyses ) demonstrated high sensitivity and moderate specificity for identifying frailty .
In general , low physical activity , variously measured , was one of the most powerful predictors of future decline in activities of daily living .
Conclusion Only a few frailty measures seem to be demonstrably valid , reliable and diagnostically accurate , and have good predictive ability .
Nevertheless , it was clear that no suitable tool for assessing frailty appropriately in emergency departments was identified
Background A scoping search identified systematic review s on diagnostic accuracy and predictive ability of frailty measures in older adults .
In most cases , research was confined to specific assessment measures related to a specific clinical model .
Objectives To summarize the best available evidence from systematic review s in relation to reliability , validity , diagnostic accuracy and predictive ability of frailty measures in older adults .
Adverse outcomes of frailty in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study
To investigate the prevalence of frailty in a Dutch elderly population and to identify adverse health outcomes associated with the frailty phenotype independent of the comorbidities . Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses within the Rotterdam Study ( the Netherl and s ) , a prospect i ve population -based cohort study in persons aged ≥55 years . Frailty was defined as meeting three or more of five established criteria for frailty , evaluating nutritional status , physical activity , mobility , grip strength and exhaustion . Intermediate frailty was defined as meeting one or two frailty criteria . Comorbidities were objective ly measured . Health outcomes were assessed by means of question naires , physical examinations and continuous follow-up through general practitioners and municipal health authorities for mortality . Of 2,833 participants ( median age 74.0 years , inter quartile range 9 ) with sufficiently evaluated frailty criteria , 163 ( 5.8 % ) participants were frail and 1,454 ( 51.3 % ) intermediate frail . Frail elderly were more likely to be older and female , to have an impaired quality of life and to have fallen or to have been hospitalized . 108 ( 72.0 % ) frail participants  had ≥2 comorbidities , compared to 777 ( 54.4 % ) intermediate frail and 522 ( 44.8 % ) non-frail participants . Adjusted for age , sex and comorbidities , frail elderly had a significantly increased risk of dying within 3 years ( HR 3.4 ; 95 % CI 1.9–6.4 ) , compared to the non-frail elderly . This study in a general Dutch population of community-dwelling elderly able to perform the frailty tests , demonstrates that frailty is common and that frail elderly are at increased risk of death independent of comorbidities
The Frailty Index was examined in almost all these dimensions , with the exception of reliability , and its diagnostic and predictive characteristics were shown to be satisfactory .
Gait speed showed high sensitivity , but only moderate specificity , and excellent predictive ability for future disability in activities of daily living .
The Tilburg Frailty Indicator was shown to be a reliable and valid measure for frailty screening , but its diagnostic accuracy was not evaluated .
Screening Letter , Timed-up- and -go test and PRISMA 7 ( Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review s and Meta-Analyses ) demonstrated high sensitivity and moderate specificity for identifying frailty .
In general , low physical activity , variously measured , was one of the most powerful predictors of future decline in activities of daily living .
Conclusion Only a few frailty measures seem to be demonstrably valid , reliable and diagnostically accurate , and have good predictive ability .
Nevertheless , it was clear that no suitable tool for assessing frailty appropriately in emergency departments was identified
Background A scoping search identified systematic review s on diagnostic accuracy and predictive ability of frailty measures in older adults .
In most cases , research was confined to specific assessment measures related to a specific clinical model .
Objectives To summarize the best available evidence from systematic review s in relation to reliability , validity , diagnostic accuracy and predictive ability of frailty measures in older adults .