Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .
Socioeconomic inequalities in food purchasing: the contribution of respondent-perceived and actual (objectively measured) price and availability of foods.
BACKGROUND Research has shown that lower socioeconomic groups purchase foods that are less consistent with dietary recommendations . The price and availability of foods are thought to be important mediating factors between socioeconomic position and food purchasing . OBJECTIVES We examined the relative contribution of the perceived and objective ly measured price and availability of recommended foods to household income differences in food purchasing . METHODS Using a face-to-face interview , a r and om sample of Brisbane residents ( n=812 ) were asked about their food purchasing choices in 2000 . They were also asked about their perceptions of the price and availability of ' recommended ' foods ( i.e. choices lower in fat , saturated fat , sugar , salt or higher in fibre ) in the supermarkets where they usually shopped . Audits measuring the actual availability and price of identical foods were conducted in the same supermarkets . RESULTS Lower socioeconomic groups were less likely to make food purchasing choices consistent with dietary guideline recommendations . Objective availability and price differences were not associated with purchasing choices , nor did they contribute to socioeconomic inequalities in food purchasing choices . Perceived availability and price differences were associated with the purchase of recommended foods . Perceived availability made a small contribution to inequalities in food purchasing , however perceived price differences did not . CONCLUSION Socioeconomic inequalities in food purchasing are not mediated by differential availability of recommended foods and differences in price between recommended and regular foods in supermarkets , or by perceptions of their relative price . However , differential perceptions of the availability of recommended foods may play a small role in food purchasing inequalities
Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .