CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .
Ten-year risk of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal Chinese women according to clinical risk factors and BMD T-scores: a prospective study.
UNLABELLED Independent risk factors for osteoporotic fracture were identified for a Southern Chinese postmenopausal population .  Clinical risk factor assessment with or without BMD measurement was shown to be an effective predictor of 10-yr risk of osteoporotic fracture and provides a more accessible tool for patient evaluation . INTRODUCTION Asian-specific data on risk factors for osteoporosis remain sparse . However , risk factor assessment , in addition to BMD measurement , is increasingly recognized as a reliable predictor of absolute osteoporotic fracture risk . The purpose of this prospect i ve study was to determine the specific independent risk factors for osteoporotic fracture and to predict the 10-yr risk of osteoporotic fracture in the postmenopausal Southern Chinese population . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 1435 community-dwelling , postmenopausal , treatment-naive women were recruited . Baseline demographic characteristics and clinical risk factors were obtained , and  BMD at the spine and  hip  was measured . Subjects were followed for outcomes of incident low trauma fracture . Ten-year risk of osteoporotic fracture was predicted from the risk factor assessment and BMD measurement by Cox proportional hazards models . RESULTS The mean age of subjects was 63.4 + /- 8.3 yr . After 5.0 + /- 2.3 yr ( range , 1.0 - 11.0 yr ) of follow-up , 80 nontraumatic new fractures were reported during follow-up . Eight independent clinical risk factors identified at baseline were found to be significant predictors of osteoporotic fracture , with the most important being use of walking aids ( RR , 4.2 ; 95 % CI , 2.7 - 6.7 ; p < 0.001 ) and a history of fall ( RR , 4.0 ; 95 % CI , 2.5 - 6.2 ; p < 0.001 ) . Other predictive factors included being homebound , calcium intake < 400 mg/d , age > 65 yr , history of fracture , and BMI < 19 kg/cm(2 ) . Subjects with three to eight clinical risk factors had a predicted 10-year risk of osteoporotic fracture of 25 % , which increased to 30 % if they also had total hip BMD T-score < or= -2.5 . CONCLUSIONS Clinical risk factor assessment , with or without BMD measurement  , is a reliable predictor of 10-year risk of osteoporotic fracture and may be particularly useful in regions or primary care clinics without access to bone densitometry equipment
CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .