The studies showed that obese and overweight adolescents consume significantly more energy and macronutrients .
They are also more likely to skip their daily meals compared to their normal weight peers .
In most studies , the direction of the PA effect on body weight was unclear .
Some studies found that higher PA is associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity .
Conclusions This review identified a lack of evidence and well-conducted prospect i ve studies on the effect of diet and PA on cardio-metabolic health of Malaysian adolescents
Background A sedentary lifestyle and an unhealthy diet are major factors in the increasing prevalence of obesity among Malaysian adolescents .
The purpose of this systematic review is to compile the evidence from observational and intervention studies among Malaysian adolescents to evaluate the associations between diet and physical activity ( PA ) as determinants of cardio-metabolic risk factors .
Infrequent Breakfast Consumption Is Associated with Higher Body Adiposity and Abdominal Obesity in Malaysian School-Aged Adolescents
Unhealthy dietary pattern increases the risk of obesity and metabolic disorders in growing children and adolescents . However , the way the habitual pattern of breakfast consumption influences body composition and risk of obesity in adolescents is not well defined . Thus , the aim of the present study was to assess any associations between breakfast consumption practice s and body composition profiles in 236 apparently healthy adolescents aged 12 to 19 years . A self-administered question naire on dietary behaviour and lifestyle practice s and a dietary food frequency question naire were used . Body composition and adiposity indices were determined using st and ard anthropometric measurement protocol s and dual energy χ-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) .  Mean age of the participants was 15.3±1.9 years . The majority of participants ( 71.2 % ) fell in the normal body mass index ( BMI ) ranges . Breakfast consumption patterns showed that only half of the participants ( 50 % ) were consuming breakfast daily . Gender-specific multivariate analyses ( ANCOVA ) showed that in both boys and girls , those eating breakfast at least 5 times a week had significantly lower body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , BMI z-scores , waist circumference , body fat mass and percent body fat ( % BF ) compared to infrequent breakfast eaters , after adjustment for age , household income , pubertal status , eating-out and snacking practice s , daily energy intakes , and daily physical activity levels . The present findings indicate that infrequent breakfast consumption is associated with higher body adiposity and abdominal obesity . Therefore , daily breakfast consumption with healthy food choices should be encouraged in growing children and adolescents to prevent adiposity during these critical years of growth
The studies showed that obese and overweight adolescents consume significantly more energy and macronutrients .
They are also more likely to skip their daily meals compared to their normal weight peers .
In most studies , the direction of the PA effect on body weight was unclear .
Some studies found that higher PA is associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity .
Conclusions This review identified a lack of evidence and well-conducted prospect i ve studies on the effect of diet and PA on cardio-metabolic health of Malaysian adolescents
Background A sedentary lifestyle and an unhealthy diet are major factors in the increasing prevalence of obesity among Malaysian adolescents .
The purpose of this systematic review is to compile the evidence from observational and intervention studies among Malaysian adolescents to evaluate the associations between diet and physical activity ( PA ) as determinants of cardio-metabolic risk factors .