Results Level of evidence from 54 high and medium quality studies showed moderate evidence of a positive effect of physical exercise .
Within this domain , there was strong evidence of a positive effect of workplace strength training .
There was limited evidence for ergonomics and strong evidence for no benefit of participatory ergonomics , multifaceted interventions , and stress management .
No intervention domains were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusions The evidence synthesis recommends that implementing strength training at the workplace can reduce MSD  among workers with physically dem and ing work .
In regard to workplace ergonomics , there was not enough evidence from the scientific literature to guide current practice s. Based on the scientific literature , participatory ergonomics and multifaceted workplace interventions seem to have no beneficial effect on reducing MSD among this group of workers .
Purpose This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of workplace interventions to rehabilitate musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) among employees with physically dem and ing work .
Effects on musculoskeletal pain, work ability and sickness absence in a 1-year randomised controlled trial among cleaners
Background Only a few workplace initiatives among cleaners have been reported , even though they constitute a job group in great need of health promotion . The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the effect of either physical coordination training or cognitive behavioural training on musculoskeletal pain , work ability and sickness absence among cleaners . Methods A cluster-r and omised controlled trial was conducted among 294 female cleaners allocated to either physical coordination training ( PCT ) , cognitive behavioural training ( CBTr ) or a reference group ( REF ) .  Question naires about musculoskeletal pain and work ability were completed at baseline and after one year 's intervention . Sickness absence data were obtained from the managers ' records . Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat-principle ( ITT ) . Results No overall reduction in musculoskeletal pain , work ability or sickness absence from either PCT or CBTr compared with REF was found in conservative ITT analyses . However , explorative analyses revealed a treatment effect for musculoskeletal pain of the PCT . People with chronic neck/shoulder pain at baseline were more frequently non-chronic at follow-up after PCT compared with REF ( p = 0.05 ) . Conclusions The PCT intervention appeared effective for reducing chronic neck/shoulder pain among the female cleaners . It is recommended that future interventions among similar high-risk job groups focus on the implementation aspects of the interventions to maximise outcomes more distal from the intervention such as work ability and sickness absence . Trial registration IS RCT N : IS RCT
Results Level of evidence from 54 high and medium quality studies showed moderate evidence of a positive effect of physical exercise .
Within this domain , there was strong evidence of a positive effect of workplace strength training .
There was limited evidence for ergonomics and strong evidence for no benefit of participatory ergonomics , multifaceted interventions , and stress management .
No intervention domains were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusions The evidence synthesis recommends that implementing strength training at the workplace can reduce MSD  among workers with physically dem and ing work .
In regard to workplace ergonomics , there was not enough evidence from the scientific literature to guide current practice s. Based on the scientific literature , participatory ergonomics and multifaceted workplace interventions seem to have no beneficial effect on reducing MSD among this group of workers .
Purpose This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of workplace interventions to rehabilitate musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) among employees with physically dem and ing work .