Conditional recommendations are made supporting preventive interventions concussion education and rules prohibiting high-risk activity for both pediatric and adult amateur athletes and neck strengthening exercise in adult amateur athletes .
Strong recommendations are supported for head protective equipment in both pediatric and adult amateur athletes .
Strong recommendations regarding newer football helmet technology in adult amateur athletes and rules governing the implementation of body-checking in youth ice hockey are supported .
Background Awareness of the magnitude of contact sports-related concussions has risen exponentially in recent years .
Our objective is to conduct a prospect ively registered systematic review of the scientific evidence regarding interventions to prevent contact sports-related concussions .
Fair-play rules and injury reduction in ice hockey.
OBJECTIVE To determine the rate , type , and severity of injuries incurred and penalties assessed during the qualifying fair-play ( points for playing without excessive penalties ) and championship " regular " rules ( winner advances ) portions of a 1994 Junior Gold ice hockey tournament . DESIGN A prospect i ve evaluation of injuries by certified athletic trainers at the tournament site . SETTING A community-organized , 3-day , 31-game tournament in Minnesota . PARTICIPANTS Two hundred seventy-three male players , younger than 20 years and in high school . MEASUREMENTS /MAIN RESULTS Injuries were recorded by an on-site certified athletic trainer , and the penalties were tallied from the score sheets . The injury rates for the total number of injuries were 26.4 injuries per 1000 athlete exposures and 273.8 injuries per 1000 player hours . When only notable injuries ( concussion , facial laceration , or moderate level of severity and above ) were considered , the injury rates were 10 per 1000 athlete exposures and 103.9 per 1000 player hours . The ratio of notable fair-play to notable regular-rules injuries was 1:4.8 . The number of penalties assessed per game averaged 7.1 penalties during fair-play rules and 13 penalties during the regular-rules competition . Penalties related to rough play and injury occurred four times more frequently during games with regular rules than those with fair-play rules . CONCLUSIONS The fair-play concept can reduce injury rates , penalty rates , and severity of penalties and should be considered for ice hockey at all levels of play . The fair-play concept could be applied to other contact sports to reduce injury rates and rules infractions
Conditional recommendations are made supporting preventive interventions concussion education and rules prohibiting high-risk activity for both pediatric and adult amateur athletes and neck strengthening exercise in adult amateur athletes .
Strong recommendations are supported for head protective equipment in both pediatric and adult amateur athletes .
Strong recommendations regarding newer football helmet technology in adult amateur athletes and rules governing the implementation of body-checking in youth ice hockey are supported .
Background Awareness of the magnitude of contact sports-related concussions has risen exponentially in recent years .
Our objective is to conduct a prospect ively registered systematic review of the scientific evidence regarding interventions to prevent contact sports-related concussions .