Personal financial incentives can change habitual health-related behaviors and help reduce health inequalities .
However , their role in reducing disease burden is potentially limited given current evidence that effects dissipate beyond three months post-incentive removal
OBJECTIVES Uncertainty remains about whether personal financial incentives could achieve sustained changes in health-related behaviors that would reduce the fast-growing global non-communicable disease burden .
This review aims to estimate whether : i. financial incentives achieve sustained changes in smoking , eating , alcohol consumption and physical activity ; ii .
effectiveness is modified by ( a ) the target behavior , ( b ) incentive value and attainment certainty , ( c ) recipients ' deprivation level .
Cigarette smoking and site-specific cancer mortality: testing uncertain associations using extended follow-up of the original Whitehall study.
BACKGROUND The relation between cigarette smoking and several malignancies is still unclear . We examined the association of cigarette smoking with death attributed to 15 cancer sites , 7 of which are regarded as having an uncertain relation with tobacco . PATIENTS AND METHODS The original Whitehall study is a prospect i ve cohort of 17 363 London-based male government employees ( age 40 - 69 years ) who were examined in the late 1960s and then followed up for a maximum of 38 years . RESULTS Following adjustment for demographic characteristics , risk factors , and prevalent disease , established positive cigarette smoking -- cancer gradients were confirmed for carcinoma of the lung , stomach , pancreas , bladder , upper aero-digestive ( including oesophagus ) , and liver , and for myeloid leukaemia . Among the cancers of uncertain relation with smoking , mortality rates for malignancy of the colon , rectum and prostate and for lymphatic leukaemia were elevated in current and /or former smokers . There was essentially no apparent relation between smoking and mortality from carcinoma of the brain or from lymphoma . CONCLUSION In this study , cigarette smoking appears to be a risk factor for several malignancies of previously unclear association with tobacco use
Personal financial incentives can change habitual health-related behaviors and help reduce health inequalities .
However , their role in reducing disease burden is potentially limited given current evidence that effects dissipate beyond three months post-incentive removal
OBJECTIVES Uncertainty remains about whether personal financial incentives could achieve sustained changes in health-related behaviors that would reduce the fast-growing global non-communicable disease burden .
This review aims to estimate whether : i. financial incentives achieve sustained changes in smoking , eating , alcohol consumption and physical activity ; ii .
effectiveness is modified by ( a ) the target behavior , ( b ) incentive value and attainment certainty , ( c ) recipients ' deprivation level .