There is currently no firm evidence that vitamin D supplementation decreases or increases cancer occurrence in predominantly elderly community-dwelling women .
Vitamin D₃ supplementation  decreased cancer mortality  and vitamin D supplementation  decreased all-cause mortality , but these estimates are at risk of type I errors due to the fact that too few participants were examined , and to risks of attrition bias originating from substantial dropout of participants .
Combined vitamin D₃ and calcium supplements  increased nephrolithiasis , whereas it remains unclear from the included trials whether vitamin D₃ , calcium , or both were responsible for this effect .
BACKGROUND The evidence on whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in decreasing cancers is contradictory .
OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults .
Early postmenopausal bone loss is associated with PvuII estrogen receptor gene polymorphism in Finnish women: effect of hormone replacement therapy.
Genetic factors regulate bone mineral density ( BMD ) and possibly the development of osteoporosis . An association between estrogen receptor ( ER ) polymorphism , BMD , and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) has not been established . Therefore , we studied the influence of the ER genotype on BMD before and after a 5-year HRT in a placebo-controlled , population -based , r and omized group of 322 early postmenopausal women . The participants were r and omized into two treatment groups : the  HRT group ( n = 145 ) received a sequential combination of 2 mg estradiol valerate and 1 mg CPA with or without vitamin D3 , 100 - 300 IU + 500 mg calcium lactate/day ( equal to 93 mg Ca2 + ) , and the  non-HRT group ( n = 177 ) received calcium lactate , 500 mg alone or in combination with vitamin D3 , 100 - 300 IU/day . PvuII restriction fragment length polymorphism ( RFLP ) of the ERalpha was determined using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) . BMDs of the lumbar spine ( L2 - 4 ) and proximal femur were measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) . At the baseline , there were no significant differences in the lumbar or femoral neck BMDs between the three ER PvuII genotype groups ( PP , Pp , pp ) . After 5 years , the BMD of the femoral neck remained unaltered and that of the lumbar spine increased by 1.7 % in the HRT group , whereas both BMDs were decreased by 4 - 5 % in the non-HRT group . The ER genotype did not modulate the femoral neck BMD change during the follow-up . In contrast , in the  non-HRT-group  the lumbar spine BMD decreased more in subjects with the ER genotypes PP ( 6.4 % ) and Pp ( 5.2 % ) than in subjects with the pp genotype ( 2.9 % ) ( p = 0.002 ) . In the  HRT group , the relative changes of the lumbar spine BMD were similar in all three ER genotype groups . Thus without HRT , the pp genotype was associated with a smaller decrease in the lumbar spine BMD than the Pp and PP genotypes . Long-term HRT seemed to eliminate the ER genotype-related differences in the BMD . We conclude that subjects with the ER PvuII genotypes PP and Pp may have a greater risk of relatively fast bone loss after menopause than those with the pp genotype and that they may preferentially derive benefit from HRT
There is currently no firm evidence that vitamin D supplementation decreases or increases cancer occurrence in predominantly elderly community-dwelling women .
Vitamin D₃ supplementation  decreased cancer mortality  and vitamin D supplementation  decreased all-cause mortality , but these estimates are at risk of type I errors due to the fact that too few participants were examined , and to risks of attrition bias originating from substantial dropout of participants .
Combined vitamin D₃ and calcium supplements  increased nephrolithiasis , whereas it remains unclear from the included trials whether vitamin D₃ , calcium , or both were responsible for this effect .
BACKGROUND The evidence on whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in decreasing cancers is contradictory .
OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults .