Quantitative relations between baseline iron status , study duration , and iron dose on changes in iron-status biomarkers , which were generated from the meta-analyses , can be used to predict effects of trials of iron supplementation and fortification and to design iron-intervention programs
BACKGROUND The response of status biomarkers to an increase in iron supply depends on several physiologic and environmental factors , which make it difficult to predict the outcome of an intervention .
OBJECTIVE We assessed effects of baseline iron status , sex , menopausal status , duration of intervention , iron form , and daily dose on the change in iron status in response to iron supplementation .
Increased lean red meat intake does not elevate markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in humans.
Red meat intake has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes , but it remains uncertain whether these associations are causally related to unprocessed lean red meat . It has been proposed that iron derived from red meat may increase iron stores and initiate oxidative damage and inflammation . We aim ed to determine whether an increase in unprocessed lean red meat intake , partially replacing carbohydrate-rich foods , adversely influences markers of oxidative stress and inflammation .  Sixty participants completed an 8-wk parallel- design ed study . They were r and omized to maintain their usual diet ( control ) or to partially replace energy from carbohydrate-rich foods with approximately 200 g/d of lean red meat ( red meat ) in isoenergetic diets .  Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were measured at baseline and at the end of intervention . Results are presented as the mean between-group difference in change and [ 95 % CI ] . Red meat , relative to control , result ed in : higher protein [ 5.3 ( 3.7 , 6.9 ) % of energy ] , lower carbohydrate [ -5.3 ( -7.9 , -2.7)% of energy ] , and higher iron [ 3.2 ( 1.1 , 5.4 ) mg/d ] intakes ; lower urinary F2-isoprostane excretion [ -137 ( -264 , -9 ) pmol/mmol creatinine ] , lower leukocyte [ -0.51 ( -0.99 , -0.02)x10(9)/L ] counts , and a trend for lower serum C-reactive protein concentrations [ -1.6 ( -3.3 , 0.0 ) mg/L , P=0.06 ] ; and no differences in concentrations of plasma F2-isoprostanes [ -12 ( -122 , 100 ) pmol/L ] , serum gamma-glytamyltransferase [ -0.8 ( -3.2 , 1.5 ) U/L ] , serum amyloid A protein [ -1.4 ( -3.4 , 0.5 ) mg/L ] , and plasma fibrinogen concentrations [ -0.08 ( -0.40 . 0.24 ) g/L ] . Our results suggest that partial replacement of dietary carbohydrate with protein from lean red meat does not elevate oxidative stress or inflammation
Quantitative relations between baseline iron status , study duration , and iron dose on changes in iron-status biomarkers , which were generated from the meta-analyses , can be used to predict effects of trials of iron supplementation and fortification and to design iron-intervention programs
BACKGROUND The response of status biomarkers to an increase in iron supply depends on several physiologic and environmental factors , which make it difficult to predict the outcome of an intervention .
OBJECTIVE We assessed effects of baseline iron status , sex , menopausal status , duration of intervention , iron form , and daily dose on the change in iron status in response to iron supplementation .