Among the outcomes examined , the highest absolute risk increase was for heart failure .
Associations between atrial fibrillation and included outcomes were broadly consistent across subgroups and in sensitivity analyses .
Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of death and an increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease .
OBJECTIVE To quantify the association between  atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular disease , renal disease , and death .
Cause of Stroke Recurrence Is Multifactorial: Patterns, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Stroke Recurrence in the South London Stroke Register
Background and Purpose — This article examines stroke recurrence and whether the subtype of the initial stroke influences the risk and subtypes of further strokes . The proportion of recurrences attributable to conventional risk factors is quantified . Methods — From January 1995 to August 2000 , all first-in-a-lifetime strokes ( n=1626 ) were identified and prospect ively followed up in a defined multiethnic inner city population of 234 533 . Twelve overlapping referral sources and face-to-face follow-up at 3 months and 1 and 3 years were used to attain complete registration of stroke recurrence . Index and recurrent stroke were classified according to the Oxford Community Stroke Project classification . Results — In 2744 person-years of follow-up , 153 recurrences were observed . At 5 years , the cumulative risk of first stroke recurrence was 16.6 % ( 95 % CI , 13.5 to 20.4 ) , and the combined risk of death or stroke recurrence was 65.3 % ( 95 % CI , 61.9 to 68.6 ) . Ethnicity and subtype of index stroke were not associated with stroke recurrence . A change in subtype between index and recurrent stroke occurred in 45.5 % ( 95 % CI , 35.8 to 55.2 ) of cases and was most frequent among index lacunar strokes and primary intracerebral hemorrhages . In multivariable analyses , diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation were associated with both stroke recurrence and recurrence-free survival . In the stroke population , 9.1 % ( 95 % CI , −2.0 to 20.2 ) of recurrences were attributable to diabetes and 4.9 % ( 95 % CI , −7.3 to 17.2 ) to atrial fibrillation during the first year after the index stroke . Conclusions — The cause of stroke recurrence is multifactorial , and the subtypes of index and recurrent strokes are often not identical . Most recurrences remain unexplained by conventional risk factors
Among the outcomes examined , the highest absolute risk increase was for heart failure .
Associations between atrial fibrillation and included outcomes were broadly consistent across subgroups and in sensitivity analyses .
Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of death and an increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease .
OBJECTIVE To quantify the association between  atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular disease , renal disease , and death .