iPhone measurements correlated well with scoliometer measurements .
2D photography results had a moderate to high correlation with 3D topography results .
Conclusions Overall , strong levels of evidence exist for iPhone and scoliometer measurements , with a high to very high reliability and moderate to very high validity .
Limited evidence exists for aesthetic tools TRACE and AI and 2D photography .
These results indicate there are accurate and reproducible anthropometric measures that are inexpensive and applicable in therapy setting s to assess postural asymmetry ; however , these only exist for measurement in the transverse plane , despite 3D characteristics of AIS .
Abstract Purpose As accurate and reproducible measurements of spinal curvature are crucial in the examination of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis ( AIS ) , this systematic review aims to report on the reliability and validity of a range of inexpensive and easily administered anthropometric methods of postural asymmetry measurement in an AIS population , to inform practice in a clinical setting .
Accuracy and reliability of coronal and sagittal spinal curvature data based on patient-specific three-dimensional models created by the EOS 2D/3D imaging system.
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Three-dimensional ( 3D ) deformations of the spine are predominantly characterized by two-dimensional ( 2D ) angulation measurements in coronal and sagittal planes , using anteroposterior and lateral X-ray images . For coronal curves , a method originally described by Cobb and for sagittal curves a modified Cobb method are most widely used in practice , and these methods have been shown to exhibit good-to-excellent reliability and reproducibility , carried out either manually or by computer-based tools . Recently , an ultralow radiation dose-integrated radioimaging solution was introduced with special software for realistic 3D visualization and parametric characterization of the spinal column . PURPOSE Comparison of accuracy , correlation of measurement values , intraobserver and interrater reliability of methods by conventional manual 2D and sterEOS 3D measurements in a routine clinical setting . STUDY DESIGN / SETTING Retrospective nonr and omized study of diagnostic X-ray images created as part of a routine clinical protocol of eligible patients examined at our clinic during a 30-month period between July 2007 and December 2009 . PATIENT SAMPLE In total , 201 individuals ( 170 females , 31 males ; mean age , 19.88 years ) including 10 healthy athletes with normal spine and patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis ( 175 cases ) , adult degenerative scoliosis ( 11 cases ) , and Scheuermann hyperkyphosis ( 5 cases ) .  Overall range of coronal curves was between 2.4 ° and 117.5 ° . Analysis of accuracy and reliability of measurements were carried out on a group of all patients and in subgroups based on coronal plane deviation : 0 ° to 10 ° ( Group 1 , n=36 ) , 10 ° to 25 ° ( Group 2 , n=25 ) , 25 ° to 50 ° ( Group 3 , n=69 ) , 50 ° to 75 ° ( Group 4 , n=49 ) , and more than 75 ° ( Group 5 , n=22 ) . METHODS Coronal and sagittal curvature measurements were determined by three experienced examiners , using either traditional 2D methods or automatic measurements based on sterEOS 3D reconstructions . Manual measurements were performed three times , and sterEOS 3D reconstructions and automatic measurements were performed two times by each examiner . Means comparison t test , Pearson bivariate correlation analysis , reliability analysis by intraclass correlation coefficients for intraobserver reproducibility and interrater reliability were performed using SPSS v16.0 software ( IBM Corp. , Armonk , NY , USA ) . No funds were received in support of this work . No benefits in any form have been or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article . RESULTS In comparison with manual 2D methods , only small and nonsignificant differences were detectable in sterEOS 3D-based curvature data . Intraobserver reliability was excellent for both methods , and interrater reproducibility was consistently higher for sterEOS 3D methods that was found to be unaffected by the magnitude of coronal curves or sagittal plane deviations . CONCLUSIONS This is the first clinical report on EOS 2D/3D system ( EOS Imaging , Paris , France ) and its sterEOS 3D software , documenting an excellent capability for accurate , reliable , and reproducible spinal curvature measurements
iPhone measurements correlated well with scoliometer measurements .
2D photography results had a moderate to high correlation with 3D topography results .
Conclusions Overall , strong levels of evidence exist for iPhone and scoliometer measurements , with a high to very high reliability and moderate to very high validity .
Limited evidence exists for aesthetic tools TRACE and AI and 2D photography .
These results indicate there are accurate and reproducible anthropometric measures that are inexpensive and applicable in therapy setting s to assess postural asymmetry ; however , these only exist for measurement in the transverse plane , despite 3D characteristics of AIS .
Abstract Purpose As accurate and reproducible measurements of spinal curvature are crucial in the examination of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis ( AIS ) , this systematic review aims to report on the reliability and validity of a range of inexpensive and easily administered anthropometric methods of postural asymmetry measurement in an AIS population , to inform practice in a clinical setting .