There is currently no firm evidence that vitamin D supplementation decreases or increases cancer occurrence in predominantly elderly community-dwelling women .
Vitamin D₃ supplementation  decreased cancer mortality  and vitamin D supplementation  decreased all-cause mortality , but these estimates are at risk of type I errors due to the fact that too few participants were examined , and to risks of attrition bias originating from substantial dropout of participants .
Combined vitamin D₃ and calcium supplements  increased nephrolithiasis , whereas it remains unclear from the included trials whether vitamin D₃ , calcium , or both were responsible for this effect .
BACKGROUND The evidence on whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in decreasing cancers is contradictory .
OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults .
Relation of estrogen receptor-α gene polymorphism and hormone replacement therapy to fall risk and muscle strength in early postmenopausal women
BACKGROUND . Several factors may increase fracture risk , among them reduced bone mineral density ( BMD ) , increased bone resorption , microarchitectural deterioration of bone , increased fall risk , and decreased muscle strength . We have previously reported that PvuII polymorphism of the estrogen receptor-α ( ER α ) gene is associated with bone loss rate , fracture risk , and response to hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) in early postmenopausal Finnish women . METHOD . We studied the influence of the ERα genotype on fall risk and muscle strength in a 5-year r and omized  HRT trial of 331 early postmenopausal women ( subgroup of the population -based OSTPRE study , Kuopio , Finl and ) . A 5-year postal inquiry in May 1994 included questions on falls during the previous 12 months . Grip strength was measured with dynamometer . The ERα gene polymorphism was analysed using PCR and PvuII restriction enzyme digestion . RESULTS . In all , 97 out of the 331 women reported falls . Half of those ( 56 % ) were slip falls , mostly during the winter season . In  the HRT group , the ERα genotype was associated with fall risk ( P = 0.002 , logistic regression ) . The risk of falls ( RR ) was higher in women with the PP genotype than in those with the Pp ( RR = 5.26 , 95 % CI 1.98 - 13.94 , P = 0.001 ) or the pp ( RR = 3.84 , 95 % CI 1.46 - 10.12 , P = 0.007 ) genotype . When the falls were divided into slip ( environment-related ) and non-slip ( endogenous ) falls , the non-slip falls were associated with the genotype ( P = 0.004 ) , but the slip falls were not so clearly ( P = 0.061 ) . When all falls and non-slip falls were adjusted to the number of chronic health disorders and the variable time-since-menopause , the difference between the genotypes persisted ( P = 0.003 and P = 0.010 , respectively ) . In  the non-HRT group , the ERα genotype was not associated with fall risk . The baseline or the 5-year grip strength values were not influenced by the ERα genotype . In conclusion , ER α polymorphism is associated with fall risk , especially with non-slip falls , in early postmenopausal Finnish women during the HRT . We have previously reported that , during HRT , women with the P allele have decreased fracture risk and that they may preferentially derive benefit from the positive effect of HRT on BMD . This suggests that the influence of ERα polymorphism may depend on the target tissue ( bone versus the nervous system ) . CONCLUSIONS . In these early postmenopausal , non-osteoporotic and relatively healthy women , the increased fall risk associated with the PP genotype was not associated with increased fracture risk , possibly due to improved bone strength during the HRT although falls generally predispose to fractures
There is currently no firm evidence that vitamin D supplementation decreases or increases cancer occurrence in predominantly elderly community-dwelling women .
Vitamin D₃ supplementation  decreased cancer mortality  and vitamin D supplementation  decreased all-cause mortality , but these estimates are at risk of type I errors due to the fact that too few participants were examined , and to risks of attrition bias originating from substantial dropout of participants .
Combined vitamin D₃ and calcium supplements  increased nephrolithiasis , whereas it remains unclear from the included trials whether vitamin D₃ , calcium , or both were responsible for this effect .
BACKGROUND The evidence on whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in decreasing cancers is contradictory .
OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults .