Further data on specificity comes from electrophysiological studies reporting that  NF effectively changes brain activity patterns .
No safety issues have emerged from clinical trials and NF seems to be well tolerated and accepted .
Follow-up studies support long-term effects of NF .
In conclusion , NF is a valid option for the treatment for ADHD , but further evidence is required to guide its use
Summary Neurofeedback ( NF ) is a training to enhance self-regulatory capacity over brain activity patterns and consequently over brain mental states .
Recent findings suggest that NF is a promising alternative for the treatment of  attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) .
Effect of neurofeedback training on the neural substrates of selective attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( AD/HD ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder mainly characterized by impairments in cognitive functions . Functional neuroimaging studies carried out in individuals with AD/HD have shown abnormal functioning of the anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) during tasks involving selective attention . In other respects , there is mounting evidence that neurofeedback training ( NFT ) can significantly improve cognitive functioning in AD/HD children . In this context , the present functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) study was conducted to measure the effect of NFT  on the neural substrates of selective attention in children with AD/HD . Twenty AD/HD children -- not taking any psychostimulant and without co-morbidity-participated to the study . Fifteen children were r and omly assigned to the Experimental ( EXP ) group ( NFT ) , whereas the other five children were assigned to the Control ( CON ) group ( no NFT ) . Subjects from both groups were scanned 1 week before the beginning of the NFT ( Time 1 ) and 1 week after the end of this training ( Time 2 ) , while they performed a Counting Stroop task . At Time 1 , for both groups , the Counting Stroop task was associated with significant loci of activation in the left superior parietal lobule . No activation was noted in the ACC . At Time 2 , for both groups , the Counting Stroop task was still associated with significant activation of the left superior parietal lobule . This time , however , for the EXP group only there was a significant activation of the right ACC . These results suggest that in AD/HD children , NFT has the capacity to normalize the functioning of the ACC , the key neural substrate of selective attention
Further data on specificity comes from electrophysiological studies reporting that  NF effectively changes brain activity patterns .
No safety issues have emerged from clinical trials and NF seems to be well tolerated and accepted .
Follow-up studies support long-term effects of NF .
In conclusion , NF is a valid option for the treatment for ADHD , but further evidence is required to guide its use
Summary Neurofeedback ( NF ) is a training to enhance self-regulatory capacity over brain activity patterns and consequently over brain mental states .
Recent findings suggest that NF is a promising alternative for the treatment of  attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) .