At the class level , behavioural therapy ( alone or in combination with stimulants ) , stimulants , and non-stimulant seemed significantly more efficacious than placebo .
Behavioural therapy in combination with stimulants seemed superior to stimulants or non-stimulants .
Stimulants seemed superior to behavioural therapy , cognitive training and non-stimulants .
Behavioural therapy , stimulants and their combination showed the best profile of acceptability .
Stimulants and non-stimulants seemed well tolerated .
Among medications , methylpheni date , amphetamine , atomoxetine , guanfacine and clonidine seemed significantly more efficacious than placebo .
Methylpheni date and amphetamine seemed more efficacious than atomoxetine and guanfacine .
Methylpheni date and clonidine seemed better accepted than placebo and atomoxetine .
Most of the efficacious pharmacological treatments were associated with harms ( anorexia , weight loss and insomnia ) , but an increased risk of serious adverse events was not observed .
There is lack of evidence for cognitive training , neurofeedback , antidepressants , antipsychotics , dietary therapy , fatty acids , and other complementary and alternative medicine .
Clinical differences may exist between the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment used for the management of ADHD .
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders in childhood .
A wide variety of treatments have been used for the management of ADHD .
We aim ed to compare the efficacy and safety of pharmacological , psychological and complementary and alternative medicine interventions for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents .
Effectiveness of an adaptive
multimodal treatment in children
with Attention–Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder – global outcome
Abstract Background The meaning of different components within a multimodal treatment of ADHD remains to be further clarified . Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of  behaviour therapy  and drug treatment  within an adaptive and individually tailored multimodal treatment for children with ADHD . Method After an initial psychoeducation n = 75 school-children aged 6–10 years with a diagnosis of ADHD/HKD were assigned to either behaviour therapy ( including continued psychoeducation ) or medical management with methylpheni date plus psychoeducation . Depending on the effectiveness , the treatment was either terminated ( if totally effective ) with long – term aftercare and continuation of medication if needed , or ( if partially effective ) the other treatment component was added ( combined treatment ) , or ( if ineffective ) the treatment components were replaced . Thus a treatment rationale was applied which result ed in an adaptive and individually tailored therapy – similar to a strategy that may be useful in clinical practice . Results Of the children who started with behaviour therapy after initial psychoeducation 26 % received a combined treatment in later treatment stages . In most of the cases ( 82 % ) with initial medical management , behaviour therapy was added . ADHD symptoms , individually defined behaviour problems and comorbid symptoms were significantly reduced during the course of treatment . On core measures large pre – post effect sizes were found . On teacher ratings  combined treatment was more effective than behaviour therapy . Conclusions Both , behaviour therapy and combined treatment are effective interventions within an adaptive and individually tailored multimodal treatment strategy
At the class level , behavioural therapy ( alone or in combination with stimulants ) , stimulants , and non-stimulant seemed significantly more efficacious than placebo .
Behavioural therapy in combination with stimulants seemed superior to stimulants or non-stimulants .
Stimulants seemed superior to behavioural therapy , cognitive training and non-stimulants .
Behavioural therapy , stimulants and their combination showed the best profile of acceptability .
Stimulants and non-stimulants seemed well tolerated .
Among medications , methylpheni date , amphetamine , atomoxetine , guanfacine and clonidine seemed significantly more efficacious than placebo .
Methylpheni date and amphetamine seemed more efficacious than atomoxetine and guanfacine .
Methylpheni date and clonidine seemed better accepted than placebo and atomoxetine .
Most of the efficacious pharmacological treatments were associated with harms ( anorexia , weight loss and insomnia ) , but an increased risk of serious adverse events was not observed .
There is lack of evidence for cognitive training , neurofeedback , antidepressants , antipsychotics , dietary therapy , fatty acids , and other complementary and alternative medicine .
Clinical differences may exist between the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment used for the management of ADHD .
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders in childhood .
A wide variety of treatments have been used for the management of ADHD .
We aim ed to compare the efficacy and safety of pharmacological , psychological and complementary and alternative medicine interventions for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents .