Conclusions Whole flaxseed , but not flaxseed oil and lignan extract , has significant effects on improving glycemic control .
Context The results of human clinical trials investigating the effects of flaxseed on glucose control and insulin sensitivity are inconsistent .
Objective The present study aim ed to systematic ally review and analyze r and omized controlled trials assessing the effects of flaxseed consumption on glycemic control .
Flaxseed on cardiovascular disease markers in healthy menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
OBJECTIVE Due to its high content of lignans , alpha-linolenic acid and fiber , flaxseed may reduce cardiovascular disease risk in humans . The present study evaluated the effect of flaxseed on markers of cardiovascular disease risk in healthy menopausal women . METHODS One hundred ninety-nine women were r and omly assigned to consume 40 g daily of flaxseed or wheat germ placebo for 12 mo . Fatty acids , apolipoproteins A-1 and B , lipoprotein(a ) , low-density lipoprotein particle size , fibrinogen , C-reactive protein , insulin , and glucose were measured at baseline and at 12 mo . RESULTS In total 179 women were available for the intention-to-treat analysis .  Flaxseed increased plasma alpha-linolenic ( P < 0.0001 ) , docosapentaenoic ( P = 0.001 ) , and total omega-3 fatty ( P = 0.0004 ) acids . Differences between flaxseed and wheat germ were observed for apolipoprotein A-1 ( -0.10 + /- 0.26 g/L , P = 0.011 ) and apolipoprotein B ( -0.05 + /- 0.16 g/L , P = 0.047 ) . From baseline , flaxseed raised apolipoproteins A-1 and B by 4.4 % ( P = 0.006 ) and 3 % ( P = 0.054 ) , whereas wheat germ increased these apolipoproteins by 11.6 % ( P < 0.0001 ) and 7 % ( P = 0.0001 ) , respectively . Both treatments increased lipoprotein(a ) ( P < 0.0001 ) and decreased low-density lipoprotein peak particle size ( P < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSION In this large , long-term , placebo-controlled trial in healthy menopausal women , flaxseed increased some omega-3 fatty acids in plasma and had a limited effect on apolipoprotein metabolism
Conclusions Whole flaxseed , but not flaxseed oil and lignan extract , has significant effects on improving glycemic control .
Context The results of human clinical trials investigating the effects of flaxseed on glucose control and insulin sensitivity are inconsistent .
Objective The present study aim ed to systematic ally review and analyze r and omized controlled trials assessing the effects of flaxseed consumption on glycemic control .