In the present meta- analysis , reductions in the risk of hip fracture  with milk consumption were only observed among American adults , but not among Sc and inavian adults , possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Sc and inavian countries .
The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption , which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health .
Fueling this uncertainty , the elevated  risk of hip fracture  in association with  milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women .
The cumulative evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk , yogurt , and cheese , and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest
Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients , the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal .
Transgalactooligosaccharides stimulate calcium absorption in postmenopausal women.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether a product rich in transgalactooligosaccharides ( TOS , Elix'or ) stimulates true Ca absorption in postmenopausal women . The study was a double-blind , r and omized crossover study , consisting of two 9-d treatment periods separated by a 19-d washout period . During the treatment periods , 12 subjects  drank 200 mL yogurt drink twice ( at breakfast and lunch ) containing either TOS ( 20 g/d ) or the reference substance , sucrose . On d 8 of each treatment period , (44)Ca and (48)Ca were administered orally and intravenously , respectively . Before and during the 36 h after isotope administration , urine was collected and the ratios of isotopes present were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ( ICP-MS ) . From the isotope enrichments , true calcium absorption was calculated . TOS increased true calcium absorption 16 % , from ( mean + /- SD ) 20.6 + /- 7.0 % during the reference treatment to 23.9 + /- 6.9 % during the TOS treatment ( P : = 0.04 , one-sided ) . In conclusion , in this study in postmenopausal women , greater Ca absorption was observed after consumption of a product rich in TOS ( Elix'or ) compared with the reference treatment . This increase in Ca absorption was likely due solely to TOS . The increased Ca absorption was not accompanied by increased urinary Ca excretion , meaning that TOS also may indirectly increase the uptake of Ca by bones and /or inhibit bone resorption
In the present meta- analysis , reductions in the risk of hip fracture  with milk consumption were only observed among American adults , but not among Sc and inavian adults , possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Sc and inavian countries .
The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption , which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health .
Fueling this uncertainty , the elevated  risk of hip fracture  in association with  milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women .
The cumulative evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk , yogurt , and cheese , and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest
Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients , the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal .