We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .
Effect of modified dairy fat on postprandial and fasting plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy young men
Fatty acid profile of milk fat can be modified by cow feeding strategies . Our aim was postpr and ially and after 4 wk to compare the effect of a modified milk fat ( M diet ) [ with 16 % of the cholesterolemic saturated fatty acid ( C12–16 ) replaced by mainly oleic and stearic acids ] with the effect of D diet , including a conventional Danish milk fat on plasma lipids and lipoproteins . A side effect of the cow feeding regime was a 5 % ( w/w ) increase in trans fatty acid in M diet . Eighteen subjects were fed for two periods of 4 wk strictly controlled isoenergetic test diets with 40 % of energy from total fat and the same content of dietary cholesterol in a r and omized study with cross-over design . Contrary to expectations , fasting low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol concentration did not differ after the experimental periods . However , M diet result ed in a higher fasting total triacylglycerol concentration compared to D diet ( P=0.009 ) . Postpr and ial sample s were taken at two different occasions ( i ) at day 21 , after breakfast and lunch and ( ii ) on the last day of the study 2 , 4 , 6 , and 8 h after a fat load . Postpr and ial plasma triacylglycerol and chylomicron triacylglycerol showed higher peak values after D diet than M diet ( interaction effect , diet × times P<0.05 ) . In conclusion , M diet did not lower LDL cholesterol compared to D diet . Thus any cholesterol-lowering effect of oleic and stearic acids may have been obscured by the high content of cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acids in milk fat . A higher content of the trans fatty acids in M diet might have counteracted the cholesterol neutral/decreasing effect and increased plasma triacylglycerol
We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .