Results There is some evidence of the effectiveness of medication in treating DBDs , with positive outcomes for lithium and risperidone in particular .
Pharmacotherapy also demonstrated some efficacy in reducing symptoms of aggression .
Medication was relatively well-tolerated , as indicated by equivalent dropout rates in medication and comparison groups .
Rationale Pharmacotherapy is frequently considered in the treatment of  disruptive behavior disorders ( DBDs ) in children and adolescents .
There are , however , no systematic review s of this literature .
Objectives The aim of this work is to determine whether medication is effective in treating pediatric disruptive behavior disorders and related problems of impulse control , as well as to examine differences in the treatment response and tolerability of different medication classes and agents .
Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling
BACKGROUND The authors ' goal was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of naltrexone in the treatment of pathologic gambling disorder . METHODS Eighty-three subjects who met criteria for DSM-IV pathologic gambling disorder were enrolled in a 1-week single-blind placebo lead-in followed by an 11-week double-blind naltrexone or placebo trial . Naltrexone was started at 25 mg/day and titrated upward until maximum symptom improvement or 250 mg/day was achieved . Gambling symptom change was assessed with the patient-rated Clinical Global Impression ( PG-CGI-PT ) , clinician-rated CGI ( PG-CGI-MD ) , and the Gambling Symptom Rating Scale ( G-SAS ) . Side effects were monitored weekly and liver function tests biweekly . RESULTS Data from 45 patients were analyzed . Using r and om regression analysis , significant improvement was noted in all three gambling symptom measures : patient-rated Clinical Global Impression , p < .001 ; clinician-rated CGI , p < .001 ; Gambling Symptom Rating Scale , p < .019 . At study end , 75 % of subjects taking naltrexone were much or very much improved on both the PE-CEI PT and the PG-CGI-MD , compared with only 24 % of those on placebo .  Elevated liver enzymes occurred in four subjects who were taking analgesics concurrently . Nausea was common during the first week of treatment . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that naltrexone is effective in reducing the symptoms of pathologic gambling . Until further studies corroborate the present findings , our report should be interpreted cautiously
Results There is some evidence of the effectiveness of medication in treating DBDs , with positive outcomes for lithium and risperidone in particular .
Pharmacotherapy also demonstrated some efficacy in reducing symptoms of aggression .
Medication was relatively well-tolerated , as indicated by equivalent dropout rates in medication and comparison groups .
Rationale Pharmacotherapy is frequently considered in the treatment of  disruptive behavior disorders ( DBDs ) in children and adolescents .
There are , however , no systematic review s of this literature .
Objectives The aim of this work is to determine whether medication is effective in treating pediatric disruptive behavior disorders and related problems of impulse control , as well as to examine differences in the treatment response and tolerability of different medication classes and agents .