The review revealed the most common stage for PPI was in research planning , and the most common level of involvement was collaboration .
Most studies did not provide evidence of effectiveness or elaborate on the impact of PPI , and they tended to report impact from the research er 's perspective .
Where impact was mentioned , this generally related to increased relevance to the community , empowerment of participants and alterations in study design .
OBJECTIVES Patient and public involvement ( PPI ) is argued to lead to higher quality health research , which is more relatable to and helps empower the public .
We synthesis ed the evidence to look for examples of PPI in health research in low/middle-income countries ( LMICs ) , looking at levels of involvement and impact .
Additionally , we considered the impact of who was undertaking the research on the level of involvement and reported impact .
Tailored Hospital-based Risk Reduction to Impede Vascular Events After Stroke (THRIVES) study: qualitative phase protocol.
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need to develop effective strategies to improve stroke outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) , where use of evidence -based therapies among patients receiving conventional care is poor . Design s of behavioral interventions to improve stroke care in SSA need to be sensitive to both individual and community factors ( including local perceptions and public policies ) contributing to the likelihood of compliance with recommended therapeutic goals . This article presents a community-based participatory research protocol that will evaluate systems and processes affecting the continuum of stroke-preventive care in an SSA country . METHODS Phase 1 of the Tailored Hospital-based Risk Reduction to Impede Vascular Events study will be implemented from 2013 to 2014 at 4 different types of hospital setting s in Nigeria . Six adult stroke survivor focus group discussion s and  six caregiver focus group discussion s , each lasting about 120 minutes will be conducted . Each group will comprise 6 to 8 participants . We will also conduct 22 semi-structured key informant interviews ( informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework ) with several types of providers and hospital administrators . Purposive and maximum variation sampling will be used to identify and recruit participants from participating hospitals . Transcript data will be analyzed by review ers in an iterative process to identify recurrent and unifying themes using a constructivist variant of the grounded theory methodology , and will involve participatory co- analysis with key stakeholders to enhance authenticity and veracity of findings . DISCUSSION On the basis of the results of Tailored Hospital-based Risk Reduction to Impede Vascular Events phase 1 , we intend to develop a culturally sensitive , system-appropriate , multipronged intervention whose efficacy to boost adherence to evidence -based stroke-preventive care will be tested in a future r and omized trial ( phase 2 )
The review revealed the most common stage for PPI was in research planning , and the most common level of involvement was collaboration .
Most studies did not provide evidence of effectiveness or elaborate on the impact of PPI , and they tended to report impact from the research er 's perspective .
Where impact was mentioned , this generally related to increased relevance to the community , empowerment of participants and alterations in study design .
OBJECTIVES Patient and public involvement ( PPI ) is argued to lead to higher quality health research , which is more relatable to and helps empower the public .
We synthesis ed the evidence to look for examples of PPI in health research in low/middle-income countries ( LMICs ) , looking at levels of involvement and impact .
Additionally , we considered the impact of who was undertaking the research on the level of involvement and reported impact .