Based on the evidence review ed , low-CHO and very-low-CHO diets are not superior to other dietary approaches for weight loss .
These diets may have advantages related to appetite control , triglyceride reduction , and reduction in the use of medication in T2D management .
The evidence review ed showed mixed effects on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with some studies showing an increase .
There was no clear evidence for advantages regarding effects on other cardiometabolic risk markers .
Historically , low-carbohydrate ( CHO ) and very-low-CHO diets have been used for weight loss .
Recently , these diets have been promoted for type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) management .
This scientific statement provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence base available from recent systematic review s and meta-analyses on the effects of low-CHO and very-low-CHO diets on body weight , lipoprotein lipids , glycemic control , and other cardiometabolic risk factors .
Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum.
BACKGROUND Altering the macronutrient composition of the diet influences hunger and satiety . Studies have compared high- and low-protein diets , but there are few data on carbohydrate content and ketosis on motivation to eat and ad libitum intake . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to compare the hunger , appetite , and weight-loss responses to a high-protein , low-carbohydrate [ ( LC ) ketogenic ] and those to a high-protein , medium-carbohydrate [ ( MC ) nonketogenic ] diet in obese men feeding ad libitum . DESIGN Seventeen obese men were studied in a residential trial ; food was provided daily . Subjects were offered 2 high-protein ( 30 % of energy ) ad libitum diets , each for a 4-wk period-an LC ( 4 % carbohydrate ) ketogenic diet and an MC ( 35 % carbohydrate ) diet-r and omized in a crossover design . Body weight was measured daily , and ketosis was monitored by analysis of plasma and urine sample s. Hunger was assessed by using a computerized visual analogue system . RESULTS Ad libitum energy intakes were lower with the LC diet than with the MC diet [ P=0.02 ; SE of the difference ( SED ) : 0.27 ] at 7.25 and 7.95 MJ/d , respectively . Over the 4-wk period , hunger was significantly lower ( P=0.014 ; SED : 1.76 ) and weight loss was significantly greater ( P=0.006 ; SED : 0.62 ) with the LC diet ( 6.34 kg ) than with the MC diet ( 4.35 kg ) . The LC diet induced ketosis with mean 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of 1.52 mmol/L in plasma ( P=0.036 from baseline ; SED : 0.62 ) and 2.99 mmol/L in urine ( P<0.001 from baseline ; SED : 0.36 ) . CONCLUSION In the short term , high-protein , low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets reduce hunger and lower food intake significantly more than do high-protein , medium-carbohydrate nonketogenic diets
Based on the evidence review ed , low-CHO and very-low-CHO diets are not superior to other dietary approaches for weight loss .
These diets may have advantages related to appetite control , triglyceride reduction , and reduction in the use of medication in T2D management .
The evidence review ed showed mixed effects on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with some studies showing an increase .
There was no clear evidence for advantages regarding effects on other cardiometabolic risk markers .
Historically , low-carbohydrate ( CHO ) and very-low-CHO diets have been used for weight loss .
Recently , these diets have been promoted for type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) management .
This scientific statement provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence base available from recent systematic review s and meta-analyses on the effects of low-CHO and very-low-CHO diets on body weight , lipoprotein lipids , glycemic control , and other cardiometabolic risk factors .