Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .
Trail-walking exercise and fall risk factors in community-dwelling older adults: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial.
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a trail-walking exercise ( TWE ) program on the rate of falls in community-dwelling older adults . DESIGN Pilot r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) . SETTING This trial was conducted in Japan and involved community-dwelling older adults as participants . PARTICIPANTS Sixty participants r and omized into a TWE group ( n=30 ) and a walking ( W ) group ( n=30 ) .  INTERVENTION Exercise class combined with multicomponent trail walking program , versus exercise class combined with simple indoor walking program . MEASUREMENT Measurement was based on the difference in fall rates between the TWE and W groups . RESULTS Six months after the intervention , the incidence rate ratio ( IRR ) of falls for the TWE group compared with the W group was 0.20 ( 95 % confidence interval (CI)=0.04 - 0.91 ) ; 12 months after the intervention , the IRR of falls for the TWE group compared with the W group was 0.45 ( 95 % CI=0.16 - 1.77 ) . CONCLUSION The results of this pilot RCT suggest that the TWE program was more effective in improving locomotion and cognitive performance under trail-walking task conditions than walking . In addition , participants who took part in the TWE  demonstrated a decrease in the incidence rate of falls 6 months after trial completion . Further confirmation is needed , but this preliminary result may promote a new underst and ing of accidental falls in older adults
Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .