Studies were primarily related to the assessment of pain in relation to surgical procedures , and no clear distinction was made concerning the onset of acute and chronic pain .
The metrics used within the tools appeared to focus primarily on the sensory aspect of pain , with no study clearly discriminating between the sensory and affective components of pain .
Objectives The objectives were to review systematic ally the range of assessment tools used in cats to detect the behavioural expression of pain and the evidence of their quality ; and to examine behavioural metrics ( considering both the sensory and affective domains ) used to assess pain .
Postoperative analgesic effects of intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral transmucosal buprenorphine administered to cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
OBJECTIVE To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of intravenous ( IV ) , intramuscular ( IM ) , subcutaneous ( SC ) or oral transmucosal ( OTM ) buprenorphine administered to cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy . STUDY DESIGN R and omized , prospect i ve and blinded clinical trial . ANIMALS 100 female cats . METHODS Cats were assigned to receive 0.01 mg kg(-1 ) of buprenorphine administered by the IV , IM , SC or OTM route ( n = 25/group ) . Buprenorphine was made up to 0.3 mL with 0.9 % saline . DIVAS ( 0 - 100 mm ) and simple descriptive scale ( SDS ) ( from 0 to 4 ) pain and sedation scores were assigned to each cat before and 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 and 24 hours after ovariohysterectomy . Buprenorphine and carprofen were administered for rescue analgesia . Data were analyzed using anova and Fisher 's exact test ( p < 0.05 ) . RESULTS There were no significant differences between groups for breed , body weight , anesthetic time or surgery time ( p > 0.05 ) . There were no significant differences between groups for sedation scores at any time . SDS pain scores did not detect any differences between groups ( p > 0.05 ) . DIVAS pain scores after OTM administration were significantly higher than IV and IM administration at 1 hour and at 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 and 12 hours , respectively ( p < 0.05 ) . DIVAS pain scores after SC administration were significantly higher than IV and IM administration at 2 hours and at 2 , 3 , 4 , 8 , 12 and 24 hours ( p < 0.05 ) , respectively . Six , four , 13 and 17 cats that received IV , IM , SC and OTM buprenorphine required rescue analgesia , respectively . There was a significantly higher incidence of treatment failure in cats that received SC and OTM buprenorphine compared with cats that received IV and IM buprenorphine ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IV and IM administration of buprenorphine provided better postoperative analgesia than SC or OTM administration of the drug and these routes of administration should be preferred when buprenorphine is administered to cats
Studies were primarily related to the assessment of pain in relation to surgical procedures , and no clear distinction was made concerning the onset of acute and chronic pain .
The metrics used within the tools appeared to focus primarily on the sensory aspect of pain , with no study clearly discriminating between the sensory and affective components of pain .
Objectives The objectives were to review systematic ally the range of assessment tools used in cats to detect the behavioural expression of pain and the evidence of their quality ; and to examine behavioural metrics ( considering both the sensory and affective domains ) used to assess pain .