The results of this systematic review identify the consistent and prevalent indicators of concussion and their associations , derived from the strongest evidence in the published literature .
BACKGROUND Currently , there is no evidence -based definition for concussion that is being uniformly applied in clinical and research setting s. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of the highest- quality literature about concussion and to assemble evidence about the prevalence and associations of key indicators of concussion .
The goal was to establish an evidence -based foundation from which to derive , in future work , a definition , diagnostic criteria , and prognostic indicators for concussion .
Diagnostic value of S100B and neuron-specific enolase in mild pediatric traumatic brain injury.
OBJECT During recent years , several biomarkers have been introduced for use in the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) . The primary objective of this investigation was to determine if S100B ( or S100 calcium-binding protein B ) and neuron-specific enolase ( NSE ) serum concentrations can effectively be used to discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic children with minor head trauma . METHODS The authors conducted a prospect i ve clinical study that involved patients age 6 months to 15 years who had sustained minor head trauma . Children with concomitant extracranial injuries were excluded .  Blood sample s were obtained within 6 hours of injury to measure  S100B and NSE levels in serum . The authors defined 2 diagnostic groups : a  mild TBI group ( patients with Glasgow Coma Scale [ GCS ] scores of 13 - 15 ) in whom there were clinical signs of concussion ( short loss of consciousness , amnesia , nausea , vomiting , somnolence , headache , dizziness , or impaired vision ) and a head contusion group ( patients with a GCS score of 15 ) in whom symptoms were absent . Both S100B and NSE concentrations were compared between the 2 groups . Secondary end points were defined as follows : correlation of S100B/NSE and a ) the presence of scalp lacerations , b ) GCS score , c ) age , and d ) correlation between S100B and NSE . RESULTS One hundred forty-eight patients were enrolled ( 53 in the contusion group , 95 in the mild TBI group ) . After adjusting for differences in age and time of injury to blood sample withdrawal , there was no significant difference in S100B or NSE between patients in the 2 groups . Scalp lacerations and GCS score had no affect on posttraumatic S100B or NSE concentrations . The correlation between S100B and NSE was significant . Both markers showed a significant negative correlation with age . CONCLUSIONS The authors demonstrated that S100B and NSE do not discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic children with minor head injury . There seem to be limitations in marker sensitivity when investigating pediatric patients with mild TBI
The results of this systematic review identify the consistent and prevalent indicators of concussion and their associations , derived from the strongest evidence in the published literature .
BACKGROUND Currently , there is no evidence -based definition for concussion that is being uniformly applied in clinical and research setting s. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of the highest- quality literature about concussion and to assemble evidence about the prevalence and associations of key indicators of concussion .
The goal was to establish an evidence -based foundation from which to derive , in future work , a definition , diagnostic criteria , and prognostic indicators for concussion .