Conclusion Stroke secondary prevention lifestyle interventions are effective in terms of effecting positive change in lifestyle behaviors and secondary outcomes , and appear promising in relation to physiological outcomes .
There was insufficient evidence to determine the effect of intervention on incidence of stroke recurrence
Background A feature of stroke is that it recurs ( 25 % within five-years ) .
Risk factors for stroke and recurrent stroke include smoking , alcohol consumption , poor diet , and physical inactivity .
Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of secondary prevention lifestyle interventions design ed to change lifestyle behavior following stroke .
This short paper presents a summary of the systematic review process and findings .
Outcome criteria in smoking cessation trials: proposal for a common standard.
Smoking  cessation treatment is now integrated into many health-care systems and a major research effort is under way to improve current success rates . Until now results from r and omized clinical trials have been reported in many different ways , leading to problems of interpretation . We propose six st and ard criteria comprising the ' Russell St and ard ' ( RS ) . These criteria are applicable to trials of cessation aids where participants have a defined target quit date and there is face-to-face contact with research ers or clinic staff , as follows . ( 1 ) Follow-up for 6 months ( RS6 ) or 12 months ( RS12 ) from the target quit date or the end of a predefined ' grace period ' ; ( 2 ) self-report of smoking abstinence over the whole follow-up period allowing up to five cigarettes in total ; ( 3 ) biochemical verification of abstinence at least at the 6-month or 12-month follow-up point ; ( 4 ) use of an ' intention-to-treat ' approach in which data from all r and omized smokers are included in the analysis unless they have died or moved to an untraceable address ( participants who are included in the analysis are counted as smokers if their smoking status at the final follow-up can not be determined ) ; ( 5 ) following-up ' protocol violators ' and using their true smoking status in the analysis ; and ( 6 ) collecting follow-up data blind to smokers ' allocation to trial group . We believe that these criteria provide the best compromise between practicability and surrogacy for long-term cessation and will enable meaningful comparison between studies . There may be good reasons why other outcome criteria would also be reported , and studies that involve interventions with special groups or where there is no design ated target quit date or face to face contact would need to adapt these criteria accordingly
Conclusion Stroke secondary prevention lifestyle interventions are effective in terms of effecting positive change in lifestyle behaviors and secondary outcomes , and appear promising in relation to physiological outcomes .
There was insufficient evidence to determine the effect of intervention on incidence of stroke recurrence
Background A feature of stroke is that it recurs ( 25 % within five-years ) .
Risk factors for stroke and recurrent stroke include smoking , alcohol consumption , poor diet , and physical inactivity .
Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of secondary prevention lifestyle interventions design ed to change lifestyle behavior following stroke .
This short paper presents a summary of the systematic review process and findings .