Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .
The influence of surface modification techniques on the performance of a Y-TZP dental ceramic.
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of the pre-cementation surface modification techniques , namely alumina abrasion and surface grinding , routinely employed by dental practitioners prior to cementation and placement of crown and bridge restorations on the performance of a Y-TZP dental ceramic . METHODS Twelve sets of 30 Lava ceramic discs ( 13 mm diameter , 1.5 mm thickness ) supplied by the manufacturer were r and omly selected . Six groups were  abraded utilising 25 , 50 and 110 microm alumina and stored dry or in a water bath at 37+/-1 degrees C for 24 h. Four groups were ground utilising a fine or a coarse grit diamond bur , specimens were ground dry or while using water as a coolant . The mean bi-axial flexure strengths , st and ard deviations and associated Weibull moduli ( m ) were determined . The surface roughness , hardness and phase composition were assessed utilising profilometry , the Vicker 's hardness indentation and X-ray diffraction , respectively . RESULTS No significant difference ( P > 0.05 ) was identified in the bi-axial flexure strength of the 25 , 50 and 110 microm alumina-abraded and the control specimens stored dry and wet for 24h . However , a significant increase in m was identified for the alumina-abraded specimens stored dry ( 10.7+/-1.9 , 10.6+/-1.9 and 10.6+/-1.9 ) compared with the control ( 7.5+/-1.3 ) and the specimens stored in a water bath . In addition , the alumina abrasion regimes reduced the surface roughness compared with the controls . The coarse grinding regime significantly reduced both the bi-axial flexure strength and the associated m compared with the control whilst no significant difference was identified for the fine grinding regimes . The surface modification techniques initiated a phase transformation mechanism and result ed in the formation of a layer of compressive stresses on the surface of the disc-shaped specimens . CONCLUSIONS The combination of the reduced surface roughness and the formation of a surface layer of compressive stress as a result of the alumina abrasion regimes investigated increased the reliability of the bi-axial flexure strength . The presence of water in the current study did not detrimentally influence the performance of the Y-TZP ceramic under investigation . Coarse grinding significantly reduced the bi-axial flexure strength and m due to the increased surface roughness . The Y-TZP specimens in the current investigation underwent a toughening mechanism as a result of a phase transformation mechanism which generated a transformation compressive stress that opposes the externally applied , crack-propagating tensile stress
Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .