The evidence is concentrated in two types of PMM strategies : implementation strategies ( in-service training , continuing education , supervision ) and performance-based financing .
Major gaps exist in accountability arrangements particularly the use of audit and feedback .
The least studied types of outcomes were unintended effects , harm and social equity .
Conclusions The evidence is clustered around interventions that are unlikely to achieve transformational change in health outcomes .
The gaps identified suggest that routinely used PMM strategies are implemented without sufficient knowledge of their effects .
Introduction We mapped available evidence on  performance measurement and management ( PMM ) strategies in primary healthcare ( PHC ) systems of low-income and middle-income countries ( LMICs ) .
Widely used , their effectiveness remains inconclusive .
This evidence gap map characterises existing research and evidence gaps .
CONSORT-Equity 2017 extension and elaboration for better reporting of health equity in randomised trials
We outline CONSORT-Equity 2017 reporting st and ards , an extension to the CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement that aims to improve the reporting of intervention effects in r and omised trials where health equity is relevant . Health inequities are unfair differences in health that can be avoided by reasonable action . We defined a r and omised trial where health equity is relevant as one that assesses effects on health equity by evaluating an intervention focused on people experiencing social disadvantage or by exploring the difference in the effect of the intervention between two groups ( or as a gradient across more than two groups ) experiencing different levels of social disadvantage , or both . We held a consensus meeting with diverse potential users from high , middle , and low income countries , including knowledge users such as patients and method ologists . We discussed evidence for each proposed extension item from empirical studies , review s , key informant interviews , and an online survey , aim ing to improve clarity of reporting without imposing undue burden on authors . The new guidance contains equity extensions to 16 items from CONSORT 2010 plus one new item on research ethics reporting , with examples of good practice and a brief explanation and elaboration for each . Widespread uptake of this guidance for the reporting of trials where health equity is relevant will make it easier for decision makers to find and use evidence from r and omised trials to reduce unfair inequalities in health
The evidence is concentrated in two types of PMM strategies : implementation strategies ( in-service training , continuing education , supervision ) and performance-based financing .
Major gaps exist in accountability arrangements particularly the use of audit and feedback .
The least studied types of outcomes were unintended effects , harm and social equity .
Conclusions The evidence is clustered around interventions that are unlikely to achieve transformational change in health outcomes .
The gaps identified suggest that routinely used PMM strategies are implemented without sufficient knowledge of their effects .
Introduction We mapped available evidence on  performance measurement and management ( PMM ) strategies in primary healthcare ( PHC ) systems of low-income and middle-income countries ( LMICs ) .
Widely used , their effectiveness remains inconclusive .
This evidence gap map characterises existing research and evidence gaps .