Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .
A new modified laser pretreatment for porcelain zirconia bonding.
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three different surface treatments in enhancing  porcelain zirconia bonding . METHODS Totally , 160 densely sintered zirconia specimens were prepared and r and omly divided into four study groups : control ( no treatment , Group C ) , s and blasting ( Group S ) , s and blasting followed by regeneration firing ( Group SH ) , and laser irradiation ( pulse mode ) on a CO₂ laser system ( Group L ) . After surface treatment , porcelain powders were veneered on zirconia surface . Half of the specimens in each group were evaluated without aging ( initial shear bond strength - initial SBS ) , and the other half was tested after being stored in water for one month ( aging SBS ) . X-ray diffractometry ( XRD ) was used to observe any crystallographic transformation at zirconia surface . Results were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and Turkey test ( = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The initial average SBS values of Group S , Group SH , and Group L were 31.3 ± 5.7 MPa , 29.2 ± 7.0 MPa and 32.1 ± 7.5 MPa , respectively . The differences among these three groups were not significant . The control group had significantly lower value , 24.8 ± 6.7 MPa , than those of Group S and Group L. Furthermore , there was no significant difference between initial and aging values in each group . XRD analysis showed that s and blasting  caused tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation . Regeneration firing reversed such a transformation . However , crystallographic transformation could not be detected in laser treated specimens . SIGNIFICANCE Both s and blasting and laser irradiation  increased porcelain zirconia bond strength . The presented new modified laser pre-treatment might be an alternative way to s and blasting for improving zirconia/porcelain integration
Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .