The clinical relevance of this finding is that female athletes may be more predisposed to anterior cruciate ligament injuries during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle .
These findings may lead to potential interventions targeted toward this phase of the menstrual cycle to reduce the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury
Several theories have been proposed to explain the 3- to 6-fold gender difference in the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries .
One potential theory for the increased incidence is based on gender-related hormonal differences between men and women , especially after puberty and the onset of menses in the female athlete .
The purpose of this systematic review was to compile and systematic ally analyze the published literature to determine if the menstrual cycle is associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury risk and to provide an objective comparison of the published results .
Biomechanical Measures of Neuromuscular Control and Valgus Loading of the Knee Predict Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk in Female Athletes: A Prospective Study
Background Female athletes participating in high-risk sports suffer anterior cruciate ligament injury at a 4- to 6-fold greater rate than do male athletes . Hypothesis Prescreened female athletes with subsequent anterior cruciate ligament injury will demonstrate decreased neuromuscular control and increased valgus joint loading , predicting anterior cruciate ligament injury risk . Study Design Cohort study ; Level of evidence , 2 . Methods There were 205 female athletes in the high-risk sports of soccer , basketball , and volleyball prospect ively measured for neuromuscular control using 3-dimensional kinematics ( joint angles ) and joint loads using kinetics ( joint moments ) during a jump-l and ing task . Analysis of variance as well as linear and logistic regression were used to isolate predictors of risk in athletes who subsequently ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament . Results Nine athletes had a confirmed anterior cruciate ligament rupture ; these 9 had significantly different knee posture and loading compared to the 196 who did not have anterior cruciate ligament rupture . Knee abduction angle ( P < . 05 ) at l and ing was 8 ° greater in anterior cruciate ligament-injured than in uninjured athletes . Anterior cruciate ligament-injured athletes had a 2.5 times greater knee abduction moment ( P < . 001 ) and 20 % higher ground reaction force ( P < . 05 ) , whereas stance time was 16 % shorter ; hence , increased motion , force , and moments occurred more quickly . Knee abduction moment predicted anterior cruciate ligament injury status with 73 % specificity and 78 % sensitivity ; dynamic valgus measures showed a predictive r2 of 0.88 . Conclusion Knee motion and knee loading during a l and ing task are predictors of anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes . Clinical Relevance Female athletes with increased dynamic valgus and high abduction loads are at increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury . The methods developed may be used to monitor neuromuscular control of the knee joint and may help develop simpler measures of neuromuscular control that can be used to direct female athletes to more effective , targeted interventions
The clinical relevance of this finding is that female athletes may be more predisposed to anterior cruciate ligament injuries during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle .
These findings may lead to potential interventions targeted toward this phase of the menstrual cycle to reduce the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury
Several theories have been proposed to explain the 3- to 6-fold gender difference in the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries .
One potential theory for the increased incidence is based on gender-related hormonal differences between men and women , especially after puberty and the onset of menses in the female athlete .
The purpose of this systematic review was to compile and systematic ally analyze the published literature to determine if the menstrual cycle is associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury risk and to provide an objective comparison of the published results .