Conclusions Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines including , hs-CRP , TNF-a , IL-6 , IL-12 , and IL-4 , but it did not influence IL-1B , IL-8 , IFN-g , and IL-17 concentrations .
A significant increase in serum concentrations of IL-10 , as a anti-inflammatory cytokine was also documented after probiotic supplementation
Purpose No study has summarized earlier findings on the effect of probiotic supplementation on  inflammatory biomarkers .
This systematic review and meta- analysis was conducted to systematic ally review the available placebo-controlled clinical trials about the effect of probiotic supplementation  on several inflammatory biomarkers in adults .
Probiotic Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial.
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on the gut microbiota profile and inflammatory markers in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis ( HD ) . DESIGN AND METHODS This was a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . Forty-six HD patients were assigned to receive 1 of 2 treatments : probiotic ( n = 23 ; Streptococcus thermophilus , Lactobacillus acidophilus e Bifidobacterialongum , 90 billion colony-forming units per day ) or placebo ( n = 23 ) daily for 3 months . Blood and feces were collected at baseline and after intervention . The inflammatory markers ( C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 ) were analyzed by immunoenzymatic assay ( enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ) . Uremic toxins plasma levels ( indoxyl sulfate , p-cresyl sulfate , and indole-3-acetic acid ) were obtained by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography . Routine laboratory parameters were measured by st and ard techniques . Fecal pH was measured by the colorimetric method , and the gut microbiota profile was assessed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis analysis . RESULTS Sixteen patients remained in the probiotic group ( 11 men , 53.6 ± 11.0 year old , 25.3 ± 4.6 kg/m2 ) and 17 in the placebo group ( 10 men , 50.3 ± 8.5 year old , 25.2 ± 5.7 kg/m2 ) . After probiotic supplementation there was a significant increase in serum urea ( from 149.6 ± 34.2 mg/dL to 172.6 ± 45.0 mg/dL , P = .02 ) , potassium ( from 4.4 ± 0.4 mmol/L to 4.8 ± 0.4 mmol/L , P = .02 ) , and indoxyl sulfate ( from 31.2 ± 15.9 to 36.5 ± 15.0 mg/dL , P = .02 ) . The fecal pH was reduced from 7.2 ± 0.8 to 6.5 ± 0.5 ( P = .01 ) . These parameters did not change significantly in placebo group . Changes in the percentage delta ( Δ ) between groups were exhibited with no statistical differences observed . The inflammatory markers and gut profile were not altered by supplementation . CONCLUSIONS Aprobiotic supplementation failed to reduce uremic toxins and inflammatory markers . Therefore , probiotic therapy should be chosen with caution in HD patients . Further studies addressing probiotic therapy in chronic kidney disease patients are needed
Conclusions Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines including , hs-CRP , TNF-a , IL-6 , IL-12 , and IL-4 , but it did not influence IL-1B , IL-8 , IFN-g , and IL-17 concentrations .
A significant increase in serum concentrations of IL-10 , as a anti-inflammatory cytokine was also documented after probiotic supplementation
Purpose No study has summarized earlier findings on the effect of probiotic supplementation on  inflammatory biomarkers .
This systematic review and meta- analysis was conducted to systematic ally review the available placebo-controlled clinical trials about the effect of probiotic supplementation  on several inflammatory biomarkers in adults .