Levels of evidence for interventions associated with positive effects were : Moderate evidence for arm supports ; and Limited evidence for ergonomics training plus workstation adjustments , new chair and rest breaks .
Levels of evidence for interventions associated with “ no effect ” were : Strong evidence for workstation adjustment alone ; Moderate evidence for biofeedback training and job stress management training ; and Limited evidence for cognitive behavioral training .
No interventions were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusion It is difficult to make strong evidence d-based recommendations about what practitioners should do to prevent or manage upper extremity MSDs .
There is a paucity of high quality OHS interventions evaluating upper extremity MSDs and none focused on traumatic injury outcomes or workplace m and ated pre-placement screening exams .
Background Little is known about the most effective occupational health and safety ( OHS ) interventions to reduce  upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) and injuries .
Methods A systematic review used a best evidence synthesis approach to address the question : “ do occupational health and safety interventions have an effect on upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms , signs , disorders , injuries , cl aims and lost time ? ”
Effects of different psychological interventions on neck, shoulder and low back pain in female hospital staff.
One hundred and eleven females volunteered to take part in this intervention study of musculoskeletal pain . They all completed a survey of pain among five hundred and eighty-six female hospital staff and presented mild to severe pain in the neck , shoulder and /or low back . They were r and omly assigned to one of the following groups ; Focus on job-stress and psychosocial coping ( Cognitive ) , relaxation training ( Relaxation ) , the combination of the two ( Combined ) or to a control group ( Control ) .  Musculoskeletal pain ( intensity and duration ) was assessed by self-report prior to interventions , immediately after interventions , and at a four months follow-up . Results from multivariate analyses of variance as well as covariance ( pre-intervention levels of pain as covariate ) showed that magnitude of pain reduction was dependent upon the interaction between area of the back and type of intervention . These trends were more significant for intensity than for duration scores . They were due to reductions of pain in ( 1 ) neck and shoulders for the Cognitive and Combined groups and ( 2 ) in the low back and shoulders for the Relaxation group . The four month follow-up assessment revealed a significant risk of relapse only for duration of low back pain among subjects in the Combined group . Results from the Cognitive approach to intervention may reflect a causal role for ability to cope with psychosocial job stress in the development of neck and shoulder pain in female hospital staff
Levels of evidence for interventions associated with positive effects were : Moderate evidence for arm supports ; and Limited evidence for ergonomics training plus workstation adjustments , new chair and rest breaks .
Levels of evidence for interventions associated with “ no effect ” were : Strong evidence for workstation adjustment alone ; Moderate evidence for biofeedback training and job stress management training ; and Limited evidence for cognitive behavioral training .
No interventions were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusion It is difficult to make strong evidence d-based recommendations about what practitioners should do to prevent or manage upper extremity MSDs .
There is a paucity of high quality OHS interventions evaluating upper extremity MSDs and none focused on traumatic injury outcomes or workplace m and ated pre-placement screening exams .
Background Little is known about the most effective occupational health and safety ( OHS ) interventions to reduce  upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) and injuries .
Methods A systematic review used a best evidence synthesis approach to address the question : “ do occupational health and safety interventions have an effect on upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms , signs , disorders , injuries , cl aims and lost time ? ”