Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .
Formulation and evaluation of supplementary foods for Thai pregnant women.
To improve maternal nutritional status and to ameliorate protein-energy malnutrition in pregnant women and infants , supplementary foods for rural pregnant women were formulated and evaluated . Six formulas with protein and energy contents of 16 - 22 g and 350 - 500 kcal/100 g food , respectively , were developed from locally available raw material s. A field evaluation of formulas I and V was conducted at the regional MCH Center at Rajchaburi , about 120 km from Bangkok .  Formulas providing 13 g protein and 350 kcal per day were given to two groups of mothers in the first or second pregnancy , starting at 28 + /- 2 wk of gestation . A third group , unsupplemented , served as controls .  Maternal weight gain and left mid-arm circumference were measured every 2 wk . Birth weight , length , head and chest circumferences of newborns , and placental weight were significantly higher in both supplemented groups . These findings suggest that among undernourished mothers , supplementation of as little as 13 g protein and 350 kcal daily during the last trimester can significantly improve maternal weight gain and birth weight of newborns
Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .