Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .
The Impact of Food Viscosity on Eating Rate, Subjective Appetite, Glycemic Response and Gastric Emptying Rate
Underst and ing the impact of rheological properties of food on postpr and ial appetite and glycemic response helps to design novel functional products . It has been shown that solid foods have a stronger satiating effect than their liquid equivalent . However , whether a subtle change in viscosity of a semi-solid food would have a similar effect on appetite is unknown . Fifteen healthy males participated in the r and omized cross-over study . Each participant consumed a 1690 kJ portion of a st and ard viscosity ( SV ) and a high viscosity ( HV ) semi-solid meal with 1000 mg acetaminophen in two separate sessions . At regular intervals during the three hours following the meal , subjective appetite ratings were measured and blood sample s collected . The plasma sample s were assayed for insulin , glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP ) , glucose and acetaminophen . After three hours , the participants were provided with an ad libitum pasta meal . Compared with the SV meal , HV was consumed at a slower eating rate ( P = 0.020 ) , with postpr and ial hunger and desire to eat being lower ( P = 0.019 and P<0.001 respectively ) while fullness was higher ( P<0.001 ) . In addition , consuming the HV result ed in lower plasma concentration of GIP ( P<0.001 ) , higher plasma concentration of glucose ( P<0.001 ) and delayed gastric emptying as revealed by the acetaminophen absorption test ( P<0.001 ) . However , there was no effect of food viscosity on insulin or food intake at the subsequent meal . In conclusion , increasing the viscosity of a semi-solid food modulates glycemic response and suppresses postpr and ial satiety , although the effect may be short-lived . A slower eating rate and a delayed gastric emptying rate can partly explain for the stronger satiating properties of high viscous semi-solid foods
Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .