Conclusion ] Different methods , such as scales , tests , and equipment , are used for the evaluation of balance in patients with Parkinson 's disease .
[ Purpose ] The present literature review was conducted on the use of different measures for the evaluation of balance in patients with Parkinson 's disease .
Botulinum toxin type A potentiates the effect of neuromotor rehabilitation of Pisa syndrome in Parkinson disease: a placebo controlled study.
INTRODUCTION Pisa syndrome ( PS ) is a tonic lateral flexion of trunk that represents a disabling complication of advanced Parkinson disease ( PD ) . Conventional rehabilitation treatment ( CT ) ameliorates axial posture and trunk mobility in PD patients , but the improvement tends to wane in 4 - 6 months . Botulin toxin ( BT ) may reduce muscle hyperactivity , therefore improving CT effectiveness . We evaluated whether the injection of incabotulinum toxin type A ( iBTA ) into the hyperactive trunk muscles might improve the effectiveness of rehabilitation in a group of PD patients with PS . METHODS Twenty-six PD patients were enrolled in a r and omized placebo-controlled trial . Group A was treated with iBTA before undergoing CT ( a 4-week intensive programme ) , while Group B received saline before the 4-week CT treatment . Patients were evaluated at baseline , at the end of the rehabilitative period , 3 and 6 months with kinematic analysis of movement , UPDRS , Functional Independence Measure and Visual Analog Scale for pain . RESULTS At the end of the rehabilitation period , both groups improved significantly in terms of static postural alignment and of range of motion . Group A showed a significantly more marked reduction in pain score as compared with Group B and a more prolonged efficacy on several clinical and kinematic variables . CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary data suggest that BT may be considered an important addition to the rehabilitation programme for PD subjects with PS for improving axial posture and trunk mobility , as well as for a better control of pain
Conclusion ] Different methods , such as scales , tests , and equipment , are used for the evaluation of balance in patients with Parkinson 's disease .
[ Purpose ] The present literature review was conducted on the use of different measures for the evaluation of balance in patients with Parkinson 's disease .