In healthy subjects , appetite and short term food intake , risk of cancer , risk of diabetes , risk of dental caries , weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes .
Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes .
In subjects with diabetes and hypertension , the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent .
Background Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades .
Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste .
However , with the dramatic increase in their consumption , it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and , more importantly , potential adverse effects .
The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent , range , and nature of research activity in this area .
Urinary bladder cancer risk factors: a Lebanese case- control study.
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is the second most incident malignancy among Lebanese men . The purpose of this study was to investigate potential risk factors associated with this observed high incidence . METHODS A case-control study ( 54 cases and 105 hospital-based controls ) was conducted in two major hospitals in Beirut . Cases were r and omly selected from patients diagnosed in the period of 2002 - 2008 . Controls were conveniently selected from the same setting s. Data were collected using interview question naire and blood analysis . Exposure data were collected using a structured face-to-face interview question naire . Blood sample s were collected to determine N-acetyltransferase1 ( NAT1 ) genotype by PCR-RFLP . Analyses revolved around univariate , bivariate and multivariate logistic regression , along with checks for effect modification . RESULTS The odds of having bladder cancer among  smokers  was 1.02 times significantly higher in cases vs. controls . The odds of exposure to occupational diesel or fuel combustion fumes were 4.1 times significantly higher in cases vs controls . The odds of prostate-related morbidity were 5.6 times significantly higher in cases vs controls . Cases and controls showed different clustering patterns of NAT1 alleles . No significant differences between cases and controls were found for consumption of alcohol , coffee , tea , or artificial sweeteners . CONCLUSIONS This is the first case-control study investigating bladder cancer risk factors in the Lebanese context . Results confirmed established risk factors in the literature , particularly smoking and occupational exposure to diesel . The herein observed associations should be used to develop appropriate prevention policies and intervention strategies , in order to control this alarming disease in Lebanon
In healthy subjects , appetite and short term food intake , risk of cancer , risk of diabetes , risk of dental caries , weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes .
Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes .
In subjects with diabetes and hypertension , the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent .
Background Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades .
Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste .
However , with the dramatic increase in their consumption , it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and , more importantly , potential adverse effects .
The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent , range , and nature of research activity in this area .