Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .
Longitudinal trends in gasoline price and physical activity: the CARDIA study.
OBJECTIVE To investigate longitudinal associations between community-level gasoline price and physical activity ( PA ) . METHOD In the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study , 5115 black and white participants aged 18 - 30 at baseline 1985 - 86 were recruited from four U.S. cities ( Birmingham , Chicago , Minneapolis and Oakl and ) and followed over time . We used data from 3 follow-up exams : 1992 - 93 , 1995 - 96 , and 2000 - 01 , when the participants were located across 48 states . From question naire data , a total PA score was summarized in exercise units ( EU ) based on intensity and frequency of 13 PA categories . Using Geographic Information Systems , participants ' residential locations were linked to county-level inflation-adjusted gasoline price data collected by the Council for Community & Economic Research . We used a r and om-effect longitudinal regression model to examine associations between time-varying gasoline price and time-varying PA , controlling for age , race , gender , baseline study center , and time-varying education , marital status , household income , county cost of living , county bus fare , census block-group poverty , and urbanicity . RESULTS Holding all control variables constant , a 25-cent increase in inflation-adjusted gasoline price was significantly associated with an increase of 9.9 EU in total PA ( 95 % CI : 0.8 - 19.1 ) . CONCLUSION Rising prices of gasoline may be associated with an unintended increase in leisure PA
Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .