Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .
Effect of fat-reduced diets on 24-h energy expenditure: comparisons between animal protein, vegetable protein, and carbohydrate.
BACKGROUND Single-meal tests have shown that protein has greater thermogenic and satiating effects than does carbohydrate , which may be relevant for the prevention and treatment of obesity if these effects can be maintained over 24 h. OBJECTIVE The effects of pork-meat protein , soy protein , and carbohydrate on 24-h energy expenditure were compared . DESIGN Twelve young , healthy , overweight and mildly obese [ body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) : 26 - 32 ] nonsmoking men participated in a r and omized , single-blind , 3-way crossover study lasting 4 d. The intervention had a 1 - 10-wk washout period . The 3 isoenergetic intervention diets were as follows : pork diet ( 29 % of energy as fat and 29 % as protein , mainly from pork meat ) , soy diet ( 29 % of energy as fat and 28 % as protein , mainly from soy ) , and carbohydrate diet ( 28 % of energy as fat and 11 % as protein ) . Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure was measured in a respiratory chamber at baseline and on day 4 of each intervention period . RESULTS Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure was higher with the pork than with the soy ( 248 kJ/d , 1.9 % ; P : = 0.05 ) or carbohydrate ( 492 kJ/d , 3.9 % ; P : < 0.0001 ) diet and higher with the soy than with the carbohydrate ( 244 kJ/d , 1.9 % ; P : < 0.05 ) diet . However , because of a higher satiating effect , energy intake was 10 - 15 % lower during the chamber stay than at baseline ( P : > 0.05 ) with all 3 diets . The differences in energy expenditure remained unchanged after adjustment for differences in 24-h energy balance . CONCLUSIONS Substitution of carbohydrate with 17 - 18 % of energy as either pork-meat or soy protein produced a 3 % higher 24-h energy expenditure . The animal protein in pork meat produced a 2 % higher 24-h energy expenditure than did the vegetable protein in soy
Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .