Conclusion : Combinations of peri- and post-injury factors appear to be influential in the development of PTSD among persons with SCI .
Objectives : To summarise quantitatively the available evidence relating to pretraumatic , peritraumatic and posttraumatic characteristics that may increase or decrease the risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) following spinal cord injury ( SCI ) .
Co-occurring traumatic brain injury and acute spinal cord injury rehabilitation outcomes.
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of co-occurring traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) on functional motor outcome and cognition during  acute spinal cord injury ( SCI ) rehabilitation .  DESIGN Prospect i ve , longitudinal cohort . SETTING Single-center National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research SCI Model System . PARTICIPANTS Persons aged 16 to 59 years ( N=189 ) admitted for acute SCI rehabilitation during the 18-month recruitment window who met inclusion criteria . INTERVENTIONS Not applicable . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES FIM Motor Scale ( Rasch transformed ) and acute rehabilitation length of stay ( LOS ) . RESULTS In the tetraplegia sample , co-occurring TBI was not related to FIM Motor Scale scores or acute rehabilitation LOS despite having negative impacts on memory and problem solving . Persons with paraplegia who sustained co-occurring severe TBI had lower admission and discharge FIM Motor Scale scores and longer acute rehabilitation LOS than did persons with paraplegia and either no TBI or mild TBI . Persons with paraplegia and severe TBI had lower functional comprehension , problem solving , and memory and impairments on tests of processing speed compared with persons with paraplegia and no TBI , mild TBI , and moderate TBI . Persons with paraplegia and co-occurring mild and moderate TBI had equivalent acute rehabilitation motor outcomes and cognitive functioning compared with persons with paraplegia and no TBI . CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that persons aged 16 to 59 years with paraplegia and co-occurring severe TBI had worse motor outcomes and longer acute rehabilitation LOS than did persons with paraplegia and no TBI . Impairments in processing speed , comprehension , memory , and problem solving may explain suboptimal motor skill acquisition . Research with larger sample s is required to determine whether mild and moderate TBI impact acute rehabilitation motor outcomes and LOS
Conclusion : Combinations of peri- and post-injury factors appear to be influential in the development of PTSD among persons with SCI .
Objectives : To summarise quantitatively the available evidence relating to pretraumatic , peritraumatic and posttraumatic characteristics that may increase or decrease the risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) following spinal cord injury ( SCI ) .