There is currently no firm evidence that vitamin D supplementation decreases or increases cancer occurrence in predominantly elderly community-dwelling women .
Vitamin D₃ supplementation  decreased cancer mortality  and vitamin D supplementation  decreased all-cause mortality , but these estimates are at risk of type I errors due to the fact that too few participants were examined , and to risks of attrition bias originating from substantial dropout of participants .
Combined vitamin D₃ and calcium supplements  increased nephrolithiasis , whereas it remains unclear from the included trials whether vitamin D₃ , calcium , or both were responsible for this effect .
BACKGROUND The evidence on whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in decreasing cancers is contradictory .
OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults .
Relation of aromatase gene polymorphism and hormone replacement therapy to serum estradiol levels, bone mineral density, and fracture risk in early postmenopausal women*
BACKGROUND . After the menopause , estrogen synthesis from and rogens and and rogen precursors by aromatase is the main source of circulating estrogens . AIM . To evaluate whether aromatase gene (CYP19)polymorphism affects circulating estradiol ( E[Formula : See Text])levels , bone mineral density ( BMD ) , BMD change or fracture risk . METHODS . A 5-year r and omized hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) trial on 331 early postmenopausal women ( mean baseline age 52.7 ± 2.3 years ) . The participants consisted of two treatment groups : the HRT group ( n = 151 ) received a sequential combination of 2 mg estradiol valerate and 1 mg cyproterone acetate with or without vitamin D[Formula : See Text ] , 100 - 300 IU + 93 mg calcium as lactate/day , and the non-HRT group ( n = 180 ) received 93 mg calcium alone or in combination with vitamin D[Formula : See Text ] , 100 - 300 IU/day for 5 years . BMD was measured from lumbar spine and proximal femur ( DXA ) before and after the 5-year trial . All new symptomatic , radiographically defined fractures were recorded during the follow-up . The polymorphism ( intron 4 TTTA repeat ) of CYP19 was evaluated after PCR amplification of the polymorphic site . CYP19 polymorphism was divided into three repeat groups : short ( length of 7 or 8 in both alleles ; n = 135 ) , long ( length of 11 or higher in both alleles ; n = 47 ) , and medium ( rest of the values ; n = 149 ) . RESULTS . Of the baseline characteristics , only physical activity was associated with CYP19 polymorphism ( P = 0.04 ) and a borderline significance was observed with previous fractures ( P = 0.05 ) . In the HRT or non-HRT groups , the 5-year serum E[Formula : See Text ] change was not associated with CYP19 polymorphism ( P = 0.87 and 0.74 , respectively ) . Further , the polymorphism did not influence the calculated annual changes of lumbar or femoral neck BMD during the 5-year follow-up in the HRT ( P = 0.60 and 0.17 , respectively ) or non-HRT ( P = 0.92 and 0.80 , respectively ) groups . In all , 28 women sustained 33 fractures during the follow-up . The CYP19 polymorphism was not significantly associated with fracture risk ( P = 0.89 and 0.23 respectively ; Cox proportional hazards model ) in the HRT or non-HRT groups . CONCLUSIONS .CYP19 polymorphism was not associated with circulating E[Formula : See Text ] levels , BMD values , or fracture risk in these early postmenopausal Finnish women . If such an association exists in women , it may become apparent in older age groups
There is currently no firm evidence that vitamin D supplementation decreases or increases cancer occurrence in predominantly elderly community-dwelling women .
Vitamin D₃ supplementation  decreased cancer mortality  and vitamin D supplementation  decreased all-cause mortality , but these estimates are at risk of type I errors due to the fact that too few participants were examined , and to risks of attrition bias originating from substantial dropout of participants .
Combined vitamin D₃ and calcium supplements  increased nephrolithiasis , whereas it remains unclear from the included trials whether vitamin D₃ , calcium , or both were responsible for this effect .
BACKGROUND The evidence on whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in decreasing cancers is contradictory .
OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults .