Increased psychological distress remains elevated in SCI , mTBI and WAD for at least 3 years post-MVC .
OBJECTIVE The aim of this meta- analysis was to determine the psychological impact associated with motor vehicle crash (MVC)-related physical injuries .
Depression after traumatic brain injury: a National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Model Systems multicenter investigation.
OBJECTIVE To identify the frequency and manifestations of depression after traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) and the factors that contribute to developing this mood disorder . DESIGN A prospect i ve , nationwide , multicenter study ; 17 centers supplied data from medical records and patient responses on a st and ardized criterion instrument . SETTING Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems programs . PARTICIPANTS A demographically diverse sample of 666 out patients with TBI was evaluated 10 to 126 months after injury . INTERVENTIONS Not applicable . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Depressive symptoms were characterized with the Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory by using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( 4th ed ; DSM-IV ) diagnostic framework . Analysis of variance and Pearson correlations were used to identify factors that were significantly related to depression . RESULTS Fatigue ( 29 % ) , distractibility ( 28 % ) , anger or irritability ( 28 % ) , and rumination ( 25 % ) were the most commonly cited depressive symptoms in the sample . Twenty-seven percent of patients with TBI met the prerequisite number ( > /=5 ) of criterion A symptoms for a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder . Feeling hopeless , feeling worthless , and difficulty enjoying activities were the 3 symptoms that most differentiated depressed from nondepressed patients . Patients who were unemployed at the time of injury and who were impoverished were significantly more likely to report DSM-IV criterion A symptoms than patients who were employed , were students , or were retired due to age . Time after injury , injury severity , and postinjury marital status were not significantly related to depression . CONCLUSIONS Patients with TBI are at great risk for developing depressive symptoms . Findings provide empirical support for the inclusion of depression evaluation and treatment protocol s in brain injury programs . Unemployment and poverty may be substantial risk factors for the development of depressive symptoms . Future research should develop biopsychosocial predictive models to identify high-risk patients and examine the efficacy of treatment interventions
Increased psychological distress remains elevated in SCI , mTBI and WAD for at least 3 years post-MVC .
OBJECTIVE The aim of this meta- analysis was to determine the psychological impact associated with motor vehicle crash (MVC)-related physical injuries .