Pooled net change in systolic blood pressure ( 16 trials ) was -1.86 ( 95 % CI -3.17 to -0.55 ; p=0.01 ) mm Hg ; diastolic blood pressure ( 15 trials ) , -1.53 ( -2.43 to -0.62 ; p=0.001 ) mm Hg ; body mass index ( 14 trials ) , -0.13 ( -0.26 to -0.01 ; p=0.04 ) kg/m2 ; serum total cholesterol ( 14 trials ) , -0.13 ( -0.19 to -0.07 ; p<0.001 ) mmol/L. There was no significant association between interventions with a reported theoretical basis and improved intervention outcomes .
No association was observed between intervention intensity ( number of sessions and intervention duration ) and intervention outcomes .
MHBC interventions delivered to CVD-free participants in primary care did not appear to have quantitatively important effects on CVD risk factors .
BACKGROUND It is uncertain whether multiple health behaviour change ( MHBC ) interventions are effective for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) in primary care .
Combined Impact of Health Behaviours and Mortality in Men and Women: The EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study
Background There is overwhelming evidence that behavioural factors influence health , but their combined impact on the general population is less well documented . We aim ed to quantify the potential combined impact of four health behaviours on mortality in men and women living in the general community . Methods and Findings We examined the prospect i ve relationship between lifestyle and mortality in a prospect i ve population study of 20,244 men and women aged 45–79 y with no known cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline survey in 1993–1997 , living in the general community in the United Kingdom , and followed up to 2006 . Participants scored one point for each health behaviour : current non-smoking , not physically inactive , moderate alcohol intake ( 1–14 units a week ) and plasma vitamin C > 50 mmol/l indicating fruit and vegetable intake of at least five servings a day , for a total score ranging from zero to four . After an average 11 y follow-up , the age- , sex- , body mass– , and social class – adjusted relative risks ( 95 % confidence intervals ) for all-cause mortality(1,987 deaths ) for men and women who had three , two , one , and zero compared to four health behaviours were respectively , 1.39 ( 1.21–1.60 ) , 1.95 ( 1.70–-2.25 ) , 2.52 ( 2.13–3.00 ) , and 4.04 ( 2.95–5.54 ) p < 0.001 trend . The relationships were consistent in subgroups stratified by sex , age , body mass index , and social class , and after excluding deaths within 2 y. The trends were strongest for cardiovascular causes . The mortality risk for those with four compared to zero health behaviours was equivalent to being 14 y younger in chronological age . Conclusions Four health behaviours combined predict a 4-fold difference in total mortality in men and women , with an estimated impact equivalent to 14 y in chronological age
Pooled net change in systolic blood pressure ( 16 trials ) was -1.86 ( 95 % CI -3.17 to -0.55 ; p=0.01 ) mm Hg ; diastolic blood pressure ( 15 trials ) , -1.53 ( -2.43 to -0.62 ; p=0.001 ) mm Hg ; body mass index ( 14 trials ) , -0.13 ( -0.26 to -0.01 ; p=0.04 ) kg/m2 ; serum total cholesterol ( 14 trials ) , -0.13 ( -0.19 to -0.07 ; p<0.001 ) mmol/L. There was no significant association between interventions with a reported theoretical basis and improved intervention outcomes .
No association was observed between intervention intensity ( number of sessions and intervention duration ) and intervention outcomes .
MHBC interventions delivered to CVD-free participants in primary care did not appear to have quantitatively important effects on CVD risk factors .
BACKGROUND It is uncertain whether multiple health behaviour change ( MHBC ) interventions are effective for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) in primary care .