Inflammation appeared to be associated with greater loss of muscle strength .
There was inconclusive evidence that the level of physical activity affects change in skeletal muscle .
In regard to the effect of interventions , only exercise interventions were consistently associated with improved skeletal muscle outcomes .
CONCLUSIONS Adult patients who undergo an unplanned hospital admission may experience a small reduction in knee extension strength and mid-arm muscle mass .
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the review was to describe change that occurs in skeletal muscle during periods of unplanned hospitalisation in adult patients .
The secondary objective was to examine the relationship between both physical activity and inflammation with the change in skeletal muscle .
A further objective was to investigate the effect of interventions on change in skeletal muscle during periods of unplanned hospitalisation .
Deterioration of muscle function after 21-day forearm immobilization.
PURPOSE Although it is well known that immobilization causes muscle atrophy , most immobilization models have examined lower limbs , and little is known about the forearm . The purpose of this study was to determine whether forearm immobilization produces changes in muscle morphology and function . METHODS Six healthy males ( age : 21.5 + /- 1.4 , mean + /- SD ) participated in this study . The nondominant arm was immobilized with a cast ( CAST ) for 21 d , and the dominant arm was measured as the control ( CONT ) . The forearm cross-sectional area ( CSA ) and circumference were measured as muscle morphology . Maximum grip strength , forearm muscle oxidative capacity , and dynamic grip endurance were measured as muscle function . Magnetic resonance ( MR ) imaging was used to measure CSA , and 31phosphorus MR spectroscopy was used to measure time constant ( Tc ) for phosphocreatine ( PCr ) recovery after submaximal exercise ( PCr-Tc ) . Grip endurance was expressed by the number of h and grip contractions at 30 % maximum grip strength load . All measurements were taken before and after the immobilization . RESULTS After the 21-d forearm immobilization , no changes were seen for each measurement in CONT . CSA and the circumference showed no significant changes in CAST . However , maximum grip strength decreased by 18 % ( P < 0.05 ) , PCr-Tc was prolonged by 45 % ( P < 0.05 ) , and the grip endurance at the absolute load was reduced by 19 % ( P < 0.05 ) for CAST . CONCLUSION In this model , 21-d forearm immobilization caused no significant changes in forearm muscle morphology , but the muscle function showed remarkable deterioration ranging from 18 to 45 %
Inflammation appeared to be associated with greater loss of muscle strength .
There was inconclusive evidence that the level of physical activity affects change in skeletal muscle .
In regard to the effect of interventions , only exercise interventions were consistently associated with improved skeletal muscle outcomes .
CONCLUSIONS Adult patients who undergo an unplanned hospital admission may experience a small reduction in knee extension strength and mid-arm muscle mass .
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the review was to describe change that occurs in skeletal muscle during periods of unplanned hospitalisation in adult patients .
The secondary objective was to examine the relationship between both physical activity and inflammation with the change in skeletal muscle .
A further objective was to investigate the effect of interventions on change in skeletal muscle during periods of unplanned hospitalisation .