In conclusion , the role of dairy products for BMC or BMD has been sufficiently established in Chinese and Caucasian girls and women .
In Caucasian women , drinking milk also reduces fracture risk .
The relevance of dairy produce for the diminishment of osteoporotic risk is still a matter of scientific debate due to the outcome of a few single observational studies .
Reduced-fat Gouda-type cheese enriched with vitamin D3 effectively prevents vitamin D deficiency during winter months in postmenopausal women in Greece
Objective The primary aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of daily consumption of vitamin D3-enriched , reduced-fat Gouda-type cheese on 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) concentration in postmenopausal women . Health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) indices were examined as secondary outcomes . Design This is a single-blinded ( i.e. , to study participants ) , r and omized , controlled food-based dietary intervention study . Methods A sample of 79 postmenopausal women ( 55–75 years old ) was r and omized either to a control group ( CG : n = 39 ) or an intervention group ( IG : n = 40 ) that consumed , as part of their usual diet , 60 g of either non-enriched or vitamin D3 enriched Gouda-type cheese , respectively , for eight consecutive weeks ( i.e. , from January to March 2015 ) . Sixty grams of enriched cheese provided a daily dose of 5.7 μg of vitamin D3 . Results There was a differential response of mean ( 95 % CI ) serum 25(OH)D levels in the IG and CG , with the former increasing and the latter decreasing significantly over the eight weeks of the trial [ i.e. , by 5.1 ( 3.4 , 6.9 ) nmol/L vs. −4.6 ( −6.4 , −2.8 ) nmol/L , P < 0.001 , respectively ] . The percentages of study participants with 25(OH)D levels < 30 ( deficiency ) and < 50 nmol/L ( insufficiency ) were significantly higher at follow-up in the CG compared to the IG ( 41.0 vs. 0 % , P < 0.001 and 74.4 vs. 47.5 % , P < 0.001 , respectively ) . The emotional well-being scale of the HRQL score increased in the IG compared to a decrease in the CG ( 3.2 vs. −3.8 , P = 0.028 ) . However , none of the other seven scales of the HRQL score significantly differentiated between study groups ( P > 0.1 ) . Conclusions Consumption of 60 g of vitamin D3-enriched , reduced-fat Gouda-type cheese provided a daily dose of 5.7 μg of additional vitamin D3 and was effective in increasing mean serum 25(OH)D concentration and in counteracting vitamin D deficiency during winter months in postmenopausal women in Greece
In conclusion , the role of dairy products for BMC or BMD has been sufficiently established in Chinese and Caucasian girls and women .
In Caucasian women , drinking milk also reduces fracture risk .
The relevance of dairy produce for the diminishment of osteoporotic risk is still a matter of scientific debate due to the outcome of a few single observational studies .