The evidence is concentrated in two types of PMM strategies : implementation strategies ( in-service training , continuing education , supervision ) and performance-based financing .
Major gaps exist in accountability arrangements particularly the use of audit and feedback .
The least studied types of outcomes were unintended effects , harm and social equity .
Conclusions The evidence is clustered around interventions that are unlikely to achieve transformational change in health outcomes .
The gaps identified suggest that routinely used PMM strategies are implemented without sufficient knowledge of their effects .
Introduction We mapped available evidence on  performance measurement and management ( PMM ) strategies in primary healthcare ( PHC ) systems of low-income and middle-income countries ( LMICs ) .
Widely used , their effectiveness remains inconclusive .
This evidence gap map characterises existing research and evidence gaps .
Newborn Infection Control and Care Initiative for health facilities to accelerate reduction of newborn mortality (NICCI): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Background Newborn health is a key issue in addressing the survival of children under five years old , particularly in low and middle income countries , and the evidence base for newborn health interventions continues to evolve . Over the last decade , maternal and under five-year-old mortality and morbidity rates have been successfully reduced in Cambodia , but newborn health has lagged behind . Evidence suggests that an important proportion of newborn mortality both globally and in Cambodia is attributable to infections and sepsis . While initiatives are being implemented to address some causes of newborn illness ( related to pre-term birth and asphyxia ) , a country-level approach to reducing infections has not been formulated . The Newborn Infection Control and Care Initiative ( NICCI ) is a community and health facility linked intervention to improve health outcomes for newborns . Methods / Design The present study applies a cluster r and omized trial , using a stepped wedge design , to assess the impact of a package intervention on  newborn health . The intervention components include addressing infection control in the perinatal period in health facilities , promoting infection prevention and control practice s in health center and home environments , and improving the timeliness of referrals for newborns with suspected infections to appropriate health facilities , by linking families to the medical system through a network of community based volunteers who will make home visits to families in the first week of a newborn ’s life . Discussion The NICCI trial is design ed to complement and enhance the Cambodian Ministry of Health strategies and objectives for maternal and newborn care . Results of the study will help to inform policy and the possible scale-up of newborn health interventions in the country . Trial registration This trial was registered with Clinical trials.gov ( identifier : NCT02271737 ) on 5 October 2014
The evidence is concentrated in two types of PMM strategies : implementation strategies ( in-service training , continuing education , supervision ) and performance-based financing .
Major gaps exist in accountability arrangements particularly the use of audit and feedback .
The least studied types of outcomes were unintended effects , harm and social equity .
Conclusions The evidence is clustered around interventions that are unlikely to achieve transformational change in health outcomes .
The gaps identified suggest that routinely used PMM strategies are implemented without sufficient knowledge of their effects .
Introduction We mapped available evidence on  performance measurement and management ( PMM ) strategies in primary healthcare ( PHC ) systems of low-income and middle-income countries ( LMICs ) .
Widely used , their effectiveness remains inconclusive .
This evidence gap map characterises existing research and evidence gaps .