Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .
A one-year school-based diet/exercise intervention improves non-traditional disease biomarkers in Mexican-American children.
School-based interventions are an effective way to treat  childhood obesity . The purpose of the present study was to biologically vali date an established school-based intervention design ed to reduce st and ardised body mass index ( z BMI ) over a period of 12 months . This intervention focused on a subset of Mexican-American children who were participating in a larger clinical weight loss study . Plasma sample s were analysed from self-identified Mexican-American children ( 12 - 14 years ) who were r and omised to either a school-based intervention ( IN , n = 152 ) or self-help control ( CN , n = 69 ) . Treatment was 4 days week⁻¹ of exercise ( 45 min day⁻¹ ) and 1 day week⁻¹ of nutritional counselling for 6 months . Fasting ( > 8 h ) blood sample s were collected at baseline , 6 months ( end of active intervention ) and 12 months ( 6 months after the end of the active intervention ) . Plasma resistin , adiponectin and leptin concentration were measured using a multiplex assay . Separate linear mixed models and a P < 0.05 were used to test for significance . Significant group × time interactions were found for resistin ( P < 0.0001 ) , adiponectin ( P = 0.001 ) and leptin ( P = 0.013 ) . For resistin , IN was 12 % lower at 6 months than CN . Adiponectin concentration in IN was greater at 6 months ( 26 % ) and 12 months ( 8 % ) than CN . Leptin concentration was 22 % lower for IN at 12 months than CN . We have previously reported that our school-based intervention reduced z BMI and now reported alterations in biologically relevant disease biomarkers . Some of the observed changes were only present at the end of the active intervention ( resistin ) , while others persisted until 12 months ( leptin and adiponectin ) . These changes underscore the effectiveness of our school-based intervention at not only improving z BMI but also at reducing disease risk
Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .