In the present meta- analysis , reductions in the risk of hip fracture  with milk consumption were only observed among American adults , but not among Sc and inavian adults , possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Sc and inavian countries .
The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption , which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health .
Fueling this uncertainty , the elevated  risk of hip fracture  in association with  milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women .
The cumulative evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk , yogurt , and cheese , and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest
Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients , the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal .
A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents.
BACKGROUND Short-term studies in adolescents have generally shown an enhancement of calcium absorption by inulin-type fructans ( prebiotics ) . Results have been inconsistent ; however , and no studies have been conducted to determine whether this effect persists with long-term use . OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the effects on calcium absorption and bone mineral accretion after 8 wk and 1 y of supplementation with an inulin-type fructan . DESIGN Pubertal adolescents were r and omly assigned to receive 8 g/d of a mixed short and long degree of polymerization inulin-type fructan product ( fructan group ) or maltodextrin placebo ( control group ) .  Bone mineral content and bone mineral density were measured before r and omization and after 1 y. Calcium absorption was measured with the use of stable isotopes at baseline and 8 wk and 1 y after supplementation . Polymorphisms of the Fok1 vitamin D receptor gene were determined . RESULTS Calcium absorption was significantly greater in the fructan group than in the control group at 8 wk ( difference : 8.5 + /- 1.6 % ; P < 0.001 ) and at 1 y ( difference : 5.9 + /- 2.8 % ; P = 0.04 ) . An interaction with Fok1 genotype was present such that subjects with an ff genotype had the least initial response to fructan . After 1 y , the fructan group had a greater increment in both whole-body bone mineral content ( difference : 35 + /- 16 g ; P = 0.03 ) and whole-body bone mineral density ( difference : 0.015 + /- 0.004 g/cm(2 ) ; P = 0.01 ) than did the control group . CONCLUSION Daily consumption of a combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans significantly increases calcium absorption and enhances bone mineralization during pubertal growth . Effects of dietary factors on calcium absorption may be modulated by genetic factors , including specific vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms
In the present meta- analysis , reductions in the risk of hip fracture  with milk consumption were only observed among American adults , but not among Sc and inavian adults , possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Sc and inavian countries .
The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption , which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health .
Fueling this uncertainty , the elevated  risk of hip fracture  in association with  milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women .
The cumulative evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk , yogurt , and cheese , and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest
Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients , the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal .