The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .
Vitamin d, parathyroid hormone, and cardiovascular mortality in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo study.
BACKGROUND recent systematic review s have cast doubt on the association between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease . No prior studies have investigated the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25[OH]D ) , 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D ( 1,25[OH](2)D ) , or intact parathyroid hormone and cardiovascular mortality in a temperate climate . METHODS a total of 1073 community-dwelling older adults were evaluated in 1997 - 1999 ; serum levels of 25(OH)D ( mean 42 ng/mL ) , 1,25(OH)(2)D ( median 29 pg/mL ) , and intact parathyroid hormone ( median 46 pg/mL ) were measured ; mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 74 mL/min/1.73 m(2 ) . Participants were followed up to 10.4 ( mean 6.4 ) years with 111 cardiovascular deaths . RESULTS in unadjusted Cox proportional hazards models , higher levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D were protective against cardiovascular mortality , whereas higher levels of intact parathyroid hormone predicted increased risk of cardiovascular death . After adjusting for age alone or multiple covariates , there was no significant association between 25(OH)D , 1,25(OH)(2)D , or intact parathyroid hormone and cardiovascular mortality ; results did not differ by an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2 ) or<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2 ) . CONCLUSION in this prospect i ve study of Caucasian , middle-income , community-dwelling older adults living in sunny southern California , serum levels of 25(OH)D , 1,25(OH)(2)D , and intact parathyroid hormone were not independently associated with cardiovascular mortality
The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .