In healthy subjects , appetite and short term food intake , risk of cancer , risk of diabetes , risk of dental caries , weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes .
Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes .
In subjects with diabetes and hypertension , the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent .
Background Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades .
Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste .
However , with the dramatic increase in their consumption , it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and , more importantly , potential adverse effects .
The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent , range , and nature of research activity in this area .
Case-control study of urinary bladder cancer in metropolitan Nagoya.
We conducted a population -based case-control study of patients with bladder cancer and of controls drawn r and omly from the general population of Metropolitan Nagoya and interviewed both groups . The incidence rates of bladder cancer were 2.42 and 7.05/100,000 for females and males , respectively . The analysis , based on 293 patients and 589 controls who were frequency matched for age , sex , and residence , provided the following major findings . Age-adjusted relative risks of 1.89 ( 1.15 - 3.10 ) and 3.53 ( 1.71 - 7.27 ) were found in male and female cigarette smokers , respectively . Significant relative risk was also found in males who drank cocoa . Elevated risk with a dose-response relationship was observed among women who used hair dye and who smoke , but this risk was insignificant , with the disappearance of a dose-response relationship , when it was adjusted for smoking . Age- and smoking-adjusted relative risk of coffee drinking was insignificant with no dose-response relationship . Relative risk of artificial sweetener use was below 1 with adjustment for age and smoking . Intake of alcoholic beverages and cola  was insignificantly associated . Reduced risk of significance was suggested for the intake of black tea and matcha ( powdered green tea ) in females and of fruit juice in males
In healthy subjects , appetite and short term food intake , risk of cancer , risk of diabetes , risk of dental caries , weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes .
Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes .
In subjects with diabetes and hypertension , the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent .
Background Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades .
Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste .
However , with the dramatic increase in their consumption , it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and , more importantly , potential adverse effects .
The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent , range , and nature of research activity in this area .