CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .
Risk factors for fracture in nonosteoporotic men and women.
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE It is not known which factors are associated with fracture in nonosteoporotic elderly . The aim of this study was to assess the association between fall-related risk factors and  fracture risk in men and women without osteoporosis . DESIGN This study was part of the ongoing Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study , which was design ed as a prospect i ve population -based cohort investigation . PARTICIPANTS At baseline , 924 women and 723 men aged 60 + yr did not have osteoporosis [ bone mineral density ( BMD ) T-scores > -2.5 ] . The individuals have been followed for up to 15 yr . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Atraumatic fractures were prospect ively identified through radiologists ' reports . RISK FACTORS At baseline , femoral neck BMD ( FNBMD ) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) ; history of fall , postural stability , and quadriceps strength  was obtained . RESULTS During the follow-up period , among the nonosteoporotic group , 221 women and 105 men had sustained a fracture , accounting for 55 and 74 % of total fractures in the entire Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study sample , respectively . The following factors were independent risk factors for any fracture : in women , age per sd ( hazard ratio , 1.2 ; 95 % CI , 1.0 - 1.3 ) , postural sway per sd ( 1.1 , 1.0 - 1.2 ) , FNBMD per sd ( 1.6 , 1.3 - 1.9 ) , fall in the previous 12 months ( 2.1 , 1.6 - 2.7 ) , and prior fracture ( 1.8 , 1.2 - 2.7 ) ; in men , age ( 1.4 , 1.1 - 1.6 ) , postural sway ( 1.2 , 1.0 - 1.3 ) , FNBMD ( 1.2 , 1.0 - 1.5 ) , and fall in the previous 12 months ( 1.9 , 1.2 - 3.0 ) . Exposure to at least one of the risk factors could account for 49 % ( women ) and 39 % ( men ) of any fractures in this population . CONCLUSION In nonosteoporotic elderly , the combination of low BMD , advancing age , fall during the last 12 months , and prior fracture could identify a subgroup of individuals with high risk of fracture
CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .