Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .
The effect of rhythmic musical training on healthy older adults' gait and cognitive function.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Older adults ' gait is disturbed when a dem and ing secondary cognitive task is added . Gait training has been shown to improve older adults ' walking performance , but it is not clear how training affects their cognitive performance . This study examined the impact on gait , in terms of cost or benefit to cognitive performance , of training healthy older adults to walk to a rhythmic musical beat . DESIGN AND METHODS In a mixed model design , 45 healthy older adults aged more than 65 years ( M = 71.7 years ) were r and omly assigned to 3 groups . One group received a rhythmic musical training and their dual-task ( DT ) walking and cognitive performances were compared with a group who had music playing in the background but no training , and a third group who heard no music and received no training . Outcomes in single-task ( ST ) and DT conditions were step-time variability and velocity for gait and correct cognitive responses for the cognitive task . RESULTS The Musical Training group 's step-time variability improved in both the ST ( p < .05 ) and the DT ( p < .05 ) after training , without adversely affecting their cognitive performance . No change was seen in the control groups . IMPLICATION S Rhythmic musical training can improve gait steadiness in healthy older adults with no negative impact on concurrent cognitive functioning . This could potentially enhance " postural reserve " and reduce fall risk
Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .