Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .
Whole-grain intake favorably affects markers of systemic inflammation in obese children: a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial.
SCOPE Whole-grain foods have been reported to affect serum levels of inflammatory cytokines . However , we are aware of no study examining the effect of whole-grain intake on inflammatory biomarkers among children . The present study aim ed to determine the effect of whole-grain intake on serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers in overweight or obese children . METHODS AND RESULTS In this r and omized crossover clinical trial , 44 overweight or obese girls aged 8 - 15 years participated . After a 2-week run-in period , subjects were r and omly assigned to either whole-grain or control groups . Subjects in the whole-grain group were given a list of whole-grain foods and were asked to obtain half of their needed servings of grains from whole-grain foods each day for 6 weeks . Individuals in the control group were also given a list of whole-grain foods and were asked not to consume any of these foods during the intervention phase of the study . A 4-week washout period was applied following which subjects were crossed over to the alternate arm for an additional 6 weeks . Fasting blood sample s were taken before and after each phase of the study to quantify markers of systemic inflammation . Mean age , weight , and BMI of study participants were 11.2 ± 1.49 years , 51.2 ± 10.2 kg , and 23.5 ± 2.5 kg/m(2 ) , respectively . No significant effect of whole-grain intake on weight and BMI was seen compared with the control group . We found a significant effect of whole-grain  intake on serum levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( -21.8 versus + 12.1 % , p = 0.03 ) , soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( -28.4 versus + 6.3 % , p = 0.02 ) , serum amyloid A ( -17.4 versus + 9.9 % , p = 0.02 ) , and leptin ( -9.7 versus + 39.2 % , p = 0.02 ) after 6 weeks . A trend toward the significant effect of whole-grain intake on serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( -36.2 % versus -7.8 % , p = 0.07 ) was also observed . CONCLUSION This study provides evidence supporting the beneficial effects of whole-grain foods on biomarkers of systemic inflammation in obese children
Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .