The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .
25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased all-cause mortality in very old women: the Newcastle 85+ study
Objective To investigate the associations between low and high concentrations of baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] and all-cause mortality in very old ( ≥85 years ) men and women over 6 years . Design , setting and subjects Prospect i ve mortality data from 775 participants in the Newcastle 85 + Study were analysed for survival in relation to 25(OH)D ( season-specific quartiles and predefined cut-off values ) and sex using Cox proportional hazards models . The models were fitted to the entire and restricted ( nonusers of vitamin D-containing supplements and medication ) cohorts . Results For the entire cohort , mortality was higher in both the lowest and highest 25(OH)D season-specific quartiles [ SQ1 : hazard ratio ( HR ) 1.31 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 1.01–1.69 , P = 0.04 ; SQ4 : HR 1.44 , 95 % CI 1.12–1.85 , P = 0.004 ] compared with the combined middle quartiles ( SQ2 + SQ3 ) , after adjustment for sociodemographic factors . The increased risk for the highest quartile remained significant after further adjustment for lifestyle variables ( SQ4 : HR 1.37 , 95 % CI 1.06–1.77 , P = 0.02 ) and was seen only in women in sex-specific analyses . Similarly , in sensitivity analyses with predefined 25(OH)D cut-off values , the highest 25(OH)D concentration ( ≥75 nmol L−1 ) was associated with a 2.4-fold increased risk of mortality in women ( restricted cohort ) after adjusting for all covariates . Conclusion Low and high season-specific 25(OH)D quartiles were associated with increased risks of mortality over 6 years in the very old ; this effect was particularly noticeable in women , including those who reported taking vitamin D-containing supplements/medication
The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .