Relative to a non-diet control , IF and ERD are effective for the improvement of circulating TC , LDL-C , and TG concentrations , but have no meaningful effects on HDL-C concentration .
The present results suggest that these dietary practice s are a means of enhancing the lipid profile in humans
OBJECTIVES To the best of our knowledge , no systematic review and meta- analysis has evaluated the cholesterol-lowering effects of intermittent fasting ( IF ) and energy-restricted diets ( ERD ) compared with control groups .
The aim of this review and meta- analysis was to summarize the effects of controlled clinical trials examining the influence of IF and ERD on lipid profiles .
Biomarkers of Dietary Energy Restriction in Women at Increased Risk of Breast Cancer
Dietary energy restriction ( DER ) reduces risk of spontaneous mammary cancer in rodents . In humans , DER in premenopausal years seems to reduce risk of postmenopausal breast cancer . Markers of DER are required to develop acceptable DER regimens for breast cancer prevention . We therefore examined markers of DER in the breast , adipose tissue , and serum . Nineteen overweight or obese women at moderately increased risk of breast cancer ( lifetime risk , 1 in 6 to 1 in 3 ) ages between 35 and 45 were r and omly allocated to DER [ liquid diet , 3,656 kJ/d ( 864 kcal/d ) ; n = 10 ] or asked to continue their normal eating patterns  ( n = 9 ) for one menstrual cycle . Biopsies of the breast and abdominal fat were taken before and after the intervention . RNA was extracted from whole tissues and breast epithelium ( by laser capture microdissection ) and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChips . Longitudinal plasma and urine sample s were collected before and after intervention , and metabolic profiles were generated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . DER was associated with significant reductions in weight [ −7.0 ( ±2.3 ) kg ] and in alterations of serum biomarkers of breast cancer risk ( insulin , leptin , total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triglycerides ) . In both abdominal and breast tissues , as well as isolated breast epithelial cells , genes involved in glycolytic and lipid synthesis pathways ( including stearoyl-CoA desaturase , fatty acid desaturase , and aldolase C ) were significantly down-regulated . We conclude that reduced expressions of genes in the lipid metabolism and glycolytic pathways are detectable in breast tissue following DER , and these may represent targets for DER mimetics as effective chemoprophylactic agents
Relative to a non-diet control , IF and ERD are effective for the improvement of circulating TC , LDL-C , and TG concentrations , but have no meaningful effects on HDL-C concentration .
The present results suggest that these dietary practice s are a means of enhancing the lipid profile in humans
OBJECTIVES To the best of our knowledge , no systematic review and meta- analysis has evaluated the cholesterol-lowering effects of intermittent fasting ( IF ) and energy-restricted diets ( ERD ) compared with control groups .
The aim of this review and meta- analysis was to summarize the effects of controlled clinical trials examining the influence of IF and ERD on lipid profiles .