Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .
The effect of different power outputs of carbon dioxide laser on bonding between zirconia ceramic surface and resin cement
Abstract Objective . The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of different power outputs of a carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) laser on shear bond strength of resin cement to zirconium dioxide-based ceramic . Material s and methods . Fifty zirconium dioxide core specimens ( 10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness ) were produced and they were embedded in the centers of auto-polymerizing acrylic resin blocks . Ten specimens served as control and no surface treatment was applied . Subsequently specimens were r and omly divided into four groups , each containing 10 specimens for surface treatment with CO2 laser with different output power ; laser treated with 2 W ( Group 2 W ) , 3 W ( Group 3 W ) , 4 W ( Group 4 W ) and finally 5 W ( Group 5 W ) . Fifty composite resin discs were fabricated and cemented with adhesive resin cement to the specimen surfaces . A universal test machine was used for shear bond strength test at a crosshead speed 1 mm/min . Data were statistically analyzed by one-way analyses of variance ( ANOVA ) with Post-Hoc Tukey tests ( α = 0.05 ) . Results . It was found that the shear bond strength values were affected by power outputs of laser ( p < 0.05 ) . Highest shear bond strength values were obtained with group 2 W ( 21.0 ± 2.7 ) . Lowest values were obtained with group 5 W ( 14.4 ± 1.6 ) . Conclusion . The current study revealed that there was a relationship between laser output power and shear bond strength for zirconium dioxide ceramics . However , output power of the laser and the energy level is a critical factor on micromechanical retention
Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .