Evidence of fair method ological quality suggests that walking is associated with significant improvements in outcome compared with control interventions but longer-term effectiveness is uncertain .
With the use of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force system , walking can be recommended as an effective form of exercise or activity for individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain but should be supplemented with strategies aim ed at maintaining participation .
OBJECTIVE To systematic ally review the evidence examining effects of walking interventions on  pain and self-reported function in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain .
Synovial fluid chondroitin sulphate epitopes 3B3 and 7D4, and glycosaminoglycan in human knee osteoarthritis after exercise
OBJECTIVE Walking exercise alleviates some symptoms , such as pain , in patients with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis ( OA ) . However , a major concern is that weightbearing exercise on osteoarthritic joints may exacerbate articular cartilage degradation . Loading of proteoglycan depleted articular cartilage in vitro increased expression of the chondroitin sulphate epitope 3B3 , suggesting that loading may influence metabolism of osteoarthritic cartilage . This study aim ed at evaluating the effects of walking exercise on articular cartilage metabolism in patients with knee OA , as reflected by changes in concentrations of synovial fluid markers . METHODS Thirty elderly patients with knee OA ( Kellgren-Lawrence grade s II to IV ) were r and omly allocated to  control  ( n = 15 ) and 12 week exercise  ( n = 15 ) groups . Synovial fluid obtained from 21 of the patients at time zero and after 12 weeks was examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) for the chondroitin sulphate epitopes 3B3 and 7D4 , and by a dye binding assay with 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue for total sulphated glycosaminoglycan ( GAG ) concentrations . The 3B3/GAG and 7D4/GAG ratios were calculated . RESULTS No significant changes in concentrations of 3B3 , 7D4 , GAG , 3B3/GAG , or 7D4/GAG between time zero and 12 weeks were found in either group . However , there were significant declines in 3B3 ( p=0.001 ) , GAG ( p=0.007 ) , and the 3B3/GAG ratio ( p=0.049 ) with aging . CONCLUSION Twelve weeks of walking exercise had no demonstrable adverse effects on articular cartilage metabolism , as reflected by the concentrations of synovial fluid GAG or the chondroitin sulphate epitopes 3B3 and 7D4
Evidence of fair method ological quality suggests that walking is associated with significant improvements in outcome compared with control interventions but longer-term effectiveness is uncertain .
With the use of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force system , walking can be recommended as an effective form of exercise or activity for individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain but should be supplemented with strategies aim ed at maintaining participation .
OBJECTIVE To systematic ally review the evidence examining effects of walking interventions on  pain and self-reported function in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain .