In healthy subjects , appetite and short term food intake , risk of cancer , risk of diabetes , risk of dental caries , weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes .
Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes .
In subjects with diabetes and hypertension , the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent .
Background Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades .
Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste .
However , with the dramatic increase in their consumption , it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and , more importantly , potential adverse effects .
The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent , range , and nature of research activity in this area .
Non-alcoholic beverage and caffeine consumption and mortality: the Leisure World Cohort Study.
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of non-alcoholic beverage and caffeine consumption on  all-cause mortality in older adults . METHODS The Leisure World Cohort Study is a prospect i ve study of residents of a California retirement community . A baseline postal health survey included details on coffee , tea , milk , soft drink , and chocolate consumption .  Participants were followed for 23 years ( 1981 - 2004 ) . Risk ratios ( RRs ) of death were calculated using Cox regression for 8644 women and 4980 men ( median age at entry , 74 years ) and adjusted for age , gender , and multiple potential confounders . RESULTS Caffeine consumption exhibited a U-shaped mortality curve . Moderate caffeine consumers had a significantly reduced risk of death ( multivariable-adjusted RR=0.94 , 95 % CI : 0.89 , 0.99 for 100 - 199 mg/day and RR=0.90 , 95 % CI : 0.85 , 0.94 for 200 - 399 mg/day compared with those consuming < 50 mg/day ) . Individuals who drank more than 1 can/week of artificially sweetened ( but not sugar-sweetened ) soft drink ( cola and other ) had an 8 % increased risk ( 95 % CI : 1.01 - 1.16 ) . Neither milk nor tea had a significant effect on mortality after multivariable adjustment . CONCLUSIONS Moderate caffeine consumption appeared beneficial in reducing risk of death . Attenuation in the observed associations between mortality and intake of tea and milk with adjustment for potential confounders suggests that such consumption identifies those with other mortality-associated lifestyle and health risks . The increased death risk with consumption of artificially sweetened , but not sugar-sweetened , soft drinks suggests an effect of the sweetener rather than other components of the soft drinks , although residual confounding remains a possibility
In healthy subjects , appetite and short term food intake , risk of cancer , risk of diabetes , risk of dental caries , weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes .
Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes .
In subjects with diabetes and hypertension , the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent .
Background Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades .
Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste .
However , with the dramatic increase in their consumption , it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and , more importantly , potential adverse effects .
The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent , range , and nature of research activity in this area .