This meta- analysis concludes that hypovitaminosis D is associated with increased risk of hyperglycemia both in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects .
There is evidence that vitamin D status is associated with type 2 diabetes .
Many observational studies have been performed investigating the relationship of vitamin D status and circulating biomarkers of glycemic regulation .
To find out whether this association holds , we conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis of cross sectional and longitudinal studies .
Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its correlates: results of a community-based study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan
Summary Of the 305 premenopausal females in a cross-sectional study in r and omly selected communities of Karachi , Pakistan , 90.1 % showed to be vitamin D deficient . Age , town of residence , and housing structure were significant predictors of vitamin D levels . Measures to address D deficiency and its associated long latency effects are urgently needed . Aims This study aims to find out the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency in community-dwelling premenopausal females in Karachi . Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in r and omly selected communities downtown ( Saddar ) and suburbs ( Gulshan and Malir Town ) in Karachi , Pakistan . Information related to sociodemographics ( age , education , employment , and household income ) , housing structure , sunlight exposure , and skin pigmentation as well as dietary intake ( using a food frequency question naire ) was collected . Serum vitamins D3 levels were also measured . Mean and SD was computed for continuous variables and frequency and proportions were computed for categorical variables . Data were further analyzed by Chi-square test and ANOVA . Multiple linear regression analysis was done to find out determinants of vitamin D ( VD ) levels . Results Total of 305 premenopausal females were recruited .  Mean age , BMI , and waist circumference of the study participants was 31.97 ± 8 years , 25.06 ± 5.6 kg/m2 , and 88.42 ± 13.3 cm , respectively . Majority of the females were vitamin D deficient ( 91.50 % ) with mean vitamin D levels of 21.77 ± 21.66 nm/L. Mean vitamin D levels were significantly different among females residing in downtown and suburbs . High frequency of vitamin D deficiency was observed in females dwelling in downtown ( Saddar ) . According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis , determinants of VD levels were age , town of residence , and housing structure . Conclusion High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is seen in females in the community of Karachi , Pakistan . Age , town of residence , and housing structure were the significant predictors of vitamin D levels . Measures to combat the issue of D deficiency and its associated long latency effects are urgently needed
This meta- analysis concludes that hypovitaminosis D is associated with increased risk of hyperglycemia both in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects .
There is evidence that vitamin D status is associated with type 2 diabetes .
Many observational studies have been performed investigating the relationship of vitamin D status and circulating biomarkers of glycemic regulation .
To find out whether this association holds , we conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis of cross sectional and longitudinal studies .