CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .
Dietary and supplemental calcium intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: the National Institutes of Health-AARP diet and health study.
IMPORTANCE Calcium intake has been promoted because of its proposed benefit on bone health , particularly among the older population . However , concerns have been raised about the potential adverse effect of high calcium intake on cardiovascular health . OBJECTIVE To investigate whether intake of dietary and supplemental calcium is associated with mortality from total cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , heart disease , and cerebrovascular diseases . DESIGN AND SETTING Prospect i ve study from 1995 through 1996 in California , Florida , Louisiana , New Jersey , North Carolina , and Pennsylvania and the 2 metropolitan areas of Atlanta , Georgia , and Detroit , Michigan . PARTICIPANTS A total of 388 229 men and women aged 50 to 71 years from the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES  Dietary and supplemental calcium intake  was assessed at baseline ( 1995 - 1996 ) . Supplemental calcium intake included calcium from multivitamins and individual calcium supplements .  Cardiovascular disease deaths were ascertained using the National Death Index . Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for demographic , lifestyle , and dietary variables were used to estimate relative risks ( RRs ) and 95 % CIs . RESULTS During a mean of 12 years of follow-up , 7904 and 3874 CVD deaths in men and women , respectively , were identified . Supplements containing calcium were used by 51 % of men and 70 % of women . In men , supplemental calcium intake was associated with an elevated risk of CVD death ( RR>1000 vs 0 mg/d , 1.20 ; 95 % CI , 1.05 - 1.36 ) , more specifically with heart disease death ( RR , 1.19 ; 95 % CI , 1.03 - 1.37 ) but not significantly with cerebrovascular disease death ( RR , 1.14 ; 95 % CI , 0.81 - 1.61 ) . In women , supplemental calcium intake was not associated with CVD death ( RR , 1.06 ; 95 % CI , 0.96 - 1.18 ) , heart disease death ( 1.05 ; 0.93 - 1.18 ) , or cerebrovascular disease death ( 1.08 ; 0.87 - 1.33 ) . Dietary calcium intake was unrelated to CVD death in either men or women . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our findings suggest that high intake of supplemental calcium is associated with an excess risk of CVD death in men but not in women . Additional studies are needed to investigate the effect of supplemental calcium use beyond bone health
CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .