Specific " active ingredients " for therapeutic change were not identified .
PURPOSE A systematic review of behavioural intervention for the treatment of adults with muscle tension voice disorders ( MTVD ) .
Preliminary data on prevention and treatment of voice problems in student teachers.
OBJECTIVES /HYPOTHESES To assess the utility of a targeted voice hygiene ( VH ) program compared to VH plus voice training intervention ( VH+VT ) for the prevention and treatment of  voice problems in student teachers . STUDY DESIGN Prospect i ve , r and omized . METHODS Thirty-one student teachers with low ( good ) and high ( poor ) voice h and icap index ( VHI ) scores in Pittsburgh and Hong Kong were r and omly assigned to ( 1 ) a targeted , individually tailored VH program , ( 2 ) the VH program plus resonant VT ( VH+VT ) , or ( c ) a control group . Participants assigned to intervention groups were monitored for their adherence to their programs for their first 4 weeks of student teaching . VHI data were collected again 4 weeks postintervention ( both sites ) and 8 weeks postintervention , following a no-contact washout period ( Pittsburgh ) . RESULTS Descriptive data analysis indicated that across both sites , for initially healthy participants , the VH program was sufficient to prevent worsening of VHI scores that occurred in all control participants over the first 4 - 8 weeks of student teaching . The addition of VT did not consistently enhance protective benefits over VH alone . In contrast , for participants with initially poor VHI scores , the VH program failed to produce VHI benefits over the control condition . The addition of VT was required to optimize results for that cohort . CONCLUSIONS Preliminary data suggest that a minimalist , individually tailored VH program may be sufficient to prevent voice problems from teaching in healthy student teachers . However , for student teachers with existing voice problems , VT may be required to optimize results of intervention
Specific " active ingredients " for therapeutic change were not identified .
PURPOSE A systematic review of behavioural intervention for the treatment of adults with muscle tension voice disorders ( MTVD ) .