There is currently no firm evidence that vitamin D supplementation decreases or increases cancer occurrence in predominantly elderly community-dwelling women .
Vitamin D₃ supplementation  decreased cancer mortality  and vitamin D supplementation  decreased all-cause mortality , but these estimates are at risk of type I errors due to the fact that too few participants were examined , and to risks of attrition bias originating from substantial dropout of participants .
Combined vitamin D₃ and calcium supplements  increased nephrolithiasis , whereas it remains unclear from the included trials whether vitamin D₃ , calcium , or both were responsible for this effect .
BACKGROUND The evidence on whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in decreasing cancers is contradictory .
OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults .
Essential role of estrogen for improvements in vascular endothelial function with endurance exercise in postmenopausal women.
OBJECTIVE In contrast to age-matched men , endurance exercise training is not consistently associated with enhanced endothelial function in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women . We determined whether endurance exercise training improves endothelial function in postmenopausal women treated with estrogen .  In a sub study , we determined if oxidative stress is mechanistically linked to endothelial function adaptations to endurance exercise training . PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) was measured in 36 sedentary , estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women ( 45 - 65 y ) at study entry ( baseline ) , after 12 weeks of either placebo , oral ( 1 mg/d ) estradiol , or transdermal estradiol ( 0.05 mg/d ) ( r and omized ) , and after an additional 12 weeks of continued estradiol or placebo treatment with concurrent endurance exercise training . In subgroups of women , FMD also was measured during the infusion of ascorbic acid at baseline and following estradiol/placebo plus endurance exercise training , and in seven habitually endurance-trained estrogen-deficient controls . RESULTS FMD increased in the estrogen-treated groups ( both P < .01 ) after 12 weeks and remained unchanged in placebo .  FMD further increased following 12 weeks of endurance exercise training in estrogen-treated ( both P < .025 ) , but not placebo-treated women ( P = .55 ) . In the sub study , baseline FMD was similar between sedentary and endurance-trained controls . Ascorbic acid increased FMD at baseline in sedentary women and endurance-trained controls , and following endurance exercise training in placebo-treated , but not in estrogen-treated women . CONCLUSIONS Estrogen status appears to play an important modulatory role in improvements in endothelial function with endurance exercise training in postmenopausal women . The restored endurance exercise training adaptation in estrogen-treated postmenopausal women may be related to mitigation of oxidative stress
There is currently no firm evidence that vitamin D supplementation decreases or increases cancer occurrence in predominantly elderly community-dwelling women .
Vitamin D₃ supplementation  decreased cancer mortality  and vitamin D supplementation  decreased all-cause mortality , but these estimates are at risk of type I errors due to the fact that too few participants were examined , and to risks of attrition bias originating from substantial dropout of participants .
Combined vitamin D₃ and calcium supplements  increased nephrolithiasis , whereas it remains unclear from the included trials whether vitamin D₃ , calcium , or both were responsible for this effect .
BACKGROUND The evidence on whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in decreasing cancers is contradictory .
OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults .