The highest level of evidence from systematic review s and meta-analyses of controlled trials has not shown that fructose-containing sugars behave any differently from other forms of digestible carbohydrates .
Fructose-containing sugars can only lead to weight gain and other unintended harms on cardiometabolic risk factors insofar as the excess calories they provide .
Prospect i ve cohort studies , which provide the strongest observational evidence , have shown an association between fructose-containing sugars and cardiometabolic risk including weight gain , cardiovascular disease outcomes and diabetes only when restricted to sugar-sweetened beverages and not for sugars from other sources .
In fact , sugar-sweetened beverages are a marker of an unhealthy lifestyle and their drinkers consume more calories , exercise less , smoke more and have a poor dietary pattern .
Fructose-containing sugars are a focus of attention as a public health target for their putative role in obesity and cardiometabolic disease including diabetes .
The fructose moiety is singled out to be the primary driver for the harms of sugars due to its unique endocrine signal and pathophysiological role .
However , this is only supported by ecological studies , animal models of overfeeding and select human intervention studies with supraphysiological doses or lack of control for energy .
Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight
BACKGROUND : Beverages are contributing an increased proportion of energy to the diet . Because they elicit a weak compensatory dietary response , they may increase risk of positive energy balance . OBJECTIVES : This study aim ed to document the differential effects of matched liquid and solid carbohydrate loads on diet and body weight . DESIGN : In a cross-over design , seven males and eight females consumed dietary carbohydrate loads of 1880 kJ/day as a liquid ( soda ) or solid ( jelly beans ) during two 4 week periods separated by a 4 week washout . Subjects were permitted to consume the loads however they chose . In addition to baseline measurements , diet records were obtained on r and om days throughout the study , body composition was measured weekly , physical activity was assessed before and after treatments and hunger was assessed during washout and midway through each treatment . RESULTS : Free-feeding energy intake during the solid period was significantly lower than intake prior to this period . Dietary energy compensation was precise ( 118 % ) . No decrease in free-feeding energy intake occurred during the liquid period . Total daily energy intake increased by an amount equal to the load result ing in dietary compensation of −17 % . Consequently , body weight and BMI increased significantly only during the liquid period . Physical activity and hunger were unchanged . CONCLUSIONS : This study indicates that liquid carbohydrate promotes positive energy balance , whereas a comparable solid carbohydrate elicits precise dietary compensation . Increased consumption of energy-yielding fluids may promote positive energy balance
The highest level of evidence from systematic review s and meta-analyses of controlled trials has not shown that fructose-containing sugars behave any differently from other forms of digestible carbohydrates .
Fructose-containing sugars can only lead to weight gain and other unintended harms on cardiometabolic risk factors insofar as the excess calories they provide .
Prospect i ve cohort studies , which provide the strongest observational evidence , have shown an association between fructose-containing sugars and cardiometabolic risk including weight gain , cardiovascular disease outcomes and diabetes only when restricted to sugar-sweetened beverages and not for sugars from other sources .
In fact , sugar-sweetened beverages are a marker of an unhealthy lifestyle and their drinkers consume more calories , exercise less , smoke more and have a poor dietary pattern .
Fructose-containing sugars are a focus of attention as a public health target for their putative role in obesity and cardiometabolic disease including diabetes .
The fructose moiety is singled out to be the primary driver for the harms of sugars due to its unique endocrine signal and pathophysiological role .
However , this is only supported by ecological studies , animal models of overfeeding and select human intervention studies with supraphysiological doses or lack of control for energy .