The majority of studies were observational in nature and showed a reduction in energy intake following surgery , as well as inadequate intakes of micronutrients and protein , and an excessive intake of fats .
There was evidence of nutrient imbalances , suboptimal compliance with multivitamin and mineral supplementation , and limited follow-up of patients .
The current evidence base suggests that despite being effective in reducing energy intake , bariatric surgery can result in unbalanced diets , inadequate micronutrient and protein intakes , and excessive intakes of fats .
In combination with suboptimal adherence to multivitamin and mineral supplementation , this may contribute to nutritional deficiencies and weight regain .
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for morbid obesity .
These procedures change the gastrointestinal system with the aim of reducing dietary intake .
Improving diet quality is essential in maintaining nutritional health and achieving long-term benefits from the surgery .
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between bariatric surgery and diet quality at least 1 year after surgery .
Energy and macronutrient intake after gastric bypass for morbid obesity: a 3-y observational study focused on protein consumption.
BACKGROUND The effect of a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( RYGB ) on body weight has been amply documented , but few studies have simultaneously assessed the evolution of energy and macronutrient intakes , energy expenditure , and changes in body composition over time after an RYGB . OBJECTIVE We evaluated energy and macronutrient intakes , body composition , and the basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) in obese female patients during the initial 3 y after an RYGB . METHODS Sixteen women with a mean ± SEM body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) of 44.1 ± 1.6 were included in this prospect i ve observational study . The women were studied on 6 different occasions as follows : before and 1 , 3 , 6 , 12 ( n = 16 ) , and 36 ( n = 8) mo after surgery . On each occasion , food intake was evaluated from 4- or 7-d dietary records , body composition was assessed with the use of bio-impedancemetry , and energy expenditure was measured with the use of indirect calorimetry . RESULTS Body weight evolution showed the typical pattern reported after an RYGB . Total energy intake was 2072 ± 108 kcal/d at baseline and decreased to 681 ± 58 kcal/d at 1 mo after surgery ( P < 0.05 compared with at baseline ) . Total energy intake progressively increased to reach 1240 ± 87 kcal/d at 12 mo after surgery ( P < 0.05 compared with at 1 mo after surgery ) and 1448 ± 57 kcal/d at 36 mo after surgery ( P < 0.05 compared with at 12 mo after surgery ) . Protein intake was 87 ± 4 g/d at baseline and ± 2 g/d 1 mo after surgery ( P < 0.05 compared with at baseline ) and increased progressively thereafter to reach 57 ± 3 g/d at 36 mo after surgery ( P < 0.05 compared with at 1 mo after surgery ) . Carbohydrate and fat intakes over time showed similar patterns . Protein intake from meat and cheese were significantly reduced early at 1 mo after surgery but increased thereafter ( P < 0.05 ) . The BMR decreased from 1.12 ± 0.04 kcal/min at baseline to 0.93 ± 0.03 , 0.86 ± 0.03 , and 0.85 ± 0.04 kcal/min at 3 , 12 , and 36 mo after surgery , respectively ( all P < 0.05 compared with at baseline ) . CONCLUSIONS Total energy , carbohydrate , fat , and protein intakes decreased markedly during the initial 1 - 3 mo after an RYGB , whereas the BMR moderately decreased . The reduction in protein intake was particularly severe at 1 mo after surgery , and protein intake increased gradually after 3 - 6 mo after surgery . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01891591
The majority of studies were observational in nature and showed a reduction in energy intake following surgery , as well as inadequate intakes of micronutrients and protein , and an excessive intake of fats .
There was evidence of nutrient imbalances , suboptimal compliance with multivitamin and mineral supplementation , and limited follow-up of patients .
The current evidence base suggests that despite being effective in reducing energy intake , bariatric surgery can result in unbalanced diets , inadequate micronutrient and protein intakes , and excessive intakes of fats .
In combination with suboptimal adherence to multivitamin and mineral supplementation , this may contribute to nutritional deficiencies and weight regain .
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for morbid obesity .
These procedures change the gastrointestinal system with the aim of reducing dietary intake .
Improving diet quality is essential in maintaining nutritional health and achieving long-term benefits from the surgery .
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between bariatric surgery and diet quality at least 1 year after surgery .