A systematic evaluation of the available evidence suggests similarities as well as important differences in the risk factors for incidence of AF as compared with other cardiovascular diseases , which has implication s for the primary prevention strategies for atrial fibrillation
Established primary prevention strategies of cardiovascular diseases are based on underst and ing of risk factors , but whether the same risk factors are associated with  atrial fibrillation ( AF )  remains unclear .
Anemia and reduced kidney function as risk factors for new onset of atrial fibrillation (from the Ibaraki prefectural health study).
Chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) is a potential independent risk factor for  atrial fibrillation ( AF ) .  It remains unclear whether anemia is synergistically associated with increased risk of AF onset  in subjects with CKD . We evaluated the association of kidney function , hemoglobin ( Hb ) , and their combination with new-onset AF in a population -based cohort study . We conducted a 15-year prospect i ve cohort study of 132,250 Japanese subjects aged 40 to 79 years who participated in annual health checkups from 1993 .  Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare freedom from new-onset AF between groups classified by estimated glomerular filtration rate grade , Hb grade , and their combination . Cox proportional hazard model analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios ( HRs ) for new-onset AF . During a 13.8-year mean follow-up period , 1,232 ( 0.93 % ) subjects with  new-onset AF were identified . Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and lower Hb grade s were significantly associated with a higher incidence of new-onset AF . Multivariate HRs and 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) of new-onset AF were 1.38 ( 1.21 to 1.56 ) for mild CKD group , 2.56 ( 2.09 to 3.13 ) for CKD group , and 1.50 ( 1.24 to 1.83 ) for anemia group . Borderline Hb level was not significantly associated with increased risk for new-onset AF ( HR 1.07 , CI 0.91 to 1.25 , p = 0.4284 ) . In the model with interaction term between CKD and anemia , the risk was significantly higher ( p = 0.0343 for the interaction ) than that predicted by each factor independently . In conclusion , decreased kidney function and lower Hb level are associated with increased risk for new-onset AF , especially when both are present
A systematic evaluation of the available evidence suggests similarities as well as important differences in the risk factors for incidence of AF as compared with other cardiovascular diseases , which has implication s for the primary prevention strategies for atrial fibrillation
Established primary prevention strategies of cardiovascular diseases are based on underst and ing of risk factors , but whether the same risk factors are associated with  atrial fibrillation ( AF )  remains unclear .