Results There is some evidence of the effectiveness of medication in treating DBDs , with positive outcomes for lithium and risperidone in particular .
Pharmacotherapy also demonstrated some efficacy in reducing symptoms of aggression .
Medication was relatively well-tolerated , as indicated by equivalent dropout rates in medication and comparison groups .
Rationale Pharmacotherapy is frequently considered in the treatment of  disruptive behavior disorders ( DBDs ) in children and adolescents .
There are , however , no systematic review s of this literature .
Objectives The aim of this work is to determine whether medication is effective in treating pediatric disruptive behavior disorders and related problems of impulse control , as well as to examine differences in the treatment response and tolerability of different medication classes and agents .
Prevalence, subtypes, and correlates of DSM-IV conduct disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.
BACKGROUND Prior research indicates that conduct disorder ( CD ) is associated with a range of co-morbid mental disorders . However , the actual prevalence , subtypes and patterns of co-morbidity of DSM-IV-defined CD in the general US population remains unknown . METHOD Retrospective assessment of CD and other DSM-IV disorders was conducted using fully structured diagnostic interviews among a nationally representative sample of respondents ( n=3199 ) in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication ( NCS-R ) . RESULTS The estimated lifetime prevalence of CD in the US is 9.5 % ( 12.0 % among males and 7.1 % among females ) , with a median age-of-onset of 11.6 ( 0.2 ) years . Latent class analysis ( LCA ) identified five CD subtypes characterized by rule violations , deceit/theft , aggression , severe covert behaviors , and pervasive CD symptoms . A dose-response relationship was revealed between CD subtype severity and risk of subsequent disorders . Results also indicated that CD typically precedes mood and substance use disorders , but most often occurs after impulse control and anxiety disorders . Although both active and remitted CD is associated with increased risk of the subsequent first onset of other mental disorders , remitted CD is associated with significantly lower risk of subsequent disorders . CONCLUSIONS CD is prevalent and heterogeneous in the US population , and more severe subtypes and the presence of active CD are associated with higher risk of co-morbid disorders . Future prospect i ve studies using general population sample s will further inform the nature and course of this disorder
Results There is some evidence of the effectiveness of medication in treating DBDs , with positive outcomes for lithium and risperidone in particular .
Pharmacotherapy also demonstrated some efficacy in reducing symptoms of aggression .
Medication was relatively well-tolerated , as indicated by equivalent dropout rates in medication and comparison groups .
Rationale Pharmacotherapy is frequently considered in the treatment of  disruptive behavior disorders ( DBDs ) in children and adolescents .
There are , however , no systematic review s of this literature .
Objectives The aim of this work is to determine whether medication is effective in treating pediatric disruptive behavior disorders and related problems of impulse control , as well as to examine differences in the treatment response and tolerability of different medication classes and agents .