Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .
Prediction of gestational weight gain - a biopsychosocial model.
OBJECTIVE To examine the influence of health behaviours and psychological well-being on  gestational weight gain  using a biopsychosocial model . DESIGN A prospect i ve cohort study of pregnant women consecutively recruited at their first antenatal care visit . A self-administered question naire was used to collect data on health behaviours and psychological well-being in early pregnancy . Linear regression and logistic regression were used to identify predictors of total weight gain in kilograms and weight gain outside the current Institute of Medicine recommendations , respectively . SETTING A maternity hospital in the Republic of Irel and . SUBJECTS Data on 799 women were analysed . RESULTS Pre-pregnant BMI ≥30·0 kg/m2 , short stature , parity > 0 , decreased food intake and absence of health insurance predicted lower absolute gestational weight gain , while foreign nationality , consumption of takeaway meals more than once weekly and increased food intake predicted higher absolute gestational weight gain . Overweight and obesity , foreign nationality , increased food intake and height > 170 cm were risk factors for excessive weight gain , while antenatal depression was protective against excessive weight gain . Notably , physical activity measures were not related to the gestational weight gain outcomes . Pre-pregnancy overweight and increased food intake were the strongest predictors of excessive gestational weight gain . CONCLUSIONS None of the psychological well-being measures examined , with the exception of antenatal depression , was associated with any of the weight gain outcomes . The behavioural predictors of gestational weight gain were increased food intake and takeaway consumption . Public health promotions should target pre-pregnancy BMI and pregnancy-associated change in food intake
Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .