No single vali date d outcome measure encompassed all potential patient benefits from using a CGS .
A variety of different domains were identified , including anxiety and depression , coping , decision-making , distress , family environment , health status , knowledge , mood , perception of risk , perceived personal control , psychological impact , quality of life , satisfaction and expectations , self-esteem , spiritual well-being , and worry .
Some important aspects of patient benefit from CGS are not covered by existing outcome measures .
OBJECTIVE This systematic review aim ed to inform research ers and policymakers about what vali date d outcome measures are available to evaluate clinical genetics services ( CGS ) and the need for new measures .
Anxiety and adherence to breast self-examination in women with a family history of breast cancer.
OBJECTIVE Previous research has indicated low rates of adherence to monthly breast self-examination ( BSE ) in women with a family history of breast cancer , and anxiety has been identified as a major factor that may interfere with regular self-examination . However , the direction of the relationship between anxiety and BSE frequency remains unclear , with some studies indicating that high anxiety promotes adherence and others indicating that it leads to avoidance . The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between anxiety and adherence to breast self-examination by comparing the impact of general anxiety with that of cancer-specific anxiety on BSE frequency . METHODS A sample of at-risk women ( N=833 ) completed a question naire regarding BSE  frequency  , general anxiety , breast cancer worries , perceived risk of breast cancer , and family history of breast cancer . Women who self-examined infrequently ( N=211 ) , appropriately ( N=462 ) , or excessively ( N=156 ) were compared on these variables . RESULTS Statistical analyses indicated that general anxiety differentiated only between excessive self-examiners and less frequent self-examiners , with excessive self-examiners reporting significantly higher general anxiety . Breast cancer worries differentiated between all three groups in a linear fashion , with increasing cancer worries associated with higher levels of BSE . CONCLUSIONS In some at-risk women , high cancer anxiety may lead to high general anxiety and precipitate hypervigilant breast self-examination rather than avoidance . These findings are discussed in relation to psychoeducational interventions and genetic counseling services for women with a family history of breast cancer
No single vali date d outcome measure encompassed all potential patient benefits from using a CGS .
A variety of different domains were identified , including anxiety and depression , coping , decision-making , distress , family environment , health status , knowledge , mood , perception of risk , perceived personal control , psychological impact , quality of life , satisfaction and expectations , self-esteem , spiritual well-being , and worry .
Some important aspects of patient benefit from CGS are not covered by existing outcome measures .
OBJECTIVE This systematic review aim ed to inform research ers and policymakers about what vali date d outcome measures are available to evaluate clinical genetics services ( CGS ) and the need for new measures .