Authors ' conclusions There is a paucity of evidence regarding how best to reduce corruption .
Promising interventions include improvements in the  detection and punishment of corruption  , especially efforts that are coordinated by an independent agency .
Other promising interventions include guidelines that prohibit doctors from accepting benefits from the pharmaceutical industry , internal control practice s in community health centres , and increased transparency and accountability for co-payments combined with reduced incentives for informal payments .
Key messages The review suggests that some strategies to fight corruption in the health sector can have an effect on corruption .
This study shows that these strategies may have led to fewer patients giving their doctors informal payments ( low certainty evidence ) . •
The study suggests that this may have changed doctors ' attitudes about the influence of pharmaceutical companies on their choice of medicines ( low certainty evidence ) . •
We do n't know what the effects of these strategies have on healthcare or people 's health , or if these strategies had any harmful effects .
Background Corruption is the abuse or complicity in abuse , of public or private position , power or authority to benefit oneself , a group , an organisation or others close to oneself ; where the benefits may be financial , material or non- material .
It is wide-spread in the health sector and represents a major problem .
Objectives Our primary objective was to systematic ally summarise empirical evidence of the effects of strategies to reduce corruption in the health sector .
Our secondary objective was to describe the range of strategies that have been tried and to guide future evaluations of promising strategies for which there is insufficient evidence .
The extent to which increased transparency alone reduces corruption is uncertain .
Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector What is the aim of this review ?
The aim of this Cochrane review is to assess the effectiveness of strategies to reduce corruption in the health sector .
Corruption can occur in any area of the health sector , and happens when people abuse their own position to benefit themselves , their organisation , or other people close to them .
It can take many forms , including bribes , theft , or giving incorrect or inaccurate information deliberately .
It can take money away from healthcare , lead to poorer quality care and make access to healthcare unfair , and often affects poor people the hardest .
Determinants of Performance of Health Systems Concerning Maternal and Child Health: A Global Approach
Aims To assess the association of social determinants on the performance of health systems around the world . Methods A transnational ecological study was conducted with an observation level focused on the country . In order to research on the strength of the association between the annual maternal and child mortality in 154 countries and social determinants :  corruption , democratization , income ine quality and cultural fragmentation , we used a mixed linear regression model for repeated measures with r and om intercepts and a conglomerate-based geographical analysis , between 2000 and 2010 . Results Health determinants with a significant association on child mortality(<1year ) : higher access to water ( βa Quartile 4(Q4 ) vs Quartile 1(Q1 ) = -6,14 ; 95%CI : -11,63 to -0,73 ) , sanitation systems , ( Q4 vs Q1 = -25,58 ; 95%CI : -31,91 to -19,25 ) , % measles vaccination coverage ( Q4 vs Q1 = -7.35 ; 95%CI : -10,18 to -4,52 ) , % of births attended by a healthcare professional ( Q4 vs Q1 = -7,91 ; 95%CI : -11,36 to -4,52 ) and a % of the total health expenditure ( Q3 vs Q1 = -2,85 ; 95%CI : -4,93 to -0,7 ) . Ethnic fragmentation ( Q4 vs Q1 = 9,93 ; 95%CI : -0.03 to 19.89 ) had a marginal effect . For child mortality<5 years , an association was found for these variables and democratization ( not free vs free = 11,23 ; 95%CI : -0,82 to 23,29 ) , out-of-pocket expenditure ( Q1 vs Q4 = 17,71 ; 95%CI : 5,86 to 29,56 ) . For MMR ( Maternal mortality ratio ) , % of access to water for all the quartiles , % of access to sanitation systems , ( Q3 vs Q1 = -171,15 ; 95%CI : -281,29 to -61 ) , birth attention by a healthcare professional ( Q4 vs Q1 = -231,23 ; 95%CI : -349,32 to -113,15 ) , and having corrupt government ( Q3 vs Q1 = 83,05 ; 95%CI : 33,10 to 133 ) . Conclusions Improving access to water and sanitation systems , decreasing corruption in the health sector must become priorities in health systems . The ethno-linguistic cultural fragmentation and the detriment of democracy turn out to be two factors related to health results
Authors ' conclusions There is a paucity of evidence regarding how best to reduce corruption .
Promising interventions include improvements in the  detection and punishment of corruption  , especially efforts that are coordinated by an independent agency .
Other promising interventions include guidelines that prohibit doctors from accepting benefits from the pharmaceutical industry , internal control practice s in community health centres , and increased transparency and accountability for co-payments combined with reduced incentives for informal payments .
Key messages The review suggests that some strategies to fight corruption in the health sector can have an effect on corruption .
This study shows that these strategies may have led to fewer patients giving their doctors informal payments ( low certainty evidence ) . •
The study suggests that this may have changed doctors ' attitudes about the influence of pharmaceutical companies on their choice of medicines ( low certainty evidence ) . •
We do n't know what the effects of these strategies have on healthcare or people 's health , or if these strategies had any harmful effects .
Background Corruption is the abuse or complicity in abuse , of public or private position , power or authority to benefit oneself , a group , an organisation or others close to oneself ; where the benefits may be financial , material or non- material .
It is wide-spread in the health sector and represents a major problem .
Objectives Our primary objective was to systematic ally summarise empirical evidence of the effects of strategies to reduce corruption in the health sector .
Our secondary objective was to describe the range of strategies that have been tried and to guide future evaluations of promising strategies for which there is insufficient evidence .
The extent to which increased transparency alone reduces corruption is uncertain .
Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector What is the aim of this review ?
The aim of this Cochrane review is to assess the effectiveness of strategies to reduce corruption in the health sector .
Corruption can occur in any area of the health sector , and happens when people abuse their own position to benefit themselves , their organisation , or other people close to them .
It can take many forms , including bribes , theft , or giving incorrect or inaccurate information deliberately .
It can take money away from healthcare , lead to poorer quality care and make access to healthcare unfair , and often affects poor people the hardest .