In subgroup analyses , all cause mortality was significantly lower in trials with vitamin D3 supplementation than in trials with vitamin D2 supplementation ( P for interaction=0.04 ) ; neither vitamin D3 nor vitamin D2 was associated with a statistically significant reduction in all cause mortality .
CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D supplementation alone was not associated with  all cause mortality in adults compared with placebo or no treatment .
Vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of cancer death by 16 % .
Additional large clinical studies are needed to determine whether vitamin D3 supplementation is associated with lower all cause mortality .
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether vitamin D supplementation is associated with lower mortality in adults .
Cognition and Vitamin D in Older African‐American Women– Physical performance and Osteoporosis prevention with vitamin D in older African Americans Trial and Dementia
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) levels recommended by Endocrine Society guidelines ( > 30 ng/mL ) on cognition in healthy older African-American women over 3 years . DESIGN R and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial . SETTING Bone Mineral Research Center at New York University Winthrop Hospital . PARTICIPANTS Healthy postmenopausal African American women aged 65 and older ( N=260 ; mean age 68.2 ± 4.9 ; 46 % college education or higher ) . INTERVENTION Half of the women were r and omized to receive vitamin D ( adjusted to achieve a serum level > 30 ng/mL ) with calcium ( diet and supplement total of 1,200 mg ) , and half were r and omized to receive placebo with calcium ( 1,200 mg ) . MEASUREMENTS Cognitive assessment s every 6 months using the Mini-Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) to detect cognitive decline . Mean MMSE scores were calculated over time for both groups . Those with MMSE scores less than 21 at baseline were excluded . RESULTS The average dose of vitamin D3 was 3,490 ± 1,465 IU per day , and average serum 25(OH)D at 3 years was 46.8 ± 1.2 ng/mL in the active group and 20.7 ± 1.1 ng/mL in the  placebo group . Serum 25(OH)D concentration was maintained at greater than 30 ng/mL in 90 % of the active group . Over the 3-year period , MMSE scores increased in both groups ( p < .001 ) , although change over time was not significantly different between the groups . No adverse events associated with vitamin D were observed . CONCLUSION There was no difference in cognition over time between older African-American women with serum concentrations of 25(OH)D of 30 ng/mL and greater than those taking placebo . There is no evidence to support vitamin D intake greater than the recommended daily allowance in this population for preventing cognitive decline . J Am Geriatr Soc 67:81 - 86 , 2019
In subgroup analyses , all cause mortality was significantly lower in trials with vitamin D3 supplementation than in trials with vitamin D2 supplementation ( P for interaction=0.04 ) ; neither vitamin D3 nor vitamin D2 was associated with a statistically significant reduction in all cause mortality .
CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D supplementation alone was not associated with  all cause mortality in adults compared with placebo or no treatment .
Vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of cancer death by 16 % .
Additional large clinical studies are needed to determine whether vitamin D3 supplementation is associated with lower all cause mortality .
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether vitamin D supplementation is associated with lower mortality in adults .