Conclusions The TFI has the most robust evidence of reliability and validity and has been the most extensively examined in terms of psychometric properties .
However , there is insufficient evidence at present to determine the best tool for use in research and clinical practice .
Background Frailty is widely recognised as a distinct multifactorial clinical syndrome that implies vulnerability .
The links between frailty and adverse outcomes such as death and institutionalisation have been widely evidence d. There is currently no gold st and ard frailty assessment tool ; optimizing the assessment of frailty in older people therefore remains a research priority .
The objective of this systematic review is to identify existing multi-component frailty assessment tools that were specifically developed to assess frailty in adults aged ≥60 years old and to systematic ally and critically evaluate the reliability and validity of these tools .
A pilot trial to predict frailty syndrome: The Japanese Health Research Volunteer Study
Most definitions of frailty utilize US population s in their development . The concept of frailty has not been well studied in Japan , which has the largest percentage of older patients ( per capita ) in the world . We created a 5-year prospect i ve cohort study of community-dwelling older Japanese adults . Participants were not frail at baseline , based on our definition adapted from the Canadian Study for Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale . Participants underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment ( CGA ) at baseline , and final assessment s were either in person or via mailed survey .  We enrolled 407 individuals ( 184 men , mean age 78 ± 4 years ; 223 women , mean age 77 ± 4 years ) . Sixty-five participants met criteria for frailty by the end of the study . In univariate analyses , eighteen separate parameters were associated with frailty , some of which included : age , gender , h and grip , timed walk , systolic blood pressure , pulse pressure , cognitive status , living alone , and hearing deficits . In multivariate analyses , the following elements remained associated with frailty : timed walk , pulse pressure , cognition deficits and hearing deficits . We established cut-off points for timed walk ( 5m/3s ) and pulse pressure ( 60 mmHg ) . We then created a simple additive score for these four factors ( present = 1 ; absent = 0 ) . A score of 0 had a 93 % negative predictive value for frailty while a score of 4 had a 70 % positive predictive value . While further study is needed , this work creates an easy-to-administer tool that may be generalizable to other population
Conclusions The TFI has the most robust evidence of reliability and validity and has been the most extensively examined in terms of psychometric properties .
However , there is insufficient evidence at present to determine the best tool for use in research and clinical practice .
Background Frailty is widely recognised as a distinct multifactorial clinical syndrome that implies vulnerability .
The links between frailty and adverse outcomes such as death and institutionalisation have been widely evidence d. There is currently no gold st and ard frailty assessment tool ; optimizing the assessment of frailty in older people therefore remains a research priority .
The objective of this systematic review is to identify existing multi-component frailty assessment tools that were specifically developed to assess frailty in adults aged ≥60 years old and to systematic ally and critically evaluate the reliability and validity of these tools .