Other benefits included fewer episodes of feed intolerance , better weight gain and growth velocity , decreased transition time from orogastric to breast feeds , and increased postpr and ial mesenteric flow .
There were no adverse effects of probiotic supplementation .
Probiotics reduced the time to full enteral feeds  in preterm neonates .
INTRODUCTION The optimization of enteral nutrition is a priority in preterm neonates worldwide .
Probiotics are known to improve gut maturity and function in preterm neonates .
To our knowledge , previous systematic review s have not adequately assessed the effects of probiotic supplementation on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates .
OBJECTIVE We assessed the evidence on effects of probiotics on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates .
Safety and Tolerability of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Effects on Biomarkers in Healthy Adults: Results from a Randomized Masked Trial
Background There are few carefully- design ed studies investigating the safety of individual probiotics approved under Investigational New Drug policies . Objectives The primary aim of this prospect i ve , double-blind placebo-controlled trial was to investigate if daily treatment of adults with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 ( LR )  for 2 months is safe and well-tolerated . Our secondary aim was to determine if LR treatment has immune effects as determined by regulatory T cell percentages , expression of toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and −4 on circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PMBCs ) , cytokine expression by stimulated P BMC , and intestinal inflammation as measured by fecal calprotectin . Methods Forty healthy adults were r and omized to a daily dose of 5 × 108 CFUs of LR ( n = 30 ) or placebo ( n = 10 ) for 2 months . Participants completed a daily diary card and had 7 clinic visits during treatment and observation . Results There were no severe adverse events ( SAEs ) and no significant differences in adverse events ( AEs ) . There were no differences in P BMC subclasses , TLRs , or cytokine expression after treatment . The probiotic-treated group had a significantly higher fecal calprotectin level than the placebo group after 2 months of treatment : 50 µg/g ( IQR 24–127 µg/g ) vs. 17 µg/g ( IQR 11–26 µg/g ) , p = 0.03 , although values remained in the normal clinical range ( 0–162.9 µg/g ) . LR vials retained > 108 CFUs viable organisms/ml . Conclusions LR is safe and well tolerated in adults , without significant changes in immunologic markers . There was a small but significant increase in fecal calprotectin , perhaps indicating some element of immune recognition at the intestinal level . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov
Other benefits included fewer episodes of feed intolerance , better weight gain and growth velocity , decreased transition time from orogastric to breast feeds , and increased postpr and ial mesenteric flow .
There were no adverse effects of probiotic supplementation .
Probiotics reduced the time to full enteral feeds  in preterm neonates .
INTRODUCTION The optimization of enteral nutrition is a priority in preterm neonates worldwide .
Probiotics are known to improve gut maturity and function in preterm neonates .
To our knowledge , previous systematic review s have not adequately assessed the effects of probiotic supplementation on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates .
OBJECTIVE We assessed the evidence on effects of probiotics on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates .