Results from the network meta-analyses confirmed these findings .
Conclusions Moderate- quality evidence from the present network meta- analysis suggests that D + E can be highly recommended for long-term obesity management .
Furthermore , the evidence suggests a moderate superiority of D over E with respect to anthropometric outcomes .
Background The aim of this meta- analysis was to compare the long-term efficacy of diet plus exercise ( D + E ) vs. diet ( D ) , D + E vs. exercise ( E ) and D vs. E on anthropometric outcomes and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese participants .
Effect of long-term changes in diet and exercise on plasma leptin concentrations.
BACKGROUND Although it is known that plasma leptin concentrations correlate with the amount of adipose tissue in the body , little information is available on the long-term effects on leptin concentrations of changes in diet and exercise . OBJECTIVE We wanted to examine whether changes in dietary energy sources and exercise-mediated energy expenditure , alone or in combination , affect plasma leptin concentrations . DESIGN In a r and omized , 2 x 2 factorial trial , 186 men with metabolic syndrome were divided into 4 groups : diet , exercise , a combination of diet and exercise , and control . Data on dietary intake , physical fitness , and demographics were collected and plasma leptin concentrations were measured before and after a 1-y intervention period . RESULTS Plasma leptin concentrations , body mass index , and fat mass decreased in association with long-term reductions in food intake as well as increased physical activity . By adjusting for either body mass index or fat mass , we observed a highly significant reduction in plasma leptin concentration after both the diet and the exercise interventions . There was no interaction between the interventions , suggesting a direct and additive effect of changes in diet and physical activity on plasma leptin concentrations . CONCLUSION Long-term changes in lifestyle consisting of decreased intake of dietary fat and increased physical activity reduced plasma leptin concentrations in humans beyond the reduction expected as a result of changes in fat mass
Results from the network meta-analyses confirmed these findings .
Conclusions Moderate- quality evidence from the present network meta- analysis suggests that D + E can be highly recommended for long-term obesity management .
Furthermore , the evidence suggests a moderate superiority of D over E with respect to anthropometric outcomes .
Background The aim of this meta- analysis was to compare the long-term efficacy of diet plus exercise ( D + E ) vs. diet ( D ) , D + E vs. exercise ( E ) and D vs. E on anthropometric outcomes and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese participants .