Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .
Tablet-Based Strength-Balance Training to Motivate and Improve Adherence to Exercise in Independently Living Older People: Part 2 of a Phase II Preclinical Exploratory Trial
Background Home-based exercise programs can improve physical functioning and health status of elderly people . Successful implementation of exercise interventions for older people presents major challenges and supporting elderly people properly while doing their home-based exercises is essential for training success . We developed a tablet-based system — ActiveLifestyle — that offers older adults a home-based strength-balance training program with incorporated motivation strategies and support features . Objective The goal was to compare 3 different home-based training programs with respect to their effect on measures of gait quality and physical performance through planned comparisons between ( 1 ) tablet-based and brochure-based interventions , ( 2 ) individual and social motivation strategies , and ( 3 ) active and inactive participants . Methods A total of 44 autonomous-living elderly people ( mean 75 , SD 6 years ) were assigned to 3 training groups : social ( tablet guided , n=14 ) , individual ( tablet guided , n=13 ) , and brochure ( brochure guided , n=17 ) . All groups joined a 12-week progressive home-based strength-balance training program . Outcome measures were gait performance under single and dual task conditions , dual task costs of walking , falls efficacy , and physical performance as measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery ( SPPB ) . Furthermore , active ( ≥75 % program compliance ) and inactive ( < 75 % program compliance ) individuals were compared based on their characteristics and outcome measures . Results The tablet groups showed significant improvements in single and dual task walking , whereas there were no significant changes observable in the brochure group . Between-groups comparisons revealed significant differences for gait velocity ( U=138.5 ; P=.03 , r=.33 ) and cadence ( U=138.5 , P=.03 r=.34 ) during dual task walking at preferred speed in favor of the tablet groups . The brochure group had more inactive participants , but this did not reach statistical significance ( U=167 , P=.06 , r=.29 ) . The active participants outperformed the inactive participants in single and dual task walking , dual task costs of walking , and SPPB scores . Significant between-groups differences were seen between the tablet groups and the brochure group , in favor of the tablet groups . Conclusions A tablet-based strength-balance training program that allows monitoring and assisting autonomous-living older adults while training at home was more effective in improving gait and physical performance when compared to a brochure-based program . Social or individual motivation strategies were equally effective . The most prominent differences were observed between active and inactive participants . These findings suggest that in older adults a tablet-based intervention enhances training compliance ; hence , it is an effective way to improve gait
Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .