No favourable effect on mortality was observed with STS HM .
Similar reductions were observed in all-cause hospitalisations for TM interventions , whereas STS interventions had no major effect .
STS HM was dominated by usual care .
Similar results were observed in scenario analyses performed using higher costs of usual care , higher costs of STS HH and lower costs of TM during office hours .
As a result , the economic model developed scenarios for different RM classifications and their costs were estimated using bottom-up costing methods .
Despite wide variation in usual care and RM strategies , cost-effectiveness analyses suggest that TM during office hours was an optimal strategy ( in most costing scenarios ) .
However , clarity was lacking among descriptions of the components of RM packages and usual care and there was a lack of robust estimation of costs .
BACKGROUND Remote monitoring ( RM ) strategies have the potential to deliver specialised care and management to patients with heart failure ( HF ) .
OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of home telemonitoring ( TM ) or structured telephone support ( STS ) strategies compared with usual care for adult patients who have been recently discharged ( within 28 days ) from acute care after a recent exacerbation of HF .
The review included r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) or observational cohort studies with a contemporaneous control group that included the following RM interventions : ( 1 ) TM ( including cardiovascular implanted monitoring devices ) with medical support provided during office hours or 24/7 ; ( 2 ) STS programmes delivered by human-to-human contact ( HH ) or human-to-machine interface ( HM ) .
Quantifying the heart failure epidemic: prevalence, incidence rate, lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure The Rotterdam Study.
AIMS To determine the prevalence , incidence rate , lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure . METHODS AND RESULTS The Rotterdam Study is a prospect i ve population -based cohort study in 7983 participants aged > or = 55 .  Heart failure was defined according to criteria of the European Society of Cardiology . Prevalence was higher in men and increased with age from 0.9 % in subjects aged 55 - 64 to 17.4 % in those aged > or = 85 . Incidence rate of heart failure was 14.4/1000 person-years ( 95 % CI 13.4 - 15.5 ) and was higher in men ( 17.6/1000 man-years , 95 % CI 15.8 - 19.5 ) than in women ( 12.5/1000 woman-years , 95 % CI 11.3 - 13.8 ) . Incidence rate increased with age from 1.4/1000 person-years in those aged 55 - 59 to 47.4/1000 person-years in those aged > or = 90 . Lifetime risk was 33 % for men and 29 % for women at the age of 55 . Survival after incident heart failure was 86 % at 30 days , 63 % at 1 year , 51 % at 2 years and 35 % at 5 years of follow-up . CONCLUSION Prevalence and incidence rates of heart failure are high . In individuals aged 55 , almost 1 in 3 will develop heart failure during their remaining lifespan . Heart failure continues to be a fatal disease , with only 35 % surviving 5 years after the first diagnosis
No favourable effect on mortality was observed with STS HM .
Similar reductions were observed in all-cause hospitalisations for TM interventions , whereas STS interventions had no major effect .
STS HM was dominated by usual care .
Similar results were observed in scenario analyses performed using higher costs of usual care , higher costs of STS HH and lower costs of TM during office hours .
As a result , the economic model developed scenarios for different RM classifications and their costs were estimated using bottom-up costing methods .
Despite wide variation in usual care and RM strategies , cost-effectiveness analyses suggest that TM during office hours was an optimal strategy ( in most costing scenarios ) .
However , clarity was lacking among descriptions of the components of RM packages and usual care and there was a lack of robust estimation of costs .
BACKGROUND Remote monitoring ( RM ) strategies have the potential to deliver specialised care and management to patients with heart failure ( HF ) .
OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of home telemonitoring ( TM ) or structured telephone support ( STS ) strategies compared with usual care for adult patients who have been recently discharged ( within 28 days ) from acute care after a recent exacerbation of HF .
The review included r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) or observational cohort studies with a contemporaneous control group that included the following RM interventions : ( 1 ) TM ( including cardiovascular implanted monitoring devices ) with medical support provided during office hours or 24/7 ; ( 2 ) STS programmes delivered by human-to-human contact ( HH ) or human-to-machine interface ( HM ) .