Personal financial incentives can change habitual health-related behaviors and help reduce health inequalities .
However , their role in reducing disease burden is potentially limited given current evidence that effects dissipate beyond three months post-incentive removal
OBJECTIVES Uncertainty remains about whether personal financial incentives could achieve sustained changes in health-related behaviors that would reduce the fast-growing global non-communicable disease burden .
This review aims to estimate whether : i. financial incentives achieve sustained changes in smoking , eating , alcohol consumption and physical activity ; ii .
effectiveness is modified by ( a ) the target behavior , ( b ) incentive value and attainment certainty , ( c ) recipients ' deprivation level .
Dietary Patterns and Risk of Mortality From Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All Causes in a Prospective Cohort of Women
Background — The impact of overall dietary patterns that reflect actual eating behaviors on mortality caused by cardiovascular or other chronic diseases is largely unknown . Methods and Results — We prospect ively evaluated the relation between dietary patterns and risk of cardiovascular , cancer , and all-cause mortality among 72 113 women who were free of myocardial infa rct ion , angina , coronary artery surgery , stroke , diabetes mellitus , or cancer and were followed up from 1984 to 2002 . Dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis based on vali date d food frequency question naires administered every 2 to 4 years . Two major dietary patterns were identified : High prudent pattern scores represented high intakes of vegetables , fruit , legumes , fish , poultry , and whole grains , whereas high Western pattern scores reflected high intakes of red meat , processed meat , refined grains , french fries , and sweets/desserts . During 18 years of follow-up , 6011 deaths occurred , including 1154 cardiovascular deaths and 3139 cancer deaths . After multivariable adjustment , the prudent diet was associated with a 28 % lower risk of cardiovascular mortality ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 13 to 40 ) and a 17 % lower risk of all-cause mortality ( 95 % CI , 10 to 24 ) when the highest quintile was compared with the lowest quintile . In contrast , the Western pattern was associated with a higher risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease ( 22 % ; 95 % CI , 1 to 48 ) , cancer ( 16 % ; 95 % CI , 3 to 30 ) , and all causes ( 21 % ; 95 % CI , 12 to 32 ) . Conclusion — Greater adherence to the prudent pattern may reduce the risk of cardiovascular and total mortality , whereas greater adherence to the Western pattern may increase the risk among initially healthy women
Personal financial incentives can change habitual health-related behaviors and help reduce health inequalities .
However , their role in reducing disease burden is potentially limited given current evidence that effects dissipate beyond three months post-incentive removal
OBJECTIVES Uncertainty remains about whether personal financial incentives could achieve sustained changes in health-related behaviors that would reduce the fast-growing global non-communicable disease burden .
This review aims to estimate whether : i. financial incentives achieve sustained changes in smoking , eating , alcohol consumption and physical activity ; ii .
effectiveness is modified by ( a ) the target behavior , ( b ) incentive value and attainment certainty , ( c ) recipients ' deprivation level .