Based on the evidence review ed , low-CHO and very-low-CHO diets are not superior to other dietary approaches for weight loss .
These diets may have advantages related to appetite control , triglyceride reduction , and reduction in the use of medication in T2D management .
The evidence review ed showed mixed effects on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with some studies showing an increase .
There was no clear evidence for advantages regarding effects on other cardiometabolic risk markers .
Historically , low-carbohydrate ( CHO ) and very-low-CHO diets have been used for weight loss .
Recently , these diets have been promoted for type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) management .
This scientific statement provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence base available from recent systematic review s and meta-analyses on the effects of low-CHO and very-low-CHO diets on body weight , lipoprotein lipids , glycemic control , and other cardiometabolic risk factors .
Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric ketogenic diet in overweight and obese men.
BACKGROUND The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity posits that habitual consumption of a high-carbohydrate diet sequesters fat within adipose tissue because of hyperinsulinemia and results in adaptive suppression of energy expenditure ( EE ) . Therefore , isocaloric exchange of dietary carbohydrate for fat is predicted to result in increased EE , increased fat oxidation , and loss of body fat . In contrast , a more conventional view that " a calorie is a calorie " predicts that isocaloric variations in dietary carbohydrate and fat will have no physiologically important effects on EE or body fat . OBJECTIVE We investigated whether an isocaloric low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet ( KD ) is associated with changes in EE , respiratory quotient ( RQ ) , and body composition . DESIGN Seventeen overweight or obese men were admitted to metabolic wards , where they consumed a high-carbohydrate baseline diet ( BD ) for 4 wk followed by 4 wk of an isocaloric KD with clamped protein . Subjects spent 2 consecutive days each week residing in metabolic chambers to measure changes in EE ( EEchamber ) , sleeping EE ( SEE ) , and RQ . Body composition changes were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Average EE during the final 2 wk of the BD and KD periods was measured by doubly labeled water ( EEDLW ) . RESULTS Subjects lost weight and body fat throughout the study corresponding to an overall negative energy balance of ∼300 kcal/d . Compared with BD , the KD coincided with increased EEchamber ( 57 ± 13 kcal/d , P = 0.0004 ) and SEE ( 89 ± 14 kcal/d , P < 0.0001 ) and decreased RQ ( -0.111 ± 0.003 , P < 0.0001 ) . EEDLW increased by 151 ± 63 kcal/d ( P = 0.03 ) . Body fat loss slowed during the KD and coincided with increased protein utilization and loss of fat-free mass . CONCLUSION The isocaloric KD was not accompanied by increased body fat loss but was associated with relatively small increases in EE that were near the limits of detection with the use of state-of-the-art technology . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01967563
Based on the evidence review ed , low-CHO and very-low-CHO diets are not superior to other dietary approaches for weight loss .
These diets may have advantages related to appetite control , triglyceride reduction , and reduction in the use of medication in T2D management .
The evidence review ed showed mixed effects on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with some studies showing an increase .
There was no clear evidence for advantages regarding effects on other cardiometabolic risk markers .
Historically , low-carbohydrate ( CHO ) and very-low-CHO diets have been used for weight loss .
Recently , these diets have been promoted for type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) management .
This scientific statement provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence base available from recent systematic review s and meta-analyses on the effects of low-CHO and very-low-CHO diets on body weight , lipoprotein lipids , glycemic control , and other cardiometabolic risk factors .