We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .
Effects of different forms of dietary hydrogenated fats on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
BACKGROUND Metabolic studies suggest that fatty acids containing at least one double bond in the trans configuration , which are found in hydrogenated fat , have a detrimental effect on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels as compared with unsaturated fatty acids containing double bonds only in the cis configuration . We compared the effects of diets with a broad range of trans fatty acids on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels . METHODS Eighteen women and 18 men consumed each of six diets  in r and om order for 35-day periods . The foods were identical in each diet , and each diet provided 30 percent of calories as fat , with two thirds of the fat contributed as soybean oil ( < 0.5 g of trans fatty acid per 100 g of fat ) , semiliquid margarine ( < 0.5 g per 100 g ) , soft margarine ( 7.4 g per 100 g ) , shortening ( 9.9 g per 100 g ) , or stick margarine ( 20.1 g per 100 g ) . The effects of those diets on serum lipoprotein cholesterol , triglyceride , and apolipoprotein levels were compared with those of a diet enriched with butter , which has a high content of saturated fat . RESULTS The mean ( + /-SD ) serum low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol level was 177+/-32 mg per deciliter ( 4.58+/-0.85 mmol per liter ) and the mean high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol level was 45+/-10 mg per deciliter ( 1.2+/-0.26 mmol per liter ) after subjects consumed the butter-enriched diet . The LDL cholesterol level was reduced on average by 12 percent , 11 percent , 9 percent , 7 percent , and 5 percent , respectively , after subjects consumed the diets enriched with soybean oil , semiliquid margarine , soft margarine , shortening , and stick margarine ; the HDL cholesterol level was reduced by 3 percent , 4 percent , 4 percent , 4 percent , and 6 percent , respectively . Ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol were lowest after the consumption of the soybean-oil diet and semiliquid-margarine diet and highest after the stick-margarine diet . CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the consumption of products that are low in trans fatty acids and saturated fat has beneficial effects on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels
We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .