All 4 faces pain scales were found to be adequately supported by psychometric data .
When given a choice between faces scales , children preferred the WBFPRS .
Confounding of pain intensity with affect caused by use of smiling and crying anchor faces is a disadvantage of the WBFPRS .
: For clinical use , we found no grounds to switch from 1 faces scale to another when 1 of the scales is in use .
CONTEXT : Numerous faces scales have been developed for the measurement of  pain intensity in children .
It remains unclear whether any one of the faces scales is better for a particular purpose with regard to validity , reliability , feasibility , and preference .
OBJECTIVES : To summarize and systematic ally review faces pain scales most commonly used to obtain self-report of pain intensity in children for evaluation of reliability and validity and to compare the scales for preference and utility .
A randomized controlled trial of an at-home preparation programme for Japanese preschool children: effects on children's and caregivers' anxiety associated with surgery.
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the implementation of at-home psychological preparation programme for children and family prior to surgery can reduce anxiety for Japanese preschool children undergoing herniorrhaphy and their caregivers assessed as an appropriate outpatient care . METHODS Patients were r and omly assigned to either of two groups : the usual care group or the at-home preparation group . Both two groups viewed a patient-educational video for herniorrhaphy once as out patients with other patients prior to hospitalization . The control group later underwent surgery without any further preparation . The experimental group watched the same educational video at home again with an auxiliary booklet prior to hospitalization . Children 's anxiety was measured by the Wong-Baker FACES Rating Scale ( FACES Rating Scale ) , while caregivers ' anxiety was measured by the Spielberger 's State Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) . Both outcomes were measured repeatedly from pre-intervention to 1 month after surgery . RESULTS Of the eligible 161 patients participating , 158 ( 98.1 % ) were r and omly assigned to the control group ( n = 81 ) and the experimental group ( n = 77 ) , and 144 ( 89.4 % ) completed the study . The experimental group gained more information and knowledge about surgery from parents and showed significantly lower scores than the controls for FACES and STAI . CONCLUSION A specially design ed at-home preparation programme as an outpatient care is effective to encourage parent-child verbal interaction concerning surgery and reduce both children and caregivers ' anxiety associated with surgery
All 4 faces pain scales were found to be adequately supported by psychometric data .
When given a choice between faces scales , children preferred the WBFPRS .
Confounding of pain intensity with affect caused by use of smiling and crying anchor faces is a disadvantage of the WBFPRS .
: For clinical use , we found no grounds to switch from 1 faces scale to another when 1 of the scales is in use .
CONTEXT : Numerous faces scales have been developed for the measurement of  pain intensity in children .
It remains unclear whether any one of the faces scales is better for a particular purpose with regard to validity , reliability , feasibility , and preference .
OBJECTIVES : To summarize and systematic ally review faces pain scales most commonly used to obtain self-report of pain intensity in children for evaluation of reliability and validity and to compare the scales for preference and utility .