In brief , female atrial fibrillation patients more commonly present comorbidities , leading to a higher prevalence of persistent atrial fibrillation ; moreover , they refer to hospital care later and with a longer disease history .
Atrial fibrillation symptoms relate to low quality of life in female patients ; in fact , atrial fibrillation paroxysm usually presents higher heart rate , leading to preferentially adopt a rate rather than a rhythm-control strategy .
Female atrial fibrillation patients present an increased risk of stroke , worsened by the lower  oral anticoagulant prescription rate related to the concomitant higher haemorrhagic risk profile .
Trans-catheter ablation is under-used in female patients and , on the contrary , they are more commonly affected by anti-arrhythmic drug side effects
Atrial fibrillation is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia .
Its prevalence increases with age and preferentially affects male patients .
Over 75 years of age , however , female patients being more prevalent , the absolute number of patients affected is similar between sexes .
Despite this , few data are available in the literature concerning sex-related differences in atrial fibrillation patients .
The present systematic review therefore considers comorbidities , referring symptoms , quality of life , pharmacological approaches  and  trans-catheter ablation  in female rather than in male atrial fibrillation patients in search of parameters that may have an impact on the treatment outcome .
Cycling of inducibility of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in women and its implications for timing of electrophysiologic procedures.
Arrhythmias in women may be affected by phases of the menstrual cycle . This study was design ed to determine the prevalence of perimenstrual clustering of spontaneous episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ( SVT ) in women . It also tested the hypothesis that women with this temporal pattern of events have an altered probability of induction of paroxysmal SVT during electrophysiologic testing at higher estrogen states ( midcycle or with estrogen replacement therapy ) than at low estrogen states ( perimenstrual or without estrogen replacement ) . A structured history of the relation of spontaneous paroxysmal SVTs to phases of the menstrual cycle was obtained prospect ively among 42 women referred during a 3-year period . Patients with cyclical patterns of spontaneous tachycardias , who had had negative electrophysiologic studies at midcycle or while receiving estrogen replacement therapy  , had repeat procedures ( 1 ) when premenstrual or at the onset of menses , or ( 2 ) after stopping estrogen replacement therapy . Seventeen of 42 consecutive female patients ( 40 % ) had histories of perimenstrual clustering of arrhythmias . Six women ( 4 with normal menstrual cycles , 2 on estrogen replacement therapy )  , who qualified for paired electrophysiologic studies because of a negative initial electrophysiologic study that included provocation with isoproterenol , had inducibility into SVTs during the second study . All 6 had dual atrioventricular ( AV ) nodal pathway physiology , 4 had AV nodal reentrant tachycardia ( AVNRT ) induced , 1 had both AVNRT and reciprocating AV tachycardias , and 1 had nonsustained AVNRT and an atrial tachycardia induced . Successful ablation procedures were performed in 5 of the 6 patients . Thus , among women with a history of perimenstrual clustering of paroxysmal SVT and among those receiving estrogen replacement therapy , scheduling of elective electrophysiologic procedures at times of low estrogen levels ( premenstrual or off estrogen replacement therapy ) may facilitate the probability of a successful procedure
In brief , female atrial fibrillation patients more commonly present comorbidities , leading to a higher prevalence of persistent atrial fibrillation ; moreover , they refer to hospital care later and with a longer disease history .
Atrial fibrillation symptoms relate to low quality of life in female patients ; in fact , atrial fibrillation paroxysm usually presents higher heart rate , leading to preferentially adopt a rate rather than a rhythm-control strategy .
Female atrial fibrillation patients present an increased risk of stroke , worsened by the lower  oral anticoagulant prescription rate related to the concomitant higher haemorrhagic risk profile .
Trans-catheter ablation is under-used in female patients and , on the contrary , they are more commonly affected by anti-arrhythmic drug side effects
Atrial fibrillation is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia .
Its prevalence increases with age and preferentially affects male patients .
Over 75 years of age , however , female patients being more prevalent , the absolute number of patients affected is similar between sexes .
Despite this , few data are available in the literature concerning sex-related differences in atrial fibrillation patients .
The present systematic review therefore considers comorbidities , referring symptoms , quality of life , pharmacological approaches  and  trans-catheter ablation  in female rather than in male atrial fibrillation patients in search of parameters that may have an impact on the treatment outcome .