Emerging cardiovascular risk factors/markers such as proinflammatory cytokines , C-reactive protein , and adipokines are also increased in GHD patients .
Increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have also been reported in GHD .
GH treatment has been shown to improve both traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors and markers .
The GHD population may be considered at high cardiovascular risk , and GH substitution may be expected to bring an added value to patients with hypopituitarism in terms of cardiovascular protection .
CONTEXT GH deficiency ( GHD ) of the adult is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of several traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors that can significantly increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality .
It is still an open issue whether GH replacement is able not only to improve cardiovascular risk factors but also to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality .
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS In untreated GHD , cardiovascular risk is increased due to abnormal lipid profile ( increased total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , increased triglycerides , and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ) and impaired glucose metabolism .
C-reactive protein and the risk of developing hypertension.
CONTEXT Although it has been hypothesized that hypertension is in part an inflammatory disorder , clinical data linking inflammation with incident hypertension are scarce . OBJECTIVE To examine whether C-reactive protein levels , a marker of systemic inflammation , are associated with incident hypertension . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A prospect i ve cohort study that began in 1992 of 20 525 female US health professionals aged 45 years or older who provided baseline blood sample s with initially normal levels of blood pressure ( BP ) ( systolic BP < 140 mm Hg and diastolic BP < 90 mm Hg , and no history of hypertension or antihypertensive medications ) and then followed up for a median of 7.8 years for the development of incident hypertension .  Plasma C-reactive protein levels were measured and baseline coronary risk factors were collected . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Incident hypertension , defined as either a new physician diagnosis , the initiation of antihypertensive treatment , or self-reported systolic BP of at least 140 mm Hg or a diastolic BP of at least 90 mm Hg . RESULTS During follow-up , 5365 women developed incident hypertension .  In crude models , the relative risks ( RRs ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) of developing hypertension from the lowest ( referent ) to the highest levels of baseline C-reactive protein were 1.00 , 1.25 ( 95 % CI , 1.14 - 1.40 ) , 1.51 ( 95 % CI , 1.35 - 1.68 ) , 1.90 ( 95 % CI , 1.72 - 2.11 ) , and 2.50 ( 95 % CI , 2.27 - 2.75 ) ( linear trend P<.001 ) . In fully adjusted models for coronary risk factors , the RRs and 95 % CIs were 1.00 , 1.07 ( 95 % CI , 0.95 - 1.20 ) , 1.17 ( 95 % CI , 1.04 - 1.31 ) , 1.30 ( 95 % CI , 1.17 - 1.45 ) , and 1.52 ( 95 % CI , 1.36 - 1.69 ) ( linear trend P<.001 ) . C-reactive protein was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing hypertension in all prespecified subgroups evaluated , including those with very low levels of baseline BP , as well as those with no traditional coronary risk factors . Similar results were found when treating C-reactive protein as a continuous variable and controlling for baseline BP . CONCLUSION C-reactive protein levels are associated with future development of hypertension , which suggests that hypertension is in part an inflammatory disorder
Emerging cardiovascular risk factors/markers such as proinflammatory cytokines , C-reactive protein , and adipokines are also increased in GHD patients .
Increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have also been reported in GHD .
GH treatment has been shown to improve both traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors and markers .
The GHD population may be considered at high cardiovascular risk , and GH substitution may be expected to bring an added value to patients with hypopituitarism in terms of cardiovascular protection .
CONTEXT GH deficiency ( GHD ) of the adult is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of several traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors that can significantly increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality .
It is still an open issue whether GH replacement is able not only to improve cardiovascular risk factors but also to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality .
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS In untreated GHD , cardiovascular risk is increased due to abnormal lipid profile ( increased total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , increased triglycerides , and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ) and impaired glucose metabolism .