Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .
Is adolescent smoking related to the density and proximity of tobacco outlets and retail cigarette advertising near schools?
OBJECTIVE To examine the quantity ( density ) and location ( proximity ) of  tobacco outlets and retail cigarette advertising  in high school neighborhoods and their association with school smoking prevalence . METHODS Data from the 135 high schools that participated in the 2005 - 2006 California Student Tobacco Survey were combined with retailer licensing data about the location of tobacco outlets within walking distance ( 1/2 mi or 805 m ) of the schools and with observations about the quantity of cigarette advertising in a r and om sample of those stores ( n=384 ) . Multiple regressions , adjusting for school and neighborhood demographics , tested the associations of high school smoking prevalence with the density of tobacco outlets and retail cigarette advertising and with the proximity of tobacco outlets to schools . RESULTS The prevalence of current smoking was 3.2 percentage points higher at schools in neighborhoods with the highest tobacco outlet density ( > 5 outlets ) than in neighborhoods without any tobacco outlets . The density of retail cigarette advertising  in school neighborhoods was similarly associated with high school smoking prevalence . However , neither the presence of a tobacco outlet within 1000 ft of a high school nor the distance to the nearest tobacco outlet from school was associated with smoking prevalence . CONCLUSIONS Policy efforts to reduce  adolescent smoking  should aim to reduce the density of tobacco outlets and retail cigarette advertising  in school neighborhoods . This may be achieved through local zoning ordinances , including limiting the proximity of tobacco outlets to schools
Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .