Summary Vitamin K may affect  bone mineral density and fracture incidence .
Since publication of a previous systematic review the integrity of some of the previous evidence has been question ed and further trials have been published .
Introduction This systematic review was design ed to assess the effectiveness of oral vitamin K supplementation for increasing bone mineral density  and reducing fractures in adults .
Possible site-specific effect of an intervention combining nutrition and lifestyle counselling with consumption of fortified dairy products on bone mass: the Postmenopausal Health Study II
The aim of the present study was to examine whether a holistic approach combining nutrition and lifestyle counselling with the consumption of milk and yoghurt enriched with calcium , vitamin D3 and phylloquinone ( vitamin K1 ) or menaquinone ( vitamin K2 ) would have any additional benefit on bone mineral density ( BMD ) indices measured at various skeletal sites using two different techniques , dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and quantitative ultrasonography ( QUS ) . A sample of 115 postmenopausal women were r and omized to three intervention groups , receiving daily via fortified milk and yoghurt and for 12 months , 800 mg calcium and 10 μg vitamin D3 ( CaD group , n = 26 ) ; 800 mg calcium , 10 μg vitamin D3 and 100 μg vitamin K1 ( CaDK1 group , n = 26 ) ; 800 mg calcium , 10 μg vitamin D3 and 100 μg vitamin K2 ( CaDK2 group , n = 24 ) ; and a control group ( CO group , n = 39 ) following their usual diet . All three intervention groups attended biweekly nutrition and lifestyle counselling sessions . Total BMD significantly increased in all three intervention groups and these changes were significantly higher compared to the CO ( P < 0.001 ) . Furthermore , the significant increases observed for L2–L4 BMD in the CaDK1 and CaDK2 groups were found to be significantly higher compared to the decrease observed in the CO ( P = 0.001 ) . No significant differences were observed for QUS parameters . The combined approach used in the current study led to favourable changes for all three intervention groups in total body BMD , while an additional benefit was observed for L2–L4 BMD in CaDK1 and CaDK2 groups . No significant differences were observed among groups in any of the QUS parameters
Summary Vitamin K may affect  bone mineral density and fracture incidence .
Since publication of a previous systematic review the integrity of some of the previous evidence has been question ed and further trials have been published .
Introduction This systematic review was design ed to assess the effectiveness of oral vitamin K supplementation for increasing bone mineral density  and reducing fractures in adults .