Meta-regression did not show any significant association between the RR for NEC or LOS and the RR for BPD .
In conclusion , our results suggest that NEC and LOS prevention by probiotics does not affect the risk of developing BPD in preterm infants
Probiotic supplementation reduces the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC ) and late-onset sepsis ( LOS )  in preterm infants , but it remains to be determined whether this reduction translates into a reduction of other complications .
We conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis to evaluate the possible role of probiotics in altering the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( BPD ) .
Nutrition of preterm infants in relation to bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Background The pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( BPD ) is multifactorial . In addition to prenatal inflammation , postnatal malnutrition also affects lung development . Methods A retrospective study was performed to analyse during the first two weeks of life the total , enteral and parenteral nutrition of  premature infants ( < 31 weeks , birth weight ≤1500 g ) born between 08/04 and 12/06 . Results Ninety-five premature infants were analysed : 26 with BPD ( 27 ± 1 weeks ) and 69 without BPD ( 28 ± 1 weeks ) . There was no statistical significant difference in the total intake of fluids , calories , glucose or protein and weight gain per day in both groups . The risk of developing BPD was slightly increased in infants with cumulative caloric intake below the minimal requirement of 1230 kcal/kg and a cumulative protein intake below 43.5 g/kg . Furthermore , the risk of developing BPD was significantly higher when infants had a cumulative fluid intake above the recommended 1840 ml/kg . In infants who developed BPD , the enteral nutrition was significantly lower than in non-BPD infants [ 456 ml/kg ( IQR 744 , 235 ) vs. 685 ( IQR 987 , 511 ) ] . Infants who did not develop BPD reached 50 % of total enteral feeding significantly faster [ 9.6 days vs. 11.5 ] . Conclusions Preterm infants developing BPD received less enteral feeding , even though it was well compensated by the parenteral nutrient supply . Data suggest that a critical minimal amount of enteral feeding is required to prevent development of BPD ; however , a large prospect i ve clinical study is needed to prove this assumption
Meta-regression did not show any significant association between the RR for NEC or LOS and the RR for BPD .
In conclusion , our results suggest that NEC and LOS prevention by probiotics does not affect the risk of developing BPD in preterm infants
Probiotic supplementation reduces the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC ) and late-onset sepsis ( LOS )  in preterm infants , but it remains to be determined whether this reduction translates into a reduction of other complications .
We conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis to evaluate the possible role of probiotics in altering the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( BPD ) .