This approach has been design ed to provide adequate analgesia while minimizing exposure to adverse events
Background : Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has advantages over the open procedure for postoperative pain .
However , a systematic review of postoperative pain management in this procedure has not been conducted .
Comparison of Three Morphine Regimens in Postsurgical Patients Using Patient-Controlled Analgesia
OBJECTIVE : To compare the efficacy and toxicity of three  patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA ) morphine regimens . DESIGN : A prospect i ve , r and omized , pilot study of three PCA morphine regimens : ( 1 ) 1 mg with 6-minute lockout ( n=10 ) , ( 2 ) 2 mg with 12-minute lockout ( n=12 ) , and ( 3 ) 2 mg with 20-minute lockout ( n=12 ) . SETTING : Large teaching institution . PARTICIPANTS : Thirty-four patients undergoing cholecystectomy or hysterectomy . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Pain scores ( 0 = no pain , 1 = mild pain , 2 = moderate pain , 3 = severe pain ) , sedation scores , analgesic consumption , and patient attempts ( patient activation of PCA device ) and injections ( doses actually delivered ) were evaluated using analysis of covariance . Distribution of pain and sedation scores and adverse effects were assessed using Fisher 's exact test . RESULTS : Data on 24 patients were evaluable . Six patients withdrew for poor pain control  ( 2 in group 1 , 1 in group 2 , and 3 in group 3 ) . Three other patients withdrew because of adverse effects and 1 withdrew because of pump problems . Mean morphine consumption did not differ significantly among the groups . Distribution of pain and sedation scores and the number of patients with nausea were similar across treatment groups . The mean injection to attempt ratio was significantly smaller in group 3 ( 0.71 ± 0.11 ) compared with groups 1 and 2 ( 0.9 ± 0.06 and 0.83 ± 0.09 , respectively ; p=0.001 ) . Adverse events occurred similarly among treatment groups . CONCLUSIONS : No significant differences in the efficacy or toxicity of the three morphine PCA regimens were identified
This approach has been design ed to provide adequate analgesia while minimizing exposure to adverse events
Background : Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has advantages over the open procedure for postoperative pain .
However , a systematic review of postoperative pain management in this procedure has not been conducted .