Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .
A randomized controlled pilot study assessing the feasibility of combined motor–cognitive training and its effect on gait characteristics in the elderly
Objective : ( 1 ) To develop a motor – cognition training programme ; ( 2 ) to evaluate the ability to recruit and retain elderly people ; ( 3 ) to assess the effects of the interventions . Design : Pilot r and omized controlled trial . Setting : Assisted living facility . Participants : Sixteen subjects ( 11 female ) living in an assisted living facility were r and omized to a motor or motor – cognition group . Interventions : Both groups received machine-driven strength training and balance exercises for 45 minutes , twice weekly , for 12 weeks . In addition , the motor – cognition group received computerized training for attention 3–5 times per week for 10 weeks . Main outcome measures : Baseline and post-intervention ( 12 weeks ) assessment s focused on recruitment , attrition and adherence . Secondary outcome measures assessed dual-task costs of gait ( velocity , cadence , step time , step length ) , exp and ed timed get-up- and -go , falls efficacy and reaction time . Results : Of 35 subjects initially approached , 16 started and 14 completed the study , result ing in 46 % recruitment , 19 % attrition and > 80 % adherence rates . There is more evidence of altered levels in the motor – cognitive treatment group with significant differences in average change for fear of falling ( P = 0.017 ) and foot reaction time ( P = 0.046 ) . No statistical significance was reached for gait parameters . Conclusions : Motor – cognition training is feasible and shows trends to stronger improvement in walking and reaction time . The application in a main study is deemed feasible . A minimum of ±55 subjects per group are required to achieve a power of 80 % at the 5 % level of significance based on step length and considering the expectable attrition rate in a required larger scale study
Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .