HT treatment with estrogens alone or in combination with progestogens was associated with a small to moderate improvement in sexual function , particularly in pain , when used in women with menopausal symptoms or in early postmenopause ( within five years of amenorrhoea ) , but not in unselected postmenopausal women .
The current evidence does not suggest an important effect of tibolone or of SERMs alone or combined with estrogens on sexual function .
BACKGROUND The perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods are associated with many symptoms , including sexual complaints .
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of hormone therapy ( HT ) on  sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women .
One-year long-term safety extension study of ospemifene for the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women with a uterus
Objective The aim of this study was to assess the safety of ospemifene , a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator , for the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women with a uterus . Methods In this multicenter , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , long-term safety extension study , nonhysterectomized women aged 40 to 80 years ( n = 180 ) received daily oral doses of placebo , ospemifene 30 mg/day , or ospemifene 60 mg/day for 40 weeks ( continued as blinded treatments from the initial 12-week pivotal efficacy study of ospemifene ) . The total treatment period was 52 weeks . Safety assessment s included adverse events , cervical Papanicolaou tests , endometrial histology , endometrial thickness , gynecological examination , breast palpation , mammography , physical examination , and clinical safety laboratory assessment s. Results No clinical ly significant adverse changes in safety assessment s were observed in any treatment group . Most treatment-emergent adverse events were mild or moderate in severity . Hot flushes , the most frequently occurring treatment-emergent adverse event related to the study drug , had a low discontinuation rate ( 1.6 % ) . No study participants discontinued because of endometrial or cervical pathology ; no endometrial findings were clinical ly meaningful . On week 52 , more than 95 % of endometrial biopsy sample s either were classified as atrophic or inactive or had insufficient tissue for diagnosis . There were no treatment-emergent adverse events of pelvic organ prolapse or venous thromboembolism . No cases of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma were observed . Only three participants ( 1.7 % ) taking ospemifene experienced vaginal bleeding or spotting , which was self-limiting . Conclusions Daily doses of ospemifene 30 mg and ospemifene 60 mg yielded few treatment-emergent adverse events and demonstrated no significant endometrial changes during the 1-year treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women with a uterus
HT treatment with estrogens alone or in combination with progestogens was associated with a small to moderate improvement in sexual function , particularly in pain , when used in women with menopausal symptoms or in early postmenopause ( within five years of amenorrhoea ) , but not in unselected postmenopausal women .
The current evidence does not suggest an important effect of tibolone or of SERMs alone or combined with estrogens on sexual function .
BACKGROUND The perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods are associated with many symptoms , including sexual complaints .
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of hormone therapy ( HT ) on  sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women .