Conclusions : Obesity is associated with lower risks after cardiac surgery , with consistent effects noted in multiple analyses attempting to address residual confounding and reverse causation
Background : In an apparent paradox , morbidity and mortality are lower in obese patients undergoing cardiac surgery  , although the nature of this association is unclear .
We sought to determine whether the obesity paradox observed in cardiac surgery is attributable to reverse epidemiology , bias , or confounding .
Effects of intensified lifestyle modification on the need for further revascularization after coronary angioplasty
In patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) , a rate of restenosis as high as 50 % is observed after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty ( PTCA ) . Frequently , this results in further revascularization procedures . Lifestyle intervention has been shown to slow the progression of CAD and to reduce cardiovascular events after myocardial infa rct ion . However , no information exists whether such treatment influences the rate of restenosis in patients with CAD . The present study was performed to investigate the effects of an intensified lifestyle intervention on the need for further revascularization procedures in patients with established CAD after successful PTCA
Conclusions : Obesity is associated with lower risks after cardiac surgery , with consistent effects noted in multiple analyses attempting to address residual confounding and reverse causation
Background : In an apparent paradox , morbidity and mortality are lower in obese patients undergoing cardiac surgery  , although the nature of this association is unclear .
We sought to determine whether the obesity paradox observed in cardiac surgery is attributable to reverse epidemiology , bias , or confounding .