In addition , AAS abuse result ed in structural and functional sperm changes , a reduction in testicular volume , gynecomastia , as well as clitoromegaly , menstrual irregularities , and subfertility .
Conclusion The majority of  AAS users demonstrated hypogonadism with persistently low gonadotropin and testosterone levels , lasting for several weeks to months after AAS withdrawal .
Anabolic and rogenic steroid use results in profound and prolonged effects on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users and potentially on fertility
Background Anabolic and rogenic steroids ( AAS ) are testosterone derivatives used by athletes and recreational users to improve athletic performance and /or enhance appearance .
Anabolic and rogenic steroids use may have serious and potentially irreversible adverse effects on different organs and systems , including the reproductive system .
Objective This systematic review and meta- analysis aim ed to critically assess the impact of AAS use on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users .
Concomitant abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids and human chorionic gonadotrophin impairs spermatogenesis in power athletes.
Abuse of anabolic and rogenic steroids ( AASs ) may be an aetiological factor in male infertility among recreational power athletes . They try to avoid AAS-induced deterioration in spermatogenesis by combining doses of human chorionic gonadotrophin ( HCG ) and /or antiestrogens with their AAS abuse . Eighteen healthy male power athletes using massive doses of AASs were recruited for the study . Semen sample s were collected during AAS abuse and 1.5 and 6 months after cessation of the abuse . They were also asked about their reproductive activity six years after the study . At the end of the AAS cycle , the sperm count was 33 + /- 49 x 10 ( 6 ) /ml ( mean + /- SD ) , and only one subject had azoospermia . At 1.5 months after cessation of the AAS cycles , the mean sperm concentration was 30 + /- 42 x 10 ( 6 ) /ml , and after six months 77 + /- 70 x 10 ( 6 ) /ml . There were significant differences between the sample drawn six months after cessation of AAS abuse and both sample s drawn during and 1.5 months after the abuse ( p < /= 0.05 , repeated measures of ANOVA ) . There was a significant positive correlation between  HCG dose during the cycle and the relative amount of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa ( r = 0.60 , p < 0.01 ) . The concomitant abuse of HCG and supraphysiological AAS dose cause transient impairment on semen quality in males , although spermatogenesis is maintained with this regimen despite prolonged abuse of massive doses of AAS
In addition , AAS abuse result ed in structural and functional sperm changes , a reduction in testicular volume , gynecomastia , as well as clitoromegaly , menstrual irregularities , and subfertility .
Conclusion The majority of  AAS users demonstrated hypogonadism with persistently low gonadotropin and testosterone levels , lasting for several weeks to months after AAS withdrawal .
Anabolic and rogenic steroid use results in profound and prolonged effects on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users and potentially on fertility
Background Anabolic and rogenic steroids ( AAS ) are testosterone derivatives used by athletes and recreational users to improve athletic performance and /or enhance appearance .
Anabolic and rogenic steroids use may have serious and potentially irreversible adverse effects on different organs and systems , including the reproductive system .
Objective This systematic review and meta- analysis aim ed to critically assess the impact of AAS use on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users .