RESULTS In ADHD patients the middle and inferior frontal gyri , basal ganglia , and cerebellum were most often affected by MPH .
The middle and inferior frontal gyri were frequently affected by MPH during inhibitory control tasks .
Throughout nine task-based fMRI studies investigating MPH 's effect on the brains of pediatric patients with ADHD , MPH result ed in increased activation within frontal lobes , basal ganglia , and cerebellum .
In most cases , this increase " normalized " activation of at least some brain areas to that seen in typically developing children
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is a psychiatric disorder affecting 5 % of children .
Methylpheni date ( MPH ) is a common medication for ADHD .
Studies examining MPH 's effect on pediatric ADHD patients ' brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) have not been compiled .
The goals of this systematic review were to determine ( 1 ) which areas of the brain in pediatric ADHD patients are modulated by a single dose of MPH , ( 2 ) whether areas modulated by MPH differ by task type performed during fMRI data acquisition , and ( 3 ) whether changes in brain activation due to MPH relate to clinical improvements in ADHD-related symptoms .
Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study.
BACKGROUND Our objective was to estimate the lifetime prevalence of psychopathology in a sample of youth with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) through young adulthood using contemporaneous diagnostic and analytic techniques . METHOD We conducted a case-control , 10-year prospect i ve study of ADHD youth . At baseline , we assessed consecutively referred male , Caucasian children with ( n=140 ) and without ( n=120 ) DSM-III-R ADHD , aged 6 - 18 years , ascertained from psychiatric and pediatric sources to allow for generalizability of results . At the 10-year follow-up , 112 ( 80 % ) and 105 ( 88 % ) of the ADHD and control children , respectively , were reassessed ( mean age 22 years ) . We created the following categories of psychiatric disorders : Major Psychopathology ( mood disorders and psychosis ) , Anxiety Disorders , Antisocial Disorders ( conduct , oppositional-defiant , and antisocial personality disorder ) , Developmental Disorders ( elimination , language , and tics disorder ) , and Substance Dependence Disorders ( alcohol , drug , and nicotine dependence ) , as measured by blinded structured diagnostic interview . RESULTS The lifetime prevalence for all categories of psychopathology were significantly greater in ADHD young adults compared to controls , with hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of 6.1 ( 3.5 - 10.7 ) , 2.2 ( 1.5 - 3.2 ) , 5.9 ( 3.9 - 8.8 ) , 2.5 ( 1.7 - 3.6 ) , and 2.0 ( 1.3 - 3.0 ) , respectively , for the categories described above . CONCLUSIONS By their young adult years , ADHD youth were at high risk for a wide range of adverse psychiatric outcomes including markedly elevated rates of antisocial , addictive , mood and anxiety disorders . These prospect i ve findings provide further evidence for the high morbidity associated with ADHD across the life-cycle and stress the importance of early recognition of this disorder for prevention and intervention strategies
RESULTS In ADHD patients the middle and inferior frontal gyri , basal ganglia , and cerebellum were most often affected by MPH .
The middle and inferior frontal gyri were frequently affected by MPH during inhibitory control tasks .
Throughout nine task-based fMRI studies investigating MPH 's effect on the brains of pediatric patients with ADHD , MPH result ed in increased activation within frontal lobes , basal ganglia , and cerebellum .
In most cases , this increase " normalized " activation of at least some brain areas to that seen in typically developing children
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is a psychiatric disorder affecting 5 % of children .
Methylpheni date ( MPH ) is a common medication for ADHD .
Studies examining MPH 's effect on pediatric ADHD patients ' brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) have not been compiled .
The goals of this systematic review were to determine ( 1 ) which areas of the brain in pediatric ADHD patients are modulated by a single dose of MPH , ( 2 ) whether areas modulated by MPH differ by task type performed during fMRI data acquisition , and ( 3 ) whether changes in brain activation due to MPH relate to clinical improvements in ADHD-related symptoms .