Comparison of PO diets with diets rich in stearic acid , monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) , and polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) showed significantly higher TC , LDL cholesterol , apolipoprotein B , HDL cholesterol , and apolipoprotein A-I , whereas most of the same biomarkers were significantly lower when compared with diets rich in myristic/lauric acid .
Comparison of PO-rich diets with diets rich in trans fatty acids showed significantly higher concentrations of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I and significantly lower apolipoprotein B , triacylglycerols , and TC/HDL cholesterol .
Stratified and meta-regression analyses showed that the higher concentrations of TC and LDL cholesterol , when PO was substituted for MUFAs and PUFAs , were not significant in young people and in subjects with diets with a lower percentage of energy from fat .
Both favorable and unfavorable changes in CHD/CVD risk markers occurred when PO was substituted for the primary dietary fats , whereas only favorable changes occurred when PO was substituted for trans fatty acids .
BACKGROUND Palm oil ( PO ) may be an unhealthy fat because of its high saturated fatty acid content .
OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the effect of substituting PO for other primary dietary fats on blood lipid-related markers of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) .
Role of lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype in atherogenesis: prospective results from the Bruneck study.
BACKGROUND Experimental studies have suggested both atherogenic and thrombogenic properties of lipoprotein(a ) [ Lp(a ) ] , depending on Lp(a ) plasma concentrations and varying antifibrinolytic capacity of apolipoprotein(a ) [ apo(a ) ] isoforms . Epidemiological studies may contribute to assessment of the relevance of these findings in the general population . METHODS AND RESULTS This study prospect ively investigated the association between Lp(a ) plasma concentrations , apo(a ) phenotypes , and the  5-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis assessed by high-resolution duplex ultrasound in a r and om sample population of 826 individuals . We differentiated early atherogenesis ( incident nonstenotic atherosclerosis ) from advanced ( stenotic ) stages in atherosclerosis that originate mainly from atherothrombotic mechanisms . Lp(a ) plasma concentrations predicted the risk of early atherogenesis in a dose-dependent fashion , with this association being confined to subjects with LDL cholesterol levels above the population median ( 3.3 mmol/L ) . Apo(a ) phenotypes were distributed similarly in subjects with and without early carotid atherosclerosis . In contrast , apo(a ) phenotypes of low molecular weight emerged as one of the strongest risk predictors of advanced stenotic atherosclerosis , especially when associated with high Lp(a ) plasma concentrations ( odds ratio , 6.4 ; 95 % CI , 2.8 to 14 . 9 ) . CONCLUSIONS Lp(a ) is one of the few risk factors capable of promoting both early and advanced stages of atherogenesis . Lp(a ) plasma concentrations predicted the risk of early atherogenesis synergistically with high LDL cholesterol . Low-molecular-weight apo(a ) phenotypes with a putatively high antifibrinolytic capacity in turn emerged as one of the leading risk conditions of advanced stenotic stages of atherosclerosis
Comparison of PO diets with diets rich in stearic acid , monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) , and polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) showed significantly higher TC , LDL cholesterol , apolipoprotein B , HDL cholesterol , and apolipoprotein A-I , whereas most of the same biomarkers were significantly lower when compared with diets rich in myristic/lauric acid .
Comparison of PO-rich diets with diets rich in trans fatty acids showed significantly higher concentrations of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I and significantly lower apolipoprotein B , triacylglycerols , and TC/HDL cholesterol .
Stratified and meta-regression analyses showed that the higher concentrations of TC and LDL cholesterol , when PO was substituted for MUFAs and PUFAs , were not significant in young people and in subjects with diets with a lower percentage of energy from fat .
Both favorable and unfavorable changes in CHD/CVD risk markers occurred when PO was substituted for the primary dietary fats , whereas only favorable changes occurred when PO was substituted for trans fatty acids .
BACKGROUND Palm oil ( PO ) may be an unhealthy fat because of its high saturated fatty acid content .
OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the effect of substituting PO for other primary dietary fats on blood lipid-related markers of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) .