Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .
Ultrasound assessment of gastric volume in critically ill patients
Purpose To assess the feasibility and validity of ultrasonographic measurement of gastric antral cross-sectional area ( usCSA ) in critically ill patients to predict gastric volume and the use of computed tomography ( CT ) as a reference to measure gastric volume . Method This single-center , prospect i ve , cross-sectional study included 55 critically ill patients who had an abdominal CT scan . usCSA measurements were performed within the hour preceding the CT scan .  Gastric volumes were measured on the CT scan using semiautomatic software . The feasibility rate , performing conditions ( % “ good ” and “ poor ” ) , internal and external validity of antral usCSA measurements , performed by an ICU physician , were assessed to predict gastric volume . Results Antral usCSA measurements were feasible in 95 % of cases and were positively correlated with gastric volume measured by the CT scan when performed in “ good ” conditions ( 65 % ) ( r = 0.43 ) . There was good reproducibility of measurements ( intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.97 , CI 95 % 0.96–0.99 ) and there was clinical ly acceptable agreement between measurements performed by radiologists and intensivists ( bias −0.12 cm2 ) . The receiver operating characteristic curve identified a cutoff value of 3.6 cm2 that discriminated an “ at-risk stomach ” ( volume > 0.8 mL/kg ) at a sensitivity of 76 % and a specificity of 78 % . Conclusions Ultrasonographic measurement of antral CSA is feasible and reliable in the majority of critically ill patients . This technique could be useful to manage critically ill patients at risk of aspiration or with enteral feeding
Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .