Evidence for anxiety , psychological stress , psychological well-being , subjective well-being and social isolation and loneliness varied in volume and effectiveness , but no harmful effects were identified .
The setting and context of walking seems to be important variables .
Background / objectives Walking has well-established positive relationships with , and effects on , physical health .
In contrast , while poor mental health contributes substantially to global health burden , an overview of the benefits from walking has not previously been published .
We aim ed to scope the literature and present what is known , and highlight what is not known , about walking and mental health .
Self-rated walking pace and all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality: individual participant pooled analysis of 50 225 walkers from 11 population British cohorts
Background / objectives Walking pace is associated with risk of premature mortality . However , whether this relationship is independent of total volume of physical activity and highest physical activity intensity remains unclear . We examined the associations between  walking pace  and cause-specific mortality , investigating the potential modifying effect of factors such as total physical activity volume , highest physical activity intensity , age , sex and body mass index ( BMI ) . Methods Prospect i ve pooled analysis of 11 population -based baseline surveys in Engl and and Scotl and between 1994 and 2008 that were linked with mortality records . Multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models examined associations between  walking pace  ( slow , average , brisk/fast ) and all-cause , cancer and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) mortality . Results 50 225 walkers were entered in the core analyses . Among participants who did not experience an event in the first 2 years of follow-up ( n=49 731 ) , walking at an average or brisk/fast pace was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause ( 20 % ( 95 % CI 12 % to 28 % ) and 24 % ( 95 % CI 13 % to 33 % ) , respectively ) and CVD mortality ( 24 % ( 95 % CI 9 % to 36 % ) and 21 % ( 95 % CI 1 % to 38 % ) , respectively ) , compared with reporting walking at a slow pace . In stratified analyses , such associations were evident among those over 50 years , those not meeting the physical activity recommendations and those who did not undertake vigorous-intensity activity . There were no interactions by sex or BMI . No associations were seen between pace and cancer mortality . Conclusion Walking benefits health . Assuming causality , these analyses suggest that increasing walking pace could reduce risk for all-cause and CVD mortality .  Walking pace could be emphasised in public health messages , especially in situations when increase in walking volume or frequency is less feasible
Evidence for anxiety , psychological stress , psychological well-being , subjective well-being and social isolation and loneliness varied in volume and effectiveness , but no harmful effects were identified .
The setting and context of walking seems to be important variables .
Background / objectives Walking has well-established positive relationships with , and effects on , physical health .
In contrast , while poor mental health contributes substantially to global health burden , an overview of the benefits from walking has not previously been published .
We aim ed to scope the literature and present what is known , and highlight what is not known , about walking and mental health .