The majority of studies were observational in nature and showed a reduction in energy intake following surgery , as well as inadequate intakes of micronutrients and protein , and an excessive intake of fats .
There was evidence of nutrient imbalances , suboptimal compliance with multivitamin and mineral supplementation , and limited follow-up of patients .
The current evidence base suggests that despite being effective in reducing energy intake , bariatric surgery can result in unbalanced diets , inadequate micronutrient and protein intakes , and excessive intakes of fats .
In combination with suboptimal adherence to multivitamin and mineral supplementation , this may contribute to nutritional deficiencies and weight regain .
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for morbid obesity .
These procedures change the gastrointestinal system with the aim of reducing dietary intake .
Improving diet quality is essential in maintaining nutritional health and achieving long-term benefits from the surgery .
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between bariatric surgery and diet quality at least 1 year after surgery .
Do Bariatric Patients Follow Dietary and Lifestyle Recommendations during the First Postoperative Year?
Background Data on adherence to postoperative lifestyle recommendations by bariatric patients are scarce . Thus , the aim of this study was to evaluate adherence to selected recommendations during the first year following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy ( LSG ) surgery . Methods A prospect i ve cohort study with 12 months of follow-up on 100 LSG patients was conducted . Data were collected at baseline and at 3 ( M3 ) , 6 ( M6 ) , and 12 ( M12 ) months post-surgery and included anthropometrics , biochemical tests , food intake , food tolerance , common surgery-related side effects , physical activity ( PA ) , supplementation , and number of follow-up meetings with a dietitian .  Results Data were available for 77 patients ( 57.1 % women , mean age 43.1 ± 9.3 years and preoperative BMI 42.1 ± 4.8 kg/m2 ) . Only a minority of the patients adhered to the recommended protein intake ≥60 g/day at all time points ( ≤40.3 % ) and ≥6 meetings with a dietitian at M12 ( 41.6 % ) . Half of the patients performed ≥150 min/week of PA at all time points ( ≤50.6 % ) as recommended . PA of ≥150 min/week was associated with better lipid and glucose changes at M6 and M12 ( P ≤ 0.044 ) . Most of the patients adhered to the recommended supplementation at all time points ( ≥57.1 % ) . Adherence to supplementation at M12 was significantly associated with higher serum levels of folic acid , iron , hemoglobin , and vitamins D and B12 ( P ≤ 0.056 for all ) . Adherence to all recommendations was not significantly associated with excess weight loss ≥60 % at M12 ( P ≥ 0.195 for all ) . Conclusion Bariatric patients have medium to high adherence to the major lifestyle recommendations during the first year following LSG ; however , adherence to those recommendations was not related to better weight loss at short-term follow-up . Adherence to recommended supplementation was associated with better micronutrient status 1 year postoperatively
The majority of studies were observational in nature and showed a reduction in energy intake following surgery , as well as inadequate intakes of micronutrients and protein , and an excessive intake of fats .
There was evidence of nutrient imbalances , suboptimal compliance with multivitamin and mineral supplementation , and limited follow-up of patients .
The current evidence base suggests that despite being effective in reducing energy intake , bariatric surgery can result in unbalanced diets , inadequate micronutrient and protein intakes , and excessive intakes of fats .
In combination with suboptimal adherence to multivitamin and mineral supplementation , this may contribute to nutritional deficiencies and weight regain .
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for morbid obesity .
These procedures change the gastrointestinal system with the aim of reducing dietary intake .
Improving diet quality is essential in maintaining nutritional health and achieving long-term benefits from the surgery .
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between bariatric surgery and diet quality at least 1 year after surgery .