D and PA+D  interventions had larger effects on glucose reduction  than PA alone .
Lifestyle  interventions significantly improved FPG , HbA1c , FI , HOMA-IR , and bodyweight among adults without IGT or diabetes , and might reduce progression of hyperglycemia to type 2 diabetes mellitus
This study systematic ally assessed the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions on glycemic indicators among adults ( ⩾18years ) without IGT or diabetes .
A comparison of the effects of swimming and walking on body weight, fat distribution, lipids, glucose, and insulin in older women--the Sedentary Women Exercise Adherence Trial 2.
All types of aerobic exercise are assumed to affect cardiovascular risk similarly . There are few studies of swimming , but complex responses to water-based exercise suggest its potential for differential effects . The aim of the study was to compare the effects of swimming and walking on fitness , body weight , lipids , glucose , and insulin in older women . Sedentary women aged 50 to 70 years ( N = 116 ) , r and omly assigned to swimming or walking plus usual care or a behavioral intervention , completed 3 sessions per week of moderate-intensity exercise , supervised for 6 months then unsupervised for 6 months . After 6 months , 1.6-km walk time decreased in walkers and swimmers , with greater improvement in walkers ( 1.0 vs 0.6 minute , P = .001 ) . In swimmers , but not walkers , distance swum in 12 minutes increased ( 78.1 vs -2.2 m , P = .021 ) . Waist and hip circumferences ( 80.8 vs 83.1 cm and 101.8 vs 102.4 cm ; P = .023 and P = .042 , respectively ) and insulin area under the curve ( oral glucose tolerance test ) ( 5128 vs 5623 μU/[L 120 min ] , P < .05 ) were lower with swimming . Lipids did not differ between groups . At 12 months , fitness was maintained . Relative to walking , swimming  reduced body weight by ( 1.1 kg , P = .039 ) and result ed in lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( 0.3 and 0.2 mmol/L ; P = .040 and P = .049 , respectively ) . The magnitude of the difference in the reduction of insulin area under the curve between swimming and walking was greater at 12 months ; however , the significance was attenuated ( 4677 vs 5240 μU/[L 120 min ] , P = .052 ) . Compared with walking , swimming  improved body weight , body fat distribution , and insulin in the short term and , in the longer term , body weight and lipid measures . These findings suggest that the type of exercise can influence health benefits
D and PA+D  interventions had larger effects on glucose reduction  than PA alone .
Lifestyle  interventions significantly improved FPG , HbA1c , FI , HOMA-IR , and bodyweight among adults without IGT or diabetes , and might reduce progression of hyperglycemia to type 2 diabetes mellitus
This study systematic ally assessed the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions on glycemic indicators among adults ( ⩾18years ) without IGT or diabetes .