The results revealed that findings are becoming increasingly nuanced with variations in levels of evidence related to ages of the children and characteristics of the specific treatment .
In addition , we focused our critique on generalization of treatment effects across setting s and time and on sample diversity ( with regard to ethnicity and levels of parent education ) in relation to the population .
Children of parents with higher levels of education than average appear to be overrepresented in the literature .
The purpose of this research was to up date the series of articles on evidence -based treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder that have appeared in this journal ( Evans , Owens & Bunford , 2014 ; Pelham & Fabiano , 2008 ; Pelham , Wheeler , & Chronis , 1998 ) .
Parent training for preschool ADHD: a randomized controlled trial of specialized and generic programs.
BACKGROUND The ' New Forest Parenting Package ' ( NFPP ) , an 8-week home-based intervention for parents of preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , fosters constructive parenting to target ADHD-related dysfunctions in attention and impulse control . Although NFPP has improved parent and laboratory measures of ADHD in community sample s of children with ADHD-like problems , its efficacy in a clinical sample , and relative to an active treatment comparator , is unknown . The aims are to evaluate the short- and long-term efficacy and generalization effects of NFPP compared to an established clinic-based parenting intervention for treating noncompliant behavior [ ' Helping the Noncompliant Child ' ( HNC ) ] in young children with ADHD . METHODS A r and omized controlled trial with three parallel arms was the design for this study . A total of 164 3 - 4-year-olds , 73.8 % male , meeting DSM-IV ADHD diagnostic criteria were r and omized to NFPP  ( N = 67 ) , HNC ( N = 63 ) , or wait-list control ( WL , N = 34 ) . All participants were assessed at post-treatment . NFPP and HNC participants were assessed at follow-up in the next school year . Primary outcomes were ADHD ratings by teachers blind to and uninvolved in treatment , and by parents . Secondary ADHD outcomes included clinician assessment s , and laboratory measures of on-task behavior and delay of gratification . Other outcomes included parent and teacher ratings of oppositional behavior , and parenting measures . ( Trial name : Home-Based Parent Training in ADHD Preschoolers ; Registry : Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT01320098 ; URL : http://www/ clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01320098 ) . RESULTS In both treatment groups , children 's ADHD and ODD behaviors , as well as aspects of parenting , were rated improved by parents at the end of treatment compared to controls . Most of these gains in the children 's behavior and in some parenting practice s were sustained at follow-up . However , these parent-reported improvements were not corroborated by teacher ratings or objective observations . NFPP was not significantly better , and on a few outcomes significantly less effective , than HNC . CONCLUSIONS The results do not support the cl aim that NFPP addresses putative dysfunctions underlying ADHD , bringing about generalized change in ADHD , and its underpinning self-regulatory processes . The findings support documented difficulties in achieving generalization across nontargeted setting s , and the importance of using blinded measures to provide meaningful assessment s of treatment effects
The results revealed that findings are becoming increasingly nuanced with variations in levels of evidence related to ages of the children and characteristics of the specific treatment .
In addition , we focused our critique on generalization of treatment effects across setting s and time and on sample diversity ( with regard to ethnicity and levels of parent education ) in relation to the population .
Children of parents with higher levels of education than average appear to be overrepresented in the literature .
The purpose of this research was to up date the series of articles on evidence -based treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder that have appeared in this journal ( Evans , Owens & Bunford , 2014 ; Pelham & Fabiano , 2008 ; Pelham , Wheeler , & Chronis , 1998 ) .