Community-based programmes achieved good results for most risk factors except BMI and ( glycated haemoglobin ) HbA1c .
INTRODUCTION Although cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) prevention programmes have been effective in urban residents , their effectiveness in non-urban setting s , where cardio-metabolic risk is typically elevated , is unknown .
We systematic ally review ed the effectiveness of primary prevention programmes aim ed at reducing risk factors for CVD/T2DM , including blood pressure , body mass index ( BMI ) , blood lipid and glucose , diet , lifestyle , and knowledge in adults residing in non-urban areas .
The Otsego-Schoharie healthy heart program: prevention of cardiovascular disease in the rural US
Objectives : To describe a  rural , hospital-based public health intervention program and to evaluate its effectiveness in  cardiovascular disease ( CVD )  risk reduction using cross-sectional studies and a panel study . Methods : A rural population of 158,000 located in New York state comprised the intervention population . A similar but separate population was used for reference . A multifaceted , multimedia 5-year program provided health promotion and education initiatives to increase physical activity , decrease smoking , improve nutrition , and identify hypercholesterolemia and hypertension . To evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention , surveys were conducted at baseline in 1989 ( cross-sectional ) and at follow-up in 1994- 95 ( cross-sectional and panel ) . For cross-sectional studies , a r and om sample of adults was obtained using a three-stage cluster design . Self-reported and objective risk factor measurements were obtained . Comparison of pre- to post- changes in intervention versus reference population s was done using 2 × 2r and omized block ANOVA , 2 × 2 mixed ANOVA , and extension of the McNemar test . Results : Smoking prevalence declined ( from 27.9 % to 17.6 % ) in the intervention population . Significant adverse trends were observed for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides . Systolic blood pressure was reduced while diastolic blood pressure remained stable . Body mass index increased significantly in both population s. Conclusions : This rural , 5-year CVD community intervention program  decreased smoking . The risk reduction may be attributable to tailoring of a multifaceted approach ( multiple risk factors , multiple messages , and multiple population subgroups ) to a target rural population . The study period was too short to identify changes in CVD morbidity and mortality
Community-based programmes achieved good results for most risk factors except BMI and ( glycated haemoglobin ) HbA1c .
INTRODUCTION Although cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) prevention programmes have been effective in urban residents , their effectiveness in non-urban setting s , where cardio-metabolic risk is typically elevated , is unknown .
We systematic ally review ed the effectiveness of primary prevention programmes aim ed at reducing risk factors for CVD/T2DM , including blood pressure , body mass index ( BMI ) , blood lipid and glucose , diet , lifestyle , and knowledge in adults residing in non-urban areas .