Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .
Effect of conditioning methods on the microtensile bond strength of phosphate monomer-based cement on zirconia ceramic in dry and aged conditions.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the durability of bond strength between a resin cement and aluminous ceramic su bmi tted to various surface conditioning methods . Twenty-four blocks ( 5 x 5 x 4 mm(3 ) ) of a glass-infiltrated zirconia-alumina ceramic ( In-Ceram Zirconia Classic ) were r and omly divided into three surface treatment groups : ST1-Air-abrasion with 110-mum Al2O3 particles + silanization ; ST2-Laboratory tribochemical silica coating method ( 110-microm Al2O3 , 110-microm silica ) ( Rocatec ) + silanization ; ST3-Chairside tribochemical silica coating method ( 30-microm SiO(x ) ) ( CoJet ) + silanization . Each treated ceramic block was placed in its silicone mold with the treated surface exposed . The resin cement ( Panavia F ) was prepared and injected into the mold over the treated surface . Specimens were sectioned to achieve nontrimmed bar specimens ( 14 sp/block ) that were r and omly divided into two conditions : ( a ) Dry-microtensile test after sectioning ; ( b ) Thermocycling (TC)-(6,000x , 5 - 55 degrees C ) and water storage ( 150 days ) . Thus , six experimental groups were obtained ( n = 50 ) : Gr1-ST1 + dry ; Gr2-ST1 + TC ( ; ) Gr3-ST2 + dry ; Gr4-ST2 + TC ; Gr5-ST3 + dry ; Gr6-ST3 + TC . After microtensile testing , the failure types were noted . ST2 ( 25.1 + /- 11 ) and ST3 ( 24.1 + /- 7.4 ) presented statistically higher bond strength ( MPa ) than that of ST1 ( 17.5 + /- 8) regardless of aging conditions ( p < 0.0001 ) . While Gr2 revealed the lowest results ( 13.3 + /- 6.4 ) , the other groups ( 21.7 + /- 7.4 - 25 . 9 + /- 9.1 ) showed statistically no significant differences ( two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's test , alpha = 0.05 ) . The majority of the failures were mixed ( 82 % ) followed by adhesive failures ( 18 % ) . Gr2 presented significantly higher incidence of ADHESIVE failures ( 54 % ) than those of other groups ( p = 0.0001 ) . Both laboratory and chairside silica coating plus silanization showed durable bond strength . After aging , air-abrasion with 110-microm Al(2)O(3 ) + silanization showed the largest decrease indicating that aging is fundamental for bond strength testing for acid-resistant zirconia ceramics in order to estimate their long-term performance in the mouth
Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .