As for physical exercise modalities , aerobic exercise , but not other modalities , increased adiponectin and reduced leptin levels .
In conclusion , physical exercise and , specifically , aerobic exercise , leads to higher adiponectin and lower leptin levels  in prediabetic and diabetic adults .
It is speculated that lifestyle interventions known to improve diabetic metabolic state may exert their effects via adipokines .
The aim of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to evaluate the chronic effects of physical exercise on adiponectin and leptin levels in adult prediabetic and diabetic individuals .
Exercise training can modify the natural history of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
BACKGROUND Diabetes is the most important cause of peripheral neuropathy ( DPN ) . No definitive treatment for DPN has been established , and very few data on the role of exercise training on DPN have been reported . AIM OF THE STUDY We sought to examine the effects of long-term exercise training on the development of DPN in both Types 1 and 2 diabetic patients . PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Seventy-eight diabetic patients without signs and symptoms of peripheral DPN were enrolled , r and omized , and subdivided in two groups : 31 diabetic participants [ 15 f , 16 m ; 49+/-15.5 years old ; body mass index ( BMI ) = 27.9+/-4.7 ] , who performed a prescribed and supervised 4 h/week brisk walking on a treadmill at 50 % to 85 % of the heart rate reserve ( exercise group : EXE ) , and a  control group of 47 diabetic participants ( CON ; 24 f , 23 m ; 52.9+/-13.4 years old ; BMI = 30.9+/-8.4 ) .  Vibration perception threshold ( VPT ) , nerve distal latency ( DL ) , nerve conduction velocity ( NCV ) , and nerve action potential amplitude ( NAPA ) in the lower limbs were measured . RESULTS We found significant differences on Delta ( delta ) in NCV for both peroneal and sural motor nerve between the EXE and CON groups during the study period ( P<.001 , for both ) . The percentage of diabetic patients that developed motor neuropathy and sensory neuropathy during the 4 years of the study was significantly higher in the CON than the EXE group ( 17 % vs. 0.0 % , P<.05 , and 29.8 % vs. 6.45 % , P<.05 , respectively ) . In addition , the percentage of diabetic patients who developed increased VPT ( 25 V ) during the study was significantly higher in the CON than the EXE group ( 21.3 % vs. 12.9 % , P<.05 ) . Change on Hallux VPT from baseline to the end of the study was significantly different between the EXE and CON groups ( P<.05 ) ; no significant change in Malleolus VPT between the two groups occurred . CONCLUSIONS This study suggests , for the first time , that long-term aerobic exercise training can prevent the onset or modify the natural history of DPN
As for physical exercise modalities , aerobic exercise , but not other modalities , increased adiponectin and reduced leptin levels .
In conclusion , physical exercise and , specifically , aerobic exercise , leads to higher adiponectin and lower leptin levels  in prediabetic and diabetic adults .
It is speculated that lifestyle interventions known to improve diabetic metabolic state may exert their effects via adipokines .
The aim of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to evaluate the chronic effects of physical exercise on adiponectin and leptin levels in adult prediabetic and diabetic individuals .