Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .
The association of cigarette smoking with self-reported disease before middle age: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.
BACKGROUND Evidence that demonstrates the harmful effect of cigarette smoking during young adulthood is limited . Therefore , we assessed associations between cigarette smoking and several self-reported illnesses in a prospect i ve cohort study in healthy young adults . METHODS Data were derived from 4472 adults aged 18 to 30 years at baseline participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults ( CARDIA ) study and reexamined at least once after 7 , 10 , or 15 years . RESULTS Cigarette smoking in 1985 - 86 was related to self-reported smoking-related cancers , circulatory disease , and peptic ulcer . Incidence of these diseases was 9.3/1000 person years among current smokers vs. 4.5/1000 person years among never smokers with no exposure to passive smoke , relative risk ( adjusted for race , sex , education , and center ) 1.96 ( 1.42 - 2.70 ) . Assuming causal relationships , 32 % of these premature incidents were attributable to smoking . The relative risks of liver disease , migraine headache , depression , being ill the day before the examination , and chronic cough and phlegm production were also higher in smokers . CONCLUSIONS Smokers aged 18 - 30 followed for 7 to 15 years reported an excess of both major and minor ailments related to earlier and current smoking . Thus , prevention , cessation , and avoiding passive smoking should remain strong goals among young people
Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .