Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .
Correlation between simultaneous scintigraphic and ultrasonographic measurement of gastric emptying in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
OBJECTIVE To compare scintigraphic measurements of total stomach emptying of a semisolid meal with ultrasonographic measurements of changes in antral area as estimates of antral emptying in type 1 diabetic patients . METHODS Eleven patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were studied with simultaneous measurements of  gastric emptying  by scintigraphy and ultrasonography . Patients were imaged immediately after ingestion ( time 0 ) and every 15 minutes over 120 minutes . The gastric emptying rate was expressed as percent reduction in antral cross-sectional area from 15 to 90 minutes after meal ingestion . RESULTS Ultrasonographic measurements showed a postpr and ial maximal antral area at 15 minutes , continuously decreasing with time , and reaching a plateau 45 to 90 minutes after the end of meal ingestion , whereas the scintigraphic counts attained their maximum immediately after the meal and began to fall thereafter . Between 15 and 90 minutes , the residual radioactivity and antral ultrasonographically measured distension curves were concordant . The curves then showed a tendency toward deviation for the last 15 minutes ( median , 51 % versus 59 % at 105 minutes and 40 % versus 57 % at 120 minutes , respectively ) . A strong significant correlation could be seen between the ultrasonographic gastric emptying rate and scintigraphic half-time values ( r = -0.94 ; P < .001 ) . Comparing scintigraphic and ultrasonographic half-time values showed a systematic measurement error of 9.9 minutes and a r and om measurement error of 18.6 minutes . CONCLUSIONS The use of st and ardized real-time ultrasonography to determine the gastric emptying rate of semisolid meals in diabetic patients , with the use of the change in gastric antral cross-sectional area in a single section of the stomach 15 and 90 minutes postpr and ially , offers a valid method for clinical practice
Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .