Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .
Energy supplementation in the last trimester of pregnancy in East Java, Indonesia: effect on maternal anthropometry.
The effect of prenatal energy supplementation on  maternal anthropometry was assessed in a controlled , r and omized trial in Madura , East Java . At 26 - 28 wk of gestation women were either given 465 kcal/d ( HE group ) or 52 kcal/d ( LE group ) . Two hundred seventy-six women were enrolled in the HE group and 266 women , in the LE group .  Supplement intake was variable . Testing of effect by treatment and compliance was thus done by subcategories ( HE 1 - 3 and LE 1 - 3 , corresponding to less than 45 , 45 - 89 , and greater than or equal to 90 packets of supplement consumed ) . Analysis of variance did not show significant differences among the six subcategories in third-trimester weight gain , sum of skinfold thicknesses , 4-wk postpartum weight , or body mass index . In this population energy supplementation for the short duration of the last 90 - 110 d of pregnancy was not sufficient to improve maternal nutrition as judged by anthropometry
Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .