Significant heterogeneity was not observed by nut type or other factors .
Tree nut intake  lowers total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , ApoB , and triglycerides .
The major determinant of cholesterol lowering appears to be nut dose rather than nut type .
BACKGROUND The effects of nuts on major cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors , including dose-responses and potential heterogeneity by nut type or phytosterol content , are not well established .
OBJECTIVES We examined the effects of tree nuts ( walnuts , pistachios , macadamia nuts , pecans , cashews , almonds , hazelnuts , and Brazil nuts ) on blood lipids [ total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein , and triglycerides ] , lipoproteins [ apolipoprotein A1 , apolipoprotein B ( ApoB ) , and apolipoprotein B100 ] , blood pressure , and inflammation ( C-reactive protein ) in adults aged ≥18 y without prevalent CVD .
Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change: results from 3 prospective cohorts.
BACKGROUND Dietary guidelines recommend interchanging protein foods ( e.g. , chicken for red meat ) , but they may be exchanged for carbohydrate-rich foods varying in quality [ glycemic load ( GL ) ] . Whether such exchanges occur and how they influence long-term weight gain are not established . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine how changes in intake of protein foods , GL , and their interrelationship influence long-term weight gain . DESIGN We investigated the association between 4-y changes in consumption of protein foods , GL , and their interaction with 4-y weight change over a 16- to 24-y follow-up , adjusted for other lifestyle changes ( smoking , physical activity , television watching , sleep duration ) , body mass index , and all dietary factors simultaneously in 3 prospect i ve US cohorts ( Nurses ' Health Study , Nurses ' Health Study II , and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study ) comprising 120,784 men and women free of chronic disease or obesity at baseline . RESULTS Protein foods were not interchanged with each other ( intercorrelations typically < |0.05| ) but with carbohydrate ( negative correlation as low as -0.39 ) . Protein foods had different relations with long-term weight gain , with positive associations for meats , chicken with skin , and regular cheese ( per increased serving/d , 0.13 - 1.17 kg ; P = 0.02 to P < 0.001 ) ; no association for milk , legumes , peanuts , or eggs ( P > 0.40 for each ) ; and relative weight loss for yogurt , peanut butter , walnuts , other nuts , chicken without skin , low-fat cheese , and seafood ( -0.14 to -0.71 kg ; P = 0.01 to P < 0.001 ) . Increases in GL were independently associated with a 0.42-kg greater weight gain per 50-unit increase ( P < 0.001 ) . Significant interactions ( P-interaction < 0.05 ) between changes in protein foods and GL were identified ; for example , increased cheese intake was associated with weight gain when GL increased , with weight stability when GL did not change , and with weight loss when exchanged for GL ( i.e. , decrease in GL ) . CONCLUSION Protein foods were commonly interchanged with carbohydrate , and changes in protein foods and GL interacted to influence long-term weight gain
Significant heterogeneity was not observed by nut type or other factors .
Tree nut intake  lowers total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , ApoB , and triglycerides .
The major determinant of cholesterol lowering appears to be nut dose rather than nut type .
BACKGROUND The effects of nuts on major cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors , including dose-responses and potential heterogeneity by nut type or phytosterol content , are not well established .
OBJECTIVES We examined the effects of tree nuts ( walnuts , pistachios , macadamia nuts , pecans , cashews , almonds , hazelnuts , and Brazil nuts ) on blood lipids [ total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein , and triglycerides ] , lipoproteins [ apolipoprotein A1 , apolipoprotein B ( ApoB ) , and apolipoprotein B100 ] , blood pressure , and inflammation ( C-reactive protein ) in adults aged ≥18 y without prevalent CVD .