Inflammation appeared to be associated with greater loss of muscle strength .
There was inconclusive evidence that the level of physical activity affects change in skeletal muscle .
In regard to the effect of interventions , only exercise interventions were consistently associated with improved skeletal muscle outcomes .
CONCLUSIONS Adult patients who undergo an unplanned hospital admission may experience a small reduction in knee extension strength and mid-arm muscle mass .
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the review was to describe change that occurs in skeletal muscle during periods of unplanned hospitalisation in adult patients .
The secondary objective was to examine the relationship between both physical activity and inflammation with the change in skeletal muscle .
A further objective was to investigate the effect of interventions on change in skeletal muscle during periods of unplanned hospitalisation .
Physical activity interventions are delivered consistently across hospitalized older adults but multimorbidity is associated with poorer rehabilitation outcomes: A population‐based cohort study
BACKGROUND Older adults live with multimorbidity including frailty and cognitive impairment often requiring hospitalization . While physical activity interventions ( PAIs ) are a normal rehabilitative treatment , their clinical effect in hospitalized older adults is uncertain . OBJECTIVE To observe PAI dosing characteristics and determine their impact on clinical performance parameters . DESIGN A single-site prospect i ve observational cohort study in an older persons ' unit . SUBJECTS Seventy-five older persons ' unit patients ≥65 years . INTERVENTION PAI ; therapeutic contact between physiotherapy clinician and patient . MEASUREMENTS Parameters included changes in activities-of-daily-living ( Barthel Index ) , h and grip strength , balance confidence , and gait velocity , measured between admission and discharge ( episode ) . Dosing characteristics were PAI temporal initiation , frequency , and duration . Frailty/cognition status was dichotomized independently per participant yielding 4 subgroups : frail/nonfrail and cognitively-impaired/cognitively-unimpaired . RESULTS Median ( interquartile range ) PAI initiation occurred after 2 days ( 1 - 4 ) , frequency was 0.4 PAIs per day ( 0.3 - 0.5 ) , and PAI duration per episode was 3.75 hours ( 1.8 - 7.2 ) . All clinical parameters improved significantly across episodes : grip strength median ( interquartile range ) change , 2.0 kg ( 0.0 - 2.3 ) ( P < .01 ) ; Barthel Index , 5 ( 3 - 8 ) ( P < .01 ) ; gait velocity , 0.06 m.∙s-1 ( 0.06 - 0.16 ) ( P < .01 ) ; and balance confidence , -3 ( -6 to -1 ) ( P < .01 )  . Physical activity  intervention dosing remained consistent within subgroups . While several moderate to large associations between amount of PAIs and change in clinical parameters were observed , most were within unimpaired subgroups . CONCLUSIONS PAI dosing is consistent . However , while clinical changes during hospital episodes are positive , more favourable responses to PAIs occur if patients are nonfrail/cognitively-unimpaired . Therefore , to deliver a personalized rehabilitation approach , adaptation of PAI dose based on patient presentation is desirable
Inflammation appeared to be associated with greater loss of muscle strength .
There was inconclusive evidence that the level of physical activity affects change in skeletal muscle .
In regard to the effect of interventions , only exercise interventions were consistently associated with improved skeletal muscle outcomes .
CONCLUSIONS Adult patients who undergo an unplanned hospital admission may experience a small reduction in knee extension strength and mid-arm muscle mass .
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the review was to describe change that occurs in skeletal muscle during periods of unplanned hospitalisation in adult patients .
The secondary objective was to examine the relationship between both physical activity and inflammation with the change in skeletal muscle .
A further objective was to investigate the effect of interventions on change in skeletal muscle during periods of unplanned hospitalisation .