In healthy subjects , appetite and short term food intake , risk of cancer , risk of diabetes , risk of dental caries , weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes .
Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes .
In subjects with diabetes and hypertension , the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent .
Background Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades .
Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste .
However , with the dramatic increase in their consumption , it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and , more importantly , potential adverse effects .
The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent , range , and nature of research activity in this area .
Long-term dietary compensation for added sugar: effects of supplementary sucrose drinks over a 4-week period.
The long-term physiological effects of refined carbohydrates on appetite and mood remain unclear . Reported effects when subjects are not blind may be due to expectations and have rarely been studied for more than 24 h. The present study compared the effects of supplementary soft drinks added to the diet over 4 weeks on dietary intake , mood and BMI in normal-weight women ( n 133 ) . Subjects were categorised as ' watchers ' or ' non-watchers ' of what they ate then received sucrose or artificially sweetened drinks ( 4 x 250 ml per d ) . Expectancies were varied by labelling drinks ' sugar ' or ' diet ' in a counter-balanced design . Sucrose supplements provided 1800 kJ per d and sweetener supplements provided 67 kJ per d. Food intake was measured with a 7 d diary and mood with ten single Likert scales . By 4 weeks , sucrose supplements significantly reduced total carbohydrate intake ( F(1,129 ) = 53.81 ; P<0.001 ) , fat ( F(2,250 ) = 33.33 ; P<0.001 ) and protein intake ( F(2,250 ) = 28.04 ; P<0 - 001 ) compared with sweetener supplements .  Mean daily energy intake increased by just under 1000 kJ compared with baseline ( t ( 67 df ) = 3.82 ; P < 0.001 ) and was associated with a non-significant trend for those receiving sucrose to gain weight . There were no effects on appetite or mood . Neither dietary restraint status as measured by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Question naire nor the expectancy procedure had effects . Expectancies influenced mood only during baseline week . It is concluded that sucrose satiates , rather than stimulates , appetite or negative mood in normal-weight subjects
In healthy subjects , appetite and short term food intake , risk of cancer , risk of diabetes , risk of dental caries , weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes .
Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes .
In subjects with diabetes and hypertension , the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent .
Background Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades .
Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste .
However , with the dramatic increase in their consumption , it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and , more importantly , potential adverse effects .
The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent , range , and nature of research activity in this area .