Conclusions The current evidence does not suggest an association between leptin and PCa outcome .
However , there may be an inverse association between adiponectin and the incidence of advanced PCa that should be investigated by further studies .
Background Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for prostate cancer ( PCa ) .
In obesity , serum levels of the appetite-regulating hormones — leptin , adiponectin , and ghrelin — become deregulated .
Objective To explore whether serum levels of appetite-regulating hormones associate with the incidence of PCa , the incidence of advanced disease , or PCa-specific mortality .
Relationship between serum adiponectin and prostate cancer grade.
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with prostate cancer ( PCA ) grade , but the mechanism behind this relationship is not understood . Adiponectin is an adipokine that has been linked with the development of hormonally sensitive carcinomas , including prostate cancer . We evaluated the relationship between serum  adiponectin and Gleason score ( GS ) in a prospect i ve series of patients seen in a single institution . METHODS Localized PCA patients evaluated at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute between 2001 and 2005 who enrolled in a prospect i ve serum banking protocol were eligible for this study . Patients with prior hormonal therapy and /or metastatic disease were excluded . High- grade disease was defined as biopsy or radical prostatectomy ( RP ) GS of 7 or higher . Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between high- grade disease and adiponectin levels while adjusting for other potential prognostic variables . RESULTS There were 539 patients included in this study , of whom 199 had undergone RP . Median age was 60 years . Median PSA was 5.1 ng/dl .  Biopsy GS of 7 or higher was seen in 46.9 % of patients . For biopsy GS , higher PSA , older age , and higher BMI were significantly associated with increased odds of GS 7 or higher , but adiponectin was not . In men undergoing RP , there was a significant inverse relationship between pathologic GS and adiponectin dichotomized at the median , due to a significantly higher rate of upgrading in patients with lower adiponectin ( P = 0.014 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although there was no association between biopsy GS and adiponectin , in patients who had undergone RP , lower adiponectin was independently associated with high- grade prostate cancer
Conclusions The current evidence does not suggest an association between leptin and PCa outcome .
However , there may be an inverse association between adiponectin and the incidence of advanced PCa that should be investigated by further studies .
Background Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for prostate cancer ( PCa ) .
In obesity , serum levels of the appetite-regulating hormones — leptin , adiponectin , and ghrelin — become deregulated .
Objective To explore whether serum levels of appetite-regulating hormones associate with the incidence of PCa , the incidence of advanced disease , or PCa-specific mortality .