The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .
Association Between Hypovitaminosis D in Elderly Women and Long- and Short-Term Mortality-Results from the Osteoporotic Prospective Risk Assessment Cohort.
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between low vitamin D levels ( < 50 nmol/L ) and 10-year mortality in women aged 75 and older . DESIGN Prospect i ve with 15 years of follow-up . SETTING Malmö , Sweden . PARTICIPANTS Population -based cohort of 75-year-old women ( N = 1,044 ) . MEASUREMENTS  Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) levels  at age 75 ( n = 1,011 ) , 80 ( n = 642 ) , and 85 ( n = 348 ) were categorized as low ( < 50 nmol/L ) , intermediate ( 50 - 75 nmol/L ) and high ( > 75 nmol/L ) at all ages . Hazard ratios ( HRs ) for all-cause mortality between ages 75 and 90 were calculated according to 25(OH)D category . RESULTS Between ages 80 and 90 , all-cause mortality ( HR = 1.8 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 1.3 - 2.4 , P < .001 ; adjusted for comorbidities ( aHR ) = 1.9 , 95 % CI = 1.4 - 2.6 , P < .001 ) was significantly higher in women with low 25(OH)D levels than in those with high levels . Osteoporosis had the greatest effect on mortality , but even after excluding women with osteoporotic fracture during the risk of dying associated with low 25(OH)D remained greater ( HR = 1.8 , 95 % CI = 1.2 - 2.7 , P = .002 ; aHR = 1.7 , 95 % CI = 1.2 - 2.5 , P = .006 ) . CONCLUSION In this observational study of women aged 75 and older , 25(OH)D levels of less than 50 nmol/L were associated with greater all-cause mortality for up to 10 years . This difference was at least partially independent of comorbidities and fracture , indicating that low 25(OH)D not only is an indicator of impaired health , but also plays a role in disease outcome
The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .