Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review and meta- analysis did not show a significant beneficial or detrimental association of HT with muscle mass .
Importance Hormone therapy ( HT ) has been suggested for protection against age-related muscle weakness in women .
However , the potential for HT-associated health risks necessitates a better underst and ing of the direction and magnitude of the association between HT and health outcomes , such as lean body mass ( LBM ) .
Objective To determine whether HT was associated with reduced LBM loss compared with not receiving HT  among postmenopausal women aged 50 years and older .
Ultra-low-dose estradiol and norethisterone acetate: effective menopausal symptom relief
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of two ultra-low-dose 17β-estradiol plus norethisterone acetate ( NETA ) treatment regimens for relieving  menopausal symptoms . Design A total of 577 postmenopausal women were enrolled , in three treatment groups in a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled study of 0.5 mg 17β-estradiol + 0.1 mg NETA or 0.5 mg 17β-estradiol + 0.25 mg NETA or placebo . Participants returned at weeks 4 , 8 , 12 and 24 for climacteric complaint evaluation based on a daily diary vasomotor symptom record . Patients were assessed by the Greene Climacteric Scale and urogenital symptoms were also evaluated . Results Treatment with ultra-low-dose 0.5 mg 17β-estradiol + 0.1 mg NETA ( 0.1 Group ) or 0.5 mg 17β-estradiol + 0.25 mg NETA ( 0.25 Group ) effectively reduced the severity and number of hot flushes within the initial weeks of therapy . Compared to placebo , a rapid , statistically significant decrease in the frequency and severity of hot flushes was achieved by week 3 , followed by further improvement which continued throughout the study . There were no statistically significant differences between the active treatment arms . Conclusions The data show that both ultra-low-dose regimens are effective in reducing the severity and number of hot flushes compared to placebo , with good safety profiles
Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review and meta- analysis did not show a significant beneficial or detrimental association of HT with muscle mass .
Importance Hormone therapy ( HT ) has been suggested for protection against age-related muscle weakness in women .
However , the potential for HT-associated health risks necessitates a better underst and ing of the direction and magnitude of the association between HT and health outcomes , such as lean body mass ( LBM ) .
Objective To determine whether HT was associated with reduced LBM loss compared with not receiving HT  among postmenopausal women aged 50 years and older .