The review demonstrated that the WHO-5 has high clinimetric validity , can be used as an outcome measure balancing the wanted and unwanted effects of treatments , is a sensitive and specific screening tool for depression and its applicability across study fields is very high .
Conclusions : The WHO-5 is a short question naire consisting of 5 simple and non-invasive questions , which tap into the subjective well-being of the respondents .
The scale has adequate validity both as a screening tool for depression and as an outcome measure in clinical trials and has been applied successfully across a wide range of study fields
Background : The 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index ( WHO-5 ) is among the most widely used question naires assessing subjective psychological well-being .
Since its first publication in 1998 , the WHO-5 has been translated into more than 30 language s and has been used in research studies all over the world .
We now provide a systematic review of the literature on the WHO-5 .
Efficacy of prolonged release melatonin in insomnia patients aged 55–80 years: quality of sleep and next-day alertness outcomes
ABSTRACT Objective : Melatonin , the hormone produced nocturnally by the pineal gl and , serves as a circadian time cue and sleep-anticipating signal in humans . With age , melatonin production declines and the prevalence of sleep disorders , particularly insomnia , increases . The efficacy and safety of a prolonged release melatonin formulation ( PR-melatonin ; Circadin * 2 mg ) were examined in insomnia patients aged 55 years and older . Design : R and omised , double blind , placebo-controlled . Setting : Primary care . Methodology : From 1248 patients pre-screened and 523 attending visit 1 , 354 males and females aged 55–80 years were admitted to the study , 177 to active medication and 177 to placebo .  The study was conducted by primary care physicians in the West of Scotl and and consisted of a 2‐week , single blind , placebo run-in period followed by a 3‐week double blind treatment period with PR-melatonin or placebo , one tablet per day at 2 hours before bedtime . Main outcome measures : Responder rate ( concomitant improvement in sleep quality and morning alertness on Leeds Sleep Evaluation Question naire [ LSEQ ] ) , other LSEQ assessment s , Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ( PSQI ) global score , other PSQI assessment s , Quality of Night and Quality of Day derived from a diary , Clinical Global Improvement scale ( CGI ) score and quality of life ( WHO‐5 well being index ) . Results : Of the 354 patients entering the active phase of the study , 20 failed to complete visit 3 ( eight PR-melatonin ; 12 Placebo ) . The principal reasons for drop-out were patient decision and lost to follow-up . Significant differences in favour of PR-melatonin vs. placebo treatment were found in concomitant and clinical ly relevant improvements in quality of sleep and morning alertness , demonstrated by responder analysis ( 26 % vs. 15 % ; p = 0.014 ) as well as on each of these parameters separately . A significant and clinical ly relevant shortening of sleep latency to the same extent as most frequently used sleep medications was also found ( –24.3 vs.–12.9 minutes ; p = 0.028 ) . Quality of life also improved significantly ( p = 0.034 ) . Conclusions : PR-melatonin results in significant and clinical ly meaningful improvements in sleep quality , morning alertness , sleep onset latency and quality of life in primary insomnia patients aged 55 years and over . Trial registration : The trial was conducted prior to registration being introduced
The review demonstrated that the WHO-5 has high clinimetric validity , can be used as an outcome measure balancing the wanted and unwanted effects of treatments , is a sensitive and specific screening tool for depression and its applicability across study fields is very high .
Conclusions : The WHO-5 is a short question naire consisting of 5 simple and non-invasive questions , which tap into the subjective well-being of the respondents .
The scale has adequate validity both as a screening tool for depression and as an outcome measure in clinical trials and has been applied successfully across a wide range of study fields
Background : The 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index ( WHO-5 ) is among the most widely used question naires assessing subjective psychological well-being .
Since its first publication in 1998 , the WHO-5 has been translated into more than 30 language s and has been used in research studies all over the world .
We now provide a systematic review of the literature on the WHO-5 .