Conclusions : Despite low levels of evidence , manual examination of the cervical spine appears to aid the diagnostic process related to CGH and can be implemented by both experienced and inexperienced examiners
Objective : To evaluate the diagnostic validity of manual examination techniques used to diagnose  cervicogenic headache ( CGH ) .
Background : Cervicogenic headache is a specific type of headache that originates from the cervical spine and is typically chronic in nature .
Diagnostic criteria for CGH have been established by the International Headache Society ( IHS ) and are cited extensively in the literature .
Diagnosis of CGH through manual examination is a more recent practice .
To our knowledge , no systematic review of manual diagnosis of CGH has been performed .
The flexion-rotation test and active cervical mobility--a comparative measurement study in cervicogenic headache.
A single blind , age and gender matched , comparative measurement study was design ed to assess  active range of cervical motion  and  passive range of rotation in cervical flexion  in asymptomatic and cervicogenic headache subjects . Both procedures are commonly used in clinical practice to evaluate patients with cervicogenic headache .  We studied 20 women and eight men with side dominant cervicogenic headache ( mean age 43.3 years ) matched with 28 asymptomatic subjects . Two experienced manipulative therapists , who were blind to each other 's measurement , noted active ranges of cervical motion  and passive cervical rotation  performed in the flexion-rotation test using the Cervical Range of Motion Device .  Headache severity was assessed by a question naire . Additionally , one therapist prior to neck motion assessment determined the dominant symptomatic cervical motion segment . Active cervical motion in each direction was identical between the cervicogenic and control groups . In contrast , average rotation in flexion was 44 degrees to each side in the asymptomatic group and 28 degrees towards the headache side in the symptomatic group . C1 - 2 was deemed to be the dominant segmental level of headache origin in 24 of 28 subjects . In those 24 subjects range of rotation during the flexion-rotation test was inversely correlated to headache severity
Conclusions : Despite low levels of evidence , manual examination of the cervical spine appears to aid the diagnostic process related to CGH and can be implemented by both experienced and inexperienced examiners
Objective : To evaluate the diagnostic validity of manual examination techniques used to diagnose  cervicogenic headache ( CGH ) .
Background : Cervicogenic headache is a specific type of headache that originates from the cervical spine and is typically chronic in nature .
Diagnostic criteria for CGH have been established by the International Headache Society ( IHS ) and are cited extensively in the literature .
Diagnosis of CGH through manual examination is a more recent practice .
To our knowledge , no systematic review of manual diagnosis of CGH has been performed .