The following broad trends emerged : ( 1 ) without treatment , people with ADHD had poorer long-term outcomes in all categories compared with people without ADHD , and ( 2 ) treatment for ADHD improved long-term outcomes compared with untreated ADHD , although not usually to normal levels .
Conclusions This systematic review provides a synthesis of studies of ADHD long-term outcomes .
Current treatments may reduce the negative impact that untreated ADHD has on life functioning , but does not usually ' normalize ' the recipients
Background In childhood , attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is characterized by age-inappropriate levels of inattentiveness/disorganization , hyperactivity/impulsiveness , or a combination thereof .
Although the criteria for ADHD are well defined , the long-term consequences in adults and children need to be more comprehensively understood and quantified .
We conducted a systematic review evaluating the long-term outcomes ( defined as 2 years or more ) of ADHD with the goal of identifying long-term outcomes and the impact that any treatment ( pharmacological , non-pharmacological , or multimodal ) has on ADHD long-term outcomes .
Attention deficit disorder and methylphenidate: normalization rates, clinical effectiveness, and response prediction in 76 children.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the magnitude and clinical significance of methylpheni date ( MPH ) effects on the classroom behavior and academic performance of 76 children with attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity ( ADDH ) . METHOD A double-blind , placebo controlled , within-subject ( crossover ) experimental design was used to evaluate acute MPH effects at four dose levels ( 5 mg , 10 mg , 15 mg , and 20 mg ) on children 's attention , academic functioning , and behavior in regular classroom setting s. Results were contrasted with a normal control sample . RESULTS St and ard statistical analysis revealed MPH effects on classroom functioning that were primarily linear . Analysis of the clinical significance of effects indicated that large proportions of treated children exhibited significantly improved or normalized classroom functioning ; however , a large subset of them failed to show improved academic functioning . Overall , children failing to respond at lower dose levels have a high probability of improving or becoming normalized as a function of increasing dose . CONCLUSIONS For a majority of children with ADDH , MPH results in significantly improved or normalized attention and classroom behavior . A significant subset , however , fail to realize gains in their academic functioning and will require supplemental interventions
The following broad trends emerged : ( 1 ) without treatment , people with ADHD had poorer long-term outcomes in all categories compared with people without ADHD , and ( 2 ) treatment for ADHD improved long-term outcomes compared with untreated ADHD , although not usually to normal levels .
Conclusions This systematic review provides a synthesis of studies of ADHD long-term outcomes .
Current treatments may reduce the negative impact that untreated ADHD has on life functioning , but does not usually ' normalize ' the recipients
Background In childhood , attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is characterized by age-inappropriate levels of inattentiveness/disorganization , hyperactivity/impulsiveness , or a combination thereof .
Although the criteria for ADHD are well defined , the long-term consequences in adults and children need to be more comprehensively understood and quantified .
We conducted a systematic review evaluating the long-term outcomes ( defined as 2 years or more ) of ADHD with the goal of identifying long-term outcomes and the impact that any treatment ( pharmacological , non-pharmacological , or multimodal ) has on ADHD long-term outcomes .