RESULTS In ADHD patients the middle and inferior frontal gyri , basal ganglia , and cerebellum were most often affected by MPH .
The middle and inferior frontal gyri were frequently affected by MPH during inhibitory control tasks .
Throughout nine task-based fMRI studies investigating MPH 's effect on the brains of pediatric patients with ADHD , MPH result ed in increased activation within frontal lobes , basal ganglia , and cerebellum .
In most cases , this increase " normalized " activation of at least some brain areas to that seen in typically developing children
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is a psychiatric disorder affecting 5 % of children .
Methylpheni date ( MPH ) is a common medication for ADHD .
Studies examining MPH 's effect on pediatric ADHD patients ' brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) have not been compiled .
The goals of this systematic review were to determine ( 1 ) which areas of the brain in pediatric ADHD patients are modulated by a single dose of MPH , ( 2 ) whether areas modulated by MPH differ by task type performed during fMRI data acquisition , and ( 3 ) whether changes in brain activation due to MPH relate to clinical improvements in ADHD-related symptoms .
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of methylphenidate and placebo in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during the multi-source interference task.
CONTEXT Previous studies have reported hypofunction , structural abnormalities , and biochemical abnormalities of the dorsal anterior midcingulate cortex ( daMCC ) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . Stimulant medications are effective treatments for ADHD , but their neural effects have not been fully characterized . OBJECTIVE To determine whether the methylpheni date hydrochloride osmotic-release oral system ( OROS ) would increase functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) activation , compared with placebo , in the daMCC and other frontoparietal regions subserving attention during the Multi- Source Interference Task ( MSIT ) . DESIGN R and omized , placebo-controlled , 6-week , before-after fMRI study . SETTING Academic medical center ambulatory clinic . PATIENTS Twenty-one adults with ADHD r and omized to 6 weeks of treatment with methylpheni date OROS ( n = 11 ) or placebo ( n = 10 ) . INTERVENTIONS Patients underwent fMRI twice while performing the MSIT ( scan 1 at baseline and scan 2 at 6 weeks ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Group-averaged , r and om-effects , repeated- measures , general linear model analyses were used to compare daMCC ( and whole-brain ) fMRI activation during the MSIT . Individual-based daMCC volume-of-interest confirmatory analyses and behavioral data are also presented . RESULTS Performance and baseline fMRI measures in the daMCC and other a priori brain regions did not differ between groups . Group comparisons showed a group x scan interaction and t test confirmation of higher activation in the daMCC at 6 weeks in the methylpheni date OROS group than in the placebo group ( P < 1 x 10(-4 ) , cluster corrected for multiple comparisons ) . Individual daMCC volume-of-interest analyses confirmed group-averaged findings and suggested that daMCC activity might be related to clinical response . Methylpheni date OROS also produced higher activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex at 6 weeks . CONCLUSION Methylpheni date OROS increased daMCC activation during the MSIT and may act , in part , by normalizing daMCC hypofunction in ADHD
RESULTS In ADHD patients the middle and inferior frontal gyri , basal ganglia , and cerebellum were most often affected by MPH .
The middle and inferior frontal gyri were frequently affected by MPH during inhibitory control tasks .
Throughout nine task-based fMRI studies investigating MPH 's effect on the brains of pediatric patients with ADHD , MPH result ed in increased activation within frontal lobes , basal ganglia , and cerebellum .
In most cases , this increase " normalized " activation of at least some brain areas to that seen in typically developing children
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is a psychiatric disorder affecting 5 % of children .
Methylpheni date ( MPH ) is a common medication for ADHD .
Studies examining MPH 's effect on pediatric ADHD patients ' brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) have not been compiled .
The goals of this systematic review were to determine ( 1 ) which areas of the brain in pediatric ADHD patients are modulated by a single dose of MPH , ( 2 ) whether areas modulated by MPH differ by task type performed during fMRI data acquisition , and ( 3 ) whether changes in brain activation due to MPH relate to clinical improvements in ADHD-related symptoms .