Conclusions Large r and omized controlled trials of at least 6 months duration with carbohydrate restriction appear superior in improving lipid markers when compared with low-fat diets .
Context Carbohydrate-restricted diets may increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and thereby cardiovascular risk .
Objective A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effects of very low , low , and moderate carbohydrate , higher fat diets versus high-carbohydrate , low-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipid markers in overweight/obese adults .
Changes of renal sinus fat and renal parenchymal fat during an 18-month randomized weight loss trial.
BACKGROUND & AIMS Data regarding the role of kidney adiposity , its clinical implication s , and its dynamics during weight-loss are sparse . We investigated the effect of long-term weight-loss induced intervention diets on dynamics of renal-sinus-fat , an ectopic fat depot , and % renal-parenchymal-fat , lipid accumulation within the renal parenchyma . METHODS We r and omized 278 participants with abdominal obesity/dyslipidemia to low-fat or Mediterranean/low-carbohydrate diets , with or without exercise .  We quantified renal-sinus-fat and % renal-parenchymal-fat by whole body magnetic-resonance-imaging .  RESULTS Participants ( age = 48 years ; 89 % men ; body-mass-index = 31 kg/m2 ) had 86 % retention to the trial after 18 months . Both increased renal-sinus-fat and % renal-parenchymal-fat were directly associated with hypertension , and with higher abdominal deep-subcutaneous-adipose-tissue and visceral-adipose-tissue ( p of trend < 0.05 for all ) after adjustment for body weight . Higher renal-sinus-fat was associated with lower estimated-glomerular-filtration-rate and with higher microalbuminuria and % HbA1C beyond body weight . After 18 months of intervention , overall renal-sinus-fat ( -9 % ; p < 0.05 vs. baseline ) but not % renal-parenchymal-fat ( -1.7 % ; p = 0.13 vs. baseline ) significantly decreased , and similarly across the intervention groups . Renal-sinus-fat and % renal-parenchymal-fat changes were correlated with weight-loss per-se ( p < 0.05 ) . In a model adjusted for age , sex , and visceral-adipose-tissue changes , 18 months reduction in renal-sinus-fat associated with decreased pancreatic , hepatic and cardiac fats ( p < 0.05 for all ) and with decreased cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-c ) ( β = 0.13 ; p = 0.05 ) , triglycerides/HDL-c ( β = 0.13 ; p = 0.05 ) , insulin ( β = 0.12 ; p = 0.05 ) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase ( β = 0.24 ; p = 0.001 ) , but not with improved renal function parameters or blood pressure . Decreased intake of sodium was associated with a reduction in % renal-parenchymal-fat , after adjustment for 18 months weight-loss ( β = 0.15 ; p = 0.026 ) and hypertension ( β = 0.14 ; p = 0.04 ) . CONCLUSIONS Renal-sinus-fat and renal-parenchymal-fat are fairly related to weight-loss . Decreased renal-sinus-fat is associated with improved hepatic parameters , independent of changes in weight or hepatic fat , rather than with improved renal function or blood pressure parameters . CLINICAL TRIALS . GOVIDENTIFIER NCT01530724
Conclusions Large r and omized controlled trials of at least 6 months duration with carbohydrate restriction appear superior in improving lipid markers when compared with low-fat diets .
Context Carbohydrate-restricted diets may increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and thereby cardiovascular risk .
Objective A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effects of very low , low , and moderate carbohydrate , higher fat diets versus high-carbohydrate , low-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipid markers in overweight/obese adults .