Conclusion : The results from this meta- analysis suggest a beneficial short-term effect of coffee intake on EF as measured by FMD .
Base on systematic review results acute and chronic intake of coffee products may exerts an unfavorable effect on AS .
Background : Endothelial function ( EF ) and arterial stiffness ( AS ) are predictors of cardiovascular disease .
As previous research concerning the effect of coffee intake on EF and AS was controversial , we conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis to synthesize research .
Smoking and caffeine have a synergistic detrimental effect on aortic stiffness and wave reflections.
OBJECTIVES We investigated the acute and chronic combined effect of cigarette smoking and caffeine intake on aortic stiffness and wave reflections . BACKGROUND We have shown that smoking and caffeine separately increase arterial stiffness . Aortic stiffness and wave reflections are important determinants of the efficient performance of the cardiovascular system and prognosticators of cardiovascular risk . METHODS The acute effects of smoking ( one cigarette ) , caffeine ( 200 mg , equivalent to 2 cups of coffee ) , and smoking plus caffeine were studied in 24 healthy subjects according to a r and omized , placebo- and sham procedure-controlled crossover design . The chronic effect of smoking and caffeine was studied in a population study that enrolled 160 healthy subjects . RESULTS Acute study : there was a significant interaction between caffeine and smoking with regard to pulse-wave velocity ( p < 0.01 ) and augmentation index ( p < 0.05 ) . When smoking followed caffeine intake , pulse-wave velocity and augmentation index increased further by 0.52 m/s and 13.4 % , respectively , reaching a total of 0.85 m/s and 17.4 % , 0.17 m/s and 9.2 % in excess of the mere sum of caffeine effect ( 0.33 m/s and 4 % ) alone and smoking effect alone ( 0.35 m/s and 4.2 % ) . Population study : there was a significant interaction of chronic coffee consumption and smoking regarding pulse-wave velocity ( p < 0.05 ) and augmentation index ( p = 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS The present study shows , for the first time , that when smoking and caffeine intake are combined , they interact and exert a synergistic , unfavorable effect on aortic stiffness and wave reflections on both an acute and chronic basis
Conclusion : The results from this meta- analysis suggest a beneficial short-term effect of coffee intake on EF as measured by FMD .
Base on systematic review results acute and chronic intake of coffee products may exerts an unfavorable effect on AS .
Background : Endothelial function ( EF ) and arterial stiffness ( AS ) are predictors of cardiovascular disease .
As previous research concerning the effect of coffee intake on EF and AS was controversial , we conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis to synthesize research .