Increased psychological distress remains elevated in SCI , mTBI and WAD for at least 3 years post-MVC .
OBJECTIVE The aim of this meta- analysis was to determine the psychological impact associated with motor vehicle crash (MVC)-related physical injuries .
Adjustment following chronic spinal cord injury: Determining factors that contribute to social participation.
OBJECTIVES Spinal cord injury ( SCI ) is a catastrophic event that may result in diminished physical , social , and mental health . The main objective of this research was to establish inpatient factors that contribute to  social participation  following discharge into the community . DESIGN Prospect i ve longitudinal design with measures taken three times , soon after admission to rehabilitation ( N = 88 ) , at discharge from the inpatient phase ( N = 81 ) and 6 months following discharge ( N = 71 ) . METHODS Participants included adults with SCI admitted into three SCI units over a 33-month period . Assessment included demographic , injury , and psychosocial health measures . Adjustment was defined by the extent of social re-integration or participation post-discharge after 6 months in the community .  Social participation  was measured by the Impact on Participation and Autonomy Question naire ( IPAQ ) .  Logistic regression models were used to establish inpatient factors that significantly predicted social participation 6 months post-discharge . RESULTS Six months after discharge , around 55 % of the sample had difficulties with social participation . The odds against being employed for an adult with poor social participation was found to be 8.4 to 1 . Factors that predicted social participation included a younger age , having less severe secondary medical complications like bladder and bowel dysfunction , having a higher cognitive capacity , perceiving one has control ( self-efficacy ) over one 's life and environment , and having greater perceived social support . CONCLUSIONS These results provide direction for enhancing existing psychosocial health strategies within SCI rehabilitation , affording an opportunity for every person who sustains a permanent SCI to have optimal capacity for social participation . Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject ? Spinal cord injury ( SCI ) is associated with significant challenges to wellbeing , including a high risk of secondary chronic illnesses , risk of co-morbid mental health problems , financial insecurity and social isolation . Research has shown poor social participation can lead to problems in re-integration into society following discharge from inpatient rehabilitation . Research to date has examined various factors related to poor social participation , but the majority of this research has been survey based with convenience sample s. What does this study add ? This study adds results of prospect i ve longitudinal research on adjustment following SCI , where adjustment was defined by the rate of social participation when living in the community . About one-third of SCI participants were found to have very poor social participation , and only one-third had found some form of employment 6 months after discharge . Multiple factors were found to predict and contribute to poor social participation , including older age when injured , more severe medical complications , cognitive deficits , poor perceptions of control or self-efficacy , and poor social support
Increased psychological distress remains elevated in SCI , mTBI and WAD for at least 3 years post-MVC .
OBJECTIVE The aim of this meta- analysis was to determine the psychological impact associated with motor vehicle crash (MVC)-related physical injuries .