Studies were primarily related to the assessment of pain in relation to surgical procedures , and no clear distinction was made concerning the onset of acute and chronic pain .
The metrics used within the tools appeared to focus primarily on the sensory aspect of pain , with no study clearly discriminating between the sensory and affective components of pain .
Objectives The objectives were to review systematic ally the range of assessment tools used in cats to detect the behavioural expression of pain and the evidence of their quality ; and to examine behavioural metrics ( considering both the sensory and affective domains ) used to assess pain .
Use of thermal threshold response to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol in cats.
OBJECTIVE To characterize the antinociceptive actions of several doses of butorphanol by use of a thermal threshold testing device specifically design ed for cats . ANIMALS 6 domestic shorthair cats . PROCEDURE The study was a masked , r and omized , crossover design . Thermal thresholds were measured by use of a thermal threshold-testing device specifically developed for cats . A small probe containing a heater element and temperature sensor was held with consistent contact against a shaved area of the cat 's skin with an elasticized b and . Skin temperature was recorded before each test , prior to activation of the heater . On detection of a response ( eg , the cat flinched , turned , or jumped ) , the stimulus was terminated and the threshold temperature recorded . Three baseline measurements were recorded before IV injection of 0.1 , 0.2 , 0.4 , or 0.8 mg of butorphanol/kg . Each cat received all doses in a r and omized order at least 1 week apart . The investigator was unaware of the treatment received . Thermal thresholds were measured every 15 minutes for 6 hours . RESULTS Mean+/-SD pretreatment threshold temperature for all cats was 40.8+/-2.2 degrees C. There were no dose-related differences among treatments . There was a significant increase in threshold values for all treatments from 15 to 90 minutes after injection . Mydriasis was detected in all cats after treatment with butorphanol and dysphoric behavior was frequently exhibited . CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results obtained by use of a thermal stimulus indicated that the duration of antinociceptive action of butorphanol was 90 minutes and there was no dose-response relationship in cats
Studies were primarily related to the assessment of pain in relation to surgical procedures , and no clear distinction was made concerning the onset of acute and chronic pain .
The metrics used within the tools appeared to focus primarily on the sensory aspect of pain , with no study clearly discriminating between the sensory and affective components of pain .
Objectives The objectives were to review systematic ally the range of assessment tools used in cats to detect the behavioural expression of pain and the evidence of their quality ; and to examine behavioural metrics ( considering both the sensory and affective domains ) used to assess pain .