CONCLUSION Our meta- analysis highlights that hypovitaminosis D is associated with orthostatic hypotension , independent of potential confounders .
OBJECTIVES Orthostatic hypotension is a common condition among older adults and is associated with a range of deleterious outcomes .
Recently , interest has developed in hypovitaminosis D ( defined as low 25 hydroxiyvitamin D levels ) as a potential risk factor for orthostatic hypotension .
We conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis examining the association of orthostatic hypotension between study participants with and without hypovitaminosis D , including the adjustment of potential confounders ( age , sex , BMI , renal function , comorbidities , seasonality , use of antihypertensive medications , and supplementation with cholecalciferol ) .
Urinary Potassium Excretion and Risk of Developing Hypertension: The Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease Study
Previous prospect i ve cohort studies on the association between potassium intake and risk of hypertension have almost exclusively relied on self-reported dietary data , whereas repeated 24-hour urine excretions , as estimate of dietary uptake , may provide a more objective and quantitative estimate of this association . Risk of hypertension ( defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or initiation of blood pressure – lowering drugs ) was prospect ively studied in 5511 normotensive subjects aged 28 to 75 years not using blood pressure – lowering drugs at baseline of the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease ( PREVEND ) study . Potassium excretion was measured in two 24-hour urine specimens at baseline ( 1997–1998 ) and midway during follow-up ( 2001–2003 ) . Baseline median potassium excretion was 70 mmol/24 h ( interquartile range , 57–85 mmol/24 h ) , which corresponds to a dietary potassium intake of ≈91 mmol/24 h. During a median follow-up of 7.6 years ( interquartile range , 5.0–9.3 years ) , 1172 subjects developed hypertension . The lowest sex-specific tertile of potassium excretion ( men : < 68 mmol/24 h ; women : < 58 mmol/24 h ) had an increased risk of hypertension after multivariable adjustment ( hazard ratio , 1.20 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.05–1.37 ) , compared with the upper 2 tertiles ( Pnonlinearity=0.008 ) . The proportion of hypertension attributable to low potassium excretion was 6.2 % ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.7%–10.9 % ) . No association was found between the sodium to potassium excretion ratio and risk of hypertension after multivariable adjustment . Low urinary potassium excretion was associated with an increased risk of developing hypertension  . Dietary strategies to increase potassium intake to the recommended level of 90 mmol/d may have the potential to reduce the incidence of hypertension
CONCLUSION Our meta- analysis highlights that hypovitaminosis D is associated with orthostatic hypotension , independent of potential confounders .
OBJECTIVES Orthostatic hypotension is a common condition among older adults and is associated with a range of deleterious outcomes .
Recently , interest has developed in hypovitaminosis D ( defined as low 25 hydroxiyvitamin D levels ) as a potential risk factor for orthostatic hypotension .
We conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis examining the association of orthostatic hypotension between study participants with and without hypovitaminosis D , including the adjustment of potential confounders ( age , sex , BMI , renal function , comorbidities , seasonality , use of antihypertensive medications , and supplementation with cholecalciferol ) .