The results of this systematic review identify the consistent and prevalent indicators of concussion and their associations , derived from the strongest evidence in the published literature .
BACKGROUND Currently , there is no evidence -based definition for concussion that is being uniformly applied in clinical and research setting s. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of the highest- quality literature about concussion and to assemble evidence about the prevalence and associations of key indicators of concussion .
The goal was to establish an evidence -based foundation from which to derive , in future work , a definition , diagnostic criteria , and prognostic indicators for concussion .
Detailed concussion symptom analysis in a paediatric ED population
Primary objective : To examine the frequency of acute mild traumatic brain injury ( mTBI ) symptoms in children using a concussion symptom inventory  and to identify which symptoms are most useful in identifying mTBI . It was hypothesized that symptoms associated with mTBI are more common in children with head injury than orthopaedic injury and certain symptoms are more useful than others in identifying mTBI . Research design : Prospect i ve case-control study conducted in a paediatric trauma centre emergency department . Methods and procedures : Children of 6–18 years old with head injury or a minor extremity injury were enrolled .  Symptoms were assessed using a grade d symptom checklist .  Symptom frequency was compared using a chi-square test . The association between individual symptoms with AMS was evaluated with logistic regression analysis . Main outcomes and results : Children with head injury displayed more frequent symptoms than controls . Head-injured cases with altered mental status ( AMS ) demonstrated the most frequent and severe symptoms ( median symptom scores : control = 1 , cases without AMS = 5 , cases with AMS = 10 ; p < 0.001 ) . Headache , nausea , dizziness , blurred/double vision and not feeling ‘ sharp ’ were associated with AMS . Conclusions : Symptoms associated with mTBI are more frequent in children with head injury . AMS magnifies this effect . A symptom inventory is integral to the evaluation of mTBI in children ; a smaller set of dichotomized symptoms may be as useful as and more easily administered than lengthier symptom scales
The results of this systematic review identify the consistent and prevalent indicators of concussion and their associations , derived from the strongest evidence in the published literature .
BACKGROUND Currently , there is no evidence -based definition for concussion that is being uniformly applied in clinical and research setting s. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of the highest- quality literature about concussion and to assemble evidence about the prevalence and associations of key indicators of concussion .
The goal was to establish an evidence -based foundation from which to derive , in future work , a definition , diagnostic criteria , and prognostic indicators for concussion .