The strongest evidence for an adverse effect of PMA exposure is in somatic and psychological outcomes ; the evidence for an effect of PMA on child development is inconclusive .
Several decades of research have focused on the impact of exposure to postnatal depression on children , while anxiety has been largely overlooked .
Estimates of the prevalence of postnatal maternal anxiety ( PMA ) range from 3 % to 43 % , suggesting PMA may be an important risk factor for adverse outcomes in children .
This review summarizes what is known about the effects of  PMA exposure on children and makes recommendations for future research .
Revision of the Infant Temperament Questionnaire.
The Infant Temperament Question naire , originally published in 1970 , has been revised to improve its psychometric characteristics . The number of items was increased from 70 to 95 , rating options were increased from three to six , more items have high-low reversals , and they are r and omized as to content area . The new form was st and ardized on 203 4- to 8-month-old infants . Good test-retest reliability was maintained and internal consistency of the nine categories was raised to a higher level , thereby assuring a greater reliability of the instrument . These improvements should enhance the question naire 's use in clinical and research applications
The strongest evidence for an adverse effect of PMA exposure is in somatic and psychological outcomes ; the evidence for an effect of PMA on child development is inconclusive .
Several decades of research have focused on the impact of exposure to postnatal depression on children , while anxiety has been largely overlooked .
Estimates of the prevalence of postnatal maternal anxiety ( PMA ) range from 3 % to 43 % , suggesting PMA may be an important risk factor for adverse outcomes in children .
This review summarizes what is known about the effects of  PMA exposure on children and makes recommendations for future research .