Results Level of evidence from 54 high and medium quality studies showed moderate evidence of a positive effect of physical exercise .
Within this domain , there was strong evidence of a positive effect of workplace strength training .
There was limited evidence for ergonomics and strong evidence for no benefit of participatory ergonomics , multifaceted interventions , and stress management .
No intervention domains were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusions The evidence synthesis recommends that implementing strength training at the workplace can reduce MSD  among workers with physically dem and ing work .
In regard to workplace ergonomics , there was not enough evidence from the scientific literature to guide current practice s. Based on the scientific literature , participatory ergonomics and multifaceted workplace interventions seem to have no beneficial effect on reducing MSD among this group of workers .
Purpose This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of workplace interventions to rehabilitate musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) among employees with physically dem and ing work .
Effectiveness of intervention for low back pain in female caregivers in nursing homes: a pilot trial based on multicenter randomization
Objectives Although the importance of stretching exercise for pain-relieving and patient education is well documented for chronic lumbago patients , it is uncertain how effective on-the-job training ( OJT ) is for female caregivers in nursing homes . In the present pilot trial based on multicenter r and omization , we evaluated the intervention effect of a lecture and stretching exercise on caregivers in nursing homes . Methods Eighty-eight female caregivers ( four nursing homes ) volunteered to participate in this study , and they were separated into two groups r and omly . For the intervention group , guidance by an orthopedist and an exercise instructor were provided as one OJT , and stretching exercises for only 6 min every day were recommended for low back pain prevention to the caregivers . Low back pain visual analogue scale ( VAS ) , physical fitness , and mental and physical health were compared at baseline and immediately after the intervention . Results A total of 29 ( 33 % ) participants withdrew by 12 weeks . Regarding the reasons for withdrawal , 28 participants resigned , and one took a leave of absence due to exacerbation of lumbago . Adherence to the  stretching exercises was 2.3 ± 1.3 ( mean ± SD ) times per week . No significant differences were seen for any outcome measurements . The high adherence group ( ≧3 times per week ) did not show a change in the VAS , but the low adherence group ( <3 times per week ) and control group showed a tendency towards an increased score ( p = 0.068 ) . Conclusions Even with the conduct of one OJT , and exercises of only 6 min every day , the adherence of caregivers was low , and there appeared to be few effects of the OJT
Results Level of evidence from 54 high and medium quality studies showed moderate evidence of a positive effect of physical exercise .
Within this domain , there was strong evidence of a positive effect of workplace strength training .
There was limited evidence for ergonomics and strong evidence for no benefit of participatory ergonomics , multifaceted interventions , and stress management .
No intervention domains were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusions The evidence synthesis recommends that implementing strength training at the workplace can reduce MSD  among workers with physically dem and ing work .
In regard to workplace ergonomics , there was not enough evidence from the scientific literature to guide current practice s. Based on the scientific literature , participatory ergonomics and multifaceted workplace interventions seem to have no beneficial effect on reducing MSD among this group of workers .
Purpose This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of workplace interventions to rehabilitate musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) among employees with physically dem and ing work .