Overall , moderate evidence suggests that nerve blockades are effective for relieving acute pain and reducing delirium .
Low-level evidence suggests that preoperative traction does not reduce acute pain .
Nerve blockade seems to be effective in reducing acute pain after hip fracture .
Sparse data preclude firm conclusions about the relative benefits or harms of many other pain management interventions for patients with hip fracture .
BACKGROUND  Pain management  is integral to the management of hip fracture .
PURPOSE To review the benefits and harms of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions for managing pain  after hip fracture .
Haemodynamic effects of intrathecal bupivacaine for surgical repair of hip fracture.
OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal dose of bupivacaine in providing adequate surgical anaesthesia with minimal haemodynamic disturbances . METHODS Three different doses of spinal bupivacaine in combination with or without fentanyl for surgical repair of hip fracture were used . Sixty patients were r and omly divided into three groups ( A , B and C ) to receive a spinal anaesthetic of bupivacaine 10 mg , 8 mg and 6 mg respectively . In addition to bupivacaine , group B and C also received fentanyl 20 microg in spinal mixture . RESULTS Intra operative heart rate was statistically insignificant in all three groups . Statistically significant drop in systolic blood pressure was found in group A & B at different study timings while statistically significant drop in diastolic blood pressure was only found in group A. Sensory block characteristics were similar among all three groups . Motor block pattern was found marginally significant in group C with highest time to achieve desired block . All patients had satisfactory level of surgical anaesthesia . CONCLUSION This study concluded that low dose , 6 mg bupivacaine with 20 microg fentanyl provide adequate anaesthesia for surgical repair of hip fracture with stable haemodynamics
Overall , moderate evidence suggests that nerve blockades are effective for relieving acute pain and reducing delirium .
Low-level evidence suggests that preoperative traction does not reduce acute pain .
Nerve blockade seems to be effective in reducing acute pain after hip fracture .
Sparse data preclude firm conclusions about the relative benefits or harms of many other pain management interventions for patients with hip fracture .
BACKGROUND  Pain management  is integral to the management of hip fracture .
PURPOSE To review the benefits and harms of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions for managing pain  after hip fracture .