Conclusions Large r and omized controlled trials of at least 6 months duration with carbohydrate restriction appear superior in improving lipid markers when compared with low-fat diets .
Context Carbohydrate-restricted diets may increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and thereby cardiovascular risk .
Objective A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effects of very low , low , and moderate carbohydrate , higher fat diets versus high-carbohydrate , low-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipid markers in overweight/obese adults .
Two Patterns of Adipokine and Other Biomarker Dynamics in a Long-Term Weight Loss Intervention
OBJECTIVE Long-term dietary intervention frequently induces a rapid weight decline followed by weight stabilization/regain . Here , we sought to identify adipokine biomarkers that may reflect continued beneficial effects of dieting despite partial weight regain . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed the dynamics of fasting serum levels of 12 traditional metabolic biomarkers and novel adipokines among 322 participants in the 2-year Dietary Intervention R and omized Controlled Trial ( DIRECT ) of low-fat , Mediterranean , or low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss . RESULTS We identified two distinct patterns : Pattern A includes biomarkers ( insulin , triglycerides , leptin , chemerin , monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 , and retinol-binding protein 4 ) whose dynamics tightly correspond to changes in body weight , with the trend during the weight loss phase ( months 0–6 ) going in the opposite direction to that in the weight maintenance/regain phase ( months 7–24 ) ( P < 0.05 between phases , all biomarkers ) . Pattern B includes biomarkers ( high molecular weight adiponectin , HDL cholesterol [ HDL-C ] , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [ hsCRP ] , fetuin-A , progranulin , and vaspin ) that displayed a continued , cumulative improvement ( P < 0.05 compared with baseline , all biomarkers ) throughout the intervention . These patterns were consistent across sex , diabetic groups , and diet groups , although the magnitude of change varied . Hierarchical analysis suggested similar clusters , revealing that the dynamic of leptin ( pattern A ) was most closely linked to weight change and that the dynamic of hsCRP best typified pattern B. CONCLUSIONS hsCRP , HDL-C , adiponectin , fetuin-A , progranulin , and vaspin levels display a continued long-term improvement despite partial weight regain . This may likely reflect either a delayed effect of the initial weight loss or a continuous beneficial response to switching to healthier dietary patterns
Conclusions Large r and omized controlled trials of at least 6 months duration with carbohydrate restriction appear superior in improving lipid markers when compared with low-fat diets .
Context Carbohydrate-restricted diets may increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and thereby cardiovascular risk .
Objective A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effects of very low , low , and moderate carbohydrate , higher fat diets versus high-carbohydrate , low-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipid markers in overweight/obese adults .