The results of this systematic review identify the consistent and prevalent indicators of concussion and their associations , derived from the strongest evidence in the published literature .
BACKGROUND Currently , there is no evidence -based definition for concussion that is being uniformly applied in clinical and research setting s. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of the highest- quality literature about concussion and to assemble evidence about the prevalence and associations of key indicators of concussion .
The goal was to establish an evidence -based foundation from which to derive , in future work , a definition , diagnostic criteria , and prognostic indicators for concussion .
The prospective course of postconcussion syndrome: the role of mild traumatic brain injury.
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether postconcussion syndrome ( PCS ) represents long-term sequelae associated with  mild traumatic brain injury ( mTBI ) . METHODS Prospect i ve consecutive admissions to a Level 1 trauma hospital were assessed a mean 4.9 days and again 106.2 days post-injury . The final sample comprised 62 mTBI and 58 nonbrain injured trauma controls ( TC ) . Change or lack of change in individual PCS-like symptoms and PCS was examined . Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze whether mTBI predicts 3-month PCS ( Time 2 ; T2 ) ; whether predictors of PCS ( within 14 days of injury , Time 1 ; T1 ) predict 3-month PCS , and how change in these predictors from T1 to T2 were associated with change in PCS status . Variables included demographic , injury-related , financial incentives , neuropsychological , and psychiatric disorder . RESULTS MTBI did not predict PCS . PCS was comparable ( T1 : mTBI : 40.3 % , TC : 50.0 % ; T2 : mTBI : 46.8 % , TC : 48.3 % ) . At T2 , 38.6 % were new cases of PCS ; between 30.8 % and 86.2 % reported either a new or more frequent symptom . A pre-injury depressive or anxiety disorder ( OR = 2.99 , 95 % CI [ 1.38 , 6.45 ] ) , and acute posttraumatic stress ( OR = 1.05 , 95 % CI [ 1.00 , 1.00 ] ) were early markers of PCS , regardless of mTBI . An interaction between time and posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) suggested the relationship between the severity of PTSD symptoms and PCS strengthened over time ( OR = 2.66 , 95 % CI [ 1.08 , 6.55 ] ) . Pain was related to PCS . Females were more likely than males to have PCS . CONCLUSION The data suggest the phenomenon of PCS in trauma patients does not show an association with mTBI
The results of this systematic review identify the consistent and prevalent indicators of concussion and their associations , derived from the strongest evidence in the published literature .
BACKGROUND Currently , there is no evidence -based definition for concussion that is being uniformly applied in clinical and research setting s. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of the highest- quality literature about concussion and to assemble evidence about the prevalence and associations of key indicators of concussion .
The goal was to establish an evidence -based foundation from which to derive , in future work , a definition , diagnostic criteria , and prognostic indicators for concussion .