Based on the available evidence , motor evoked potentials at rest were the only biomarker that predicted motor outcome in individuals with severe arm impairment following stroke .
To build an underst and ing of the neurobiology underpinning arm recovery in people with severe arm impairment due to stroke , we conducted a pooled individual data systematic review to : 1 ) characterize brain biomarkers ; 2 ) determine relationship(s ) between biomarkers and motor outcome ; and 3 ) establish relationship(s ) between biomarkers and motor recovery .
Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability at the item level of the Action Research Arm Test for patients with stroke.
OBJECTIVE To examine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the Action Research Arm Test ( ARAT ) at the item level after stroke . DESIGN An intra-rater and inter-rater reliability study . SUBJECTS Thirty-five participants ( median age 62 years , median time post-stroke 22 months ) with impaired upper extremity function after stroke were included in the study . METHODS Two physiotherapists simultaneously , but independently , assessed the participants ' performance in all 19 items of the ARAT twice in 1 day . A rank-based statistical method for paired ordinal data , including calculation of percentage agreement ( PA ) , systematic disagreements ( relative position ( RP ) , relative concentration ( RC ) ) and individual variability ( relative rank variance ( RV ) ) was used . RESULTS Satisfactory intra-rater and inter-rater agreement was noted for all items except item 19 , which was just below satisfactory level . Within and between raters , small but non-negligible systematic disagreements were found for items 11 , 14 and 19 and for items 1 , 4 , 17 and 19 , respectively . There was no disagreement due to r and om variance within or between raters . CONCLUSION The ARAT is a highly reliable observational rating scale at the item level after stroke . Awareness regarding the small systematic disagreements demonstrated in some items is , however , recommended when using ARAT
Based on the available evidence , motor evoked potentials at rest were the only biomarker that predicted motor outcome in individuals with severe arm impairment following stroke .
To build an underst and ing of the neurobiology underpinning arm recovery in people with severe arm impairment due to stroke , we conducted a pooled individual data systematic review to : 1 ) characterize brain biomarkers ; 2 ) determine relationship(s ) between biomarkers and motor outcome ; and 3 ) establish relationship(s ) between biomarkers and motor recovery .