No single measure was identified for use across the range of FND symptoms in adults .
Across r and omised controlled trials ( k=40 ) and observational treatment studies ( k=40 ) , outcome measures most often assessed core FND symptom change .
Other domains measured commonly were additional physical and psychological symptoms , life impact ( ie , quality of life , disability and general functioning ) and health economics/cost-utility ( eg , healthcare re source use and quality -adjusted life years ) .
CONCLUSIONS There are few well-vali date d FND-specific outcome measures .
OBJECTIVES We aim ed to identify existing outcome measures for functional neurological disorder ( FND ) , to inform the development of recommendations and to guide future research on FND outcomes .
An exploratory randomized controlled trial of immediate versus delayed withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic attacks (PNEAs).
PURPOSE To determine whether withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs ( AEDs ) in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic attacks ( PNEAs ) improves outcome . METHODS R and omized controlled trial of AED withdrawal in patients with PNEAs . Patients were r and omized to immediate or delayed ( 9 months ) withdrawal of AEDs .  We recorded spell frequency , changes in work status , use of emergency medical services , and psychological status at baseline , 9 months , and 18 months . RESULTS Of 193 patients screened , 38 fulfilled entry criteria , 13 declined participation , and 25 were r and omized . Fourteen patients were r and omized to immediate withdrawal ( IW ) and 11 patients to delayed withdrawal ( DW ) . There was a significant reduction in spell frequency from baseline to 9 months in the IW group but not in the DW group ( p = 0.028 ) . There was a significantly greater reduction in use of rescue medication in the IW group compared to the DW group between baseline and 9 months ( p = 0.002 ) . Emergency health care utilization dropped to zero in both groups by the end of the study . Psychological measures reflecting internal locus of control increased significantly more in the IW group ( p = 0.005 ) . DISCUSSION Stringent diagnostic criteria and an increasing tendency for patients to be referred before AED prescription limited the recruitment and the power of the study . Our data nonetheless provide evidence that some outcomes are improved by AED withdrawal in patients with PNEAs
No single measure was identified for use across the range of FND symptoms in adults .
Across r and omised controlled trials ( k=40 ) and observational treatment studies ( k=40 ) , outcome measures most often assessed core FND symptom change .
Other domains measured commonly were additional physical and psychological symptoms , life impact ( ie , quality of life , disability and general functioning ) and health economics/cost-utility ( eg , healthcare re source use and quality -adjusted life years ) .
CONCLUSIONS There are few well-vali date d FND-specific outcome measures .
OBJECTIVES We aim ed to identify existing outcome measures for functional neurological disorder ( FND ) , to inform the development of recommendations and to guide future research on FND outcomes .