Conclusion This meta- analysis suggests that probiotic and synbiotic supplementation may be beneficial in  lowering FBG in adults with high baseline FBG ( ≥7 mmol/L ) and that multispecies probiotics may have more impact on FBG than single species
Purpose  High fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) can lead to chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus , cardiovascular and kidney diseases .
Consuming probiotics or synbiotics may improve FBG .
A systematic review and meta- analysis of controlled trials was conducted to clarify the effect of probiotic and synbiotic consumption on FBG levels .
Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal.
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that gut microbial fermentation of prebiotics promotes satiety and lowers hunger and energy intake in humans . In rodents , these effects are associated with an increase in plasma gut peptide concentrations , which are involved in appetite regulation and glucose homeostasis . OBJECTIVE Our aim was to examine the effects of prebiotic supplementation on satiety and related hormones during a test meal for human volunteers by using a noninvasive micro method for blood sampling to measure plasma gut peptide concentrations . DESIGN This study was a r and omized , double-blind , parallel , placebo-controlled trial . A total of 10 healthy adults ( 5 men and 5 women ) were r and omly assigned to groups that received either 16 g prebiotics/d or 16 g dextrin maltose/d for 2 wk . Meal tolerance tests were performed in the morning to measure the following : hydrogen breath test , satiety , glucose homeostasis , and related hormone response . RESULTS We show that the prebiotic treatment increased breath-hydrogen excretion ( a marker of gut microbiota fermentation ) by approximately 3-fold and lowered hunger rates . Prebiotics increased plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY concentrations , whereas postpr and ial plasma glucose responses decreased after the st and ardized meal . The areas under the curve for plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 and breath-hydrogen excretion measured after the meal ( 0 - 60 min ) were significantly correlated ( r = 0.85 , P = 0.007 ) . The glucose response was inversely correlated with the breath-hydrogen excretion areas under the curve ( 0 - 180 min ; r = -0.73 , P = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSION Prebiotic supplementation was associated with an increase in plasma gut peptide concentrations ( glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY ) , which may contribute in part to changes in appetite sensation and glucose excursion responses after a meal in healthy subjects
Conclusion This meta- analysis suggests that probiotic and synbiotic supplementation may be beneficial in  lowering FBG in adults with high baseline FBG ( ≥7 mmol/L ) and that multispecies probiotics may have more impact on FBG than single species
Purpose  High fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) can lead to chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus , cardiovascular and kidney diseases .
Consuming probiotics or synbiotics may improve FBG .
A systematic review and meta- analysis of controlled trials was conducted to clarify the effect of probiotic and synbiotic consumption on FBG levels .