Most of the outcome question naires had a mixed content reflecting various constructs such as pain and symptoms , sleep disturbances , psychological dysfunctions , physical impairments , and social functions .
STUDY DESIGN A systematic literature review of outcome question naires design ed for assessing functional status or disability in patients with low back pain .
OBJECTIVES To provide a comprehensive overview of all functioning/disability question naires used in recent years and to explore how the main concept(s ) was described or defined in the original paper , the content or the domains of disability , and the measurement properties of the question naires .
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA A number of clinical tools design ed for evaluating the functional status of patients with low back pain have been developed .
Only a few have been review ed earlier , and there has been little focus on the content reflected in the question naires .
A Comparison of Fear-Avoidance Beliefs in Patients With Lumbar Spine Pain and Cervical Spine Pain
Study Design . A prospect i ve consecutive cohort study of patients with cervical spine pain and patients with lumbar spine pain referred to an academic medical center . Objectives . To investigate the presence of fear-avoidance beliefs in a sample of patients with cervical spine pain and to compare the association of pain intensity , disability , and fear-avoidance beliefs in patients with cervical spine pain with that in patients with lumbar spine pain . Summary of Background Data . Fear-avoidance beliefs are a specific psychosocial variable involved in the development of disability from low back pain . Psychosocial variables are believed to play a role in cervical disability , but specific variables have not been investigated . Methods . Consecutive patients referred to a multidisciplinary center completed self-reports of  disability , pain intensity , and fear-avoidance beliefs during an initial evaluation session . Gender , type of symptom onset , acuity , and payer source were also recorded . Associations between disability , pain intensity , and fear-avoidance beliefs were investigated in patients with cervical spine pain and patients with lumbar spine pain . Results . In all , 163 patients completed the self-reports and were included in this study . Weaker relations between fear-avoidance beliefs and disability were found in patients with cervical pain than in those with lumbar pain . Significant differences in fear-avoidance beliefs were found for gender , type of symptom onset , and payer source ( workers ’ compensation , auto insurance , and traditional insurance ) . Conclusion . The associations among fear-avoidance beliefs , pain intensity , and disability differed between patients with cervical spine pain and patients with lumbar spine pain .  Fear-avoidance beliefs were significantly different in subgroups of patients
Most of the outcome question naires had a mixed content reflecting various constructs such as pain and symptoms , sleep disturbances , psychological dysfunctions , physical impairments , and social functions .
STUDY DESIGN A systematic literature review of outcome question naires design ed for assessing functional status or disability in patients with low back pain .
OBJECTIVES To provide a comprehensive overview of all functioning/disability question naires used in recent years and to explore how the main concept(s ) was described or defined in the original paper , the content or the domains of disability , and the measurement properties of the question naires .
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA A number of clinical tools design ed for evaluating the functional status of patients with low back pain have been developed .
Only a few have been review ed earlier , and there has been little focus on the content reflected in the question naires .