All 4 faces pain scales were found to be adequately supported by psychometric data .
When given a choice between faces scales , children preferred the WBFPRS .
Confounding of pain intensity with affect caused by use of smiling and crying anchor faces is a disadvantage of the WBFPRS .
: For clinical use , we found no grounds to switch from 1 faces scale to another when 1 of the scales is in use .
CONTEXT : Numerous faces scales have been developed for the measurement of  pain intensity in children .
It remains unclear whether any one of the faces scales is better for a particular purpose with regard to validity , reliability , feasibility , and preference .
OBJECTIVES : To summarize and systematic ally review faces pain scales most commonly used to obtain self-report of pain intensity in children for evaluation of reliability and validity and to compare the scales for preference and utility .
Reduction of topical anesthetic onset time using ultrasound: a randomized controlled trial prior to venipuncture in young children.
BACKGROUND Ultrasound treatment prior to topical anesthetic application has been shown to speed anesthesia onset by enhancing anesthetic penetration into the skin . OBJECTIVE To evaluate a low-frequency ultrasound device to facilitate absorption of topical anesthetic in young children who require venipuncture . METHODS This was a prospect i ve controlled comparison of analgesic effect of a 5-minute application of liposomal lidocaine cream after ultrasound treatment , with a 30-minute application of liposomal lidocaine cream , in children aged 3 to 7 years undergoing venipuncture . Children rated the pain of the venipuncture using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale ( FACES ) ( 0 = no pain , 10 = maximal pain ) , and parents rated their child 's pain using a 100-mm ( 0 = no pain , 100 = maximal pain ) visual analogue scale ( VAS ) . Venipuncture skin sites were evaluated for effect immediately posttreatment , and at 24 to 72 hours post phlebotomy . RESULTS Seventy subjects were enrolled : the first 10 patients comprised a pilot series , receiving the ultrasonic treatment and liposomal lidocaine cream ; the next 60 subjects were r and omized , including 29 allocated to the ultrasound treatment group , and 31 r and omized to the 30-minute control treatment with liposomal lidocaine cream .  Demographics were similar between the two groups .  Mean child 's FACES scale results were similar : Ultrasound group 4.78 ( 95 % CI ; 3.06 , 6.52 ) , CONTROL group 4.32 ( 95 % CI ; 2.82 , 5.82 ) ( P = 0.72 ) ; and mean parent VAS scores were also the same : Ultrasound : 19.1 ( 95 % CI ; 10.3 , 27.8 ) , CONTROL : 23.2 ( 95 % CI ; 14.7 , 31.7 ) ( P = 0.87 ) . Skin effects immediately after ultrasound were limited to minor redness in 9/39 children and significant redness in 2/29 patients . CONCLUSION Ultrasound treatment speeds time of onset of liposomal lidocaine cream anesthesia in young children undergoing venipuncture . Side effects were mild in our population
All 4 faces pain scales were found to be adequately supported by psychometric data .
When given a choice between faces scales , children preferred the WBFPRS .
Confounding of pain intensity with affect caused by use of smiling and crying anchor faces is a disadvantage of the WBFPRS .
: For clinical use , we found no grounds to switch from 1 faces scale to another when 1 of the scales is in use .
CONTEXT : Numerous faces scales have been developed for the measurement of  pain intensity in children .
It remains unclear whether any one of the faces scales is better for a particular purpose with regard to validity , reliability , feasibility , and preference .
OBJECTIVES : To summarize and systematic ally review faces pain scales most commonly used to obtain self-report of pain intensity in children for evaluation of reliability and validity and to compare the scales for preference and utility .