In healthy subjects , appetite and short term food intake , risk of cancer , risk of diabetes , risk of dental caries , weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes .
Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes .
In subjects with diabetes and hypertension , the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent .
Background Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades .
Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste .
However , with the dramatic increase in their consumption , it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and , more importantly , potential adverse effects .
The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent , range , and nature of research activity in this area .
Caffeinated and caffeine-free beverages and risk of type 2 diabetes.
BACKGROUND Consumption of caffeinated beverages such as coffee and tea has been associated with a lower risk of  type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) . Paradoxically , short-term metabolic studies have shown that caffeine impairs postpr and ial glycemic control . OBJECTIVE The objective was to prospect ively examine the association of caffeinated compared with caffeine-free beverages , including coffee , tea , sugar-sweetened beverages ( SSBs ) , and carbonated artificially sweetened beverages ( ASBs ) , with T2D risk . DESIGN We prospect ively observed 74,749 women from the Nurses ' Health Study ( NHS , 1984 - 2008 ) and 39,059 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study ( HPFS , 1986 - 2008 ) who were free of diabetes , cardiovascular diseases , and cancer at baseline . RESULTS We documented 7370 incident cases of T2D during 24 y of follow-up in the NHS and 2865 new cases during 22 y of follow-up in the HPFS . After major lifestyle and dietary risk factors were controlled for , caffeinated and caffeine-free SSB intake was significantly associated with a higher risk of T2D in the NHS ( RR per serving : 13 % for caffeinated SSBs , 11 % for caffeine-free SSBs ; P < 0.05 ) and in the HPFS ( RR per serving : 16 % for caffeinated SSBs , 23 % for caffeine-free SSBs ; P < 0.01 ) . Only  caffeine-free ASB  intake in NHS participants was associated with a higher risk of T2D ( RR : 6 % per serving ; P < 0.001 ) . Conversely , the consumption of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee was associated with a lower risk of T2D [ RR per serving : 8 % for both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee in the NHS ( P < 0.0001 ) and 4 % for caffeinated and 7 % for decaffeinated coffee in the HPFS ( P < 0.01 ) ] . Only caffeinated tea was associated with a lower T2D risk among NHS participants ( RR per serving : 5 % ; P < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSION Irrespective of the caffeine content , SSB intake was associated with a higher risk of T2D , and coffee intake was associated with a lower risk of T2D
In healthy subjects , appetite and short term food intake , risk of cancer , risk of diabetes , risk of dental caries , weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes .
Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes .
In subjects with diabetes and hypertension , the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent .
Background Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades .
Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste .
However , with the dramatic increase in their consumption , it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and , more importantly , potential adverse effects .
The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent , range , and nature of research activity in this area .