Conclusion This meta- analysis suggests that probiotic and synbiotic supplementation may be beneficial in  lowering FBG in adults with high baseline FBG ( ≥7 mmol/L ) and that multispecies probiotics may have more impact on FBG than single species
Purpose  High fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) can lead to chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus , cardiovascular and kidney diseases .
Consuming probiotics or synbiotics may improve FBG .
A systematic review and meta- analysis of controlled trials was conducted to clarify the effect of probiotic and synbiotic consumption on FBG levels .
Mood and cognitive functions during acute euglycaemia and mild hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetic patients.
INTRODUCTION Hyperglycaemia at levels above 15 mmol/l has been shown to impair cognitive functions in type 2 diabetic patients , while effects of mild hyperglycaemia and acute euglycaemia on mood and cognition have rarely been compared . We examined mood and cognitive functions in patients with T2DM during acute euglycaemia in comparison with moderate hyperglycaemia . METHODS One euglycaemic ( 5 mmol/l ) and one hyperglycaemic clamp ( 10.5 mmol/l ) of 90 min each were performed in 15 T2DM patients in a balanced , single-blind , within-subject comparison . Mood , cognitive functions ( assessed via short-term memory and attention tests ) and symptoms related to glycaemic changes were assessed during a baseline period and during both glycaemic plateaus . In addition , patients estimated their blood glucose level and counterregulatory hormones were measured . RESULTS None of the assessed aspects of cognitive functions differed between conditions ( all p > or = 0.2 ) . Patients rated higher on the well-being scale ( p=0.04 ) and tended to feel less anger ( p=0.08 ) during hyperglycaemia . Self-estimated blood glucose levels were higher during the hyper- than euglycaemic condition ( 8.6 + /- 2.5 vs 7.2 + /- 1.2 mmol/l ; p<0.05 ) although most individual estimations did not match the actual glucose levels . Counterregulatory hormone levels did not differ ( all p>0.25 ) . CONCLUSIONS Data indicate that T2DM patients are not cognitively impaired by moderate hyperglycaemia ( 10.5 mmol/l ) , pointing to the possibility of a glycaemic threshold for cognitive impairments at higher glycaemic levels
Conclusion This meta- analysis suggests that probiotic and synbiotic supplementation may be beneficial in  lowering FBG in adults with high baseline FBG ( ≥7 mmol/L ) and that multispecies probiotics may have more impact on FBG than single species
Purpose  High fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) can lead to chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus , cardiovascular and kidney diseases .
Consuming probiotics or synbiotics may improve FBG .
A systematic review and meta- analysis of controlled trials was conducted to clarify the effect of probiotic and synbiotic consumption on FBG levels .