Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .
The cost-effectiveness of removing television advertising of high-fat and/or high-sugar food and beverages to Australian children
Objective : To model the health benefits and cost-effectiveness of  banning television ( TV ) advertisements in Australia for energy-dense , nutrient-poor food and beverages during children 's peak viewing times . Methods : Benefits were modelled as changes in body mass index ( BMI ) and disability-adjusted life years ( DALYs ) saved . Intervention costs ( AUD$ ) were compared with future health-care cost offsets from reduced prevalence of obesity-related health conditions . Changes in BMI were assumed to be maintained through to adulthood . The comparator was current practice , the reference year was 2001 , and the discount rate for costs and benefits was 3 % . The impact of the withdrawal of non-core food and beverage advertisements on children 's actual food consumption was drawn from the best available evidence ( a r and omized controlled trial of advertisement exposure and food consumption ) . Supporting evidence was found in ecological relationships between TV advertising and childhood obesity , and from the effects of marketing bans on other products . A Working Group of stakeholders provided input into decisions surrounding the modelling assumptions and second-stage filters of ‘ strength of evidence ’ , ‘ equity ’ , ‘ acceptability to stakeholders ’ , ‘ feasibility of implementation ’ , ‘ sustainability ’ and ‘ side-effects ’ . Results : The intervention had a gross incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of AUD$ 3.70 ( 95 % uncertainty interval ( UI ) $ 2.40 , $ 7.70 ) per DALY . Total DALYs saved were 37 000 ( 95 % UI 16 000 , 59 000 ) . When the present value of potential savings in future health-care costs was considered ( AUD$ 300 m ( 95 % UI $ 130 m , $ 480 m ) , the intervention was ‘ dominant ’ , because it result ed in both a health gain and a cost offset compared with current practice . Conclusions : Although recognizing the limitations of the available evidence , restricting TV food advertising to children would be one of the most cost-effective population -based interventions available to governments today . Despite its economic credentials from a public health perspective , the initiative is strongly opposed by food and advertising industries and is under review by the current Australian government
Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .