In frail older persons , moderate-to-large beneficial exercise effects were noted on inflammation , muscle strength and physical functioning .
In healthy older persons , effects of resistance training ( most frequently investigated ) on inflammation or muscle strength can be influenced by the exercise modalities ( intensity and rest interval between sets ) .
Muscle strength seemed the most frequently used outcome measure , with moderate-to-large effects obtained regardless the exercise intervention studied .
Similar effects were found in patients with specific diseases .
Summary Exercise has moderate-to-large effects on muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Purpose of review This systematic review reports the most recent literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on  muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Resistance training does not have an effect on cognition or related serum biomarkers in nonagenarians: a randomized controlled trial.
The aim of this r and omized controlled trial was to determine the effects of 8-week exercise-intervention on cognition and related serum biochemical markers in nonagenarians . We also studied the effects of a 4-week training cessation ( ' detraining ' ) period on our study variables . Participants were r and omly allocated to a st and ard-care ( control ) or intervention ( exercise ) group [ n=20 ( 16 women)/group ] . The intervention focused on supervised , light-to-moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercises ( mainly leg press ) , and included 3 weekly sessions . Cognitive status was determined by the mini-mental state examination and geriatric depression scale . We analysed proteins with reported relation with mechanisms behind cognition changes such as serum levels of angiotensin converting enzyme , amyloid-precursor protein , epidermal growth factor , brain-derived neural factor and tumor necrosis factor . No significant change ( P>0.05 ) in any of the variables studied was found following the exercise intervention compared with the st and ard-care group . Similarly , no significant changes ( P>0.05 ) were observed following the detraining period compared with the st and ard-care group . Overall changes after the exercise intervention in serum biomarkers were not associated with changes in functional capacity and cognitive measures . An 8-week exercise intervention focusing on resistance exercises neither benefits cognitive function nor affects the levels of the serum proteins analysed in nonagenarians
In frail older persons , moderate-to-large beneficial exercise effects were noted on inflammation , muscle strength and physical functioning .
In healthy older persons , effects of resistance training ( most frequently investigated ) on inflammation or muscle strength can be influenced by the exercise modalities ( intensity and rest interval between sets ) .
Muscle strength seemed the most frequently used outcome measure , with moderate-to-large effects obtained regardless the exercise intervention studied .
Similar effects were found in patients with specific diseases .
Summary Exercise has moderate-to-large effects on muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Purpose of review This systematic review reports the most recent literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on  muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .