Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .
Pricing and promotion effects on low-fat vending snack purchases: the CHIPS Study.
OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of pricing and promotion strategies on purchases of low-fat snacks from vending machines . METHODS  Low-fat snacks were added to 55 vending machines in a convenience sample of 12 secondary schools and 12 worksites . Four pricing levels ( equal price , 10 % reduction , 25 % reduction , 50 % reduction ) and 3 promotional conditions ( none , low-fat label , low-fat label plus promotional sign ) were crossed in a Latin square design . Sales of low-fat vending snacks were measured continuously for the 12-month intervention . RESULTS Price reductions of 10 % , 25 % , and 50 % on low-fat snacks were associated with significant increases in low-fat snack sales ; percentages of low-fat snack sales increased by 9 % , 39 % , and 93 % , respectively . Promotional signage was independently but weakly associated with increases in low-fat snack sales . Average profits per machine were not affected by the vending interventions . CONCLUSIONS Reducing relative prices on low-fat snacks was effective in promoting lower-fat snack purchases from vending machines in both adult and adolescent population
Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .