There was no effect of calcium supplementation  on femoral neck or lumbar spine BMD .
There was no evidence of effect modification by baseline calcium intake , sex , ethnicity , physical activity or pubertal stage .
While there is a small effect of calcium supplementation in the upper limb , the increase in BMD which results is unlikely to result in a clinical ly significant decrease in fracture risk .
The results do not support the use of calcium supplementation  in healthy children as a public health intervention .
These results can not be extrapolated to children with medical conditions affecting bone metabolism
BACKGROUND Clinical trials have shown that  calcium supplementation in children can increase  bone mineral density ( BMD ) although this effect may not be maintained .
There has been no quantitative systematic review of this intervention .
To determine the effectiveness of calcium supplementation for improving BMD  in children .
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To determine if any effect varies by sex , pubertal stage , ethnicity or level of physical activity , and if any effect persists after supplementation is ceased .
Social support, knowledge, and self-efficacy as correlates of osteoporosis preventive behaviors among preadolescent females.
OBJECTIVE To develop and test a model based on B and ura 's social cognitive theory to predict healthy lifestyle behaviors for the prevention of osteoporosis . METHODS Participants were 354 girls , ages 8 - 11 years , recruited from area Girl Scout troops . Baseline data from a r and omized trial of behavioral interventions are presented . Measures of social support , knowledge , self-efficacy , dietary calcium intake , and weight-bearing physical activity ( WBPA ) were obtained via interviews and self-administered question naires . RESULTS A structural equation model was tested and fit the data well . Family social support , perceived self-efficacy for eating a calcium-rich diet , and knowledge of WBPA significantly predicted calcium intake . Friend and family support for exercise predicted WBPA . Self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between family support and calcium intake , as confirmed by Holmbeck 's post-hoc probing strategy ( 2002 ) . CONCLUSIONS Suggestions are made for primary prevention interventions such as parent and peer involvement , health education , and problem-solving training
There was no effect of calcium supplementation  on femoral neck or lumbar spine BMD .
There was no evidence of effect modification by baseline calcium intake , sex , ethnicity , physical activity or pubertal stage .
While there is a small effect of calcium supplementation in the upper limb , the increase in BMD which results is unlikely to result in a clinical ly significant decrease in fracture risk .
The results do not support the use of calcium supplementation  in healthy children as a public health intervention .
These results can not be extrapolated to children with medical conditions affecting bone metabolism
BACKGROUND Clinical trials have shown that  calcium supplementation in children can increase  bone mineral density ( BMD ) although this effect may not be maintained .
There has been no quantitative systematic review of this intervention .
To determine the effectiveness of calcium supplementation for improving BMD  in children .
.
To determine if any effect varies by sex , pubertal stage , ethnicity or level of physical activity , and if any effect persists after supplementation is ceased .