The studies showed that obese and overweight adolescents consume significantly more energy and macronutrients .
They are also more likely to skip their daily meals compared to their normal weight peers .
In most studies , the direction of the PA effect on body weight was unclear .
Some studies found that higher PA is associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity .
Conclusions This review identified a lack of evidence and well-conducted prospect i ve studies on the effect of diet and PA on cardio-metabolic health of Malaysian adolescents
Background A sedentary lifestyle and an unhealthy diet are major factors in the increasing prevalence of obesity among Malaysian adolescents .
The purpose of this systematic review is to compile the evidence from observational and intervention studies among Malaysian adolescents to evaluate the associations between diet and physical activity ( PA ) as determinants of cardio-metabolic risk factors .
Risk factors associated with abdominal obesity in suburban adolescents from a Malaysian district.
INTRODUCTION We aim ed to determine the risk factors associated with abdominal obesity ( AO )  in suburban adolescents . METHODS This cross-sectional study included adolescents aged 15 - 17 years from five r and omly selected secondary schools in the Hulu Langat district of Selangor state , Malaysia .  Waist circumference ( WC ) was measured at the midpoint between the lower margin of the last palpable rib and the top of the iliac crest . Information on sociodemographic data , dietary habits , physical activity levels and duration of sleep was obtained via interviewer-administered question naires . Participants ' habitual food intake was determined using a 73-item Food Frequency Question naire . RESULTS Among 832 participants , 56.0 % were girls ; 48.4 % were Malay , 40.5 % Chinese , 10.2 % Indian and 0.8 % of other ethnic groups . Median age and WC were 16 ( interquartile range [ IQR ] 15 - 16 ) years and 67.9 ( IQR 63.0 - 74.6 ) cm , respectively . Overall prevalence of AO ( > 90th percentile on the WC chart ) was 11.3 % . A higher proportion ( 22.4 % ) of Indian adolescents were found to have AO compared with Malay and Chinese adolescents . Logistic regression analysis showed that female gender ( adjusted odds ratio [ OR ] 7.064 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 2.087 - 23.913 ; p = 0.002 ) , Indian ethnicity ( adjusted OR 10.164 , 95 % CI 2.182 - 47.346 ; p = 0.003 ) , irregular meals ( adjusted OR 3.193 , 95 % CI 1.043 - 9.774 ; p = 0.042 ) and increasing body mass index ( BMI ) ( adjusted OR 2.867 , 95 % CI 2.216 - 3.710 ; p < 0.001 ) were significantly associated with AO . CONCLUSION AO was common among Malaysian adolescents . Female gender , Indian ethnicity , irregular meals and increasing BMI were significant risk factors
The studies showed that obese and overweight adolescents consume significantly more energy and macronutrients .
They are also more likely to skip their daily meals compared to their normal weight peers .
In most studies , the direction of the PA effect on body weight was unclear .
Some studies found that higher PA is associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity .
Conclusions This review identified a lack of evidence and well-conducted prospect i ve studies on the effect of diet and PA on cardio-metabolic health of Malaysian adolescents
Background A sedentary lifestyle and an unhealthy diet are major factors in the increasing prevalence of obesity among Malaysian adolescents .
The purpose of this systematic review is to compile the evidence from observational and intervention studies among Malaysian adolescents to evaluate the associations between diet and physical activity ( PA ) as determinants of cardio-metabolic risk factors .