WIDER IMPLICATION S The findings of this review indicate that alcohol consumption , particularly low and moderate alcohol intake , might be associated with later onset of menopause although the magnitude of the association is low .
BACKGROUND Early onset of menopause is associated with long-term health risks , including cardiovascular disease and premature death .
Although alcohol intake has been suggested to affect the age at which natural menopause occurs , results from observational studies are not consistent .
OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In the view of the differing risks to the health of early menopause and the increasing trends in alcohol consumption in women , in this systematic review , we aim ed to quantify the association between all levels of alcohol consumption and menopause onset .
Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study
Objective To compute the burden of cancer attributable to current and former alcohol consumption in eight European countries based on direct relative risk estimates from a cohort study . Design Combination of prospect i ve cohort study with representative population based data on alcohol exposure . Setting Eight countries ( France , Italy , Spain , United Kingdom , the Netherl and s , Greece , Germany , Denmark ) participating in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study . Participants 109 118 men and 254 870 women , mainly aged 37 - 70 . Main outcome measures Hazard rate ratios expressing the relative risk of cancer incidence for former and current alcohol consumption among EPIC participants . Hazard rate ratios combined with representative information on alcohol consumption to calculate alcohol attributable fractions of causally related cancers by country and sex . Partial alcohol attributable fractions for consumption higher than the recommended upper limit ( two drinks a day for men with about 24 g alcohol , one for women with about 12 g alcohol ) and the estimated total annual number of cases of alcohol attributable cancer . Results If we assume causality , among men and women , 10 % ( 95 % confidence interval 7 to 13 % ) and 3 % ( 1 to 5 % ) of the incidence of total cancer was attributable to former and current alcohol consumption in the selected European countries . For selected cancers the figures were 44 % ( 31 to 56 % ) and 25 % ( 5 to 46 % ) for upper aerodigestive tract , 33 % ( 11 to 54 % ) and 18 % ( −3 to 38 % ) for liver , 17 % ( 10 to 25 % ) and 4 % ( −1 to 10 % ) for colorectal cancer for men and women , respectively , and 5.0 % ( 2 to 8 % ) for female breast cancer . A substantial part of the alcohol attributable fraction in 2008 was associated with alcohol consumption higher than the recommended upper limit : 33 037 of 178 578 alcohol related cancer cases in men and 17 470 of 397 043 alcohol related cases in women . Conclusions In western Europe , an important proportion of cases of cancer can be attributable to alcohol consumption , especially consumption higher than the recommended upper limits . These data support current political efforts to reduce or to abstain from alcohol consumption to reduce the incidence of cancer
WIDER IMPLICATION S The findings of this review indicate that alcohol consumption , particularly low and moderate alcohol intake , might be associated with later onset of menopause although the magnitude of the association is low .
BACKGROUND Early onset of menopause is associated with long-term health risks , including cardiovascular disease and premature death .
Although alcohol intake has been suggested to affect the age at which natural menopause occurs , results from observational studies are not consistent .
OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In the view of the differing risks to the health of early menopause and the increasing trends in alcohol consumption in women , in this systematic review , we aim ed to quantify the association between all levels of alcohol consumption and menopause onset .