CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .
Mediterranean diet and colorectal cancer risk: results from a European cohort
The authors investigated the association of adherence to Mediterranean diet with  colorectal cancer ( CRC ) risk  in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and nutrition study .  Adherence to Mediterranean diet was expressed through two 10-unit scales , the Modified Mediterranean diet score ( MMDS ) and the Centre-Specific MMDS ( CSMMDS ) . Both scales share the same dietary components but differ in the cut-off values that were used for these components in the construction of the scales . Adjusted hazard ratios ( HR ) for the associations of these scales with CRC incidence were estimated . After 5,296,617 person-years of follow-up , 4,355 incident CRC cases were identified . A decreased risk of CRC , of 8 and 11 % was estimated when comparing the highest ( scores 6–9 ) with the lowest ( scores 0–3 ) adherence to CSMMDS and MMDS respectively . For MMDS the HR was 0.89 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 0.80 , 0.99 ) . A 2-unit increment in either Mediterranean scale was associated with a borderline statistically significant 3 to 4 % reduction in CRC risk ( HR for MMDS : 0.96 ; 95 % CI : 0.92 , 1.00 ) . These associations were somewhat more evident , among women , were mainly manifested for colon cancer risk and their magnitude was not altered when alcohol was excluded from MMDS . These findings suggest that following a Mediterranean diet may have a modest beneficial effect on CRC risk
CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .