In frail older persons , moderate-to-large beneficial exercise effects were noted on inflammation , muscle strength and physical functioning .
In healthy older persons , effects of resistance training ( most frequently investigated ) on inflammation or muscle strength can be influenced by the exercise modalities ( intensity and rest interval between sets ) .
Muscle strength seemed the most frequently used outcome measure , with moderate-to-large effects obtained regardless the exercise intervention studied .
Similar effects were found in patients with specific diseases .
Summary Exercise has moderate-to-large effects on muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Purpose of review This systematic review reports the most recent literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on  muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Effects of Exercise and Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM) Supplementation on Body Composition, Physical Function, and Hematological Parameters in Community-Dwelling Frail Japanese Women: A Randomized Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Follow-Up Trial
Objective To investigate the combined and separate effects of exercise and milk fat globule membrane ( MFGM ) supplementation on frailty , physical function , physical activity level , and hematological parameters in community-dwelling elderly Japanese women . Methods A total of 131 frail , elderly women over 75 years were r and omly assigned to one of four groups : exercise and MFGM supplementation ( Ex+MFGM ) , exercise and placebo ( Ex+Plac ) , MFGM supplementation , or the placebo group . The exercise group attended a 60-minute training program twice a week for three months , and the MFGM group ingested 1 g of the MFGM supplement in pill form , daily for 3 months . The primary outcome measure was change in frailty status based on Fried ’s frailty phenotype . Secondary outcome measures included body composition , physical function and hematological parameters , and interview survey components assessing lifestyle factors . Participants were followed for 4 months post-intervention . Results Significant group × time interactions were observed for usual walking speed ( P = 0.005 ) , timed up & go ( P<0.001 ) , and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 / insulin-like growth factor 1 ratio ( P = 0.013 ) . The frailty components revealed that weight loss , exhaustion , low physical activity , and slow walking speed were reversed , but low muscle strength did not significantly changed . Frailty reversal rate was significantly higher in the Ex+MFGM ( 57.6 % ) than in the MFGM ( 28.1 % ) or placebo ( 30.3 % ) groups at post-intervention ( χ2 = 8.827 , P = 0.032 ) , and at the follow-up was also significantly greater in the Ex+MFGM ( 45.5 % ) and Ex+Plac ( 39.4 % ) groups compared with the placebo ( 15.2 % ) group ( χ2 = 8.607 , P = 0.035 ) . The exercise+MFGM group had the highest odds ratio ( OR ) for frailty reversal at post-intervention and follow-up ( OR = 3.12 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 1.13–8.60 ; and OR = 4.67 , 95 % CI = 1.45–15.08 , respectively ) . Conclusion This study suggests that interventions including exercise and nutrition can improve frailty status . Statistically significant additive effects of MFGM with exercise could not be confirmed in this population , and further investigation in larger sample s is necessary . Trial Registration The Japan Medical Association Clinical Trial Registry
In frail older persons , moderate-to-large beneficial exercise effects were noted on inflammation , muscle strength and physical functioning .
In healthy older persons , effects of resistance training ( most frequently investigated ) on inflammation or muscle strength can be influenced by the exercise modalities ( intensity and rest interval between sets ) .
Muscle strength seemed the most frequently used outcome measure , with moderate-to-large effects obtained regardless the exercise intervention studied .
Similar effects were found in patients with specific diseases .
Summary Exercise has moderate-to-large effects on muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Purpose of review This systematic review reports the most recent literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on  muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .