RESULTS In ADHD patients the middle and inferior frontal gyri , basal ganglia , and cerebellum were most often affected by MPH .
The middle and inferior frontal gyri were frequently affected by MPH during inhibitory control tasks .
Throughout nine task-based fMRI studies investigating MPH 's effect on the brains of pediatric patients with ADHD , MPH result ed in increased activation within frontal lobes , basal ganglia , and cerebellum .
In most cases , this increase " normalized " activation of at least some brain areas to that seen in typically developing children
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is a psychiatric disorder affecting 5 % of children .
Methylpheni date ( MPH ) is a common medication for ADHD .
Studies examining MPH 's effect on pediatric ADHD patients ' brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) have not been compiled .
The goals of this systematic review were to determine ( 1 ) which areas of the brain in pediatric ADHD patients are modulated by a single dose of MPH , ( 2 ) whether areas modulated by MPH differ by task type performed during fMRI data acquisition , and ( 3 ) whether changes in brain activation due to MPH relate to clinical improvements in ADHD-related symptoms .
Efficacy of a new pattern of delivery of methylphenidate for the treatment of ADHD: effects on activity level in the classroom and on the playground.
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects of an experimental ( EXP ) delivery of methylpheni date ( MPH ) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and to investigate the situational nature of effects in laboratory classroom and playground setting s. METHOD A " sipping " study methodology was used to deliver a bolus followed by small but increasing MPH doses as the EXP regimen . A r and omized , double-blind crossover design was used to compare the EXP regimen to a thrice-daily ( TID ) regimen and a placebo ( PLA ) regimen . Measures of efficacy were obtained from a Motionlogger actigraph to quantify activity and from the Swanson , Kotkin , Agler , M-Flynn , and Pelham ( SKAMP ) rating scale to quantify two domains of behavior ( attention and deportment ) . RESULTS Compared with PLA , both EXP and TID delivery of MPH produced large , significant reductions in activity and inappropriate behavior in the classroom , but the two MPH regimens did not differ in onset or duration of effects across the day . The MPH effects were situationally dependent and were smaller for the playground than for the classroom setting s. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this " proof of concept " study support the efficacy of a continuous , ascending delivery of MPH . The situational effects of MPH provide support for the theory of selective effects of stimulants , dependent on the dem and s of the environment
RESULTS In ADHD patients the middle and inferior frontal gyri , basal ganglia , and cerebellum were most often affected by MPH .
The middle and inferior frontal gyri were frequently affected by MPH during inhibitory control tasks .
Throughout nine task-based fMRI studies investigating MPH 's effect on the brains of pediatric patients with ADHD , MPH result ed in increased activation within frontal lobes , basal ganglia , and cerebellum .
In most cases , this increase " normalized " activation of at least some brain areas to that seen in typically developing children
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is a psychiatric disorder affecting 5 % of children .
Methylpheni date ( MPH ) is a common medication for ADHD .
Studies examining MPH 's effect on pediatric ADHD patients ' brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) have not been compiled .
The goals of this systematic review were to determine ( 1 ) which areas of the brain in pediatric ADHD patients are modulated by a single dose of MPH , ( 2 ) whether areas modulated by MPH differ by task type performed during fMRI data acquisition , and ( 3 ) whether changes in brain activation due to MPH relate to clinical improvements in ADHD-related symptoms .