Comorbidity , gender , age , number of sessions , duration , intervention type , setting , medication use or dropout percentage did not influence the effect of treatment .
CONCLUSIONS Psychological treatments have a small effect in reducing parent- , teacher- and observer-rated CD problems  in children and adolescents with clinical CD problems/diagnosis .
There is not enough evidence to support one specific psychological treatment over another .
Many reports failed to provide detailed information to allow optimization of psychological treatment strategies
BACKGROUND This meta- analysis evaluates the efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments for conduct disorder ( CD ) problems in children and adolescents , based on child , parent and teacher report .
Does Maintenance Treatment Matter?
This study examined the effects of a two-year maintenance treatment assessed at 1 and 2 years following Parent – child Interaction Therapy ( PCIT ) .  Sixty-one of 100 clinic-referred children ( M age = 4 years , 4 months ) originally diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder ( ODD ) completed the st and ard treatment  and were then r and omized to PCIT maintenance treatment ( MT ) or to an assessment -only follow-up condition ( AO ) . Rating scale and observational measures from fathers , mothers , and children were collected before and after st and ard treatment and at one- and two-year follow-up assessment s. Maintenance treatment involved monthly telephone contacts from the original therapist focused on relapse prevention based on principles of PCIT . At the two-year follow-up , MT families showed few changes from post-treatment , as expected . However , the expected decrements for AO control families were not seen . Few differences between MT and AO were found at either follow-up assessment , and there were no significant differences in the rates of change during follow-up . The maintenance of gains among AO families may have result ed from the continuous enhancement of st and ard treatment or from inadvertent reinforcement for maintenance provided by the assessment s of change alone
Comorbidity , gender , age , number of sessions , duration , intervention type , setting , medication use or dropout percentage did not influence the effect of treatment .
CONCLUSIONS Psychological treatments have a small effect in reducing parent- , teacher- and observer-rated CD problems  in children and adolescents with clinical CD problems/diagnosis .
There is not enough evidence to support one specific psychological treatment over another .
Many reports failed to provide detailed information to allow optimization of psychological treatment strategies
BACKGROUND This meta- analysis evaluates the efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments for conduct disorder ( CD ) problems in children and adolescents , based on child , parent and teacher report .