The level of evidence for PMPs varied across different test procedures in different types of PJP .
H and -held pressure algometry is the only test procedure that showed moderate positive evidence of intrarater reliability , agreement , and responsiveness , simultaneously , when it was investigated in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis .
BACKGROUND Test procedures that were developed to assess somatosensory abnormalities should possess optimal psychometric properties ( PMPs ) to be used in clinical practice .
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the literature to assess the level of evidence for PMPs of test procedures investigated in individuals with peripheral joint pain ( PJP ) .
Can coadministration of oxycodone and morphine produce analgesic synergy in humans? An experimental cold pain study.
AIMS The coadministration of subantinociceptive doses of oxycodone with morphine has recently been shown to result in a synergistic antinociceptive effect in rats . The present study was aim ed to investigate the possibility that coadministration of morphine and oxycodone can produce a similar synergistic effect in humans exposed to an experimental model of cold pressor test ( CPT ) . METHODS The enriched enrollment design was used to exclude ' stoic ' and ' placebo responders ' in a single-blind fashion . ' Nonstoic ' , placebo ' nonresponder ' female volunteers ( n = 30 ) were r and omly assigned to receive 0.5 mg kg(-1 ) oral morphine sulphate , 0.5 mg kg(-1 ) oral oxycodone hydrochloride , and the combination of 0.25 mg kg(-1 ) morphine sulphate with 0.25 mg kg(-1 ) oxycodone hydrochloride , 1 week apart from each other , in a double-blind crossover design . Latency to pain onset ( threshold ) , pain intensity ( VAS ) , and pain tolerance ( time until removal of the h and from the water ) were measured six times over a 3-h period , subsequent to the administration of each medication , and were used to assess their antinociceptive effect . RESULTS The combination produced a significantly higher effect on latency to pain onset than that of morphine alone [ difference in mean postbaseline value 2.2 ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.48 , 3.9 ; P = 0.01 ] but the effect was nonsignificantly smaller that that of oxycodone alone . Similarly , the effect of the combination on pain tolerance was significantly larger than that of morphine alone ( combination difference 8.4 ; 95 % CI 2.5 , 14.3 ; P = 0.007 ) , whereas oxycodone alone caused a nonsignificantly larger effect than that of the combination treatment . Comparisons of pain magnitude failed to show any significant differences between the three treatments . CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that at the doses tested , morphine and oxycodone do not produce synergistic antinociceptive effects in healthy humans exposed to the CPT
The level of evidence for PMPs varied across different test procedures in different types of PJP .
H and -held pressure algometry is the only test procedure that showed moderate positive evidence of intrarater reliability , agreement , and responsiveness , simultaneously , when it was investigated in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis .
BACKGROUND Test procedures that were developed to assess somatosensory abnormalities should possess optimal psychometric properties ( PMPs ) to be used in clinical practice .
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the literature to assess the level of evidence for PMPs of test procedures investigated in individuals with peripheral joint pain ( PJP ) .