No significant treatment effects were observed for fasting insulin and HOMA-IR , however the direction of effect favoured tree nuts .
Pooled analyses show that tree nuts improve glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes , supporting their inclusion in a healthy diet .
BACKGROUND Tree nut consumption has been associated with reduced diabetes risk , however , results from r and omized trials on glycemic control have been inconsistent .
OBJECTIVE To provide better evidence for diabetes guidelines development , we conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials to assess the effects of tree nuts on markers of glycemic control in individuals with diabetes .
Nut and peanut butter consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women.
CONTEXT Nuts are high in unsaturated ( polyunsaturated and monounsaturated ) fat and other nutrients that may improve glucose and insulin homeostasis . OBJECTIVE To examine prospect ively the relationship between nut consumption and risk of  type 2 diabetes .  DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Prospect i ve cohort study of 83 818 women from 11 states in the Nurses ' Health Study . The women were aged 34 to 59 years , had no history of diabetes , cardiovascular disease , or cancer , completed a vali date d dietary question naire at baseline in 1980 , and were followed up for 16 years . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Incident cases of type 2 diabetes . RESULTS We documented 3206 new cases of type 2 diabetes .  Nut consumption was inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes after adjustment for age , body mass index ( BMI ) , family history of diabetes , physical activity , smoking , alcohol use , and total energy intake . The multivariate relative risks ( RRs ) across categories of nut consumption ( never/almost never , or = 5 times/week ) for a 28-g ( 1 oz ) serving size were 1.0 , 0.92 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.85 - 1.00 ) , 0.84 ( 0.95 % CI , 0.76 - 0.93 ) , and 0.73 ( 95 % CI , 0.60 - 0.89 ) ( P for trend < .001 ) . Further adjustment for intakes of dietary fats , cereal fiber , and other dietary factors did not appreciably change the results . The inverse association persisted within strata defined by levels of BMI , smoking , alcohol use , and other diabetes risk factors . Consumption of peanut butter was also inversely associated with type 2 diabetes . The multivariate RR was 0.79 ( 95 % CI , 0.68 - 0.91 ; P for trend < .001 ) in women consuming peanut butter 5 times or more a week ( equivalent to > or = 140 g [ 5 oz ] of peanuts/week ) compared with those who never/almost never ate peanut butter . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest potential benefits of higher nut and peanut butter consumption in lowering risk of type 2 diabetes in women . To avoid increasing caloric intake , regular nut consumption can be recommended as a replacement for consumption of refined grain products or red or processed meats
No significant treatment effects were observed for fasting insulin and HOMA-IR , however the direction of effect favoured tree nuts .
Pooled analyses show that tree nuts improve glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes , supporting their inclusion in a healthy diet .
BACKGROUND Tree nut consumption has been associated with reduced diabetes risk , however , results from r and omized trials on glycemic control have been inconsistent .
OBJECTIVE To provide better evidence for diabetes guidelines development , we conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials to assess the effects of tree nuts on markers of glycemic control in individuals with diabetes .