Levels of evidence for interventions associated with positive effects were : Moderate evidence for arm supports ; and Limited evidence for ergonomics training plus workstation adjustments , new chair and rest breaks .
Levels of evidence for interventions associated with “ no effect ” were : Strong evidence for workstation adjustment alone ; Moderate evidence for biofeedback training and job stress management training ; and Limited evidence for cognitive behavioral training .
No interventions were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusion It is difficult to make strong evidence d-based recommendations about what practitioners should do to prevent or manage upper extremity MSDs .
There is a paucity of high quality OHS interventions evaluating upper extremity MSDs and none focused on traumatic injury outcomes or workplace m and ated pre-placement screening exams .
Background Little is known about the most effective occupational health and safety ( OHS ) interventions to reduce  upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) and injuries .
Methods A systematic review used a best evidence synthesis approach to address the question : “ do occupational health and safety interventions have an effect on upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms , signs , disorders , injuries , cl aims and lost time ? ”
Work-related musculoskeletal pain among reindeer herding Sami in Sweden - a pilot study on causes and prevention
Objective . To investigate the prevalence and to identify causes of  musculoskeletal pain ( MSP ) among reindeer herding Sami , and to evaluate the impact on the MSP symptoms elicited by an intervention-prevention programme ( IP programme ) . Study Design . A prospect i ve cohort study in which alterations in MSP symptoms were documented over a two-year period . Methods . Data were collected from 51 reindeer herders ( 26 men , 25 women ) before and after a two-year IP programme .  Information on MSP characteristics ( affected body regions , pain duration and pain intensity ) and exposure to a number of physical and psychosocial risk factors were collected as part of comprehensive health examinations . Clinical examinations and interviews complemented self-reported data collected through question naires . Results . MSP symptoms were prevalent , both among women and men . High exposure to physical risk factors , to a large extent related to extensive use of snowmobiles and motorcycles , was the main cause of MSP among men , while psychosocial risk factors were suggested to be more important among women . About one-third of the reindeer herders reported fewer MSP symptoms as a result of the IP programme . Conclusions . This pilot study suggests that it is possible to reduce the number and the severity of the MSP symptoms among reindeer herders by implementing suitably tailored intervention-prevention measures
Levels of evidence for interventions associated with positive effects were : Moderate evidence for arm supports ; and Limited evidence for ergonomics training plus workstation adjustments , new chair and rest breaks .
Levels of evidence for interventions associated with “ no effect ” were : Strong evidence for workstation adjustment alone ; Moderate evidence for biofeedback training and job stress management training ; and Limited evidence for cognitive behavioral training .
No interventions were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusion It is difficult to make strong evidence d-based recommendations about what practitioners should do to prevent or manage upper extremity MSDs .
There is a paucity of high quality OHS interventions evaluating upper extremity MSDs and none focused on traumatic injury outcomes or workplace m and ated pre-placement screening exams .
Background Little is known about the most effective occupational health and safety ( OHS ) interventions to reduce  upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) and injuries .
Methods A systematic review used a best evidence synthesis approach to address the question : “ do occupational health and safety interventions have an effect on upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms , signs , disorders , injuries , cl aims and lost time ? ”