Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .
Body fat distribution and non-insulin-dependent diabetes: comparison of a fiber-rich, high-carbohydrate, low-fat (23%) diet and a 35% fat diet high in monounsaturated fat.
The effects of a fiber-rich , high-carbohydrate , low-fat ( HCLF ) diet and a modified-fat ( MF ) diet high in monounsaturated fat on body fat distribution were examined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) in 16 subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes ( NIDDM ) during a r and omized crossover study . Subjects lost similar amounts of body fat consuming the HCLF and MF diets ( -0.83 + /- 0.37 and -0.87 + /- 0.40 kg , respectively ) despite a marked difference in total fat consumption . With the MF diet , the ratio of upper- to lower-body fat ( UF : LF ) remained unchanged because fat was lost proportionately from the upper and lower body . In contrast , with the HCLF diet , a disproportionate loss of lower-body fat caused the UF : LF to increase . The effects of diet on regional body fat loss were significant ( P < 0.05 , two-factor repeated- measures ANOVA )
Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .