Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .
Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults.
OBJECTIVES To estimate the magnitude of small meaningful and substantial individual change in physical performance measures and evaluate their responsiveness . DESIGN Secondary data analyses using distribution- and anchor-based methods to determine meaningful change . SETTING Secondary analysis of data from an observational study and clinical trials of community-dwelling older people and subacute stroke survivors . PARTICIPANTS Older adults with mobility disabilities in a strength training trial ( n=100 ) , subacute stroke survivors in an intervention trial ( n=100 ) , and a prospect i ve cohort of community-dwelling older people ( n=492 ) . MEASUREMENTS  Gait speed , Short Physical Performance Battery ( SPPB ) , 6-minute-walk distance ( 6MWD ) , and self-reported mobility . RESULTS Most small meaningful change estimates ranged from 0.04 to 0.06 m/s for gait speed , 0.27 to 0.55 points for SPPB , and 19 to 22 m for 6MWD . Most substantial change estimates ranged from 0.08 to 0.14 m/s for gait speed , 0.99 to 1.34 points for SPPB , and 47 to 49 m for 6MWD . Based on responsiveness indices , per-group sample sizes for clinical trials ranged from 13 to 42 for substantial change and 71 to 161 for small meaningful change . CONCLUSION Best initial estimates of small meaningful change are near 0.05 m/s for gait speed , 0.5 points for SPPB , and 20 m for 6MWD and of substantial change are near 0.10 m/s for gait speed , 1.0 point for SPPB , and 50 m for 6MWD . For clinical use , substantial change in these measures and small change in gait speed and 6MWD , but not SPPB , are detectable . For research use , these measures yield feasible sample sizes for detecting meaningful change
Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .