A systematic evaluation of the available evidence suggests similarities as well as important differences in the risk factors for incidence of AF as compared with other cardiovascular diseases , which has implication s for the primary prevention strategies for atrial fibrillation
Established primary prevention strategies of cardiovascular diseases are based on underst and ing of risk factors , but whether the same risk factors are associated with  atrial fibrillation ( AF )  remains unclear .
Close bidirectional relationship between chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation: the Niigata preventive medicine study.
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation ( AF ) and chronic kidney disease share risk factors and pathophysiologic mechanisms , suggesting that two conditions have close relationships . METHODS This is a prospect i ve community-based observational cohort study including 235,818 subjects based upon a voluntary annual health check-up program in Japan . We studied the association of kidney dysfunction at entry with subsequent new-onset AF  and the association of AF at entry with the development of kidney disease . RESULTS During a follow-up of 5.9 + /- 2.4 years , AF developed in 2947 subjects ( 1.3 % ) .  Baseline serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) were associated with risk of subsequent AF . The HRs ( 95 % CI ) for AF were 1.32 ( 1.08 - 1.62 ) and 1.57 ( 0.89 - 2.77 ) for GFR 30 to 59 and < 30 mL/min per 1.73 m(2 ) , respectively . The effect of kidney disease on risk of new-onset AF remained significant in subjects without treated hypertension or diabetes . During the follow-up , 7791 subjects ( 3.3 % ) developed kidney dysfunction ( GFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2 ) ) , and 11 307 subjects ( 4.9 % ) developed proteinuria .  Atrial fibrillation at entry was associated with development of kidney dysfunction ( HRs [ 95 % CI ] , 1.77 [ 1.50 - 2.10 ] ) and proteinuria ( HR [ 95 % CI ] , 2.20 [ 1.92 - 2.52 ] ) . The association persisted in subjects without treated hypertension or diabetes . CONCLUSIONS Kidney dysfunction increased the risk of new onset of AF , and AF increased the risk of development of kidney disease . This finding supports the concept that the two conditions share common abnormal molecular signaling pathways contributing to their pathogenesis
A systematic evaluation of the available evidence suggests similarities as well as important differences in the risk factors for incidence of AF as compared with other cardiovascular diseases , which has implication s for the primary prevention strategies for atrial fibrillation
Established primary prevention strategies of cardiovascular diseases are based on underst and ing of risk factors , but whether the same risk factors are associated with  atrial fibrillation ( AF )  remains unclear .