Results Level of evidence from 54 high and medium quality studies showed moderate evidence of a positive effect of physical exercise .
Within this domain , there was strong evidence of a positive effect of workplace strength training .
There was limited evidence for ergonomics and strong evidence for no benefit of participatory ergonomics , multifaceted interventions , and stress management .
No intervention domains were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusions The evidence synthesis recommends that implementing strength training at the workplace can reduce MSD  among workers with physically dem and ing work .
In regard to workplace ergonomics , there was not enough evidence from the scientific literature to guide current practice s. Based on the scientific literature , participatory ergonomics and multifaceted workplace interventions seem to have no beneficial effect on reducing MSD among this group of workers .
Purpose This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of workplace interventions to rehabilitate musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) among employees with physically dem and ing work .
A prospective cohort study on severe pain as a risk factor for long-term sickness absence in blue- and white-collar workers
Objective To estimate the impact of pain in different body regions on future long-term sickness absence ( LTSA ) among blue- and white-collar workers . Method Prospect i ve cohort study in a representative sample of 5603 employees ( the Danish Work Environment Cohort Study ) interviewed in 2000 , and followed in 2001–2002 in a national sickness absence register . Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the risk estimates of mutually adjusted severe pain in the neck/shoulder , low back , h and /wrist and knees for onset of LTSA , defined as receiving sickness absence compensation for at least 3 consecutive weeks . Age , gender , body mass index , smoking and diagnosed disease were controlled for . Results In 2000 the prevalence among blue- and white-collar workers , respectively , of severe pain was 33 % and 29 % ( neck/shoulder ) , 33 % and 25 % ( low back ) , 16 % and 11 % ( h and /wrists ) , and 16 % and 12 % ( knees ) . During 2001–2002 , the prevalence of LTSA among blue- and white-collar workers was 18 % and 12 % , respectively . H and /wrist pain ( HR 1.49 , 95 % CI 1.23 to 1.81 ) and low back pain ( HR 1.30 , 95 % CI 1.11 to 1.53 ) were significant risk factors among the total cohort . Neck/shoulder pain was a significant risk factor among white-collar workers only ( HR 1.35 , 95 % CI 1.21 to 1.85 ) . Knee pain was not a significant risk factor . Conclusion While h and /wrist pain and low back pain are general risk factors for LTSA , neck/shoulder pain is a specific risk factor among white-collar workers . This study suggests the potential for preventing future LTSA through interventions to manage or reduce musculoskeletal pain
Results Level of evidence from 54 high and medium quality studies showed moderate evidence of a positive effect of physical exercise .
Within this domain , there was strong evidence of a positive effect of workplace strength training .
There was limited evidence for ergonomics and strong evidence for no benefit of participatory ergonomics , multifaceted interventions , and stress management .
No intervention domains were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusions The evidence synthesis recommends that implementing strength training at the workplace can reduce MSD  among workers with physically dem and ing work .
In regard to workplace ergonomics , there was not enough evidence from the scientific literature to guide current practice s. Based on the scientific literature , participatory ergonomics and multifaceted workplace interventions seem to have no beneficial effect on reducing MSD among this group of workers .
Purpose This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of workplace interventions to rehabilitate musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) among employees with physically dem and ing work .