In the present meta- analysis , reductions in the risk of hip fracture  with milk consumption were only observed among American adults , but not among Sc and inavian adults , possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Sc and inavian countries .
The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption , which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health .
Fueling this uncertainty , the elevated  risk of hip fracture  in association with  milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women .
The cumulative evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk , yogurt , and cheese , and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest
Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients , the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal .
Lactobacillus reuteri reduces bone loss in older women with low bone mineral density: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial.
BACKGROUND The importance of the gut microbiome for bone metabolism in mice has recently been demonstrated , but no studies are available in humans . Lactobacillus reuteri ATCCPTA 6475 ( L. reuteri 6475 ) has been reported to increase bone mineral density ( BMD ) in mice but its effect on the human skeleton is unknown . The objective of this trial was to investigate if L. reuteri 6475 affects bone loss in older women with low BMD . METHODS In this double-blind , placebo-controlled study , women from the population who were 75 to 80 years old and had low BMD were r and omized to orally receive 1010 colony-forming units of L. reuteri 6475 daily or placebo . The predefined primary end-point was relative change after 12 months in tibia total volumetric BMD ( vBMD ) . RESULTS Ninety women were included and 70 completed the study .  L. reuteri 6475 reduced loss of total vBMD compared to placebo both in the intention-to-treat ( ITT ) analysis [ -0.83 % ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , -1.47 to -0.19 % ) vs. -1.85 % ( 95 % CI , -2.64 to -1.07 % ) ; mean difference 1.02 % ( 95 % CI , 0.02 - 2.03 ) ] and per protocol analysis [ -0.93 % ( 95 % CI , -1.45 to -0.40 ) vs. -1.86 % ( 95 % CI , -2.35 to -1.36 ) ; mean difference 0.93 % ( 95 % CI , 0.21 - 1.65 ) ] . In general , similar but smaller effects were observed in the secondary bone variable outcomes , but these differences did not reach statistical significance in the ITT population . Adverse events did not differ between groups . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with L. reuteri 6475 should be further explored as a novel approach to prevent age-associated bone loss and osteoporosis
In the present meta- analysis , reductions in the risk of hip fracture  with milk consumption were only observed among American adults , but not among Sc and inavian adults , possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Sc and inavian countries .
The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption , which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health .
Fueling this uncertainty , the elevated  risk of hip fracture  in association with  milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women .
The cumulative evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk , yogurt , and cheese , and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest
Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients , the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal .