Personal financial incentives can change habitual health-related behaviors and help reduce health inequalities .
However , their role in reducing disease burden is potentially limited given current evidence that effects dissipate beyond three months post-incentive removal
OBJECTIVES Uncertainty remains about whether personal financial incentives could achieve sustained changes in health-related behaviors that would reduce the fast-growing global non-communicable disease burden .
This review aims to estimate whether : i. financial incentives achieve sustained changes in smoking , eating , alcohol consumption and physical activity ; ii .
effectiveness is modified by ( a ) the target behavior , ( b ) incentive value and attainment certainty , ( c ) recipients ' deprivation level .
Smoking cessation in methadone maintenance.
AIMS To evaluate relapse prevention ( relapse prevention ) and contingency management ( contingency management ) for optimizing smoking cessation outcomes using nicotine replacement therapy for methadone-maintained tobacco smokers . DESIGN Experimental , 2 ( relapse prevention)x2 ( contingency management ) repeated measures design using a platform of nicotine replacement therapy featuring a 2-week baseline period , followed by r and omization to 12 weeks of treatment , and 6- and 12-month follow-up visits . SETTING Three narcotic treatment centers in Los Angeles . PARTICIPANTS One hundred and seventy-five participants who met all inclusion and no exclusion criteria . INTERVENTION Participants received 12 weeks of nicotine replacement therapy and assignment to one of four conditions : patch-only , relapse prevention + patch , contingency management + patch and relapse prevention + contingency management + patch . MEASUREMENTS Thrice weekly sample s of breath ( analyzed for carbon monoxide ) and urine ( analyzed for metabolites of opiates and cocaine ) and weekly self-reported numbers of cigarettes smoked . FINDINGS Participants ( 73.1 % ) completed 12 weeks of treatment . During treatment , those assigned to receive contingency management showed statistically higher rates of smoking abstinence than those not assigned to receive contingencies ( F3,4680=6.3 , P=0.0003 ) , with no similar effect observed for relapse prevention . At follow-up evaluations , there were no significant differences between conditions . Participants provided more opiate and cocaine-free urines during weeks when they met criteria for smoking abstinence than during weeks when they did not meet these criteria ( F1,2054=14.38 , P=0.0002 ; F1,2419=16.52 , P<0.0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Contingency management optimized outcomes using nicotine replacement therapy for reducing cigarette smoking during treatment for opiate dependence , although long-term effects are not generally maintained . Findings document strong associations between reductions in cigarette smoking and reductions in illicit substance use during treatment
Personal financial incentives can change habitual health-related behaviors and help reduce health inequalities .
However , their role in reducing disease burden is potentially limited given current evidence that effects dissipate beyond three months post-incentive removal
OBJECTIVES Uncertainty remains about whether personal financial incentives could achieve sustained changes in health-related behaviors that would reduce the fast-growing global non-communicable disease burden .
This review aims to estimate whether : i. financial incentives achieve sustained changes in smoking , eating , alcohol consumption and physical activity ; ii .
effectiveness is modified by ( a ) the target behavior , ( b ) incentive value and attainment certainty , ( c ) recipients ' deprivation level .