CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .
Risk factors for proximal humerus, forearm, and wrist fractures in elderly men and women: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study.
Fractures of the proximal humerus , forearm , and wrist account for approximately one third of total osteoporotic fractures in the elderly . Several risk factors for these fractures were evaluated in this prospect i ve study of 739 men and 1,105 women aged > or = 60 years in Dubbo , Australia . During follow-up ( 1989 - 1996 ) , the respective incidences of humerus and of forearm and wrist fractures , per 10,000 person-years , were 22.6 and 33.8 for men and 54.8 and 124.6 for women . Independent predictors of humerus fracture were femoral neck bone mineral density ( FNBMD ) ( relative risk ( RR ) = 2.3 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.2 , 4.5 ) in men and FNBMD ( RR = 2.4 , 95 % CI : 1.7 , 3.5 ) and height loss ( RR = 1.1 , 95 % CI : 1.0 , 1.2 ) in women . For forearm and wrist fractures , risk factors were FNBMD ( men : RR = 1.5 , 95 % CI : 1.0 , 2.3 ; women : RR = 1.5 , 95 % CI : 1.2 , 1.9 ) and height loss ( men : RR = 1.2 , 95 % CI : 1.0 , 1.3 ; women : RR = 1.1 , 95 % CI : 1.0 , 1.2 ) . In addition , dietary calcium ( men : RR = 2.0 , 95 % CI : 1.0 , 3.6 ) and a history of falls ( women : RR = 1.9 , 95 % CI : 1.4 , 2.6 ) were also significant . These data suggest that elderly men and women largely share common risk factors for upper limb fractures and that FNBMD is the primary risk factor
CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .