Conclusions The current evidence does not suggest an association between leptin and PCa outcome .
However , there may be an inverse association between adiponectin and the incidence of advanced PCa that should be investigated by further studies .
Background Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for prostate cancer ( PCa ) .
In obesity , serum levels of the appetite-regulating hormones — leptin , adiponectin , and ghrelin — become deregulated .
Objective To explore whether serum levels of appetite-regulating hormones associate with the incidence of PCa , the incidence of advanced disease , or PCa-specific mortality .
In1-ghrelin, a splice variant of ghrelin gene, is associated with the evolution and aggressiveness of human neuroendocrine tumors: Evidence from clinical, cellular and molecular parameters
Ghrelin system comprises a complex family of peptides , receptors ( GHSRs ) , and modifying enzymes [ e.g. ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase ( GOAT ) ] that control multiple pathophysiological processes . Aberrant alternative splicing is an emerging cancer hallmark that generates altered proteins with tumorigenic capacity . Indeed , In1-ghrelin and truncated-GHSR1b splicing variants can promote development/progression of certain endocrine-related cancers . Here , we determined the expression levels of key ghrelin system components in neuroendocrine tumor ( NETs ) and explored their potential functional role . Twenty-six patients with NETs were prospect ively/retrospectively studied [ 72 sample s from primary and metastatic tissues ( 30 normal/42 tumors ) ] and clinical data were obtained . The role of In1-ghrelin in aggressiveness was studied in vitro using NET cell lines ( BON-1/QGP-1 ) . In1-ghrelin , GOAT and GHSR1a/1b expression levels were elevated in tumoral compared to normal/adjacent tissues . Moreover , In1-ghrelin , GOAT , and GHSR1b expression levels were positively correlated within tumoral , but not within normal/adjacent sample s , and were higher in patients with progressive vs. with stable/cured disease . Finally , In1-ghrelin increased aggressiveness ( e.g. proliferation/migration ) of NET cells . Altogether , our data strongly suggests a potential implication of ghrelin system in the pathogenesis and /or clinical outcome of NETs , and warrant further studies on their possible value for the future development of molecular biomarkers with diagnostic/prognostic/therapeutic value
Conclusions The current evidence does not suggest an association between leptin and PCa outcome .
However , there may be an inverse association between adiponectin and the incidence of advanced PCa that should be investigated by further studies .
Background Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for prostate cancer ( PCa ) .
In obesity , serum levels of the appetite-regulating hormones — leptin , adiponectin , and ghrelin — become deregulated .
Objective To explore whether serum levels of appetite-regulating hormones associate with the incidence of PCa , the incidence of advanced disease , or PCa-specific mortality .