There is insufficient epidemiologic evidence to draw meaningful conclusions about ( i ) the existence of causal associations between specific occupational mechanical exposures and the development of inguinal hernia , and ( ii ) the influence of these exposures on prognosis after inguinal hernia repair with respect to hernia recurrence and persistent pain
OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to evaluate the epidemiologic evidence for ( i ) a causal effect of occupational mechanical exposures on incidence of inguinal hernia , and ( ii ) a prognostic effect of such exposures on hernia recurrence and persistent pain after inguinal hernia repair .
Psychological risk factors for chronic post-surgical pain after inguinal hernia repair surgery: a prospective cohort study.
A significant proportion of patients experience chronic post-surgical pain ( CPSP ) following inguinal hernia surgery .  Psychological models are useful in predicting acute pain after surgery , and in predicting the transition from acute to chronic pain in non-surgical context s. This is a prospect i ve cohort study to investigate psychological ( cognitive and emotional ) risk factors for CPSP  after inguinal hernia surgery . Participants were asked to complete question naires before surgery and 1 week and 4 months after surgery . Data collected before surgery and 1 week after surgery were used to predict pain at 4 months . Psychological risk factors assessed included anxiety , depression , fear-avoidance , activity avoidance , catastrophizing , worry about the operation , activity expectations , perceived pain control and optimism .  The study included 135 participants ; follow-up question naires were returned by 119 ( 88.1 % ) and 115 ( 85.2 % ) participants at 1 week and 4 months after surgery respectively . The incidence of CPSP ( pain at 4 months ) was 39.5 % . After controlling for age , body mass index and surgical variables ( e.g. anaesthetic , type of surgery and mesh type used ) , lower pre-operative optimism was an independent risk factor for CPSP at 4 months ; lower pre-operative optimism and lower perceived control over pain at 1 week after surgery predicted higher pain intensity at 4 months . No emotional variables were independently predictive of CPSP . Further research should target these cognitive variables in pre-operative psychological preparation for surgery
There is insufficient epidemiologic evidence to draw meaningful conclusions about ( i ) the existence of causal associations between specific occupational mechanical exposures and the development of inguinal hernia , and ( ii ) the influence of these exposures on prognosis after inguinal hernia repair with respect to hernia recurrence and persistent pain
OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to evaluate the epidemiologic evidence for ( i ) a causal effect of occupational mechanical exposures on incidence of inguinal hernia , and ( ii ) a prognostic effect of such exposures on hernia recurrence and persistent pain after inguinal hernia repair .