Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .
Ultrasound to confirm gastric tube placement in prehospital management.
BACKGROUND In emergency medicine , the gastric tube ( GT ) has many purpose s , however in prehospital setting s , the only indication is gastric decompression . To date , there is lack of recommendation on the diagnostic methods to verify correct GT placement in prehospital . The aim of this study is to estimate diagnostic accuracy of  ultrasound  in confirming gastric tubes placement in a prehospital setting . METHOD This was a prospect i ve multicentre study conducted in two French towns ( Marseille and Grasse ) over a one-year period from May 2010 to May 2011 . RESULTS One hundred and thirty patients were included in the study with an M/F sex ratio of 77/53 and a mean age of 55.7±19.8 years . The GT position was confirmed by ultrasound , with direct visualization in the gastric area in 116 of the 130 patients . In 14 cases , the ultrasound  failed to visualize the tip of the GT ; these results were due in 2 cases to gas interposition and in 12 cases the GT was shown by final X-ray to be located in the end of the oesophagus . Direct visualization by ultrasound thus has a sensitivity of 98.3 % [ 94 - 99.5 ] and a specificity of 100 % [ 75.7 - 100 ] , a positive predictive value of 100 % and a negative predictive value of 85.7 % , Youden 's index of 0.98 . GT size affects ultrasound visualization ; the larger the GT , the easier it is to see . CONCLUSION Bedside ultrasound thus appears to constitute an effective and reliable diagnostic procedure for confirming correct gastric tube placement in prehospital setting
Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .