In frail older persons , moderate-to-large beneficial exercise effects were noted on inflammation , muscle strength and physical functioning .
In healthy older persons , effects of resistance training ( most frequently investigated ) on inflammation or muscle strength can be influenced by the exercise modalities ( intensity and rest interval between sets ) .
Muscle strength seemed the most frequently used outcome measure , with moderate-to-large effects obtained regardless the exercise intervention studied .
Similar effects were found in patients with specific diseases .
Summary Exercise has moderate-to-large effects on muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Purpose of review This systematic review reports the most recent literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on  muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Effects of different resistance training frequencies on flexibility in older women
Objective The main purpose of the investigation reported here was to analyze the effect of resistance training ( RT ) performed at different weekly frequencies on flexibility in older women . Participants and methods Fifty-three older women ( ≥60 years old ) were r and omly assigned to perform RT either two ( n=28 ; group “ G2x ” ) , or three ( n=25 ; group “ G3x ” ) times per week . The RT program comprised eight exercises in which the participants performed one set of 10–15 repetitions maximum for a period of 12 weeks . Anthropometric , body-composition , and flexibility measurements were made at baseline and post- study . The flexibility measurements were obtained by a fleximeter . Results A significant group-by-time interaction ( P<0.01 ) was observed for frontal hip flexion , in which G3x showed a higher increase than G2x ( + 12.8 % and + 3.0 % , respectively ) . Both groups increased flexibility in cervical extension ( G2x=+19.1 % , G3x=+20.0 % ) , right hip flexion ( G2x=+14.6 % , G3x=+15.9 % ) , and left hip flexion ( G2x=+25.7 % , G3x=+19.2 % ) , with no statistical difference between groups . No statistically significant differences were noted for the increase in skeletal muscle mass between training three versus two times a week ( + 7.4 % vs + 4.4 % , respectively ) . Conclusion Twelve weeks of RT  improves the flexibility of different joint movements in older women , and the higher frequency induces greater increases for frontal hip flexion
In frail older persons , moderate-to-large beneficial exercise effects were noted on inflammation , muscle strength and physical functioning .
In healthy older persons , effects of resistance training ( most frequently investigated ) on inflammation or muscle strength can be influenced by the exercise modalities ( intensity and rest interval between sets ) .
Muscle strength seemed the most frequently used outcome measure , with moderate-to-large effects obtained regardless the exercise intervention studied .
Similar effects were found in patients with specific diseases .
Summary Exercise has moderate-to-large effects on muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Purpose of review This systematic review reports the most recent literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on  muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .