CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .
Endogenous sex hormones and incident fracture risk in older men: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study.
BACKGROUND Data on the influence of gonadal hormones on incident fracture risk in elderly men are limited . We prospect ively examined the relationship between serum levels of testosterone and estradiol and future fracture risk in community-dwelling men . METHODS A total of 609 men older than 60 years had been observed between January 1989 and December 2005 , with the median duration being 5.8 years ( up to 13 years ) . Clinical risk factors , including bone mineral density and lifestyle factors , were assessed at baseline .  Serum testosterone and estradiol levels were measured by t and em mass spectrometry . The incidence of a low-trauma fracture was ascertained during follow-up . RESULTS During follow-up , 113 men had at least 1 low-trauma fracture . The risk of fracture was significantly increased in men with reduced testosterone levels ( hazard ratio [ HR ] , 1.33 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.09 - 1.62 ) . After adjustment for sex hormone-binding globulin , serum testosterone ( HR , 1.48 ; 95 % CI , 1.22 - 1.78 ) and serum estradiol ( HR , 1.21 ; 95 % CI , 1.00 - 1.47 ) levels were associated with overall fracture risk . After further adjustment for major risk factors of fractures ( age , weight or bone mineral density , fracture history , smoking status , calcium intake , and sex hormone-binding globulin ) , lower testosterone was still associated with increased risk of fracture , particularly with hip ( HR , 1.88 ; 95 % CI , 1.24 - 2.82 ) and nonvertebral ( HR , 1.32 ; 95 % CI , 1.03 - 1.68 ) fractures . CONCLUSION In community-dwelling men older than 60 years , serum testosterone is independently associated with the risk of osteoporotic fracture and its measurement may provide additional clinical information for the assessment of fracture risk in elderly men
CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .