The strongest levels of evidence for reliability exists in support of the Debrunner kyphometer , Spinal Mouse and Flexicurve index , and for validity supports the arcometer and Flexicurve index .
BACKGROUND A wide array of instruments are available for non-invasive thoracic kyphosis measurement .
Guidelines for selecting outcome measures for use in clinical and research practice recommend that properties such as validity and reliability are considered .
This systematic review reports on the reliability and validity of non-invasive methods for measuring  thoracic kyphosis .
Development and validation of a discriminative quality of life questionnaire for osteoporosis (the OPTQoL).
We report the development and validation of an osteoporosis-targeted quality of life question naire to measure the impact of the disease in the general population . From multiple focus groups with women with osteoporosis , healthy women at risk for osteoporosis , spouses and relatives of women with osteoporosis , and health care providers , we identified over 300 potential items related to the disease . A lengthy question naire incorporated these items and was administered to a second large study cohort of 222 women with clinical osteoporosis ( history of fracture , significant height loss , and /or kyphosis ) ; 101 women with known low bone mineral density levels that would categorize them as osteoporotic but who had not yet shown obvious physical manifestations of the disease ; and 142 women with other conditions ( such as arthritis , cancer , depression ) expected to also have an impact on quality of life . Final items from among the original 300 were chosen for their demonstrated relationship with osteoporosis as measured by clinical manifestations and low bone density and with quality of life measured by a st and ard generic question naire , the SF-36 . The final question naire contains 26 scored items in three domains-physical activity , adaptations , and fears- and six nonscored questions relating to osteoporotic changes and diagnosis . This instrument is unique among osteoporosis-targeted question naires in that it attempts to measure the total impact of the disease on quality of life within a population at a single point in time
The strongest levels of evidence for reliability exists in support of the Debrunner kyphometer , Spinal Mouse and Flexicurve index , and for validity supports the arcometer and Flexicurve index .
BACKGROUND A wide array of instruments are available for non-invasive thoracic kyphosis measurement .
Guidelines for selecting outcome measures for use in clinical and research practice recommend that properties such as validity and reliability are considered .
This systematic review reports on the reliability and validity of non-invasive methods for measuring  thoracic kyphosis .