CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .
Aging, body composition, and lifestyle: the Fels Longitudinal Study.
BACKGROUND Changes in body composition in men and women occur with age , but these changes are affected by numerous covariate factors . OBJECTIVE The study examined patterns of change in body composition and determined the effects of long-term patterns of change in physical activity in older men and women and in menopausal status and estrogen use in women . DESIGN Serial measures of height , weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , total body fat ( BF ) , percentage BF , and fat-free mass ( FFM ) from underwater weighing of 102 men and 108 women enrolled in the Fels Longitudinal Study were analyzed . Physical activity levels and menopausal status were included as covariates . RESULTS There were significant age-related decreases in FFM and height and increases in total BF , percentage BF , weight , and BMI . Physical activity was associated with decreases in total BF , percentage BF , weight , and BMI in men and were associated with increases in FFM and decreases in total BF and percentage BF in women . Postmenopausal women had significantly higher total BF and percentage BF than did pre- and perimenopausal women . The longer the time since menopause the greater were the increases in weight , BMI , total BF , and percentage BF ; however , estrogen use attenuated these increases . CONCLUSIONS Low FFM can be improved by increased physical activity . The effects of an intervention program on body composition can be masked if only body weight or BMI is measured . The effects of physical activity were more profound in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women , and estrogen use had beneficial effects on body composition
CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .