Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .
Effects of dual-task switch exercise on gait and gait initiation performance in older adults: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial.
Few studies have reported the effect of exercise intervention for improving postural control deficit in older adults at high risk of falling . We have developed a " Dual-task Switch Exercise ( DSE ) " program that focuses on gait initiation performance under the dual-task condition . The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether gait initiation performance could be improved by a specific exercise intervention .  Eighteen participants were r and omly assigned to either DSE or control groups . The DSE group received focused training to improve the ability to initiate movements quickly under the dual-task condition . The control group received steady-state walking training . After 30-min of seated training sessions , participants received 5-min individualized training sessions once a week for 24 weeks . In the pre- and post-training period , performance of the steady-state gait ( 10-m walking time ) and gait initiation ( reaction time , backward center of pressure ( COP ) displacement ) were measured under the single- and dual-task conditions . The results of a r and omized clinical trial showed that both groups showed improvement of steady-state walking time under the dual-task condition ( main effect of time ; p=0.018 ) . However , DSE was more effective in improving both the reaction time and backward COP displacement during gait initiation under the dual-task condition than control ( interaction effect of time × group ; reaction time , p=0.015 ; COP displacement , p=0.011 ) . There were no significant differences in steady-state gait and gait initiation performance under the single-task condition between pre- and post-training in both groups . Only the specific exercise intervention  improved gait initiation performance under the dual-task condition
Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .