Inflammation appeared to be associated with greater loss of muscle strength .
There was inconclusive evidence that the level of physical activity affects change in skeletal muscle .
In regard to the effect of interventions , only exercise interventions were consistently associated with improved skeletal muscle outcomes .
CONCLUSIONS Adult patients who undergo an unplanned hospital admission may experience a small reduction in knee extension strength and mid-arm muscle mass .
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the review was to describe change that occurs in skeletal muscle during periods of unplanned hospitalisation in adult patients .
The secondary objective was to examine the relationship between both physical activity and inflammation with the change in skeletal muscle .
A further objective was to investigate the effect of interventions on change in skeletal muscle during periods of unplanned hospitalisation .
Hospital-associated functional decline: the role of hospitalization processes beyond individual risk factors.
OBJECTIVES To investigate the combined contribution of processes of hospitalization and preadmission individual risk factors in explaining functional decline at discharge and at 1-month follow-up in older adults with nondisabling conditions . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING Internal medicine wards in two Israeli medical centers . PARTICIPANTS Six hundred eighty-four individuals aged 70 and older admitted for a nondisabling problem . MEASUREMENTS Functional decline was measured according to change in modified Barthel Index from premorbid to discharge and from premorbid to 1 month after discharge .  In-hospital mobility , continence care , sleep medication consumption , satisfaction with hospital environment , and nutrition intake  were assessed using previously tested self-report instruments . RESULTS Two hundred eighty-two participants ( 41.2 % ) reported functional decline at discharge and 317 ( 46.3 % ) at 1 month after discharge . Path analysis indicated that in-hospital mobility ( st and ardized maximum likelihood estimate ( SMLE ) = -0.48 , P < .001 ) , continence care ( SMLE = -0.12 , P < .001 ) , and length of stay ( LOS ) ( SMLE = 0.06 , P < .001 ) were directly related to functional decline at discharge and , together with personal risk factors , explained 64 % of variance . In-hospital mobility , continence care , and LOS were indirectly related to functional decline at 1 month after discharge through functional decline at discharge ( SMLE = 0.45 , P < .001 ) . Nutrition consumption ( SMLE = -0.07 , P < .001 ) was significantly related to functional decline at 1 month after discharge , explaining , together with other risk factors , 32 % of variance . CONCLUSION In-hospital low mobility , suboptimal continence care , and poor nutrition account for immediate and 1-month posthospitalization functional decline . These are potentially modifiable hospitalization risk factors for which practice and policy should be targeted in efforts to curb the posthospitalization functional decline trajectory
Inflammation appeared to be associated with greater loss of muscle strength .
There was inconclusive evidence that the level of physical activity affects change in skeletal muscle .
In regard to the effect of interventions , only exercise interventions were consistently associated with improved skeletal muscle outcomes .
CONCLUSIONS Adult patients who undergo an unplanned hospital admission may experience a small reduction in knee extension strength and mid-arm muscle mass .
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the review was to describe change that occurs in skeletal muscle during periods of unplanned hospitalisation in adult patients .
The secondary objective was to examine the relationship between both physical activity and inflammation with the change in skeletal muscle .
A further objective was to investigate the effect of interventions on change in skeletal muscle during periods of unplanned hospitalisation .