Most systematic review s and meta-analyses from controlled feeding trials have shown that fructose-containing sugars in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates do not show evidence of harm and , in the case of fructose , may even have advantages for glycaemic control , especially at small doses .
Nevertheless , trials in which fructose-containing sugars supplement diets with excess energy have shown adverse effects , effects that appear more attributable to the excess energy than the sugar .
There is no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects , although there is potentially cause for concern where fructose is provided at high doses or contributes excess energy to diets .
Concerns are growing regarding the role of dietary sugars in the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases , including diabetes .
High-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) and sucrose are the most important dietary sweeteners .
Both HFCS and sucrose have overlapping metabolic actions with adverse effects attributed to their fructose moiety .
Ecological studies have linked the rise in fructose availability with the increases in obesity and diabetes worldwide .
This link has been largely underpinned by animal models and select human trials of fructose overfeeding at high levels of exposure .
Soda consumption and the risk of stroke in men and women.
BACKGROUND Consumption of sugar-sweetened soda has been associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease . The relation with cerebrovascular disease has not yet been closely examined . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine patterns of soda consumption and substitution of alternative beverages for soda in relation to stroke risk . DESIGN The Nurses ' Health Study , a prospect i ve cohort study of 84,085 women followed for 28 y ( 1980 - 2008 ) , and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study , a prospect i ve cohort study of 43,371 men followed for 22 y ( 1986 - 2008 ) , provided data on soda consumption and incident stroke . RESULTS We documented 1416 strokes in men during 841,770 person-years of follow-up and 2938 strokes in women during 2,188,230 person-years of follow-up .  The pooled RR of total stroke for ≥ 1 serving of sugar-sweetened soda/d , compared with none , was 1.16 ( 95 % CI : 1.00 , 1.34 ) . The pooled RR of total stroke for ≥ 1 serving of low-calorie soda/d , compared with none , was 1.16 ( 95 % CI : 1.05 , 1.28 ) . Compared with 1 serving of sugar-sweetened soda/d , 1 serving of decaffeinated coffee/d was associated with a 10 % ( 95 % CI : 1 % , 19 % ) lower risk of stroke and 1 serving of caffeinated coffee/d with a 9 % ( 95 % CI : 0 % , 17 % ) lower risk . Similar estimated reductions in risk were seen for substitution of caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee for low-calorie soda . CONCLUSIONS Greater consumption of sugar-sweetened and low-calorie sodas was associated with a significantly higher risk of stroke . This risk may be reduced by substituting alternative beverages for soda
Most systematic review s and meta-analyses from controlled feeding trials have shown that fructose-containing sugars in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates do not show evidence of harm and , in the case of fructose , may even have advantages for glycaemic control , especially at small doses .
Nevertheless , trials in which fructose-containing sugars supplement diets with excess energy have shown adverse effects , effects that appear more attributable to the excess energy than the sugar .
There is no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects , although there is potentially cause for concern where fructose is provided at high doses or contributes excess energy to diets .
Concerns are growing regarding the role of dietary sugars in the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases , including diabetes .
High-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) and sucrose are the most important dietary sweeteners .
Both HFCS and sucrose have overlapping metabolic actions with adverse effects attributed to their fructose moiety .
Ecological studies have linked the rise in fructose availability with the increases in obesity and diabetes worldwide .
This link has been largely underpinned by animal models and select human trials of fructose overfeeding at high levels of exposure .