No firm evidence was reached according to trial sequential analysis .
Conclusion There is insufficient data to recommend or refute the use of a specific material .
The ethical problems with sham surgery in clinical research.
The recent use of sham surgery in r and omized , controlled trials raises three critical questions about research involving human subjects . The first question concerns the tension between the highest st and ard of research design and the highest st and ard of ethics.1 When these two st and ards come into conflict and research ers can not simultaneously meet both , which should prevail , and how should a balance be struck ? The second question points to ongoing uncertainties and disagreements in assessing the risks and benefits of research protocol s. When reasonable people — the members of well-established institutional review boards or the sponsors of research — disagree in their risk – benefit . .
No firm evidence was reached according to trial sequential analysis .
Conclusion There is insufficient data to recommend or refute the use of a specific material .