The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .
Vitamin D for health: a global perspective.
It is now generally accepted that vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide health problem that affects not only musculoskeletal health but also a wide range of acute and chronic diseases . However , there remains cynicism about the lack of r and omized controlled trials to support the association studies regarding the nonskeletal health benefits of vitamin D. This review was obtained by search ing English- language studies published up to April 1 , 2013 , in PubMed , MEDLINE , and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( search terms : vitamin D and supplementation ) and focuses on recent challenges regarding the definition of vitamin D deficiency and how to achieve optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations from dietary sources , supplements , and sun exposure . The effect of vitamin D on fetal programming epigenetics and gene regulation could potentially explain why vitamin D has been reported to have such wide-ranging health benefits throughout life . There is potentially a great upside to increasing the vitamin D status of children and adults worldwide for improving musculoskeletal health and reducing the risk of chronic illnesses , including some cancers , autoimmune diseases , infectious diseases , type 2 diabetes mellitus , neurocognitive disorders , and mortality
The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .