Conclusions The TFI has the most robust evidence of reliability and validity and has been the most extensively examined in terms of psychometric properties .
However , there is insufficient evidence at present to determine the best tool for use in research and clinical practice .
Background Frailty is widely recognised as a distinct multifactorial clinical syndrome that implies vulnerability .
The links between frailty and adverse outcomes such as death and institutionalisation have been widely evidence d. There is currently no gold st and ard frailty assessment tool ; optimizing the assessment of frailty in older people therefore remains a research priority .
The objective of this systematic review is to identify existing multi-component frailty assessment tools that were specifically developed to assess frailty in adults aged ≥60 years old and to systematic ally and critically evaluate the reliability and validity of these tools .
Psychological well-being and incident frailty in men and women: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.
BACKGROUND Observations that older people who enjoy life more tend to live longer suggest that psychological well-being may be a potential re source for healthier ageing . We investigated whether psychological well-being was associated with incidence of physical frailty . METHOD We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the prospect i ve relationship between psychological well-being , assessed using the CASP-19 , a question naire that assesses perceptions of control , autonomy , self-realization and pleasure , and incidence of physical frailty or pre-frailty , defined according to the Fried criteria ( unintentional weight loss , weakness , self-reported exhaustion , slow walking speed and low physical activity ) , in 2557 men and women aged 60 to ≥ 90 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing ( ELSA ) . RESULTS Men and women with higher levels of psychological well-being were less likely to become frail over the 4-year follow-up period . For a st and ard deviation higher score in psychological well-being at baseline , the relative risk ratio ( RR ) for incident frailty , adjusted for age , sex and baseline frailty status , was 0.46 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.40 - 0.54 ] . There was a significant association between psychological well-being and risk of pre-frailty ( RR 0.69 , 95 % CI 0.63 - 0.77 ) . Examination of scores for hedonic ( pleasure ) and eud aim onic ( control , autonomy and self-realization ) well-being showed that higher scores on both were associated with decreased risk . Associations were partially attenuated by further adjustment for other potential confounding factors but persisted . Incidence of pre-frailty or frailty was associated with a decline in well-being , suggesting that the relationship is bidirectional . CONCLUSIONS Maintaining a stronger sense of psychological well-being in later life may protect against the development of physical frailty . Future research needs to establish the mechanisms underlying these findings
Conclusions The TFI has the most robust evidence of reliability and validity and has been the most extensively examined in terms of psychometric properties .
However , there is insufficient evidence at present to determine the best tool for use in research and clinical practice .
Background Frailty is widely recognised as a distinct multifactorial clinical syndrome that implies vulnerability .
The links between frailty and adverse outcomes such as death and institutionalisation have been widely evidence d. There is currently no gold st and ard frailty assessment tool ; optimizing the assessment of frailty in older people therefore remains a research priority .
The objective of this systematic review is to identify existing multi-component frailty assessment tools that were specifically developed to assess frailty in adults aged ≥60 years old and to systematic ally and critically evaluate the reliability and validity of these tools .