We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .
Intake of carbohydrates compared with intake of saturated fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: importance of the glycemic index.
BACKGROUND Studies have suggested that replacing saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) with carbohydrates is modestly associated with a higher risk of ischemic heart disease , whereas replacing SFAs with polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a lower risk of ischemic heart disease . The effect of carbohydrates , however , may depend on the type consumed . OBJECTIVES By using substitution models , we aim ed to investigate the risk of myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) associated with a higher energy intake from carbohydrates and a concomitant lower energy intake from SFAs . Carbohydrates with different glycemic index ( GI ) values were also investigated . DESIGN Our prospect i ve cohort study included 53,644 women and men free of MI at baseline . RESULTS During a median of 12 y of follow-up , 1943 incident MI  cases occurred . There was a nonsignificant inverse association between substitution of carbohydrates with low-GI values for SFAs and risk of MI [ hazard ratio ( HR ) for MI per 5 % increment of energy intake from carbohydrates : 0.88 ; 95 % CI : 0.72 , 1.07 ) . In contrast , there was a statistically significant positive association between substitution of carbohydrates with high-GI values for SFAs and risk of MI ( HR : 1.33 ; 95 % CI : 1.08 , 1.64 ) . There was no association for carbohydrates with medium-GI values ( HR : 0.98 ; 95 % CI : 0.80 , 1.21 ) . No effect modification by sex was observed . CONCLUSION This study suggests that replacing SFAs with carbohydrates with low-GI values is associated with a lower risk of MI , whereas replacing SFAs with carbohydrates with high-GI values is associated with a higher risk of MI
We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .