Other benefits included fewer episodes of feed intolerance , better weight gain and growth velocity , decreased transition time from orogastric to breast feeds , and increased postpr and ial mesenteric flow .
There were no adverse effects of probiotic supplementation .
Probiotics reduced the time to full enteral feeds  in preterm neonates .
INTRODUCTION The optimization of enteral nutrition is a priority in preterm neonates worldwide .
Probiotics are known to improve gut maturity and function in preterm neonates .
To our knowledge , previous systematic review s have not adequately assessed the effects of probiotic supplementation on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates .
OBJECTIVE We assessed the evidence on effects of probiotics on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates .
Early nutrition in preterm infants and later blood pressure: two cohorts after randomised trials
BACKGROUND Despite data relating body size in early life to later cardiovascular outcomes , the hypothesis that nutrition affects such outcomes has not been established . Breastfeeding has been associated with lower blood pressure in later life , but previous studies have not controlled for possible confounding factors by using a r and omised design with prospect i ve follow-up . We undertook such a study to test the hypothesis that early diet programmes blood pressure in later life in children r and omly assigned different diets at birth . METHODS Blood pressure was measured at age 13 - 16 years in 216 ( 23 % ) of a cohort of 926 children who were born prematurely and had participated at birth in two parallel r and omised trials in five neonatal units in the UK . Dietary interventions were : donated banked breastmilk versus preterm formula and st and ard term formula versus preterm formula . FINDINGS Children followed up at age 13 - 16 years were similar to those not followed up in terms of social class and anthropometry at birth . Mean arterial blood pressure at age 13 - 16 years was lower in the 66 children assigned banked breastmilk ( alone or in addition to mother 's milk ) than in the 64 assigned preterm formula ( mean 81.9 [ SD 7.8 ] vs 86.1 [ 6.5 ] mm Hg ; 95 % CI for difference -6.6 to -1.6 ; p=0.001 ) . In non-r and omised analyses , the proportion of enteral intake as human milk in the neonatal period was inversely related to later mean arterial pressure ( beta=-0.3 mm Hg per 10 % increase [ 95 % CI -0.5 to -0.1 ] ; p=0.006 ) . No differences were found in the term formula ( n=44 ) versus preterm formula ( n=42 ) comparison . INTERPRETATION Breastmilk consumption was associated with lower later blood pressure in children born prematurely . Our data provide experimental evidence of programming of a cardiovascular risk factor by early diet and further support the long-term beneficial effects of breastmilk
Other benefits included fewer episodes of feed intolerance , better weight gain and growth velocity , decreased transition time from orogastric to breast feeds , and increased postpr and ial mesenteric flow .
There were no adverse effects of probiotic supplementation .
Probiotics reduced the time to full enteral feeds  in preterm neonates .
INTRODUCTION The optimization of enteral nutrition is a priority in preterm neonates worldwide .
Probiotics are known to improve gut maturity and function in preterm neonates .
To our knowledge , previous systematic review s have not adequately assessed the effects of probiotic supplementation on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates .
OBJECTIVE We assessed the evidence on effects of probiotics on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates .