No impact of patient and intervention characteristics on the effect estimates were found .
Short conclusion Low quality of evidence was found for a moderate effect of physical activity monitor-based interventions on physical activity compared with control interventions .
Background The body of evidence related to the effect of physical activity monitor-based interventions has grown over the recent years .
However , the effect of physical activity monitor-based interventions in older adults remains unclear and should be systematic ally review ed .
Objective The objective of this systematic review was to estimate the effect of physical activity monitor-based interventions on physical activity behavior  in participants aged 65 and above .
Subsequently we explored the effect on body mass index , physical capacity , and health-related quality of life and finally the impact of patient- and intervention characteristics .
Cognitive Benefits of Social Dancing and Walking in Old Age: The Dancing Mind Randomized Controlled Trial
Background A physically active lifestyle has the potential to prevent cognitive decline and dementia , yet the optimal type of physical activity/exercise remains unclear . Dance is of special interest as it complex sensorimotor rhythmic activity with additional cognitive , social , and affective dimensions . Objectives To determine whether dance benefits executive function more than walking , an activity that is simple and functional . Methods Two-arm r and omized controlled trial among community-dwelling older adults . The intervention group received 1 h of ballroom dancing twice weekly over 8 months ( ~69 sessions ) in local community dance studios . The control group received a combination of a home walking program with a pedometer and optional biweekly group-based walking in local community park to facilitate socialization . Main outcomes Executive function tests : processing speed and task shift by the Trail Making Tests , response inhibition by the Stroop Color-Word Test , working memory by the Digit Span Backwards test , immediate and delayed verbal recall by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test , and visuospatial recall by the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test ( BVST ) . Results One hundred and fifteen adults ( mean 69.5 years , SD 6.4 ) completed baseline and delayed baseline ( 3 weeks apart ) before being r and omized to either dance ( n = 60 ) or walking ( n = 55 ) . Of those r and omized , 79 ( 68 % ) completed the follow-up measurements ( 32 weeks from baseline ) . In the dance group only , “ non-completers ” had significantly lower baseline scores on all executive function tests than those who completed the full program . Intention-to-treat analyses showed no group effect . In a r and om effects model including participants who completed all measurements , adjusted for baseline score and covariates ( age , education , estimated verbal intelligence , and community ) , a between-group effect in favor of dance was noted only for BVST total learning ( Cohen ’s D Effect size 0.29 , p = 0.07 ) and delayed recall ( Cohen ’s D Effect size = 0.34 , p = 0.06 ) . Conclusion The superior potential of dance over walking on executive functions of cognitively healthy and active older adults was not supported . Dance improved one of the cognitive domains ( spatial memory ) important for learning dance . Controlled trials targeting inactive older adults and of a higher dose may produce stronger effects , particularly for novice dancers . Trial registration Australian and New Zeal and Clinical Trials Register ( ACTRN12613000782730 )
No impact of patient and intervention characteristics on the effect estimates were found .
Short conclusion Low quality of evidence was found for a moderate effect of physical activity monitor-based interventions on physical activity compared with control interventions .
Background The body of evidence related to the effect of physical activity monitor-based interventions has grown over the recent years .
However , the effect of physical activity monitor-based interventions in older adults remains unclear and should be systematic ally review ed .
Objective The objective of this systematic review was to estimate the effect of physical activity monitor-based interventions on physical activity behavior  in participants aged 65 and above .
Subsequently we explored the effect on body mass index , physical capacity , and health-related quality of life and finally the impact of patient- and intervention characteristics .