Despite limitations in these data , our NMA findings are in line with existing evidence on the metabolic effects of fat and support current recommendations to replace high saturated-fat food with unsaturated oils
The aim of this network meta- analysis ( NMA ) is to compare the effects of different oils/solid fats on blood lipids .
Butter increased total and LDL cholesterol compared with olive oil but resulted in higher HDL cholesterol compared with a habitual diet.
BACKGROUND Butter is known to have a cholesterol-raising effect and , therefore , has often been included as a negative control in dietary studies , whereas the effect of moderate butter intake has not been eluci date d to our knowledge . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of moderate butter intake , moderate olive oil intake , and a habitual diet on blood lipids , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , glucose , and insulin . DESIGN The study was a controlled , double-blinded , r and omized 2 × 5-wk crossover dietary intervention study with a 14-d run-in period during which subjects consumed their habitual diets . The study included 47 healthy men and women ( mean ± SD total cholesterol : 5.22 ± 0.90 mmol/L ) who substituted a part of their habitual diets with 4.5 % of energy from butter or refined olive oil .  RESULTS Study subjects were 70 % women with a mean age and body mass index ( in kg/m² ) of 40.4 y and 23.5 , respectively .  Butter intake increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol more than did olive oil intake ( P < 0.05 ) and the run-in period ( P < 0.005 and P < 0.05 , respectively ) and increased HDL cholesterol compared with the run-in period ( P < 0.05 ) . No difference in effects was observed for triacylglycerol , hsCRP , insulin , and glucose concentrations . The intake of saturated fatty acids was significantly higher in the butter period than in the olive oil and run-in periods ( P < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Moderate intake of butter result ed in increases in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol compared with the effects of olive oil intake and a habitual diet ( run-in period ) . Furthermore , moderate butter intake was also followed by an increase in HDL cholesterol compared with the habitual diet . We conclude that hypercholesterolemic people should keep their consumption of butter to a minimum , whereas moderate butter intake may be considered part of the diet in the normocholesterolemic population
Despite limitations in these data , our NMA findings are in line with existing evidence on the metabolic effects of fat and support current recommendations to replace high saturated-fat food with unsaturated oils
The aim of this network meta- analysis ( NMA ) is to compare the effects of different oils/solid fats on blood lipids .