Results Level of evidence from 54 high and medium quality studies showed moderate evidence of a positive effect of physical exercise .
Within this domain , there was strong evidence of a positive effect of workplace strength training .
There was limited evidence for ergonomics and strong evidence for no benefit of participatory ergonomics , multifaceted interventions , and stress management .
No intervention domains were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusions The evidence synthesis recommends that implementing strength training at the workplace can reduce MSD  among workers with physically dem and ing work .
In regard to workplace ergonomics , there was not enough evidence from the scientific literature to guide current practice s. Based on the scientific literature , participatory ergonomics and multifaceted workplace interventions seem to have no beneficial effect on reducing MSD among this group of workers .
Purpose This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of workplace interventions to rehabilitate musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) among employees with physically dem and ing work .
Low back pain as a predictor of long-term work disability
Aim : To investigate low back pain ( LBP ) , with and without other musculoskeletal pains , as a predictor of long-term work disability . Method : A four-year prospect i ve study was conducted . All inhabitants in the municipality of Ullensaker , Norway , born in 1928 - 30 , 1938 - 40 , 1948 - 50 , 1958 - 60 and 1968 - 70 , received a  mailed question naire in 1990 and 1994 . The present study comprised the 1,788 responders who were working in 1990 . Of these , 1426 ( 80 % ) returned the question naire four years later . The main outcome measure was long-term work disability ( > eight weeks ) in 1994 . Results : LBP in 1990 predicted long-term work disability in 1994 ( odds ratio ( OR ) = 1.95 , 95 % confidence interval (CI)= 1.39- 2.74 ) . Localized LBP however , did not predict long-term work disability , while LBP accompanied by widespread pain did ( OR= 3.52 , 95 % CI = 1.09- 11.37 ) , also after adjustments for demographic , lifestyle , and work-related factors . Other predictors of long-term work disability were high age , sick leave last year , heavy lifting in the job , poor sleep quality and smoking . Conclusion : LBP in persons with widespread musculoskeletal pain predicted long-term work disability , while localized LBP did not
Results Level of evidence from 54 high and medium quality studies showed moderate evidence of a positive effect of physical exercise .
Within this domain , there was strong evidence of a positive effect of workplace strength training .
There was limited evidence for ergonomics and strong evidence for no benefit of participatory ergonomics , multifaceted interventions , and stress management .
No intervention domains were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusions The evidence synthesis recommends that implementing strength training at the workplace can reduce MSD  among workers with physically dem and ing work .
In regard to workplace ergonomics , there was not enough evidence from the scientific literature to guide current practice s. Based on the scientific literature , participatory ergonomics and multifaceted workplace interventions seem to have no beneficial effect on reducing MSD among this group of workers .
Purpose This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of workplace interventions to rehabilitate musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) among employees with physically dem and ing work .