We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .
Intake of ruminant trans fatty acids in the Danish population aged 1–80 years
Objective : To estimate the intake of ruminant trans fatty acids ( TFA ) in the Danish population aged 1–80 years . Design : Descriptive study .Subjects : A sex- and age-stratified r and om sample drawn from the Danish Civil Registration System . A total of 3098 participants ( 51 % female ) aged 1–80 years were included . The participation was 66%.Dietary information : A 7-day dietary record . Results : The estimated median intake of ruminant TFA was 1.4 g/day with the 80 % central range being from 0.9 to 2.1 among children aged 1–6 years and 1.6 g/day ( 1.0–2.4 ) among children aged 7–14 years . The median TFA intake was 1.8 g/day ( 0.9–2.9 ) among adults aged 15–29 years and among adults aged 30–80 years . The intake expressed as percentage of energy intake was 0.8 , 0.6 , 0.7 , and 0.7 , respectively . Dairy products were the main source of ruminant TFA . Conclusions : The median intake of ruminant TFA in the Danish population aged 1–80 years is estimated to be 1.7 g/day ( 0.9–2.7 ) , corresponding to 0.7 % of energy intake ( 0.5–1.0 ) , with dairy products being the main source of ruminant TFA.Sponsorship : The Danish Heart Foundation ( Grants 02 - 2 - 9 - 8 - 22010 and 03 - 2 - 9 - 4 - 22087 ) and the Female Research ers in Joint Action ( FREJA ) programme from the Danish Medical Research Council
We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .