CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .
Measurement of muscle and fat in postmenopausal women: precision of previously reported pQCT imaging methods.
Peripheral quantitative computed tomography ( pQCT ) imaging has been used to quantify muscle area and density as well as intermuscular adipose tissue ( IMAT ) and subcutaneous adipose tissue ( SAT ) area in the lower and upper limb . Numerous protocol s have been reported to derive these soft-tissue outcomes , but their precision has not been assessed in community-dwelling postmenopausal women . The objective of this study was to compare the precision of previously reported analysis protocol s for quantifying muscle area and density , as well as IMAT and SAT area in postmenopausal women . Six image analysis protocol s using two available software suites ( Stratec XCT , BoneJ ) were identified from the pQCT literature . Analysis protocol s were applied to a sample of 35 older female adults ( mean age 73.7 ; SD 7.2 years ) , r and omly selected from a population based-cohort and scanned twice within an average of 9.7 ( SD 3.6 ) days . Relative precision was calculated as absolute values and as a percentage of the sample mean ( root mean square coefficient of variation ; CV%RMS ) . Soft-tissue outcomes across protocol s were compared on their log-transformed coefficients of variation using multilevel linear models and Tukey contrasts . For most protocol s , CV%RMS for muscle area , density , and SAT area ranged between 2.1 and 3.7 % , 0.7 and 1.9 % , and 2.4 and 6.4 % , respectively . Precision for IMAT area varied considerably , from 3 to 42 % . Consideration of these study results will aid in the selection of appropriate image analysis protocol s for pQCT-derived soft-tissue outcomes in postmenopausal women
CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .