Combining 21 trials evaluating lipid outcomes , fish oil consumption result ed in a summary net change in triglycerides of -27 ( 95 % CI -33 , -20)mg/dL , in HDL cholesterol of + 1.6 ( 95 % CI + 0.8 , + 2.3)mg/dL , and in LDL cholesterol of + 6 ( 95 % CI + 3 , + 8)mg/dL. There was no effect of fish oil on total cholesterol .
Across studies , higher fish oil dose and higher baseline levels were associated with greater reductions in serum triglycerides .
The evidence supports a dose-dependent beneficial effect of fish oil on serum triglycerides , particularly among people with more elevated levels .
Fish oil consumption also modestly improves HDL cholesterol , increases LDL cholesterol levels , but does not appear to adversely affect glucose homeostasis .
The evidence regarding the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on hs-CRP is inconclusive , as are data on ALA
Greater fish oil consumption has been associated with reduced CVD risk , although the mechanisms are unclear .
Plant- source oil omega-3 fatty acids ( ALA ) have also been studied regarding their cardiovascular effect .
Fish oils and low-molecular-weight heparin for the reduction of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The EMPAR Study.
BACKGROUND Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty ( PTCA ) is complicated by restenosis within 6 months in > 40 % of patients . Theoretical , animal experimental , and human epidemiological and clinical trial findings have suggested that fish oils ( n-3 ) might reduce restenosis . Low-molecular-weight heparin ( LMWH ) has reduced cellular proliferation and restenosis in several experimental systems . METHODS AND RESULTS We r and omized 814 patients to fish oils ( 5.4 g n-3 fatty acids ) or placebo a median of 6 days before PTCA and continued for 18 weeks . At the time of sheath removal , 653 patients with at least one successfully dilated lesion were r and omized to LMWH ( 30 mg SC BID ) or control for 6 weeks in a 2 x 2 factorial design . Follow-up with quantitative coronary angiography ( QCA ; target , 18 weeks ) was interpretable on 96 % of these patients . Restenosis rates per patient were for n-3 , 46.5 % ; placebo , 44.7 % ; LMWH , 45.8 % ; and control , 45.4 % . Restenosis rates per lesion were for n-3 , 39.7 % ; placebo , 38.7 % ; LMWH , 38 % ; and control , 40.4 % . At follow-up QCA , mean minimal lumen diameters were ( mm ) for n-3 , 1.12 ; placebo , 1.10 ; LMWH , 1.12 ; and control , 1.10 . Fifteen percent of patients permanently discontinued n-3/placebo before study completion , and 21 % of patients discontinued LMWH early . There were no significant differences in the occurrences of ischemic events . Bleeding was more common with LMWH , usually was mild , and led to early discontinuation of study medication in only 0.9 % of patients . Gastrointestinal side effects were more common in patients receiving n-3 than placebo . CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence for a clinical ly important reduction of PTCA restenosis in this trial by either n-3 or LMWH . Evaluation of the results for n-3 in the context of previously published data on the reduction of PTCA restenosis indicates that n-3 is not efficacious and that further trials are unwarranted
Combining 21 trials evaluating lipid outcomes , fish oil consumption result ed in a summary net change in triglycerides of -27 ( 95 % CI -33 , -20)mg/dL , in HDL cholesterol of + 1.6 ( 95 % CI + 0.8 , + 2.3)mg/dL , and in LDL cholesterol of + 6 ( 95 % CI + 3 , + 8)mg/dL. There was no effect of fish oil on total cholesterol .
Across studies , higher fish oil dose and higher baseline levels were associated with greater reductions in serum triglycerides .
The evidence supports a dose-dependent beneficial effect of fish oil on serum triglycerides , particularly among people with more elevated levels .
Fish oil consumption also modestly improves HDL cholesterol , increases LDL cholesterol levels , but does not appear to adversely affect glucose homeostasis .
The evidence regarding the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on hs-CRP is inconclusive , as are data on ALA
Greater fish oil consumption has been associated with reduced CVD risk , although the mechanisms are unclear .
Plant- source oil omega-3 fatty acids ( ALA ) have also been studied regarding their cardiovascular effect .