Specific " active ingredients " for therapeutic change were not identified .
PURPOSE A systematic review of behavioural intervention for the treatment of adults with muscle tension voice disorders ( MTVD ) .
A comparison of two treatments for childhood apraxia of speech: methods and treatment protocol for a parallel group randomised control trial
Background Childhood Apraxia of Speech is an impairment of speech motor planning that manifests as difficulty producing the sounds ( articulation ) and melody ( prosody ) of speech . These difficulties may persist through life and are detrimental to academic , social , and vocational development . A number of published single subject and case series studies of speech treatments are available . There are currently no r and omised control trials or other well design ed group trials available to guide clinical practice . Methods / Design A parallel group , fixed size r and omised control trial will be conducted in Sydney , Australia to determine the efficacy of two treatments for Childhood Apraxia of Speech : 1 ) Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment and the 2 ) Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme – Third edition .  Eligible children will be English speaking , aged 4–12 years with a diagnosis of suspected CAS , normal or adjusted hearing and vision , and no comprehension difficulties or other developmental diagnoses . At least 20 children will be r and omised to receive one of the two treatments in parallel . Treatments will be delivered by trained and supervised speech pathology clinicians using operationalised manuals . Treatment will be administered in 1-hour sessions , 4 times per week for 3 weeks . The primary outcomes are speech sound and prosodic accuracy on a customised 292 item probe and the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology inconsistency subtest administered prior to treatment and 1 week , 1 month and 4 months post-treatment . All post assessment s will be completed by blinded assessors . Our hypotheses are : 1 ) treatment effects at 1 week post will be similar for both treatments , 2 ) maintenance of treatment effects at 1 and 4 months post will be greater for Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment than Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme treatment , and 3 ) generalisation of treatment effects to untrained related speech behaviours will be greater for Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment than Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme treatment . This protocol was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee , University of Sydney ( # 12924 ) . Discussion This will be the first r and omised control trial to test treatment for CAS . It will be valuable for clinical decision-making and providing evidence -based services for children with CAS.Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry :
Specific " active ingredients " for therapeutic change were not identified .
PURPOSE A systematic review of behavioural intervention for the treatment of adults with muscle tension voice disorders ( MTVD ) .