Subgroup analyses revealed that palm oil has a beneficial effect on High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels when more than 30 % of total dietary energy was constituted by fat .
This review revealed that palm oil does not induce increases in cardiovascular disease risk risk-related biomarkers relative to unsaturated fatty acids .
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The precise association between palm oil consumption and  lipid-related cardiovascular disease risk remains unclear .
A systematic review was thus performed to assess whether palm oil consumption has a negative effect on plasma lipid-related cardiovascular disease marker levels .
Intake of individual saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: two prospective longitudinal cohort studies
Objectives To investigate the association between long term intake of individual saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) and the  risk of coronary heart disease  , in two large cohort studies . Design Prospect i ve , longitudinal cohort study . Setting Health professionals in the United States . Participants 73 147 women in the Nurses ’ Health Study ( 1984 - 2012 ) and 42 635 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study ( 1986 - 2010 ) , who were free of major chronic diseases at baseline . Main outcome measure Incidence of coronary heart disease ( n=7035 ) was self-reported , and related deaths were identified by search ing National Death Index or through report of next of kin or postal authority . Cases were confirmed by medical records review . Results Mean intake of SFAs  accounted for 9.0 - 11.3 % energy intake over time , and was mainly composed of lauric acid ( 12:0 ) , myristic acid ( 14:0 ) , palmitic acid ( 16:0 ) , and stearic acid ( 18:0 ; 8.8 - 10.7 % energy ) . Intake of 12:0 , 14:0 , 16:0 and 18:0 were highly correlated , with Spearman correlation coefficients between 0.38 and 0.93 ( all P<0.001 ) . Comparing the highest to the lowest groups of individual SFA intakes , hazard ratios of coronary heart disease were 1.07 ( 95 % confidence interval 0.99 to 1.15 ; Ptrend=0.05 ) for 12:0 , 1.13 ( 1.05 to 1.22 ; Ptrend<0.001 ) for 14:0 , 1.18 ( 1.09 to 1.27 ; Ptrend<0.001 ) for 16:0 , 1.18 ( 1.09 to 1.28 ; Ptrend<0.001 ) for 18:0 , and 1.18 ( 1.09 to 1.28 ; Ptrend<0.001 ) for all four SFAs combined ( 12:0 - 18:0 ) , after multivariate adjustment of lifestyle factors and total energy intake . Hazard ratios of coronary heart disease for isocaloric replacement of 1 % energy from 12:0 - 18:0 were 0.92 ( 95 % confidence interval 0.89 to 0.96 ; P<0.001 ) for polyunsaturated fat , 0.95 ( 0.90 to 1.01 ; P=0.08 ) for monounsaturated fat , 0.94 ( 0.91 to 0.97 ; P<0.001 ) for whole grain carbohydrates , and 0.93 ( 0.89 to 0.97 ; P=0.001 ) for plant proteins . For individual SFAs , the lowest risk of coronary heart disease was observed when the most abundant SFA , 16:0 , was replaced . Hazard ratios of coronary heart disease for replacing 1 % energy from 16:0 were 0.88 ( 95 % confidence interval 0.81 to 0.96 ; P=0.002 ) for polyunsaturated fat , 0.92 ( 0.83 to 1.02 ; P=0.10 ) for monounsaturated fat , 0.90 ( 0.83 to 0.97 ; P=0.01 ) for whole grain carbohydrates , and 0.89 ( 0.82 to 0.97 ; P=0.01 ) for plant proteins . Conclusions Higher dietary intakes of major SFAs are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease . Owing to similar associations and high correlations among individual SFAs , dietary recommendations for the prevention of coronary heart disease should continue to focus on replacing total saturated fat with more healthy sources of energy
Subgroup analyses revealed that palm oil has a beneficial effect on High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels when more than 30 % of total dietary energy was constituted by fat .
This review revealed that palm oil does not induce increases in cardiovascular disease risk risk-related biomarkers relative to unsaturated fatty acids .
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The precise association between palm oil consumption and  lipid-related cardiovascular disease risk remains unclear .
A systematic review was thus performed to assess whether palm oil consumption has a negative effect on plasma lipid-related cardiovascular disease marker levels .