Levels of evidence for interventions associated with positive effects were : Moderate evidence for arm supports ; and Limited evidence for ergonomics training plus workstation adjustments , new chair and rest breaks .
Levels of evidence for interventions associated with “ no effect ” were : Strong evidence for workstation adjustment alone ; Moderate evidence for biofeedback training and job stress management training ; and Limited evidence for cognitive behavioral training .
No interventions were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusion It is difficult to make strong evidence d-based recommendations about what practitioners should do to prevent or manage upper extremity MSDs .
There is a paucity of high quality OHS interventions evaluating upper extremity MSDs and none focused on traumatic injury outcomes or workplace m and ated pre-placement screening exams .
Background Little is known about the most effective occupational health and safety ( OHS ) interventions to reduce  upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) and injuries .
Methods A systematic review used a best evidence synthesis approach to address the question : “ do occupational health and safety interventions have an effect on upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms , signs , disorders , injuries , cl aims and lost time ? ”
No significant differences between intervention programmes on neck, shoulder and low back pain: a prospective randomized study among home-care personnel.
The effects of two different prevention programmes on : ( 1 ) reported neck , shoulder and back pain , ( 2 ) perceived physical exertion at work and perceived work-related psychosocial factors , were evaluated by question naires after 12 and 18 months . Female nursing aides and assistant nurses ( n = 282 ) working in the home-care services , were r and omly assigned to one of three groups for : ( 1 ) individually design ed physical training programme , ( 2 ) work-place stress management , ( 3 ) control group . Results revealed no significant differences between the three groups . However , improvements in low back pain were registered within both intervention groups for up to 18 months . Perceived physical exertion at work was reduced in the physical training group . Improvements in neck and shoulder pain did not differ within the three groups . Dissatisfaction with work-related , psychosocial factors was generally increased in all groups . As the aetiology of neck , shoulder and back disorders is multifactorial , a combination of the two intervention programmes might be preferable and should be further studied
Levels of evidence for interventions associated with positive effects were : Moderate evidence for arm supports ; and Limited evidence for ergonomics training plus workstation adjustments , new chair and rest breaks .
Levels of evidence for interventions associated with “ no effect ” were : Strong evidence for workstation adjustment alone ; Moderate evidence for biofeedback training and job stress management training ; and Limited evidence for cognitive behavioral training .
No interventions were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusion It is difficult to make strong evidence d-based recommendations about what practitioners should do to prevent or manage upper extremity MSDs .
There is a paucity of high quality OHS interventions evaluating upper extremity MSDs and none focused on traumatic injury outcomes or workplace m and ated pre-placement screening exams .
Background Little is known about the most effective occupational health and safety ( OHS ) interventions to reduce  upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) and injuries .
Methods A systematic review used a best evidence synthesis approach to address the question : “ do occupational health and safety interventions have an effect on upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms , signs , disorders , injuries , cl aims and lost time ? ”