Only outcomes of the IWQoL , SF-36 and OWQoL show QoL outcomes that exceed community norms .
The QoL is increased after bariatric surgery on both the short and long term .
However , due to the heterogeneity of the studies and the generality of the question naires is it hard to make a distinction between different surgeries and difficult to see a relation with medical profit .
Currently the effects of bariatric surgery are generally expressed in excess weight loss or comorbidity reduction .
Therefore the aim of this review was to provide insight in the available prospect i ve evidence regarding the short and long-term effects of bariatric surgery on Quality of Life ( QoL ) and a comparison with community norms .
Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies.
BACKGROUND The main associations of body-mass index ( BMI ) with overall and cause-specific mortality can best be assessed by long-term prospect i ve follow-up of large numbers of people . The Prospect i ve Studies Collaboration aim ed to investigate these associations by sharing data from many studies . METHODS Collaborative analyses were undertaken of baseline BMI  versus  mortality  in 57 prospect i ve studies with 894 576 participants , mostly in western Europe and North America ( 61 % [ n=541 452 ] male , mean recruitment age 46 [ SD 11 ] years , median recruitment year 1979 [ IQR 1975 - 85 ] , mean BMI 25 [ SD 4 ] kg/m(2 ) ) . The analyses were adjusted for age , sex , smoking status , and study . To limit reverse causality , the first 5 years of follow-up were excluded , leaving 66 552 deaths of known cause during a mean of 8 ( SD 6 ) further years of follow-up ( mean age at death 67 [ SD 10 ] years ) : 30 416 vascular ; 2070 diabetic , renal or hepatic ; 22 592 neoplastic ; 3770 respiratory ; 7704 other . FINDINGS In both sexes , mortality was lowest at about 22.5 - 25 kg/m(2 ) . Above this range , positive associations were recorded for several specific causes and inverse associations for none , the absolute excess risks for higher BMI and smoking were roughly additive , and each 5 kg/m(2 ) higher BMI was on average associated with about 30 % higher overall mortality ( hazard ratio per 5 kg/m(2 ) [ HR ] 1.29 [ 95 % CI 1.27 - 1.32 ] ) : 40 % for vascular mortality ( HR 1.41 [ 1.37 - 1.45 ] ) ; 60 - 120 % for diabetic , renal , and hepatic mortality ( HRs 2.16 [ 1.89 - 2.46 ] , 1.59 [ 1.27 - 1.99 ] , and 1.82 [ 1.59 - 2.09 ] , respectively ) ; 10 % for neoplastic mortality ( HR 1.10 [ 1.06 - 1.15 ] ) ; and 20 % for respiratory and for all other mortality ( HRs 1.20 [ 1.07 - 1.34 ] and 1.20 [ 1.16 - 1.25 ] , respectively ) . Below the range 22.5 - 25 kg/m(2 ) , BMI was associated inversely with overall mortality , mainly because of strong inverse associations with respiratory disease and lung cancer . These inverse associations were much stronger for smokers than for non-smokers , despite cigarette consumption per smoker varying little with BMI . INTERPRETATION Although other anthropometric measures ( eg , waist circumference , waist-to-hip ratio ) could well add extra information to BMI , and BMI to them , BMI is in itself a strong predictor of overall mortality both above and below the apparent optimum of about 22.5 - 25 kg/m(2 ) . The progressive excess mortality above this range is due mainly to vascular disease and is probably largely causal . At 30 - 35 kg/m(2 ) , median survival is reduced by 2 - 4 years ; at 40 - 45 kg/m(2 ) , it is reduced by 8 - 10 years ( which is comparable with the effects of smoking ) . The definite excess mortality below 22.5 kg/m(2 ) is due mainly to smoking-related diseases , and is not fully explained
Only outcomes of the IWQoL , SF-36 and OWQoL show QoL outcomes that exceed community norms .
The QoL is increased after bariatric surgery on both the short and long term .
However , due to the heterogeneity of the studies and the generality of the question naires is it hard to make a distinction between different surgeries and difficult to see a relation with medical profit .
Currently the effects of bariatric surgery are generally expressed in excess weight loss or comorbidity reduction .
Therefore the aim of this review was to provide insight in the available prospect i ve evidence regarding the short and long-term effects of bariatric surgery on Quality of Life ( QoL ) and a comparison with community norms .