There is currently no firm evidence that vitamin D supplementation decreases or increases cancer occurrence in predominantly elderly community-dwelling women .
Vitamin D₃ supplementation  decreased cancer mortality  and vitamin D supplementation  decreased all-cause mortality , but these estimates are at risk of type I errors due to the fact that too few participants were examined , and to risks of attrition bias originating from substantial dropout of participants .
Combined vitamin D₃ and calcium supplements  increased nephrolithiasis , whereas it remains unclear from the included trials whether vitamin D₃ , calcium , or both were responsible for this effect .
BACKGROUND The evidence on whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in decreasing cancers is contradictory .
OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults .
Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and autoantibodies against oxidized LDL.
OBJECTIVES Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein ( oxLDL ) has been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis , and autoantibodies against oxLDL have recently found to reflect this process . The antioxidant effect and inhibition of LDL oxidation may be one of the cardioprotective mechanisms of postmenopausal estrogen therapy . METHODS The effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) on the concentrations of serum lipids and oxLDL autoantibodies were studied in a population -based prospect i ve 1-year study with 64 early postmenopausal women ( mean age 52.2 + /- 0.4 ( S.E.M. ) years ) . The participants were r and omized into two treatment groups : HRT-group : Sequential combination of 2 mg estradiol valerate and 1 mg cyproterone acetate alone or in combination with vitamin D3 , 300 IU/day + calcium lactate , 500 mg/day ( n = 31 ) and the non-HRT-group : Calcium lactate , 500 mg/day alone or in combination with vitamin D3 , 300 IU/day ( n = 33 ) . The groups were well matched regarding age , body mass index and baseline serum lipid concentrations . RESULTS The serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol decreased in the HRT-group ( 4.1 % , P = 0.05 and 6.4 % , P = 0.03 , respectively , paired t-test ) but did not change in the non-HRT-group . No changes in the serum concentrations of HDL-cholesterol or triglycerides were observed . Additionally , no changes in oxLDL autoantibody concentrations were observed in either group . CONCLUSIONS Although 1-year HRT lowered serum total- and LDL-cholesterol levels , it did not influence oxLDL antibody titers . On the basis of the present results we can not question the possibility of there being beneficial effects of HRT on the oxidative modification of LDL . However , this effect is not reflected in the levels of oxLDL autoantibodies
There is currently no firm evidence that vitamin D supplementation decreases or increases cancer occurrence in predominantly elderly community-dwelling women .
Vitamin D₃ supplementation  decreased cancer mortality  and vitamin D supplementation  decreased all-cause mortality , but these estimates are at risk of type I errors due to the fact that too few participants were examined , and to risks of attrition bias originating from substantial dropout of participants .
Combined vitamin D₃ and calcium supplements  increased nephrolithiasis , whereas it remains unclear from the included trials whether vitamin D₃ , calcium , or both were responsible for this effect .
BACKGROUND The evidence on whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in decreasing cancers is contradictory .
OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults .