Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .
Effect of etching and airborne particle abrasion on the microstructure of different dental ceramics.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The ceramic composition and microstructure surface of all-ceramic restorations are important components of an effective bonding substrate . Both hydrofluoric acid etching and airborne aluminum oxide particle abrasion produce irregular surfaces necessary for micromechanical bonding . Although surface treatments of feldspathic and leucite porcelains have been studied previously , the high alumina-containing and lithium disilicate ceramics have not been fully investigated . PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the surface topography of 6 different ceramics after treatment with either hydrofluoric acid etching or airborne aluminum oxide particle abrasion . MATERIAL AND METHODS Five copings each of IPS Empress , IPS Empress 2 ( 0.8 mm thick ) , Cergogold ( 0.7 mm thick ) , In-Ceram Alumina , In-Ceram Zirconia , and Procera ( 0.8 mm thick ) were fabricated following the manufacturer 's instructions . Each coping was longitudinally sectioned into 4 equal parts by a diamond disk . The result ing sections were then r and omly divided into 3 groups depending on subsequent surface treatments : Group 1 , specimens without additional surface treatments , as received from the laboratory ( control ) ; Group 2 , specimens treated by use of airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm aluminum oxide ; and Group 3 , specimens treated with 10 % hydrofluoric acid etching ( 20 seconds for IPS Empress 2 ; 60 seconds for IPS Empress and Cergogold ; and 2 minutes for In-Ceram Alumina , In-Ceram Zirconia , and Procera ) . RESULTS Airborne particle abrasion changed the morphologic surface of IPS Empress , IPS Empress 2 , and Cergogold ceramics . The surface topography of these ceramics exhibited shallow irregularities not evident in the control group . For Procera , the 50-microm aluminum oxide airborne particle abrasion produced a flattened surface . Airborne particle abrasion of In-Ceram Alumina and In-Ceram Zirconia did not change the morphologic characteristics and the same shallows pits found in the control group remained . For IPS Empress 2 , 10 % hydrofluoric acid etching produced elongated crystals scattered with shallow irregularities . For IPS Empress and Cergogold , the morphologic characteristic was honeycomb-like on the ceramic surface . The surface treatment of In-Ceram Alumina , In-Ceram Zirconia , and Procera did not change their superficial structure . CONCLUSION Hydrofluoric acid etching and airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm aluminum oxide increased the irregularities on the surface of IPS Empress , IPS Empress 2 , and Cergogold  ceramics . Similar treatment of In-Ceram Alumina , In-Ceram Zirconia , and Procera did not change their morphologic microstructure
Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .