: The results of this systematic review identify the consistent and prevalent indicators of concussion and their associations , derived from the strongest evidence in the published literature .
BACKGROUND : Currently , there is no evidence -based definition for concussion that is being uniformly applied in clinical and research setting s. OBJECTIVE : To conduct a systematic review of the highest- quality literature about concussion and to assemble evidence about the prevalence and associations of key indicators of concussion .
The goal was to establish an evidence -based foundation from which to derive , in future work , a definition , diagnostic criteria , and prognostic indicators for concussion .
Diagnostic value of S100B and neuron-specific enolase in mild pediatric traumatic brain injury.
OBJECT During recent years , several biomarkers have been introduced for use in the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) . The primary objective of this investigation was to determine if S100B ( or S100 calcium-binding protein B ) and neuron-specific enolase ( NSE ) serum concentrations can effectively be used to discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic children with minor head trauma . METHODS The authors conducted a prospect i ve clinical study that involved patients age 6 months to 15 years who had sustained minor head trauma . Children with concomitant extracranial injuries were excluded .  Blood sample s were obtained within 6 hours of injury to measure  S100B and NSE levels in serum . The authors defined 2 diagnostic groups : a  mild TBI group ( patients with Glasgow Coma Scale [ GCS ] scores of 13 - 15 ) in whom there were clinical signs of concussion ( short loss of consciousness , amnesia , nausea , vomiting , somnolence , headache , dizziness , or impaired vision ) and a head contusion group ( patients with a GCS score of 15 ) in whom symptoms were absent . Both S100B and NSE concentrations were compared between the 2 groups . Secondary end points were defined as follows : correlation of S100B/NSE and a ) the presence of scalp lacerations , b ) GCS score , c ) age , and d ) correlation between S100B and NSE . RESULTS One hundred forty-eight patients were enrolled ( 53 in the contusion group , 95 in the mild TBI group ) . After adjusting for differences in age and time of injury to blood sample withdrawal , there was no significant difference in S100B or NSE between patients in the 2 groups . Scalp lacerations and GCS score had no affect on posttraumatic S100B or NSE concentrations . The correlation between S100B and NSE was significant . Both markers showed a significant negative correlation with age . CONCLUSIONS The authors demonstrated that S100B and NSE do not discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic children with minor head injury . There seem to be limitations in marker sensitivity when investigating pediatric patients with mild TBI
: The results of this systematic review identify the consistent and prevalent indicators of concussion and their associations , derived from the strongest evidence in the published literature .
BACKGROUND : Currently , there is no evidence -based definition for concussion that is being uniformly applied in clinical and research setting s. OBJECTIVE : To conduct a systematic review of the highest- quality literature about concussion and to assemble evidence about the prevalence and associations of key indicators of concussion .
The goal was to establish an evidence -based foundation from which to derive , in future work , a definition , diagnostic criteria , and prognostic indicators for concussion .