For non-oral HT , decreases in lipoprotein(a ) , cell adhesion molecules , and factor VII generally were significant , resistance to activated protein C ( APCr ) was slightly increased , and other markers including CRP and homocysteine did not change .
Compared with oral HT , changes in CRP and APCr were smaller , changes in cell adhesion molecules and some fibrinolytic parameters tended to be smaller , whereas changes in other factors including lipoprotein(a ) and homocysteine did not differ .
( S ) Potentially unfavorable changes seen with oral HT on two important markers , CRP and APCr , are substantially smaller with non-oral HT .
Non-oral HT has minor effects on the other cardiovascular risk markers studied .
Therefore , compared with oral HT , non-oral HT appears be safer with respect to atherosclerotic and venous thromboembolic disease risk
OBJECTIVE To review the effects of non-oral administration of postmenopausal hormone therapy ( HT ) on risk markers for atherosclerotic and venous thromboembolic disease .
Non-oral postmenopausal HT appears not to increase venous thromboembolic risk , whereas the effect on coronary heart disease risk is less clear .
Reduced expression of endothelial cell markers after long-term transdermal hormone replacement therapy in women with coronary artery disease.
The effects of 12 months hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) on biochemical markers associated with endothelial function were studied in 98 postmenopausal women with CAD , who were r and omized to transdermal HRT or a control group .  A significant reduction in the levels of von Willebr and factor in the HRT-group compared to controls was seen after 3 months , maintained after 12 months ( p < 0.001 ) . Significant reduction in the HRT-group compared to controls was also seen in VCAM-1 after 3 months , sustained after 12 months ( p = 0.013 and p = 0.045 , respectively ) , and E-selectin was reduced by about 20 % after 3 months on HRT , the reduction being statistically significant after 12 months ( p < 0.001 ) . Significantly reduced levels of ICAM-1 were also seen after 12 months ( p = 0.048 ) . No effects could be observed on tPA-antigen or thrombomodulin . The reduction in procoagulant and proinflammatory markers of endothelial function after long-term transdermal HRT could indicate a beneficial effect on the endothelium and thus a potentially modulating effect on the progression of atherosclerosis in women with CAD
For non-oral HT , decreases in lipoprotein(a ) , cell adhesion molecules , and factor VII generally were significant , resistance to activated protein C ( APCr ) was slightly increased , and other markers including CRP and homocysteine did not change .
Compared with oral HT , changes in CRP and APCr were smaller , changes in cell adhesion molecules and some fibrinolytic parameters tended to be smaller , whereas changes in other factors including lipoprotein(a ) and homocysteine did not differ .
( S ) Potentially unfavorable changes seen with oral HT on two important markers , CRP and APCr , are substantially smaller with non-oral HT .
Non-oral HT has minor effects on the other cardiovascular risk markers studied .
Therefore , compared with oral HT , non-oral HT appears be safer with respect to atherosclerotic and venous thromboembolic disease risk
OBJECTIVE To review the effects of non-oral administration of postmenopausal hormone therapy ( HT ) on risk markers for atherosclerotic and venous thromboembolic disease .
Non-oral postmenopausal HT appears not to increase venous thromboembolic risk , whereas the effect on coronary heart disease risk is less clear .