Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .
Preexercise carbohydrate ingestion, glucose kinetics, and muscle glycogen use: effect of the glycemic index.
Eight trained men cycled at 70 % peak oxygen uptake for 120 min followed by a 30-min performance cycle after ingesting either a high-glycemic index ( HGI ) , low-glycemic index ( LGI ) , or placebo ( Con ) meal 30 min before exercise . Ingestion of HGI result ed in an elevated ( P<0.01 ) blood glucose concentration compared with LGI and Con . At the onset of exercise , blood glucose fell ( P<0.05 ) such that it was lower ( P<0.05 ) in HGI compared with LGI and Con at 15 and 30 min during exercise . Plasma insulin concentration was higher ( P<0.01 ) throughout the rest period after ingestion of HGI compared with LGI and Con . Plasma free fatty acid concentrations were lower ( P<0.05 ) throughout exercise in HGI compared with LGI and Con . The rates of [6,6-(2)H]glucose appearance and disappearance were higher ( P<0.05 ) at rest after ingestion and throughout exercise in HGI compared with LGI and Con . Carbohydrate oxidation was higher ( P<0.05 ) throughout exercise , whereas glycogen use tended ( P = 0.07 ) to be higher in HGI compared with LGI and Con . No differences were observed in work output during the performance cycle when comparing the three trials . These results demonstrate that preexercise carbohydrate feeding with a HGI , but not a LGI , meal augments carbohydrate utilization during exercise but does not effect exercise performance
Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .