The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .
Relationship of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older community-dwelling adults
Background / Objectives : Vitamin D deficiency is associated with cardiovascular disease , osteoporosis , poor muscle strength , falls , fractures and mortality . Although older adults are at a higher risk of vitamin D deficiency , the relationship of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality has not been well characterized in the elderly . We hypothesized that low serum 25(OH)D levels predicted mortality in older adults . Subjects/ Methods : Serum 25(OH)D  as well as all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality were examined in 1006 adults , aged ⩾65 years , who participated in the InCHIANTI ( Invecchiare in Chianti , Aging in the Chianti Area ) study , a population -based , prospect i ve cohort study of aging in Tuscany , Italy . Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured at the time of enrollment in 1998–1999 , and participants were followed up for mortality . Results : During 6.5 years of follow-up , 228 ( 22.7 % ) participants died , of whom 107 died due to cardiovascular diseases . Compared with participants in the highest quartile of serum 25(OH)D ( > 26.5 ng/ml ) ( to convert to nmol/l , multiply by 2.496 ) , those in the lowest quartile ( < 10.5 ng/ml ) had increased risk of all-cause mortality ( Hazard Ratio ( H.R. ) 2.11 , 95 % Confidence Interval ( 95 % C.I. ) : 1.22–3.64 , P=0.007 ) and cardiovascular disease mortality ( H.R. 2.64 , 95 % C.I. : 1.14–4.79 , P=0.02 ) , in multivariate Cox proportional hazards models that adjusted for age , sex , education , season , physical activity and other potential confounders . Conclusions : Older community-dwelling adults with low serum 25(OH)D levels are at higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality
The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .