Conclusions This meta‐ analysis provides level 1 evidence that vitamin D supplementation may reduce chronic low‐ grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes .
Background Vitamin D has been proposed to have anti‐inflammatory properties ; however , the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation in type 2 diabetes has not been established .
Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta‐ analysis was to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes and to identify relevant gaps in knowledge .
Improvement of vitamin D status via daily intake of fortified yogurt drink either with or without extra calcium ameliorates systemic inflammatory biomarkers, including adipokines, in the subjects with type 2 diabetes.
CONTEXT Systemic inflammation is thought to have a central role in diabetic long-term complications . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D either with or without extra calcium on certain inflammatory biomarkers in the subjects with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS This was a double-blind , r and omized , controlled trial conducted over 12 wk in 90 T2D subjects aged 30 - 60 yr from both sexes . INTERVENTION Subjects were r and omly allocated to one of three groups to receive two 250-ml bottles a day of plain Persian yogurt drink or doogh ( PD , containing 150 mg calcium and no detectable vitamin D(3)/250 ml ) , vitamin D-fortified doogh ( DD , containing 500 IU vitamin D(3 ) and 150 mg calcium/250 ml ) , or calcium + vitamin D(3)-fortified doogh ( CDD , containing 500 IU vitamin D(3 ) and 250 mg calcium/250 ml ) . OUTCOME MEASURES The changes in inflammatory markers were evaluated . RESULTS Compared to the baseline values , highly sensitive C-reactive protein , IL-1β , IL-6 , fibrinogen , and retinol binding protein-4 concentrations significantly decreased in both the DD and CDD groups . Although the decrement in highly sensitive C-reactive protein and fibrinogen was more in CDD compared to DD ( -4.0 ± 8.5 vs. -1.3 ± 2.8 mg/liter , and -0.40 ± 0.74 and -0.20 ± 0.52 mg/liter , respectively ) , the differences were not significant . There was a significant increase in serum adiponectin in both the DD and CDD groups ( 51.3 ± 65.3 vs. 57.1 ± 33.8 μg/liter ; P < 0.05 ) . Mean adiponectin changes in CDD were significantly higher than in PD ( P = 0.021 ) . CONCLUSIONS Daily intake of vitamin D-fortified doogh improved inflammatory markers in T2D subjects , and extra calcium conferred additional benefit only for the antiinflammatory adipokine , i.e. adiponectin
Conclusions This meta‐ analysis provides level 1 evidence that vitamin D supplementation may reduce chronic low‐ grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes .
Background Vitamin D has been proposed to have anti‐inflammatory properties ; however , the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation in type 2 diabetes has not been established .
Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta‐ analysis was to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes and to identify relevant gaps in knowledge .