Baseline serum VD possibly influences the effect of VD repletion on inflammatory markers .
Risk of bias was present in most studies , thus supporting the need for higher quality studies in this area to more conclusively underst and the role VD supplementation has on inflammatory pathways
BACKGROUND Obesity induced low- grade chronic inflammation disrupts proper immune and metabolic function .
Vitamin D deficiency increases inflammation , which is associated with cardiometabolic risk .
This systematic review examines the association between oral vitamin D ( VD ) supplementation and circulating inflammatory biomarkers and glycemic outcomes from r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) of overweight and /or obese adults .
Expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha protein in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in correlation with adipocyte cell volume, serum TNF-alpha, soluble serum TNF-receptor-2 concentrations and C-peptide level.
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha protein in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tIssue in correlation with adipocyte cell Volume , serum TNF-alpha , soluble TNF-receptor-2 ( sTNFR-2 ) and indirect parameters of insulin resistance in overweight/obese and lean healthy persons . DESIGN A cross-sectional case-control study was used . PATIENTS Twenty-eight overweight/obese prob and s with normal glucose tolerance ( BMI > 27 kg/m(2 ) ) and 15 lean people ( BMI < 25 kg/m(2 ) ) , all of them undergoing planned surgical operation , participated in the study . METHODS Two to four grams of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tIssue were removed and studied using semi-quantitative immunohistochemical staining of the TNF-alpha protein . Serum TNF-alpha , sTNFR-2 ( ELISA ) and fasting C-peptide ( RIA )  were measured . RESULTS TNF-alpha protein was expressed in adipocytes of both depots . The expression was evaluated visually and found to be greater in the obese patients . Significantly higher serum TNF-alpha ( 5.58+/-0.87 pg/ml vs 4.21+/-0.55 , mean+/-s.d . , P<0.01 , Mann-Whitney ) and sTNFR-2 levels ( 7.84+/-3.56 ng/ml vs 4.59+/-1.35 , P=0.005 ) were found in the obese subgroup in correlation with the fasting C-peptide level ( r=0.49 , P=0.003 ; and r=0.74 , P=0.001 ) and the C-peptide/ blood glucose ratio ( r=0.47 , Spearman , P=0.005 ; and r=0.70 , P=0.001 ) . The cell Volume of both adipocyte depots was found to have a significant positive correlation with serum TNF-alpha and sTNFR-2 levels in the total group of patients ( subcutaneous : r=0.52 , P=0.0003 ; r=0.69 , P<0.0001 ; visceral : r=0.65 , P<0.0001 ; r=0.63 , P<0.0001 ) and in both subgroups . CONCLUSIONS Adipocyte cell Volume of both the subcutaneous and visceral fat depots may be determinants of TNF-alpha , sTNFR-2 production and obesity-linked insulin resistance
Baseline serum VD possibly influences the effect of VD repletion on inflammatory markers .
Risk of bias was present in most studies , thus supporting the need for higher quality studies in this area to more conclusively underst and the role VD supplementation has on inflammatory pathways
BACKGROUND Obesity induced low- grade chronic inflammation disrupts proper immune and metabolic function .
Vitamin D deficiency increases inflammation , which is associated with cardiometabolic risk .
This systematic review examines the association between oral vitamin D ( VD ) supplementation and circulating inflammatory biomarkers and glycemic outcomes from r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) of overweight and /or obese adults .