One dose of vitamin K reduced clinical bleeding at 1 - 7 days , including bleeding after circumcision , and improved biochemical indices of coagulation status .
There was no evidence of a difference between the oral and intramuscular route in effects on biochemical indices of coagulation status .
REVIEW ER 'S CONCLUSIONS A single dose ( 1.0 mg ) of intramuscular vitamin K after birth is effective in the prevention of classic HDN .
Either intramuscular or oral ( 1.0 mg ) vitamin K prophylaxis improves biochemical indices of coagulation status at 1 - 7 days .
Neither intramuscular nor oral vitamin K has been tested in r and omized trials with respect to effect on late HDN .
Oral vitamin K , either single or multiple dose , has not been tested in r and omized trials for its effect on either classic or late HDN
BACKGROUND  Vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding in an infant in the first weeks of life .
This is known as Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn ( HDN ) .
HDN is divided into three categories : early , classic and late HDN .
Early HDN occurs within 24 hours post partum and falls outside the scope of this review .
Classic HDN occurs on days one to seven ; common bleeding sites are gastrointestinal , cutaneous , nasal and from a circumcision .
Late HDN occurs from week 2 - 12 ; the most common bleeding sites are intracranial , cutaneous , and gastrointestinal .
Vitamin K is commonly given prophylactically after birth for the prevention of HDN , but the preferred route is uncertain .
OBJECTIVES To review the evidence from r and omized trials in order to determine the effectiveness of vitamin K prophylaxis in the prevention of classic and late HDN .
Main questions are : Is one dose of vitamin K , given after birth , able to significantly reduce the incidence of classic and late HDN ?
Is there a significant difference between the oral route and the intramuscular route in preventing classic and late HDN ?
Are multiple oral doses of vitamin K , given after birth , able to significantly reduce the incidence of classic and late HDN ?
Vitamin K1 concentration in breast-fed neonates after oral or intramuscular administration of a single dose of a new mixed-micellar preparation of phylloquinone.
The plasma disposition of a new mixed-micellar preparation ( KONAKION MM , Roche ) of phylloquinone ( vitamin K1 ) has been studied in 25 healthy , fully breast-fed , newborn babies , r and omized to receive a single dose of either 1.5 mg i.m . ( 11 babies ) or 3 mg p.o . ( 14 babies ) . Venous blood sample s were collected at 25 h , 4 days , and 24 days . After p.o . administration , the median plasma phylloquinone concentration increased to 89 ng/ml after 24 h , then decreased to 51 ng/ml after 4 days ; the respective concentrations after i.m . injection were 146 ng/ml and 34 ng/ml . The higher plasma phylloquinone level in the i.m . group after 24 h was not statistically significant compared with that of the p.o . group , but the reversed higher concentration in the p.o . group after 4 days was significant ( p < 0.01 ) . After 24 days the median plasma phylloquinone had decreased to 0.44 ng/ml ( range 0.19 - 1.44 ) and 1.05 ng/ml ( range 0.37 - 1.87 ) in the p.o . and i.m . groups , respectively . There was a significant difference between these plasma concentrations ( p < 0.01 ) . They were within or above the reference adult fasting range ( 0.17 - 0.68 ng/ml ) . The narrow range of plasma concentrations at 24 h and 4 days suggests a greater consistency of absorption from this micellar preparation than from other emulsion-based preparations . Further studies are required to assess the long-term protection of a single oral dose against late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn . Until such time , breast-fed babies given this preparation orally should receive ( an ) additional dose(s )
One dose of vitamin K reduced clinical bleeding at 1 - 7 days , including bleeding after circumcision , and improved biochemical indices of coagulation status .
There was no evidence of a difference between the oral and intramuscular route in effects on biochemical indices of coagulation status .
REVIEW ER 'S CONCLUSIONS A single dose ( 1.0 mg ) of intramuscular vitamin K after birth is effective in the prevention of classic HDN .
Either intramuscular or oral ( 1.0 mg ) vitamin K prophylaxis improves biochemical indices of coagulation status at 1 - 7 days .
Neither intramuscular nor oral vitamin K has been tested in r and omized trials with respect to effect on late HDN .
Oral vitamin K , either single or multiple dose , has not been tested in r and omized trials for its effect on either classic or late HDN
BACKGROUND  Vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding in an infant in the first weeks of life .
This is known as Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn ( HDN ) .
HDN is divided into three categories : early , classic and late HDN .
Early HDN occurs within 24 hours post partum and falls outside the scope of this review .
Classic HDN occurs on days one to seven ; common bleeding sites are gastrointestinal , cutaneous , nasal and from a circumcision .
Late HDN occurs from week 2 - 12 ; the most common bleeding sites are intracranial , cutaneous , and gastrointestinal .
Vitamin K is commonly given prophylactically after birth for the prevention of HDN , but the preferred route is uncertain .
OBJECTIVES To review the evidence from r and omized trials in order to determine the effectiveness of vitamin K prophylaxis in the prevention of classic and late HDN .
Main questions are : Is one dose of vitamin K , given after birth , able to significantly reduce the incidence of classic and late HDN ?
Is there a significant difference between the oral route and the intramuscular route in preventing classic and late HDN ?
Are multiple oral doses of vitamin K , given after birth , able to significantly reduce the incidence of classic and late HDN ?