All 4 faces pain scales were found to be adequately supported by psychometric data .
When given a choice between faces scales , children preferred the WBFPRS .
Confounding of pain intensity with affect caused by use of smiling and crying anchor faces is a disadvantage of the WBFPRS .
: For clinical use , we found no grounds to switch from 1 faces scale to another when 1 of the scales is in use .
CONTEXT : Numerous faces scales have been developed for the measurement of  pain intensity in children .
It remains unclear whether any one of the faces scales is better for a particular purpose with regard to validity , reliability , feasibility , and preference .
OBJECTIVES : To summarize and systematic ally review faces pain scales most commonly used to obtain self-report of pain intensity in children for evaluation of reliability and validity and to compare the scales for preference and utility .
Taking the "ouch" out of injections for children. Using distraction to decrease pain.
PURPOSE This research compared the effect of two forms of distraction on injection pain in a convenience sample of preschool children . DESIGN A quasi-experimental study of 105 children ( 53 girls and 52 boys ) ages 4 to 6 years needing DPT immunizations . Data were collected at three sites : two school-based immunization clinics and one public health center with a walk-in immunization program . METHODS Study children were r and omly assigned to receive one of three treatments with their DTP injection : touch , bubble-blowing , or st and ard care . Prior to injection , a measure of medical fear was obtained ( Child Medical Fear Scale ) and pain was measured through use of the Oucher Scale . DATA ANALYSIS Planned comparisons within analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) tested the differences in pain scores by treatment . Factorial ANOVA was used to determine the influence of age or gender on treatment , and the effect of medical fear on pain was analyzed using correlational statistics and factorial ANOVA . RESULTS Both forms of distraction , touch and bubble-blowing , significantly reduced pain perception . There were no interaction effects of either age or gender . Fear was a significant covariate , but distraction was effective even when fear was not held constant . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Distraction appears to be an effective method for decreasing injection pain in young children . It is an easy , practical nursing intervention to help children cope with this common , painful experience
All 4 faces pain scales were found to be adequately supported by psychometric data .
When given a choice between faces scales , children preferred the WBFPRS .
Confounding of pain intensity with affect caused by use of smiling and crying anchor faces is a disadvantage of the WBFPRS .
: For clinical use , we found no grounds to switch from 1 faces scale to another when 1 of the scales is in use .
CONTEXT : Numerous faces scales have been developed for the measurement of  pain intensity in children .
It remains unclear whether any one of the faces scales is better for a particular purpose with regard to validity , reliability , feasibility , and preference .
OBJECTIVES : To summarize and systematic ally review faces pain scales most commonly used to obtain self-report of pain intensity in children for evaluation of reliability and validity and to compare the scales for preference and utility .