Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .
Ultrasonography and gastric emptying in children: validation of a sonographic method and determination of physiological and pathological patterns
Background The association between gastric emptying and gastro-esophageal reflux ( GER ) has been widely recognised from scintigraphic studies . Objective A prospect i ve study to ( a ) vali date US as a means of measuring gastric emptying , ( b ) determine physiological patterns of gastric emptying and ( c ) measure gastric emptying in symptomatic refluxers . Material s and methods Three cohorts were studied : ( a ) Ten babies in whom gastric emptying was measured by US and scintigraphy ; ( b ) gastric emptying in 330 asymptomatic children aged between 15 days and 10 years to determine physiological variations ; and ( c ) gastric emptying in 552 children with GER , manifesting as vomiting or cardiorespiratory problems . Results US and scintigraphic techniques showed general concordance in 90 % of cases . In the remaining 10 % , discordant results were related to overlapping of duodenum and stomach during scintigraphy and shadowing of the gastric antrum by air during US . Tremendous variations were induced by change of feed volume or type of formula , underlining the need for a st and ardised procedure . Twenty-two percent of cases showed a peculiar ' plateau ' which differed significantly from the physiological patterns . Most of these babies had esophagitis or acute life-threatening events . Conclusions Investigation of gastric emptying seems to be a key element in the assessment of children with ' pathological ' GER .  US is a safe and cheap alternative to scintigraphy for the assessment of gastric emptying
Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .