Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .
Reversal of obesity-related hypoadiponectinemia by lifestyle intervention: a controlled, randomized study in obese adolescents.
CONTEXT Hypoadiponectinemia and chronic sub clinical inflammation in adults are associated with the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease . The potential relationship between adiponectin and inflammation and its modulation by lifestyle intervention in the pediatric obese population remain unclear . OBJECTIVES The objectives were to investigate in adolescents 1 ) the relationship between adiponectin and obesity-related inflammatory factors , C-reactive protein , and IL-6 ; and 2 ) the effect of a lifestyle intervention on adiponectin and whether these effects are related to changes in inflammatory factors . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Twenty-one obese and age-matched lean adolescents ( age , 14 - 18 yr ; Tanner stage , > or = IV ) were studied cross-sectionally . Fifteen obese adolescents also underwent a r and omized , controlled physical activity-behavior-diet-based lifestyle intervention for 3 months . Associations among adiponectin , fat mass , insulin resistance , and inflammatory factors at baseline as well as after the intervention were assessed . RESULTS Plasma adiponectin concentration was lower ( P < 0.001 ) in the obese vs. age-matched lean adolescents . Significant inverse relationships were observed between adiponectin and inflammatory factors , insulinemia , insulin resistance , and fat mass . Intervention produced a 34 % increase in adiponectin concentration ( P = 0.0004 ) despite negligible weight loss but with reductions in fat mass , hyperinsulinemia , insulin resistance , and inflammatory factors ( all P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that in adolescents , obesity-related hypoadiponectinemia is associated with sub clinical inflammation , and a short-term lifestyle intervention augments adiponectin concentrations . These effects appear to be related to reductions in fat mass and inflammatory factors . Based on our current underst and ing of adiponectin physiology , reversal of hypoadiponectinemia in obese adolescents may protect against risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes
Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .