The majority of studies were observational in nature and showed a reduction in energy intake following surgery , as well as inadequate intakes of micronutrients and protein , and an excessive intake of fats .
There was evidence of nutrient imbalances , suboptimal compliance with multivitamin and mineral supplementation , and limited follow-up of patients .
The current evidence base suggests that despite being effective in reducing energy intake , bariatric surgery can result in unbalanced diets , inadequate micronutrient and protein intakes , and excessive intakes of fats .
In combination with suboptimal adherence to multivitamin and mineral supplementation , this may contribute to nutritional deficiencies and weight regain .
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for morbid obesity .
These procedures change the gastrointestinal system with the aim of reducing dietary intake .
Improving diet quality is essential in maintaining nutritional health and achieving long-term benefits from the surgery .
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between bariatric surgery and diet quality at least 1 year after surgery .
Undereating and underrecording of habitual food intake in obese men: selective underreporting of fat intake.
BACKGROUND Underreporting of food intake is common in obese subjects . OBJECTIVE One aim of this study was to assess to what extent underreporting by obese men is explained by underrecording ( failure to record in a food diary everything that is consumed ) or undereating . Another aim of the study was to find out whether there was an indication for selective underreporting . DESIGN Subjects were 30 obese men with a mean ( + /-SD ) body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) of 34 + /- 4 .  Total food intake was measured over 1 wk . Energy expenditure ( EE ) was measured with the doubly labeled water method , and water loss was estimated with deuterium-labeled water .  Energy balance was checked for by measuring body weight at the start and end of the food-recording week and 1 wk after the recording week . RESULTS Mean energy intake and EE were 10.4 + /- 2.5 and 16.7 + /- 2 . 4 MJ/d , respectively ; underreporting was 37 + /- 16 % . The mean body mass loss of 1.0 + /- 1.3 kg over the recording week was significantly different ( P < 0.05 ) from the change in body mass over the nonrecording week , and indicated 26 % undereating . Water intake ( reported + metabolic water ) and water loss were significantly different from each other and indicated 12 % underrecording . The reported percentage of energy from fat was a function of the level of underreporting : percentage of energy from fat = 46 - 0.2 x percentage of underreporting ( r(2 ) = 0.28 , P = 0.003 ) . CONCLUSIONS Total underreporting by the obese men was explained by underrecording and undereating . The obese men selectively underreported fat intake
The majority of studies were observational in nature and showed a reduction in energy intake following surgery , as well as inadequate intakes of micronutrients and protein , and an excessive intake of fats .
There was evidence of nutrient imbalances , suboptimal compliance with multivitamin and mineral supplementation , and limited follow-up of patients .
The current evidence base suggests that despite being effective in reducing energy intake , bariatric surgery can result in unbalanced diets , inadequate micronutrient and protein intakes , and excessive intakes of fats .
In combination with suboptimal adherence to multivitamin and mineral supplementation , this may contribute to nutritional deficiencies and weight regain .
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for morbid obesity .
These procedures change the gastrointestinal system with the aim of reducing dietary intake .
Improving diet quality is essential in maintaining nutritional health and achieving long-term benefits from the surgery .
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between bariatric surgery and diet quality at least 1 year after surgery .