The highest level of evidence from systematic review s and meta-analyses of controlled trials has not shown that fructose-containing sugars behave any differently from other forms of digestible carbohydrates .
Fructose-containing sugars can only lead to weight gain and other unintended harms on cardiometabolic risk factors insofar as the excess calories they provide .
Prospect i ve cohort studies , which provide the strongest observational evidence , have shown an association between fructose-containing sugars and cardiometabolic risk including weight gain , cardiovascular disease outcomes and diabetes only when restricted to sugar-sweetened beverages and not for sugars from other sources .
In fact , sugar-sweetened beverages are a marker of an unhealthy lifestyle and their drinkers consume more calories , exercise less , smoke more and have a poor dietary pattern .
Fructose-containing sugars are a focus of attention as a public health target for their putative role in obesity and cardiometabolic disease including diabetes .
The fructose moiety is singled out to be the primary driver for the harms of sugars due to its unique endocrine signal and pathophysiological role .
However , this is only supported by ecological studies , animal models of overfeeding and select human intervention studies with supraphysiological doses or lack of control for energy .
Dietary patterns and the risk of coronary heart disease in women.
BACKGROUND Although substantial information on individual nutrients or foods and risk of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) is available , little is known about the role of overall eating pattern . METHODS Using dietary information from a food frequency question naire in 1984 from the Nurses ' Health Study , we conducted factor analysis and identified 2 major dietary patterns-"prudent " and " Western"- and calculated factor scores of each pattern for individuals in the cohort . We used logistic regression to examine prospect ively the associations between dietary patterns and CHD risk among 69 017 women aged 38 to 63 years in 1984 without history of major chronic diseases . RESULTS The prudent pattern was characterized by higher intakes of fruits , vegetables , legumes , fish , poultry , and whole grains , while the Western pattern was characterized by higher intakes of red and processed meats , sweets and desserts , french fries , and refined grains . Between 1984 and 1996 , we documented 821 CHD cases . After adjusting for coronary risk factors , the prudent diet score was associated with a relative risk ( RR ) of 0.76 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 0.60 - 0.98 ; P for trend test,.03 ) comparing the highest with lowest quintile . Extreme quintile comparison yielded an RR of 1.46 ( 95 % CI , 1.07 - 1.99 ; P for trend test,.02 ) for the Western pattern . Those who were jointly in the highest prudent diet quintile and lowest Western diet quintile had an RR of 0.64 ( 95 % CI , 0.44 - 0.92 ) compared with those with the opposite pattern profile . CONCLUSION A diet high in fruits , vegetables , whole grains , legumes , poultry , and fish and low in refined grains , potatoes , and red and processed meats may lower risk of CHD
The highest level of evidence from systematic review s and meta-analyses of controlled trials has not shown that fructose-containing sugars behave any differently from other forms of digestible carbohydrates .
Fructose-containing sugars can only lead to weight gain and other unintended harms on cardiometabolic risk factors insofar as the excess calories they provide .
Prospect i ve cohort studies , which provide the strongest observational evidence , have shown an association between fructose-containing sugars and cardiometabolic risk including weight gain , cardiovascular disease outcomes and diabetes only when restricted to sugar-sweetened beverages and not for sugars from other sources .
In fact , sugar-sweetened beverages are a marker of an unhealthy lifestyle and their drinkers consume more calories , exercise less , smoke more and have a poor dietary pattern .
Fructose-containing sugars are a focus of attention as a public health target for their putative role in obesity and cardiometabolic disease including diabetes .
The fructose moiety is singled out to be the primary driver for the harms of sugars due to its unique endocrine signal and pathophysiological role .
However , this is only supported by ecological studies , animal models of overfeeding and select human intervention studies with supraphysiological doses or lack of control for energy .