Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .
Fasting gut hormone levels change with modest weight loss in obese adolescents.
BACKGROUND Gut hormones change with weight loss in adults but are not well studied in obese youth . OBJECTIVE The primary aim was to evaluate how gut hormones and subjective appetite measure change with dietary weight loss in obese adolescents . METHODS Participants were a subset of those taking part in the ' Eat Smart Study ' . They were aged 10 - 17 years with body mass index ( BMI ) > 90th centile and were r and omized to one of three groups :  wait-listed control , structured reduced carbohydrate or structured low-fat dietary intervention for 12 weeks . Outcomes were fasting glucose , insulin , leptin , adiponectin , total amylin , acylated ghrelin , active glucagon-like peptide-1 , glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP ) , pancreatic polypeptide ( PP ) and total peptide tyrosine-tyrosine . Pre- and postpr and ial subjective sensations of appetite were assessed using visual analogue scales . RESULTS Of 87 ' Eat Smart ' participants , 74 participated in this sub- study . The mean ( st and ard deviation ) BMI z-score was 2.1 ( 0.4 ) in the intervention groups at week 12 compared with 2.2 ( 0.4 ) in the control group . Fasting insulin ( P = 0.05 ) and leptin ( P = 0.03 ) levels decreased , while adiponectin levels increased ( P = 0.05 ) in the intervention groups compared with control . The intervention groups were not significantly different from each other . A decrease in BMI z-score at week 12 was associated with decreased fasting insulin ( P < 0.001 ) , homeostatic model of assessment -insulin resistance ( P < 0.001 ) , leptin ( P < 0.001 ) , total amylin ( P = 0.03 ) , GIP ( P = 0.01 ) , PP ( P = 0.02 ) and increased adiponectin ( P < 0.001 ) . There was no significant difference in appetite sensations . CONCLUSIONS Modest weight loss in obese adolescents leads to changes in some adipokines and gut hormones that may favour weight regain
Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .