Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .
Normalizing eating behavior reduces body weight and improves gastrointestinal hormonal secretion in obese adolescents.
HYPOTHESIS Retraining obese adolescents to eat more slowly will lead to beneficial changes in circulating concentrations of gastrointestinal satiety hormones . METHODS Ghrelin and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test , at baseline and at 12 months during a r and omized trial assessing the clinical effectiveness of a device ( M and ometer ) design ed to retrain eating behavior . This computerized scale provided real-time feedback during meals in the intervention arm ( n = 14 ) to slow down the speed of eating . The control group ( n = 13 )  received only st and ard care aim ed at improving lifestyle behavior . The M and ometer elicited greater improvements in weight loss than st and ard care . RESULTS Compared with baseline , only those using the M and ometer exhibited lower mean levels of fasting ghrelin ( 48.14 ± 18.47 vs. 68.45 ± 17.78 pg/ml ; P = 0.002 ) and mean ghrelin area under the curve ( 72.08 ± 24.11 vs. 125.50 ± 29.72 pg/ml × min ; P < 0.001 ) at 12 months . Absolute mean suppression in ghrelin at 60 min was enhanced ( -40.50 ± 21.06 vs. -12.14 ± 19.74 pg/ml × min ; P = 0.001 ) . Peptide tyrosine-tyrosine response at 90 min remained unaltered in the st and ard care arm , whereas those in the M and ometer arm increased ( P < 0.001 ) : the mean 90-min response increased by 72 pg/ml [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 52 - 92 pg/ml ] between baseline and 12 months . In a partial correlation analysis adjusting for change ( Δ ) in body mass index sd scores , Δ meal duration correlated negatively with Δ absolute suppression in ghrelin at 60 min ( r = -0.58 ; P = 0.037 ; 95 % CI -0.79 to -0.27 ) and Δ ghrelin area under the curve ( r = -0.62 ; P = 0.025 ; 95 % CI -0.81 to -0.31 ) . CONCLUSIONS Retraining obese adolescents to eat more slowly has a significant impact on the gastrointestinal hormone response to a carbohydrate load , suggesting that externally modifiable eating behaviors actually regulate the hormonal response to food
Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .