This systematic review suggests that supplementation with phytonadione and menaquinone-4 reduces bone loss .
In the case of the latter , there is a strong effect on incident fractures among Japanese patients
BACKGROUND Observational and some experimental data suggest that low intake of vitamin K may be associated with an increased risk of fracture .
OBJECTIVE To assess whether oral vitamin K ( phytonadione and menaquinone ) supplementation can reduce  bone loss  and prevent fractures .
Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
BACKGROUND Once-daily injections of parathyroid hormone or its amino-terminal fragments increase bone formation and bone mass without causing hypercalcemia , but their effects on fractures are unknown . METHODS We r and omly assigned 1637 postmenopausal women with prior vertebral fractures to receive 20 or 40 microg of parathyroid hormone ( 1 - 34 ) or placebo  , administered subcutaneously by the women daily . We obtained vertebral radiographs at base line and at the end of the study ( median duration of observation , 21 months ) and performed serial measurements of bone mass by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry . RESULTS New vertebral fractures occurred in 14 percent of the women in the placebo group and in 5 percent and 4 percent , respectively , of the women in the 20-microg and 40-microg parathyroid hormone groups ; the respective relative risks of fracture in the 20-microg and 40-microg groups , as compared with the placebo group , were 0.35 and 0.31 ( 95 percent confidence intervals , 0.22 to 0.55 and 0.19 to 0.50 ) . New nonvertebral fragility fractures occurred in 6 percent of the women in the placebo group and in 3 percent of those in each parathyroid hormone group ( relative risk , 0.47 and 0.46 , respectively [ 95 percent confidence intervals , 0.25 to 0.88 and 0.25 to 0.861 ) . As compared with placebo , the 20-microg and 40-microg doses of parathyroid hormone increased bone mineral density by 9 and 13 more percentage points in the lumbar spine and by 3 and 6 more percentage points in the femoral neck ; the 40-microg dose decreased bone mineral density at the shaft of the radius by 2 more percentage points . Both doses increased total-body bone mineral by 2 to 4 more percentage points than did placebo . Parathyroid hormone had only minor side effects ( occasional nausea and headache ) . CONCLUSIONS Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with parathyroid hormone ( 1 - 34 ) decreases the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures ; increases vertebral , femoral , and total-body bone mineral density ; and is well tolerated . The 40-microg dose increased bone mineral density more than the 20-microg dose but had similar effects on the risk of fracture and was more likely to have side effects
This systematic review suggests that supplementation with phytonadione and menaquinone-4 reduces bone loss .
In the case of the latter , there is a strong effect on incident fractures among Japanese patients
BACKGROUND Observational and some experimental data suggest that low intake of vitamin K may be associated with an increased risk of fracture .
OBJECTIVE To assess whether oral vitamin K ( phytonadione and menaquinone ) supplementation can reduce  bone loss  and prevent fractures .