iPhone measurements correlated well with scoliometer measurements .
2D photography results had a moderate to high correlation with 3D topography results .
Conclusions Overall , strong levels of evidence exist for iPhone and scoliometer measurements , with a high to very high reliability and moderate to very high validity .
Limited evidence exists for aesthetic tools TRACE and AI and 2D photography .
These results indicate there are accurate and reproducible anthropometric measures that are inexpensive and applicable in therapy setting s to assess postural asymmetry ; however , these only exist for measurement in the transverse plane , despite 3D characteristics of AIS .
Abstract Purpose As accurate and reproducible measurements of spinal curvature are crucial in the examination of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis ( AIS ) , this systematic review aims to report on the reliability and validity of a range of inexpensive and easily administered anthropometric methods of postural asymmetry measurement in an AIS population , to inform practice in a clinical setting .
Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: a 50-year natural history study.
CONTEXT Previous long-term studies of idiopathic scoliosis have included patients with other etiologies , leading to the erroneous conclusion that all types of idiopathic scoliosis inevitably end in disability .  Late-onset idiopathic scoliosis ( LIS ) is a distinct entity with a unique natural history . OBJECTIVE To present the outcomes related to health and function in untreated patients with LIS . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PATIENTS Prospect i ve natural history study performed at a midwestern university with outpatient evaluation of patients who presented between 1932 and 1948 . At 50-year follow-up , which began in 1992 , 117 untreated patients were compared with 62 age- and sex-matched volunteers . The patients ' mean age was 66 years ( range , 54 - 80 years ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mortality , back pain , pulmonary symptoms , general function , depression , and body image . RESULTS The estimated probability of survival was approximately 0.55 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.47 - 0.63 ) compared with 0.57 expected for the general population . There was no significant difference in the demographic characteristics of the 2 groups . Twenty-two ( 22 % ) of 98 patients complained of shortness of breath during everyday activities compared with 8 ( 15 % ) of 53 controls . An increased risk of shortness of breath was also associated with the combination of a Cobb angle greater than 80 degrees and a thoracic apex ( adjusted odds ratio , 9.75 ; 95 % CI , 1.15 - 82.98 ) . Sixty-six ( 61 % ) of 109 patients reported chronic back pain compared with 22 ( 35 % ) of 62 controls ( P = .003 ) . However , of those with pain , 48 ( 68 % ) of 71 patients and 12 ( 71 % ) of 17 controls reported only little or moderate back pain . CONCLUSIONS Untreated adults with LIS are productive and functional at a high level at 50-year follow-up . Untreated LIS causes little physical impairment other than back pain and cosmetic concerns
iPhone measurements correlated well with scoliometer measurements .
2D photography results had a moderate to high correlation with 3D topography results .
Conclusions Overall , strong levels of evidence exist for iPhone and scoliometer measurements , with a high to very high reliability and moderate to very high validity .
Limited evidence exists for aesthetic tools TRACE and AI and 2D photography .
These results indicate there are accurate and reproducible anthropometric measures that are inexpensive and applicable in therapy setting s to assess postural asymmetry ; however , these only exist for measurement in the transverse plane , despite 3D characteristics of AIS .
Abstract Purpose As accurate and reproducible measurements of spinal curvature are crucial in the examination of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis ( AIS ) , this systematic review aims to report on the reliability and validity of a range of inexpensive and easily administered anthropometric methods of postural asymmetry measurement in an AIS population , to inform practice in a clinical setting .