CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .
Age-related changes in resting energy expenditure in normal weight, overweight and obese men and women.
OBJECTIVES Aging is associated with changes in resting energy expenditure ( REE ) and body composition . We investigated the association between age and changes in REE in men and women stratified by body mass index ( BMI ) categories ( normal weight , overweight and obesity ) . We also examined whether the age-related decline in REE was explained by concomitant changes in body composition and lifestyle factors . STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 3442 adult participants ( age range : 18 - 81 y ; men/women : 977/2465 ) were included . The BMI range was 18.5 - 60.2 kg/m(2 ) .  REE was measured by indirect calorimetry in fasting conditions and body composition by bioelectrical impedance . Regression models were used to evaluate age-related changes in REE in subjects stratified by sex and BMI . Models were adjusted for body composition ( fat mass , fat free mass ) , smoking , disease count and physical activity . RESULTS In unadjusted models , the rate of decline in REE was highest in obese men ( slope=-8.7±0.8 kcal/day/year ) whereas the lowest rate of decline was observed in normal weight women ( -2.9±0.3 kcal/day/year ) . Gender differences were observed for the age of onset of REE adaptive changes ( i.e. , not accounted by age related changes in body composition and lifestyle factors ) . In women , adaptive changes appeared to occur in middle-age ( ∼47 y ) across all BMI groups whereas changes seemed to be delayed in obese men ( ∼54 y ) compared to overweight ( ∼43 y ) and normal weight ( ∼39 y ) men . CONCLUSIONS Sex and BMI influenced the rate and degree of the age-related decline in REE . Critical age windows have been identified for the onset of putative mechanisms of energy adaptation . These findings require confirmation in prospect i ve studies
CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .