Conclusion : The literature suggests an association between hormonal fluctuations and ACL injury .
Recent studies have suggested that oral contraceptives may offer up to a 20 % reduction in risk of injury .
Background : Women are at substantially greater risk for anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) injuries than are men .
Purpose : To conduct a systematic review and meta- analysis of the literature to clarify the effect of the menstrual cycle and contraceptives on the laxity of and noncontact injuries to the ACL .
Ovulation Prevalence in Women with Spontaneous Normal-Length Menstrual Cycles – A Population-Based Cohort from HUNT3, Norway
Background Ovulatory menstrual cycles are essential for women ’s fertility and needed to prevent bone loss . There is a medical/cultural expectation that clinical ly normal menstrual cycles are inevitably ovulatory . Currently within the general population it is unknown the proportion of regular , normal-length menstrual cycles that are ovulatory . Thus , the objective of this study was to determine the population point prevalence of ovulation in premenopausal , normally menstruating women . The null hypothesis was that such cycles are ovulatory . Methods This is a single-cycle , cross-sectional , population -based study —a sub- study of the HUNT3 health study in the semi-rural county ( Nord Trøndelag ) in mid-Norway . Participants included > 3,700 spontaneously ( no hormonal contraception ) menstruating women , primarily Caucasian , ages 20–49.9 from that county . Participation rate was 51.9 % . All reported the date previous flow started . A single , r and om serum progesterone level was considered ovulatory if ≥9.54 nmol/L on cycle days 14 to -3 days before usual cycle length ( CL ) . Results Ovulation was assessed in 3,168 women mean age 41.7 ( interquartile range , [ IQR ] 36.8 to 45.5 ) , cycle length 28 days ( d ) ( IQR 28 to 28 ) and body mass index ( BMI ) 26.3 kg/m2 ( 95 % CI 26.1 to 26.4 ) . Parity was 95.6 % , 30 % smoked , 61.3 % exercised regularly and 18 % were obese . 1,545 women with a serum progesterone level on cycle days 14 to -3 were presumed to be in the luteal phase . Of these , 63.3 % of women had an ovulatory cycle ( n = 978 ) and 37 % ( n = 567 ) were anovulatory . Women with/ without ovulation did not differ in age , BMI , cycle day , menarche age , cigarette use , physical activity , % obesity or self-reported health . There were minimal differences in parity ( 96.7 % vs. 94.5 % , P = 0.04 ) and major differences in progesterone level ( 24.5 vs. 3.8 nmol/L , P = 0.001 ) . Conclusion Anovulation in a r and om population occurs in over a third of clinical ly normal menstrual cycles
Conclusion : The literature suggests an association between hormonal fluctuations and ACL injury .
Recent studies have suggested that oral contraceptives may offer up to a 20 % reduction in risk of injury .
Background : Women are at substantially greater risk for anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) injuries than are men .
Purpose : To conduct a systematic review and meta- analysis of the literature to clarify the effect of the menstrual cycle and contraceptives on the laxity of and noncontact injuries to the ACL .