Current evidence also suggests the efficacy of  dimethyl sulfoxide and amitryptyline therapy .
Hydroxyzine , intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin  , and  resiniferatoxin therapy  failed to demonstrate efficacy , but evidence was inconclusive owing to method ological limitations .
Pentosan polysulfate may be modestly beneficial for symptoms of PBS/IC .
There is insufficient evidence for other pharmacologic treatments .
BACKGROUND More than 180 different types of therapy have been used in the treatment and management of  painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis ( PBS/IC ) , yet evidence from clinical trials remains inconclusive .
This study aim ed to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacologic approaches to PBS/IC , to quantify the effect size from r and omized controlled trials , and to begin to inform a clinical consensus of treatment efficacy for PBS/IC .
Effect of isoniazid chemoprophylaxis on HIV-related mycobacterial disease.
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to ( 1 ) identify trends and risk factors for mycobacterial disease and ( 2 ) determine the effect of exp and ed access to isoniazid chemoprophylaxis on tuberculosis incidence . METHODS A prospect i ve observational cohort study was conducted among community-based injecting drug users ( IDUs ) ; 2960 IDUs ( 942 human immunodeficiency virus [ HIV ] seropositive ) were followed up from January 1988 to June 1994 .  Directly observed chemoprophylaxis with twice-weekly isoniazid ( 10 to 15 mg/kg ) was offered to purified protein derivative ( PPD ) tuberculin-positive ( > or = 5-mm in duration diameter in HIV-seropositive subjects and > or = 10-mm diameter in HIV-seronegative subjects ) individuals but not to those with cutaneous anergy . Overall and annual incidence rates of disease due Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Mycobacterium avium complex , and other atypical mycobacteria were estimated using Poisson regression . RESULTS HIV seropositivity was the strongest risk factor for tuberculosis , M avium complex , and other mycobacterial disease ( relative risk [ RR ] , 3.8 , 17.2 , and 6.9 , respectively ) . Median CD4 lymphocyte cell counts for the three groups of mycobacterial disease were 0.17 , 0.03 , and 0.02 x 10(9)/L ( 167/microL , 30/microL , 18/microL ) within 6 months of diagnosis ( before or after ) . Overall incidence rates of tuberculosis , M avium complex disease , and other mycobacterial disease were 1.9 , 8.8 , and 2.7 per 1000 person-years , respectively . Tuberculosis incidence peaked in 1991 at six per 1000 person-years . However , after access to directly observed preventive therapy was exp and ed for tuberculin-positive subjects , incidence fell to only one case in 1992 and zero cases for 24 months from mid-1992 to mid-1994 . During this period the number of PPD-positive patients who completed at least 26 weeks of therapy ( or were still receiving isoniazid ) more than tripled ( from 21 to 70 ) . None of the 12 patients with tuberculosis diagnosed during follow-up had received any preventive therapy . In addition , no tuberculosis developed among participants with cutaneous anergy . Calendar trends in risk for M avium complex and tuberculosis diverged after exp and ed access to isoniazid prophylaxis . Compared with 1988 - 1989 , risk of M avium complex increased sevenfold . Tuberculosis risk fell 83 % from the peak risk in 1990 - 1991 . CONCLUSIONS Exp and ed access to directly observed isonazid therapy for tuberculin-positive IDUs with and without HIV infection was associated with an 83 % drop in tuberculosis incidence , while in the same period M avium complex incidence significantly increased . These population -based data are consistent with those obtained from clinical trials of isoniazid prophylaxis and were obtained without offering chemoprophylaxis to HIV-infected patients with cutaneous energy
Current evidence also suggests the efficacy of  dimethyl sulfoxide and amitryptyline therapy .
Hydroxyzine , intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin  , and  resiniferatoxin therapy  failed to demonstrate efficacy , but evidence was inconclusive owing to method ological limitations .
Pentosan polysulfate may be modestly beneficial for symptoms of PBS/IC .
There is insufficient evidence for other pharmacologic treatments .
BACKGROUND More than 180 different types of therapy have been used in the treatment and management of  painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis ( PBS/IC ) , yet evidence from clinical trials remains inconclusive .
This study aim ed to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacologic approaches to PBS/IC , to quantify the effect size from r and omized controlled trials , and to begin to inform a clinical consensus of treatment efficacy for PBS/IC .