Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .
Effects of new, individually adjusted, progressive balance group training for elderly people with fear of falling and tend to fall: a randomized controlled trial
Objective : To evaluate the effects of a new , individually adjusted , progressive and specific balance group training programme on fear of falling , step execution , and gait in healthy elderly people with fear of falling and tend to fall . Design : R and omized controlled trial . Setting : The study was conducted in Stockholm County , Sweden . Subjects : Fifty-nine community dwelling elderly people were recruited by advertisement , and allocated at r and om to an intervention group ( n = 38 ) or a control group ( n = 21 ) . Intervention : Individually adjusted , progressive and specific balance group training was given three times a week for three months . The training incorporated elements included in , and required for , independent activities of daily living , and for reactions to loss of balance during dual or multiple tasks . Main measures : Fear of falling was assessed with Falls Efficacy Scale International ( FES-I ) . The reaction time of step execution was measured with the step-execution test , and gait was measured with GAITRite ® . Results : After three months the intervention group showed significant positive changes in the FES-I ( P = 0.008 ) , in the step-execution phase of dual-task performance ( P = 0.012 ) , and in gait at preferred speed during single-task performance ; in cadence ( P = 0.030 ) and , at fast speed , in velocity ( P = 0.004 ) and cadence ( P = 0.001 ) . Significant decreases were also found for the likelihood of depression after participating in the training programme . Conclusion : This new balance training programme is feasible and leads to decreased fear of falling , decreased time for step execution during dual-task performance and increased velocity during fast walking
Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .