Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .
Price changes alone are not adequate to produce long-term dietary change.
Taxation has been proposed as a means to reduce consumption of unhealthy food items . However , it is unknown if taxation without regulations or other activities known to shift eating behaviors lead to long-term dietary change . This unexplored issue is examined using data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey . Data were from adults aged 25 - 55 y who participated in the nationally representative Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey . Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls , detailed food expenditure data , and community-level food prices collected over 1994 - 2005 were used for these analyses . Longitudinal r and om effects models were used to test the relation of time on the structure of diet while controlling for total household expenditures . The proportion of total energy consumed from fat was higher in all other years combined compared with 1998 ( P < 0.001 ) . The proportion of dietary fat from high-fat meat and high-fat dairy items were lowest in 1998 and increased over subsequent years despite increasing costs . Percent fat from fats and oils continued to decline with rising costs . Price changes led to substantial shifts in the structure of food consumption . However , except for the most expensive items , consumption of items returned to levels consumed in the former Soviet Union following price stabilization
Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .