Vitamin D supplementation demonstrated a small but statistically significant improvement in ADHD total scores , inattention scores , hyperactivity scores , and behavior scores .
There was no statistically significant improvement in oppositional scores .
Reported adverse events in the vitamin D group were mild and not significantly different from the control group .
Vitamin D supplementation increased serum vitamin D levels and the ratio of patients with sufficient vitamin D levels .
Conclusions : Vitamin D supplementation as adjunctive therapy to methylpheni date appeared to reduce ADHD symptoms without serious adverse events , associated with improved vitamin D status .
Objective : A systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) were conducted to assess the benefits and harms of vitamin D supplementation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) patients .
Academic Achievement in Adults with a History of Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Prospective Study
Objective : Previous research on the developmental course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is limited by biased clinic-referred sample s and other method ological problems . Thus , questions about adult academic outcomes associated with childhood ADHD remain unanswered . Thus , the objective of this study was to describe academic outcomes in adulthood among incident cases of research -identified childhood ADHD versus non-ADHD referents from a population -based birth cohort . Method : Young adults with research -identified childhood ADHD ( N = 232 ; mean age 27.0 yr ; 72.0 % men ) and referents ( N = 335 ; mean age 28.6 yr ; 62.7 % men ) from a 1976 to 1982 birth cohort ( N = 5699 ) were invited to participate in a followup study and were administered an academic achievement battery consisting of the basic reading component of the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement ( WJ-III ) and the arithmetic subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test — Third Edition ( WRAT-3 ) . Outcomes were compared between the 2 groups using linear regression models , adjusted for age , sex , and comorbid learning disability status . Results : Childhood ADHD cases scored from 3 to 5 grade equivalents lower on all academic tests compared with referents , with mean ( SD ) st and ard scores of 95.7 ( 8.4 ) versus 101.8 ( 8.1 ) in basic reading ; 95.0 ( 9.3 ) versus 101.9 ( 8.5 ) in letterword identification ; 98.2 ( 8.6 ) versus 103.2 ( 9.2 ) in passage comprehension ; 95.7 ( 9.1 ) versus 100.9 ( 9.0 ) in word attack ; and 87.8 ( 12.9 ) versus 98.0 ( 12.0 ) in arithmetic . Conclusion : This is the first prospect i ve , population -based study of adult academic outcomes of childhood ADHD . Our data provide evidence that childhood onset ADHD is associated with long-term underachievement in reading and math that may negatively impact ultimate educational attainment and occupational functioning in adulthood
Vitamin D supplementation demonstrated a small but statistically significant improvement in ADHD total scores , inattention scores , hyperactivity scores , and behavior scores .
There was no statistically significant improvement in oppositional scores .
Reported adverse events in the vitamin D group were mild and not significantly different from the control group .
Vitamin D supplementation increased serum vitamin D levels and the ratio of patients with sufficient vitamin D levels .
Conclusions : Vitamin D supplementation as adjunctive therapy to methylpheni date appeared to reduce ADHD symptoms without serious adverse events , associated with improved vitamin D status .
Objective : A systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) were conducted to assess the benefits and harms of vitamin D supplementation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) patients .