Our primary conclusion is that there is a lack of compelling evidence that incentives of any form represent a compelling NCD reduction strategy .
The rising epidemic of non-communicable diseases ( NCDs ) poses substantial health and economic challenges to both individuals and society .
Application of incentive-based strategies based on traditional and behavioural economic theory has emerged as a potential strategy to address rising rates of NCDs .
Yet , whether or not incentives truly represent a promising strategy for addressing NCDs has not been systematic ally addressed nor is it clear whether certain behavioural economic strategies outperform others or simply offering a cash-based incentive for meeting a goal .
In this systematic review we aim to determine whether there is an evidence base for any of these strategies .
A randomized trial of computer-delivered brief intervention and low-intensity contingency management for smoking during pregnancy.
INTRODUCTION Implementation of evidence -based interventions for smoking during pregnancy is challenging . We developed 2 highly replicable interventions for smoking during pregnancy : ( a ) a computer-delivered 5As-based brief intervention ( CD-5As ) and ( b ) a computer-assisted , simplified , and low-intensity contingency management ( CM-Lite ) . METHODS A sample of 110 primarily Black pregnant women reporting smoking in the past week were recruited from prenatal care clinics and r and omly assigned to CD-5As ( n = 26 ) , CM-Lite ( n = 28 ) , CD-5As plus CM-Lite ( n = 30 ) , or treatment as usual ( n = 26 ) . Self-report of smoking , urine cotinine , and breath CO were measured 10 weeks following r and omization . RESULTS Participants rated both interventions highly ( e.g. , 87.5 % of CD-5As participants reported increases in likelihood of quitting ) , but most CM-Lite participants did not initiate reinforcement sessions and did not show increased abstinence .  CD-5As led to increased abstinence as measured by cotinine ( 43.5 % cotinine negative vs. 17.4 % ; odds ratio [ OR ] = 10.1 , p = .02 ) but not for CO-confirmed 7-day point prevalence ( 30.4 % abstinent vs. 8.7 % ; OR = 5.7 , p = .06 ) . Collapsing across CM-Lite status , participants receiving the CD-5As intervention were more likely to talk to a doctor or nurse about their smoking ( 60.5 % vs. 30.8 % ; OR = 3.0 , p = .02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Low-intensity participant-initiated CM did not affect smoking in this sample , but the CD-5As intervention was successful in increasing abstinence during pregnancy . Further research should seek to replicate these results in larger and more diverse sample s. Should CD-5As continue to prove efficacious , it could greatly increase the proportion of pregnant smokers who receive an evidence -based brief intervention
Our primary conclusion is that there is a lack of compelling evidence that incentives of any form represent a compelling NCD reduction strategy .
The rising epidemic of non-communicable diseases ( NCDs ) poses substantial health and economic challenges to both individuals and society .
Application of incentive-based strategies based on traditional and behavioural economic theory has emerged as a potential strategy to address rising rates of NCDs .
Yet , whether or not incentives truly represent a promising strategy for addressing NCDs has not been systematic ally addressed nor is it clear whether certain behavioural economic strategies outperform others or simply offering a cash-based incentive for meeting a goal .
In this systematic review we aim to determine whether there is an evidence base for any of these strategies .