Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .
Predictors of excessive and inadequate gestational weight gain in Hispanic women.
Factors influencing gestational weight gain are incompletely understood , particularly among Hispanic women . We assessed medical , sociodemographic , behavioral , and psychosocial predictors of overall gestational weight gain , as well as gains below , within , or above the range recommended by the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) within a prospect i ve study of 770 Hispanic ( predominantly Puerto Rican ) prenatal care patients at a large tertiary care facility in Western Massachusetts . One third of women gained within the recommended range , 22 % gained below , and 45 % gained above the range . In multivariate analysis , women in the highest category of BMI ( P(trend)<0.001 ) and parity ( P(trend)<0.001 ) gained on average 9 lbs less than those in the lowest category . Increasing time in residence in the continental United States ( P(trend)<0.01 ) as well as a number of prenatal care visits ( P(trend)=0.03 ) were positively associated with weight gain . Overweight women ( odds ratio (OR)=2.2 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 1.3 , 3.8 ) and those over age 30 years ( OR=2.5 , 95 % CI 1.2 , 5.0 ) were more likely to gain above the IOM range as compared to normal-weight women and those aged 20 - 24 , respectively . Women with < 10 years of residence in the United States were 50 % less likely to gain above the IOM range as compared to third-generation women ( 95 % CI 0.3 , 0.9 ) . Findings identify determinants of gestational weight gain which can form the basis of targeted interventions in this rapidly growing ethnic group
Maternal fat intake ( n = 25 ) might be associated with gestational weight gain as suggested by observational studies , although the direction of this association might depend on specific types of fat ( e.g. , saturated fat ) .
Macronutrient intake was not consistently associated with the prevalence of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain .
CONCLUSIONS The current literature provides evidence that energy intake is associated with gestational weight gain , but the roles of individual macronutrients are inconsistent .
BACKGROUND  Abnormal gestational weight gain is associated with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes .
Several risk factors have been identified , but the effect of macronutrient intake during pregnancy on gestational weight gain has not been systematic ally evaluated in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries .