In healthy subjects , appetite and short term food intake , risk of cancer , risk of diabetes , risk of dental caries , weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes .
Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes .
In subjects with diabetes and hypertension , the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent .
Background Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades .
Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste .
However , with the dramatic increase in their consumption , it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and , more importantly , potential adverse effects .
The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent , range , and nature of research activity in this area .
Consumption of soft drinks and juices and risk of liver and biliary tract cancers in a European cohort
Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to assess associations between intake of combined soft drinks ( sugar sweetened and artificially sweetened ) and fruit and vegetable juices and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) , intrahepatic bile duct ( IHBC ) and biliary tract cancers ( GBTC ) using data from the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort of 477,206 participants from 10 European countries . Methods After 11.4 years of follow-up , 191 HCC , 66 IHBC and 236 GBTC cases were identified .  Hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals ( HR ; 95 % CI ) were estimated with Cox regression models with multivariable adjustment ( baseline total energy intake , alcohol consumption and intake pattern , body mass index , physical activity , level of educational attainment and self-reported diabetes status ) . Results No risk associations were observed for IHBC or GBTC . Combined soft drinks consumption of > 6 servings/week was positively associated with HCC risk : HR 1.83 ; 95 % CI 1.11–3.02 , ptrend = 0.01 versus non-consumers . In sub-group analyses available for 91 % of the cohort artificially sweetened soft drinks increased HCC risk by 6 % per 1 serving increment ( HR 1.06 , 95 % CI 1.03–1.09 , ncases = 101 ) ; for sugar-sweetened soft drinks , this association was null ( HR 1.00 , 95 % CI 0.95–1.06 ; ncases = 127 , pheterogeneity = 0.07 ) . Juice consumption was not associated with HCC risk , except at very low intakes ( < 1 serving/week : HR 0.60 ; 95 % CI 0.38–0.95 ; ptrend = 0.02 vs. non-consumers ) . Conclusions Daily intake of combined soft drinks is positively associated with HCC , but a differential association between sugar and artificially sweetened can not be discounted . This study provides some insight into possible associations of HCC with sugary drinks intake . Further exploration in other setting s is required
In healthy subjects , appetite and short term food intake , risk of cancer , risk of diabetes , risk of dental caries , weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes .
Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes .
In subjects with diabetes and hypertension , the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent .
Background Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners ( NNSs ) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades .
Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste .
However , with the dramatic increase in their consumption , it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and , more importantly , potential adverse effects .
The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent , range , and nature of research activity in this area .