Based on available evidence , the NRS-11 , FPS-R , and CAS were strongly recommended for self-report of acute pain .
Only weak recommendations could be made for self-report measures for postoperative and chronic pain .
No measures were recommended for children younger than 6 years , identifying a need for further measurement refinement in this age range .
Abstract In 2006 , PAIN published a systematic review of the measurement properties of self-report pain intensity measures  in children and adolescents ( Stinson JN , Kavanagh T , Yamada J , Gill N , Stevens B. Systematic review of the psychometric properties , interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents .
Key developments in pediatric pain necessitate an up date of this work , most notably growing use of the 11-point numeric rating scale ( NRS-11 ) .
Our aim was to review the measurement properties of single-item self-report pain intensity measures in children 3 to 18 years old .
A secondary aim was to develop evidence -based recommendations for measurement of child and adolescent self-report of acute , postoperative , and chronic pain .
An intrusive impact of anchors in children's faces pain scales
& NA ; The numerous pain rating scales using faces depicting varying degrees of distress to elicit reports of pain from children fall into two categories ; those with a neutral face as the ‘ no pain ’ anchor , and those with a smiling face as the ‘ no pain ’ anchor . This study examined the potentially biasing impact of these anchor types on children 's self‐reports  of pain  in response to a series of vignettes . Participants were 100 children stratified by age ( 5–6 years , 7–8 years , 9–12 years ) and r and omly assigned to one of three groups : ( 1 ) neutral scale/sensory instructions ; ( 2 ) smiling scale/sensory instructions ; ( 3 ) smiling scale/affective instructions . Children completed a  faces scale , a VAS , and emotions ratings  in response to four scenarios depicting : ( 1 ) no pain/negative emotions ; ( 2 ) pain/negative emotions ; ( 3 ) no pain/positive emotions ; ( 4 ) pain/positive emotions . Results showed that children who used the smiling scale had significantly higher pain scores for no pain and pain/negative emotions vignettes and significantly lower faces scale scores for pain/positive vignettes than children who used the neutral faces scale . Instructions varying in focus on sensory or affective qualities of pain had no effect on children 's pain ratings . Group differences in children 's ratings with the VAS and emotions measure suggested that rating pain with a smiling faces scale may alter a child 's concept of pain . Age differences indicated the younger children rated the negative emotion vignettes as more painful than the older children . These findings suggest that children 's pain ratings vary depending on the types of faces scale used , and that faces scales with smiling anchors may confound affective states with pain ratings
Based on available evidence , the NRS-11 , FPS-R , and CAS were strongly recommended for self-report of acute pain .
Only weak recommendations could be made for self-report measures for postoperative and chronic pain .
No measures were recommended for children younger than 6 years , identifying a need for further measurement refinement in this age range .
Abstract In 2006 , PAIN published a systematic review of the measurement properties of self-report pain intensity measures  in children and adolescents ( Stinson JN , Kavanagh T , Yamada J , Gill N , Stevens B. Systematic review of the psychometric properties , interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents .
Key developments in pediatric pain necessitate an up date of this work , most notably growing use of the 11-point numeric rating scale ( NRS-11 ) .
Our aim was to review the measurement properties of single-item self-report pain intensity measures in children 3 to 18 years old .
A secondary aim was to develop evidence -based recommendations for measurement of child and adolescent self-report of acute , postoperative , and chronic pain .