Meta-regression did not show any significant association between the RR for NEC or LOS and the RR for BPD .
In conclusion , our results suggest that NEC and LOS prevention by probiotics does not affect the risk of developing BPD in preterm infants
Probiotic supplementation reduces the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC ) and late-onset sepsis ( LOS )  in preterm infants , but it remains to be determined whether this reduction translates into a reduction of other complications .
We conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis to evaluate the possible role of probiotics in altering the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( BPD ) .
Comparisons and Limitations of Current Definitions of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia for the Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program.
RATIONALE Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is the most common morbidity of prematurity , but the validity and utility of commonly used definitions have been question ed . OBJECTIVES To compare three commonly used definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a contemporary prospect i ve , multicenter observational cohort of extremely preterm infants . METHODS At 36 weeks postmenstrual age , the following definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia were applied to surviving infants with and without imputation :  need for supplemental oxygen ( Shennan definition ) , National Institutes of Health Workshop definition , and " physiologic " definition after a room-air challenge . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 765 survivors assessed at 36 weeks , bronchopulmonary dysplasia was diagnosed in 40.8 , 58.6 , and 32.0 % of infants , respectively , with the Shennan , workshop and physiologic definitions . The number of unclassified infants was lowest with the workshop definition ( 2.1 % ) and highest with the physiologic definition ( 16.1 % ) . After assigning infants discharged home in room air before 36 weeks as no bronchopulmonary dysplasia , the modified Shennan definition compared favorably to the workshop definition , with 2.9 % unclassified infants . Newer management strategies with nasal cannula flows up to 4 L/min or more and 0.21 FiO2 at 36 weeks obscured classification of bronchopulmonary dysplasia status in 12.4 % of infants . CONCLUSIONS Existing definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia differ with respect to ease of data collection and number of unclassifiable cases . Contemporary changes in management of infants , such as use of high-flow nasal cannula , limit application of existing definitions and may result in misclassification . A contemporary definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia that correlates with respiratory morbidity in childhood is needed . Clinical trial registered with www . clinical trials.gov ( NCT01435187 )
Meta-regression did not show any significant association between the RR for NEC or LOS and the RR for BPD .
In conclusion , our results suggest that NEC and LOS prevention by probiotics does not affect the risk of developing BPD in preterm infants
Probiotic supplementation reduces the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC ) and late-onset sepsis ( LOS )  in preterm infants , but it remains to be determined whether this reduction translates into a reduction of other complications .
We conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis to evaluate the possible role of probiotics in altering the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( BPD ) .