In the present meta- analysis , reductions in the risk of hip fracture  with milk consumption were only observed among American adults , but not among Sc and inavian adults , possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Sc and inavian countries .
The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption , which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health .
Fueling this uncertainty , the elevated  risk of hip fracture  in association with  milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women .
The cumulative evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk , yogurt , and cheese , and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest
Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients , the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal .
Serial measures of circulating biomarkers of dairy fat and total and cause-specific mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study.
Background Controversy has emerged about the benefits compared with harms of dairy fat , including concerns over long-term effects . Previous observational studies have assessed self-reported estimates of consumption or a single biomarker measure at baseline , which may lead to suboptimal estimation of true risk . Objective The aim of this study was to investigate prospect i ve associations of serial measures of plasma phospholipid fatty acids pentadecanoic ( 15:0 ) , heptadecanoic ( 17:0 ) , and trans-palmitoleic ( trans-16:1n-7 ) acids with total mortality , cause-specific mortality  , and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk among older adults . Design Among 2907 US adults aged ≥65 y and free of CVD at baseline , circulating fatty acid concentrations were measured serially at baseline , 6 y , and 13 y. Deaths and CVD events were assessed and adjudicated central ly . Prospect i ve associations were assessed by multivariate-adjusted Cox models incorporating time-dependent exposures and covariates . Results During 22 y of follow-up , 2428 deaths occurred , including 833 from CVD , 1595 from non-CVD causes , and 1301 incident CVD events . In multivariable models , circulating pentadecanoic , heptadecanoic , and trans-palmitoleic acids were not significantly associated with total mortality , with extreme-quintile HRs of 1.05 for pentadecanoic ( 95 % CI : 0.91 , 1.22 ) , 1.07 for heptadecanoic ( 95 % CI : 0.93 , 1.23 ) , and 1.05 for trans-palmitoleic ( 95 % CI : 0.91 , 1.20 ) acids . Circulating heptadecanoic acid was associated with lower CVD mortality ( extreme-quintile HR : 0.77 ; 95 % CI : 0.61 , 0.98 ) , especially stroke mortality , with a 42 % lower risk when comparing extreme quintiles of heptadecanoic acid concentrations ( HR : 0.58 ; 95 % CI : 0.35 , 0.97 ) . In contrast , heptadecanoic acid was associated with a higher risk of non-CVD mortality ( HR : 1.27 ; 95 % CI : 1.07 , 1.52 ) , which was not clearly related to any single subtype of non-CVD death . No significant associations of pentadecanoic , heptadecanoic , or trans-palmitoleic acids were seen for total incident CVD , coronary heart disease , or stroke . Conclusions Long-term exposure to circulating phospholipid pentadecanoic , heptadecanoic , or trans-palmitoleic acids was not significantly associated with total mortality or incident CVD among older adults . High circulating heptadecanoic acid was inversely associated with CVD and stroke mortality and potentially associated with higher risk of non-CVD death
In the present meta- analysis , reductions in the risk of hip fracture  with milk consumption were only observed among American adults , but not among Sc and inavian adults , possibly because milk products are more commonly fortified with vitamin D in the former population than in Sc and inavian countries .
The reduction in the risk of hip fracture was also observed with yogurt consumption , which is often associated with healthy lifestyles and dietary patterns that contribute to improved bone health .
Fueling this uncertainty , the elevated  risk of hip fracture  in association with  milk consumption was observed in a cohort of Swedish women .
The cumulative evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies reassuringly suggests that the risk of hip fracture may not be elevated among people who consume milk , yogurt , and cheese , and that a greater consumption of milk or yogurt may even be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture depending on the factors that may differ across the population of interest
Although dairy products contain bone-beneficial nutrients , the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture remains equivocal .