Subgroup analyses in the observational studies indicated that risk of mortality was significantly higher in studies with lower baseline use of vitamin D supplements .
The effects observed for vitamin D3 supplementation remained unchanged when grouped by various characteristics .
However , for vitamin D2 supplementation , increased risks of mortality were observed in studies with lower intervention doses and shorter average intervention periods .
Conclusions Evidence from observational studies indicates inverse associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with risks of death due to cardiovascular disease , cancer , and other causes .
Objective To evaluate the extent to which circulating biomarker and supplements of vitamin D are associated with  mortality from cardiovascular , cancer , or other conditions  , under various circumstances .
Randomised controlled trial of prevention of falls in people aged ≥75 with severe visual impairment: the VIP trial
Abstract Objectives To assess the efficacy and cost effectiveness of a home safety programme and a home exercise programme to reduce falls and injuries in older people with low vision . Design R and omised controlled trial . Setting Dunedin and Auckl and , New Zeal and . Participants 391 women and men aged ≥(1 ) 75 with visual acuity of 6/24 or worse who were living in the community ; 92 % ( 361 of 391 ) completed one year of follow-up . Interventions Participants received a home safety assessment and modification programme delivered by an occupational therapist ( n = 100 ) , an exercise programme prescribed at home by a physiotherapist plus vitamin D supplementation ( n = 97 ) , both interventions ( n = 98 ) , or social visits ( n = 96 ) . Main outcome measures Numbers of falls and injuries result ing from falls , costs of implementing the home safety programme . Results Fewer falls occurred in the group r and omised to the home safety programme but not in the exercise programme ( incidence rate ratios 0.59 ( 95 % confidence interval 0.42 to 0.83 ) and 1.15 ( 0.82 to 1.61 ) , respectively ) . However , within the exercise programme , stricter adherence was associated with fewer falls ( P = 0.001 ) . A conservative analysis showed neither intervention was effective in reducing injuries from falls . Delivering the home safety programme cost $ NZ650 ( £ 234 , 344 euros , $ US432 ) ( at 2004 prices ) per fall prevented . Conclusion The home safety programme reduced falls and was more cost effective than an exercise programme in this group of elderly people with poor vision .  The Otago exercise programme with vitamin D supplementation was not effective in reducing falls or injuries in this group , possibly due to low levels of adherence . Trial registration number IS RCT N15342873
Subgroup analyses in the observational studies indicated that risk of mortality was significantly higher in studies with lower baseline use of vitamin D supplements .
The effects observed for vitamin D3 supplementation remained unchanged when grouped by various characteristics .
However , for vitamin D2 supplementation , increased risks of mortality were observed in studies with lower intervention doses and shorter average intervention periods .
Conclusions Evidence from observational studies indicates inverse associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with risks of death due to cardiovascular disease , cancer , and other causes .
Objective To evaluate the extent to which circulating biomarker and supplements of vitamin D are associated with  mortality from cardiovascular , cancer , or other conditions  , under various circumstances .