CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .
Risk factors for hip fracture in white men: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.
This prospect i ve population -based study assessed predictors of hip fracture risk in white men . Participants were members of the Epidemiologic Follow-up Study cohort of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey , a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized civilians who were followed for a maximum of 22 years . A cohort of 2879 white men ( 2249 in the nutrition and weight-loss sub sample , 1437 in the bone density sub sample ) aged 45 - 74 years at baseline ( 1971 - 1975 ) were observed through 1992 . Ninety-four percent of the original cohort were successfully traced . Hospital records and death certificates were used to identify a total of 71 hip fracture cases ( 61 in the nutrition and weight-loss sub sample , 26 in the bone-density sub sample ) . Among the factors evaluated were age at baseline , previous fractures other than hip , body mass index , smoking status , alcohol consumption , nonrecreational physical activity , weight loss from maximum , calcium intake , number of calories , protein consumption , chronic disease prevalence , and phalangeal bone density . The risk adjusted relative risk ( RR ) of hip fracture was significantly associated with presence of one or more chronic conditions ( RR = 1.91 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.19 - 3.06 ) , weight loss from maximum > or = 10 % ( RR = 2.27 , 95 % CI 1.13 - 4.59 ) , and 1 SD change in phalangeal bone density ( RR = 1.73 , 95 % CI 1.11 - 2.68 ) . No other variables were significantly related to hip fracture risk . Although based on a small number of cases , this is one of the first prospect i ve studies to relate weight loss and bone density to hip fracture risk in men
CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .