In this third up date of the Cochrane review , there were no differences in effects of homocysteine-lowering interventions in the form of supplements of vitamins B6 , B9 or B12 given alone or in combination comparing with placebo on myocardial infa rct ion , death from any cause or adverse events .
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease , which includes coronary artery disease , stroke and peripheral vascular disease , is a leading cause of death worldwide .
Homocysteine is an amino acid with biological functions in methionine metabolism .
A postulated risk factor for cardiovascular disease is an elevated circulating total homocysteine level .
The impact of homocysteine-lowering interventions , given to patients in the form of vitamins B6 , B9 or B12 supplements , on cardiovascular events has been investigated .
This is an up date of a review previously published in 2009 , 2013 , and 2015 .
OBJECTIVES To determine whether homocysteine-lowering interventions , provided to patients with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease are effective in preventing cardiovascular events , as well as reducing all-cause mortality , and to evaluate their safety .
Bread cofortified with folic acid and vitamin B-12 improves the folate and vitamin B-12 status of healthy older people: a randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND M and atory fortification of flour with folic acid has reduced the number of neural tube defects in North America . Concerns that high intakes of folic acid might mask vitamin B-12 deficiency in older persons have delayed the introduction of fortification in many European countries . Cofortification of flour with folic acid and vitamin B-12 could simultaneously improve folate and vitamin B-12 status . OBJECTIVE The objective was to estimate the effect of the consumption of bread fortified with modest amounts of folic acid and vitamin B-12 on folate and vitamin B-12 status in healthy older persons living in the Netherl and s , where folic acid fortification is not taking place . DESIGN Men and women aged 50 - 75 y were r and omly assigned in this 12-wk double-blind , placebo-controlled trial to consume bread fortified with 138 mug folic acid and 9.6 mug vitamin B-12 daily ( n = 72 ) or unfortified bread ( n = 70 ) . RESULTS The consumption of fortified bread increased serum folate concentrations by 45 % ( mean : 6.3 nmol/L ; 95 % CI : 4.5 , 8.1 nmol/L ) and serum vitamin B-12 concentrations by 49 % ( mean : 102 pmol/L ; 95 % CI : 82 , 122 pmol/L ) relative to the placebo group . Fortified bread increased erythrocyte folate concentrations by 22 % and holotranscobalamin concentrations by 35 % ; it decreased homocysteine concentrations by 13 % and methylmalonic acid concentrations by 10 % . Consumption of fortified bread decreased the proportion of individuals with marginal serum vitamin B-12 concentrations ( < 133 pmol/L ) from 8 % at enrollment to 0 % after 12 wk . CONCLUSION Bread fortified with modest amounts of folic acid and vitamin B-12 will improve folate and vitamin B-12 status and a considerable proportion of vitamin B-12 deficiency in older people . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00353353
In this third up date of the Cochrane review , there were no differences in effects of homocysteine-lowering interventions in the form of supplements of vitamins B6 , B9 or B12 given alone or in combination comparing with placebo on myocardial infa rct ion , death from any cause or adverse events .
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease , which includes coronary artery disease , stroke and peripheral vascular disease , is a leading cause of death worldwide .
Homocysteine is an amino acid with biological functions in methionine metabolism .
A postulated risk factor for cardiovascular disease is an elevated circulating total homocysteine level .
The impact of homocysteine-lowering interventions , given to patients in the form of vitamins B6 , B9 or B12 supplements , on cardiovascular events has been investigated .
This is an up date of a review previously published in 2009 , 2013 , and 2015 .
OBJECTIVES To determine whether homocysteine-lowering interventions , provided to patients with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease are effective in preventing cardiovascular events , as well as reducing all-cause mortality , and to evaluate their safety .