RESULTS In ADHD patients the middle and inferior frontal gyri , basal ganglia , and cerebellum were most often affected by MPH .
The middle and inferior frontal gyri were frequently affected by MPH during inhibitory control tasks .
Throughout nine task-based fMRI studies investigating MPH 's effect on the brains of pediatric patients with ADHD , MPH result ed in increased activation within frontal lobes , basal ganglia , and cerebellum .
In most cases , this increase " normalized " activation of at least some brain areas to that seen in typically developing children
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is a psychiatric disorder affecting 5 % of children .
Methylpheni date ( MPH ) is a common medication for ADHD .
Studies examining MPH 's effect on pediatric ADHD patients ' brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) have not been compiled .
The goals of this systematic review were to determine ( 1 ) which areas of the brain in pediatric ADHD patients are modulated by a single dose of MPH , ( 2 ) whether areas modulated by MPH differ by task type performed during fMRI data acquisition , and ( 3 ) whether changes in brain activation due to MPH relate to clinical improvements in ADHD-related symptoms .
Effects of long-term methylphenidate treatment: A pilot follow-up clinical and SPECT study
BACKGROUND Although abnormalities in the regional cerebral blood flow ( rCBF ) responses to methylpheni date ( MPH ) treatment have been reported in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , there are few prospect i ve longitudinal studies assessing the long-term effects of MPH and discontinuation effects after chronic treatment . METHODS The authors studied ten drug-naive children ( 2 girls , 8 boys , mean age+/-S.D.=9.60+/-1.96 ) diagnosed with ADHD by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) diagnostic criteria , using (99m)Tc-HMPAO-single photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) .  Patients were studied at baseline ( visit 1 ) , after 2 months of MPH treatment ( visit 2 ) and after a drug-free period of 2 months following 12 months of MPH treatment ( visit 3 ) at doses of 1 mg/kg/day . We evaluated SPECT data visually and semi-quantitatively . RESULTS Two months of chronic MPH treatment result ed in visually detectable improvement in hypoperfusion in the right frontal cortex and all areas of temporal cortex with the exception of left lateral temporal cortex . This improvement was still detectable on visual evaluations of SPECT data after 2 months of treatment discontinuation . The treatment effects that were detected visually were not statistically significant in semi-quantitative analyses . CONCLUSIONS Treatment effects of chronic MPH treatment may persist long after the discontinuation of the treatment
RESULTS In ADHD patients the middle and inferior frontal gyri , basal ganglia , and cerebellum were most often affected by MPH .
The middle and inferior frontal gyri were frequently affected by MPH during inhibitory control tasks .
Throughout nine task-based fMRI studies investigating MPH 's effect on the brains of pediatric patients with ADHD , MPH result ed in increased activation within frontal lobes , basal ganglia , and cerebellum .
In most cases , this increase " normalized " activation of at least some brain areas to that seen in typically developing children
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is a psychiatric disorder affecting 5 % of children .
Methylpheni date ( MPH ) is a common medication for ADHD .
Studies examining MPH 's effect on pediatric ADHD patients ' brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) have not been compiled .
The goals of this systematic review were to determine ( 1 ) which areas of the brain in pediatric ADHD patients are modulated by a single dose of MPH , ( 2 ) whether areas modulated by MPH differ by task type performed during fMRI data acquisition , and ( 3 ) whether changes in brain activation due to MPH relate to clinical improvements in ADHD-related symptoms .