Evidence from trials with vitamin D and /or calcium supplementation suggests that combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation may have a role in the prevention of type 2 DM only in population s at high risk ( i.e. glucose intolerance ) .
Vitamin D and calcium insufficiency may negatively influence glycemia , whereas combined supplementation with both nutrients may be beneficial in optimizing glucose metabolism
CONTEXT Altered vitamin D and calcium homeostasis may play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( type 2 DM ) .
Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001.
CONTEXT Obesity and diabetes are increasing in the United States . OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of obesity and diabetes among US adults in 2001 . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS R and om-digit telephone survey of 195 005 adults aged 18 years or older residing in all states participating in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 2001 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body mass index , based on self-reported weight and height and self-reported diabetes . RESULTS In 2001 the prevalence of obesity ( BMI > or = 30 ) was 20.9 % vs 19.8 % in 2000 , an increase of 5.6 % . The prevalence of diabetes increased to 7.9 % vs 7.3 % in 2000 , an increase of 8.2 % . The prevalence of BMI of 40 or higher in 2001 was 2.3 % . Overweight and obesity were significantly associated with diabetes , high blood pressure , high cholesterol , asthma , arthritis , and poor health status . Compared with adults with normal weight , adults with a BMI of 40 or higher had an odds ratio ( OR ) of 7.37 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 6.39 - 8.50 ) for diagnosed diabetes , 6.38 ( 95 % CI , 5.67 - 7.17 ) for high blood pressure , 1.88 ( 95 % CI,1.67 - 2.13 ) for high cholesterol levels , 2.72 ( 95 % CI , 2.38 - 3.12 ) for asthma , 4.41 ( 95 % CI , 3.91 - 4.97 ) for arthritis , and 4.19 ( 95 % CI , 3.68 - 4.76 ) for fair or poor health . CONCLUSIONS Increases in obesity and diabetes among US adults continue in both sexes , all ages , all races , all educational levels , and all smoking levels . Obesity is strongly associated with several major health risk factors
Evidence from trials with vitamin D and /or calcium supplementation suggests that combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation may have a role in the prevention of type 2 DM only in population s at high risk ( i.e. glucose intolerance ) .
Vitamin D and calcium insufficiency may negatively influence glycemia , whereas combined supplementation with both nutrients may be beneficial in optimizing glucose metabolism
CONTEXT Altered vitamin D and calcium homeostasis may play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( type 2 DM ) .