Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .
Randomized controlled trial to improve adiposity, inflammation, and insulin resistance in obese African-American and Latino youth.
The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic differences in the metabolic responses to a 16-week intervention design ed to improve insulin sensitivity ( SI ) , adiposity , and inflammation in obese African-American and Latino adolescents . A total of 100 participants ( African Americans : n = 48 , Latino : n = 52 ; age : 15.4 ± 1.1 years , BMI percentile : 97.3 ± 3.3 ) were r and omly assigned to interventions : control ( C ; n = 30 ) , nutrition ( N ; n = 39 , 1 × /week focused on decreasing sugar and increasing fiber intake ) , or nutrition + strength training ( N+ST ; n = 31 , 2 × /week ) . The following were measured at pre- and postintervention : strength , dietary intake , body composition ( dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry/magnetic resonance imaging ) and glucose/insulin indexes ( oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)/intravenous glucose tolerance test ( IVGTT ) ) and inflammatory markers . Overall , N compared to C and N+ST reported significant improvements in SI ( + 16.5 % vs. -32.3 % vs. -6.9 % respectively , P < 0.01 ) and disposition index ( DI : + 15.5 % vs. -14.2 % vs. -13.7 % respectively , P < 0.01 ) . N+ST compared to C and N reported significant reductions in hepatic fat fraction ( HFF : -27.3 % vs. -4.3 % vs. 0 % respectively , P < 0.01 ) . Compared to N , N+ST reported reductions in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( PAI-1 ) ( -38.3 % vs. + 1.0 % , P < 0.01 ) and resistin ( -18.7 % vs. + 11.3 % , P = 0.02 ) . There were no intervention effects for all other measures of adiposity or inflammation . Significant intervention by ethnicity interactions were found for African Americans in the N group who reported increases in total fat mass , 2-h glucose and glucose incremental areas under the curve ( IAUC ) compared to Latinos ( P 's < 0.05 ) . These interventions yielded differential effects with N reporting favorable improvements in SI and DI and N+ST reporting marked reductions in HFF and inflammation . Both ethnic groups had significant improvements in metabolic health ; however some improvements were not seen in African Americans
Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .