Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .
Changes in circulating satiety hormones in obese children: a randomized controlled physical activity-based intervention study.
The aims of this study are to examine in children : ( i ) obesity-related alterations in satiety factors such as leptin , ghrelin , and obestatin ; ( ii ) the link between satiety factors and cardiometabolic risk factors ; and ( iii ) the impact of a physical activity-based lifestyle intervention on the levels of these satiety factors in the obese . We studied a total of 21 adolescents ( BMI percentile , 99.0 + /- 0.6 for 15 obese and 56.2 + /- 1.1 for 6 lean ) . The obese subjects underwent a 3-month r and omized controlled physical activity-based lifestyle intervention .  Leptin , soluble leptin receptor ( sOB-R ) , ghrelin , and obestatin levels were determined as the primary outcome measures . Other markers of cardiometabolic disease such as inflammation and insulin resistance were also determined . Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . The concentrations of ghrelin , obestatin , and sOB-R were significantly lower in the obese children compared to the lean controls , whereas that of leptin was higher ( all P < 0.05 ) . Although intervention led to a net increase in obestatin ( P < 0.01 ) and no change in ghrelin levels , the balance between ghrelin and obestatin ( ratio of ghrelin to obestatin , G/O ) decreased ( P < 0.02 ) . Intervention reduced leptin and increased sOB-R ( P < 0.01 for both ) . Significant associations between satiety factors and other cardiometabolic risk factors were also observed . Taken together , alterations in the levels of satiety factors are evident early in the clinical course of obesity , but physical activity-based lifestyle intervention either prevented their continued increase or normalized their levels . These beneficial effects appear to aid in the maintenance of body weight and reduction in cardiovascular risk
Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .