There is high quality evidence that vitamin D plus calcium is associated with a statistically significant reduction in incidence of new non-vertebral fractures .
Vitamin D alone is unlikely to prevent fractures in the doses and formulations tested so far in older people .
Supplements of vitamin D and calcium may prevent hip or any type of fracture .
There was a small but significant increase in gastrointestinal symptoms and renal disease associated with vitamin D and calcium .
This review found that there was no increased risk of death from taking calcium and vitamin
BACKGROUND Vitamin D and related compounds have been used to prevent  osteoporotic fractures in older people .
This is the third up date of a Cochrane review first published in 1996 .
OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of vitamin D or related compounds , with or without calcium , for preventing  fractures in post-menopausal women and older men .
The effect of combined calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation on bone mineral density in elderly women with moderate chronic kidney disease
Aims : To examine the effect of combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation on bone mineral density ( BMD ) in patients with chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) . Methods : We performed a post-hoc analysis of the DECALYOS II , a 2-year r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled  study of 610 women r and omized to : calcium-vitamin D3 fixed combination , calcium plus vitamin D3 separate combination , or placebo . Both active treatment groups received the same daily amount of calcium ( 1,200 mg ) and vitamin D3 ( 800 IU ) . BMD of the distal radius was measured by single X-ray absorptiometry at baseline , 12 and 24 months . Results : At baseline 47.2 % , 36.4 % and 16.4 % of the study population had an eGFR ≥ 60 , 45 – 59 , and < 45 ml/min/1.73 m2 , respectively . Both active regimens vs.  placebo markedly increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels from baseline in all eGFR groups ( p < 0.0001 ) . Analysis of variance demonstrated an overall treatment effect on distal radius BMD ( p = 0.005 ) , with the active treatment groups showing a lower rate of BMD loss when compared to the placebo group . The effects of the intervention on BMD did not differ significantly according to baseline eGFR ( interaction p > 0.22 for all time points ) . Conclusion : Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation was effective in reducing rate of BMD loss in women with moderate CKD
There is high quality evidence that vitamin D plus calcium is associated with a statistically significant reduction in incidence of new non-vertebral fractures .
Vitamin D alone is unlikely to prevent fractures in the doses and formulations tested so far in older people .
Supplements of vitamin D and calcium may prevent hip or any type of fracture .
There was a small but significant increase in gastrointestinal symptoms and renal disease associated with vitamin D and calcium .
This review found that there was no increased risk of death from taking calcium and vitamin
BACKGROUND Vitamin D and related compounds have been used to prevent  osteoporotic fractures in older people .
This is the third up date of a Cochrane review first published in 1996 .
OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of vitamin D or related compounds , with or without calcium , for preventing  fractures in post-menopausal women and older men .