We found high quality evidence that hormone therapy in both primary and secondary prevention conferred no protective effects for all-cause mortality , cardiovascular death , non-fatal myocardial infa rct ion , angina , or revascularisation .
There was no strong evidence of effect on risk of stroke in this group .
Our review findings provide strong evidence that treatment with hormone therapy in post-menopausal women overall , for either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events has little if any benefit and causes an increase in the risk of stroke and venous thromboembolic events
BACKGROUND Evidence from systematic review s of observational studies suggests that hormone therapy may have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease events in post-menopausal women , however the results of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) have had mixed results .
This is an up date d version of a Cochrane review published in 2013 .
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of hormone therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women , and whether there are differential effects between use in primary or secondary prevention .
Secondary aims were to undertake exploratory analyses to ( i ) assess the impact of time since menopause that treatment was commenced ( ≥ 10 years versus < 10 years ) , and where these data were not available , use age of trial participants at baseline as a proxy ( ≥ 60 years of age versus < 60 years of age ) ; and ( ii ) assess the effects of length of time on treatment .
Effect of hormone replacement therapy on carotid arterial compliance in healthy postmenopausal women.
1 . Auricchio A , Sommariva L , Salo RW , Scafuri A , Chiariello L. Improvement of cardiac function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease by dual chamber pacing with shortened AV delay . Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1993;16:2034–2043 . 2 . Hochleitner M , Hortnagl H , Hortnagl H , Fridrich L , Gschnitzer F. Long-term efficacy of physiologic dual-chamber pacing in the treatment of end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy . Am J Cardiol 1992;70:1320–1325 . 3 . Innes D , Leitch JW , Fletcher PJ . VDD pacing at short atrioventricular intervals does not improve cardiac output in patients with dilated heart failure . Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994;17:959–965 . 4 . Gold MR , Feliciano Z , Gottlieb SS , Fisher ML . Dual-chamber pacing with a short atrioventricular delay in congestive heart failure : a r and omized study . J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:967–973 . 5 . Linde C , Gadler F , Edner M , Nordl and er R , Rosenqvist M , Ryden L. Results of atrioventricular synchronous pacing with optimized delay in patients with severe congestive heart failure . J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;75:919–923 . 6 . Hunt SA , Baker DW , Chin MH , Cinquegrani MP , Feldman AM , Francis GS , Ganiats TG , Goldstein S , Gregoratos G , Jessup ML , et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure  in the adult : executive summary . A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines . J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38 : 2101–2113 . 7 . Karpawich PP , Mital S. Comparative left ventricular function following atrial , septal , and apical single chamber heart pacing in the young . Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20:1983–1988 . 8 . Owen CH , Esposito DJ , Davis JW , Glower DD . The effects of ventricular pacing on left ventricular geometry , function , myocardial oxygen consumption , and efficiency of contraction in conscious dogs . Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:1417–1429 . 9 . Zile MR , Blaustein AS , Shimizu G , Gaasch WH . Right ventricular pacing reduces the rate of left ventricular relaxation and filling . J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;10:702–709 . 10 . Blanc JJ , Etienne Y , Gilard M , Mansourati J , Munier S , Boschat J , Benditt DG , Lurie KG . Evaluation of different ventricular pacing sites in patients with severe heart failure : results of an acute hemodynamic study . Circulation 1997 ; 96:3273–3277 . 11 . Tantengco MV , Thomas RL , Karpawich PP . Left ventricular dysfunction after long-term right ventricular apical pacing in the young . J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:2093–2100 . 12 . Hamdan MH , Zagrodzky JD , Joglar JA , Sheehan CJ , Ramaswamy K , Erdner JF , Page RL , Smith M. Biventricular pacing decreases sympathetic activity compared with right ventricular pacing in patients with depressed ejection fraction . Circulation 2000;102:1027–1032
We found high quality evidence that hormone therapy in both primary and secondary prevention conferred no protective effects for all-cause mortality , cardiovascular death , non-fatal myocardial infa rct ion , angina , or revascularisation .
There was no strong evidence of effect on risk of stroke in this group .
Our review findings provide strong evidence that treatment with hormone therapy in post-menopausal women overall , for either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events has little if any benefit and causes an increase in the risk of stroke and venous thromboembolic events
BACKGROUND Evidence from systematic review s of observational studies suggests that hormone therapy may have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease events in post-menopausal women , however the results of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) have had mixed results .
This is an up date d version of a Cochrane review published in 2013 .
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of hormone therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women , and whether there are differential effects between use in primary or secondary prevention .
Secondary aims were to undertake exploratory analyses to ( i ) assess the impact of time since menopause that treatment was commenced ( ≥ 10 years versus < 10 years ) , and where these data were not available , use age of trial participants at baseline as a proxy ( ≥ 60 years of age versus < 60 years of age ) ; and ( ii ) assess the effects of length of time on treatment .