No significant differences were observed for weight , waist circumference , fat mass , blood lipids ( i.e. total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , triacylglycerols ) , C-reactive protein , diastolic and systolic blood pressure , fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin .
Sensitivity analysis of high quality RCTs confirmed the data of the primary analyses , while exclusion of studies with diabetic subjects result ed in an additional benefit of high-protein diets with respect to a more marked increase in HDL-cholesterol .
Conclusion According to the present meta- analysis of long-term RCTs , high-protein diets exerted neither specific beneficial nor detrimental effects on outcome markers of obesity , cardiovascular disease or glycemic control .
Background Meta-analyses of short-term studies indicate favorable effects of higher protein vs. lower protein diets on health outcomes like adiposity or cardiovascular risk factors , but their long-term effects are unknown .
Low carbohydrate-high protein diet and mortality in a cohort of Swedish women.
OBJECTIVE The long-term health consequences of diets used for weight control are not established . We have evaluated the association of the frequently recommended low carbohydrate diets - usually characterized by concomitant increase in protein intake - with long-term mortality . DESIGN The Women 's Lifestyle and Health cohort study initiated in Sweden during 1991 - 1992 , with a 12-year almost complete follow up . SETTING The Uppsala Health Care Region . SUBJECTS 42,237 women , 30 - 49 years old at baseline , volunteers from a r and om sample , who completed an extensive question naire  and were traced through linkages to national registries until 2003 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We evaluated the association of mortality with : decreasing carbohydrate intake ( in deciles ) ; increasing protein intake ( in deciles ) and an additive combination of these variables ( low carbohydrate-high protein score from 2 to 20 ) , in Cox models controlling for energy intake , saturated fat intake and several nondietary covariates . RESULTS Decreasing carbohydrate or increasing protein intake by one decile were associated with increase in total mortality by 6 % ( 95 % CI : 0 - 12 % ) and 2 % ( 95 % CI : -1 to 5 % ) , respectively . For cardiovascular mortality , amongst women 40 - 49 years old at enrolment , the corresponding increases were , respectively , 13 % ( 95 % CI : -4 to 32 % ) and 16 % ( 95 % CI : 5 - 29 % ) , with the additive score being even more predictive . CONCLUSIONS A diet characterized by low carbohydrate and high protein intake was associated with increased total and particularly cardiovascular mortality  amongst women . Vigilance with respect to long-term adherence to such weight control regimes is advisable
No significant differences were observed for weight , waist circumference , fat mass , blood lipids ( i.e. total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , triacylglycerols ) , C-reactive protein , diastolic and systolic blood pressure , fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin .
Sensitivity analysis of high quality RCTs confirmed the data of the primary analyses , while exclusion of studies with diabetic subjects result ed in an additional benefit of high-protein diets with respect to a more marked increase in HDL-cholesterol .
Conclusion According to the present meta- analysis of long-term RCTs , high-protein diets exerted neither specific beneficial nor detrimental effects on outcome markers of obesity , cardiovascular disease or glycemic control .
Background Meta-analyses of short-term studies indicate favorable effects of higher protein vs. lower protein diets on health outcomes like adiposity or cardiovascular risk factors , but their long-term effects are unknown .