No tests for impingement or acromioclavicular ( AC ) joint pathology demonstrated significant diagnostic accuracy .
Based on pooled data , the diagnostic accuracy of the Neer test for impingement , the Hawkins-Kennedy test for impingement and the Speed test for labral pathology is limited .
Currently , almost without exception , there is a lack of clarity with regard to whether common OSTs used in clinical examination are useful in differentially diagnosing pathologies of the shoulder
OBJECTIVE To compile and critique research on the diagnostic accuracy of individual  orthopaedic physical examination tests in a manner that would allow clinicians to judge whether these tests are valuable to their practice .
Diagnostic utility of facet (zygapophysial) joint injections in chronic spinal pain: a systematic review of evidence.
BACKGROUND Chronic refractory spinal pain poses a peculiar diagnostic challenge because of multiple putative pain sources , overlapping clinical features , and nonspecific radiologic findings . Diagnostic injection techniques are employed to isolate the source ( s ) of pain . Facet or zygapophysial joint pain is an example of spinal pain diagnosed by local anesthetic injections of the facet joint or its nerve supply . Diagnostic facet joint injections are expected to meet the cardinal features of a diagnostic test ( i.e. , accuracy , safety and reproducibility ) . Accuracy must be compared with a " gold " or criterion st and ard that can confirm presence or absence of a disease . There is , however , no available gold st and ard , such as biopsy , to measure presence or absence of pain . Hence , there is a degree of uncertainty concerning the accuracy of diagnostic facet joint injections . OBJECTIVES To evaluate accuracy , safety and reproducibility of facet or zygapophysial joint injections in diagnosing chronic spinal pain of facet joint origin . STUDY DESIGN A systematic review of the literature for clinical studies on efficacy and utility of facet joint/nerve injections in diagnosing spinal pain from facet joints . METHODS Relevant literature on diagnostic facet injections was identified through data base search es . Excluded were abstract s , review s , book chapters , case reports and studies based on single blocks or blocks without radiologic control . Prospect i ve studies with placebo control , or controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks , were given priority over retrospective studies . Each study was grade d using AHRQ and QUADAS criteria . The level of evidence was classified as conclusive , strong , moderate , limited , or inconclusive . RESULTS Available literature pointed to strong evidence for controlled comparative local anesthetic facet joint medial branch blocks in the diagnosis of neck and low back pain . There was moderate evidence in the diagnosis of pain arising from thoracic facet joints . CONCLUSION The evidence obtained from literature review suggests that controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks of facet joint nerves ( medial branch or dorsal ramus ) are reproducible , reasonably accurate , and safe . The sensitivity , specificity , false-positive rates , and predictive values of these diagnostic tests for neck and low back pain have been vali date d and reproduced in multiple studies
No tests for impingement or acromioclavicular ( AC ) joint pathology demonstrated significant diagnostic accuracy .
Based on pooled data , the diagnostic accuracy of the Neer test for impingement , the Hawkins-Kennedy test for impingement and the Speed test for labral pathology is limited .
Currently , almost without exception , there is a lack of clarity with regard to whether common OSTs used in clinical examination are useful in differentially diagnosing pathologies of the shoulder
OBJECTIVE To compile and critique research on the diagnostic accuracy of individual  orthopaedic physical examination tests in a manner that would allow clinicians to judge whether these tests are valuable to their practice .