CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .
Incidence and risk factors for osteoporotic vertebral fracture in low-income community-dwelling elderly: a population-based prospective cohort study in Brazil. The São Paulo Ageing & Health (SPAH) Study
Summary We ascertained the incidence and predictors of radiographic vertebral fracture  in a Brazilian elderly cohort , since no data in this field have been reported in low-income countries . This is the first population -based study to demonstrate the high frequency of vertebral fracture in elderly Latin Americans . Age , prior fracture , BMD , and bone turnover were predictors of fracture . Introduction Vertebral fractures are associated with increased future fracture risk and mortality . No data on incidence of osteoporotic vertebral fracture have been reported in low-income countries where the population ’s aging has been faster . Thus , we sought to describe the incidence and risk factors for radiographic vertebral fracture in a longitudinal prospect i ve Brazilian population -based elderly cohort . Methods 707 older adults ( 449 women and 258 men ) were evaluated  with spinal radiographs obtained at baseline and after a mean follow-up of 4.3 ± 0.8 years . New vertebral fracture was defined as distinct alteration in the morphology of vertebrae result ing in higher grade of deformity on the second radiograph when compared to the baseline radiograph . Clinical question naire , bone mineral density ( BMD ) , and laboratory tests were performed at baseline . Multivariate Poisson regression models were used to identify independent predictors of fracture . Results The age-st and ardized incidence of vertebral fracture was 40.3/1,000 person-years in women and 30.6/1,000 in men . In women , three models of risk factors for fracture were fitted : ( 1 ) age ( relative risks ( RR ) 2.46 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 1.66–3.65 ) , previous osteoporotic fracture ( RR 1.65 , 95 % CI 1.00–2.71 ) , and lumbar spine BMD ( RR 1.21 , 95 % CI 1.03–1.41 ) ; ( 2 ) age ( RR 2.25 , 95 % CI 1.52–3.34 ) and femoral neck BMD ( RR 1.42 , 95 % CI 1.11–1.81 ) ; ( 3 ) age ( RR 2.11 , 95 % CI 1.41–3.15 ) and total hip BMD ( RR 1.56 , 95 % CI 1.21–2.0 ) . In men , the highest quartile of cross-linked C-telopeptide ( CTx ) ( RR 1.96 , 95 % CI 0.98–3.91 ) and prior fracture ( RR 2.10 , 95 % CI 1.00–4.39 ) were predictors of new vertebral fracture . Conclusions This is the first population -based study to ascertain the incidence of vertebral fracture in elderly Latin Americans , confirming the high frequency of the disorder . Age , prior fracture , BMD , and bone turnover were predictors of the short-term incidence of vertebral fracture
CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture , and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures .
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures .