Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .
Longitudinal associations between neighborhood-level street network with walking, bicycling, and jogging: the CARDIA study.
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differential association between neighborhood-level street network with walking , bicycling , and jogging by urbanicity and gender . METHODS We used prospect i ve data from 4 repeated exams on 5115 young adults recruited in 1985 - 1986 , followed through 2000 - 2001 , with self-reported walking , bicycling , and jogging .  Using a Geographic Information System , we spatially and temporally linked time-varying residential locations to street network data within a 1 km Euclidean buffer . Two-part marginal effect modeling assessed longitudinal associations between neighborhood-level street network with walking , bicycling , and jogging , by urbanicity and gender , controlling for time-varying individual- and census-level covariates . RESULTS Neighborhood street density was positively associated with walking , bicycling , and jogging in low urbanicity areas , but in middle and high urbanicity areas , these associations became null ( men ) or inverse ( women ) . CONCLUSION Characteristics of neighborhood streets may influence adult residents ' walking , bicycling , and jogging , particularly in less urban areas . This research may inform policy efforts to encourage physical activity
Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .