CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .
Anabolic Therapy with Growth Hormone Accelerates Protein Gain in Surgical Patients Requiring Nutritional Rehabilitation
Objective The authors investigated the effects of exogenous growth hormone ( GH ) on protein accretion and the composition of weight gain in a group of stable , nutritionally compromised postoperative patients receiving st and ard hypercaloric nutritional therapy .  Summary Background Data A significant loss of body protein impairs normal physiologic functions and is associated with increased postoperative complications and prolonged hospitalization . Previous studies have demonstrated that st and ard methods of nutritional support enhance the deposition of fat and extracellular water but are ineffective in repleting body protein . Methods Fourteen patients requiring long-term nutritional support for severe gastrointestinal dysfunction received st and ard nutritional therapy ( STD ) providing approximately 50 kcal/kg/day and 2 g of protein/kg/day during an initial 7-day equilibrium period . The patients then continued on STD ( n = 4 ) or , in addition , received GH 0.14 mg/kg/day ( n = 10 ) . On day 7 of the equilibrium period and again after 3 weeks of treatment , the components of body weight were determined ; these included body fat , mineral content , lean ( nonfat and nonmineral-containing tissue ) mass , total body water , extracellular water ( ECW ) , and body protein . Daily and cumulative nutrient balance and substrate oxidation studies determined the distribution , efficiency , and utilization of calories for protein , fat , and carbohydrate deposition . Results The GH-treated patients gained minimal body fat but had significantly more lean mass ( 4.311 ± 0.6 kg vs. 1.988 ± 0.2 kg , p ≤ 0.03 ) and more protein ( 1.417 ± 0.3 kg vs. 0.086 ± 0.1 kg , p ≤ 0.03 ) than did the STD-treated patients . The increase in lean mass was not associated with an inappropriate expansion of ECW . In contrast , patients receiving  STD therapy tended to deposit a greater proportion of body weight as ECW and significantly more fat than did GH-treated patients ( 1.004 ± 0.3 kg vs. 0.129 ± 0.2 kg , p < 0.05 ) . GH administration altered substrate oxidation ( respiratory quotient = 0.94 ± 0.02 GH vs. 1.17 ± 0.05 STD , p ≤ 0.0002 ) and the use of available energy , result ing in a 66 % increase in the efficiency of protein deposition ( 13.37 ± 0.8 g/1000 kcal vs. 8.04 g ± 3.06 g/1000 kcal , p ± 0.04 ) . Conclusions GH administration accelerated protein gain in stable adult patients receiving aggressive nutritional therapy without a significant increase in body fat or a disproportionate expansion of ECW . GH therapy accelerated nutritional repletion and , therefore , may shorten the convalescence of the malnourished patient requiring a major surgical procedure
CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin D showed no effect on adiposity measures in adults
CONTEXT The independent or interactive effects of vitamin D and calcium on adiposity remain inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to assess whether vitamin D and calcium supplements cause changes in adiposity .