Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .
Influence of sandblasting granulometry and resin cement composition on microtensile bond strength to zirconia ceramic for dental prosthetic frameworks.
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of the particle size of s and blasting and the composition of the resin cement on the microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) to zirconia . METHODS Forty zirconia blocks ( Cercon , Dentsply ) were polished and r and omly treated as follows : Group 1 ( NT ) : no treatment ; Group 2 ( APA-I ) : airborne particle abrasion ( Cobra , Renfert ) using 25-μm aluminium-oxide ( Al(2)O(3))-particles ; Group 3 ( APA-II ) : APA with 50-μm Al(2)O(3)-particles ; and Group 4 ( APA-III ) : APA using 110-μm Al(2)O(3)-particles . Ceramic blocks were duplicated in composite resin . Sample s of each pretreatment group were r and omly divided into two subgroups depending on the resin cement used for bonding the composite disks to the treated zirconia surfaces . Subgroup 1 ( PAN ) , which was a 10-MDP-containing luting system , used Clearfil Ceramic Primer plus Panavia F 2.0 ( Kuraray ) and Subgroup 2 ( BIF ) used Bifix SE ( VOCO ) self-adhesive cement . After 24h , bonded specimens were cut into 1±0.1mm(2 ) sticks . MTBS values were obtained using a universal testing machine ( cross-head speed=0.5mm/min ) . Failure modes were recorded and the interfacial morphology of the debonded microbars was SEM-assessed . Two-way ANOVA , Student-Newman-Keuls tests , and the step-wise linear regression analysis were performed with the MTBS being the dependent variable ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Despite the s and blasting granulometry , PAN bonded to air-abraded surfaces attained the highest MTBS and frequently showed mixed fractures . BIF recorded no significant differences in MTBS depending on the conditioning method , and registered the highest rates of premature and adhesive failures . CONCLUSIONS The 10-MDP-containing luting system seems to be the most suitable to bond zirconium-oxide ceramic , mainly after s and blasting
Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .