Conclusions This meta‐ analysis provides level 1 evidence that vitamin D supplementation may reduce chronic low‐ grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes .
Background Vitamin D has been proposed to have anti‐inflammatory properties ; however , the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation in type 2 diabetes has not been established .
Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta‐ analysis was to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes and to identify relevant gaps in knowledge .
Investigating the causal effect of vitamin D on serum adiponectin using a mendelian randomization approach
Background / Objectives : The aim was to examine the causal effect of vitamin D on serum adiponectin using a multiple instrument Mendelian r and omization approach . Subjects/ Methods :  Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) and serum total or high molecular weight ( HMW ) adiponectin  were measured in two Danish population -based studies : the Inter99 study ( 6405 adults , 30–60 years ) conducted in 1999–2001 , and the MONICA10 study ( 2656 adults , 41–71 years ) conducted in 1993–1994 . Results : In the Inter99 study , serum 25(OH)D was positively associated with total adiponectin ( the effect estimate in % per doubling of 25(OH)D was 4.78 , 95 % CI : 1.96 , 7.68 , P<0.001 ) . Using variations in the vitamin D-binding protein gene and the filaggrin gene as instrumental variables , the causal effect in % was estimated to 61.46 , 95 % CI : 17.51 , 120.28 , P=0.003 higher adiponectin per doubling of 25(OH)D. In the MONICA10 cohort , no significant association was observed between the serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and HMW adiponectin ( the effect estimate in % per doubling of 25(OH)D was −1.51 , 95 % CI : −5.80 , 2.98 , P=0.50 ) , although the instrumental variables analysis to some extent supported a positive causal association ( the effect estimate in % per doubling of 25(OH)D was 37.13 , 95 % CI : −3.67 , 95.20 , P=0.080 ) . Conclusions : The results indicate a possible causal association between serum 25(OH)D and total adiponectin . However , the association was not replicated for HMW adiponectin . Thus , further studies are needed to confirm a causal relationship
Conclusions This meta‐ analysis provides level 1 evidence that vitamin D supplementation may reduce chronic low‐ grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes .
Background Vitamin D has been proposed to have anti‐inflammatory properties ; however , the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation in type 2 diabetes has not been established .
Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta‐ analysis was to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes and to identify relevant gaps in knowledge .