Conclusions The current evidence does not suggest an association between leptin and PCa outcome .
However , there may be an inverse association between adiponectin and the incidence of advanced PCa that should be investigated by further studies .
Background Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for prostate cancer ( PCa ) .
In obesity , serum levels of the appetite-regulating hormones — leptin , adiponectin , and ghrelin — become deregulated .
Objective To explore whether serum levels of appetite-regulating hormones associate with the incidence of PCa , the incidence of advanced disease , or PCa-specific mortality .
Insulin resistance is inversely related to prostate cancer: a prospective study in Northern Sweden.
Factors related to insulin resistance have been implicated in prostate cancer development , however , few analytical studies support such an association . We performed a case control study on 392 prostate cancer cases and 392 matched controls nested in a prospect i ve cohort in Northern Sweden .  Plasma concentrations of C-peptide , leptin , glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) and fasting and post-load glucose were analysed and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) was calculated . Conditional logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios ( OR ) of prostate cancer . High levels of C-peptide , HOMA-IR , leptin and HbA1c were associated with significant decreases in risk of prostate cancer , with ORs for top vs. bottom quartile for C-peptide of 0.59 ( 95 % Confidence Interval [ CI ] , 0.40 - 0.89 ; p(trend ) = 0.008 ) , HOMA-IR 0.60 ( 95 % CI , 0.38 - 0.94 ; p(trend ) = 0.03 ) , leptin 0.55 ( 95 % CI , 0.36 - 0.84 ; p(trend ) = 0.006 ) and HbA1c 0.56 ( 95 % CI , 0.35 - 0.91 ; p(trend ) = 0.02 ) . All studied factors were strongly inversely related to risk among men less than 59 years of age at blood sampling , but not among older men , with a significant heterogeneity between the groups for leptin ( p(heterogeneity ) = 0.006 ) and fasting glucose ( p(heterogeneity ) = 0.03 ) . C-peptide and HOMA-IR were strongly inversely related to non-aggressive cancer but were non-significantly positively related to risk of aggressive disease ( p(heterogeneity ) = 0.007 and 0.01 , respectively ) . Our data suggest that and rogens , which are inversely associated with insulin resistance , are important in the early prostate cancer development , whereas insulin resistance related factors may be important for tumour progression
Conclusions The current evidence does not suggest an association between leptin and PCa outcome .
However , there may be an inverse association between adiponectin and the incidence of advanced PCa that should be investigated by further studies .
Background Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for prostate cancer ( PCa ) .
In obesity , serum levels of the appetite-regulating hormones — leptin , adiponectin , and ghrelin — become deregulated .
Objective To explore whether serum levels of appetite-regulating hormones associate with the incidence of PCa , the incidence of advanced disease , or PCa-specific mortality .