Vitamin D supplementation demonstrated a small but statistically significant improvement in ADHD total scores , inattention scores , hyperactivity scores , and behavior scores .
There was no statistically significant improvement in oppositional scores .
Reported adverse events in the vitamin D group were mild and not significantly different from the control group .
Vitamin D supplementation increased serum vitamin D levels and the ratio of patients with sufficient vitamin D levels .
Conclusions : Vitamin D supplementation as adjunctive therapy to methylpheni date appeared to reduce ADHD symptoms without serious adverse events , associated with improved vitamin D status .
Objective : A systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) were conducted to assess the benefits and harms of vitamin D supplementation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) patients .
Vitamin D in Pregnancy and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-like Symptoms in Childhood
Background : Vitamin D status during prenatal brain development may influence risk of  attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) symptoms in childhood . However , there are no prospect i ve studies addressing this hypothesis . We aim ed to examine whether maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy is associated with risk of  ADHD-like symptoms in offspring . Methods : We conducted a prospect i ve study analyzing data from 1,650 mother – child pairs from five birth cohorts embedded in the INMA Project ( Spain , 1997–2008 ) . Maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy was estimated by measuring plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [ 25(OH)D3 ] at 13 weeks of gestation . Children were assessed by teachers for ADHD-like symptoms at ages 4–5 years using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ADHD form list . Results : After adjustment , the number of total ADHD-like symptoms in children decreased by 11 % per 10 ng/ml increment of maternal 25(OH)D3 concentration ( incidence rate ratio [ IRR ] = 0.89 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 0.80 , 0.98 ) . Similarly , the number of symptoms in the ADHD subscales decreased in relation to higher maternal 25(OH)D3 concentration ( IRR per 10 ng/ml increment = 0.89 ; 95 % CI = 0.79 , 0.99 for the inattention scale ; and IRR = 0.88 ; 95 % CI = 0.78 , 0.99 for the hyperactivity – impulsivity scale ) . Using diagnostic criteria , we found an association of increasing maternal 25(OH)D3 with a lower risk of ADHD DSM-IV ( relative risk ratio per 10 ng/ml increment = 0.87 ; 95 % CI = 0.72 , 1.06 ) and ICD-10 hyperkinetic disorder ( relative risk ratio = 0.72 ; 95 % CI = 0.49 , 1.04 ) in children . Conclusion : Higher maternal circulating levels of 25(OH)D3 in pregnancy are associated with lower risk of developing ADHD-like symptoms in childhood
Vitamin D supplementation demonstrated a small but statistically significant improvement in ADHD total scores , inattention scores , hyperactivity scores , and behavior scores .
There was no statistically significant improvement in oppositional scores .
Reported adverse events in the vitamin D group were mild and not significantly different from the control group .
Vitamin D supplementation increased serum vitamin D levels and the ratio of patients with sufficient vitamin D levels .
Conclusions : Vitamin D supplementation as adjunctive therapy to methylpheni date appeared to reduce ADHD symptoms without serious adverse events , associated with improved vitamin D status .
Objective : A systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) were conducted to assess the benefits and harms of vitamin D supplementation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) patients .