Perioperative risk factors were inconsistently associated with developmental outcomes .
INTERPRETATION The literature on children undergoing surgery in early infancy suggests that infants with a single ventricle are at highest risk of adverse developmental outcomes .
WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Children with complex congenital heart disease ( CHD ) are at increased risk of impaired developmental outcome .
Children with single-ventricle CHD have worse outcomes than children with two-ventricle CHD .
Children with two-ventricle CHD gradually grow out of their initial developmental impairment .
Perioperative factors are inconsistently associated with outcome
AIM ( 1 ) To systematic ally review the literature on developmental outcomes from infancy to adolescence of children with complex congenital heart disease ( CHD ) who underwent early surgery ; ( 2 ) to run a meta-regression analysis on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development , Second Edition Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index ( PDI ) of infants up to 24 months and IQs of preschool-aged children to adolescents ; ( 3 ) to assess associations between perioperative risk factors and outcomes .
Prevalence of Childhood Permanent Hearing Loss after Early Complex Cardiac Surgery
Objectives To estimate the prevalence of  childhood permanent hearing loss ( PHL ) after early cardiac surgery .  Study design This prospect i ve observational ( 1996‐2015 ) study after complex cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass at ≤6 weeks of life reports audiology follow‐up by registered pediatric‐experienced audiologists at 6‐8 months postsurgery , age 2 years , and as required throughout and thereafter to complete diagnoses . PHL at any frequency ( 500‐4000 Hz ) is defined as responses of > 25‐decibel hearing level in either ear . PHL was evaluated by type ( conductive or sensorineural ) , pattern ( flat or sloping ) , and severity ( mild to profound ) . Results Survival rate was 83.4 % ( 706 of 841 children ) with a 97.9 % follow‐up rate ( 691 children ) ; 41 children  had PHL , 5.9 % ( 95 % CI 4.3 % , 8.0 % ) . By cardiac defect , prevalence was biventricular , 4.0 % ( 95%CI 2.5 % , 6.1 % ) ; single ventricle , 10.8 % ( 95%CI 6.8 % , 16.1 % ) . Eighty‐seven ( 12.6 % ) of 691 had syndromes/genetic abnormalities with known association with PHL ; of these , 17 ( 41.5 % ) had PHL . Of 41 children , 4 had permanent conductive , moderate to severe loss ( 1 bilateral ) ; 37 had moderate to profound sensorineural loss ( 29 bilateral with 20 sloping and 9 flat ) , 6 with cochlear implant done or recommended . Conclusions Infants surviving complex cardiac surgery are at high risk for PHL . Over 40 % with PHL have known syndromes/genetic abnormalities , but others do not have easily identifiable risk indicators . Early cardiac surgery should be considered a risk indicator for PHL
Perioperative risk factors were inconsistently associated with developmental outcomes .
INTERPRETATION The literature on children undergoing surgery in early infancy suggests that infants with a single ventricle are at highest risk of adverse developmental outcomes .
WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Children with complex congenital heart disease ( CHD ) are at increased risk of impaired developmental outcome .
Children with single-ventricle CHD have worse outcomes than children with two-ventricle CHD .
Children with two-ventricle CHD gradually grow out of their initial developmental impairment .
Perioperative factors are inconsistently associated with outcome
AIM ( 1 ) To systematic ally review the literature on developmental outcomes from infancy to adolescence of children with complex congenital heart disease ( CHD ) who underwent early surgery ; ( 2 ) to run a meta-regression analysis on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development , Second Edition Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index ( PDI ) of infants up to 24 months and IQs of preschool-aged children to adolescents ; ( 3 ) to assess associations between perioperative risk factors and outcomes .