Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .
Effect of surface pre-treatments on the zirconia ceramic-resin cement microtensile bond strength.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twelve cylinder-shaped ( ∅ 12 × 5.25 mm high ) blocks of a commercial zirconium-oxide ceramic ( Cercon ® Zirconia , DENTSPLY ) were r and omly divided into 4 groups ( n=3 ) , based on the surface treatment to be performed : ( 1 ) airborne particle abrasion with 125 μm Al₂O₃ particles ( S ) ; ( 2 ) selective infiltration etching ( SIE ) ; ( 3 ) experimental hot etching solution applied for 30 min ( ST ) and ( 4 ) no treatment ( C ) . Paradigm MZ100 blocks ( 3 M ESPE ) were cut into twelve cylinders of 4 mm in thickness . Composite cylinders were bonded to conditioned ceramics using a resin cement ( Calibra ® , DENTSPLY ) , in combination with the proprietary adhesive system . After 24h bonded specimens were cut into microtensile sticks and loaded in tension until failure . Bond strength data were analyzed with Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn 's Multiple Range test for multiple comparisons ( p < 0.05 ) . Failure mode distribution was recorded and the interfacial morphology of debonded specimens was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . RESULTS Bond strength values achieved after SIE and ST treatment were significantly higher than after S treatment and without any treatment ( p < 0.05 ) . Premature failures were mostly recorded in the S group . SIGNIFICANCE Conditioning the high-strength ceramic surface with SIE and ST treatments yielded higher bond strengths of the resin cement than when zirconia ceramic was treated with airborne particle abrasion or left untreated
Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .