Due to the small number of included studies and very low quality of the existing evidence , we are uncertain of the effect of vitamin C supplementation for the prevention and treatment of pneumonia .
BACKGROUND According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 , lower respiratory tract infection is the leading cause of infectious disease death , and the fifth most common cause of death overall .
Vitamin C has a role in modulating resistance to infectious agents , therefore vitamin C supplementation may be important in preventing and treating pneumonia .
OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of vitamin C supplementation to prevent and treat pneumonia in children and adults .
Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore.
STUDY OBJECTIVE : To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of  coronary heart disease ( CHD ) in Indians ( South Asians ) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants ( vitamins A , C , and E , and selenium ) and pro-oxidants ( iron ) . DESIGN : Cross sectional study of the general population . SETTING : Singapore . PARTICIPANTS : R and om sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years . MAIN RESULTS : There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E , and between these vitamins and selenium .  Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group . Vitamin A concentration for Indians were ( men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l ) , Malays ( men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l ) , and Chinese ( men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l ) . Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were ( men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l ) , Malays ( men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l ) , and Chinese ( men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l ) . In contrast , mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians ( men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l ) and Malays ( men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l ) than Chinese ( men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l ) . Mean serum selenium  was lower in Indians ( men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l ) than Malays ( men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l ) and Chinese ( men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l ) . Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians ( men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l ) than Malays ( men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l ) and Chinese ( men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l ) . MAIN CONCLUSIONS : Lower vitamin C and selenium  in Indians , particularly in combination , could play a part in their increased risk of CHD . Vitamins A and E , and ferritin ( iron ) have no such role . Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking . In Indians , lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates
Due to the small number of included studies and very low quality of the existing evidence , we are uncertain of the effect of vitamin C supplementation for the prevention and treatment of pneumonia .
BACKGROUND According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 , lower respiratory tract infection is the leading cause of infectious disease death , and the fifth most common cause of death overall .
Vitamin C has a role in modulating resistance to infectious agents , therefore vitamin C supplementation may be important in preventing and treating pneumonia .
OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of vitamin C supplementation to prevent and treat pneumonia in children and adults .