These data provide both validation and st and ards for other users and indicate the power of the instrument for detecting change in sample population s. CONCLUSIONS The  ODI  remains a valid and vigorous measure and has been a worthwhile outcome measure .
The behavior of the instrument is incompletely understood , particularly in sensitivity to real change
STUDY DESIGN The Oswestry Disability Index ( ODI ) has become one of the principal condition-specific outcome measures used in the management of spinal disorders .
This review is based on publications using the ODI identified from the authors ' personal data bases , the Science Citation Index , and h and search es of Spine and current textbooks of spinal disorders .
OBJECTIVES To review the versions of this instrument , document methods by which it has been vali date d , collate data from scores found in normal and back pain population s , provide curves for power calculations in studies using the ODI , and maintain the ODI as a gold st and ard outcome measure .
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA It has now been 20 years since its original publication .
More than 200 citations exist in the Science Citation Index .
Chronic pain and depression: role of perceived impact and perceived control in different age cohorts
& NA ; Chronic pain adversely affects individuals ' physical as well as emotional well‐being . A cognitive‐behavioral model has been proposed to explain the role of cognitive appraisal variables in mediating the development of emotional distress following pain of long duration . There is little evidence linking the prevalence of depression in chronic pain patients to life stage , but there are suggestions in the literature that the link between medical illness and depression may be stronger in elderly patients . One purpose of this study was to replicate the efficacy of a previous study of the cognitive‐behavioral mediation model in explaining the association between pain and depressed affect . A second purpose of this study was to extend the cognitive‐behavioral model to evaluate relationships among pain , cognitive appraisal variables , and depressive affect in the elderly chronic pain population . One hundred chronic pain patients were divided into two age groups ( ≤ 69 years and ≥ 70 years ) . A path analysis conducted for the total sample supported the cognitive‐behavioral mediation model of depression in chronic pain , in which cognitive appraisal variables mediate the pain‐depression relationship . Correlations among variables in each of the two age groups , however , revealed different patterns of association . Consistent with the cognitive‐behavioral model , the younger patients demonstrated a low and non‐significant correlation between pain severity and depression ( r = 0.01 ) . Conversely , a strong direct association was observed in the older patients between these variables ( r = 0.51 ) . These results suggest that the relationship between pain and depression varies substantially depending upon age cohort
These data provide both validation and st and ards for other users and indicate the power of the instrument for detecting change in sample population s. CONCLUSIONS The  ODI  remains a valid and vigorous measure and has been a worthwhile outcome measure .
The behavior of the instrument is incompletely understood , particularly in sensitivity to real change
STUDY DESIGN The Oswestry Disability Index ( ODI ) has become one of the principal condition-specific outcome measures used in the management of spinal disorders .
This review is based on publications using the ODI identified from the authors ' personal data bases , the Science Citation Index , and h and search es of Spine and current textbooks of spinal disorders .
OBJECTIVES To review the versions of this instrument , document methods by which it has been vali date d , collate data from scores found in normal and back pain population s , provide curves for power calculations in studies using the ODI , and maintain the ODI as a gold st and ard outcome measure .
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA It has now been 20 years since its original publication .
More than 200 citations exist in the Science Citation Index .