The results are thus compatible with the international recommendation that lactating women and infants younger than two years of age who reside in iodine-sufficient countries do not require iodine supplementation
BACKGROUND Iodine , an essential micronutrient , plays a critical role in normal growth and development , especially during the first two years of life .
This systematic review and meta- analysis is among the first to evaluate breast-milk iodine concentrations and infant iodine status in countries characterized by iodine sufficiency or deficiency .
Perchlorate and iodide in dairy and breast milk.
Perchlorate inhibits iodide uptake and may impair thyroid and neurodevelopment in infants . Recently , we unambiguously identified the presence of perchlorate in all seven br and s of dairy milk r and omly purchased from grocery stores in Lubbock , TX . How widespread is perchlorate in milk ?  Perchlorate  in 47 dairy milk sample s from 11 states and in 36 human milk sample s from 18 states were measured . Iodide was also measured in a number of the sample s.  Perchlorate  was detectable in 81 of 82 sample s. The dairy and breast milk means were , respectively , 2.0 and 10.5 microg/L with the corresponding maximum values of 11 and 92 microg/L.  Perchlorate  is present in virtually all milk sample s , the average concentration in breast milk is five times higher than in dairy milk . Although the number of available measurements are few at this point , for breast milk sample s with a perchlorate content greater than 10 microg/L , the iodide content is linearly correlated with the inverse of the perchlorate concentration with a r2 of > 0.9 ( n = 6 ) . The presence of perchlorate in the milk lowers the iodide content and may impair thyroid development in infants . On the basis of limited available data , iodide levels in breast milk may be significantly lower than it was two decades ago . Recommended iodine intake by pregnant and lactating women may need to be revised upward
The results are thus compatible with the international recommendation that lactating women and infants younger than two years of age who reside in iodine-sufficient countries do not require iodine supplementation
BACKGROUND Iodine , an essential micronutrient , plays a critical role in normal growth and development , especially during the first two years of life .
This systematic review and meta- analysis is among the first to evaluate breast-milk iodine concentrations and infant iodine status in countries characterized by iodine sufficiency or deficiency .