We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .
Effects of butter high in ruminant trans and monounsaturated fatty acids on lipoproteins, incorporation of fatty acids into lipid classes, plasma C-reactive protein, oxidative stress, hemostatic variables, and insulin in healthy young men.
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that ruminant trans fatty acids ( FAs ) , such as vaccenic acid , do not increase the risk of ischemic heart disease ( IHD ) . However , the effects of ruminant trans FAs on risk markers of IHD have been poorly investigated . OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effect of butter with a naturally high content of vaccenic acid and a concomitantly higher content of monounsaturated FAs on classic and novel risk markers of IHD . DESIGN In a double-blind , r and omized , 5-wk , parallel intervention study , 42 healthy young men were given 115 g fat/d from test butter that was high in vaccenic acid ( 3.6 g vaccenic acid/d ) or a control butter with a low content of vaccenic acid .  Blood and urine sample s were collected before and after the intervention . RESULTS The intake of the vaccenic acid-rich diet result ed in 6 % and 9 % lower total cholesterol and plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations , respectively , than did the intake of the control diet ( P = 0.05 and 0.002 , respectively ) , whereas the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol did not differ significantly between the groups . The FA composition of lipid classes reflected the FAs ' proportion of the test butter . No other differences were observed . CONCLUSIONS Butter high in ruminant trans and monounsaturated FAs result ed in significantly lower total and HDL cholesterol than did the control butter with higher amounts of saturated FAs . It may be that the differences were due to the greater content of monounsaturated FAs and the lesser content of saturated FAs in the butter rich in ruminant trans FAs , rather than to the content of vaccenic acid per se
We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .