As for physical exercise modalities , aerobic exercise , but not other modalities , increased adiponectin and reduced leptin levels .
In conclusion , physical exercise and , specifically , aerobic exercise , leads to higher adiponectin and lower leptin levels  in prediabetic and diabetic adults .
It is speculated that lifestyle interventions known to improve diabetic metabolic state may exert their effects via adipokines .
The aim of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to evaluate the chronic effects of physical exercise on adiponectin and leptin levels in adult prediabetic and diabetic individuals .
Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.
CONTEXT Exercise guidelines for individuals with diabetes include both aerobic and resistance training although few studies have directly examined this exercise combination . OBJECTIVE To examine the benefits of aerobic training alone , resistance training alone , and a combination of both on hemoglobin A(1c ) ( HbA(1c ) ) in individuals with type 2 diabetes . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A r and omized controlled trial in which 262 sedentary men and women in Louisiana with type 2 diabetes and HbA(1c ) levels of 6.5 % or higher were enrolled in the 9-month exercise program between April 2007 and August 2009 . INTERVENTION Forty-one participants were assigned to the nonexercise control group , 73 to resistance training 3 days a week , 72 to aerobic exercise in which they expended 12 kcal/kg per week ; and 76 to combined aerobic and resistance training in which they expended 10 kcal/kg per week and engaged in resistance training twice a week . Main Outcome Change in HbA(1c ) level . Secondary outcomes included measures of anthropometry and fitness . RESULTS The study included 63.0 % women and 47.3 % nonwhite participants who were a mean ( SD ) age of 55.8 years ( 8.7 years ) with a baseline HbA(1c ) level of 7.7 % ( 1.0 % ) . Compared with the control group , the absolute mean change in HbA(1c ) in the combination training exercise group was -0.34 % ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , -0.64 % to -0.03 % ; P = .03 ) . The mean changes in HbA(1c ) were not statistically significant in either the resistance training ( -0.16 % ; 95 % CI , -0.46 % to 0.15 % ; P = .32 ) or the aerobic ( -0.24 % ; 95 % CI , -0.55 % to 0.07 % ; P = .14 ) groups compared with the control group . Only the combination exercise group improved maximum oxygen consumption ( mean , 1.0 mL/kg per min ; 95 % CI , 0.5 - 1.5 , P < .05 ) compared with the control group . All exercise groups reduced waist circumference from -1.9 to -2.8 cm compared with the control group . The resistance training group lost a mean of -1.4 kg fat mass ( 95 % CI , -2.0 to -0.7 kg ; P < .05 ) and combination training group lost a mean of -1.7 ( -2.3 to -1.1 kg ; P < .05 ) compared with the control group . CONCLUSIONS Among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus , a combination of aerobic and resistance training compared with the nonexercise control group improved HbA(1c ) levels . This was not achieved by aerobic or resistance training alone . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00458133
As for physical exercise modalities , aerobic exercise , but not other modalities , increased adiponectin and reduced leptin levels .
In conclusion , physical exercise and , specifically , aerobic exercise , leads to higher adiponectin and lower leptin levels  in prediabetic and diabetic adults .
It is speculated that lifestyle interventions known to improve diabetic metabolic state may exert their effects via adipokines .
The aim of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to evaluate the chronic effects of physical exercise on adiponectin and leptin levels in adult prediabetic and diabetic individuals .