In frail older persons , moderate-to-large beneficial exercise effects were noted on inflammation , muscle strength and physical functioning .
In healthy older persons , effects of resistance training ( most frequently investigated ) on inflammation or muscle strength can be influenced by the exercise modalities ( intensity and rest interval between sets ) .
Muscle strength seemed the most frequently used outcome measure , with moderate-to-large effects obtained regardless the exercise intervention studied .
Similar effects were found in patients with specific diseases .
Summary Exercise has moderate-to-large effects on muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Purpose of review This systematic review reports the most recent literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on  muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Mail-Based Intervention for Sarcopenia Prevention Increased Anabolic Hormone and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults: The INE (Intervention by Nutrition and Exercise) Study.
OBJECTIVE The aim of the Intervention by Nutrition and Exercise ( INE ) study was to investigate the effects of a mail-based intervention for sarcopenia prevention on muscle mass and anabolic hormones in community-dwelling older adults . DESIGN A cluster-r and omized controlled trial . SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This trial recruited community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and older in Japan . The 227 participants were cluster r and omized into a  walking and nutrition ( W/N ) group ( n = 79 ) , a  walking ( W ) group ( n = 71 ) , and a  control ( C ) group ( n = 77 ) . We analyzed the physical and biochemical measurements in this sub study . INTERVENTION Six months of mail-based intervention ( a pedometer-based walking program and nutritional supplementation ) . MEASUREMENTS The skeletal muscle mass index ( SMI ) using the bioelectrical impedance data acquisition system , biochemical measurements , such as those of insulinlike growth factor ( IGF-1 ) , dehydroepi and rosterone sulfate ( DHEA-S ) , and 25-hydroxy vitamin D ( 25[OH]D ) , as well as frailty , were assessed by the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria . RESULTS Participants in the W/N and W groups had significantly greater improvements in SMI , IGF-1 , and 25(OH)D ( P < .05 ) than those in the C group . Participants in the W/N group had significantly greater improvements in DHEA-S ( P < .05 ) than in the other groups . These effects were more pronounced in frail , older adults . CONCLUSION These results suggest that the mail-based walking intervention of the remote monitoring type for sarcopenia prevention can increase anabolic hormone levels and SMI in community-dwelling older adults , particularly in those who are frail
In frail older persons , moderate-to-large beneficial exercise effects were noted on inflammation , muscle strength and physical functioning .
In healthy older persons , effects of resistance training ( most frequently investigated ) on inflammation or muscle strength can be influenced by the exercise modalities ( intensity and rest interval between sets ) .
Muscle strength seemed the most frequently used outcome measure , with moderate-to-large effects obtained regardless the exercise intervention studied .
Similar effects were found in patients with specific diseases .
Summary Exercise has moderate-to-large effects on muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
Purpose of review This systematic review reports the most recent literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on  muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .