All 4 faces pain scales were found to be adequately supported by psychometric data .
When given a choice between faces scales , children preferred the WBFPRS .
Confounding of pain intensity with affect caused by use of smiling and crying anchor faces is a disadvantage of the WBFPRS .
: For clinical use , we found no grounds to switch from 1 faces scale to another when 1 of the scales is in use .
CONTEXT : Numerous faces scales have been developed for the measurement of  pain intensity in children .
It remains unclear whether any one of the faces scales is better for a particular purpose with regard to validity , reliability , feasibility , and preference .
OBJECTIVES : To summarize and systematic ally review faces pain scales most commonly used to obtain self-report of pain intensity in children for evaluation of reliability and validity and to compare the scales for preference and utility .
Relief of posttonsillectomy pain with low-dose tramadol given at induction of anesthesia in children.
OBJECTIVE Pain is major problem regarding quality of life in children undergoing tonsillectomy . Preemptive analgesia by medicine given before commencement of surgery is a new way recommended for relief of pain during and after operation . The purpose in this study to evaluate preemptive efficacy and safety of lower dose of tramadol , which was recently introduced in children undergoing tonsillectomy . METHODS This study was performed on 45 children undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy as a double-blinded trial , by using tramadol in two dosages ( 1 and 0.5 mg kg(-1 ) ) and placebo .  Pain assessment was done by facial pain score ( FPS ) , visual analog scale ( VAS ) and postoperative analgesic requirement ; further , duration of anesthesia and duration of awakening time , heart rate ( HR ) and mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) during and after anesthesia , postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) and recall of intraoperative events were recorded . RESULTS It was found that 73 % children in placebo group needed  analgesic medicine  at the end of the first hour after operation , although no analgesic medicine was needed in tramadol groups ( chi(2 ) test , P<0.001 ) . However , statistically significant decrease in FPS and VAS in tramadol groups were only found up to 15th and 30th min after operation , respectively ( Kruskall-Wallis test , P<0.05 ) . On the other h and , intraoperative HR ( 10th , 20th and 30th min ) and MAP ( 10th and 20th min ) were found to be higher in placebo groups ( ANOVA variance analysis , Tukey-Kramer test adjusted paired t-test , P<0.001 and < 0 . 01 , respectively ) . No significant difference was found in the other parameters , and no surgical complication and adverse side effect were occurred in this number of study sample . CONCLUSION Tramadol in lower doses ( 0.5 - 1 mg kg(-1 ) ) was an efficient preemptive analgesic that could be used at induction of anesthesia in adenotonsillectomies of children for providing both good analgesia during operation as supplementation to propofol anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in only early period
All 4 faces pain scales were found to be adequately supported by psychometric data .
When given a choice between faces scales , children preferred the WBFPRS .
Confounding of pain intensity with affect caused by use of smiling and crying anchor faces is a disadvantage of the WBFPRS .
: For clinical use , we found no grounds to switch from 1 faces scale to another when 1 of the scales is in use .
CONTEXT : Numerous faces scales have been developed for the measurement of  pain intensity in children .
It remains unclear whether any one of the faces scales is better for a particular purpose with regard to validity , reliability , feasibility , and preference .
OBJECTIVES : To summarize and systematic ally review faces pain scales most commonly used to obtain self-report of pain intensity in children for evaluation of reliability and validity and to compare the scales for preference and utility .