The following factors were found to have consistent , but limited , support as regards their influence on the risk for sick leave due to back and neck disorders : ( a ) heavy physical workload , bent or twisted working position , and low work satisfaction increases the risk for short-term and long-term sick leave ; ( b ) specific back diagnoses and previous sick leave due to back disorders increases the risk for short-term and long-term sick leave ; ( c ) female gender , smoking , exposure to vibration , and deficient social support were not found to significantly increase the risk for short-term and long-term sick leave ; ( d ) self-reported pain and functional impairments were associated with a high risk for long-term sick leave ; ( e ) longer employment periods reduced the risk for short-term sick leave ; ( f ) perceived dem and s at work did not influence short-term sick leave ; ( g ) female gender and higher age increases the risk for disability pension
An Epidemiologic Study of Episodes of Back Pain Care
Study Design This was a prospect i ve community-based , observational design . Objective To describe the epidemiology and risk/prognostic factors for back pain episodes of care in a population representing the nonelderly in the United States . Summary of Background Data Previous United States studies of the epidemiology of back pain care have used defined industrial population s or have relied on the patient 's recall of symptoms and care . Methods Cl aims forms from the R AND Health insurance Experiment , a r and omized controlled trial of the use of health services , were analyzed . Cl aims forms were selected if one of the patient- design ated reasons for the visit was back pain . Visits were grouped into episodes of care . Descriptive statistics were calculated for episodes . Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios for independent explanatory sociodemographic and health status variables associated with back pain episodes of care . Results The 3105 adults in the Health Insurance Experiment had a combined 11 , 171 person-years of exposure . Six-hundred-eighty-six persons ( 22 % ) had a total 1020 episodes of back pain care , representing 8825 visits . Seventy-one percent of persons had a single episode during the Health Insurance Experiment , and 40 % of these episodes consisted of a single visit . There were 9.1 episodes per 100 person-years . Insurance status , geographic site , white race , lesser education , poorer physical functioning , and greater pain at baseline all were independently associated with having a back pain episode of care . Conclusions Back pain episodes of care occur commonly in the adult U.S. population , but usually are brief and recur infrequently
The following factors were found to have consistent , but limited , support as regards their influence on the risk for sick leave due to back and neck disorders : ( a ) heavy physical workload , bent or twisted working position , and low work satisfaction increases the risk for short-term and long-term sick leave ; ( b ) specific back diagnoses and previous sick leave due to back disorders increases the risk for short-term and long-term sick leave ; ( c ) female gender , smoking , exposure to vibration , and deficient social support were not found to significantly increase the risk for short-term and long-term sick leave ; ( d ) self-reported pain and functional impairments were associated with a high risk for long-term sick leave ; ( e ) longer employment periods reduced the risk for short-term sick leave ; ( f ) perceived dem and s at work did not influence short-term sick leave ; ( g ) female gender and higher age increases the risk for disability pension