Studies were primarily related to the assessment of pain in relation to surgical procedures , and no clear distinction was made concerning the onset of acute and chronic pain .
The metrics used within the tools appeared to focus primarily on the sensory aspect of pain , with no study clearly discriminating between the sensory and affective components of pain .
Objectives The objectives were to review systematic ally the range of assessment tools used in cats to detect the behavioural expression of pain and the evidence of their quality ; and to examine behavioural metrics ( considering both the sensory and affective domains ) used to assess pain .
Sedative and analgesic effects of buprenorphine, combined with either acepromazine or dexmedetomidine, for premedication prior to elective surgery in cats and dogs.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sedative and analgesic effects of intramuscular buprenorphine with either dexmedetomidine or acepromazine , administered as premedication to cats and dogs undergoing elective surgery . STUDY DESIGN Prospect i ve , r and omized , blinded clinical study . ANIMALS Forty dogs and 48 cats . METHODS Animals were assigned to one of four groups , according to anaesthetic premedication and induction agent : buprenorphine 20 μg kg(-1 ) with either dexmedetomidine ( dex ) 250 μg m(-2 ) or acepromazine ( acp ) 0.03 mg kg(-1 ) , followed by alfaxalone ( ALF ) or propofol ( PRO ) . Meloxicam was administered preoperatively to all animals and anaesthesia was always maintained using isoflurane . Physiological measures and assessment s of pain , sedation and mechanical nociceptive threshold ( MNT ) were made before and after premedication , intraoperatively , and for up to 24 hours after premedication . Data were analyzed with one-way , two-way and mixed between-within subjects anova , Kruskall-Wallis analyses and Chi squared tests . Results were deemed significant if p ≤ 0.05 , except where multiple comparisons were performed ( p ≤ 0.005 ) . RESULTS Cats premedicated with dex were more se date d than cats premedicated with acp ( p < 0.001 ) and ALF doses were lower in dex cats ( 1.2 ± 1.0 mg kg(-1 ) ) than acp cats ( 2.5 ± 1.9 mg kg(-1 ) ) ( p = 0.041 ) . There were no differences in sedation in dogs however PRO doses were lower in dex dogs ( 1.5 ± 0.8 mg kg(-1 ) ) compared to acp dogs ( 3.3 ± 1.1 mg kg(-1 ) ) ( p < 0.001 ) . There were no differences between groups with respect to pain scores or MNT for cats or dogs . CONCLUSION Choice of dex or acp , when given with buprenorphine , caused minor , clinical ly detectable , differences in various characteristics of anaesthesia , but not in the level of analgesia . CLINICAL RELEVANCE A combination of buprenorphine with either acp or dex , followed by either PRO or ALF , and then isoflurane , accompanied by an NSAID , was suitable for anaesthesia in dogs and cats undergoing elective surgery . Choice of sedative agent may influence dose of anaesthetic induction agent
Studies were primarily related to the assessment of pain in relation to surgical procedures , and no clear distinction was made concerning the onset of acute and chronic pain .
The metrics used within the tools appeared to focus primarily on the sensory aspect of pain , with no study clearly discriminating between the sensory and affective components of pain .
Objectives The objectives were to review systematic ally the range of assessment tools used in cats to detect the behavioural expression of pain and the evidence of their quality ; and to examine behavioural metrics ( considering both the sensory and affective domains ) used to assess pain .