As for physical exercise modalities , aerobic exercise , but not other modalities , increased adiponectin and reduced leptin levels .
In conclusion , physical exercise and , specifically , aerobic exercise , leads to higher adiponectin and lower leptin levels  in prediabetic and diabetic adults .
It is speculated that lifestyle interventions known to improve diabetic metabolic state may exert their effects via adipokines .
The aim of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to evaluate the chronic effects of physical exercise on adiponectin and leptin levels in adult prediabetic and diabetic individuals .
Resistance Exercise Did Not Alter Intramuscular Adipose Tissue but Reduced Retinol-binding Protein-4 Concentration in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Lipid accumulation in muscle is associated with diminished insulin sensitivity . It was hypothesized that resistance exercise decreases muscular adipose tissue and reduces the level of retinol-binding protein-4 ( RBP4 ) , which is linked to adipose tissue and insulin sensitivity in diabetics . Forty-four women with type 2 diabetes were r and omly assigned to three groups for a period of 12 weeks : control ( asked to maintain a sedentary lifestyle ) ; resistance exercise ( elastic b and exercise at moderate intensity five times per week ) ; and aerobic exercise ( walking for 60 min at moderate intensity five times per week ) . Subcutaneous ( SCAT ) , subfascial ( SFAT ) and intramuscular ( IMAT ) adipose tissues at mid-thigh level were assessed using computed tomography , and RBP4 level and insulin sensitivity ( fractional disappearance rate of insulin , k ITT ) were assessed before and after intervention . Changes in SCAT , SFAT , IMAT , RBP4 and k ITT were similar among the three groups . Within-group analysis revealed that body mass index and waist circumference decreased significantly in both exercise groups , but RBP4 decreased significantly only with resistance exercise . Resistance exercise did not alter muscular adipose tissue or improve insulin sensitivity
As for physical exercise modalities , aerobic exercise , but not other modalities , increased adiponectin and reduced leptin levels .
In conclusion , physical exercise and , specifically , aerobic exercise , leads to higher adiponectin and lower leptin levels  in prediabetic and diabetic adults .
It is speculated that lifestyle interventions known to improve diabetic metabolic state may exert their effects via adipokines .
The aim of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to evaluate the chronic effects of physical exercise on adiponectin and leptin levels in adult prediabetic and diabetic individuals .