Most systematic review s and meta-analyses from controlled feeding trials have shown that fructose-containing sugars in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates do not show evidence of harm and , in the case of fructose , may even have advantages for glycaemic control , especially at small doses .
Nevertheless , trials in which fructose-containing sugars supplement diets with excess energy have shown adverse effects , effects that appear more attributable to the excess energy than the sugar .
There is no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects , although there is potentially cause for concern where fructose is provided at high doses or contributes excess energy to diets .
Concerns are growing regarding the role of dietary sugars in the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases , including diabetes .
High-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) and sucrose are the most important dietary sweeteners .
Both HFCS and sucrose have overlapping metabolic actions with adverse effects attributed to their fructose moiety .
Ecological studies have linked the rise in fructose availability with the increases in obesity and diabetes worldwide .
This link has been largely underpinned by animal models and select human trials of fructose overfeeding at high levels of exposure .
Fructose and vitamin C intake do not influence risk for developing hypertension.
Higher uric acid levels are associated with an increased risk for developing hypertension . Higher intake of fructose increases plasma uric acid levels and higher intake of vitamin C reduces uric acid levels , but whether these nutrients are independently associated with the risk for developing hypertension is unknown . We studied this question by analyzing data from participants of three large and independent prospect i ve cohorts : Nurses ' Health Study 1 ( n = 88,540 ) , Nurses ' Health Study 2 ( n = 97,315 ) , and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study ( n = 37,375 ) .  Relative risks and 95 % confidence intervals for incident hypertension were computed according to quintiles of fructose intake and categories of vitamin C intake using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression . Fructose intake was not associated with the risk for developing hypertension ; the multivariable relative risks ( 95 % confidence intervals ) for the highest compared with the lowest quintile of fructose intake were 1.02 ( 0.99 to 1.06 ) in Nurses ' Health Study 1 , 1.03 ( 0.98 to 1.08 ) in Nurses ' Health Study 2 , and 0.99 ( 0.93 to 1.05 ) in Heath Professionals Follow-up Study . Regarding  vitamin C  , the relative risks for individuals who consumed > or = 1500 mg/d compared with those who consumed < 250 mg/d were 0.89 ( 0.83 to 0.96 ) in Nurses ' Health Study 1 , 1.02 ( 0.91 to 1.14 ) in Nurses ' Health Study 2 , and 1.06 ( 0.97 to 1.15 ) in Health Professionals Follow-up Study . In conclusion , fructose and vitamin C intake do not substantially influence the risk for developing hypertension
Most systematic review s and meta-analyses from controlled feeding trials have shown that fructose-containing sugars in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates do not show evidence of harm and , in the case of fructose , may even have advantages for glycaemic control , especially at small doses .
Nevertheless , trials in which fructose-containing sugars supplement diets with excess energy have shown adverse effects , effects that appear more attributable to the excess energy than the sugar .
There is no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects , although there is potentially cause for concern where fructose is provided at high doses or contributes excess energy to diets .
Concerns are growing regarding the role of dietary sugars in the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases , including diabetes .
High-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) and sucrose are the most important dietary sweeteners .
Both HFCS and sucrose have overlapping metabolic actions with adverse effects attributed to their fructose moiety .
Ecological studies have linked the rise in fructose availability with the increases in obesity and diabetes worldwide .
This link has been largely underpinned by animal models and select human trials of fructose overfeeding at high levels of exposure .