The studies showed that obese and overweight adolescents consume significantly more energy and macronutrients .
They are also more likely to skip their daily meals compared to their normal weight peers .
In most studies , the direction of the PA effect on body weight was unclear .
Some studies found that higher PA is associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity .
Conclusions This review identified a lack of evidence and well-conducted prospect i ve studies on the effect of diet and PA on cardio-metabolic health of Malaysian adolescents
Background A sedentary lifestyle and an unhealthy diet are major factors in the increasing prevalence of obesity among Malaysian adolescents .
The purpose of this systematic review is to compile the evidence from observational and intervention studies among Malaysian adolescents to evaluate the associations between diet and physical activity ( PA ) as determinants of cardio-metabolic risk factors .
Association between major patterns of dietary intake and weight status in adolescents.
The relationship between dietary intake and obesity is complex , and dietary pattern analysis may offer new insight . We examined associations between dietary patterns identified in a diverse cohort of adolescents and weight status cross-sectionally and over a 5-year period . Project EAT ( Eating Among Teens ) ( Time 1 ) collected data on 4746 middle ( younger cohort ) and high school ( older cohort ) students in 1998 - 9 . EAT-II ( Time 2 ) resurveyed 2516 of the original cohort in 2003 - 4 . All analyses were run separately by age cohort and sex . The relationship between dietary patterns identified previously ( vegetable , fruit , vegetable & fruit , starchy food , sweet & salty snack food , and fast food ) and weight status was examined using logistic regression . All analyses were adjusted for socioeconomic status , race/ethnicity and activity level ( longitudinal analyses were also adjusted for baseline weight status ) . In cross-sectional analyses , higher adherence to dietary patterns loading heavily on vegetables was associated with lower risk of overweight/obese weight status  in older and younger girls , whereas higher adherence to a ' sweet & salty snack food ' pattern was associated with lower risk in older and younger boys . These associations were found prospect ively in older boys and girls , but were no longer significant in analyses adjusting for baseline weight status . We did not find consistent or intuitive associations between dietary patterns and weight status . Identified patterns may not capture the elements of diet that are truly important in determining adolescent weight , or diet may not be the primary driver in determining weight status at this age . Method ological difficulties in assessing diet must also be taken into consideration
The studies showed that obese and overweight adolescents consume significantly more energy and macronutrients .
They are also more likely to skip their daily meals compared to their normal weight peers .
In most studies , the direction of the PA effect on body weight was unclear .
Some studies found that higher PA is associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity .
Conclusions This review identified a lack of evidence and well-conducted prospect i ve studies on the effect of diet and PA on cardio-metabolic health of Malaysian adolescents
Background A sedentary lifestyle and an unhealthy diet are major factors in the increasing prevalence of obesity among Malaysian adolescents .
The purpose of this systematic review is to compile the evidence from observational and intervention studies among Malaysian adolescents to evaluate the associations between diet and physical activity ( PA ) as determinants of cardio-metabolic risk factors .