We found high quality evidence that hormone therapy in both primary and secondary prevention conferred no protective effects for all-cause mortality , cardiovascular death , non-fatal myocardial infa rct ion , angina , or revascularisation .
There was no strong evidence of effect on risk of stroke in this group .
Our review findings provide strong evidence that treatment with hormone therapy in post-menopausal women overall , for either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events has little if any benefit and causes an increase in the risk of stroke and venous thromboembolic events
BACKGROUND Evidence from systematic review s of observational studies suggests that hormone therapy may have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease events in post-menopausal women , however the results of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) have had mixed results .
This is an up date d version of a Cochrane review published in 2013 .
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of hormone therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women , and whether there are differential effects between use in primary or secondary prevention .
Secondary aims were to undertake exploratory analyses to ( i ) assess the impact of time since menopause that treatment was commenced ( ≥ 10 years versus < 10 years ) , and where these data were not available , use age of trial participants at baseline as a proxy ( ≥ 60 years of age versus < 60 years of age ) ; and ( ii ) assess the effects of length of time on treatment .
Relief of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy with lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens ( CEE ) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate ( MPA ) for relieving  vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy .  DESIGN A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial ( the Women 's Health , Osteoporosis , Progestin , Estrogen study ) . SETTING Study centers across the United States . PATIENT(S ) Two thous and , six hundred , seventy-three healthy , postmenopausal women with an intact uterus , including an efficacy-evaluable population ( n = 241 at baseline ) . INTERVENTION(S ) Patients received for 1 year ( 13 cycles ; in milligrams per day ) CEE , 0.625 ; CEE , 0.625 and MPA , 2.5 ; CEE , 0.45 ; CEE , 0.45 and MPA , 2.5 ; CEE , 0.45 and MPA , 1.5 ; CEE , 0.3 ; CEE , 0.3 and MPA , 1.5 ; or placebo . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Number and severity of hot flushes and Papanicolaou smear with vaginal maturation index ( VMI ) to assess vaginal atrophy . RESULT ( S ) In the efficacy-evaluable population , reduction in vasomotor symptoms was similar with CEE of 0.625 mg/d and MPA of 2.5 mg/d ( the most commonly prescribed doses ) and all lower combination doses . CEE of 0.625 mg/d alleviated hot flushes more effectively than the lower doses of CEE alone . VMI improved in all active treatment groups . CONCLUSION ( S ) Lower doses of CEE plus MPA relieve vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy as effectively as commonly prescribed doses
We found high quality evidence that hormone therapy in both primary and secondary prevention conferred no protective effects for all-cause mortality , cardiovascular death , non-fatal myocardial infa rct ion , angina , or revascularisation .
There was no strong evidence of effect on risk of stroke in this group .
Our review findings provide strong evidence that treatment with hormone therapy in post-menopausal women overall , for either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events has little if any benefit and causes an increase in the risk of stroke and venous thromboembolic events
BACKGROUND Evidence from systematic review s of observational studies suggests that hormone therapy may have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease events in post-menopausal women , however the results of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) have had mixed results .
This is an up date d version of a Cochrane review published in 2013 .
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of hormone therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women , and whether there are differential effects between use in primary or secondary prevention .
Secondary aims were to undertake exploratory analyses to ( i ) assess the impact of time since menopause that treatment was commenced ( ≥ 10 years versus < 10 years ) , and where these data were not available , use age of trial participants at baseline as a proxy ( ≥ 60 years of age versus < 60 years of age ) ; and ( ii ) assess the effects of length of time on treatment .