Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .
Role of caloric content on gastric emptying in humans.
1 . This study examined the effects of caloric content ( caloric density and the nature of calories ) on the rate of gastric emptying using the double-sampling gastric aspiration technique . Four test meals of 600 ml ( glucose , 0.1 kcal ml-1 ; pea and whey peptide hydrolysates , both 0.2 kcal ml-1 ; milk protein , 0.7 kcal ml-1 ) were tested in six healthy subjects in r and om order on four separate occasions . 2 . The glucose solution was emptied the fastest with a half-time of 9.4 + /- 1.2 min ( P < 0.05 ) and the milk protein the slowest with a half-time of 26.4 + /- 10.0 min ( P < 0.05 ) ; the pea peptide hydrolysate and whey peptide hydrolysate solutions had half-times of emptying of 16.3 + /- 5.4 and 17.2 + /- 6.1 min , respectively . The rates of gastric emptying for the peptide hydrolysate solutions derived from different protein sources were not different . 3 . Despite the lower rate of gastric emptying for the milk protein solution , the rate of caloric delivery to the duodenum during the early phase of the gastric emptying process was higher than that for the other three solutions ( 46.3 + /- 6 , 63.5 + /- 22 , 62.5 + /- 19 and 113.8 + /- 25 cal min-1 kg-1 for the glucose , pea peptide hydrolysate , whey peptide hydrolysate and milk protein meals , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) . The caloric density of the test solutions was linearly related to the half-time of gastric emptying ( r = 0.96 , P < 0.05 ) as well as to the rate at which calories were delivered to the duodenum ( r = 0.99 , P < 0.001 ) . 4 . This study demonstrates that the rate of gastric emptying is a function of the caloric density of the ingested meal and that a linear relationship exists between these variables . Furthermore , the nature of the calories seems to play a minor role in determining the rate of gastric emptying in humans
Taking knee arthroplasty as an example , patients deemed at low risk of experiencing outcomes such as postoperative pain or chronic pain  may receive intra-articular local anaesthesia infiltration ;  patients at medium risk may obtain additional analgesia via a saphe-nous nerve catheter ; and patients at high risk may also receive nerve blocks and anti-hyperalgesics .
pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty .
catastrophizing , response to experimental heat stimuli , and post-cesarean section pain .
In 1946 , Mendelson 1 showed that pulmonary complications and death could arise in pregnant women because of aspiration of gastric contents .
Since then , prevention of aspiration of gastric contents has contributed significantly to a decrease in maternal deaths .
Warner and colleagues 2 demonstrated in a large series from the Mayo Clinic that no aspiration occurred in pregnant or post-partum women ( probably because of the routine use of prophylactic measures ) , while both its occurrence and severity were significant in emergency procedures .
formation of large informatic data bases , or clinical quality registries , linking preoperative and intraoperative clinical data , imaging , genomics , and cancer and drug prescription data bases .
References 1 Fischer HB , Simanski CJ , Sharp C , et al. A procedure-specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty .
Postoperative pain management : number-needed-to-treat approach versus procedure-specific pain management approach .