Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .
Effect of surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of luting cement to ceramics.
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of three different surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of a Bis-GMA based luting cement to six commercial dental ceramics . METHODS Six disc shaped ceramic specimens ( glass ceramics , glass infiltrated alumina , glass infiltrated zirconium dioxide reinforced alumina ) were used for each test group yielding a total number of 216 specimens . The specimens in each group were r and omly assigned to one of the each following treatment conditions : ( 1 ) hydrofluoric acid etching , ( 2 ) airborne particle abrasion , ( 3 ) tribochemical silica coating . The resin composite luting cement was bonded to the conditioned and silanized ceramics using polyethylene molds . All specimens were tested at dry and thermocycled ( 6.000 , 5 - 55 degrees C , 30 s ) conditions . The shear bond strength of luting cement to ceramics was measured in a universal testing machine ( 1 mm/min ) . RESULTS In dry conditions , acid etched glass ceramics exhibited significantly higher results ( 26.4 - 29.4 MPa ) than those of glass infiltrated alumina ceramics ( 5.3 - 18.1 MPa ) or zirconium dioxide ( 8.1 MPa ) ( ANOVA , P<0.001 ) . Silica coating with silanization increased the bond strength significantly for high-alumina ceramics ( 8.5 - 21.8 MPa ) and glass infiltrated zirconium dioxide ceramic ( 17.4 MPa ) compared to that of airborne particle abrasion ( ANOVA , P<0.001 ) . Thermocycling decreased the bond strengths significantly after all of the conditioning methods tested . SIGNIFICANCE Bond strengths of the luting cement tested on the dental ceramics following surface conditioning methods varied in accordance with the ceramic types . Hydrofluoric acid gel was effective mostly on the ceramics having glassy matrix in their structures . Roughening the ceramic surfaces with air particle abrasion provided higher bond strengths for high-alumina ceramics and the values increased more significantly after silica coating/silanization
Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .