We conclude based on high quality evidence from r and omized controlled trials ( RCT ) , systematic review s and meta-analyses of cohort studies that singling out added sugars as unique culprits for metabolically based diseases such as obesity , diabetes and cardiovascular disease appears inconsistent with modern , high quality evidence and is very unlikely to yield health benefits .
While it is prudent to consume added sugars in moderation , the reduction of these components of the diet without other reductions of caloric sources seems unlikely to achieve any meaningful benefit
Added sugars are a controversial and hotly debated topic .
Consumption of added sugars has been implicated in increased risk of a variety of chronic diseases including obesity , cardiovascular disease , diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) as well as cognitive decline and even some cancers .
Support for these putative associations has been challenged , however , on a variety of fronts .
The purpose of the current review is to summarize high impact evidence including systematic review s , meta-analyses , and r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) , in an attempt to provide an overview of current evidence related to added sugars and health considerations .
This paper is an extension of a symposium held at the Experimental Biology 2015 conference entitled " Sweeteners and Health : Current Underst and ings , Controversies , Recent Research Findings and Directions for Future Research " .
The Association Between Dietary Sodium Intake, ESRD, and All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
OBJECTIVE Many guidelines recommend reduced consumption of salt in patients with type 1 diabetes , but it is unclear whether dietary sodium intake is associated with mortality and end-stage renal disease ( ESRD ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a nationwide multicenter study ( the FinnDiane Study ) between 1998 and 2002 , 2,807 enrolled adults with type 1 diabetes without ESRD were prospect ively followed . Baseline urinary sodium excretion was estimated on a 24-h urine collection . The predictors of all-cause mortality and ESRD were determined by Cox regression and competing risk modeling , respectively . RESULTS The median follow-up for survival analyses was 10 years , during which 217 deaths were recorded ( 7.7 % ) . Urinary sodium excretion was nonlinearly associated with all-cause mortality , such that individuals with the highest daily urinary sodium excretion , as well as the lowest excretion , had reduced survival . This association was independent age , sex , duration of diabetes , the presence and severity of chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) ( estimated glomerular filtration rate [ eGFR ] and log albumin excretion rate ) , the presence of established cardiovascular disease , and systolic blood pressure . During follow-up , 126 patients developed ESRD  ( 4.5 % ) . Urinary sodium excretion was inversely associated with the cumulative incidence of ESRD , such that individuals with the lowest sodium excretion had the highest cumulative incidence of ESRD . CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 1 diabetes , sodium was independently associated with all-cause mortality and ESRD . Although we have not demonstrated causality , these findings support the calls for caution before applying salt restriction universally . Clinical trials must be performed in diabetic patients to formally test the utility/risk of sodium restriction in this setting
We conclude based on high quality evidence from r and omized controlled trials ( RCT ) , systematic review s and meta-analyses of cohort studies that singling out added sugars as unique culprits for metabolically based diseases such as obesity , diabetes and cardiovascular disease appears inconsistent with modern , high quality evidence and is very unlikely to yield health benefits .
While it is prudent to consume added sugars in moderation , the reduction of these components of the diet without other reductions of caloric sources seems unlikely to achieve any meaningful benefit
Added sugars are a controversial and hotly debated topic .
Consumption of added sugars has been implicated in increased risk of a variety of chronic diseases including obesity , cardiovascular disease , diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) as well as cognitive decline and even some cancers .
Support for these putative associations has been challenged , however , on a variety of fronts .
The purpose of the current review is to summarize high impact evidence including systematic review s , meta-analyses , and r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) , in an attempt to provide an overview of current evidence related to added sugars and health considerations .
This paper is an extension of a symposium held at the Experimental Biology 2015 conference entitled " Sweeteners and Health : Current Underst and ings , Controversies , Recent Research Findings and Directions for Future Research " .