A Medline search of research on pharmacotherapy was undertaken , and a previous systematic review on the evidence -based pharmacotherapy of panic disorder was up date d. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors remain a first-line pharmacotherapy of panic disorder , with the serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine also an acceptable early option .
Temporary co-administration of benzodiazepines can be considered .
For patients not responding to first-line agents several pharmacotherapy options are available , but there is a notable paucity of data on the optimal choice
The evidence -based pharmacotherapy of panic disorder continues to evolve .
This paper review s data on first-line pharmacotherapy , evidence for maintenance treatment , and management options for treatment-refractory patients .
Panic attacks and risk of incident cardiovascular events among postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.
CONTEXT Previous studies have documented an association of depression and phobic anxiety with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality , but little is known about the cardiovascular sequelae of panic anxiety . OBJECTIVE To determine whether panic attacks are associated with risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort survey . SETTING Ten clinical centers of the 40-center Women 's Health Initiative . PARTICIPANTS A total of 3369 community-dwelling , generally healthy postmenopausal women ( aged 51 - 83 years ) enrolled between 1997 and 2000 in the Myocardial Ischemia and Migraine Study who completed a question naire about occurrence of panic attacks in the previous 6 months .  MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cardiovascular/cerebrovascular outcomes ( fatal and nonfatal myocardial infa rct ion and stroke ) and all-cause mortality were ascertained after a mean of 5.3 years of follow-up . RESULTS A 6-month history of full-blown panic attacks , endorsed by 10 % of postmenopausal women in this cohort , was associated with both coronary heart disease ( hazard ratio , 4.20 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.76 - 9.99 ) and the combined end point of coronary heart disease or stroke ( hazard ratio , 3.08 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.60 - 5.94 ) after controlling for multiple potential confounders . The hazard ratio for all-cause mortality , excluding those with a history of cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events , was 1.75 ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.04 - 2.94 ) . CONCLUSION Panic attacks are relatively common among postmenopausal women and appear to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in older women
A Medline search of research on pharmacotherapy was undertaken , and a previous systematic review on the evidence -based pharmacotherapy of panic disorder was up date d. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors remain a first-line pharmacotherapy of panic disorder , with the serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine also an acceptable early option .
Temporary co-administration of benzodiazepines can be considered .
For patients not responding to first-line agents several pharmacotherapy options are available , but there is a notable paucity of data on the optimal choice
The evidence -based pharmacotherapy of panic disorder continues to evolve .
This paper review s data on first-line pharmacotherapy , evidence for maintenance treatment , and management options for treatment-refractory patients .