We found high quality evidence that hormone therapy in both primary and secondary prevention conferred no protective effects for all-cause mortality , cardiovascular death , non-fatal myocardial infa rct ion , angina , or revascularisation .
There was no strong evidence of effect on risk of stroke in this group .
Our review findings provide strong evidence that treatment with hormone therapy in post-menopausal women overall , for either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events has little if any benefit and causes an increase in the risk of stroke and venous thromboembolic events
BACKGROUND Evidence from systematic review s of observational studies suggests that hormone therapy may have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease events in post-menopausal women , however the results of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) have had mixed results .
This is an up date d version of a Cochrane review published in 2013 .
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of hormone therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women , and whether there are differential effects between use in primary or secondary prevention .
Secondary aims were to undertake exploratory analyses to ( i ) assess the impact of time since menopause that treatment was commenced ( ≥ 10 years versus < 10 years ) , and where these data were not available , use age of trial participants at baseline as a proxy ( ≥ 60 years of age versus < 60 years of age ) ; and ( ii ) assess the effects of length of time on treatment .
Two polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene--association with bone mass and 5-year change in bone mass with or without hormone-replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study.
The significance of an interrelation between nongenetic factors and genotype effects in the regulation of bone mass is not clear . In this prospect i ve study of 429 healthy early postmenopausal Danish women , we investigated the association between bone mineral density ( BMD ) and the FokI and BsmI polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) gene . Participants were allocated to either hormone-replacement therapy ( HRT ) or no treatment by r and omization or personal choice . After 5 years , 332 women with unchanged treatment status were available for analyses , 98 of these women were still on HRT .  No association with initial BMD or 5-year change in BMD was found for either polymorphism . In women with body mass index ( BMI ) < 25 ( n = 282 ) , the f allele was associated with lower BMD of the hip ( p < 0.001 ) and forearm ( p = 0.001 ) , and the b allele was associated with lower spine BMD ( p = 0.02 ) . Comparing thin/normal weight women with overweight/ obese women of the same genotype , FF women had similar BMD at all measured sites in contrast to Ff and ff women in whom BMD , as expected , was higher in the overweight/obese women . Similar results were found for the BsmI polymorphism with no difference in BMD between BMI groups in BB women . Segregation into groups according to dietary calcium intake did not reveal any genotype association with BMD . These results provide some evidence of a modifying effect of nongenetic factors , specifically BMI , on the association between VDR genotype and BMD . High BMI may protect against lower BMD seen in association with thef or b alleles . In some genotypes ( FF and BB ) , BMI had relatively little effect on BMD
We found high quality evidence that hormone therapy in both primary and secondary prevention conferred no protective effects for all-cause mortality , cardiovascular death , non-fatal myocardial infa rct ion , angina , or revascularisation .
There was no strong evidence of effect on risk of stroke in this group .
Our review findings provide strong evidence that treatment with hormone therapy in post-menopausal women overall , for either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events has little if any benefit and causes an increase in the risk of stroke and venous thromboembolic events
BACKGROUND Evidence from systematic review s of observational studies suggests that hormone therapy may have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease events in post-menopausal women , however the results of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) have had mixed results .
This is an up date d version of a Cochrane review published in 2013 .
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of hormone therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women , and whether there are differential effects between use in primary or secondary prevention .
Secondary aims were to undertake exploratory analyses to ( i ) assess the impact of time since menopause that treatment was commenced ( ≥ 10 years versus < 10 years ) , and where these data were not available , use age of trial participants at baseline as a proxy ( ≥ 60 years of age versus < 60 years of age ) ; and ( ii ) assess the effects of length of time on treatment .