There was some evidence that school-based physical activity interventions had a positive impact on four of the nine outcome measures .
Specifically positive effects were observed for duration of physical activity , television viewing , VO2 max , and blood cholesterol .
Generally , school-based interventions had little effect on physical activity rates , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , BMI , and pulse rate .
At a minimum , a combination of printed educational material s and changes to the school curriculum that promote physical activity result ed in positive effects .
Few changes in outcomes were observed in this up date with the exception of blood cholesterol and physical activity rates .
For example blood cholesterol was no longer positively impacted upon by school-based physical activity interventions .
The evidence suggests the ongoing implementation of school-based physical activity interventions at this time , given the positive effects on behavior and one physical health status measure .
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimates that 1.9 million deaths worldwide are attributable to physical inactivity and at least 2.6 million deaths are a result of being overweight or obese .
In addition , WHO estimates that physical inactivity causes 10 % to 16 % of cases each of breast cancer , colon , and rectal cancers as well as type 2 diabetes , and 22 % of coronary heart disease and the burden of these and other chronic diseases has rapidly increased in recent decades .
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence of the effectiveness of school-based interventions in promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents .
Tracking of health and risk indicators of cardiovascular diseases from teenager to adult: Amsterdam Growth and Health Study.
Cardiovascular disease is recognized as a serious public health problem . Because the underlying pathological processes start shortly after birth , tracking of recognized cardiovascular disease indicators during childhood and adolescence can help in developing preventive pediatric strategies . A prospect i ve follow-up of both genetic and behavioral lifestyle parameters ( serum cholesterol , blood pressure , percentage body fat , maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) , smoking , physical inactivity , and type A behavior ) was design ed . In the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study a population of 93 males and 107 females was measured annually from 1977 to 1980 and a fifth measurement was made in 1985 . In that way longitudinal data covering a period of 8 years was collected for a group of adolescents/adults between 13 and 21 years of age . Analyses of these parameters provided the following results : The stability over the 9 years of tracking cardiovascular disease indicators , measured as the interperiod correlations , is fairly high . It varies from 0.4 to 0.8 in percentage body fat , cholesterol , and VO2max . Blood pressure values are low ( between 0.3 and 0.4 ) . The probability of 13-year-olds having relatively high values of cardiovascular disease indicators on the basis of a quartile distribution with that at age 21 indicated a moderate to high predictive value . According to the literature , the levels of subjects that are continuously relatively high over the years are more in the direction of optimal health than risk values . The exception is for percentage body fat . Interrelation of the seven cardiovascular disease indicators in constantly relatively high-risk and relatively low-risk groups during the teenage period , measured during young adulthood ( 21.5 years ) , appeared to be weak : only males and females with a high percentage body fat and a low VO2max showed significantly high total cholesterol , low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and high total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels . From the three environmental cardiovascular disease indicators ( smoking , physical activity , and type A/B behavior ) measured in 1985 , only physical activity was significantly correlated among males and females with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , percentage body fat , and VO2max . It can be concluded that measurement of percentage body fat in the early teenage period seems to be the most important cardiovascular disease indicator in predicting risk levels in the young adult . The amount of physical activity measured at young adult age is the only behavioral parameter to show a significant interrelation with other cardiovascular disease risk indicators . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS
There was some evidence that school-based physical activity interventions had a positive impact on four of the nine outcome measures .
Specifically positive effects were observed for duration of physical activity , television viewing , VO2 max , and blood cholesterol .
Generally , school-based interventions had little effect on physical activity rates , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , BMI , and pulse rate .
At a minimum , a combination of printed educational material s and changes to the school curriculum that promote physical activity result ed in positive effects .
Few changes in outcomes were observed in this up date with the exception of blood cholesterol and physical activity rates .
For example blood cholesterol was no longer positively impacted upon by school-based physical activity interventions .
The evidence suggests the ongoing implementation of school-based physical activity interventions at this time , given the positive effects on behavior and one physical health status measure .
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimates that 1.9 million deaths worldwide are attributable to physical inactivity and at least 2.6 million deaths are a result of being overweight or obese .
In addition , WHO estimates that physical inactivity causes 10 % to 16 % of cases each of breast cancer , colon , and rectal cancers as well as type 2 diabetes , and 22 % of coronary heart disease and the burden of these and other chronic diseases has rapidly increased in recent decades .
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence of the effectiveness of school-based interventions in promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents .