Because of the heterogeneity and the limited number of studies , there is no sufficient evidence on the potential role of vasomotor symptoms in metabolic health .
However , both high- quality cohort studies , with large study population s and adjustment for multiple confounding variables showed positive associations between vasomotor symptoms and insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus .
These findings suggest that there is an association between vasomotor symptoms and metabolic health outcomes .
The objective of this study was to systematic ally review studies describing the association between vasomotor symptoms and metabolic syndrome , type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in peri- and postmenopausal women .
Plasma sex steroid hormones and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective study
Aims /hypothesis Prospect i ve data directly investigating the role of endogenous sex hormones in diabetes risk have been scant , particularly in women . We aim ed to examine comprehensively plasma sex hormones in connection with risk of developing type 2 diabetes  in postmenopausal women . Methods We conducted a prospect i ve , nested case – control study of  plasma oestradiol , testosterone and dehydroepi and rosterone sulfate  and risk of type 2 diabetes in a cohort of women health professionals with a mean age of 60.3 and 12.2 years since menopause . Among women not using hormone therapy and free of baseline cardiovascular disease , cancer and diabetes , 359 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were matched with 359 controls during an average follow-up of 10 years . Results Oestradiol and testosterone were each strongly and positively associated with risk of type 2 diabetes . After adjustment for BMI , family history , lifestyle and reproductive variables , the multivariable relative risks ( 95 % CI ) comparing the highest vs lowest quintile were 12.6 ( 2.83–56.3 ) for total oestradiol ( p = 0.002 for trend ) , 13.1 ( 4.18–40.8 ) for free oestradiol ( p < 0.001 for trend ) , 4.15 ( 1.21–14.2 ) for total testosterone ( p = 0.019 for trend ) and 14.8 ( 4.44–49.2 ) for free testosterone ( p < 0.001 for trend ) . These associations remained robust after adjusting and accounting for other metabolic syndrome components and baseline HbA1c levels . Conclusions /interpretationIn postmenopausal women , higher plasma levels of oestradiol and testosterone were strongly and prospect ively related to increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes . These prospect i ve data indicate that endogenous levels of sex hormones may play important roles in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes . Clinical Trials.gov ID no. : NCT00000479
Because of the heterogeneity and the limited number of studies , there is no sufficient evidence on the potential role of vasomotor symptoms in metabolic health .
However , both high- quality cohort studies , with large study population s and adjustment for multiple confounding variables showed positive associations between vasomotor symptoms and insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus .
These findings suggest that there is an association between vasomotor symptoms and metabolic health outcomes .
The objective of this study was to systematic ally review studies describing the association between vasomotor symptoms and metabolic syndrome , type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in peri- and postmenopausal women .