The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .
Low vitamin D status is an independent predictor of increased frailty and all-cause mortality in older men: the Health in Men Study.
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Hypovitaminosis D and frailty are common in the older population . We aim ed to determine whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] concentrations are associated with frailty and mortality . DESIGN We conducted a prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Participants included 4203 older men aged 70 - 88 years in Perth , Western Australia . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 25(OH)D was measured by immunoassay  . Frailty was assessed with the 5-point FRAIL ( fatigue , resistance , ambulation , illness , and loss of weight ) scale . Mortality was determined from the death registry via the Western Australian Data Linkage System . RESULTS At baseline , 676 ( 16.1 % ) men were frail , as defined by having ≥3 deficits ( FRAIL scale ≥ 3 ) . In multivariate cross-sectional analysis , low vitamin D status , defined by the lowest quartile of 25(OH)D values ( < 52.9 nmol/L ) , was associated with increased prevalent frailty ( odds ratio , 1.96 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.52 to 2.52 ) in comparison to the highest quartile of 25(OH)D values ( > 81.6 nmol/L ) . After a mean period of 5.3 years , the adjusted odds ratio of being frail at follow-up for men with low vitamin D and having zero deficit at baseline ( FRAIL scale = 0 ) was 1.56 ( 95 % CI , 1.07 to 2.27 ) . Low vitamin D also predicted all-cause mortality over a period of up to 9.2 years ( hazard ratio , 1.20 ; 95 % CI , 1.02 to 1.42 ) , independent of baseline frailty and other covariates . CONCLUSION Hypovitaminosis D is associated with prevalent and incident frailty in older men . Hypovitaminosis D also predicts all-cause mortality , independent of frailty . The association between vitamin D and mortality is not solely dependent on the occurrence of frailty
The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .