Several studies of good quality demonstrated changes in lifestyle habits arising from the provision of genetic interventions .
The most promising lifestyle changes were changes in nutrition .
Conclusions : It is possible to facilitate behaviour change using genetic testing as the catalyst .
Background : Study ing the impact of  genetic testing interventions on lifestyle behaviour change  has been a priority area of research in recent years .
Substantial heterogeneity exists in the results and conclusions of this literature , which has yet to be explained using vali date d behaviour change theory and an assessment of the quality of genetic interventions .
The theory of planned behaviour ( TPB ) helps to explain key contributors to behaviour change .
It has been hypothesized that personalization could be added to this theory to help predict changes in health behaviours .
Purpose : This systematic review provides a detailed , comprehensive identification , assessment , and summary of primary research articles pertaining to  lifestyle behaviour change  ( nutrition , physical activity , sleep , and smoking ) result ing from  genetic testing interventions .
The present review further aims to provide in-depth analyses of studies conducted to date within the context of the TPB and the quality of genetic interventions provided to participants while aim ing to determine whether or not genetic testing facilitates changes in lifestyle habits .
This review is timely in light of a recently published “ call-to-action ” paper , highlighting the need to incorporate the TPB into personalized healthcare behaviour change research .
Effect of Alzheimer disease genetic risk disclosure on dietary supplement use.
BACKGROUND Genetic susceptibility testing for Alzheimer disease ( AD ) with APOE genotype disclosure is not recommended for clinical use but is available through direct-to-consumer ( DTC ) genetic testing companies . Little is known about whether APOE genotype disclosure would actually prompt changes in nutrition behaviors among at-risk individuals . OBJECTIVE We studied the effect of APOE genotype disclosure for AD risk assessment on dietary supplement use in adults with a family history of AD . DESIGN As part of a secondary analysis of data from the second Risk Evaluation and Education for Alzheimer 's Disease Study , we examined the effect of genotype disclosure on health-behavior changes among 272 unaffected first-degree relatives of persons with AD . RESULTS Overall , 16 % of all participants reported a change in dietary supplement use after AD risk assessment . Participants who learned that they had at least one copy of the risk-increasing epsilon4 allele ( epsilon4 + ) had 4.75 times the odds of reporting a change in dietary supplement use than did their counterparts who had an absence of the risk-increasing epsilon4 allele ( epsilon4- ) ( 95 % CI : 2.23 , 10.10 ; P < 0.0001 ) after adjustment for age , sex , race , baseline supplement use , r and omization arm , and educational level . There were no significant differences between APOE epsilon4 + and epsilon4- participants in changes in overall diet , exercise , or medications . CONCLUSIONS In this sample of first-degree relatives receiving genetic susceptibility testing for AD , an APOE epsilon4 + genotype status was positively associated with dietary supplement use after risk disclosure . Such changes occurred despite the absence of evidence that supplement use reduces the risk of AD . Given the expansion of DTC genetic tests , this study highlights the need for future studies in disease risk communication
Several studies of good quality demonstrated changes in lifestyle habits arising from the provision of genetic interventions .
The most promising lifestyle changes were changes in nutrition .
Conclusions : It is possible to facilitate behaviour change using genetic testing as the catalyst .
Background : Study ing the impact of  genetic testing interventions on lifestyle behaviour change  has been a priority area of research in recent years .
Substantial heterogeneity exists in the results and conclusions of this literature , which has yet to be explained using vali date d behaviour change theory and an assessment of the quality of genetic interventions .
The theory of planned behaviour ( TPB ) helps to explain key contributors to behaviour change .
It has been hypothesized that personalization could be added to this theory to help predict changes in health behaviours .
Purpose : This systematic review provides a detailed , comprehensive identification , assessment , and summary of primary research articles pertaining to  lifestyle behaviour change  ( nutrition , physical activity , sleep , and smoking ) result ing from  genetic testing interventions .
The present review further aims to provide in-depth analyses of studies conducted to date within the context of the TPB and the quality of genetic interventions provided to participants while aim ing to determine whether or not genetic testing facilitates changes in lifestyle habits .
This review is timely in light of a recently published “ call-to-action ” paper , highlighting the need to incorporate the TPB into personalized healthcare behaviour change research .