Among secondary endpoints , a significant reduction of maternal insulin ( both in women with or without diabetes ) was observed in the probiotics group .
INTERPRETATION Probiotics during pregnancy do not reduce the incidence of GDM , with a very little ( statistically but not clinical ly significant ) reduction of fasting plasma glucose
AIM To perform a systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) to evaluate the effect of  probiotics in pregnancy on the  incidence of gestational diabetes ( GDM ) and fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) .
Effect of maternal supplement beverage with and without probiotics during pregnancy and lactation on maternal and infant health: a randomized controlled trial in the Philippines
Background Adequate nutrition is essential during pregnancy and lactation to provide sufficient energy and nutrients to meet the nutritional requirements of the mother , fetus and infant . The primary objective of this study was to assess the effect of a maternal nutritional supplement enriched with probiotics during pregnancy and early lactation on the incidence of  infant diarrhea . Methods Healthy , pregnant ( 24–28 weeks gestation ) women were r and omized 1:1:1 to receive either no supplement or two servings per day of an oral supplement ( 140 kcal/serving ) providing 7.9 g protein , multivitamin/minerals , and enriched or not with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis , from the third trimester of pregnancy until at least 2 months post-delivery . Incidence of infant diarrhea until 12 months post-delivery was analyzed by Poisson regression . The effect on maternal health , fetal growth , and infant growth and morbidity were also evaluated and analyzed by ANOVA . Results A total of 208 mother/infant pairs were included in the analysis . No significant difference in the incidence of infant diarrhea was observed between the three study groups . The mean maternal weight gains at delivery were similar among groups , despite an increase in caloric intake in the supplemented groups . No statistically significant differences between groups were observed in incidence of pregnancy-related or fetal adverse outcomes . Mean weight- , length- , BMI - and head circumference-for-age z-scores were below the WHO median value for all groups . Post-hoc analysis to compare the effect of the combined supplement groups versus the no supplement group on infant growth parameters showed , at 12 months , that the combined supplemented group had gained statistically significant more weight ( 8.97 vs. 8.61 kg , p = 0.001 ) and height ( 74.2 vs. 73.4 cm , p = 0.031 ) , and had a higher weight-for-age z-score ( − 0.62 vs. -0.88 , p = 0.045 ) than the no supplement group . Conclusions Maternal nutritional supplement with or without probiotics given during late pregnancy and early lactation was well tolerated and safe . Even though no difference in incidence of infant diarrhea was observed between the three groups , the analysis of the combined supplemented groups showed beneficial effects of maternal supplementation on infant weight and length gains at 12 months . Trial registration Clinical Trial.gov : NCT01073033 . Registered 17.02.2010
Among secondary endpoints , a significant reduction of maternal insulin ( both in women with or without diabetes ) was observed in the probiotics group .
INTERPRETATION Probiotics during pregnancy do not reduce the incidence of GDM , with a very little ( statistically but not clinical ly significant ) reduction of fasting plasma glucose
AIM To perform a systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) to evaluate the effect of  probiotics in pregnancy on the  incidence of gestational diabetes ( GDM ) and fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) .