Studies were primarily related to the assessment of pain in relation to surgical procedures , and no clear distinction was made concerning the onset of acute and chronic pain .
The metrics used within the tools appeared to focus primarily on the sensory aspect of pain , with no study clearly discriminating between the sensory and affective components of pain .
Objectives The objectives were to review systematic ally the range of assessment tools used in cats to detect the behavioural expression of pain and the evidence of their quality ; and to examine behavioural metrics ( considering both the sensory and affective domains ) used to assess pain .
Effect of amantadine on oxymorphone-induced thermal antinociception in cats.
This study examined the effect of amantadine , an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist , on the thermal antinociceptive effect of oxymorphone in cats . Six adult healthy cats were used . After baseline thermal threshold determinations , oxymorphone was administered intravenously to maintain plasma oxymorphone concentrations of 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 , and 400 ng/mL. In addition , amantadine , or an equivalent volume of saline , was administered intravenously to maintain a plasma amantadine concentration of 1100 ng/mL. Thermal threshold and plasma oxymorphone  and amantadine concentrations were determined at each target plasma oxymorphone concentration . Effect maximum models were fitted to the oxymorphone concentration-thermal threshold data , after transformation in % maximum response . Oxymorphone increased skin temperature , thermal threshold , and thermal excursion ( i.e. , the difference between thermal threshold and skin temperature ) in a concentration-dependent manner . No significant difference was found between the amantadine and saline treatments . Mean ± SE oxymorphone EC(50 ) were 14.2 ± 1.2 and 24.2 ± 7.4 ng/mL in the amantadine and saline groups , respectively . These values were not significantly different . Large differences in oxymorphone EC(50 ) in the saline and amantadine treatment groups were observed in two cats . These results suggest that amantadine may decrease the antinociceptive dose of oxymorphone in some , but not all , cats
Studies were primarily related to the assessment of pain in relation to surgical procedures , and no clear distinction was made concerning the onset of acute and chronic pain .
The metrics used within the tools appeared to focus primarily on the sensory aspect of pain , with no study clearly discriminating between the sensory and affective components of pain .
Objectives The objectives were to review systematic ally the range of assessment tools used in cats to detect the behavioural expression of pain and the evidence of their quality ; and to examine behavioural metrics ( considering both the sensory and affective domains ) used to assess pain .