Among the outcomes examined , the highest absolute risk increase was for heart failure .
Associations between atrial fibrillation and included outcomes were broadly consistent across subgroups and in sensitivity analyses .
Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of death and an increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease .
OBJECTIVE To quantify the association between  atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular disease , renal disease , and death .
Associations of ankle-brachial index (ABI) with cerebral arterial disease and vascular events following ischemic stroke.
OBJECTIVES Low ankle-brachial index ( ABI ) , indicative of peripheral arterial disease ( PAD ) , is a risk factor for stroke . ABI has been shown to be associated with cerebral arterial disease and prognosis following stroke . We studied the associations of the degree of ABI lowering with extracranial carotid disease ( ECD ) , intracranial large artery disease ( ICLAD ) , and subsequent vascular events in a prospect i ve cohort of acute ischemic stroke patients . METHODS  ABI , extracranial and intracranial cerebral arteries were assessed in a blinded manner . ABI  was categorized into 0.9 - 1.3 ( normal ) , 0.8 - 0.89 ( mildly lowered ) and < 0.8 ( severely lowered ) . Follow-up data at 1 year were obtained from st and ardized telephone interviews and verified with medical records . RESULTS Among the 1311 patients , 73 % had normal ABI , 13 % had ABI 0.8 - 0.89 and 13 % had ABI < 0.8 . Compared to patients with normal ABI , those with ABI<0.8 had higher prevalence of severe ECD ( 15 % vs. 5 % , p = 0.006 ) and ICLAD ( 72 % vs. 48 % , p = 0.003 ) , even after adjustment for age , gender , hypertension , diabetes , hyperlipidemia , smoking , ischemic heart disease and atrial fibrillation ( severe ECD p < 0.001 , ICLAD p < 0.001 ) . At 1 year , patients with ABI < 0.8 had a higher incidence of composite vascular events ( 19 % vs. 11 % , p = 0.02 ) , stroke ( 15 % vs. 10 % , p = 0.06 ) and myocardial infa rct ion ( 4 % vs. 2 % , p = 0.07 ) than patients with normal ABI . CONCLUSION Among ischemic stroke patients , large cerebral arterial disease and incidence of subsequent vascular events at 1 year were associated with severe ABI lowering < 0.8 , but not with mild ABI lowering ( 0.8 - 0.89 )
Among the outcomes examined , the highest absolute risk increase was for heart failure .
Associations between atrial fibrillation and included outcomes were broadly consistent across subgroups and in sensitivity analyses .
Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of death and an increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease .
OBJECTIVE To quantify the association between  atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular disease , renal disease , and death .