Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .
Functional benefits of tai chi training in senior housing facilities.
OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of tai chi training on functional performance and walking with and without the addition of the performance of a cognitive task , in older adults living in supportive housing facilities . DESIGN Secondary data analysis comparing a single-blind , r and omized controlled trial of tai chi training with an attention-matched educational control intervention with crossover to tai chi . SETTING Two supportive housing facilities . PARTICIPANTS Sixty-six men and women living in supportive housing facilities entered the study , and 57 aged 87±7 completed all study procedures . INTERVENTION Interventions consisted of two 1-hour-long instructor-led group sessions per week for 12 weeks . Tai chi training consisted of movements based upon the Yang-style short form . Educational sessions consisted of lectures and discussion s of age-related health topics . MEASUREMENTS Subjects were tested for physical function ( Short Physical Performance Battery , SPPB ) , balance ( Berg Balance Scale , BBS ) , mobility ( timed up- and -go , TUG ) , and walking speed under normal and cognitive dual-task conditions . RESULTS The tai chi group exhibited greater improvement in SPPB scores ( baseline 8.1±2.9 , follow-up 9.0±2.6 ) than controls ( baseline 8.2±2.6 , follow-up 8.2±2.6 ) ( P=.005 ) . Tai chi also increased normal and dual-task walking speed ( P<.001 ) yet did not affect BBS ( P=.02 ) or TUG ( P=.02 ) after accounting for multiple comparisons . The dual-task cost ( percentage change ) to walking speed was unaffected . After the crossover tai chi intervention , the control group improved performance in the SPPB , BBS , and TUG , and increased walking speed under normal and dual-task conditions ( P=.008 ) . CONCLUSION Tai chi training may be a safe and effective therapy to help improve physical function and dual-task walking in very old adults living in supportive housing facilities
Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .