Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .
Density of tobacco retailers near schools: effects on tobacco use among students.
OBJECTIVES We examined the relationship between students ' tobacco use  and the density and proximity of tobacco retailers near their schools . METHODS We used data from the 2003 - 2004 California Student Tobacco Survey and California retail licensing data . Measures included students ' self-reported tobacco use and geocoded state-reported locations of tobacco retailers . We used r and om-intercept generalized linear mixed modeling to jointly evaluate individual-level and school-level predictors . RESULTS Density of retailers was associated with experimental smoking ( odds ratio [ OR ] = 1.11 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.02 , 1.21 ) but not established smoking ( OR = 1.06 ; 95 % CI = 0.94 , 1.20 ) . The effects on experimental smoking were confined to high school students ( OR = 1.17 ; 95 % CI = 1.06 , 1.29 ) in urban areas ( OR = 1.11 ; 95 % CI = 1.01 , 1.21 ) ; no effects were observed among middle school students or in rural schools . High school students were more likely to obtain cigarettes from a retailer ; middle school students relied more heavily on social sources . CONCLUSIONS Our results support the plausibility of reducing rates of students ' experimental smoking , but not established smoking , by restricting their access to commercial sources of tobacco in urban areas
Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .