Most systematic review s and meta-analyses from controlled feeding trials have shown that fructose-containing sugars in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates do not show evidence of harm and , in the case of fructose , may even have advantages for glycaemic control , especially at small doses .
Nevertheless , trials in which fructose-containing sugars supplement diets with excess energy have shown adverse effects , effects that appear more attributable to the excess energy than the sugar .
There is no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects , although there is potentially cause for concern where fructose is provided at high doses or contributes excess energy to diets .
Concerns are growing regarding the role of dietary sugars in the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases , including diabetes .
High-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) and sucrose are the most important dietary sweeteners .
Both HFCS and sucrose have overlapping metabolic actions with adverse effects attributed to their fructose moiety .
Ecological studies have linked the rise in fructose availability with the increases in obesity and diabetes worldwide .
This link has been largely underpinned by animal models and select human trials of fructose overfeeding at high levels of exposure .
Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men.
BACKGROUND Sugar-sweetened beverages are risk factors for type 2 diabetes ; however , the role of artificially sweetened beverages is unclear . OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the associations of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages with  incident type 2 diabetes .  DESIGN An analysis of healthy men ( n = 40,389 ) from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study , a prospect i ve cohort study , was performed . Cumulatively averaged intakes of sugar-sweetened ( sodas , fruit punches , lemonades , fruit drinks ) and artificially sweetened ( diet sodas , diet drinks ) beverages from food-frequency question naires were tested for associations with type 2 diabetes by using Cox regression . RESULTS There were 2680 cases over 20 y of follow-up . After age adjustment , the hazard ratio ( HR ) for the comparison of the top with the bottom quartile of sugar-sweetened beverage intake was 1.25 ( 95 % CI : 1.11 , 1.39 ; P for trend < 0.01 ) . After adjustment for confounders , including multivitamins , family history , high triglycerides at baseline , high blood pressure , diuretics , pre-enrollment weight change , dieting , total energy , and body mass index , the HR was 1.24 ( 95 % CI : 1.09 , 1.40 ; P for trend < 0.01 ) . Intake of artificially sweetened beverages was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes in the age-adjusted analysis ( HR : 1.91 ; 95 % CI : 1.72 , 2.11 ; P for trend < 0.01 ) but not in the multivariate-adjusted analysis ( HR : 1.09 ; 95 % CI : 0.98 , 1.21 ; P for trend = 0.13 ) . The replacement of one serving of sugar-sweetened beverage with 1 cup ( ≈237 mL ) of coffee was associated with a risk reduction of 17 % . CONCLUSION Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is associated with a significantly elevated risk of type 2 diabetes , whereas the association between artificially sweetened beverages and type 2 diabetes was largely explained by health status , pre-enrollment weight change , dieting , and body mass index
Most systematic review s and meta-analyses from controlled feeding trials have shown that fructose-containing sugars in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates do not show evidence of harm and , in the case of fructose , may even have advantages for glycaemic control , especially at small doses .
Nevertheless , trials in which fructose-containing sugars supplement diets with excess energy have shown adverse effects , effects that appear more attributable to the excess energy than the sugar .
There is no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects , although there is potentially cause for concern where fructose is provided at high doses or contributes excess energy to diets .
Concerns are growing regarding the role of dietary sugars in the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases , including diabetes .
High-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) and sucrose are the most important dietary sweeteners .
Both HFCS and sucrose have overlapping metabolic actions with adverse effects attributed to their fructose moiety .
Ecological studies have linked the rise in fructose availability with the increases in obesity and diabetes worldwide .
This link has been largely underpinned by animal models and select human trials of fructose overfeeding at high levels of exposure .