Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .
Secondhand smoke exposure in the workplace.
BACKGROUND Currently , there is little underst and ing of the relationship between the strength of workplace smoking policies and the likelihood and duration , not just the likelihood , of exposure to secondh and smoke at work . METHODS This study assessed self-reported exposure to secondh and smoke at work in hours per week among a cross-sectional sample of 3650 Massachusetts adults who were employed primarily at a single worksite outside the home that was not mainly outdoors . The sample data were from a larger longitudinal study design ed to examine the effect of community-based tobacco control interventions on adult and youth smoking behavior . Participants were identified through a r and om-digit-dialing  telephone survey . Multiple logistic regression and zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the independent effect of workplace smoking policies on the likelihood and duration of exposure to secondh and smoke . RESULTS Compared to employees whose workplace banned smoking completely , those whose workplace provided design ated smoking areas had 2.9 times the odds of being exposed to secondh and smoke and 1.74 times the duration of exposure , while those with no restrictions had 10.27 times the odds of being exposed and 6.34 times the duration of exposure . CONCLUSIONS Workplace smoking policies substantially reduce the likelihood of self-reported secondh and smoke exposure among employees in the workplace and also greatly affect the duration of exposure
Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified , providing a set of specific evidence -based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation .
Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet , increasing activity , and reducing tobacco use .
The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust , as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps , informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies .
This systematic review identified and grade d the evidence for a range of population -based strategies to promote lifestyle change .
BACKGROUND Poor lifestyle behaviors , including suboptimal diet , physical inactivity , and tobacco use , are leading causes of preventable diseases globally .
Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes , the optimal population -level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established .