Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .
Multicomponent exercises including muscle power training enhance muscle mass, power output, and functional outcomes in institutionalized frail nonagenarians
This r and omized controlled trial examined the effects of multicomponent training on muscle power output , muscle mass , and muscle tissue attenuation ; the risk of falls ; and functional outcomes in frail nonagenarians . Twenty-four elderly ( 91.9 ± 4.1 years old ) were r and omized into intervention or control group . The intervention group performed a twice-weekly , 12-week multicomponent exercise program composed of muscle power training ( 8–10 repetitions , 40–60 % of the one-repetition maximum ) combined with balance and gait retraining .  Strength and power tests were performed on the upper and lower limbs . Gait velocity was assessed using the 5-m habitual gait and the time-up- and -go ( TUG ) tests with and without dual-task performance . Balance was assessed using the FICSIT-4 tests . The ability to rise from a chair test was assessed , and data on the incidence and risk of falls were assessed using question naires . Functional status was assessed before measurements with the Barthel Index . Midthigh lower extremity muscle mass and muscle fat infiltration were assessed using computed tomography . The intervention group showed significantly improved TUG with single and dual tasks , rise from a chair and balance performance ( P < 0.01 ) , and a reduced incidence of falls . In addition , the intervention group showed enhanced muscle power and strength ( P < 0.01 ) . Moreover , there were significant increases in the total and high-density muscle cross-sectional area in the intervention group . The control group significantly reduced strength and functional outcomes . Routine multicomponent exercise intervention should be prescribed to nonagenarians because overall physical outcomes are improved in this population
Evidence from subgroup comparisons showed no difference in treatment-related changes between cognitive-motor and motor-motor dual tasks , or when interventions were compared to active or inactive controls .
In summary , physical exercise interventions can improve dual-task walking in older adults primarily by increasing the speed at which individuals walk in dual-task conditions .
Currently , evidence concerning whether physical exercise interventions reduce DTC or alter the self-selected dual-task strategy during unobstructed walking is greatly lacking , mainly due to the failure of studies to measure and report reciprocal dual-task effects on the non-gait task
Dual-task interference during walking can substantially limit mobility and increase the risk of  falls among community-dwelling older adults .
Previous systematic review s examining intervention effects on dual-task gait and mobility have not assessed relative dual-task costs ( DTC ) or investigated whether there are differences in treatment-related changes based on the type of dual task or the type of control group .
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of physical exercise interventions on dual-task performance during walking in older adults .