Conclusions A multicomponent exercise program of high-speed training combined with simulated functional tasks is promising to enhance functional outcomes .
Due to substantial clinical heterogeneity of the target groups and specific dem and s of exercise modes , it is unclear which exercise program is optimal
Summary Osteoporosis affects many aspects of daily life .
The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects of exercise interventions on functional outcomes in persons with osteoporosis , in comparison with controls .
Exercise effects on bone mass in postmenopausal women are site-specific and load-dependent.
It is considered that skeletal mass in humans may respond to loading or the number of loading cycles . The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a 1 year progressive resistance training program on the bone mass of 56 postmenopausal women . Assignment was by block r and omization to one of two resistance training groups : a strength trained group ( 3 x 8 repetition maximum ) or an endurance group ( 3 x 20 repetition maximum ) . The resistance exercises were selected to stress the ipsilateral forearm and hip region . The exercising side was r and omly assigned with one side exercised while the alternate side acted as the nonexercise control .  Bone mineral density ( BMD ) was measured every 3 months at the radial forearm and four hip sites using the Hologic QDR 2000 bone densitometer . A linear regression function was fitted for each individual 's bone density results , and the slope was compared for the exercise and control side using paired t-tests . The bone mass increase with the strength regimen was significantly greater at the trochanteric hip site ( control -0.6 + /- 2.2 % , exercise 1.7 + /- 4.1 % , p < 0.01 ) , at the intertrochanteric hip site ( control -0.1 + /- 2.1 % , exercise 1.5 + /- 3.0 % , p < 0.05 ) , Ward 's triangle ( control 0.8 + /- 5.2 % , exercise 2.3 + /- 4.0 % , p < 0.05 ) , and at the ultradistal radial site ( control -1.4 + /- 2.3 % , exercise 2.4 + /- 4.3 % , p < 0.01 ) . There was no significant increase in BMD with the endurance regimen except at the radius midsite ( control -1.0 + /- 2.3 % , exercise 0.1 + /- 1.4 % , p < 0.01 ) . In both the endurance and the strength group , muscle strength , tested by a one-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) test , increased significantly for all 10 exercises ( p < 0.01 ) and to a similar degree in the two groups . In the strength group but not the endurance group there were significant correlations between the slope of the change in BMD and the percentage increase in strength as follows : trochanter with leg press ; intertrochanter with leg press ( p < 0.05 ) ; and Ward 's triangle with hip extension and hip adduction ( p < 0.05 ) . Thus these results support the notion of a site-specific response of bone to maximal loading from resistance exercise in that although the trochanter and intertrochanter bone density was elevated by the resistance exercises undertaken , there was no effect on the femoral neck value . Postmenopausal bone mass can be significantly increased by a strength regimen that uses high-load low repetitions but not by an endurance regimen that uses low-load high repetitions . We conclude that the peak load is more important than the number of loading cycles in increasing bone mass in early postmenopausal women
Conclusions A multicomponent exercise program of high-speed training combined with simulated functional tasks is promising to enhance functional outcomes .
Due to substantial clinical heterogeneity of the target groups and specific dem and s of exercise modes , it is unclear which exercise program is optimal
Summary Osteoporosis affects many aspects of daily life .
The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects of exercise interventions on functional outcomes in persons with osteoporosis , in comparison with controls .