We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .
A comparison of the effects of cheese and butter on serum lipids, haemostatic variables and homocysteine.
Milk fat contains considerable amounts of saturated fatty acids , known to increase serum cholesterol . Little is known , however , about the relative effect of different milk products on risk factors for CHD . The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of Jarlsberg cheese ( a Norwegian variety of Swiss cheese ) with butter on serum lipoproteins , haemostatic variables and homocysteine . A controlled dietary study was performed with twenty-two test individuals ( nine men and thirteen women ) aged 23 - 54 years . The subjects consumed three isoenergetic test diets , with equal amounts of fat and protein , and containing either cheese ( CH diet ) , butter + calcium caseinate ( BC diet ) or butter + egg-white protein ( BE diet ) . The study was a r and omised cross-over study and the subjects consumed each diet for 3 weeks , with 1 week when they consumed their habitual diet in between . Fasting blood sample s were drawn at baseline and at the end of each period . Serum was analysed for lipids and plasma for haemostatic variables and homocysteine . Total cholesterol was significantly lower after the CH diet than after the BC diet ( -0.27 mmol/l ; P=0.03 ) , while the difference in LDL-cholesterol was found to be below significance level ( -0.22 mmol/l ; P=0.06 ) . There were no significant differences in HDL-cholesterol , triacylglycerols , apo A-I , apo B or lipoprotein ( a ) , haemostatic variables and homocysteine between the diets . The results indicate that , at equal fat content , cheese may be less cholesterol increasing than butter
We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .