The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .
Prospective association of vitamin D with frailty status and all-cause mortality in older adults: Results from the KORA-Age Study.
OBJECTIVE To assess the prospect i ve association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] levels with frailty status and all-cause mortality in a cohort of community-dwelling participants of the population -based KORA [ Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg]-Age Study . METHODS 727 non-frail participants , aged ≥65years , with 25(OH)D measurement at baseline in 2009 , were followed for 2.9±0.1years . Participants were classified as pre-frail or frail if they met 1 - 2 or ≥3 , respectively , of the following five criteria : weight loss , exhaustion , physical inactivity , low walking speed , weakness . The association between 25(OH)D and mortality was assessed in 954 participants . Multivariable adjusted logistic regression models were calculated for each outcome . RESULTS The incidence of pre-frailty and frailty was 21.2 % and 3.9 % respectively . After multivariable adjustment , participants with very low 25(OH)D levels ( < 15ng/ml vs. ≥30ng/ml ) had a significantly higher odds for pre-frailty ( OR=2.43 [ 95 % CI : 1.17 - 5.03 ] ) and pre-frailty/frailty combined ( OR=2.53 [ 95 % CI : 1.23 - 5.22 ] ) , but not for frailty alone ( OR=2.63 [ 95 % CI : 0.39 - 17.67 ] ) . The association between 25(OH)D and mortality ( OR=3.39 [ 95 % CI : 1.08 - 10.65 ] ) was partly mediated by frailty status . CONCLUSION Very low 25(OH)D levels were independently associated with incident pre-frailty , pre-frailty/frailty combined and all-cause mortality
The vast majority of studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality .
This association appeared to be non-linear , with progressively lower mortality with increasing 25(OH)D up to a point , beyond which there was no further decrease .
There is moderate evidence that vitamin D status is inversely associated with cancer mortality and death due to respiratory diseases , while for cardiovascular mortality , there is weak evidence of an association in observational studies , which is not supported by the data from intervention or Mendelian r and omization studies .
Epidemiological evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality , but it is unclear whether this is explained by reverse causation , and if there are specific causes of death for which vitamin D might be important .