In conclusion , this review supports the hypothesis that hypovitaminosis D is associated with adverse outcomes after diverse surgical procedures .
The importance of vitamin D for musculoskeletal health has long been recognized , and awareness of significant extra-skeletal effects in health and disease is rapidly emerging .
Although it has been possible for many decades to quantify serum markers of vitamin D deficiency , and to correct deficiency at low cost and with high safety , the influence of vitamin D status on post-surgical outcomes has only recently been identified as a research topic of interest .
To the present , these data have not been the subject matter of formal review .
Accordingly , we conducted a systematic review to assess the association between perioperative vitamin D status and outcomes after surgery .
Vitamin D status in neonates undergoing cardiac operations: relationship to cardiopulmonary bypass and association with outcomes.
OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in neonates with congenital heart disease and whether differences exist by race . In addition , we determined the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on vitamin D levels and explored associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] levels and postoperative outcomes . STUDY DESIGN We performed a secondary analysis of a prospect i ve r and omized controlled trial in 70 neonates undergoing cardiac surgery .  The neonates ' 25(OH)D levels were measured in the operating room before skin incision ( baseline ) , at the cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass , and at 24 hours postoperatively . Associations between these levels and clinical outcomes were explored . Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a 25(OH)D level < 20 ng/mL. RESULTS  Vitamin D deficiency was present in 84 % ( 59/70 ) ; concentrations in African Americans ( n = 20 ) were significantly lower than those of Caucasian/other race/ethnicity ( n = 50 ) ( 10.2 ± 4.2 vs 16.0 ± 5.6 ng/mL , P < .0001 ) . The 24-hour postoperative 25(OH)D levels were not different from baseline and correlated with a reduced postoperative inotropic requirement ( r = -0.316 , P = .008 ) . CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in neonates with congenital cardiac defects , and lower postoperative 25(OH)D levels are associated with the need for increased inotropic support in neonates undergoing cardiac operations . These findings support that vitamin D deficiency may play a role in myocardial injury and postoperative recovery and warrants further investigation
In conclusion , this review supports the hypothesis that hypovitaminosis D is associated with adverse outcomes after diverse surgical procedures .
The importance of vitamin D for musculoskeletal health has long been recognized , and awareness of significant extra-skeletal effects in health and disease is rapidly emerging .
Although it has been possible for many decades to quantify serum markers of vitamin D deficiency , and to correct deficiency at low cost and with high safety , the influence of vitamin D status on post-surgical outcomes has only recently been identified as a research topic of interest .
To the present , these data have not been the subject matter of formal review .
Accordingly , we conducted a systematic review to assess the association between perioperative vitamin D status and outcomes after surgery .