These outcomes advance the current underst and ing of Ca digestibility and utilisation , and should contribute towards establishing requirements for digestible Ca .
Consequently , pig diets will be more correctly formulated if digestible Ca values are used in estimating requirements for Ca
Ca digestibility and utilisation in growing pigs are not well understood , and are usually neglected in diet formulation .
This has implication s not only for the accurate determination of its requirements but also for its interactions with other nutrients .
A systematic review and meta- analysis ( meta-regression ) of published trials was carried out to quantify factors affecting Ca absorption and utilisation , and to derive an estimate of Ca endogenous excretion .
Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in copra meal, palm kernel expellers, palm kernel meal, and soybean meal fed to growing pigs.
Sixty-six barrows ( initial BW : 27.4 ± 2.8 kg ) were used to determine the st and ardized total tract digestibility ( STTD ) of P in copra meal ( CM ) , palm kernel expellers from Indonesia ( PKE-IN ) , palm kernel expellers from Costa Rica ( PKE-CR ) , palm kernel meal from Costa Rica ( PKM ) , and soybean meal ( SBM ) without or with exogenous phytase . Pigs were housed individually in metabolism cages and allotted to 11 diets with 6 replicate pigs per diet in a generalized r and omized block design . Five diets were formulated by mixing cornstarch and sugar with CM , PKE-IN , PKE-CR , PKM , or SBM . Five additional diets , which were identical to the initial 5 diets but supplemented with 800 units of phytase , were also formulated . A P-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of P by the pigs . Feces were collected for 5 d using the marker to marker approach after a 5-d adaptation period . Analyzed total P in CM , PKE-IN , PKE-CR , PKM , and SBM was 0.52 , 0.51 , 0.53 , 0.54 , and 0.67 % , respectively . Phytate P was 0.22 , 0.35 , 0.38 , 0.32 , and 0.44 % in CM , PKE-IN , PKE-CR , PKM , and SBM , respectively . Addition of phytase increased ( P < 0.05 ) the apparent total tract digestibility ( ATTD ) of P from 60.6 to 80.8 , 27.3 to 56.5 , 32.6 to 59.9 , 48.9 to 64.1 , and 41.1 to 72.2 % in CM , PKE-IN , PKE-CR , PKM , and SBM , respectively . The ATTD of P in CM was greater ( P < 0.05 ) than in any of the other ingredients . The ATTD of P in SBM and PKM was greater ( P < 0.05 ) than in PKE-IN , with PKE-CR being intermediate . The STTD of P increased ( P < 0.05 ) from 70.6 to 90.3 , 37.6 to 66.4 , 43.2 to 69.9 , 57.9 to 73.5 , and 49.6 to 81.1 % in CM , PKE-IN , PKE-CR , PKM , and SBM , respectively , when microbial phytase was added to the diets . When expressed as a percentage of total P , phytate P concentration in the ingredient negatively affected ( P < 0.05 ) the ATTD of P ( 107.09 - 1.0564 × % phytate P ; R(2 ) = 87.1 ) and the STTD of P ( 116.3 - 1.0487 × % phytate P ; R(2 ) = 89.4 ) . In conclusion , microbial phytase increased P digestibility of CM , PKM , PKE-CR , PKE-IN , and SBM when fed to growing pigs , and the concentration of phytate P affects the response to microbial phytase
These outcomes advance the current underst and ing of Ca digestibility and utilisation , and should contribute towards establishing requirements for digestible Ca .
Consequently , pig diets will be more correctly formulated if digestible Ca values are used in estimating requirements for Ca
Ca digestibility and utilisation in growing pigs are not well understood , and are usually neglected in diet formulation .
This has implication s not only for the accurate determination of its requirements but also for its interactions with other nutrients .
A systematic review and meta- analysis ( meta-regression ) of published trials was carried out to quantify factors affecting Ca absorption and utilisation , and to derive an estimate of Ca endogenous excretion .