Conclusions Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines including , hs-CRP , TNF-a , IL-6 , IL-12 , and IL-4 , but it did not influence IL-1B , IL-8 , IFN-g , and IL-17 concentrations .
A significant increase in serum concentrations of IL-10 , as a anti-inflammatory cytokine was also documented after probiotic supplementation
Purpose No study has summarized earlier findings on the effect of probiotic supplementation on  inflammatory biomarkers .
This systematic review and meta- analysis was conducted to systematic ally review the available placebo-controlled clinical trials about the effect of probiotic supplementation  on several inflammatory biomarkers in adults .
Impact of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii on the gut microbiome composition in HIV-treated patients: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Dysbalance in gut microbiota has been linked to increased microbial translocation , leading to chronic inflammation in HIV- patients , even under effective HAART . Moreover , microbial translocation is associated with insufficient reconstitution of CD4+T cells , and contributes to the pathogenesis of immunologic non-response . In a double-blind , r and omised , placebo-controlled trial , we recently showed that , compared to placebo , 12 weeks treatment with probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii significantly reduced plasma levels of bacterial translocation ( Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein or LBP ) and systemic inflammation ( IL-6 ) in 44 HIV virologically suppressed patients , half of whom ( n = 22 ) had immunologic non-response to antiretroviral therapy ( < 270 CD4+Tcells/μL despite long-term suppressed viral load ) . The aim of the present study was to investigate if this beneficial effect of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii is due to modified gut microbiome composition , with a decrease of some species associated with higher systemic levels of microbial translocation and inflammation . In this study , we used 16S rDNA gene amplification and parallel sequencing to analyze the probiotic impact on the composition of the gut microbiome ( faecal sample s ) in these 44 patients r and omized to receive oral supplementation with probiotic or placebo for 12 weeks . Compared to the placebo group , in individuals treated with probiotic we observed lower concentrations of some gut species , such as those of the Clostridiaceae family , which were correlated with systemic levels of bacterial translocation and inflammation markers . In a sub- study of these patients , we observed significantly higher parameters of microbial translocation ( LBP , soluble CD14 ) and systemic inflammation in immunologic non-responders than in immunologic responders , which was correlated with a relative abundance of specific gut bacterial groups ( Lachnospiraceae genus and Proteobacteria ) . Thus , in this work , we propose a new therapeutic strategy using the probiotic yeast S. boulardii to modify gut microbiome composition . Identifying pro-inflammatory species in the gut microbiome could also be a useful new marker of poor immune response and a new therapeutic target
Conclusions Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines including , hs-CRP , TNF-a , IL-6 , IL-12 , and IL-4 , but it did not influence IL-1B , IL-8 , IFN-g , and IL-17 concentrations .
A significant increase in serum concentrations of IL-10 , as a anti-inflammatory cytokine was also documented after probiotic supplementation
Purpose No study has summarized earlier findings on the effect of probiotic supplementation on  inflammatory biomarkers .
This systematic review and meta- analysis was conducted to systematic ally review the available placebo-controlled clinical trials about the effect of probiotic supplementation  on several inflammatory biomarkers in adults .