As for physical exercise modalities , aerobic exercise , but not other modalities , increased adiponectin and reduced leptin levels .
In conclusion , physical exercise and , specifically , aerobic exercise , leads to higher adiponectin and lower leptin levels  in prediabetic and diabetic adults .
It is speculated that lifestyle interventions known to improve diabetic metabolic state may exert their effects via adipokines .
The aim of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to evaluate the chronic effects of physical exercise on adiponectin and leptin levels in adult prediabetic and diabetic individuals .
A 12-week sports-based exercise programme for inactive Indigenous Australian men improved clinical risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
OBJECTIVES This study assessed the effect of a 12-week sports-based exercise intervention on glucose regulation , anthropometry and inflammatory markers associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) in Indigenous Australian men . DESIGN Twenty-six inactive Indigenous Australian men ( 48.6±6.6 years ) were r and omized into exercise ( n=16 ) or control (n=10)conditions . METHODS Training included ∼2 - 3 days/week for 12 weeks of sports and gym exercises in a group environment , whilst control participants maintained normal activity and dietary patterns . Pre- and post-intervention testing included : anthropometry , peak aerobic capacity , fasting blood chemistry of inflammatory cytokines , adiponectin , leptin , cholesterol , glucose , insulin and C-peptide . An oral glucose tolerance test measured glucose , insulin and C-peptide 30 , 60 , 90 and 120min post 75 g glucose ingestion . RESULTS The exercise condition decreased insulin area under the curve ( 25±22 % ) , increased estimated insulin sensitivity ( 35±62 % ) and decreased insulin resistance ( 9±35 % ; p<0.05 ) , compared with control ( p>0.05 ) . The exercise condition decreased in body mass index , waist circumference and waist to hip ratio ( p<0.05 ) , compared to control ( p>0.05 ) . Leptin decreased in the exercise group , with no changes for adiponectin ( p>0.05 ) or inflammatory markers ( p>0.05 ) in either condition . Aerobic fitness variables showed significant increases in peak oxygen consumption for the exercise condition compared to no change in control ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate positive clinical outcomes in metabolic , anthropometric and aerobic fitness variables . This study provides evidence for sport and group-based activities leading to improved clinical risk factors associated with T2DM development in clinical ly obese Indigenous Australian men
As for physical exercise modalities , aerobic exercise , but not other modalities , increased adiponectin and reduced leptin levels .
In conclusion , physical exercise and , specifically , aerobic exercise , leads to higher adiponectin and lower leptin levels  in prediabetic and diabetic adults .
It is speculated that lifestyle interventions known to improve diabetic metabolic state may exert their effects via adipokines .
The aim of this systematic review and meta- analysis was to evaluate the chronic effects of physical exercise on adiponectin and leptin levels in adult prediabetic and diabetic individuals .