WIDER IMPLICATION S The findings of this review indicate that alcohol consumption , particularly low and moderate alcohol intake , might be associated with later onset of menopause although the magnitude of the association is low .
BACKGROUND Early onset of menopause is associated with long-term health risks , including cardiovascular disease and premature death .
Although alcohol intake has been suggested to affect the age at which natural menopause occurs , results from observational studies are not consistent .
OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In the view of the differing risks to the health of early menopause and the increasing trends in alcohol consumption in women , in this systematic review , we aim ed to quantify the association between all levels of alcohol consumption and menopause onset .
Associations of physical activity and diet with the onset of menopause in Japanese women
Objective Prospect i ve studies on physical activity and diet and the onset of natural menopause are scarce . The aim of this study was to examine the association of physical activity and dietary factors potentially related to endogenous estrogen levels such as fats , dietary fiber , soy isoflavones , and alcohol with the onset of  menopause in a cohort of premenopausal women . Methods Study participants were 3,115 premenopausal Japanese women aged 35 to 56 years derived from the participants in the Takayama Study .  Physical activity  was assessed by a vali date d question naire at baseline , and the metabolic equivalent score was calculated . The  dietary intakes  were estimated by a vali date d food frequency question naire at baseline and adjusted for total energy .  Menopause status was defined as the absence of menstruation for 12 months or more . The Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratio of the occurrence of menopause after controlling for age , parity , body mass index , smoking status , years of education , and lifelong irregular menstrual cycle . Results During the 10-year follow-up , 1,790 women experienced natural menopause . A high physical activity level and a high intake of polyunsaturated fat were moderately but significantly associated with the earlier onset of menopause ; the hazard ratios for the highest versus lowest quartile were 1.17 ( 95 % CI , 1.02 - 1.34 ) for physical activity and 1.15 ( 95 % CI , 1.01 - 1.31 ) for polyunsaturated fat intake . Total fat , other types of fat , dietary fiber , soy isoflavones , and alcohol were not associated with the onset of menopause . Conclusions These data suggest that high levels of physical activity and polyunsaturated fat intake are associated with earlier onset of menopause
WIDER IMPLICATION S The findings of this review indicate that alcohol consumption , particularly low and moderate alcohol intake , might be associated with later onset of menopause although the magnitude of the association is low .
BACKGROUND Early onset of menopause is associated with long-term health risks , including cardiovascular disease and premature death .
Although alcohol intake has been suggested to affect the age at which natural menopause occurs , results from observational studies are not consistent .
OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In the view of the differing risks to the health of early menopause and the increasing trends in alcohol consumption in women , in this systematic review , we aim ed to quantify the association between all levels of alcohol consumption and menopause onset .