Other benefits included fewer episodes of feed intolerance , better weight gain and growth velocity , decreased transition time from orogastric to breast feeds , and increased postpr and ial mesenteric flow .
There were no adverse effects of probiotic supplementation .
Probiotics reduced the time to full enteral feeds  in preterm neonates .
INTRODUCTION The optimization of enteral nutrition is a priority in preterm neonates worldwide .
Probiotics are known to improve gut maturity and function in preterm neonates .
To our knowledge , previous systematic review s have not adequately assessed the effects of probiotic supplementation on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates .
OBJECTIVE We assessed the evidence on effects of probiotics on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates .
Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life.
BACKGROUND Formula feeding or overweight in infancy may increase the later risk of obesity , but the mechanisms involved are uncertain . Because obesity is associated with high leptin concentrations relative to fat mass , programming of leptin concentrations may be one mechanism by which early nutrition influences later obesity . OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that high nutrient intake or formula feeding in infancy programs greater leptin concentrations relative to fat mass in later life . DESIGN Serum leptin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in 197 adolescents aged 13 - 16 y who were born preterm and r and omly assigned at birth to receive either a nutrient-enriched preterm formula or banked donated breast milk ( trial 1 ) or a preterm formula or a st and ard formula ( trial 2 ) . Fat mass was estimated with the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis . RESULTS After combining the results of trials 1 and 2 as planned , the ratio of leptin to fat mass was significantly greater in the children who received the preterm formula ( geometric : 0.84 microg x L(-1 ) x kg(-1 ) ) than in those who received st and ard formula or banked breast milk ( 0.62 microg x L(-1 ) x kg(-1 ) ; mean difference : 30.8 % ; 95 % CI for difference : 8.4 % , 53.2 % ; P = 0.007 ) . The difference between the diet groups remained significant after adjustment for age , sex , Tanner stage , social class , and fat mass . Human milk intake was significantly associated with lower leptin concentrations relative to fat mass in adolescence ( P = 0.023 ) , independent of potential confounding factors . CONCLUSION Programming of relative leptin concentrations by early diet may be one mechanism that links early nutrition with later obesity
Other benefits included fewer episodes of feed intolerance , better weight gain and growth velocity , decreased transition time from orogastric to breast feeds , and increased postpr and ial mesenteric flow .
There were no adverse effects of probiotic supplementation .
Probiotics reduced the time to full enteral feeds  in preterm neonates .
INTRODUCTION The optimization of enteral nutrition is a priority in preterm neonates worldwide .
Probiotics are known to improve gut maturity and function in preterm neonates .
To our knowledge , previous systematic review s have not adequately assessed the effects of probiotic supplementation on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates .
OBJECTIVE We assessed the evidence on effects of probiotics on enteral nutrition in preterm neonates .