We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .
Effects of partially hydrogenated fish oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, and butter on serum lipoproteins and Lp[a] in men.
We have compared the effects of partially hydrogenated fish oil ( PHFO-diet ) , partially hydrogenated soybean oil ( PHSO-diet ) , and butterfat ( butter-diet ) on  serum lipids and lipoprotein[a ] in 31 young men . The three test margarines , which contributed 78 % of total fat in the diets , were produced from 70 % of butterfat , PHSO , or PHFO , each with 30 % of soybean oil . Fat provided about 35 % of energy , and trans fatty acids 0.9 % , 8.5 % , and 8.0 % of energy in the butter- , the PHSO- , and the PHFO-diet , respectively . Dietary cholesterol was balanced by the addition of dried egg powder to the PHSO- and the butter-diet ; thus all diets contained 420 mg dietary cholesterol per 10 MJ per day . The subjects consumed all three test diets for 19 - 21 days in a r and om order ( crossover design ) . The serum levels of total and LDL-cholesterol were significantly elevated on the PHFO-diet ( mean values 5.42 and 3.94 mmol/L , respectively ) compared to the PHSO-diet ( 5.11 and 3.58 mmol/L , respectively ) but not different from those on the butter-diet ( 5.32 and 3.81 mmol/L , respectively ) . LDL-cholesterol was significantly reduced on the PHSO-diet compared to the butter-diet . The level of HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower on the PHFO-diet ( 0.98 mmol/L ) when compared to the butter-diet ( 1.05 mmol/L ) and with border-line significance compared to the PHSO-diet ( 1.05 mmol/L ) . The ratio of LDL- to HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher on the PHFO-diet ( 4.20 ) when compared to both other test diets ( 3.85 and 3.65 , respectively ) . No significant differences in triglyceride values were observed . Lp[a ] increased and apoA-I decreased significantly after consumption of both the PHSO-diet and the PHFO-diet , compared to the butter-diet . In conclusion , our results indicate that consumption of PHFO may unfavorably affect lipid risk indicators for coronary heart disease at least to the same extent as butterfat . To what extent the observed effects are due to the content of monoene trans , diene trans , or to the long chain saturated fatty acids in PHFO remains to be eluci date
We found no relationship between  R-TFA intake levels of up to 4.19 % of daily energy intake ( EI ) and changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as TC : HDL-C and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C):HDL-C ratios .
In addition , a multivariate regression analysis that included other dietary variables , as well as subject baseline characteristics , confirmed that doses of R-TFA did not significantly influence the changes in the lipid ratio .
Our findings showed that doses of R-TFA did not influence the changes in the ratios of plasma TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C. These data suggest that TFA from natural sources , at least at the current levels of intake and up to 4.19 % EI , have no adverse effects on these key CVD risk markers in healthy people
The effects of ruminant ( R ) trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) on the risk of CVD are still under debate .
It could be argued that the lack of the effect of R-TFA may be the result of the small amount of their intake .
Taking into consideration the growing available data from intervention studies , we carried out a systematic review and meta-regression to assess the impact of R-TFA intake levels on changes in the total cholesterol : HDL-cholesterol ( TC : HDL-C ) ratio .