The associations were largely consistent and significant among individuals from different socioeconomic background s and baseline characteristics .
Conclusions /interpretationAdoption of a healthy lifestyle is associated with substantial risk reduction in type 2 diabetes and long-term adverse outcomes among diabetic individuals .
Aims /hypothesisA healthy lifestyle has been widely recommended for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes .
However , no systematic review has summarised the relationship between combined lifestyle factors ( including , but not limited to , smoking , alcohol drinking , physical activity , diet and being overweight or obese ) and  incident type 2 diabetes and risk of health outcomes among diabetic individuals .
Lifestyle and the risk of diabetes mellitus in a Japanese population
The objective was to examine the association between lifestyle and risk for diabetes . For an average of 9.9 years , this study prospect ively followed a cohort of 7,211 ( 2,524 men and 4,687 women ) community residents aged 30–69 years without diabetes at a health check-up conducted between April 1990 and March 1992 until diabetes was confirmed or until the end of 2006 . The subjects were divided into 6 groups according to their total scores of Breslow ’s lifestyle index ( 1–2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 and 7 points ) . The association between lifestyle and diabetes incidence was investigated using Cox proportional hazards regression models . The results showed that the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios were 0.45 in subjects who scored 5 points , 0.39 in subjects who scored 6 points , and 0.31 in subjects who scored 7 points , compared with subjects who scored 1–2 points . These data indicate that the healthy behaviors prevent the incidence of diabetes
The associations were largely consistent and significant among individuals from different socioeconomic background s and baseline characteristics .
Conclusions /interpretationAdoption of a healthy lifestyle is associated with substantial risk reduction in type 2 diabetes and long-term adverse outcomes among diabetic individuals .
Aims /hypothesisA healthy lifestyle has been widely recommended for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes .
However , no systematic review has summarised the relationship between combined lifestyle factors ( including , but not limited to , smoking , alcohol drinking , physical activity , diet and being overweight or obese ) and  incident type 2 diabetes and risk of health outcomes among diabetic individuals .