Women taking HT had a significantly decreased incidence of fracture with long-term use .
Research ers found no strong evidence that HT has a clinical ly meaningful impact on the incidence of colorectal cancer .
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS : Women with intolerable menopausal symptoms may wish to weigh the benefits of symptom relief against the small absolute risk of harm arising from short-term use of low-dose HT , provided they do not have specific contraindications .
HT may be unsuitable for some women , including those at increased risk of cardiovascular disease , increased risk of thromboembolic disease ( such as those with obesity or a history of venous thrombosis ) or increased risk of some types of cancer ( such as breast cancer , in women with a uterus ) .
The risk of endometrial cancer among women with a uterus taking oestrogen-only HT is well documented .
HT is not indicated for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease or dementia , nor for prevention of deterioration of cognitive function in postmenopausal women .
Although HT is considered effective for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis , it is generally recommended as an option only for women at significant risk for whom non-oestrogen therapies are unsuitable .
BACKGROUND : Hormone therapy ( HT ) is widely provided for control of menopausal symptoms and has been used for the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease , osteoporosis and  dementia in older women .
This is an up date d version of a Cochrane review first published in 2005 .
OBJECTIVES : To assess effects of long-term HT ( at least 1 year 's duration ) on mortality , cardiovascular outcomes , cancer , gallbladder disease , fracture and cognition in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women during and after cessation of treatment .
Effect of a unique constant-estrogen, pulsed-progestin hormone replacement therapy containing 17beta-estradiol and norgestimate on endometrial histology.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a 17beta-estradiol(E2)/norgestimate ( NGM ) HRT regimen , which provides constant estrogen in combination with pulsed progestin administration , on endometrial histology in healthy postmenopausal women 40 to 65 years of age who had experienced natural menopause at least 12 months before the start of the study . METHODS A total of 1,253 postmenopausal women were r and omized to receive either continuous 1 mg E2 , or constant estrogen , pulsed progestin regimens of 1 mg E2/30 microg NGM , 1 mg E2/90 microg NGM , or 1 mg E2/180 microg NGM ( 3 days on , 3 days off ) in a 12-month , multicenter , double-blind study . Endometrial biopsies were obtained pre- and post-treatment , and were evaluated by at least 2 ( if required , by 3 ) pathologists who were blinded with respect to treatment and to each other 's diagnosis . RESULTS At the end of the study , no cases of endometrial hyperplasia were diagnosed in subjects who received E2 1 mg/NGM 90 microg or E21 mg/NGM 180 microg , whereas 74 ( 28 % ) and 16 ( 6 % ) cases of endometrial hyperplasia were diagnosed in subjects who received continuous E2 1 mg and E2 1 mg/NGM 30 microg , respectively . A dose-related endometrial response to  NGM  was apparent ( P < .001 ) . The percentage of patients with inactive/atrophic endometrium increased with NGM dose . CONCLUSION The results of this study support the safety and efficacy of this unique HRT regimen and suggest that the minimal NGM dose required to protect the endometrium from hyperplasia in a pulsed progestin regimen consisting of continuous E2 1 mg is 90 microg
Women taking HT had a significantly decreased incidence of fracture with long-term use .
Research ers found no strong evidence that HT has a clinical ly meaningful impact on the incidence of colorectal cancer .
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS : Women with intolerable menopausal symptoms may wish to weigh the benefits of symptom relief against the small absolute risk of harm arising from short-term use of low-dose HT , provided they do not have specific contraindications .
HT may be unsuitable for some women , including those at increased risk of cardiovascular disease , increased risk of thromboembolic disease ( such as those with obesity or a history of venous thrombosis ) or increased risk of some types of cancer ( such as breast cancer , in women with a uterus ) .
The risk of endometrial cancer among women with a uterus taking oestrogen-only HT is well documented .
HT is not indicated for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease or dementia , nor for prevention of deterioration of cognitive function in postmenopausal women .
Although HT is considered effective for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis , it is generally recommended as an option only for women at significant risk for whom non-oestrogen therapies are unsuitable .
BACKGROUND : Hormone therapy ( HT ) is widely provided for control of menopausal symptoms and has been used for the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease , osteoporosis and  dementia in older women .
This is an up date d version of a Cochrane review first published in 2005 .
OBJECTIVES : To assess effects of long-term HT ( at least 1 year 's duration ) on mortality , cardiovascular outcomes , cancer , gallbladder disease , fracture and cognition in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women during and after cessation of treatment .