Overall , the current literature supports clearly the dose-response relationship between physical activity and the seven chronic conditions identified .
Moreover , higher levels of physical activity reduce the risk for premature all-cause mortality .
The current Canadian guidelines appear to be appropriate to reduce the risk for the seven chronic conditions identified above and all-cause mortality
This systematic review examines critically the scientific basis for Canada 's Physical Activity Guide for Healthy Active Living for adults .
Particular reference is given to the dose-response relationship between physical activity and premature all-cause mortality and seven chronic diseases ( cardiovascular disease , stroke , hypertension , colon cancer , breast cancer , type 2 diabetes ( diabetes mellitus ) and osteoporosis ) .
The strength of the relationship between physical activity and specific health outcomes is evaluated critically .
Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study.
CONTEXT Multiple factors contribute to mortality in older adults , but the extent to which sub clinical disease and other factors contribute independently to mortality risk is not known . OBJECTIVE To determine the disease , functional , and personal characteristics that jointly predict mortality in community-dwelling men and women aged 65 years or older . DESIGN Prospect i ve population -based cohort study with 5 years of follow-up and a validation cohort of African Americans with 4.25-year follow-up . SETTING Four US communities . PARTICIPANTS A total of 5201 and 685 men and women aged 65 years or older in the original and African American cohorts , respectively . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Five-year mortality . RESULTS In the main cohort , 646 deaths ( 12 % ) occurred within 5 years . Using Cox proportional hazards models , 20 characteristics ( of 78 assessed ) were each significantly ( P<.05 ) and independently associated with mortality : increasing age , male sex , income less than $ 50000 per year , low weight , lack of moderate or vigorous exercise , smoking for more than 50 pack-years , high brachial ( > 169 mm Hg ) and low tibial ( < or = 127 mm Hg ) systolic blood pressure , diuretic use by those without hypertension or congestive heart failure , elevated fasting glucose level ( > 7.2 mmol/L [ 130 mg/dL ] ) , low albumin level ( < or = 37 g/L ) , elevated creatinine level ( > or = 106 micromol/L [ 1.2 mg/dL ] ) , low forced vital capacity ( < or = 2.06 mL ) , aortic stenosis ( moderate or severe ) and abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction ( by echocardiography ) , major electrocardiographic abnormality , stenosis of internal carotid artery ( by ultrasound ) , congestive heart failure , difficulty in any instrumental activity of daily living , and low cognitive function by Digit Symbol Substitution test score . Neither high-density lipoprotein cholesterol nor low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was associated with mortality . After adjustment for other factors , the association between age and mortality diminished , but the reduction in mortality with female sex persisted . Finally , the risk of mortality was vali date d in the second cohort ; quintiles of risk ranged from 2 % to 39 % and 0 % to 26 % for the 2 cohorts . CONCLUSIONS Objective measures of sub clinical disease and disease severity were independent and joint predictors of 5-year mortality in older adults , along with male sex , relative poverty , physical activity , smoking , indicators of frailty , and disability . Except for history of congestive heart failure , objective , quantitative measures of disease were better predictors of mortality than was clinical history of disease
Overall , the current literature supports clearly the dose-response relationship between physical activity and the seven chronic conditions identified .
Moreover , higher levels of physical activity reduce the risk for premature all-cause mortality .
The current Canadian guidelines appear to be appropriate to reduce the risk for the seven chronic conditions identified above and all-cause mortality
This systematic review examines critically the scientific basis for Canada 's Physical Activity Guide for Healthy Active Living for adults .
Particular reference is given to the dose-response relationship between physical activity and premature all-cause mortality and seven chronic diseases ( cardiovascular disease , stroke , hypertension , colon cancer , breast cancer , type 2 diabetes ( diabetes mellitus ) and osteoporosis ) .
The strength of the relationship between physical activity and specific health outcomes is evaluated critically .