Subgroup analyses showed the most marked relation between sugar intakes and lipids in studies in which efforts were made to ensure an energy balance and when no difference in weight change was reported .
CONCLUSIONS Dietary sugars  influence blood pressure and serum lipids .
The relation is independent of effects of  sugars on body weight .
BACKGROUND Dietary sugars have been suggested as a cause of obesity , several chronic diseases , and a range of cardiometabolic risk factors , but there is no convincing evidence of a causal relation between sugars and risk factors other than body weight .
OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials that examined effects of the modification of dietary free sugars on blood pressure and lipids .
THE TWO-PERIOD CHANGE-OVER DESIGN AN ITS USE IN CLINICAL TRIALS.
Some properties of the two-period change-over design are investigated . It is shown that if the effect of subjects is assumed to be a r and om variable , the difference between the direct effects and the differenice between the residual effects of treatments are estimable , but the difference between periods is not . The amount of experimentation necessary to achieve a specified power of the test of e quality of the direct effects of treatments result ing from a two-period change-over design is compared to the amount required for a design in which the subjects are assigned r and omly to a single treatment . This comparison shows that the two-period changeover design is preferable when the residual effects of the treatments are equal and the correlation between the response to the two tieatments is positive . Otherwise the design in which there is r and om assignment to a single treatment is preferable
Subgroup analyses showed the most marked relation between sugar intakes and lipids in studies in which efforts were made to ensure an energy balance and when no difference in weight change was reported .
CONCLUSIONS Dietary sugars  influence blood pressure and serum lipids .
The relation is independent of effects of  sugars on body weight .
BACKGROUND Dietary sugars have been suggested as a cause of obesity , several chronic diseases , and a range of cardiometabolic risk factors , but there is no convincing evidence of a causal relation between sugars and risk factors other than body weight .
OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials that examined effects of the modification of dietary free sugars on blood pressure and lipids .