The results confirmed the presence of a relation between executive functions and overweight/obesity , although the directionality of this relation was not clear ; nor did any single executive function emerge as being more involved than others in this relation .
Despite this , there was evidence of a reciprocal influence between executive functions and overweight/obesity .
Conclusions : This systematic review underlines the presence of a relationship between executive functions and overweight/obesity .
Moreover , it seems to suggest a bidirectional trend in this relationship that could be the cause of the failure of interventions for weight reduction .
Background : The increasing incidence of people affected by overweight or obesity is a significant health problem .
The knowledge of the factors which influences the inappropriate eating behaviors causing excessive body fat is an essential goal for the research .
Overweight and obesity are significant risk factors for many health diseases , such as cardiovascular problems , diabetes .
Recently , many studies have focused on the relationship between body weight and cognitive processes .
Objectives : This systematic review is aim ed to investigate the existence and the nature of the relationship between excessive body weight ( overweight/obesity ) and executive functions , analyzing cross-sectional , and longitudinal studies in order to verify the evidence of a possible causality between these variables .
Maternal feeding practices, child eating behaviour and body mass index in preschool-aged children: a prospective analysis
Background Previous research has found associations between parental feeding practice s and children 's eating behaviour and weight status .  Prospect i ve research is needed to eluci date these relationships . Methods One hundred and fifty-six mothers of 2- to 4-year-old children completed question naires including measures of maternal feeding practice s ( pressure to eat , restriction , monitoring and modelling of healthy eating )  , child eating behaviour ( food responsiveness , food fussiness and interest in food ) , and mother reported child height and weight . The question naire was repeated 12 months later . Regression analyses were used to find longitudinal associations between maternal feeding practice s , child eating behaviour and child body mass index ( BMI ) . Results Modelling of healthy eating predicted lower child food fussiness and higher interest in food one year later , and pressure to eat predicted lower child interest in food . Restriction did not predict changes in child eating behaviour .  Maternal feeding practice s did not prospect ively predict child food responsiveness or child BMI . Conclusion Maternal feeding practice s appear to influence young children 's  eating behaviour but not weight status in the short term
The results confirmed the presence of a relation between executive functions and overweight/obesity , although the directionality of this relation was not clear ; nor did any single executive function emerge as being more involved than others in this relation .
Despite this , there was evidence of a reciprocal influence between executive functions and overweight/obesity .
Conclusions : This systematic review underlines the presence of a relationship between executive functions and overweight/obesity .
Moreover , it seems to suggest a bidirectional trend in this relationship that could be the cause of the failure of interventions for weight reduction .
Background : The increasing incidence of people affected by overweight or obesity is a significant health problem .
The knowledge of the factors which influences the inappropriate eating behaviors causing excessive body fat is an essential goal for the research .
Overweight and obesity are significant risk factors for many health diseases , such as cardiovascular problems , diabetes .
Recently , many studies have focused on the relationship between body weight and cognitive processes .
Objectives : This systematic review is aim ed to investigate the existence and the nature of the relationship between excessive body weight ( overweight/obesity ) and executive functions , analyzing cross-sectional , and longitudinal studies in order to verify the evidence of a possible causality between these variables .