At the class level , behavioural therapy ( alone or in combination with stimulants ) , stimulants , and non-stimulant seemed significantly more efficacious than placebo .
Behavioural therapy in combination with stimulants seemed superior to stimulants or non-stimulants .
Stimulants seemed superior to behavioural therapy , cognitive training and non-stimulants .
Behavioural therapy , stimulants and their combination showed the best profile of acceptability .
Stimulants and non-stimulants seemed well tolerated .
Among medications , methylpheni date , amphetamine , atomoxetine , guanfacine and clonidine seemed significantly more efficacious than placebo .
Methylpheni date and amphetamine seemed more efficacious than atomoxetine and guanfacine .
Methylpheni date and clonidine seemed better accepted than placebo and atomoxetine .
Most of the efficacious pharmacological treatments were associated with harms ( anorexia , weight loss and insomnia ) , but an increased risk of serious adverse events was not observed .
There is lack of evidence for cognitive training , neurofeedback , antidepressants , antipsychotics , dietary therapy , fatty acids , and other complementary and alternative medicine .
Clinical differences may exist between the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment used for the management of ADHD .
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders in childhood .
A wide variety of treatments have been used for the management of ADHD .
We aim ed to compare the efficacy and safety of pharmacological , psychological and complementary and alternative medicine interventions for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents .
GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence.
This article introduces the approach of GRADE to rating  quality of evidence .  GRADE specifies four categories-high , moderate , low , and very low-that are applied to a body of evidence , not to individual studies . In the context of a systematic review , quality reflects our confidence that the estimates of the effect are correct . In the context of recommendations , quality reflects our confidence that the effect estimates are adequate to support a particular recommendation . R and omized trials begin as high- quality evidence , observational studies as low quality . " Quality " as used in GRADE means more than risk of bias and so may also be compromised by imprecision , inconsistency , indirectness of study results , and publication bias . In addition , several factors can increase our confidence in an estimate of effect . GRADE provides a systematic approach for considering and reporting each of these factors . GRADE separates the process of assessing quality of evidence from the process of making recommendations . Judgments about the strength of a recommendation depend on more than just the quality of evidence
At the class level , behavioural therapy ( alone or in combination with stimulants ) , stimulants , and non-stimulant seemed significantly more efficacious than placebo .
Behavioural therapy in combination with stimulants seemed superior to stimulants or non-stimulants .
Stimulants seemed superior to behavioural therapy , cognitive training and non-stimulants .
Behavioural therapy , stimulants and their combination showed the best profile of acceptability .
Stimulants and non-stimulants seemed well tolerated .
Among medications , methylpheni date , amphetamine , atomoxetine , guanfacine and clonidine seemed significantly more efficacious than placebo .
Methylpheni date and amphetamine seemed more efficacious than atomoxetine and guanfacine .
Methylpheni date and clonidine seemed better accepted than placebo and atomoxetine .
Most of the efficacious pharmacological treatments were associated with harms ( anorexia , weight loss and insomnia ) , but an increased risk of serious adverse events was not observed .
There is lack of evidence for cognitive training , neurofeedback , antidepressants , antipsychotics , dietary therapy , fatty acids , and other complementary and alternative medicine .
Clinical differences may exist between the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment used for the management of ADHD .
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders in childhood .
A wide variety of treatments have been used for the management of ADHD .
We aim ed to compare the efficacy and safety of pharmacological , psychological and complementary and alternative medicine interventions for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents .