The evidence in this review does not support the use of prophylactic maternal phenobarbital administration to prevent PVH in preterm infants or to protect them from neurological disability in childhood. Phenobarbital administration may lead to maternal sedation. If any future trials are carried out, they should measure neurodevelopmental status at follow up.
Antenatal phenobarbital for the prevention of neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage.
Forty-six pregnant women less than 35 weeks of gestation were enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled study evaluating the effects of antenatal phenobarbital on neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage. The women were randomly assigned to control (n = 22) or treatment (n = 24) groups; the treatment group received 500 mg of phenobarbital intravenously. The time interval between the dose of phenobarbital and delivery was 5.5 +/- 4.8 hours (mean +/- SD). The infants in the control group (n = 23) and those in the phenobarbital-treated group (n = 25) were comparable regarding birth weight, gestational age, and other obstetric and neonatal risk factors associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. The incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage was 56.5% (13 of 23 infants) in the control group and 32% (eight of 25 infants) in the phenobarbital-treated group (p = 0.08). Moderate or severe hemorrhage was diagnosed in six of 13 control infants and in none of the phenobarbital-treated infants (p less than 0.01). The mortality rate was significantly lower in the phenobarbital-treated group (two of 25 infants) than in the control group (eight of 23 infants; p less than 0.05). Our study suggests that antenatal phenobarbital administration results in a decrease in mortality and in the severity of intracerebral hemorrhage in the preterm neonate.