This review provides evidence that PRT is an effective intervention for improving physical functioning in older people, including improving strength and the performance of some simple and complex activities. However, some caution is needed with transferring these exercises for use with clinical populations because adverse events are not adequately reported.
Strength training reduces force fluctuations during anisometric contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscles in old adults.
The greater fluctuations in motor output that are often exhibited by old adults can be reduced with strength training. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of strength and steadiness training by old adults on fluctuations in force and position during voluntary contractions with the quadriceps femoris muscle. Healthy old adults (65-80 yr) completed 16 wk of heavy-load (80% of maximum, n = 11) strength training, heavy-load steadiness training (n = 6), or no training (n = 9). Steadiness training required subjects to match the angular displacement about the knee joint to a constant-velocity template. The Heavy-Load group experienced a 5.5% increase in muscle volume, a 25% increase in maximal voluntary contraction force, and a 26% increase in the one-repetition (1-RM) load. The Heavy-Load Steady group experienced increases of 11.5, 31, and 36%, respectively. The maximal electromyogram signal of quadriceps femoris increased by 51% in the two training groups. The coefficient of variation (CV) for force during submaximal isometric contractions did not change with training for any group. Although both training groups also experienced a reduction in CV for force during anisometric contractions with a 50% 1-RM load, the standard deviation of position did not change with time for any group. The Heavy-Load Steady group also experienced a reduction in CV for force during the training contractions performed with the 80% 1-RM load. Thus strength training reduced the force fluctuations of the quadriceps femoris muscles during anisometric contractions but not during isometric contractions.