Certain settings of care (i.e. high volume of HIV positive patients) and models of care (i.e. case management) may improve patient mortality and other outcomes. More detailed descriptions of care models, consistent definition of terms, and studies on innovative models suitable for developing countries are needed. There is not yet enough evidence to guide policy and clinical care in this area.
Effect of case management on unmet needs and utilization of medical care and medications among HIV-infected persons.
Although case management has been advocated as a method for improving the care of chronically ill persons, its effectiveness is poorly understood.
                To assess the effect of case managers on unmet need for supportive services and utilization of medical care and medications among HIV-infected persons.
                Baseline and follow-up interview of a national probability sample.
                Inpatient and outpatient medical facilities in the United States.
                2437 HIV-infected adults representing 217 081 patients receiving medical care.
                Outcomes measured at follow-up were unmet need for supportive services, medical care utilization (ambulatory visits, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations), and use of HIV medication (receipt of antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis).
                At baseline, 56.5% of the sample had contact with a case manager in the previous 6 months. In multiple logistic regression analyses that adjusted for potential confounders, contact with a case manager at baseline was associated with decreased unmet need for income assistance (odds ratio [OR], 0.57 [95% CI, 0.36 to 0.91]), health insurance (OR, 0.54 [CI, 0.33 to 0.89]), home health care (OR, 0.29 [CI, 0.15 to 0.56]), and emotional counseling (OR, 0.62 [CI, 0.41 to 0.94]) at follow-up. Contact with case managers was not significantly associated with utilization of ambulatory care (OR, 0.77 [CI, 0.57 to 1.04]), hospitalization (OR, 1.13 [CI, 0.84 to 1.54]), or emergency department visits (OR, 1.30 [CI, 0.97 to 1.73]) but was associated with higher utilization of two-drug (OR, 1.58 [CI, 1.23 to 2.03]) and three-drug (OR, 1.34 [CI, 1.00 to 1.80]) antiretroviral regimens and of treatment with protease inhibitors or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (OR, 1.29 [CI, 1.02 to 1.64]) at follow-up.
                Case management appears to be associated with fewer unmet needs and higher use of HIV medications in patients receiving HIV treatment.