The use of antiglucocorticoids in the treatment of mood disorders is at the proof-of-concept stage. Considerable methodological differences exist between studies with respect to the compounds used and the patient cohorts studied. Results in some diagnostic subtypes are promising and warrant further investigation to establish the clinical utility of these drugs in the treatment of mood disorders.
Metyrapone as additive treatment in major depression: a double-blind and placebo-controlled trial.
Inhibitors of steroid synthesis have been reported to exert antidepressive effects, according to preliminary findings.
                To test whether the addition of metyrapone to standard antidepressants induces a more rapid, more efficacious, and sustained treatment response in patients with major depression.
                Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
                Hospitalized care.
                Sixty-three inpatients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depression and a baseline score 18 points or higher on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.
                Random allocation to 2 treatment groups receiving either placebo or metyrapone (1 g/d) for the first 3 weeks during a 5-week treatment with standard serotonergic antidepressants (nefazodone or fluvoxamine).
                Primary outcome criteria were the number of responders and the time to onset of action. Responder rates were considered twice after 3 and 5 weeks with a definition of treatment response as 30% and 50% reduction, respectively, of baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores. Onset of action was defined as the time point at which at least a 20% reduction of baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores occurred.
                Using intention-to-treat analysis, we found that a higher proportion of patients receiving metyrapone showed a positive treatment response at day 21 (23 of 33 patients) and at day 35 (19 of 33 patients) compared with placebo patients (day 21: 13 of 30 patients; Fisher exact P = .031; day 35: 10 of 30 patients; Fisher exact P = .047). The clinical course of patients treated with metyrapone showed an earlier onset of action (Kaplan-Meier analysis; log-rank test P<.006) beginning in the first week. The plasma concentrations of corticotropin and deoxycortisol were significantly higher during metyrapone treatment (multivariate analysis of covariance, P<.05), whereas cortisol remained largely unchanged. Metyrapone treatment was well tolerated without serious adverse effects.
                Metyrapone is an effective adjunct in the treatment of major depression, accelerating the onset of antidepressant action. A better treatment outcome compared with standard treatment and a sustained antidepressive effect were observed.