Itraconazole modifies the immunologic activation associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and improves clinical outcome, at least over the period of 16 weeks. Adrenal suppression with inhaled corticosteroids and itraconazole is a potential concern.
Anti-inflammatory effect of itraconazole in stable allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a randomized controlled trial.
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) complicates chronic asthma and results from hypersensitivity to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatu s, causing an intense systemic immune response and progressive lung damage.
                We sought to determine whether treatment with the antifungal agent itraconazole reduced eosinophilic airway inflammation in subjects with ABPA.
                A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed in stable subjects with ABPA (n = 29). Subjects received 400 mg of itraconazole per day (n = 15) or placebo (n = 14) for 16 weeks. All subjects were reviewed monthly with history, spirometry, and sputum induction to measure airway inflammation, serum total IgE and IgG levels to A fumigatu s, and blood eosinophil counts.
                By using regression analysis in a random-effects model, subjects receiving itraconazole had a decrease in sputum eosinophils of 35% per week, with no decrease seen in the placebo arm (P <.01). Sputum eosinophil cationic protein levels decreased with itraconazole treatment by 42% per week compared with 23% in the placebo group (P <.01). Itraconazole reduced systemic immune activation, leading to a decrease in serum IgE levels (310 IU/mL) compared with levels seen in the placebo group (increase of 18 IU/mL, P <.01) and a decrease in IgG levels to A fumigatu s (15.4 IU/mL) compared with levels seen in the placebo group (increase of 3.7 IU/mL, P =.03). There were fewer exacerbations requiring oral cortico-steroids in those treated with itraconazole compared with in the placebo group (P =.03).
                Itraconazole treatment of subjects with stable ABPA reduces eosinophilic airway inflammation, systemic immune activation, and exacerbations. These results imply that itraconazole is a potential adjunctive treatment for ABPA.