batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Peak power shaving is one of the important demand side management programs in the distribution systems. It can be achieved by shifting the demand and/or using the distributed energy storage systems (DESSs) which can be geographically located in the system equipped with the smart grid infrastructure for communication. In this paper, an agent-based distributed control (ABDC) scheme is proposed for real time peak power shaving using DESSs. In this control scheme, a distributed pinning consensus control scheme is developed to control and manage the power sharing among different batteries operated as agents while convergence in consensus is achieved. The medium voltage electricity consumption data of a practical distribution system is used to validate the effectiveness of proposed control scheme.
Visual surveillance of a designated air space can be achieved by a randomly distributed camera sensor network spread over a large area. The location and field of view of each battery operated sensor, after a calibration phase, will be known to a central processing node. To increase the lifetime of the network, the density of distributed sensors could be such that a subset of sensors can cover the required air space. As a sensor dies another sensor should be selected to compensate for the dead one and reestablish the complete coverage. This process should be continued until complete coverage is not achievable by the existing sensors. Thereafter, a graceful degradation of the coverage is desirable. The goal is to elongate the lifetime of the network while maintaining a maximum possible coverage of the designated air space. Since the selection of a subset of sensors for complete coverage of the target area is an NP-complete problem, we present a number of heuristics for this case. The proposed methods are categorized in two groups. In one category, the sensors are prioritized based on their visual and communicative properties and the selection is performed according to the prioritizing function. In the other group, we propose traditional evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms. The performance of the proposed methods is evaluated through extensive simulations.
The stress in a separator is mainly caused by the lithium diffusion induced deformation in the electrodes and thermal expansion differential between the battery components. To compute the lithium concentration distribution and temperature change during battery operation, multi-physics models have been developed previously. In this work, a macro-scale model for a pouch cell was developed and coupled with the multi-physics models. In this model, the porous battery components were treated as homogenized media and represented with the effective properties estimated using the rule of mixtures. The stress analysis showed that the maximum stress in the separator always emerged at the area around the inner corner of the separator where it wrapped around the edge of an anode and when the lithium-ion battery was fully charged. Numerical simulations were also conducted to investigate the influences of some design adjustable parameters, including the effective friction, electrode particle radii and thickness of the separator, on the stresses in the separator. The results provided the reference conditions for the improvement of separator materials and the design of lithium-ion batteries.
Siliceous (MCM-41 type) and aluminophosphate (AlPO type) mesoporous materials have been synthesized trying to substitute the largest amount of Si and Al with Mn. The MnMCM-41 and MnAlPO obtained samples were characterized from the structural viewpoint and successively they underwent electrochemical testing by means of cyclic voltammetries in aqueous electrolytes in order to evaluate the electrochemical activity of the transition metal. In this communication, we report the results obtained from the structural and electrochemical characterization of these samples. The samples show the expected mesoporous structure with hexagonal array. In both systems, Mn is electrochemically active. In MnMCM-41 the two Mn(IV)/Mn(III) and Mn(III)/Mn(II) processes can be detected, while in MnAlPO Mn(III), originally present, shows only the Mn(IV)/Mn(III) reaction.
Promoting the penetration of distributed photovoltaic systems (PV) at the end-user side is an important and urgent task. This study aims to evaluate the promotion impact of the response capability of smart home consumers on the distributed PV penetration using non-cooperative game theoretical analysis. In the analysis, the Nash equilibrium can be found for consumers with different levels of demand response capability in an electricity market with real-time pricing (RTP) mechanism under different PV installed capacities and battery capacities. As a case study, 5 levels of consumers’ response capability, 32 combinations of PV installed capacities and battery capacities were analyzed and inter-compared using the developed model. The results show that: (i) the consumers with higher response capability are able to accept larger PV capacity because the marginal revenue of new installed PV for smart consumers decreases much more slowly compared to that of a common consumer; (ii) the consumers with higher response capability need less batteries to promote PV economic acceptability; (iii) the consumers with higher response capability can meet the electricity demand in real-time with least expenditure, so they get more ultimate benefit from the games.
In this paper, we report a high-energy-density lithium/polyiodide (Li/PI) semi-liquid battery with soluble polyiodide in ether-based solvents as the catholyte. The challenge of shuttle effect is addressed by adopting a hybrid membrane coated with negatively charged sulfonate-ended perfluoroalkyl polymer, which allows for inhibition of polyiodide shuttles due to the electrostatic repulsion. The assembled Li/PI battery demonstrates a superior volumetric energy density (170.5 Wh L−1), a stable cycling performance (>100 cycles, averaged decay < 0.16% at 0.2 C), a high energy efficiency (>84%, 100 cycles at 2 C), and a high coulombic efficiency (>95%, 100 cycles at 2 C). These high performances achieved suggest that the aprotic Li/polyiodide battery with a compact architecture has the potential for various energy storage applications.
Heat pumps are a promising technology for heating (and cooling) domestic buildings that provide exceptionally high efficiencies compared with fossil fuel combustion. There are in the region of a billion heat pumps in use world-wide, but despite their maturity they are a relatively new technology to many regions. This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies and the practical issues faced when installing and operating them. It focuses on the performance obtained in real-world operation, surveying the published efficiency figures for hundreds of air source and ground source heat pumps (ASHP and GSHP), and presenting a method to relate these to results from recent UK and German field trials. It also covers commercial aspects of the technologies, the typical savings in primary energy usage, carbon dioxide emissions abatement that can be realised, and wider implications of their uptake.
Hippocampal pathology is likely to contribute to cognitive disability in Down syndrome, yet the neural network basis of this pathology and its contributions to different facets of cognitive impairment remain unclear. Here we report dysfunctional connectivity between dentate gyrus and CA3 networks in the transchromosomic Tc1 mouse model of Down syndrome, demonstrating that ultrastructural abnormalities and impaired short-term plasticity at dentate gyrus–CA3 excitatory synapses culminate in impaired coding of new spatial information in CA3 and CA1 and disrupted behavior in vivo. These results highlight the vulnerability of dentate gyrus–CA3 networks to aberrant human chromosome 21 gene expression and delineate hippocampal circuit abnormalities likely to contribute to distinct cognitive phenotypes in Down syndrome.
A triphenylamine-based polymer poly[N-(anthraquinone-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylamine] (PDPA-AQ) with anthraquinone side chain was synthesized by a simple chemical oxidative polymerization. Due to the introduction of anthraquinone units with a high specific capacity in the side chain, the polymer PDPA-AQ has a high theoretical specific capacity, about twice of polytriphenylamine (PTPA). The lithium ion batteries based on PDPA-AQ as cathode active material and lithium foil as anode were assembled and their electrochemical properties were investigated. For a comparison, the electrochemical performance of the monomer DPA-AQ was also studied. Both monomer DPA-AQ and polymer PDPA-AQ have high initial discharge specific capacity, about 129 mAh g−1 and 159 mAh g−1 respectively, which are higher than the theoretical specific capacity of PTPA-based cells. The polymer PDPA-AQ has better discharge specific capacity, cycle performance and rate performance than monomer DPA-AQ, which shows that the design idea of introducing an electrochemically active carbonyl compound into the polytriphenylamine side chain can improve the specific capacity of the PTPA.
Non-aqueous metal–oxygen batteries depend critically on the reversible formation/decomposition of metal oxides on cycling. Irreversible parasitic reactions cause poor rechargeability, efficiency, and cycle life, and have predominantly been ascribed to the reactivity of reduced oxygen species with cell components. These species, however, cannot fully explain the side reactions. Here we show that singlet oxygen forms at the cathode of a lithium–oxygen cell during discharge and from the onset of charge, and accounts for the majority of parasitic reaction products. The amount increases during discharge, early stages of charge, and charging at higher voltages, and is enhanced by the presence of trace water. Superoxide and peroxide appear to be involved in singlet oxygen generation. Singlet oxygen traps and quenchers can reduce parasitic reactions effectively. Awareness of the highly reactive singlet oxygen in non-aqueous metal–oxygen batteries gives a rationale for future research towards achieving highly reversible cell operation.
Li-rich cathode 0.55Li2MnO3·0.45LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 or written in a solid solution form Li(Li0.20Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13)O2 doped with trace Ru is synthesized using a traditional co-precipitation method. The structural and morphological characterizations are carried out by employing inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Ru doping causes variation of lattice constants in both Li2MnO3 and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 components according to the results of Rietveld refinement. Electrochemical measurement shows that Li(Li0.19Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.12Ru0.01)O2 possesses the best performance, especially at high rate. A discharge capacity as high as 182mAhg−1 at a current density of 500mAg−1 (2C) is achieved with a capacity fade of as low as 0.06% per cycle in the following 700 cycles. Such improvement is associated with the prominent appearance of spinel-like regions transferred from the original Li2MnO3 component in which Ru facilitates the phase transformation via enhancing the ability of Li diffusion in both Li2MnO3 and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 components. The improvement in Li diffusion is also confirmed from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis.
The effect of electrode density for lithium intercalation and irreversible capacity loss on the natural graphite anode in lithium ion batteries was studied by electrochemical methods. Both the first-cycle reversible and irreversible capacities of the natural graphite anode decreased with an increase in the anode density though compression. The reduction in reversible capacity was attributed to a reduction in the chemical diffusion coefficient for lithium through partially agglomerated particles with a larger stress. For the natural graphite in this study the potentials for Li (de)insertion shifted between the first and second formation cycles and the extent of this shift was dependent on electrode density. The relation between this peak shift and the irreversible capacity loss is probably due to the decrease in graphite surface area with compression.
Two classes of preceramic polymers, namely polysilazane and polysilylcarbodiimide, with branched and linear molecular structure were pyrolyzed at 1100 °C under argon atmosphere. The resulting nanostructured polymer-derived SiCN ceramics were characterized by means of elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. All investigated ceramics are amorphous and contain a disordered free carbon phase of 2–2.5 nm in size. Electrochemical characterization reveals that the polysilazane-derived electrodes demonstrate higher capacity and stability during subsequent lithium insertion/extraction with different currents than those of the polysilylcarbodiimide-based electrodes. The highest lithium extraction capacity of 724 mA h g−1 is recovered for the sample derived from branched polysilazane whereas the best polysilylcarbodiimide-derived sample recovers 612 mA h g−1. Moreover, the polysilazane-derived samples deliver a higher fraction of capacity recovered below 1.5 V. The electrochemical performance is found to be dependent on the molecular structure (silazane vs. silylcarbodiimide) of the preceramic polymer, while there is no effect associated with the amount of branching (silsesquiazane vs. silazane and silsesquicarbodiimide vs. silylcarbodiimide). The influence of “micropore activity” and oxygen content on the electrochemical performance of polymer-derived silicon carbonitrides is addressed.
Si monoxide and its suboxides (SiOx) are promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries which have attracted special attention recently due to its high specific capacity and improved cycling performance, with some similarities to Si anodes. While Li oxide (Li2O) and Li silicates (Li4SiO4), generated by the reaction of Li ion with SiOx during the first lithiation process lowers the theoretical capacity, they also act as buffer components to accommodate volume changes caused by further reactions between Si in SiOx with Li, leading to improved cyclability. One of the main drawbacks of this material is the low first cycle Coulombic efficiency due to the formation of the Li oxide and Li silicates. In this paper, the electrochemical properties and related mechanism of SiOx are reviewed. The current research progress to enhance SiOx electrochemical performance by nanostructuring and the effect of other battery components such as binders, electrolyte, and prelithiation on its electrochemical performance is also discussed. Finally, potential research directions and strategies to further improve the performance of SiOx are also briefly discussed and suggested.
In order to extend the cycle life of power battery pack within electric vehicle, a phase change material (PCM)/mini-channel coupled power battery thermal management (BTM) system, as well as the three-dimensional battery thermal model, was designed in this paper. The effect of various influencing factors, especially mass flow rate of water, phase change temperature and thermal conductivity of PCM, were investigated numerically. The results showed that the liquid volume fraction of PCM was greatly influenced by the thermal conductivity and the phase change temperature of PCM. The increasing number of channels results in a decrease of the maximum temperature (T Max) and maximum temperature difference (ΔT) of battery packs. The optimal phase change temperature and thermal conductivity of PCM were 308.15K and 0.6Wm−1 K−1 respectively when the number of channel was eight and the mass flow rate was 8×10−4 kgs−1. Moreover, a maximum temperature of 320.6K was predicted for the PCM/mini-channel coupled BTM system, while a maximum temperature of 335.4K was predicted for the PCM-based BTM system. Additionally, the PCM/mini-channel coupled BTM system presented more effective thermal performance and the research will be a clear indicator for the design of the PCM/liquid coupled BTM system.
Zn–Sn–Al-hydrotalcites (LDHs) have been successfully prepared by hydrothermal method and applied as a novel anodic active material in Zn–Ni secondary batteries. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and FT-IR tests are performed to investigate the morphology and microstructure of Zn–Sn–Al-hydrotalcites. Electrochemical performances of Zn–Sn–Al-hydrotalcites with different Zn/Sn/Al molar ratios are investigated through galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements, cyclic voltammograms (CV) and Tafel polarization curves. Compared with Zn–Al–LDH without Sn addition, Zn–Sn–Al–LDHs still present hexagon layer structure, and present more excellent electrochemical performance. And Zn–Sn–Al–LDH with the molar ratio of 2.8:0.2:1 shows a better cycle stability than the other samples. The results demonstrate that Sn addition can help to perfect the electrochemical performance of zinc electrode with Zn–Sn–Al–LDHs. At the same time, CV tests indicate well reversibility and Tafel curves reveal more positive corrosion potential for Zn–Sn–Al–LDHs.
The chemical diffusion coefficients of lithium ions (D Li) in spherical Li[Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2]O2 are systematically determined by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The D Li obtained from GITT are greatly dependent on the lithium content and cell potential. In the charge process, the D Li values are in the range of 9.0×10−11 to 3.3×10−9 cm2 s−1. In the discharge process, the D Li values are in the range of 1.9×10−11 to 3.9×10−9 cm2 s−1. In addition, the minimum values in the D Li are observed at the stoichiometry x ≈0.25 for Li1−x [Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2]O2, which coincide with the voltage-plateau region at about 3.75V. The D Li obtained from EIS are in the range of 1.7×10−11 to 6.5×10−9 cm2 s−1 and the variation tendency with cell potential is consistent with the results obtained from GITT during the charge process.
Purpose Handgrip strength is a simple measurement used to estimate overall muscle strength but might also serve as a predictor of health-related prognosis. We investigated grip strength-mortality association in a longitudinal study. Methods A total of 4912 persons (1695 men and 3217 women), 35 to 74 years old at baseline, were the subjects of this study. Members of the Adult Health Study (AHS) cohort in Hiroshima, Japan, these individuals underwent a battery of physiological tests, including handgrip-strength testing, between July 1970 and June 1972. Mortality was followed until the end of 1999. Estimates of relative risk (RR) of mortality associated with grip strength were adjusted for potentially confounding factors by Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results Multivariate-adjusted RR of all causes of death, except for external causes, for the highest quintile of grip strength in men was 0.52 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.80) for the age group 35-54 years, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.53-0.98) for the ages 55-64 years, and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.49-0.91) for the ages 65-74 years. These figures were significantly lower than the RR for the reference group (the third quintile). Similar trends were observed in women. Multivariate-adjusted RR of all causes of death except external causes for each 5-kg increment of grip strength was significantly low (RR: 0.89, 95% CI, 0.86-0.92 for men, RR: 0.87, 95% CI, 0.83-0.92 for women). Multivariate-adjusted RR for heart disease, stroke, and pneumonia in men was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.79-0.93), 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83-0.99), and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.75-0.98), respectively. RR for each 5-kg increment of grip strength remained 0.92 (95% CI, 0.87-0.96), even after more than 20 years of follow-up. Conclusion Grip strength is an accurate and consistent predictor of all causes of mortality in middle-aged and elderly persons.
A stack to stack microbial fuel cell power to batteries storage was investigated on the pilot scale with the aim to scale up in future. A 12 unit MFC-stack, equipped with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and lithium polymer batteries (3.7 V), was set up. The MFC-stack architecture was simplified by sharing partially electrolytes. The serial 12 unit MFC-stack was first used as a linear assembly of all MFC units and then subdivided into three MFC-sub-stacks which enhanced power extraction by 8.5 times. To balance the stack power generation, the external circuits were alternated into zigzag, braid and random figurations as well in rational directed configurations. Finally, batteries permutation along with MPPT enabled faster and balanced lithium battery stack charging. Balanced conditions resulted in time shift oscillations, the absence of unwanted power pooling and voltage reversals. All in all, the work showed how to generate and store power from an 12 L microbial fuel cell stack with partly common electrolytes.
We have found that a Si film vacuum deposited on a Ni foil has a Li insertion capacity over 2000mAh/g with cycleability over 1000cycles, but a great issue was its difficulty to obtain a sufficiently thicker film capable of high current charge/discharge. In the present paper the examination of the high current charge/discharge performance of thicker Si film in relation to the film formation condition. The electrochemical evaluation was performed with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and constant current charge/discharge test with various loading currents in PC containing 1M LiClO4. A Si film prepared with a rapid deposition rate gave a discharge capacity over 2000mAh/g even with a very high charge/discharge rate over 10C. In addition, the surface roughening of the substrate foil was found to play an important role to provide a thick film capable of high current performance. The constant discharge curve gave a wide plateau in the potential range between 200 and 500mV versus Li/Li+. The XRD pattern of the deposited film gave no peaks due to Si, indicating the film to be amorphous. The SEM image of the deposited film was rather homogeneous, and after 500 cycles it still covered the entire surface of the Ni substrate though the surface became inhomogeneous.
The output current from a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) primarily depends on the amount of triboelectric charge existing on the friction layer. The triboelectric charge capacity and charge-driving ability of the friction layer are the key parameters for enhancing the output performance of a TENG. In this paper, we developed a new TENG with a multigap-structured friction layer. The presence of these gaps creates additional contacts between the friction layers, which can induce additional separated triboelectric charges and increased output charge quantity. Moreover, because of these gaps, the TENG generates more output current pulses for each driving cycle, which implies that the frequency of the output current can be several times the driving frequency. In one driving cycle, a generic TENG without any gaps in the friction layer generates 2 current pulses and a unit area charge quantity per cycle (UCQC) value of 0.23 nC cm−2, while a TENG with seven gaps in the friction layer can generate around 14 current output pulses and UCQC value of 294 nC cm−2, which is 1.18 times the value of the record one. This work can contribute toward a rapid increase in TENG performance, thereby accelerating its applications.