batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Tailoring the composition and structure is an effective approach for improving the properties of electrocatalysts in fuel cells. In this study, the core–shell Pd–P@Pt nanoparticles were synthesized using a seed-mediated growth method and applied to the formic acid oxidation reaction like electrocatalysts. The core–shell structure was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, elemental mapping analyses, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy line scan, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The catalytic activity and durability were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemically active surface area loss, and chronoamperometry. The obtained particles exhibit higher catalytic activity and durability compared to those of Pt/C and Pt black commercial reference catalysts due to the synergistic effect between the Pd–P core and the Pt shell. In addition, the Pt shell inhibits the corrosion of Pd in the acidic solution, resulting in good stability.
Three sizes of small valve regulated (VRLA) commercially available lead-acid cells were investigated and characterized for their dynamic properties by ac impedance spectroscopy and other electrochemical techniques. All cells were of the limited electrolyte type and no additional electrolyte was introduced during the studies. The data indicates a very significant increase in cell impedance at lower states of charge, as expected. In charging studies close to the fully charged state, some unexpected impedance data were observed. Complex impedance plots indicate a passive film formation, probably associated with the recombination surface film. The investigations included cells in various states of charge as well as cycling history including positional orientation studies. Equivalent circuits were derived from ac impedance spectroscopy and the parameters studied as a function of the cell’s state-of-charge. Furthermore, the voltage response of the cells was theoretically generated from the ac impedance spectroscopy using Fourier transform analysis and found to be similar to the measured cell responses.
The effects of residues from municipal solid waste landfill, Khon Kaen Municipality, Thailand, on corn (Zea mays L.) yield and heavy metal content were studied. Field experiments with randomized complete block design with five treatments (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80% v/v of residues and soil) and four replications were carried out. Corn yield and heavy metal contents in corn grain were analyzed. Corn yield increased by 50, 72, 85 and 71% at 20, 40, 60 and 80% treatments as compared to the control, respectively. All heavy metals content, except cadmium, nickel and zinc, in corn grain were not significantly different from the control. Arsenic, cadmium and zinc in corn grain were strongly positively correlated with concentrations in soil. The heavy metal content in corn grain was within regulated limits for human consumption.
Lithium (Li) metal is considered an ideal anode for next-generation high energy Li metal batteries (LMBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, stable cycling of LMBs has long been restrained by the extremely unstable interfaces between the Li metal anode and liquid electrolyte. Here, we found that low-cost polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer can be applied as an effective protection layer for Li metal anodes in both ether- and carbonate-based electrolytes. The PVA protection layer will participate in and facilitate formation of a superior PVA-modified solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on Li metal, leading to uniform deposition of Li and alleviated consumption of electrolyte. Li||Cu half-cells with the PVA protection layers show dendrite-free Li deposition and greatly extended stable cycling with high Coulombic efficiency (CE) (e.g. average CE of 98.3% for over 630 cycles). Li-Sulfur, Li–LiFePO4 and Li–LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 full-cells using the PVA-protected Li metal anodes also show significantly improved electrochemical performance with better capacity retention and higher CE, even under lean electrolyte (7.5 μL mAh−1) condition.
Somatosensory function in patients with persistent idiopathic types of orofacial pain like atypical odontalgia (AO) is not well described. This study tested the hypothesis that AO patients have significantly more somatosensory abnormalities than age- and sex-matched controls. Forty-six AO patients and 35 controls participated. Inclusion criteria for AO were pain in a region where a tooth had been endodontically or surgically treated, persistent pain >6months, and lack of clinical and radiological findings. The examination included qualitative tests and a battery of intraoral quantitative sensory testing (QST). Most AO patients (85%) had qualitative somatosensory abnormality compared with few controls (14%). The most common qualitative abnormalities in AO patients were found with pin-prick 67.4%, cold 47.8%, and touch 46.5% compared with 11.4%, 8.6%, and 2.9%, respectively, in the control group (P <0.001). Between-group differences were seen for many intraoral QST: mechanical detection threshold, mechanical pain threshold (pinprick), dynamic mechanical allodynia (brush), dynamic mechanical allodynia (vibration), wind-up ratio, and pressure pain threshold (P <0.01). In the trigeminal area, between-group differences in thermal thresholds were nonsignificant while differences in cold detection at the thenar eminence were significant. Individual somatosensory profiles revealed complex patterns with hyper- and hyposensitivity to intraoral QST. Between-group differences in pressure pain thresholds (P <0.02) were observed at the thenar eminence. In conclusion, significant abnormalities in intraoral somatosensory function were observed in AO, which may reflect peripheral and central sensitization of trigeminal pathways. More generalized sensitization of the nociceptive system may also be part of AO pathophysiology.
Validating instruments is a complex procedure and it needs time and involvement from psychologists’ part. From the point of view of executing the operations specific to the workplace, tasks and activities in order to obtain the wished / desired performances, the human operator will have to be rigorously psychologically evaluated. The evaluation is based on verifying those aptitudes, habituations and capacities necessary for a good development of the workplace activities. Hence, the paper highlight highlights the role validating procedures play using the criteria (tasks, activities, operations and actions) and the methodology of validation.
REACH, an EU regulation that requires the submission of safety data in support of the protection of human and environmental health, mandates that registration should be achieved with the minimum amount of animal testing possible. Under REACH, a two-year carcinogenicity assay may be required for certain chemicals produced at >1000 metric tonnes per year. In addition, some chemicals that are found to be genotoxic will also require testing. Alternative methods have been explored in an attempt to improve the predictivity of this bioassay as well as to reduce the number of animals used for such testing. This research has focused on the use of transgenic/knockout mouse models. Study results from selected models indicate that they are useful in hazard identification, even if they are not entirely suitable for risk assessment on their own. Carcinogenic hazard assessment can be greatly enhanced and animal use reduced if the traditional two-year rat bioassay is combined with a well conducted transgenic mouse assay. Importantly, the use of transgenic animals to supplement a traditional two-year carcinogenicity study may help reduce the number of false negatives, one of the unstated goals of REACH via the precautionary principle.
Ample experimental evidence indicates that intracerebral injection or infusion of amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ) to rodents induces learning and memory impairments as well as neurodegeneration in brain areas related to cognitive function. In the present study, we assessed the effects of a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of aggregated Aβ fragment (25–35) at a dose of 15nmol/rat on short-term and long-term memory in rats during the 6-month post-surgery period. The results demonstrate that Aβ(25–35)-induced memory impairments in spontaneous alternation behavior in a Y-maze at 17, 36, and 180 days after the surgery as well as in a social recognition task 110 days post-surgery. Aβ(25–35) also impaired spatial memory in an 8-arm radial maze, but did not influence performance of the step-down passive avoidance task. These results suggest that Aβ(25–35) preferably induces impairments of spatial and non-spatial short-term (working) memory rather than long-term memory in rats.
Amorphous iron(III) phosphate has been synthesised by homogeneous precipitation from equimolecular Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O and NH4H2PO4 aqueous, water–ethanol and water–iso-propanol solutions at pH=2.0 and ambient temperature using hydrogen peroxide as precipitating agent. The precipitates have been characterised by TG/DTG/DTA techniques, chemical analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of ethanol and iso-propanol in the precipitation medium suppressed the co-precipitation of ferric sulphate as it does in aqueous medium. Thermal treatment of the as-precipitates at 750°C in air yields a crystalline quartz-like structured FePO4 with markedly different morphological features.
The effect of the geometrical parameters of interdigitated batteries, including the number, thickness and the length of the digits, on the delivered battery capacity was investigated in order to optimize battery performance. This optimization was carried out in two dimensions maintaining the area of the different components constant and based on the Doyle/Fuller/Newman theoretical model that describes the electrochemical and ionic transport processes within separator and electrodes. It is observed that the delivered capacity of the battery increases with increasing number of digits as well as by increasing the thickness and the length of the digits, which is related to the smaller path for lithium ion movement during the intercalation/deintercalation processes. Thus, an optimized interdigitated geometry with eight digits shows a delivered capacity of 323Ah·m−2 at 350°C in comparison with 0.7Ah·m−2 for a conventional geometry.
Electroactive viologen-functionalized silica core-shell nano-composites have been prepared and characterized using thermogravimetry, field emission transmission electron microscopy, and infrared, UV–vis absorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The viologen monolayer functionalized nano-silica core (nano-SiO2VBen) was obtained via a substitution reaction of propylamine−modified silica nanoparticles (nano-SiO2NH2) with N,N'-di(bromomethylbenzyl)-4,4'-bipyridium dibromide (VBenBr2). The nano-SiO2VBen core was positively charged and could thus act as a support for the construction of the shell layer of viologen multilayers through, alternatively, the electrostatic adsorption of poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and VBenBr2. Dynamic light scattering and morphological studies revealed that the dynamic sizes of the nanoparticles increased in the following order: nano-SiO2NH2, nano-SiO2VBen, and nano-SiO2VBen@(PSS/VBen)n. This was due to the assembly of organic multilayers around the nanoparticles and formation of aggregates. Cyclic voltammograms of nano-SiO2VBen- and nano-SiO2VBen@(PSS/VBen)n-modified electrodes showed two couples of redox waves in the potential range from 0 to −1.2V (vs Hg/Hg2Cl2), corresponding to the redox processes of viologens in the nano-composites. Compared to their precursor of VBenBr2, the nano-SiO2VBen and nano-SiO2VBen@(PSS/VBen)n composites could be more strongly adsorbed on the electrode surface without co-adsorption of the polymeric supporter (Nafion), which can be attributed to a stronger molecular interaction between the present nano-composites and electrode surfaces. Finally, the redox-induced electrochromic properties of VBenBr2 and nano-composites were investigated in the solutions or polymer gel electrolytes, and the results suggest that both viologen organic electrolyte and nano-composites could act as potential candidates for the development of redox-based electrochromic indicators and displays.
Carbon-supported SnO2 nanowire arrays were synthesized by a facile strategy using self-assembled mesoporous carbon as template followed by partial removal of the carbon. The as-obtained materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and nitrogen adsorption. The resulting products possess a large specific surface area due to the free interspaces between the nanowires. When evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the carbon-supported SnO2 nanowires can deliver large reversible capabilities with excellent cycling performance on account of the mesoporous carbon matrix, which can be served as a buffering layer to relax the stress, reduce the volume variation, and protect the SnO2 nanowires from severe structural degradation during the insertion-deinsertion process of lithium ions.
The capacity loss rate of LiFePO4 in aqueous electrolyte was found to be much faster than it in organic electrolyte. The cycling stability in aqueous electrolyte with various dissolved oxygen content and pH value was extensively studied by cyclic voltammetry. It was found that both high OH− and dissolve O2 content can accelerate the cycling fading of LiFePO4. It has been proved that the capacity fading of LiFePO4 is due to not only chemical instability but also electrochemical instability. Mössbauer spectroscopy demonstrated that the Fe(III)-containing species was formed in the active materials arisen from the irreversible side reaction. The carbon-coated LiFePO4 prepared by chemical vapor decomposition method shows significantly improvement in cycling stability. The carbon coating technology provides an effective approach to enhance cycling performance in aqueous electrolyte as well as proof of proposed fading mechanism.
Lithium-rich layered oxide is known to be one of the most promising positive electrode materials for high energy Li-ion batteries. Some publications report specific capacities higher than 250 mAh/g but the fade of the average potential during electrochemical cycling is an important drawback for commercial use of this material. The objective of this work is to study the origin of this potential decay during cycling of lithium-rich compounds. For this purpose, the electrochemical behavior of xLi2MnO3·(1−x)LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 (with x = 1, 0.7, 0.5, 0.27) materials synthesized using coprecipitation route have been compared. For this study, complete or partial charge and discharge cycles have been performed in the 2.5 V–4.8 V voltage range. The results can be briefly summarized as follows: the potential decay is mainly provoked by several phenomena occurring at low potential, this growth being induced by the charging of lithium-rich at high voltage (>4.15 V). Whatever the compositions, same phenomena are involved, only the kinetics is modified.
Aiming at improving the cycling stability of SnSb/C nanofibers prepared by electrospinning followed by carbonization, cryo-treatment was used as a thermal compensation method to adjust the internal stress and obtain different structures. Inspired by cryogenic treatment, we first raised the temperature of cryo-treatment (−50 °C, −150 °C) and discussed the effect that cryo-treatment temperature on the structure and electrochemical performance. The morphology structure and microstructure of SnSb/C nanofibers were investigated. It was shown that properly cryo-treated temperature could increase the degree of graphitization and effectively offset the internal stress gained from carbonization, which made the metal dispersed more evenly in the nanofibers. Benefiting from the structural advantage, SnSb/C nanofibers obtained at −50 °C for 1 h manifested the best capacity retention of 133.1 % for 500 cycles. This work proved temperature is one of the key factors for the production of cryo-treated anodes and −50 °C is the most suitable cryo-treatment temperature for the as-derived SnSb/C nanofibers. Carbonization results in volume change and creates internal stress. Properly cryo-treatment can release residual stress and adjust the structure, which can explain the increase of the graphitization. The findings may help to promote the application of cryo-treatment in the field of electrode production.
Because of its high dependence on fossil fuels, the South Korean government has consistently endeavored to use renewable energy sources to operate power generation systems. The South Korean government has advised local communities and governments of the islands to establish independent renewable power generation systems, particularly since the installation, operation, and management of power generation systems to connect the islands to the electricity grids amount to large costs. As such, this study explores potential solutions for establishing independent renewable power generation systems in Gadeokdo Island, one of the largest islands in South Korea, by using the HOMER software. The simulation results show that wind turbines, PV panels, converters, and batteries can be used to operate the power generation systems for Gadeokdo Island. The current study presents an optimal renewable power generation system within the framework of the cost of energy (COE), renewable fraction, and total net present cost (NPC). The system achieves $0.326 per kWh of COE and 1.00 of renewable fraction. Both implications and limitations of the proposed system are discussed.
United States industry spends billions of dollars as a result of poor interoperability between computer-aided engineering software tools. While ongoing standards development efforts are attempting to address this problem in today's tools, the more significant demand in next-generation tools will be for representations that allow information used or generated during various product development activities to feed forward and backward into others by way of direct electronic interchange. Although the next generation of tools has the potential for greatly increased benefits, there is also a potential for the cost of poor interoperability to multiply. The goal of this work is to develop representations of information that are unavailable in traditional computer-aided engineering tools to support the exchange of product information in a distributed product development environment. This paper develops a vision of next-generation product development systems and provides a core representation for product development information on which future systems can be built.
The cycling performance of LiPF4(C2O4) (LiFOP) electrolyte with propylene carbonate (PC) as a cosolvent is compared with LiPF6 electrolyte with ethylene carbonate (EC) as a cosolvent in the presence of different cathode materials, such as LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and LiFePO4. The cycling performance of cells with LiFOP and PC is similar to cells with LiPF6 with EC at room temperature and superior at low temperature (−10°C). After thermal abuse the room temperature performance of cells with LiFOP electrolyte and PC is worse than cells with LiPF6 and EC. A detailed analysis of the surface films on both the anode and the cathode via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) in the attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode was conducted to provide a better understanding of performance differences.
Detailed parallels described between lens fiber cell and neuron morphology, sub-cellular structure, and molecular biology include striking similarities in the ultrastructure of their vesicle transport machinery and the membrane protrusions that occur along the lateral surfaces of both cell types. α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA) glutamate receptors (AMPARs/NMDARs) are the predominant receptors in neurons. These receptors have fundamental roles in neuron morphogenesis as well as neuron physiology and dynamic cell signaling, and specifically at dendritic spines. As a result, AMPAR and NMDAR dysregulation underlies several primary neural disorders that have also shown epidemiological associations with cataract. Previously, we demonstrated AMPAR GluA1 and REST (RE-1 silencing transcription factor)-regulated GluA2 subunits are expressed in the lens, and showed C-terminal phospho-tyrosine-GluA2, and striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase (STEP), as well as GluA2 Q/R RNA editing in lenses similar to neurons. Here, we demonstrated that REST-regulated NMDAR NR1, NR2A, and NR2B are also expressed in lenses and localize predominantly in fiber cell membranes, consistent with REST transcription factors, as well as miR-124 and other REST gene targets identified in the lens. We also showed NR2B Tyr-1472 phosphorylation occurs in lens. These p-Tyr-GluA2 and p-Tyr-NR2B phosphorylation events are linked with membrane insertion regulated by STEP. We next determined that NR1 transcripts that include exon 5 are produced in lens consistent with Fox-1 RNA binding protein isoforms linked with this alternative splicing event, and shown to be expressed in lens as well as brain. These findings provide further evidence that fundamental neuronal morphogenetic programs, and hallmark neuronal gene expression and modes of regulation, are shared with elongated fiber cells of the lens.
A Li metal anode was electrochemically dissolved in propylene carbonate (PC) containing 0.5M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) and the development of the Li+ concentration profile measured in situ by holographic interferometry. As the electrochemical cell configurations both a horizontal anode-over-cathode configuration, with the anode facing upward, and a vertical configuration of the parallel planar electrodes were employed. At low current densities (<2mAcm−2) no shifting of the interference fringes was observed in either configuration during the initial stage of current passage. Such an incubation period has been observed also during cathodic Li electrodeposition from PC solutions, but in anodic Li dissolution the amount of electricity consumed during the incubation period was found to be appreciably less than in electrodeposition. This incubation phenomenon in electrochemical dissolution may be related to the existence of a solid–electrolyte interface layer on the Li metal surface in PC. The Li+ ion mass transfer rate measured after the incubation period agreed with that expected assuming one-dimensional diffusion in stagnant LiClO4 solution, away from the upward facing horizontal anode. In the case of a vertical plane anode, natural convection of the electrolytic solution was induced by the accumulation of LiClO4 at the anode. The mass transfer rate of Li+ ion measured after incubation was in reasonable agreement with natural convection boundary layer theory.