batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
As gene regulatory network models encompass more and more of the specification processes underlying sea urchin embryonic development, topological themes emerge that imply the existence of structural network ‘building blocks’. These are subcircuits which perform given logic operations in the spatial control of gene expression. The various parts of the sea urchin gene regulatory networks offer instances of the same subcircuit topologies accomplishing the same developmental logic functions but using different genes. These subcircuits are dedicated to specific developmental functions, unlike simpler ‘motifs’, and may indicate a repertoire of specific devices of which developmental gene regulatory networks are composed.
Lithium vanadium tetroxide (Li3VO4) anode material has been synthesized by a fast sol–gel method based on spontaneous chemical reactions. The crystal structures, surface morphologies and electrochemical performances of the Li3VO4 samples calcined at different temperatures are investigated. In the potential range of 0.02–3.0V, the sample sintered at 600°C shows the highest initial charge capacities of 276.2mAhg−1, 258.4mAhg−1, 201.4mAhg−1, at 0.1C, 0.2C and 0.5C, respectively. After 50 cycles, the charge capacities still retains 310.5mAhg−1, 278.1mAhg−1 and 222.4mAhg−1 at 0.1C, 0.2C and 0.5C, respectively. It shows fast sol-gel method is promising in synthesize stable Li3VO4 for EV or HEV applications.
This study assessed the impact of (Photo-Voltaic) PV battery systems on peak demand and energy consumption, and thus bill savings across households under two existing and nine potential electricity tariffs. Using case studies of old and new houses, we found an installation of 5.5 kW PV reduced the peak demand of the old houses from the grid by 16.5%, 14.9% and 10.9% respectively in Townsville, Sydney and Melbourne, Australia respectively. The corresponding decreased in its annual electricity consumption from the grid were 84%, 82% and 163%. The peak demand reduction of the new houses were less than that of the old houses, whilst the annual electricity consumption reductions were larger. Adding 16 kWh battery storage more than doubled the peak demand reduction in Townsville and Melbourne. We also found that, with PV alone, households on tariff of flat rate retail energy and network capacity charge had the greatest bill savings for both houses in the three cities. With adoption of PV battery systems, the greatest savings occurred at the households on tariff of critical peak pricing retail energy and network capacity charge. This information is useful for cost-effective use of renewable energy in residential buildings.
Pt-nanoparticle decorated nano-sized ZnO–Bi2O3 hetero-junctions of various compositions are synthesized along with binary Pt–ZnO and Pt–Bi2O3, characterized and used as anode-catalysts for methanol oxidation reaction in alkali. The peak current density of most of the Pt–ZnO–Bi2O3 catalysts in cyclic voltammetry is higher than these of Pt– Bi2O3 and Pt– ZnO indicating beneficiary and synergistic effect of the ternary composites. The best Pt–ZnO–Bi2O3 electrode containing ZnO:Bi2O3 = 5:1, exhibits significantly high current density, 932.1 mA mg−1 Pt which is 9.7, 5.5 and 12.1 times higher than that of Pt–Bi2O3 (95.4), Pt–ZnO (167.8) and synthesized Pt (76.5) catalysts. The mass normalized equilibrium exchange current density (4.46 × 10−4 mA mg−1 Pt) towards methanol oxidation reaction on the best electrode is approximately 3.6 × 104 and 9.5 times higher than these on Pt–Bi2O3 and Pt–ZnO electrodes. The chronoamperometry conforms to the results of CV study. The charge transfer resistance of the catalyst obtained from Nyquist plot is 12.6 and 8.2 times less than these offered by Pt–Bi2O3 and Pt–ZnO catalysts. Multi-scan CV experiments with the best ternary composite shows excellent stability in catalytic activity towards methanol oxidation reaction. The HPLC study helps understanding the selectivity of the catalysts among various products, which facilitates prediction of mechanistic pathways.
An electrochemically reduced graphene oxide was grown on carbon felt surface in a simple one-step electrodeposition process of graphene oxide and it was employed as a positive electrocatalyst of vanadium redox flow battery. The electrodeposited graphene-based nanocomposite on carbon felt presented outstanding electrochemical redox reversibility toward vanadium redox couple. Based on the cyclic voltammetry data and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy curves, the modified composite electrode possesses a huge amount of oxygen functional groups, high surface area, high electrical conductivity and excellent stability in compared to the pristine carbon felt electrode. The prepared electrode showed promising performance for vanadium redox flow battery as the energy efficiency was significantly enhanced by 12% at current density of 60 mA cm−2. This superior performance was probably due to the increase in the surface sites and fast electron transfer rate of the reduced graphene oxide.
The electrochemical characteristics of LiV3O8 have been investigated with respect to its use as anode material in a new type of rechargeable battery system. LiV3O8 reversibly intercalated/deintercalated Li+ cations at potentials below the evolution potential of hydrogen in a neutral aqueous solution. Thus, it could be used as anode material in an aqueous battery system without causing the kinetic electrolysis of water. A battery cell consisting of a combination of a LiCoO2/LiNi1−xCoxO2 solid solution (i.e. LiNi0.81Co0.19O2) as cathode material, LiV3O8 as anode material and a 1 M-Li2SO4 (or LiCl) aqueous solution as electrolyte was constructed. With an output voltage of 1–1.2 V, a total capacity of about 45 mAh/g (weight of anode+cathode) could be obtained. Concerning the stability, 70% of the discharge capacity remained after 30 charge/discharge cycles. The loss in capacity is attributed to a deterioration of the crystal structure. The results indicate the possibility for the development of a safe and low-cost aqueous lithium ion battery.
The battery temperature, H2SO4 distribution, Pb2+ ion concentration and composition of the plates during the plate soaking of the 12 V 12 Ah valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery are studied. A simulated cell composed by two pure Pb plates and the absorptive glass mat (AGM) separator is used to investigate the growth of the lead dendrite in the separator, which is verified by analyzing the faulty batteries after the formation and the failure batteries after the usage. It is found that the H2SO4 is exhausted very quickly after filling and the separator near the plates can become neutral during soaking. Low acidity, high temperature and small PbSO4 particle size will increase the Pb2+ ion concentration. Higher Pb2+ ion concentration makes more PbSO4 tend to deposit on the coarse glass fibers, develop along them and even enwrap the entire fiber. And the fine PbSO4 crystals are continually transformed into large PbSO4 crystals via dissolution-deposition. In the subsequent charge, these PbSO4 crystals will be reduced to the club-shaped lead dendrites and may lead to short circuit of the battery.
The application of a new series of layered first row transition metal oxides as cathodes in lithium ion cells is demonstrated. The cathodes were made from a quaternary oxide of lithium, chromium, and manganese belonging to the compositional series Li x Cr y Mn2−y O4+z with x>2.2, 0<y<2 and z≥0. The layered structure is stabilized by the partial substitution of the manganese by chromium and lithium atoms and by the partial or complete oxidation of the manganese to the +4 oxidation state.
New electrode architecture, in which a polymer wall exists in the gap between interdigitated current collectors on SiO2/Si substrate, was developed for micro lithium-ion batteries with high power and high capacity. The polymer wall with 30μm thickness was very helpful to construct 3D Li4Ti5O12 composite anode and 3D LiCoO2 composite cathode with an aspect ratio of ∼0.5, resulting in a great improvement of cell capacity up to 270μAhcm−2 from 4.8μAhcm−2 of the cell previously prepared by sol–gel process for LiMn2O4 cathode and Li4Ti5O12 anode on a conventional non-wall electrode substrate. Furthermore, in the developed cell configuration with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) gel electrolyte, more than 60% of the discharge capacity at 2C rate was retained at 20C rate.
High-pressure electrical conductivity measurements and differential thermal analysis have been carried out on poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) complexed with LiCF3SO3 (composition O:Li=20:1) for pressures up to 1 GPa. The temperature and pressure dependence of the conductivity were analyzed in terms of the recently presented generalized Vogel equation as well as the well-known Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher equation, and the former provides an improved description of the data. The conductivity results show that the apparent activation volumes for the conduction process at room temperature and atmospheric pressure are 48 and 42 cm3 mol−1 for electrolyte based on PPG4000 (molecular weight=4000) and PPG400, respectively. The temperature variation of the activation volume as well as the molecular weight dependence are described well within the free volume theory, which also provide a reasonable description of the pressure dependence. Differential thermal analysis was used to determine the pressure dependence of the glass transition temperature T g for the electrolyte based on PPG400. The result for the initial slope dT g/dp=140 K GPa−1 agrees well with that for the pure host PPG, but T g is shifted up 6 K.
Energy storage technologies are sensitively dependent on electrode film quality, thickness and process scalability. In Li-ion batteries, using additive-free titania (TiO2) as electrodes, we sought to show the potential of spray pyrolysis-deposited nanoengineered films with thicknesses up to 135 μm exhibiting ultra-high areal capacities. Detailed electron microscopic characterization indicated that the achieved thick films are composed of highly crystalline anatase TiO2 particles with sizes on the order of 10–12 nm and porous as well. A 135 μm thick film yielded ultra-high areal and volumetric capacities of 3.7 mAh cm−2 and 274 mAh cm−3, respectively, at 1C rate. Also the present work recorded high Coulombic efficiency and good cycling stability. The best previously achieved capacities for additive-free TiO2 films have been less than 0.25 mAh cm−2 and With additives, best reported areal capacity in the literature has been 2.5 mAh cm−2 at 1C rate, but only with electrode thickness as high as 1400 μm. Formation of through-the-thickness percolation of Ti3+ conductive network upon lithiation contributed substantially for the superior performance. Spray pyrolysis deposition of nanoparticulate TiO2 electrodes have the potential to yield volumetric capacities an order of magnitude higher than the other processes previously reported without sacrificing performance and process scalability.
This paper evaluates comprehensive psycho-educational research on early intervention for children with autism. Twenty-five outcome studies were identified. Twenty studies evaluated behavioral treatment, 3 studies evaluated TEACCH and 2 studies evaluated the Colorado Health Sciences Project. Outcome studies are graded according to their scientific value, and subsequently graded according to the magnitude of results documented in the studies. Based on the available evidence, treatment recommendations are made and practice parameters are suggested.
With the increasing importance given to smart grid solutions in end-user premises, demand response (DR) strategies applied to smart households are important topics from both real time application and academic theoretic analysis perspectives, recently. In this study, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) framework based evaluation of such a smart household is provided. Electric vehicles (EVs) with bi-directional power flow capability via charging and V2H operating modes, energy storage systems (ESSs) with peak clipping and valley filling opportunity and a small scale distributed generation (DG) unit enabling energy sell back to grid are all considered in the evaluated smart household structure. Different case studies including also different DR strategies based on dynamic pricing and peak power limiting are conducted to evaluate the technical and economic impacts of ESS and DG units. Besides, shiftable loads such as washing machine and dishwasher are also considered in Home Energy Management (HEM) system structure for the effective operation of the household. Moreover, a further sensitivity analysis is realized in order to discuss the impact of ESS and DG sizing on daily cost of smart household operation considering further pros and cons.
This work discusses the grid-level suitability for stationary battery energy storage systems based on lithium ion technology in general, focusing on the integration of such systems in the low-voltage grid-level in Europe. The vast majority of recent research regarding stationary battery storage systems focuses on single-electricity-grid voltage levels, whereas the interaction of different electricity grid-levels has been widely neglected. Challenges in distribution grids mostly originate from the quantity of challenges in low-voltage grids, stationary battery energy storage systems that are operated in low-voltage grids may reduce these challenges. Therefore, this work investigates stationary battery energy storage systems installed in low-voltage grids and their effects on superimposed grid-levels. Simulation results show that grid challenges, addressed by battery storage systems in low-voltage grids, have positive multiplicative impacts on upper grid levels, reducing local grid demand and lowering power peak stress. A proposal is presented for a low-voltage grid battery storage system that can be operated to fulfill the aforementioned functionality and yield the benefits via a multi-purpose or multi-tasking battery storage system.
Hydrothermally reduced porous graphene (PGs) and polyaniline (PANI) nanofiber composites (PGs–PANI) were prepared by interfacial polymerization of aniline in the presence of reduced porous graphene (PGs) under acidic conditions. Hydrothermal reduction of graphene oxide (GO) produced graphene quantum dots (GQDs) along with porous reduced graphene (PGs). The removal of nano sized GQDs generate several round shaped edges in the graphene, which facilitated improved charge storage. In addition to preparation of porous graphene, we developed an approach to process the PGs. We envisioned preparing conjugated polymer as processing material. The capacitive behavior of PGs was characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) techniques. The specific capacitance of hydrothermally reduced GO (PGs) and PGs–PANI composites was 185F/g and 357F/g at 0.1A/g in 1M H2SO4 electrolyte. The energy density of PGs–PANI composite was obtained 49.58Wh/kg at a power density of 71.8W/kg.
This article focuses on simulation accuracy of photovoltaic (PV) systems designed for local energy usage in households. The results of simulations can be misleading when the input data is estimated not correctly or the input data has a low time resolution. Load profile is difficult to estimate due to the changes in user behaviour and possible high power fluctuations. In contrast to many other studies, 15s data are used as PV power and household load data input. Using this data for simulations we show the influence of averaging interval on the results and thus we indicate the variance in the simulated system performance (rates of self-consumption, energy independence and grid interaction).
Storing hydrogen in materials is based on the observation that metals can reversibly absorb hydrogen. However, the practical application of such a finding is found to be rather challenging especially for vehicular applications. The ideal material should reversibly store a significant amount of hydrogen under moderate conditions of pressures and temperatures. To date, such a material does not exist, and the high expectations of achieving the scientific discovery of a suitable material simultaneously with engineering innovations are out of reach. Of course, major breakthroughs have been achieved in the field, but the most promising materials still bind hydrogen too strongly and often suffer from poor hydrogen kinetics and/or lack of reversibility. Clearly, new approaches have to be explored, and the knowledge gained with high-energy ball milling needs to be exploited, i.e. size does matter! Herein, progress made towards the practical use of magnesium as a hydrogen store and the barriers still remaining are reviewed. In this context, the new approach of tailoring the properties of metal hydrides through size restriction at the nanoscale is discussed. Such an approach already shows great promise in leading to further breakthroughs because both thermodynamics and kinetics can be effectively controlled at molecular levels.
A numerical method based on asymptotic homogenization theory is presented for the design of lattice materials against fatigue failure. The method is applied to study the effect of unit cell shape on the fatigue strength of hexagonal and square lattices. Cell shapes with regular and optimized geometry are examined. A unit cell is considered to possess a regular shape if the geometric primitives defining its inner boundaries are joined with an arc fillet, whose radius is 1% of the cell length. An optimized cell shape, on the other hand, is obtained by minimizing the curvature of its interior borders, which are conceived as continuous in curvature to smooth stress localization. For a given multi-axial cyclic loading, failure surfaces of metallic hexagonal and square lattices are provided along with their modified Goodman diagrams to assess the effect of mean and alternating stresses on the fatigue strength. In good agreement with the experimental data available in literature, the numerical results show that the shape of the unit cell has a major impact on the fatigue performance of the lattice material. For example under fully reversible tension, the fatigue strength of optimized square lattices of 10% relative density is shown to be 54% higher than that of their conventional counterparts with regular cell geometry.
We describe herein a method for quantifying and ranking the puncture resistance of lithium-ion battery separators, which can be used as a quality-control tool for determining the in-plane uniformity of their mechanical properties. Mechanical properties were probed over length scales comparable to the size of electrode active material particles. We determined the elastic modulus and hardness of four polymeric and four organic–inorganic composite separators through nanoindentation, and examined their morphology with scanning electron microscopy. Our results show that ceramic-enhanced separators can have improved mechanical properties compared to polymeric separators (3× increase in elastic modulus, 2× increase in hardness). Composite separators made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and fumed alumina displayed the highest hardness. The results also indicate that the mechanical properties of ceramic-enhanced separators depend strongly on materials choices and processing conditions (in particular, their thermal history). Furthermore, inclusion of ceramics into a separator does not guarantee improved mechanical properties.
We propose a new electrochemical system based on a negative electrode based on lithium pentatitanate, a positive electrode based on the lithium-vanadium(III) phosphate, 0.67 mol dm−3 lithium chlorate(VII) solution in a mixture of propylene carbonate and 1,2-dimethoxyethane as an electrolyte and consider the peculiarities of its functioning. The paper cites the arguments and experimental data disclosing the influence of the products of the secondary oxidation of 1,2-dimethoxyethane at the Li3V2(PO4)3-electrode on the functional behavior of the Li4Ti5O12-electrode as the main reason for the observed decrease in the characteristics of the battery prototypes and suggests the ways to solve this problem.
Copper nanoparticles supported on Super-P carbon (Cu/Super-P) are prepared by a one-pot microwave assisted procedure and used as conductive additive in graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Anodes prepared with the Cu/Super-P additive show excellent cycling stability at temperatures as low as −30 °C with reversible capacities of the order of 180 mAh g− 1. Four-points probe DC resistance measurements of layers prepared with Cu/Super-P demonstrate that the electronic resistance decreases of about half with respect to layers prepared with pristine Super-P. Additionally, the ac-impedance of Cu-modified electrodes is much lower than that of electrodes containing Super-P only. This implies an active role of the copper nanoparticles in improving the intercalation capacity, especially at low temperature.
This paper summarizes recent evidence on what achievement tests measure; how achievement tests relate to other measures of “cognitive ability” like IQ and grades; the important skills that achievement tests miss or mismeasure, and how much these skills matter in life. Achievement tests miss, or perhaps more accurately, do not adequately capture, soft skills—personality traits, goals, motivations, and preferences that are valued in the labor market, in school, and in many other domains. The larger message of this paper is that soft skills predict success in life, that they causally produce that success, and that programs that enhance soft skills have an important place in an effective portfolio of public policies.
Many patients with chronic illness are limited in their physical activities. This systematic review evaluates the content and format of patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires that measure physical activity in elderly and chronically ill populations.
Flexible and wearable supercapacitors (SCs) have received extensive attention due to their promising applications in wearable electronics. Previous efforts have been mainly devoted to fabricate electrode materials with high surface areas, including activated carbon through carbonizing natural fibers at high temperature. This methodology however frequently disintegrates the fibrous structures and fails to take full advantage of the intrinsic and foremost feature of the fibers as fabrics. Herein we proposed one alternative strategy to enhance SC performance through utilizing natural hollow Calotropis gigantea fibers (CGFs) with hydrophobic surfaces to confine conductive polymer of polypyrrole (PPy) both outside and inside of the fiber lumen. The in situ electrodeposited PPy enabled a full contact between the electrode material and electrolyte, enlarged the electrolyte accessible area and spurred the capacitive performance of the SC, which demonstrated a significantly improved specific capacitance of 785.78 mF cm−2 at a current density of 4 mA cm −2 compared with the 648.44 mF cm−2 of SCs without the fibers (a 21.2% increase). The harness of confinement effect could potentially expand to be a general way to rationally design synthetic fibers with customized inner and outer diameter ratios, superficial hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties to realize optimum electrochemical performance for SCs.