batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Transport properties (ionic conductivities (σ), salt diffusion coefficients (D s), and cationic transference numbers (t + 0)) as a function of salt concentration (C s) are reported and compared for several common binary salt/polymer systems being considered for use as electrolytes in rechargeable lithium batteries for electric vehicle and other applications. The three properties provide a complete description of transport in solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) or “dry” systems in cells undergoing galvanostatic charge and discharge. The macroscopic approach used obviates the need to know the details of speciation in these non-ideal solutions and allows for a more sophisticated correlation of the characteristics of ion transport with polymer structure, salt type, and concentration than conductivity data alone.
A carbon aerogel supercapacitor has been fabricated with an alkaline polymer gel electrolyte. The electrolyte, which also acts as a separator, has a thickness of 3mm and a conductivity of around 10−2 Scm−1 at room temperature. The capacitor is characterized by means of cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic cycling. A specific capacitance of 9Fg−1 is shown by cyclic voltammetry.
Present-day plate processing offers ample opportunity for improvement within lead-acid battery plants. An inorganic, glass micro-fiber, active-material additive has been found to improve plate processing and lower cost in many of the various operations. This additive allows paste batches to be made with higher moisture contents that improve grid filling and paste texture through higher malleability and reduced resistance to flow. The additive also acts as a bulking agent to extend the plate yield of paste batches, which results in lower cost of active material per plate. Energy consumption and operation throughput in plate making is improved by lower flash-dryer temperatures on the pasting line and by a substantial reduction in curing time. Plates made with the additive have decreased paste pellet friability, which reduces battery assembly scrap. The additive also lowers plate surface dusting that results from handling and thus offers the battery manufacturer the opportunity of lowering lead-in-air emissions within the battery plant. Plates made with the additive have been found to have higher surface area and increased active-material utilization, which can enhance battery performance.
Axonal maintenance is known to rely, in part, on non-cell-autonomous support from myelinating glia, but the mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, the authors show that loss of the serine/threonine kinase LKB1 in Schwann cells leads to changes in nerve metabolism and axonal degeneration, even in the absence of demyelination.
Seasonal changes in Th scavenging and particle aggregation were determined along two shelf-basin transects in the western Arctic Ocean during the spring (May–June) and summer (July–August) of 2002 and 2004. Measurements of dissolved and particulate 234Th and 228Th activities were used to quantify Th residence times and reversible rates of Th sorption and particle aggregation. Prior to the spring bloom in 2002, 234Th and 228Th residence times were equal and Th scavenging was concordant, indicating predominately steady-state conditions. In contrast, scavenging of 234Th and 228Th in the summer of 2002 and the spring and summer of 2004 was discordant, indicating a departure in scavenging rates from steady-state conditions during periods of seasonally high biological activity and particle export. Rates of particle aggregation and disaggregation were calculated using a one-dimensional reversible exchange model and 234Th and 228Th activities in small (1–53μm) and large (>53μm) particles. Maximum rates were determined coincident with the chlorophyll maximum (25–100m) and increased by an order of magnitude between periods of low and high productivity. These Th measurements provide evidence that seasonally enhanced rates of particle aggregation might increase the magnitude of the particulate organic carbon (POC) flux in this Arctic regime.
Recent literature on composite electrodeposition is reviewed, with special attention to new application fields which are being developed, besides the well-established coating preparation. It is shown how alternative matrix materials, like conducting polymers, oxides and salts, have been investigated in order to produce composites with properties appropriate to their use in electrocatalysis, fabrication of photoactive devices and energy storage.
Hydrogen is considered as the most promising future fuel, as its combustion generates only water vapor besides energy. However, finding efficient, safe and low cost storage methods is the basic impediment for the adoption of hydrogen as fuel. For this purpose, five biomass-based carbon samples have been successfully prepared through KOH activation procedure. The microstructure of the prepared materials was tuned by varying KOH/precursor weight ratio from 1:1 to 5:1, in order to optimize their hydrogen storage behavior and to clarify the storage mechanism. A careful textural and morphological characterization of the prepared samples (N2 and CO2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy observations) showed that by increasing the activation ratio the nature of the carbons changes from microporous to micro-mesoporous. Thus, an increase in the surface area was observed which enhanced H2 sorption capacity when high H2 pressures were adopted. At subatmospheric pressure, the role of active sites for H2 adsorption, located in the oriented graphene sheets, was clearly elaborated. Finally, the optimal carbon sample has shown a capacity of 6wt% and 1.22wt% at −196°C and 25°C respectively, and 200bar. These results make biomass-based carbons promising materials for H2 storage application.
Mobile Social Network in Proximity (MSNP) is a new form of social network in which users are capable of interacting with their surroundings via their mobile devices in public mobile peer-to-peer (MP2P) environments. MSNP brings opportunity to people to meet new friends, share device content, and perform various social activities. However, as the fundamental topology of MSNP is based on public MP2P network, many challenges have arisen. Existing related works restrict the MP2P social network to operate in specific platforms and protocols. Enabling MSNP in a dynamic public MP2P also requires a more flexible loosely-coupled service-oriented solution. Applying the service-oriented MSNP environment will enhance the interoperability of MSNP participants. However, the latency issue while performing dynamic service discovery and the resource constraint issue of devices, prevent the efficiency of MP2P-based service-oriented MSNP systems. In this paper, we propose an adaptive mobile-hosted service-oriented mediation framework for MSNP. The framework supports proactive service discovery by using context-aware user preference prediction scheme to reduce the latency caused by the service discovery process. In order to resolve the resource constraint issue, the mediation framework applied the Enterprise Service Bus architecture to support the runtime resource changes, and utilise resource-aware workflow mechanism to enable the dynamic adjustment of the execution behaviour at runtime based on the combination of fuzzy set and cost and performance index scheme.
Waves, contain great amounts of wind energy, and represent a real danger for seashores generally. In Romania, along the Black Sea shore, many beaches and resorts have been damaged by waves. This paper describes a solution for protecting the seashores against wave aggression: it is based on the presence of a submerged dike in front of and around the affected zone. The solution is cheap, efficient, does not disturb the landscape and does not interfere with small nautical and other entertainment activities.
Currently, in the field of operation and planning of electrical power systems, a new challenge is growing which includes with the increase in the level of distributed generation from new energy sources, especially renewable sources. The question of load redistribution for better energetic usage is of vital importance since these new renewable energy sources are often intermittent. Therefore, new systems must be proposed which ally energy storage with renewable energy generators for reestablishment of grid reliability. This work presents a review of energy storage and redistribution associated with photovoltaic energy, proposing a distributed micro-generation complex connected to the electrical power grid using energy storage systems, with an emphasis placed on the use of NaS batteries. These systems aim to improve the load factor, considering supply side management, and the offer of backup energy, in the case of demand side management.
Making all-electric vehicles (EVs) commonplace in transportation applications will require affordable high-power and high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The quest for suitable cathode materials to meet this end has currently plateaued with the discovery of high-voltage (≥4.7V vs. Li+), high capacity (∼250mAh/g) lithium–manganese-rich (LMR) layered composite oxides. Despite the promise of LMR oxides in high-energy-density LIBs, an irreversible structural change has been identified in this work that is governed by the formation of a ‘permanent’ spin-glass type magnetically frustrated phase indicating a dominant AB2O4 (A = Li, B = Mn) type spinel after a short-term lithium deintercalation (charging) and intercalation (discharging) process. Furthermore, reduction of transition metal (Mn) ions from the 4+ state (pristine LMR) to 3+ (cycled LMR), which alters the intercalation redox chemistry and suggests the presence of ‘unfilled’ lithium vacancies and/or oxygen vacancies in the lattice after cycling, has presented a major stumbling block. These situations result in both loss of capacity and fading of the voltage profile, and these combined effects significantly reduce the high energy density over even short-term cycling.
At low temperature, the performance of battery declines significantly. Thus Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) for heating and maintaining its temperature in proper range is crucial when the batteries of electric vehicle operate in cold climate. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of heating parameters on the heating performance of BTMS based on heat/cold plate method. A 3D model of 6 battery cells and heat/cold plate was built in COMSOL. The numerical study considered three effects under the cold climate of −20 °C, which are the discharge rate of battery, inlet mass flow rate of heating medium and inlet temperature. According to the results, the batteries cannot be heated to its proper operating temperature range only by vaChongqingrying the discharge rates of battery. In addition, the discharge rates also have a negligible effect on the temperature raising compare with external heating source. With external heating source, higher mass flow rate can achieve a better heating performance, but it is limited when the mass flow rate exceeds 0.065 kg/s, which increase of the heating medium inlet temperature can more quickly heat up the batteries, but it may lead to the maximum temperature of batteries exceeds 40 °C. Among the calculated temperatures, the inlet temperature around 45 °C can be a reasonable temperature for the battery heating of BTMS based on heat/cold plate.
People choose to participate in recycling for a variety of reasons. This study analyzes the relationship between the frequency of selective separation and general refuse disposal, and the influence on the recycling habit of the walking distance to drop off the materials. The methodology employed was one of personal interviews in the street, the study population being a region in the north of Spain (Principality of Asturias). More than one thousand people participated in this survey carried out in 2002. Five hypotheses related to three variables (the frequency for depositing recycling materials and general refuse, the distance to recycling and general bins, and the recycling habit) were tested using different statistical tests. Results show that the people who frequently go to the bins to dispose of general refuse are more likely to recycle some product at home, and in most cases, as the distance to the recycling bins decreases, the number of fractions that citizens separate and collect at home increases. Most of the results obtained have been compared with other previous in literature.
The present study examined how knowledge of a child’s seizure condition is related to teachers’ assessment of the child’s academic ability. Children with epilepsy were divided into two groups based on teachers’ awareness of the children’s seizure condition (Label). The children’s achievement was assessed using the Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement—Revised (WJ-R), and the teacher’s ratings were obtained from the Child Behavior Checklist Teacher Report Form (TRF) (Source). A 2 (Source)×2 (Label) mixed-design analysis of covariance (controlling for IQ and how well the teacher knew the child) revealed a significant interaction, F(1,121)=4.22, P =0.04. For the WJ-R there was no effect of Label on Achievement, but on the TRF lower scores were observed for children who were labeled. These results support the hypothesis that some teachers might underestimate the academic abilities of children with epilepsy.
We report a simple fabrication, great performance and cost-effective triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which is based on the cycled contact-separation between a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, for effectively harvesting footfall energy. The elastic sponge is first used as the spacer in the TENG, where the size and the thickness of the spacers have a significant effect on the output performance of the TENG. By using the optimized device, a TENG-based shoe insole is used to harvest human walking energy, where the maximum output voltage and current density reached up to 220V and 40µA, respectively. We also demonstrate that the fabricated shoe insole using a single layer of TENG can be directly used to light up 30 white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in serial connection. By taking the merits of this simple fabrication, outstanding performance, robust characteristic and low-cost technology, we believe that TENG can open up great opportunities not only for powering small electronics, but also can contribute to large-scale energy harvesting through engineering design.
A silicon/graphite/amorphous carbon (Si/C) composite with a low silicon content in a core–shell structure has been easily synthesized using a simple method based on spray drying in combination with a subsequent pyrolysis process; natural graphite serves as the core, and silicon nanoparticles, which filled in the porous carbon matrix formed from the pyrolysis of citric acid and pitch precursors, serve as the shell. The combination of the core–shell structure for the composite and porous carbon-coating layer accommodates the large volume change of the silicon during the lithium intercalation/extraction process, thus stabilizing the electrode structure during discharge/charge cycles. As an anode material, the as-obtained Si/C composite demonstrates high capacity and excellent cycle stability. An initial specific discharge capacity of approximately 723.8 mAh g−1 and a reversible specific capacity of approximately 600 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a constant density of 100 mA g−1 are reached, about two times the values for graphite. Due to the simple synthesis process and the excellent performance of the resulted electrode, great commercial potential is envisioned.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed during the first charge of a graphite/lithium metal test cell to determine the effect of an electrolyte salt on passive film formation in a polysiloxane-based electrolyte. The graphite electrode was separated from the lithium metal electrode by a porous polyethylene membrane immersed in a polysiloxane-based electrolyte with the dissolved lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB) or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI). In case of LiTFSI, the conductivity of system decreased at 1.2V. In contrast, for the case of LiBOB, the conductivity decreased at 1.7V. The magnitudes of charge transfer resistance and film resistance for LiTFSI were smaller than that for LiBOB. Passive films on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) after charging (lithiating) in polysiloxane-based electrolyte were inspected microscopically. Gel-like film and island-like films were observed for LiBOB [H. Nakahara, A. Masias, S.Y. Yoon, T. Koike, K. Takeya, Proceedings of the 41st Power Sources Conference, vol. 165, Philadelphia, June 14–17, 2004; H. Nakahara, S.Y. Yoon, T. Piao, S. Nutt, F. Mansfeld, J. Power Sources, in press; H. Nakahara, S.Y. Yoon, S. Nutt, J. Power Sources, in press]. However, for LiTFSI, there was sludge accumulation on the HOPG surface. Compositional analysis revealed the presence of silicon on both HOPG specimens with LiBOB and with LiTFSI. The electrolyte salt dissolved in the polysiloxane-based electrolyte changed the electrochemical and morphological nature of passive films on graphite electrode.
Pharmacotherapy of aphasia had been discussed for the last twenty years with first bromocriptine and amphetamine and then serotoninergic, GABAergic and cholinergic agents. Here, we reviewed the MEDLINE available reports of drug therapy for aphasia. So far, proofs of efficiency were found indubitable for none of the studied molecules. However, some of them showed limited efficiency (piracetam and amphetamine). Moreover, drug therapies for aphasia were less efficient alone than when they were associated with speech therapy.
One of the most important challenges in the improvement of the lithium ion battery (LIB) for electric vehicle (EV) applications is its fast charging capability. However, currently used graphite anode materials cannot meet this requirement for EVs. Herein, we demonstrate that surface modification of graphite using oxygen-deficient black titanium oxide (TiO2−x) is an efficient way to improve the fast charging capability of graphite anode material for LIB. The proposed surface engineered anode material, 1 wt% TiO2-x coated graphite anode material, at a high rate of 5 C-rate, exhibited 98.2% of the capacity obtained at a rate of 0.2 C without any degradation of other performances. Full cell tests adopting LiCoO2 as a cathode material with TiO2-x coated graphite anode material also confirmed that the TiO2-x coating layer can improve the fast charging capability of graphite anode material. Such an improvement in the fast charging capability has mainly been attributed to the modified interface between the anode and the electrolyte by surface-engineering of the TiO2-x layer on the surface of graphite. These results show that the approach presented in this work, interfacial engineering of graphite using oxygen deficient TiO2-x, deserves to be regarded as one of the most promising ways to develop an anode material with fast charging capability for high power LIB for EV applications.
ABSTRACT A series of spherical hierarchical LiNi1−x−yCoxAlyO2 (0<x, y<0.2) were successfully synthesized via a novel and simple cation exchange process. Specifically, spherical flowerlike Ni1−x−yCoxAly(OH)2+y (0<x, y<0.2) were obtained from (Ni0.85Co0.15)3(NO3)2(OH)4 via the cation exchange between Al ion and Ni/Co ions while maintaining its morphology. Then, after calcination, the hierarchical spherical LiNi1−x−yCoxAlyO2 (0<x, y<0.2) could be easily obtained. Among these materials, the hierarchical spherical LiNi0.84Co0.14Al0.02O2 performs the discharge capacity of 190mAhg−1 at 20mAg−1 at the second cycle, while the material LiNi0.85Co0.15O2 obtained using the (Ni0.85Co0.15)3(NO3)2(OH)4 without ion exchange performs a discharge capacity of 165mAhg−1. Furthermore, the hierarchical spherical LiNi0.84Co0.14Al0.02O2 maintains the high capacity retention of 84.0% after 225 cycles at 200mAg−1. This work exploits a new and facile way to synthesize high capacity Al-contained layered metal oxides cathode materials.
Advanced technologies for controlled delivery of light to targeted locations in biological tissues are essential to neuroscience research that applies optogenetics in animal models. Fully implantable, miniaturized devices with wireless control and power-harvesting strategies offer an appealing set of attributes in this context, particularly for studies that are incompatible with conventional fiber-optic approaches or battery-powered head stages. Limited programmable control and narrow options in illumination profiles constrain the use of existing devices. The results reported here overcome these drawbacks via two platforms, both with real-time user programmability over multiple independent light sources, in head-mounted and back-mounted designs. Engineering studies of the optoelectronic and thermal properties of these systems define their capabilities and key design considerations. Neuroscience applications demonstrate that induction of interbrain neuronal synchrony in the medial prefrontal cortex shapes social interaction within groups of mice, highlighting the power of real-time subject-specific programmability of the wireless optogenetic platforms introduced here.
The pulverization (particle cracking) of LaNi5-based electrodes with different Co contents (ca.5, 8 and 10 wt%) is studied by means of electrochemical acoustic emission measurements. Through an appropriate analysis of the acoustic signals detected during electrode cycling, the acoustic events related to particle cracking can be identified and quantified. It is shown that the particle cracking occurs mostly during the first charge. For the 5 and 8 wt% Co alloys, the particle cracking is mainly detected in the early stage of the hydriding reaction, i.e.when the α-to-β phase transition is initiated. In contrast, for the 10 wt% Co alloy, the particle cracking is more progressive during the first charge with the presence of two successive increases of the acoustic activity, which is attributed to the formation of an intermediate γ-phase hydride. On the basis of the number of acoustic events detected during the first charge, the influence of the Co content on the alloy pulverization is quantified with mean values of 13700, 5600 and 1300 events for a Co content in the alloy of 5, 8 and 10 wt%, respectively.
A compacted lithium powder anode was used to improve the demerits of dendrite formation of lithium metal. Dendrite formation of lithium metal was restrained to use compacted lithium powder anode under a specific amount of discharge and the current density. In this study, the amount of discharge and the current density which suppress dendrite formation at the surface of a lithium powder electrode were investigated on an experimental basis. Discharge/charge reactions were accomplished on various values of the amount of discharge and current density by using beaker cells. It was analyzed by SEM images whether dendrite was formed or not on the surface of lithium powder electrode. From the various experiments, the relationship between current density and total amount of discharge was deduced as a simple mathematical model. From the model, the critical condition of total amount of discharge for dendrite formation in Li-powder electrode was increased from 0.1mAcm−2 to 1mAcm−2 current density. However, the critical condition of total amount of discharge was decreased over 1mAcm−2. Using the model, the condition whether dendrite formed or not on the Li-powder anode could be estimated.