batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
There has been a recent push to develop powerful and safe batteries with enhanced application needs and safety requirements. A new thermoelectric hybrid battery (TEHB) system has been proposed to utilize the battery waste heat, FeS2 as an example, to further reproduce electricity and decrease temperatures as the battery is discharging and charging. Therefore, the thermoelectric properties of FeS2 as battery electrode are studied in order to enhance its thermoelectric performance and develop a system to utilize battery heat efficiently and securely. Here, FeS2 thermoelectric material is firstly prepared with hydrothermal method, followed by second-phase Fe7S8 with higher electrical conductivity which was introduced through newly designed annealing process. The results showed that the electrical conductivity of FeS2 that was annealed at 873K reached 136Scm−1 at 300K and 302Scm−1 at 648K. These were two orders of magnitude higher than the other synthesized samples. When Fe7S8 nano-crystals were introduced, there was a decrease in lattice thermal conductivity and an increase in Seebeck coefficient. These results are an important step in improving the battery efficiency by converting the unavoidable heat that was generated by battery into electricity.
The development of low-cost bifunctional catalysts with high catalytic activity and durability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a critical step for successful commercialization of Zn-air batteries. In this study, N-doped mesoporous carbon containing dispersed FeNx species is prepared and tested as an ORR and OER bifunctional catalyst for this battery type. Physical-chemical characterization of the newly prepared material demonstrated that NaCl can be effective as a porous structure forming template during carbonization. Resulting mesoporous structure containing FeNx species provides significant number of ORR and OER active sites. The optimized catalyst displays higher limiting current density and more positive half-wave potential for ORR than commercial Pt/C, as well as lower overpotential for OER than RuO2 in KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, the obtained carbon material used as an air cathode in a specially assembled rechargeable Zn-air cell demonstrates electrocatalytic performance superior to those of Pt/C and RuO2 electrodes, which makes it a promising non-precious metal bifunctional catalyst for Zn-air batteries.
Ordered mesoporous zinc-doped SnO2 (Zn-doped meso-SnO2) particles with a high surface area and a 2D hexagonal-type pore structure are synthesized by a double-replication procedure using SBA-15 silica and CMK-3 carbon as successive hard templates. The double-replication procedure provides large mesopores (diameter ∼10 nm), which are essential in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) for the facile diffusion of redox electrolytes. It is shown that Zn doping into an ordered mesoporous SnO2 framework induces a negative shift in the flat-band potential (VFB) and also increases the isoelectric point. Consequently, DSCs employing Zn-doped meso-SnO2 photoanodes demonstrate longer electron lifetimes and increased dye loading than their undoped meso-SnO2 counterparts. A maximum energy-conversion efficiency (η) of 3.73% is achieved from solar cells fabricated with 3 mol% Zn-doped meso-SnO2 photoanodes, a nearly five-fold improvement compared to undoped meso-SnO2 photoanode DSCs (η = 0.81%).
Social-skill deficits are pervasive in schizophrenia and negatively impact many key aspects of functioning. Prior studies have found that measures of elementary neurocognition and social cognition are related to social-skills. In the present study we selected a range of neurocognitive measures and examined their relationship with identification of happy and sad faces and performance-based social-skills. Fifty-three patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participated. Results revealed that: 1) visual vigilance, problem-solving and affect recognition were related to social-skill; 2) links between problem-solving and social-skill, but not visual vigilance and social-skill, remained significant when estimates of verbal intelligence were controlled; 3) affect recognition deficits explained unique variance in social-skill after neurocognitive variables were controlled; and 4) affect recognition deficits partially mediated the relationship of visual vigilance and social-skill. These results support the conclusion that facial affect recognition deficits are a crucial domain of impairment in schizophrenia that both contribute unique variance to social-skill deficits and may also mediate the relationship between some aspects of neurocognition and social-skill. These findings may help guide the development and refinement of cognitive and social-cognitive remediation methods for social-skill impairment.
An in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was applied to the investigation of LiCoO2 electrode in ethylene and ethyl methyl carbonates electrolyte. The electrode impedance was plotted on the three-dimensional diagram, which has real, imaginary and time axes, with the measurements of the charge (deintercalation) and discharge (intercalation) curves. The formation of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on LiCoO2 electrode was discussed by the variation of impedance spectra. It was found that the SEI structure was constructed on LiCoO2 electrode and its resistance changed by the reversible process. Moreover, the effects of vinylene carbonate and ethylene sulfite as additives into the electrolyte were investigated.
The effect of AlF3 coating amount on the electrochemical cycling behavior of the LiCoO2 positive electrode was investigated at the high upper voltage limit of 4.5V. The cycling performance and rate capability of LiCoO2 positive electrode are strongly related with the amount of AlF3 coating. The electrochemical performance of the AlF3-coated LiCoO2 decreased with increasing AlF3 coating amount but showed enhanced properties, compared to those of pristine material. The 0.5mol% AlF3-coated LiCoO2 had the best electrochemical performance, showing capacity retention of 97.7% after 50 cycles and rate capability of 93.1% at 5C discharge. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential capacity (dQ dV −1) suggested that the AlF3 coating plays an important role in stabilizing the positive electrode/electrolyte interface and the host structure.
Aerosols from wildfires are the primary aerosols in the Arctic atmosphere during the summer months. These aerosols occur in large, increasing quantities and impact the sensitive radiative balance in the Arctic. FROSTFIRE, a controlled burn in a Long-Term Ecological Research Area 50km north of Fairbanks, Alaska, was designed to quantify the impacts of wildfire on sub-Arctic boreal forest ecosystems in permafrost regions. However, it provided a unique opportunity to examine smoke aerosols collected in the middle of a sub-Arctic boreal forest fire. A battery-powered eight-stage aerosol impactor (i.e. a Davis Rotating-drum Unit for Monitoring), mounted at the top of a 10m meteorological tower in the burn zone, collected size- and time-resolved aerosol samples with 19.45min resolution for 24h during the burn. The samples underwent Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Proton Elastic Scattering Analysis (PESA) to determine the sizes and elemental compositions of the collected aerosols. Throughout the fire, the smoke reaching the sampler was strongly monodisperse with most of the aerosol mass in the optically active 0.56–1.15μm in aerodynamic diameter size range. Fine organics comprised almost all of the mass in this optically active size range and the concentrations of the organics were high throughout the sampling period. However, unlike the fine organics, the potassium concentrations in the smoke decreased exponentially during the sampling period as the fire progressed from an active flaming to a smoldering behavior. The major findings from this field experiment are the dramatic differences in aerosol composition as a function of fire type (i.e. smoldering or active flaming) and that the largest emission of organics occurs during the smoldering phase, unaccompanied by the potassium emissions often used as a smoke tracer. These results agree with recent laboratory experiments.
Abstract In this paper a statistical method for establishing the minimum energy reservoir needed for a hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) is proposed. This method is based on real world data and investigates the statistical properties of the charge and discharge events for a variety of driving profiles. The distribution of the magnitude of discharge and charge events was found to be exponentially distributed. Using an exponential distribution assumption, the probability distribution for the energy stored in the battery was calculated. This distribution is a function of only two parameters, the average discharge energy (μ d ), and the ratio of the average discharge energy to the average charge energy(ζ). These parameters are functions of the drive profiles of interest and the power-level of the HEV power supply. Based on this, a strategy HEV battery capacity and the power-level of the primary power supply was proposed. This strategy is of particular importance for fuel cell based HEVs because the cost of the fuel cell stack directly scales with the power level.
In poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) gel with lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), the salt concentration dependence on the ionic conductivity and the viscosity indicates that LiFSI has a high degree of dissociation and weak interaction with the PTMA. These properties retain fast charge transportation even at a high salt concentration in the gel. When salt concentration is increased to 1.5 mol/L, the diffusion coefficient for the gel containing LiFSI is almost unchanged. The capacity at 120C charging in organic radical battery (ORB) is increased by 20 mAh/g as LiFSI concentration increases from 1.0 to 1.5 mol/L. These results suggest that the increase in LiFSI concentration suppresses the shortage of electrolyte anions, which is involved in the oxidation reaction of nitroxyl radicals, at high rate charging. The ORB with 1.5 mol/L LiFSI-ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (4:6, v/v) is charged to 80% capacity in 30 s by using a 120C-constant current/constant voltage charge.
A huge inrush of PHEVs is envisioned in the future. There is a growing risk that, this proliferation in the number of PHEVs will trigger extreme surges in demand while charging them during rush hours. To mitigate this impact, a smart charging station is proposed in which the charging of the PHEVs is controlled in such a way that the impact of charging during peak load period is not felt on the grid. The power needed to charge the plug in hybrids comes from grid-connected photovoltaic generation or the utility or both. The three way interaction between the PV, PHEVs and the grid ensures optimal usage of available power, charging time and grid stability. The system designed to achieve the desired objective consists of a photovoltaic system, DC/DC boost converter, DC/AC bi-directional converter and DC/DC buck converter. The output of DC/DC boost converter and input of DC/AC bi-directional converter share a common DC link. A unique control strategy based on DC link voltage sensing is proposed for the above system for efficient transfer of energy.
Mesoporous silicon nanorods assembled by small nanocrystals were successfully prepared using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a template via a facile magnesiothermic reduction process. The obtained product was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement and electrochemical measurements. The resulting mesoporous silicon nanorods as an anode exhibit a significantly improved electrochemical performance compared with the porous silicon networks and bulk silicon. The reversible capacity can retain 1038mAhg−1 at 200mAg−1 after 170 cycles. Even at a high rate of 2000mAg−1, a reversible capacity of 664mAhg−1 can still be obtained. All these results suggest that the mesoporous silicon nanorods are a promising candidate for the next generation of lithium ion batteries.
With the increasing presence of intermittent renewable energy generation sources, variable control over loads and energy storage devices on the grid become even more important to maintain this balance. Increasing renewable energy penetration depends on both technical and economic factors. Distribution system consumers can contribute to grid stability by controlling residential electrical device power consumed by water heaters and battery storage systems. Coupled with dynamic supply pricing strategies, a comprehensive system for demand response (DR) exist. Proper DR management will allow greater integration of renewable energy sources partially replacing energy demand currently met by the combustion of fossil-fuels. An enticing economic framework providing increased value to consumers compensates them for reduced control of devices placed under a DR aggregator. Much work has already been done to develop more effective ways to implement DR control systems. Utilizing an integrated approach that combines consumer requirements into aggregate pools, and provides a dynamic response to market and grid conditions, we have developed a mathematical model that can quantify control parameters for optimum demand response and decide which resources to switch and when. In this model, optimization is achieved as a function of cost savings vs. customer comfort using mathematical market analysis. Two market modeling approaches—the Cournot and SFE—are presented and compared. A quadratic function is used for presenting the cost function of each DRA (Demand Response Aggregator) which will be used for settling down the DR market. Contribution of each aggregator and the final price are presented. Finally, we have also performed sensitivity analysis on the house cost function’s coefficients for one of the aggregators.
The aim of this study was to compare olfactory functions pre- and post-CPAP treatment in patients with moderate to severe OSA, and to evaluate the factors that cause changes in olfactory functions.
The dual-phase Li4Ti5O12–TiO2 nanocomposite is successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal route with adding thiourea. The electrochemical performance of the dual-phase nanocomposite as anode for lithium-ion batteries is investigated by the galvanostatic method, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectra. It is demonstrated that the dual-phase Li4Ti5O12–TiO2 nanocomposite presents the improved electrochemical performance over individual single phase Li4Ti5O12 and anatase TiO2 samples. After 300 cycles at 1C, the dual-phase Li4Ti5O12–TiO2 nanocomposite can still maintain the large discharge capacity of 116mAhg−1. It indicates that the as-prepared nanocomposite can endure great changes of various discharge current densities to retain a good stability. The large discharge capacity of 132mAhg−1 is also obtained at the large current density of 1600mAg−1 upon cycling. In particular, as verified by the cyclic voltammetry, the pseudocapacitive effect is induced due to the presence of abundant phase interfaces in the dual-phase Li4Ti5O12–TiO2 nanocomposite, which is beneficial to the enhanced high rate capability and good cycle stability.
The application of wireless sensors is an important approach for monitoring natural water systems in remote locations; however, limited power sources are a key challenge for successful application of these sensors. Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) have shown potential as a sustainable power source with low maintenance requirements to power wireless sensors. This study examines electricity generation in lab-scale SMFCs with the sediment from Lake Michigan. Two SMFCs are operated in parallel with a difference in cathode arrangement (floating cathode vs. bottom cathode). The data show that the SMFC with a floating cathode produces more electricity and results in a shorter charging time when an ultracapacitor is connected to the circuit. To control electricity delivery and voltage elevation to a value that can drive a wireless temperature sensor, a power management system (PMS) is developed. With the PMS, both SMFCs can consistently power the wireless temperature sensor for data transmission to a computer, although the number of recorded data within the same period differs. This research provides an effective PMS for power control and valuable experience in SMFC configurations for the next onsite test of the developed SMFCs in Lake Michigan.
Highly active and low-cost bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution and reduction reactions (OER and ORR) hold a heart position for the renewable energy technologies such as metal-air batteries and fuel cells. Here, we reported the synthesis of NiFe layered double hydroxide/reduced graphene oxide (NiFe-LDH/rGO) nanohybrid via the facile solvothermal method followed by chemical reduction. The template role of surfactant and the hybridization of rGO supplied the NiFe-LDH/rGO catalyst with a porous nanostructure and an enhanced conductivity, favoring both mass transport and charge communication of electrocatalytic reactions. The NiFe-LDH/rGO composite not only displayed highly efficient OER activity in alkaline solution with a low onset overpotential of 240 mV, but also only needed an overpotential of 250 mV to reach the 10 mA cm−2 current density. The NiFe-LDH/rGO nanohybrid also offered excellent ORR catalytic activity with onset potential at 0.796 V in alkaline media. The rotating-disk and rotating-ring-disk electrodes both revealed that the ORR on NiFe-LDH/rGO mainly involved a direct four-electron reaction pathways accompanying part of the two-electron process. The excellent bifunctional activity of the NiFe-LDH/rGO nanohybrid could be attributed to the synergistic effects of rGO and NiFe-LDH components due to the strongly coupled interactions.
Li2FeSiO4 (LFS) has drawn much attention as cathode for high capacity Li-ion batteries. Even though significant volume of study has been devoted to its crystal chemistry and electrochemistry, many questions relating to its Li-ion storage dynamics remain yet to be fully elucidated. In this context, synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopies are employed to characterize the phase stability and charge compensation mechanism in a metastable Li2FeSiO4 nanostructured cathode as a function of state-of-charge (Li2−x FeSiO4, x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0) and cycling at very low current. The results demonstrate (i) no detectable phase transition from monoclinic to orthorhombic phase during the first charge-discharge cycle but rather formation of antisite defects that progressively induce phase transformation after several electrochemical cycles; (ii) characteristics of solid solution Li-ion storage (Li2−x FeSiO4, x = 0–1); and (iii) the charge compensation for the first Li extraction does not come solely from the ferrous to ferric conversion, but interestingly from prominent participation of lattice oxygen as well that appears to destabilize the cycled LFS structure with significant performance implications.
We report a new class of electrochemical capacitors by utilizing vertically aligned carbon nanotubes as the electrodes and environmentally friendly ionic liquids (ILs) as the electrolytes. With their vertically aligned structures and well spacing, aligned carbon nanotubes showed a strong capacitive behavior in the ionic liquid electrolyte. Plasma etching played an important role in opening the end tips of nanotubes and in introducing defects and oxygenated functionalization to the nanotubes, further enhancing the capacitive behavior of carbon nanotubes. With the combined contribution from double-layer capacitance and redox pseudocapacitance, carbon nanotubes showed a remarkable capacitance in ionic liquid electrolyte. Combining the highly capacitive behavior of carbon nanotube electrodes with the large electrochemical window of ionic liquid electrolytes, the resultant capacitors showed a high cell voltage, high energy density, and high power density, potentially outperforming the current electrochemical capacitor technology. The device configuration incorporating vertically aligned nanostructured electrodes and inherently safe electrolytes would be useful for improving performances for new energy storage technologies.
An endophenotype is a heritable trait that is generally considered to be more highly, associated with a gene-based neurological deficit than a disease phenotype itself. Such, endophenotypic deficits may therefore be observed in the non-affected relatives of disease patients. Once endophenotypes have been established for a given illness, such as schizophrenia, mechanisms of, action may then be established and treatment options developed in order to target such measures. The, current paper describes and assesses the merits and limitations of utilizing behavioral and, electrophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia in mice. Such endophenotypic deficits include: decreased auditory event related potential (ERP) amplitude and gating (specifically, that of the P20, N40, P80 and P120); impaired mismatch negativity (MMN); changes in theta and gamma frequency, analyses; decreased pre-pulse inhibition (PPI); impaired working and episodic memories (for instance, novel object recognition [NOR], contextual and cued fear conditioning, latent inhibition, Morris and, radial arm maze identification and nose poke); sociability; and locomotor activity. A variety of, pharmacological treatments, including ketamine, MK-801 and phencyclidine (PCP) can be used to, induce some of the deficits described above, and numerous transgenic mouse strains have been, developed to address the mechanisms responsible for such endophenotypic differences. We also, address the viability and validity of using such measures regarding their potential clinical implications, and suggest several practices that could increase the translatability of preclinical data.
Refugee and asylum-seeking women in Canada may have significant harmful childbearing health outcomes and unmet health and social care needs. The most vulnerable of these women are: those who have left their countries by force (e.g., war, rape or abuse histories), are separated from their families, have limited knowledge of the host country languages, and are visible minorities. Asylum-seekers face additional stresses related to their unknown future status and are marginalized with regards to access to provincial health care systems. The prevalence and severity of health issues in this population is not known nor is the extent of response from social service and health care systems (including variation in provincial service delivery). Understanding the magnitude of health and social concerns of newcomers requires data from a representative sample of childbearing refugee and asylum-seeking women resettling in Canada to permit comparisons to be made with non-refugee immigrant and Canadian-born women. Our research questions are: (1) Do refugee or asylum-seeking women and their infants, experience a greater number or a different distribution of harmful health events during pregnancy, at birth, and during the postpartum period than non-refugee immigrant or Canadian-born women? (2) Are the harmful health events experienced postpartum by asylum-seeking women and their infants, addressed less often (compared to refugees, non-refugee immigrants, and Canadian-born women) by the Canadian health care system as delivered in each of the three major receiving cities for newcomers?