batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are among the core symptoms of the disease, correlate with functional outcome, and are not well treated with current antipsychotic therapies. In order to bring together academic, industrial, and governmental bodies to address this great ‘unmet therapeutic need’, the NIMH sponsored the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative. Through careful factor analysis and consensus of expert opinion, MATRICS identified seven domains of cognition that are deficient in schizophrenia (attention/vigilance, working memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing speed, visual learning and memory, verbal learning and memory, and social cognition) and recommended a specific neuropsychological test battery to probe these domains. In order to move the field forward and outline an approach for translational research, there is a need for a “preclinical MATRICS” to develop a rodent test battery that is appropriate for drug development. In this review, we outline such an approach and review current rodent tasks that target these seven domains of cognition. The rodent tasks are discussed in terms of their validity for probing each cognitive domain as well as a brief overview of the pharmacology and manipulations relevant to schizophrenia for each task.
The performance of supercapacitors with multiwalled carbon nanotubes deposited with conducting polymer as activate materials was greatly enhanced in contrast with electric double-layer supercapacitor with carbon nanotubes due to the conducting polymer's faradaic effect. They are promising as the secondary power sources in electric vehicles propulsion. Polypyrrole and poly(3-methylthiophene) were uniformly deposited onto multiwalled carbon nanotubes in organic system by chemical methods. A carbon nanotubes-polypyrrole composite–carbon nanotubes-poly(3-methyl-thiophene) composite based supercapacitor prototype (CNTs-pPy–CNTs-pMeT SCP), a carbon nanotubes–carbon nanotubes-polypyrrole based hybrid SCP (CNTs–CNTs-pPy SCP), a carbon nanotubes–carbon nanotubes-poly(3-methylthiophene) based hybrid SCP (CNTs–CNTs-pMeT SCP) as well as a CNTs–CNTs corresponding SCP were assembled in 1 M LiClO4 acetonitrile solution. Their voltammetry characteristics, galvanostatic discharge and AC. impedance spectra were carried out in two-electrode mode. Pseudocapacitance effects are found out from those SCPs with composite electrodes and their measured capacitances are 87, 45 and 72 F g−1 for CNTs-pPy–CNTs-pMeT SCP, CNTs–CNTs-pMeT SCP and CNTs–CNTs-pPy SCP, respectively. They are much larger than that of 21 F g−1 for the CNTs–CNTs corresponding SCP, which is a double-layer SCP. Their measured specific energy is 1.82, 0.88 and 1.33 W h kg−1 for those SCPs with composite electrodes. They are also much higher than that of 0.58 W h kg−1 for the CNTs–CNTs corresponding SCP.
Cerebral microvascular amyloid β protein (Aβ) deposition and associated neuroinflammation are increasingly recognized as an important component leading to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease and related cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) disorders. Transgenic mice expressing the vasculotropic Dutch/Iowa (E693Q/D694N) mutant human Aβ precursor protein in brain (Tg-SwDI) accumulate abundant cerebral microvascular fibrillar amyloid deposits exhibiting robust neuroinflammation. In the present study, we sought to determine if the unique amyloid pathology of Tg-SwDI mice was associated with deficits in behavioral performance. Behavioral performance tests that assessed a variety of psychological functions, including overall activity, motor ability, balance and strength, anxiety, impulsivity, and learning were conducted on homozygous Tg-SwDI mice and similarly aged wild-type C57Bl/6 mice. Our results indicate that Tg-SwDI mice were impaired in the performance of the Barnes maze learning and memory task at 3, 9, and 12 months of age. While more widespread cerebral microvascular Aβ pathology was evident in older animals, the evaluation of the Aβ pathology in the 3 months old transgenic animals revealed specific accumulation of microvascular amyloid and markedly elevated numbers of reactive astrocytes and activated microglia restricted to the subiculum. These findings indicate that early-onset accumulation of subicular microvascular amyloid and accompanying neuroinflammation correlates with impaired performance in the learning and memory task in Tg-SwDI mice.
Britain's sixth-largest array of photovoltaic panels will be helping tenants within two of the Welsh Development Agency's latest ‘green’ business units to become self-sufficient in their consumption of electricity. The two 300 m2 units are the latest addition to the Dyfi Eco Parc in Machynlleth. The site, one of Britain's first ‘green’ business parks, already boasts three other environmentally friendly units. These have been constructed using locally sourced materials where possible, combined with state-of-the-art energy efficiency measures.
A hybrid of MnO2-nanowires and MWCNTs to be used as cathode in a supercapacitor with good electrochemical performance was prepared by a facile hydrothermal method. In this hybrid the α-MnO2 nanowires are well entangled with MWCNTs. The MWCNTs provide a network for fast electron transport whereas MnO2 nanowires show a fast redox response. Since gain/loss of both electrons and ions can be realized very rapidly at the same time, the hybrid has an excellent rate capability and delivers an energy density of 17.8Whkg−1 at 400Wkg−1, which is maintained almost constant even at 3340Wkg−1 in 0.5M Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. The cycling behavior is very good even in the presence of oxygen. The data present great promise for the hybrid as a practical cathode material for aqueous supercapacitor.
A novel composite consisted of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon-coated Li2FeSiO4 nanoparticles (Li2FeSiO4/CNTs/C) has been successfully synthesized by using spray drying technology and carbon chemical vapor deposition method. The Li2FeSiO4 nanoparticles are dispersed homogeneously in CNTs network and assembled as micro-sized porous spherical particles. Such special composite structure constructs an efficient Li+ and electron channel, which significantly enhance the Li+ diffusion coefficient and reduced the charge transfer resistance, hence may lead to exhibit high specific capacity and excellent rate performances. The Li2FeSiO4/CNTs/C composite exhibits both high initial discharge capacity and excellent cycling stability (189.2mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 71.6mAhg−1 at 5C). We believe that adding CNTs and using carbon chemical vapor deposition are effective ways to improve the electrochemical performance of Li2FeSiO4 cathode material.
Germanium oxide (GeO2) films with two different grain sizes of 10nm (GeO2 (10nm)) and 100nm (GeO2 (100nm)) were grown via reactive radio frequency sputtering at different temperatures. Electrochemical measurements of the GeO2 (10nm) thin film used as an anode in Li ion rechargeable batteries show superior capacity retention and rate capability compared to those of GeO2 (100nm). The GeO2 (10nm) thin film possesses an initial capacity of 930mAhg−1 with 89% capacity retention after 100 cycles, compared with 455mAhg−1 with 53% of GeO2 (100nm) and 225mAhg−1, 30% (10 cycles) of common macro-size GeO2. Microstructural studies reveal that the GeO2 (10nm) thin film can better accommodate volume changes during Li–Ge alloying and de-alloying processes.
An energy-storage system comprised of lithium-ion battery modules is considered to be a core component of new energy vehicles, as it provides the main power source for the transmission system. However, manufacturing defects in battery modules lead to variations in performance among the cells used in series or parallel configuration. This variation results in incomplete charge and discharge of batteries and non-uniform temperature distribution, which further lead to reduction of cycle life and battery capacity over time. To solve this problem, this work uses experimental and numerical methods to conduct a comprehensive investigation on the clustering of battery cells with similar performance in order to produce a battery module with improved electrochemical performance. Experiments were first performed by dismantling battery modules for the measurement of performance parameters. The k-means clustering and support vector clustering (SVC) algorithms were then employed to produce battery modules composed of 12 cells each. Experimental verification of the results obtained from the clustering analysis was performed by measuring the temperature rise in the cells over a certain period, while air cooling was provided. It was found that the SVC-clustered battery module in Category 3 exhibited the best performance, with a maximum observed temperature of 32 °C. By contrast, the maximum observed temperatures of the other battery modules were higher, at 40 °C for Category 1 (manufacturer), 36 °C for Category 2 (manufacturer), and 35 °C for Category 4 (k-means-clustered battery module).
LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 was synthesized by sol–gel using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as dispersant and ethylene glycol (EG) as size-controlled additive. Crystal structure, particle morphology and electrochemical performance of the resulting product (PVP–LNMO) as cathode of lithium ion battery were investigated with XRD, SEM, CV, EIS, and charge/discharge test, with a comparison of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) synthesized under the same conditions but without using PVP and EG. It is found that PVP–LNMO is composed of dispersed LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanoparticles with uniform size, and exhibits far better rate capability and cyclic stability than LNMO. The particles of the latter are in micro size due to the aggregation of smaller primary particles. PVP–LNMO delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 96 mAh g−1 at 20C rate with a capacity retention of 93% at 5C rate after 500 cycles, while only 40 mAh g−1 and 53% for LNMO, respectively. The nanoparticles provide shorter distance for electron and lithium ion transport and larger surface area for electron exchange on the electrode/electrolyte interface, resulting in the far better rate capability of PVP–LNMO than LNMO, while the room among nanoparticles in PVP–LNMO releases the stress of Jahn–Teller distortion that causes destruction of LNMO microparticles, resulting in the excellent cyclic stability.
Electrolytes play a vital role in modulating lithium ion battery performance. An outstanding electrolyte should possess both high ionic conductivity and unity lithium ion transference number. Here, we present a facile method to fabricate a network type sp3 boron-based single-ion conducting polymer electrolyte (SIPE) with high ionic conductivity and lithium ion transference number approaching unity. The SIPE was synthesized by coupling of lithium bis(allylmalonato)borate (LiBAMB) and pentaerythritol tetrakis(2-mercaptoacetate) (PETMP) via one-step photoinitiated in situ thiol-ene click reaction in plasticizers. Influence of kinds and content of plasticizers was investigated and the optimized electrolytes show both outstanding ionic conductivity (1.47 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C) and high lithium transference number of 0.89. This ionic conductivity is among the highest ionic conductivity exhibited by SIPEs reported to date. Its electrochemical stability window is up to 5.2 V. More importantly, Li/LiFePO4 cells with the prepared single-ion conducting electrolytes as the electrolyte as well as the separator display highly reversible capacity and excellent rate capacity under room temperature. It also demonstrates excellent long-term stability and reliability as it maintains capacity of 124 mA h g−1 at 1 C rate even after 500 cycles without obvious decay.
Nitrogen-doped microporous carbons (N-MCs) were prepared by the carbonization of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/melamine mixture without chemical activation. The electrochemical performance of the N-MCs was investigated as a function of PVDF/melamine ratio. It was found that, without additional activation, the N-MCs had a high specific surface area (greater than 560m2/g) because of the micropore formation by the release of fluorine groups. In addition, although the specific surface area decreased, nitrogen groups were increased with increasing melamine content, leading to an enhanced electrochemical performance. Indeed, the N-MCs showed a better electrochemical performance than that of microporous carbons (MCs) prepared by PVDF alone, and the highest specific capacitance (310F/g) was obtained at a current density of 0.5A/g, as compared to a value of 248F/g for MCs. These results indicate that the microporous features of N-MC lead to feasible ion transfer during charge/discharge duration and the presence of nitrogen groups as strong electron donor on the N-MC electrode in electrolyte could provide a pseudocapacitance by the redox reaction.
NeuroCog FX, a computerized neuropsychological screening instrument for serial examinations of patients with epilepsy and other neurological diseases, was developed to fill the gap between unspecific ratings and comprehensive assessments. Eight subtests address attention, working memory, verbal and figural memory, and language. The test duration is less than 30min. In research contexts, the test can be applied at multiple sites by nonacademic personnel. Normative data were recorded from healthy subjects (N =244, age range=16–75years; retest: N =44; validation: N =40) and unselected patients from an epileptology unit (N =212; retest: N =94; validation: N =126). Psychometric analyses confirmed sufficient reliability and concurrent validity, particularly in patients. NeuroCog FX memory and overall performance scores showed “fair” to “good” diagnostic utility with respect to deficits revealed by established tests. NeuroCog FX provides reliable and valid measures of cognitive performance and may be used in clinical and research contexts as a screening instrument.
Single phase Li9V3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 is synthesized at 750°C via solid-state reaction method for the first time. The Rietveld refinement results show that the trigonal system (space group: P 3 ¯ c 1 ) with the lattice parameters a =0.9724nm, c =1.3596nm are obtained. Its intrinsic electrical conductivity of 1.43×10−8 Scm−1 is higher than that of LiFePO4 and as the same order of Li3V2(PO3)4. The electrochemical measurement results show that there are two plateaus (3.77V and 4.51V) and three plateaus (3.77V, 4.51V and 4.75V) in the potential ranges of 2.0–4.6V and 2.0–4.8V, respectively. In the range of 2.0–4.6V, two discharge plateaus (4.46V and 3.74V) can be observed and 110mAhg−1 of discharge capacity is achieved. The Rietveld refinement result of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data at the end of discharge after the first cycle suggests that the structural reversibility can be retained during electrochemical reactions in Li9V3(P2O7)3(PO4)2. In the range of 2.0–4.8V, almost six lithium ions are extracted and the trigonal structure is still recovered after 30 cycles. Therefore, this novel layered vanadium monodiphosphate offers a promising candidate as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.
We report the results of an investigation of the spoken word retrieval abilities of a patient, BG, with proper name anomia. Our investigations reveal that she is impaired in retrieving common nouns as well as proper names. Common noun retrieval was influenced by age-of-acquisition, word familiarity and name agreement. Cued retrieval of proper names was influenced by age-of-acquisition, although effects of other linguistic variables were not excluded. It is claimed that an explanation in terms of a ‘continuum of word retrieval difficulty’ rather than of proper names as ‘pure referring expressions’ can best account for the findings. However, this proposal is unlikely to be able to explain all cases of proper name anomia. Nonetheless, it is suggested that similar findings may be observed in other people with proper name anomia, and that it is necessary for future studies to investigate not only proper name but also common noun retrieval. We also provide evidence that Plausible Phonology (Brennen, 1993) and Specificity (Brédart, 1993) hypotheses of proper name anomia cannot account for BG's naming abilities.
We report a simple and rapid method to synthesize graphene-modified Li3V2(PO4)3 as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries via microwave irradiation. By treating graphene oxide and the precursor of Li3V2(PO4)3 in a commercial microwave oven, both reduced graphene oxide and Li3V2(PO4)3 could be simultaneously synthesized within 5min. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performances of as-synthesized graphene-modified Li3V2(PO4)3 are investigated systematically by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, charge/discharge tests, electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The XRD result indicates that single-phase graphene-modified Li3V2(PO4)3 with monoclinic structure can be obtained. Both SEM and TEM images show that Li3V2(PO4)3 nanocrystals are embedded in the reduced graphene oxide sheets which could provide an easy path for the electrons and Li-ions during the cycling process. Compared with the pristine Li3V2(PO4)3 electrode, graphene-modified Li3V2(PO4)3 exhibits a better high-rate ability and cyclic stability. These superior electrochemical performances are attributed to the good conductivity of reduced graphene oxide which enhances the electrons and Li-ions transport on the surface of Li3V2(PO4)3. Thus, this simple and rapid method could be promising to synthesize graphene-modified electrode materials.
In order to improve the thermal stability and dynamic performance of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 materials, Cl-doped and Br-doped materials were synthesized via the co-precipitation method. The morphology, structure, electrochemical performance and thermal stability were characterized by environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), charge–discharge cycling and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results show that all materials had a stable layered structure with α-NaFeO2 and that Cl-doping slightly increased the size of grains. Both Cl-doping and Br-doping improved the high rate of discharge capacity, cycle-life performance and thermal stability, but Cl-doping was better than Br-doping in improving the material structure stability, dynamic performance and thermal stability.
A novel air management system was developed to control diffusion for higher performance cylindrical fuel cells. A passive cylindrical fuel cell with expanded graphite diffusion media was constructed and operated with hydrogen. Very stable open circuit potential was obtained with this volume efficient self-sealing construction. Temperature differences on the surface and fuel outlet were determined. Modifications to the diffusion media and good contact between the components were necessary for higher performance and stable power output. Proposed design helps to realize “Replaceable Cartridge Fuel Cell” concept. The mathematical relationship between porosity of the structure and maximum current density was determined based on an assumed diffusion coefficient value with fixed porosity through the body and varying tortuosity through the thickness of the diffusion media. Assumptions favor cylindrical design approach over flat design for smaller, volume efficient construction.
Among the most critical issues associated with redox flow batteries (RFBs), one is the undesirable crossover of redox-active species through the membrane, which is typically polymer-based. To address this issue, we report an inorganic mesoporous silica film based nanochannel membrane with highly ordered, vertically aligned, and subnanosized channels. Unlike conventional polymer-based membranes that have ion transport channels with fixed sizes between 2 and 4 nm in diameter, the ion transport channels of the membrane are controllable in size and uniform in size distribution, enabling the membrane to separate the ions that are larger than the critical value. Experimental results prove the expected effect that the pristine nanochannel membrane (with the channel size of ∼0.5 nm) grown on the ITO glass can completely separate protons and vanadium ions. After ITO etching, the free-standing membrane maintains extremely low vanadium-ion permeability that is four orders of magnitude lower than that of Nafion membranes, suggesting that it is a promising candidate for redox flow batteries. Moreover, the membrane fabrication is convenient, inexpensive, and does not rely on sophisticated facilities or conditions, providing potential in scalable productions.
Computational fluid dynamic simulation of small leaks in a pipe having 0.1m diameter has been performed under realistic velocities and pressures using a 3D turbulent flow model of well tested CFD code. The steady state simulations have shown clear signature in the pressure and pressure gradient variations along the pipe. For very small leaks (below 1l/min), this signature in not very strong in the pressure variation, but very clear in the pressure gradient. The averaged power spectral density (PSD) as well as FFT of the pressure fluctuations based on transient Detached Eddy Simulations (DESs) are presented for different locations around the leak position. These results show that the presence of a leak causes measurable differences in the magnitude and frequency of the pressure signal spectrum and also in the averaged PSD for the range of 220–500Hz frequency.
In this paper, we report the synthesis, characterization and application of an inexpensive yet efficient bifunctional catalyst composed of Ag nanocrystals (∼11nm) anchored on α-MnO2 nanorods. The nanostructured Ag–MnO2 catalysts exhibit improved oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance in aqueous alkaline media, in terms of onset potential, generated current density and Tafel slopes. Rotating disk electrode results show that near-four electrons per oxygen molecule were transferred during ORR of Ag–MnO2. A zinc–air battery prototype employing Ag–MnO2 in the air electrode was successfully operated for 270 cycles under light discharge–charge condition. Ag–MnO2 is an efficient bifunctional catalyst for electrochemical devices such as metal–air batteries and alkaline fuel cells.
Strontium (Sr)-doped perovskite oxide La1-xSrxMnO3 (x=0, 0.2, 0.6) composites are prepared by sol-gel process assisted with chelating effect of citric acid, which was used as catalysts for oxygen cathode in rechargeable lithium−air batteries. Sr-doped perovskite oxide La1-xSrxMnO3 composites demonstrate higher catalytic activities than that of the pure LaMnO3. In particular, the La0.4Sr0.6MnO3 had a lower total over potential between the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) than that of the La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 and LaMnO3 .When the Li-O2 cells were tested at the current density of 50mAg−1, the discharge capacities of the oxygen cathode with different La1-xSrxMnO3 (x=0, 0.2, 0.6) catalysts were 3573, 4408, and 5624mAhg−1，respectively. Additionally, the cell employed La0.4Sr0.6MnO3 as catalyst can be cycled at a limited capacity of 200mAhg−1 for about 71cycles, which is much higher than the 42 cycles for LaMnO3 electrode.
Lithium-ion batteries for space applications, such as satellites, are subjected to cosmic radiations, in particular, γ-irradiation. In this study, the effects of this radiation on electrolytes and their components used in the lithium-ion batteries are investigated. The conductivity and viscosity of the samples have been measured before and after the irradiation. The modifications are evaluated by spectral analyses such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR), solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography (SPME-GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). The experimental results show that only the samples containing vinylene carbonate and/or the lithium salt LiPF6 are degraded by γ-radiation.