batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Ocean governance is complex and influenced by multiple drivers and actors with different worldviews and goals. While governance encompasses many elements, in this paper we focus on the processes that operate within and between states, civil society and local communities, and the market, including industry. Specifically, in this paper, we address the question of how to move towards more sustainable ocean governance aligning with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the UN Ocean Decade. We address three major risks to oceans that arise from governance-related issues: (1) the impacts of the overexploitation of marine resources; (2) inequitable distribution of access to and benefits from marine ecosystem services, and (3) inadequate or inappropriate adaptation to changing ocean conditions. The SDGs have been used as an underlying framework to develop these risks. We identify five drivers that may determine how ocean governance evolves, namely formal rules and institutions, evidence and knowledge-based decision-making, legitimacy of decision-making institutions, stakeholder engagement and participation, and empowering communities. These drivers were used to define two alternative futures by 2030: (a) ‘Business as Usual’—a continuation of current trajectories and (b) ‘More Sustainable Future’—optimistic, transformational, but technically achievable. We then identify what actions, as structured processes, can reduce the three major governance-related risks and lead to the More Sustainable Future. These actions relate to the process of co-creation and implementation of improved, comprehensive, and integrated management plans, enhancement of decision-making processes, and better anticipation and consideration of ambiguity and uncertainty.
Icosahedral quasicrystalline Ti45Zr35Ni17Cu3 alloy was ball-milled with 30mass% La0.9Zr0.1Ni4.5Al0.5 alloy (LaNi5 phase), the effect of the milling time on crystallographic and electrochemical characteristics of the alloy powder was investigated. The amount of amorphous phase increased with increasing milling time from 60 to 360min, and the LaNi5 phase cannot be observed when milling time was 240min or more. The maximum discharge capacity and high-rate dischargeability of milled alloy electrodes were obviously higher than those of the alloy electrode before milling. The cycling capacity retention rate after 40 cycles increased from 52.8% (t =60min) to 62.9% (t =360min).
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the thin-film technologies. The deposition of ceramic materials is described with the generally accepted subdivision into physical and chemical methods. Physical methods may be characterized by an adsorption and condensation process of the atoms or molecules at the substrate surface, and generally, by a locally well-defined particle source and a free flight in vacuum to the substrate. For chemical methods, a chemical reaction is involved and the so-called precursor molecules dissociate at the hot substrate surface and release the atoms of interest. Some basic characteristics of the methods are summarized; however, the characterization is sometimes not very specific as the parameters depend strongly on the properties of the material of actual interest. One can restrict the discussion on the different methods as there are very detailed review articles and textbooks for all the deposition methods. This chapter focuses on electroceramic thin films necessary for the deposition of oxide films.
A comparison of available energy from different power sources for unmanned underwater vehicles, discharged at atmospheric pressure or at ambient pressure, has been undertaken. The basis for the comparison has been a neutrally buoyant power source with a total volume of 300l. For deep diving vehicles, the use of batteries that can operate at ambient pressure is advantageous. This advantage increases as the mean density of the battery decreases and as the mean density of the pressure hull increases. A fuel cell using spherical gas containers is also an attractive power source for deep diving survey underwater vehicles.
Publisher Summary Neuropathy is a frequent component of numerous inherited syndromes. It is called Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), when in isolation. The biology of axons and myelinating Schwann cells makes them vulnerable to the effects of mutations in a large number of genes. This chapter emphasizes on the varieties of inherited demyelinating neuropathies, their clinical phenotypes, the mutations that cause these phenotypes, and update their pathogenesis gene-by-gene. The genetic classification of the nonsyndromic inherited neuropathies is also provided. Inherited neuropathies are usually caused by mutations in genes that are expressed by myelinating Schwann cells or neurons, which is the biological basis for the long-standing distinction between primary “demyelinating” and “axonal” neuropathies. Neuropathies can be isolated, the primary manifestation of a more complex syndrome, or overshadowed by other aspects of the inherited disease. Increasing knowledge of the molecular genetics causes of inherited neuropathies facilitates a faster and more accurate diagnosis, setting the stage for the development of specific therapeutic interventions.
In this study, Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 (NMC333) and Li(Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2)O2 (NMC532) have been subjected to a phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution treatment to form a thin Li3PO4 coating on their surfaces. The Li3PO4 coating formed is found to be very potent in enhancing the specific capacity of the first discharge as well as the rate capability and capacity retention in the subsequent charge/discharge cycles for both NMC333 and NMC532. The specific capacity of the first discharge for NMC532 has been increased drastically from ∼160 mA h g−1 for pristine NMC532 to ∼250 mA h g−1 for Li3PO4-coated counterpart at 0.1C and such a large capacity enhancement is retained throughout the subsequent cycles at 1C. The final specific capacity of Li3PO4-coated NMC532 is 187 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 1C, whereas the corresponding value of pristine NMC532 is only 50 mA h g−1. The rate capability has also been improved significantly with Li3PO4-coated NMC532 exhibiting ∼150 mA h g−1 capacity at 6C while pristine NMC532 showing zero capacity. Similar improvements have also been achieved with NMC333. These results demonstrate that the H3PO4 treatment is a facile and general method to improve the electrochemical properties of NMCs with different compositions and can be utilized for practical applications.
Laminar composite electrodes are prepared for application in supercapacitors using a catalyzed vapor-phase polymerization (VPP) of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) on the surface of commercial carbon coated aluminum foil. These highly electrically conducting polymer films provide for rapid and stable power storage per gram at room temperature. The chemical composition, surface morphology and electrical properties are characterized by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and conducting atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). A series of electrical measurements including cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge–discharge (CD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are also used to evaluate electrical performance. The processing temperature of VPP shows a significant effect on PEDOT morphology, the degree of orientation and its electrical properties. The relatively high temperature leads to high specific area and large conductive domains of PEDOT layer which benefits the capacitive behavior greatly according to the data presented. Since the substrate is already highly conductive, the PEDOT based composite can be used as electrode materials directly without adding current collector. By this simple and efficient process, PEDOT based composites exhibit specific capacitance up to 134 F g−1 with the polymerization temperature of 110 °C.
In this paper, the power electronic interface between a DC hybrid power source with a photovoltaic main source and a Li-ion battery storage as the secondary power source is modelled based on the Euler–Lagrange framework. Subsequently, passivity-based controllers are synthesised using the energy shaping and damping injection techniques. Local asymptotic stability is ensured as well. In addition, the power management system is designed to manage power flow between components. Evaluation of the proposed system and simulation of the hybrid system are accomplished using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the outputs of the hybrid system have good tracking response, low overshoot, short settling time and zero steady-state error. Afterwards, linear PI controllers are provided to compare the results with those of passivity-based controller responses. This comparison demonstrates the robustness of the proposed controllers for reference DC voltage and load resistance changes.
A technique to ‘lift out’ samples of interest from high-pressure-frozen specimens expands applications of cryo-electron tomography to multicellular organisms and tissue.
In this study, vanadium ions were substituted for manganese in the crystal lattice of synthetic cryptomelane, also denoted as OMS-2, via microwave field-assisted syntheses. Doping vanadium into the framework of mixed valence manganese oxide resulted in OMS-2 materials with modified composition, morphology, and electrical properties. Structural properties and morphology of synthesized materials were characterized by XRD and FESEM, respectively. Average oxidation state and resistivity measurements were also taken. The effect of framework doping of vanadium ions on lithium-ion intercalation properties of manganese oxides was investigated in Li-ion cathode half-cells.
ZnO and Cr-incorporated ZnO (CrxZnO, x=0.001, 0.005, and 0.01 moles) crystalline particles are synthesized using a solvothermal method for use as an anode material in membrane free alkaline Ni/Zn batteries. Both types of particle showed a wurtzite-type structure with spherical shapes, however the peak widths of <20nm in the XRD patterns of the CrxZnO particles were broader. Cr0.005ZnO displayed a high power, higher capacity and longer life cycle for rechargeable membrane-free alkaline Ni/Zn batteries than the other particles. The capacity of 136mAhg−1 for the Ni/Cr0.005ZnO battery was higher than that (49mAhg−1) of the Ni/ZnO battery after cycling at a current density of 30mAcm−2. When Cr0.005ZnO was used as an anodic material, the growth of zinc dendrites on the Ni-plate anodic electrode was suppressed during 50 charge-discharge cycles. These results indicate that the proper insertion of Cr into the lattice of the ZnO framework enhances the electrochemical performance in a membrane free alkaline Ni/Zn battery.
This paper proposes an optimization model to participate in day-ahead energy markets when PV generation, thermal and electro-chemical storage devices are aggregated at the residential level. The model includes uncertainty in energy prices, PV and load; and adjustable robust optimization is used to determine a tractable counterpart of the problem. By means of robust control parameters, solutions with different levels of conservatism can be found and analyzed. In addition, the presented model includes explicit representation of battery degradation by means of special ordered sets. This equivalent cycling aging calculation takes into account the non-linear relation between depth of discharge and total life cycles of the battery by piecewise linearization. Performance analysis shows the advantage of the proposed approach when compared to the deterministic solution in terms of average cost and risk. For the analyzed real-life test system, the robust formulation achieves cost reduction of up to 5.7% and standard deviation decreases as much as 36.4%.
Currently, developing cathode material with high energy density and good cycling performance is one of the key challenges for lithium-ion batteries. LiNi0.5-x Mn1.5+x O4 (LNMO) spinel cathode has attracted great attention as the most promising cathode candidate due to its extraordinarily high operating voltage, but its inferior long-term cycling stability has limited its further development. In this work, we successfully designed LNMOs with specific facets and different morphologies, among which the hybrid sphere-nanorod-like micro-nanostructured LNMO possesses excellent cycling performance, with capacity of over 107.8 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 10 C and superior rate capability up to 10 C. Its superior rate capability is found to originate from the large Li-O bond length by Rietveld refinement, which contributes to decreased charge transfer resistance and ease of Li insertion/extraction at tetrahedral sites. On the other hand, the excellent cycling stability comes from its having the least structural deformation from mechanistic reactions, which involve the longest solid-solution reaction, the highest spinel structural tolerance/stability up to Δ = ~0.69 Li, and a highly reversible two-phase reaction during charge and discharge in the hybrid LNMO, as revealed by the in operando synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction results. Moreover, the hybrid LNMO exhibits surface planes (210) with the highest Mn defect formation energy, prohibiting Mn3+ disproportionation and further stabilizing its cycling stability. This work not only demonstrates the importance of crystallographic and morphological controls on the high-voltage spinel performance, but also opens a window for battery engineers and researchers to develop battery technology for high-power applications.
Background We previously demonstrated that abdominal gas insufflation (AGI) reduces intra-abdominal bleeding. To date, this is the only method that holds promise for reducing mortality from internal bleeding in a pre-hospital setting. We aimed to assess the optimal AGI pressure and the effectiveness of a portable miniaturized insufflator in abdominal bleeding control. Materials and methods We randomized 15 Yorkshire swine to receive AGI of 20, 25 or 30 mm Hg after sustaining a standardized severe splenic injury, to determine the ideal pressure for optimal bleeding control. We randomized six (40%) to insufflation with a custom-designed, battery-operated, 7-oz portable CO2 tank, whereas we used a standard laparoscopic insufflator for the remainder. Intravenous fluid boluses were administered as needed to maintain a mean arterial pressure of >60 mm Hg. At 30 min, the animals were re-laparotomized and their hemoperitoneum was quantified. Results Target peritoneal pressures were achieved and maintained successfully with both insufflation methods. There was a trend toward greater blood loss and fluid requirements in the 30-mmHg group (P = 0.71 and 0.97, respectively). Increasing the AGI led to less predictable blood loss and fluid resuscitation requirements, as well as worsening of tissue perfusion markers (pH and lactate), likely because of iatrogenic abdominal compartment syndrome. Conclusions All target peritoneal pressures were easily and reliably achieved with the portable CO2 insufflator. Abdominal gas insufflation produced optimal bleeding control at 20 mm Hg. This technology could be used in a pre-hospital setting to control otherwise lethal hemorrhage at pressures typically used for standard laparoscopic surgery and proven to be safe.
Silicon nanoparticles with atomic layer deposited zinc oxide (ZnO) coating show significantly improved electrochemical performance mainly because of enhanced mechanical integrity and stablized interface. These ZnO coated Si nanoparticles demonstrate stable cycling with a reversible capacity of 1500mAh/g over 260 cycles. With ZnO protected interface, these electrodes can achieve stable cycling with mass loading as high as 1.4mg/cm2. In-situ structural characterization is performed to illuminate the stabilizing mechanism of the ZnO coating during cycling. It is confirmed that the coating is mechanically robust to remain intact even though Si expands inside, and a battery electrode made of this Si/ZnO structure will undergo minimal structural damage upon cycling.
In this study, within the defined orthogonal array of Taguchi design, the hydrothermal process parameters have been optimized for fabricating the smallest particle sized iron oxide (Fe2O3) particles. The finest particle size (210 nm) has been achieved when 0.02 M FeCl3 solution at pH 10 is hydrothermally treated for 90 min with an autoclave filling ratio of 100% (D3). Afterwards, to improve the physical properties of iron oxide particles, carbon black powder is added into the precursor solution as the seeding agent before the hydrothermal treatment. Structural and morphological analyses show that upon the existence of carbon in the precursor solution, C-supported Fe2O3 (D5) is fabricated. In the latter, carbon is present in graphitic form and no carbide formation is detected. Electrochemical test results verify that unlike to Fe2O3 (D3), C-supported Fe2O3 (D5) electrode performs lower charge transfer resistance and polarization leading to higher first coulombic efficiency, capacity retention, and improved rate performance, eventually. Thanks to the favorable characteristics of the latter, after 150 cycles, D5 performs 550, 390, and 333 mAh g−1 discharge capacities under loads of 50 mA g−1, 500 mA g−1, and 1.5 A g−1, respectively. Finally, to understand the contribution of capacitive and diffusion-controlled reactions to the total stored charge, an adopted sweep rate method has been used. The calculated voltammograms reveal that fabricating C-supported Fe2O3 particles led to improved rate performance because faradaic reactions that occur at the surface of the material prevail.
A dispersion experiment, where the tracer SF6 was released from line sources, was carried out within a young pine forest. Line sources made of silicone tubes were installed at different heights and distances from a tower. Vertical concentration profiles were measured on the tower and the samples were analysed with a gas chromatograph. The measured concentration profiles were compared to those calculated using Thomson's random-flight model. To provide input information to the model on turbulence, the turbulence characteristics were measured at four different heights with sonic anemometers. Data are presented for standard deviations of the velocity components, the momentum flux, the Lagrangian time scale and the mean horizontal wind velocity, depending on height and thermal stability. The derived turbulence characteristics resemble previous results in the literature; but are still stand specific. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between the measured and simulated SF6 concentration profiles. However, the model clearly underestimates the concentrations in the upper part of the stand. The results should add more confidence to the continued use of Thomson's model and are useful for planning better dispersion experiments.
Sn-based lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes have a lower risk of lithium dendrite formation and a higher storage capacity of 993 mAh g−1 vs. 372 mAh g−1 compared to carbon-based anodes. Alloying Sn with Cu can reduce the reaction stresses in the anode, and Cu6Sn5 is therefore a promising candidate material to replace carbon-based anodes. However, the separation of Cu during the second stage of the lithiation reaction results in slow kinetics and degrades the cyclability of the anodes. This study proposes an effective method to inhibit the separation of Cu via the addition of Ni. Ni occupies the Cu positions in the Cu6Sn5 crystal structures to form (Cu, Ni)6Sn5, and therefore alters the crystal structure of the anode, leading to the formation of superstructures. As a result, Ni partially blocks the diffusion pathways of Li and therefore inhibits the Cu separation reaction, while the superstructure provides additional Li storage sites to increase the capacity of the anodes. Ni also refines the grain size of Cu6Sn5, leading to faster kinetics. The reaction mechanisms of the modified anodes are confirmed by in-situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and ex-situ high voltage transmission electron microscopy.
Lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) is fabricated using activated carbon (AC) as the positive electrode and a mixture of mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) and hard carbon (HC) as the negative electrode (denoted as MH). The structure characterization of carbon materials are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and nitrogen adsorption apparatus. The electrochemical performances of LIC with different HC content are characterized by the charge–discharge measurements of three-electrode cell, electrochemical impedance tests and cycle performance testing. The addition of HC material greatly affects the charge–discharge process and behavior, which impacts on the comprehensive electrochemical performance of LIC. The power density and cycle stability of LIC are improved with little sacrifice of energy density. LIC with 30wt.% HC was found to have the optimal electrochemical performance, high energy density up to 89.3Whkg−1 and power density as high as 7.1kWkg−1 (based on active material mass of two electrodes), excellent capacity retention of 93.9% after 5000 cycles at 10C rate. The power density and cycle performance of LIC can be further improved by increasing the HC content. The present work indicates such electrodes as promising candidates for the realization of LIC with high energy density, high power density and long cycle life.
In this paper, we propose a novel portable and disposable pressure pump using a porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge and demonstrate its application to a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip. The porous PDMS sponge was simply fabricated by a sugar leaching technique based on capillary suction of pre-cured PDMS into lumps of sugar, thereby enabling us to achieve the porous PDMS sponge composed of interconnected micropores. To indicate the characteristics of the porous PDMS sponge and pump, we measured the average porosities of them whose values were 0.64 and 0.34, respectively. A stress–strain relationship of the fabricated portable pressure pump represented a linear behavior in the compressive strain range of 0 to 20%. Within this range, a pumping volume of the pressure pump could be linearly controlled by the compressed strain. Finally, the fabricated porous PDMS pump was successfully demonstrated as a portable pressure pump for a disposable microfluidic lab-on-a-chip for efficient detection of agglutination. The proposed portable pressure pump can be potentially applicable to various disposable microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems.
A multi-parameter controlled pinch test was developed to study the occurrence of internal short circuits in Li-ion and Li-ion-polymer cells. By tuning the control parameters (i.e., cell voltage as well as pinching area, load, and speed), the pinch test can reproducibly create an internal short between a cell jelly-roll's inner layer electrodes as small as 1-mm wide. This recreates conditions similar to those that may occur during service. In this paper we demonstrate the use of the pinch test as a means to assess design and manufacturing changes in Li-ion-polymer cells on their thermal stability and to identify features or characteristics that lower risk of potential thermal events created by internal short circuits.