batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The zinc morphology on repeated charging and discharging in flow-assisted zinc–nickel oxide cells was studied. The results show that higher charge rates cause more dendritic growth of zinc deposition on charging and tend to cause deterioration of battery cells. However, when the electrolyte velocity is higher than 15cms−1, the direction of dendrites was distorted toward the flow direction and the internal short circuit was suppressed. Good cycle life was obtained – 1500 cycles at 100% depth of discharge and C/2 charge and discharge rate. Also, the battery was scaled up to a 100Wh prismatic cell, and more than 200 cycles were obtained.
The ageing mechanisms of C6/LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 batteries at various discharging currents and temperatures have systematically been investigated with electrochemical and post-mortem analyses. The irreversible capacity losses ( Δ Q i r ) at various ageing conditions are calculated on the basis of regularly determined electromotive force (EMF) curves. Two stages can be distinguished for the degradation of the storage capacity at 30 °C. The first stage includes SEI formation, cathode dissolution, etc. The second stage is related to battery polarization. The various degradation mechanisms of the individual electrodes have been distinguished by d V E M F / d Q vs Q o u t and d V E M F / d Q vs V plots. The Solid-Electrolyte-Interface (SEI) formation as well as the electrode degradation has been experimentally confirmed by XPS analyses. Both Ni and Mn elements are detected at the anode while Co is absent, indicating that the bonding of Co atoms is more robust in the cathode host structure. A Cathode-Electrolyte-Interface (CEI) layer is also detected at the cathode surface. The composition of the CEI layer includes Li salts, such as LiF, LiCOOR, as well as transition metal compounds like NiF2. Cathode dissolution is considered to be responsible for both the NiF2 detected at the cathode and Ni at the anode.
LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 is considered as a promising cathode material for lithium ion batteries because of its high capacity and low cost. However, the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 suffers structural instability and irreversible phase transition during charge/discharge processes, especially under high voltage, resulting in serious capacity fading and thermal runaway. Here, we propose a simple and effective method of modifying LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 by Mg doping. Benefiting from the pillaring effects of inactive Mg in the crystal structure, Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)1-xMgxO2 materials exhibit low Li+/Ni2+ cation mixing, high structural stability, and improved cyclic stability in the voltage of 3.0–4.5 V. The optimal Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)0.97Mg0.03O2 achieves a high capacity retention of 81% over 350 cycles at 0.5 C and exhibits enhanced thermal stability at 4.5 V. The promotion mechanism is explored systematically by a combination study of electrochemical characterizations, demonstrating the faster Li+ diffusion kinetics, higher electronic conductivity, and stronger structure due to the Mg doping. Moreover, the full cell of Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)0.97Mg0.03O2//mesocarbon microbeads delivers a promising energy density of 595.3 W h kg−1 at 0.5 C (based on the mass of the cathode). The present work demonstrates that moderate Mg doping is a facile yet effective strategy to modify high-performance LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 for high-voltage lithium ion batteries.
Iron sulfide was synthesized for 4 h, 7 h and 12 h by a hydrothermal process directly on stainless steel current collectors. The synthesis time determined the material morphology and electrochemical response. The shortest synthesis time promoted the formation of randomly oriented nanowires that evolved to nanosheets decorated with nanoflakes, organized in a cuboidal-like morphology upon longer synthesis times. XRD, Raman, FTIR and XPS investigations confirmed the formation of FeSx. The electrochemical activity was studied in a potential window ranging from −0.95 to 0 V and the material obtained after 7 h of synthesis stored the maximum specific capacitance of 730 mF cm−2 at the current density of 1 mA cm−2. This material also retained approximately 34% of its initial capacitance at 10 mA cm−2 and showed very good cycling stability, keeping around 95% of the specific capacitance after 2000 galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycles. The kinetic analysis of the electrochemical results revealed the predominance of diffusional controlled processes. An asymmetric cell was assembled using FeSx as negative electrode and carbon nanofoam (CNF) as positive electrode. The FeSx||CNF cell showed enhanced capacitive response in a potential window of 1.8 V in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte and delivered specific capacitance of 236 mF cm−2 at 0.5 mA cm−2 with good rate capability. The FeSx||CNF cell stored maximum energy density of 0.11 mW h cm−2 at the power density of 0.45 mW cm−2. The cell showed very good stability by retaining 83% of the initial capacitance after 2000 cycles of consecutive charge discharge.
Lithium titanate is synthesized from titanium isopropoxide and lithium acetate solution under hydrothermal environment and calcinations. Introducing acidized carbon black during synthesis can produce mesoporous Li4Ti5O12. The crystalline structure and morphological observation of the as-synthesized mesoporous Li4Ti5O12 are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The mesoporous structure can be directly observed through BEI images of the cross-section sample. Besides, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm also displays a hysteresis loop, implying the beneficial evidence of mesoporous structure. The pore size distribution of mesoporous lithium titanate evaluated by BJH model is narrow, and the average size of voids is around 4nm. It is demonstrated that the electrochemical performance is significantly improved by the mesoporous structure. The mesoporous lithium titanate exhibits a stable capacity of 140mAhg−1 at 0.5C. Besides, the reversible capacity at 30C remains over half of that at 0.5C. The superior C-rate performance is associated with the mesoporous structure, facilitating lithium transportation ability during cycling.
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are in an early stage of market entry. Nevertheless, there are now more than 2 million PEVs in use globally. PEVs result in lower energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and urban air pollution compared to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). For these reasons policy makers are eager to see PEVs purchased by consumers in larger numbers. Many policy makers have introduced financial purchase incentives to nurture the growth of PEV markets. These incentives range in value from around US$2500 to US$20,000 per vehicle. There are several studies that either directly consider the effectiveness of purchase incentives or at least include analysis of these incentives as part of a larger study. The results of these studies have not been assimilated in one place to gain an understanding of whether purchase incentives are effective in promoting PEV sales. This means that how effective these incentives are in increasing PEV sales is not well understood. This paper systematically reviews the literature with the aim of understanding purchase incentives effectivity in increasing PEV sales. In doing so this paper builds a deeper understanding of purchase incentives. This in-depth understanding allows recommendations to be made on how to design purchase incentives so that they are most effective in promoting PEV market growth. Incentives should be applied when someone is buying a PEV, not afterwards. Incentives should promote BEVs and PHEV with high electric ranges more than PHEVs with low electric ranges. VAT and purchase tax exemptions for PEVs are most effective. Incentives should not be available on high-end BEVs, education and awareness campaigns should promote incentives to consumers. Finally, the premature removal of incentives could negatively affect PEVs therefore incentives should be designed with longevity in mind.
Hierarchical porous carbon is often used in Li–S batteries due to the widely perceived benefits regarding the wide range of pore sizes. However, such notions are based solely on demonstrations of improved cyclic performances, and specific evidence to prove the utilization of the pores is yet to be found. Herein, we report, for the first time, the evidence for gradual activation of micropore-confined sulfur within porous carbon structures. By systematic comparison of microporous and hierarchical porous structures, we show that at sufficiently low current, sulfur infused hierarchical porous structures display a slowly activated and reversible reaction at 1.75 V vs Li/Li+ during discharge. This is in addition to the conventionally reported two voltage plateau at 2.3 and 2.1 V. Furthermore, the effects of LiNO3 decomposition on the system and the electrochemical mechanism behind the activation process is elucidated. Overall, the findings supplement the currently known electrochemical mechanisms occurring within porous structures and pave the way for more efficient utilization of hierarchical porous structures for applications in Li–S batteries.
The paper deals with recovery of yttrium from fluorescent powder coming from dismantling of spent fluorescent tubes. Metals are leached by using different acids (nitric, hydrochloric and sulphuric) and ammonia in different leaching tests. These tests show that ammonia is not suitable to recover yttrium, whereas HNO3 produces toxic vapours. A full factorial design is carried out with HCl and H2SO4 to evaluate the influence of operating factors. HCl and H2SO4 leaching systems give similar results in terms of yttrium extraction yield, but the last one allows to reduce calcium extraction with subsequent advantage during recovery of yttrium compounds in the downstream. The greatest extraction of yttrium is obtained by 20% w/v S/L ratio, 4N H2SO4 concentration and 90°C. Yttrium and calcium yields are nearly 85% and 5%, respectively. The analysis of variance shows that acid concentration alone and interaction between acid and pulp density have a significant positive effect on yttrium solubilization for both HCl and H2SO4 medium. Two models are empirically developed to estimate yttrium and calcium concentration during leaching. Precipitation tests demonstrate that at least the stoichiometric amount of oxalic acid is necessary to recover yttrium efficiently and a pure yttrium oxalate n-hydrate can be produced (99% grade). The process is economically feasible if other components of the fluorescent lamps (glass, ferrous and non-ferrous scraps) are recovered after the equipment dismantling and valorized, besides the cost that is usually paid to recycling companies for collection, treatment or final disposal of such fluorescent powders.
CoO–NiO–C nanocomposite materials with different morphology are successfully synthesized by using co-precipitation and subsequent pyrolytic carbon reduction method. The structure and morphology of obtained materials are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD patterns of samples display the diffraction peaks of 3CoO·5NiO cubic crystal. Moreover, the synthesis conditions which strongly impact on the morphology and electrochemical properties of the CoO–NiO–C materials are systematically investigated. When CoO–NiO–C materials are used as anodes for lithium ion batteries, the sample obtained at 600°C exhibits the best cycling performance, which shows a reversible capacity about 562mAhg−1 at the current density 100mAg−1 after 60 cycles. On the other hand, this material also exhibits a superior rate performance. The excellent performance of samples could be attributed to the small and uniform particle size and introducing of metal oxides composite structure, which could improve the kinetic behavior and accommodate the volume changes during cycling.
We herein propose an atlas of 32 sentence-related areas based on a 3-step method combining the analysis of activation and asymmetry during multiple language tasks with hierarchical clustering of resting-state connectivity and graph analyses. 144 healthy right-handers performed fMRI runs based on language production, reading and listening, both with sentences and lists of over-learned words. Sentence minus word-list BOLD contrast and left-minus-right BOLD asymmetry for each task were computed in pairs of homotopic regions of interest (hROIs) from the AICHA atlas. Thirty-two hROIs were identified that were conjointly activated and leftward asymmetrical in each of the three language contrasts. Analysis of resting-state temporal correlations of BOLD variations between these 32 hROIs allowed the segregation of a core network, SENT_CORE including 18 hROIs. Resting-state graph analysis applied to SENT_CORE hROIs revealed that the pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus and the superior temporal sulcus were hubs based on their degree centrality (DC), betweenness, and participation values corresponding to epicentres of sentence processing. Positive correlations between DC and BOLD activation values for SENT_CORE hROIs were observed across individuals and across regions regardless of the task: the more a SENT_CORE area is connected at rest the stronger it is activated during sentence processing. DC measurements in SENT_CORE may thus be a valuable index for the evaluation of inter-individual variations in language areas functional activity in relation to anatomical or clinical patterns in large populations. SENSAAS (SENtence Supramodal Areas AtlaS), comprising the 32 supramodal sentence areas, including SENT_CORE network, can be downloaded at
A composite material containing orthorhombic Na1.8FePO4F and carbon is prepared by mechanical activation and ceramic procedures. The material is studied in sodium test cells as a potential candidate for sodium-ion battery cathodes. The effect of the solvents in the electrolyte on the electrochemical performance is analysed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The structural changes on cycling are small, while the changes in the oxidation state of iron agree with the sodium insertion–extraction processes. The oxidation state is especially affected by the upper limit of the voltage window, and the discharge capacity is strongly affected when using propylene carbonate solvent. Capacity and capacity retention are higher for sodium cells using mixtures of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate as the solvent of NaPF6 electrolytes.
A facile hydrothermal method was provided for synthesis of the CoMoO4/graphene (CoMoO4/G) with the enhanced electrochemical properties for supercapacitor. The Co2+ ions were adsorbed on the graphene oxide by electrostatic interaction, followed by adding (NH4)6Mo7O24 and adjusting pH. The CoMoO4 nanoparticles were grown on the graphene sheet after hydrothermal reaction. The as-prepared CoMoO4/G composites possessed high surface/body ratios and large electroactive regions, which could facilitate easy accession of OH− ions and fast charge transport. As a result, CoMoO4/G composites achieved a specific capacitance about 394.5Fg−1 and a specific energy density around 54.8Whkg−1 calculated from the CV curve at 1mVs−1, which was higher than that of pure-CoMoO4 (72.0Fg−1, 10.0WhKg−1). Moreover, in comparison with pure-CoMoO4, the CoMoO4/G composites exhibited low electrochemical resistance, good rate capability and well cycle life.
Biomasses valorization by pyrolysis is a good option for reducing environmental problems. In this study, the environmental performance of three Mexican biomass valorizations (castor husk, coffee pulp and Pinus sawdust) by the pyrolysis was compared. The environmental impacts of all equipment involved in pyrolysis were evaluated. In addition, the financial viability of pyrolysis technology of coffee pulp was studied. The biomass with the lowest impact for all the selected categories was the Pinus sawdust, followed by castor husk and coffee pulp. The GWP category had values greater than 700 kg CO2eq for all the biomass studied. GWP category is caused by the emissions, mainly due to the high amounts of CH4 and CO2 released for all the studied biomasses. Furthermore, the equipment with the greatest impact are the separator, the pyrolyzer and the cyclone. Finally, it was observed that even the least favorable biomass with the environment is viable from a financial point of view.
Development of low-cost and highly efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is still a great challenge for the large-scale application of fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Herein, a noble metal-free ORR electrocatalyst in the form of N-doped graphene coupled with part of Co nanoparticles encased in N-doped graphitic shells (named as SUCo-0.03-800) is prepared by facile one-step pyrolysis of the mixture of sucrose, urea and cobalt nitrate. The novel structure is confirmed by High Resolution-TEM, XRD, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. SUCo-0.03-800 presents comparable ORR catalytic activity to commercial Pt/C catalyst with a dominating four-electron pathway under alkaline conditions, and both of its mass activity and volume activity also outperform Co-free N-doped graphene and other Co/N–C hybrids with higher Co content, which may probably be ascribed to the high specific surface area, novel structure and synergistic effect between encased Co nanoparticles and N-doped graphitic shell. Additionally, SUCo-0.03-800 also shows outstanding stability and improved selectivity towards ORR, making it a promising alternative to Pt with potential application in fuel cells and metal-air batteries.
The performance of a battery–EDLC hybrid power source under pulse-operated power systems is theoretically and experimentally analyzed. Electrical double layer capacitors (or EDLC) enhance the power of lead-acid battery as it acts as a buffer in charging and discharging. Consequently, this hybrid technology is able to provide and absorb charge rapidly during vehicle acceleration and braking. The experimental results show considerable extension of runtime and reducing of internal losses. Using this association, the battery current draw is reduced and the EDLC source supplies the majority of transient current. As a result the battery stress is reduced up to 58%. Other laboratory tests showed a substantial improvement over stand-alone lead-acid battery pack and the lifetime of the battery is increased with 30%. This article proposes a new approach to perform accelerated life cycle analysis of lead-acid batteries with/without EDLC based on Dynamic Endurance Test according to standard IEC 61982-2. At least the power capabilities and internal resistance characteristics during charge/discharge of this technology have been evaluated by hybrid pulse power characterization test (HPPC). This paper introduces further new definition of the battery stress in terms of battery current and depth of discharge.
There is a growing demand for the development of high-energy-density lithium batteries for a number of applications including electric vehicles (EV), energy storage and space. The Li/composite polymer electrolyte (CPE)/pyrite battery, which has a high theoretical energy density (about 810 Wh kg−1 based on 2.8e/FeS2), and is made of cheap, non-toxic and green compounds is a good candidate for EV applications. Materials cost is estimated at 50$ kWh−1 five times lower than that of other lithium and lithium-ion batteries. Over 500 100% DOD cycles (at c 3 rate) with a capacity fading rate of less than 0.1% per cycle were carried out in a small (1 cm2 area) laboratory prototype cells with 7 μm-thick cathodes. Charge–discharge processes in the Li/LiI(PEO) n Al2O3-based CPE/pyrite battery during long-term cycle life have been analyzed with the use of dq/dV curves. These studies furnish insights into the electrochemical behavior of pyrite in polymer electrolyte-systems. Up to seven phases have been identified and found to change during the first 50–100 cycles. These phases do not change much over the subsequent 400 cycles. The major phases have been recently identified by EXAFS and NEXAFS measurements. It was proved that reduction of the ferrous disulfide proceeds as a multi-stage process, first to Li2FeS2 and finally to metallic iron. No evidence of FeS was found. When the battery is charged to 2.25 V, Li2−x FeS2 is formed.
Objective To examine the immediate effects of a hip-assistive wearable robotic exoskeleton on clinical walking performance, walking energetics, gait kinematics, and corticomotor excitability in individuals with stroke. Design Randomized cross-over trial. Setting Research laboratory of a rehabilitation hospital. Participants Twelve individuals (4F/8M, mean age 57.8±7.2) with chronic hemiparetic stroke. Interventions Honda’s Stride Management Assist (SMA) exoskeleton, which provides torque-based flexion and extension assistance at the hip joints during walking. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome measure was change in self-selected walking speed with the device off vs. with the device on. Secondary outcome measures included changes in clinical endurance, energy expenditure, kinematics, and corticomotor excitability of lower limb muscles. Results In a single session using the device, participants exhibited adaptations over most outcome measures. Self-selected walking speed and peak treadmill speed increased, while oxygen consumption rate decreased during overground and treadmill endurance tests. More symmetric walking patterns were observed during treadmill walking. Changes in corticomotor excitability were highly variable among participants, with a non-significant increase in excitability for the paretic rectus femoris. Conclusions The SMA hip exoskeleton causes immediate positive adaptations in walking performance in individuals with stroke when the device is in use.
Photosynthesis is the dominant biotic carbon sink on earth and hence presents an opportunity for enhanced sequestration of CO2. If the average net carbon fixation efficiency of terrestrial plants could be increased by 3.3%, all anthropogenic CO2 accumulating in the atmosphere could instead be reduced and incorporated into terrestrial biomass. Plants make inefficient use of the overly abundant sunlight available to them, a result of having evolved to be competitive and survive highly dynamic environmental conditions rather than maximize photosynthetic productivity. We explore herein a phytophotonic approach to enhanced photosynthesis, whereby sunlight is redistributed by means of luminescent or persistent luminescent (PersL) materials. Phytophotonics has potential at varied scales, ranging from photobioreactors to greenhouses all the way to crops in the field, the latter having the potential to impact planetary CO2 levels. The approach is three-fold: a spectral redistribution to relieve high-light-stress at the top surface of leaves and increasingly drive photosynthesis deeper in leaves and canopies; a minute-scale temporal redistribution to bridge periods of intermittent shade and reduce shock associated with variable light conditions; and a multiple-hour temporal redistribution to shift a fraction of high-intensity midday lighting to evening hours. Based on simulations of photoluminescent materials and light quality experiments with a model algal system, it is shown that while lengthening daylight hours will require significant improvements in PersL materials, the other two approaches show more immediate promise. We demonstrate a means of concentrating PersL light from SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy, approaching levels needed to effectively bridge periods of natural shade, and outline the scientific questions and technical hurdles remaining to realize the benefits of the proposed spectral shift.