batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A gentle route is developed to fabricate multicomponent nanosilicon-based composite by using SiO, NaOH and graphite as starting materials. The composite is composed of nanosilicon, nonstoichiometric SiOx, cristobalite and graphite (Labeled as Si-SiOx-cristobalite/graphite). Used as anode material in Li-ion batteries, the Si-SiOx-cristobalite/graphite exhibits high lithium storage capacity with good cycling stability and rate capability. At a current density of 100mAg−1, the composite shows a stable reversible capacity of about 990 mAh g−1(Calculated on the total mass of the composite) and the capacity retention is nearly 100% after 150 cycles. Even at 1600mAg−1, the stable discharge capacity of the composite is also over than the theoretic capacity of graphite. In the composite, cristobalite is inert to lithium, while the other components are involved in lithiation process during the first discharge. The excellent electrochemical performance of the Si-SiOx-cristobalite/graphite electrode is attributed to the uniform distribution of active components in inert media and the conductivity enhanced by graphite.
The effect of coherent strains which is involved during the fast charge/discharge processes and the influence of particle size reduction which improves the electrochemical performance of the cathode material are modelled in this study. An extension of the linear isotropic approximation for elastic energy stored in the coherent boundaries of an orthorhombic system is performed for the first time to calculate the coherent miscibility gaps of the LiFePO4-FePO4 cathode join. Noticeably, this approach is applicable for any thermodynamic models used for describing the equilibrium LiFePO4-FePO4 join. The coherent miscibility gaps corresponding to various crystallographic directions, which could explain the occurrence of a metastable phase, favorable phase boundaries during lithiation (delithiation), and the formation of dislocations or cracks via cycling, are presented. (100) is considered as the softest direction for coherence to form and the existence of (110) and (010) habit planes is also possible. Moreover, it is the first time that a model of particle size effect on both equilibrium and coherent olivine join is developed. Additionally, it is the first combined coherency-size type of calculation ever reported. The difference between the surface energies of the pure LiFePO4 and FePO4 and the excess surface energy of the olivine solid solution are the two important model parameters affecting the equilibrium and the coherent miscibility gaps. As the particle size decreases, the miscibility gaps shrink favoring the intermediate phase region between the two miscibility gaps. At nanoscale, coherent phase transformation seems to be more likely.
LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 had been successfully prepared from spherical composite carbonate via a simple uniform-phase precipitation method [P. He, H. Wang, L. Qi, T. Osaka, J. Power Sources, in press] at normal pressure, using nickel, cobalt and manganese sulfate and ammonia bicarbonate as reactants. The preparation of spherical composite carbonate was significantly dependant on synthetic condition, such as the reaction temperature, feed rate, molar ratio of these reactants, etc. The optimized condition resulted in spherical composite carbonate of which the particle size distribution was uniform, as observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Calcination of the uniform composite carbonate with lithium carbonate at high temperature led to a well-ordered layer structured LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), without obvious change in shape. Due to the homogeneity of the composite carbonate, the final product, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, was also significantly uniform, i.e., the average particle size was of about 10μm in diameter and the distribution was relatively narrow. As a result, the corresponding tap density was also high, approximately 2.32gcm−3, of which the value is very near to that of commercialized LiCoO2. In the voltage range of 2.8–4.2, 2.8–4.35 and 2.8–4.5V, the discharge capacities of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 electrode were 159, 168 and 179mAhg−1, respectively, with good cyclability.
Electrochemical reduction of carbon-dioxide/carbon-monoxide (CO(2)R) to fuels and chemicals presents an attractive approach for sustainable chemical synthesis, but it also poses a serious challenge in catalysis. Understanding the key aspects that guide CO(2)R towards value-added multicarbon (C2+) products is imperative in designing an efficient catalyst. Herein, we identify the critical steps toward C2 products on copper through a combination of energetics from density functional theory and micro-kinetic modeling. We elucidate the importance of atomic carbon in directing C2+ selectivity and how it introduces surface structural sensitivity on copper catalysts. This insight enables us to propose two simple thermodynamic descriptors that effectively identify C2+ selectivity on metal catalysts beyond copper and hence it defines an intelligible protocol to screen for materials that selectively catalyze CO(2) to C2+ products.
A MnO2/rGO composite with a novel yarn-rod shape was fabricated by a simple, economic and environmentally friendly electrodeposition method. The as-prepared MnO2/rGO composite was systematically characterized via X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Raman Spectra, Scanning Electron Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, and Specific Surface Area measurement. The experimental results indicate that the MnO2 nanoparticles with rod-like morphology scatter over the yarn-shaped rGO sheet through the electrodeposition procedure. The current density of O2 reduction on the MnO2/rGO composite modified electrode is higher than those on MnO2 and rGO. The initial oxygen-reduction peak potential and half-wave potential of the MnO2/rGO composite are more positive than those of MnO2 and rGO. The MnO2/rGO composite, as a non-noble metal oxide catalyst, not only exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity for oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) in an alkaline medium compared with MnO2 and rGO but also shows better ORR stability, higher electron transfer numbers, and stronger methanol-tolerant ability than the commercial Pt/C catalyst. These considerable results enable the development of a cheap and efficient non-noble metal electrocatalyst for ORR in fuel cells.
The reduction in size and power usage of MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) devices has enabled development of fully implantable medical devices [K.D. Wise, IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Magaz. 24(5) (2005) 22–29], though major obstacles remain in developing devices of very small scale (<1mm) [T. Simunic, L. Benini, G. De Micheli, IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst. 9 (2001) 15–28]. One of the most challenging applications; an intraocular sensor (IOS) developed by the Wireless Integrated Micro-Systems-Engineering Research Center (WIMS-ERC) at The University of Michigan; is the subject of the present study. Our specific objectives are fourfold: (1) to model the power usage of an intraocular sensor (IOS); (2) to develop a methodology for optimization of Hybrid Implantable Power Systems (HIPS); (3) to apply the selection tool to identify candidate power systems; and (4) to establish a methodology to fabricate and test the performance of an optimized power supply. In the present study we fabricated and tested three different cells. For one of these, 10 complete discharge and recharge cycles were successfully obtained. The experimental capacity was 7.70mAh (15% of theoretical) for a discharge rate of C/5. As part of future work, a microbattery will be built for the WIMS-ERC IOS and tested in a fully integrated testbed.
In this work, the influence of Fe doping on the capacitance behavior of MnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by chemical precipitation was investigated. During the doping process the concentration of Fe was increased from 0.025 M to 0.125 M in steps of 0.025 M. The products obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. To demonstrate the suitability of Fe-doped MnO2 for capacitor applications, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance were recorded. Among the different levels of doping, the specific capacitance of 912 F/g was delivered by 0.075 M of Fe-doped MnO2 at a scan rate of 10 mV/s, which is almost more than fourfold that of the bare MnO2 electrode (210 F/g). Moreover, for the same concentration the charge, discharge studies revealed the highest specific capacitance of 1084 F/g at a current density of 10 A/g.
With the growing number of electric vehicle (EV) applications, the function of the battery management system (BMS) becomes more sophisticated. The accuracy of remaining energy estimation is critical for energy optimization and management in EVs. Therefore the state-of-energy (SoE) is defined to indicate the remaining available energy of the batteries. Considering that there are inevitable accumulated errors caused by current and voltage integral method, an adaptive SoE estimator is first established in this paper. In order to establish a reasonable battery equivalent model, based on the experimental data of the LiFePO4 battery, a data-driven model is established to describe the relationship between the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and the SoE. What is more, the forgetting factor recursive least-square (RLS) method is used for parameter identification to get accurate model parameters. Finally, in order to analyze the robustness and the accuracy of the proposed approach, different types of dynamic current profiles are conducted on the lithium-ion batteries and the performances are calculated and compared. The results indicate that the proposed approach has robust and accurate SoE estimation results under dynamic working conditions.
This study aims at identifying some of the factors that have a bearing on the reading achievement of ESP students. The research questions were: (1) What are the factors which underlie the students’ reading performance? and (2) What test tasks influence their reading achievement? The findings of the first question indicate that there are three factors which underlie adequate understanding of texts: (i) lexical knowledge, (ii) coherency, and (iii) comprehension. The findings of the second question indicate that the students performed moderately on the „local‟ reading skills as well as on „global‟ reading skills and strategies.
Gel polymer electrolytes have been prepared from PVDF–HFP copolymer with various silica contents incorporating Gamma valerolactone (VL) or VL/EC (80/20 in mole) (EC: ethylene carbonate) solutions of lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone) imide (LiTFSI). The influence of temperature, salt content and silica addition on the kinetics of absorption and wettability of the copolymer has been investigated. An empirical model, taking into account gel swelling during the absorption allows us to relate, at constant temperature, the wetting time and the volumetric fraction of trapped electrolyte, which is a critical factor for ionic conductivity of the gel. Increasing the silica content in the dry copolymer increases the porosity and consequently the rate of absorption and thus the amount of incorporated liquid phase at saturation. To a lower extent, an increase in the temperature of absorption has the same effects. The prepared gels have good mechanicals properties and conductivities. As an example, a gel of composition: PVDF–HFP/SiO 2/VL/EC/LiTFSIofmolarpercentages 36/6.7/42/10.5/4.8 exhibitsaconductivityof2.9mScm −1 at293K.
The metal-organic framework (MOF) is utilized as functional additive in non-perfluorinated polymer membrane for vanadium flow battery (VFB) application for the first time. The UiO-66 series can be easily modified to form suitable pore size distribution and are robust toward aqueous and acidic conditions. Owing to the different stokes radius of protons and vanadium ions, the additive micoporous UiO-66 series increase membranes’ proton selectivity effectively. Outstandingly, the VFBs with MOF-loaded polymer membranes exhibit higher coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency than those using neat polymer membrane and the perfluorinated Nafion 115 membrane at the same conditions. Moreover, the blend membranes present ultra-long self-discharge time up to 200h and stable performance for 100 charge-discharge cycles without significant decline in energy efficiency. The MOF-loaded polymer membranes are promising for VFB applications due to the high efficiency, excellent stability, low cost and easy designation and functionality.
Cadmium adsorption on kaolinite-based clays in the absence and presence of humic acid was modeled with the aid of the FITEQL 3.2 computer program using a modified Langmuir approach for capacity calculations. Formation of surface–metal ion and surface–humate–metal ion complexes was assumed using the DLM approach. As Cd(II) adsorption was ionic strength-dependent, the adsorption experiments were carried out in solutions containing two different concentrations of an inert electrolyte (0.1 M and 0.005 M NaClO4). The surface sites responsible for the adsorption were assumed to be the permanent charges, ≡S1OH silanol groups and carboxyl groups having pK a values close to that of the silanol groups, and ≡S2OH aluminol groups and phenol groups with pK a values close to that of the aluminol groups, because the studied clays (partly composed of clay soil) contained organic carbon. Cd2+ ions were assumed to bind to the surface in the form of outer-sphere X2 2− Cd2+ and inner-sphere ≡SOCd+ monodentate complexes. When humic acid was added, Cd(II) adsorption was modeled using a multi-site binding model by the aid of FITEQL3.2. The fit between model and experimental values was excellent in each case. Since the stability of the ternary surface complexes in the presence of humic acid was higher than that of the corresponding binary surface–cadmium ion complexes, the adsorption vs. pH curves were much steeper (and distinctly S-shaped) compared to the tailed curves observed in binary clay–cadmium ion systems. The clay mineral in the presence of humic acid probably behaved more like a chelating ion-exchanger for heavy metal ions than as a simple inorganic ion exchanger.
The flows of materials, products, inventories, and other goods in logistics networks, are referred to as physical flows, the main direction of which is considered to be from the point of origin to the point of consumption. However, physical flows also include the backward or reverse flows of materials; therefore, they involve the entire process and activities of logistics systems. To explore the concept of physical flows systematically, the major components and functional areas of logistics systems, which are more involved with this concept, are investigated in this chapter. The first functional area of logistics systems which is discussed in this chapter is transportation. The different transportation modes, their intermodal combinations, and other transport options are explored in this regard. Physical nature of the product, and different distribution channels are then explained in this chapter. The chapter ends with the investigation of warehousing and storage, as another functional area of logistics systems, which is totally involved with physical flows. Warehousing functions, packaging and unit loads, and both palletized and non-palletized storage and handling systems are explored in this regard.
Due to the suitability to balance the intermittency in decentralized systems with renewable sources, electrochemical energy storage possibilities have been analyzed in several studies, all highlighting the need for improvements in relevant techno-economic parameters. Particularly a reduction in the costs per cycle is much needed, which could either come from innovation in more cost-efficient manufacturing methods, a higher endurance of charge/discharge sequences or higher capacities. Looking at patent applications as a metric allows us to determine whether the necessary technological progress is indeed occurring, as the mandatory publication of the underlying inventions provides access to otherwise hidden R&D activities. Our paper contributes to the literature with a compilation of technological classes related to important battery types in the novel Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC), which can be used to identify relevant patent applications of the competing technologies. Using the worldwide patent statistical database (PATSTAT), we find that promising technologies have been showing increasing patent counts in recent years. For example, the number of patent applications related to regenerative fuel cells (e.g. redox flow batteries) doubled from 2009 to 2011. Nevertheless, the volume of patent filings in technologies related to lithium remains unchallenged. Patent applications in this area are still growing, which indicates that the introduction of improved modules will continue. Using citation analysis, we have identified important patents and organizations for relevant candidate technologies. Our study underlines that electrochemical storage, and in particular lithium-based technologies, will play an increasingly important role in future energy systems.
The hollowed-out tubular carbon@MnO2 hybrid composites with hierarchical morphology have been successfully prepared via the redox reaction between MnO4 − and tubular carbonized kapok fiber. The morphology and electrochemical performance of the as-prepared hybrid composites can be facilely controlled by adjusting the concentration of MnO4 −. The carbon@MnO2 electrode with tubular structure of the assembled MnO2 nanosheets possess the highest specific capacitance of 321Fg−1 at a current density of 0.5Ag−1 with the capacitance retention of 94% at a scan rate of 100mVs−1 for 800 cycles in 1.0M Na2SO4 solution. The studies on the temperature dependence indicated that the specific capacitance increased with the increase in the testing temperature. The results reveal that the introduction of the highly conductive carbon in hybrid structure is one of the effective methods to improve the electrochemical performance of MnO2 electrodes whose poor conductivity limit their capacitance, cycling life and rate performance. It also can be concluded that it is crucial to design and control the morphology of materials in practical application for supercapacitor.
Over the past decades, uncontrolled population growth and rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in environmental problems in Çorlu Town, Turkey. One of the most important problems is solid waste due to inadequate management practices. Nowadays, increasing public awareness of the environment compels local authorities to define and to adopt new solutions for waste management. This paper presents a general overview of current solid waste management practices in Çorlu Town and principles of the recommended municipal solid waste (MSW) management system. In Çorlu, 170tonnes of municipal solid waste are generated each day, or 1.150kg per capita per day. Approximately one-half of the municipal solid waste generated is organic material and 30% of the MSW consists of recyclable materials. The recommended system deals with maximizing recycling and minimizing landfilling of municipal solid waste, and consists of separation at source, collection, sorting, recycling, composting and sanitary landfilling. This study also analyzed the recommended system with respect to feasibility and economics. To evaluate whether the suggested system is cost effective or not, the operating cost of the recommended system and market prices of recyclable materials were compared, and the results show that the recommended system will reduce required landfill volume up to 27% of compared to the present situation. The profit of the recommended system is estimated to be about 80 million US dollars.
Spatially resolved simulation models are valuable tools to predict the behaviour (electrical, thermal, ageing) of energy storage systems. However, parameterisation of the electrical impedance-based model is often difficult because local measurements are hardly possible. For homogeneous conditions, e.g. homogeneous current, state of charge and temperature distribution, the measured overall impedance of a cell or electrode can be divided equally over the volume elements of the spatially resolved model. Homogeneous conditions are though very rare, so all larger devices show at least a current distribution because of non-zero ohmic resistances in current collectors, active masses and electrolyte. In this paper, a method is presented and validated for calculating the local impedance of nonlinear inhomogeneous devices from the overall impedance of the device. The method consists of iteration between impedance parameter identification and calculation of current distribution.
Head-eye movement control deficit is an identified problem in patients with chronic neck pain, particularly in cases of whiplash associated disorders (WAD). To date, there is no evidence concerning the reliability and validity of visually assessed active head-eye movement control tests. Therefore, the objectives of the present cross-sectional study were, a) to develop a test battery; and b) to investigate inter-observer reliability and discriminative validity in patients with chronic neck pain compared to healthy controls.
A Zn-doped Ni-based metal−organic framework (Ni-MOF) material with honeycomblike hierarchical spherical structure is synthesized by a microwave-assisted method using HCl as the modulator for the first time. By adjusting the amount of the Zn ions doped, an optimal Zn doped Ni-MOF electrode material is obtained, which possesses a superior electrochemical performance: specific capacity of 237.4 mA h g-1 and 122.3 mA h g-1 at 1 A/g and 20 A/g, respectively. This is one of the highest performances reported so far for MOFs. The excellent electrochemical properties are ascribed to the unique crystal structure and special morphology of the Zn-doped Ni-MOF material. This work shows that the microwave-assisted synthesis is a rapid and efficient method for preparation of Ni-MOF supercapacitor electrode material.
Worldwide employment of mobile devices in various critical domains, particularly healthcare, disaster recovery, and education has revolutionized data generation rate. However, rapidly rising data volume intensifies data storage and battery limitations of mobile devices. Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) as the state-of-the-art mobile computing aims to augment mobile storage by leveraging infinite cloud resources to provide unlimited storage capabilities with energy-dissipation prevention. Researchers have already surveyed varied MCC aspects and its challenges, but successful futuristic Mobile Storage Augmentation (MSA) approaches demand deep insight into the current storage augmentation solutions that highlights critical challenges, which are lacking. This paper thoroughly investigates the main MSA issues in three domains of mobile computing, cloud computing, and MCC to present a taxonomy. Also, it examines several credible MSA approaches and mechanisms in MCC, classifies characteristics of cloud-based storage resources, and presents open issues that direct future research.
Historically, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy have been classified as separate disorders on the basis of distinctive clinical and pathological features. Recent studies using modern molecular and genetic approaches, however, have raised awareness of similarities between these conditions. In this Review, the authors discuss the similarities and differences between these three disorders, and present an argument for their continued separation.