batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
During charge and discharge of the lead-acid cell equal amounts of H2SO4 participate in the reactions at the two types of plates (electrodes). However, the charge and discharge reactions at the positive plates involve also 2mol of water per every mole of reacted PbO2. Consequently, a concentration difference appears in the electrolyte between the two electrodes (horizontal stratification), which affects the reversibility of the processes at the two electrodes and thus the cycle life of the battery. The present paper proposes the use of a three-layered absorptive glass mat (AGM) separator, the middle layer playing the role of a membrane that divides (separates) the anodic and cathodic electrolyte spaces, and controls the exchange rates of H2SO4, H+ ions, O2 and H2O flows between the two electrode spaces. To be able to perform this membrane function, the thinner middle AGM layer (0.2mm) is processed with an appropriate polymeric emulsion to acquire balanced hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties, which sustain constant H2SO4 concentration in the two electrode spaces during cycling. Three types of polymeric emulsions have been used for treatment of the membrane: (a) polyvinylpyrollidonestyrene (MPVS), (b) polyvinylpyrrolidone “Luviskol” (MPVP), or (c) polytetrafluorethylene modified with Luviskol (MMAGM). It is established experimentally that the MMAGM membrane maintains equal acid concentration in the anodic and cathodic spaces (no horizontal stratification) during battery cycling and hence ensures longer cycle life performance.
Implantable neural stimulators have been developed to aid patients with debilitating neurological conditions that are not amenable to other therapies. The aim of this article is to improve understanding of correct anatomical placement as well as the relevant imaging methods used to assess these devices. Potential complications following their insertion and an overview of the current indications and potential mechanism of action of these devices is provided.
With the aim of achieving a high-performance 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 material, a series of 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiMnxNiyFe(1−x−y)O2 (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.5, 0.4 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) samples with low Fe content was synthesized via coprecipitation of carbonates. Its crystal structure and electrochemical performance were characterized by means of powder X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, galvanostatic charge/discharge testing, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectra. Rietveld refinements with a model integrating R
The Sn-based materialshave been hindered from practical use for lithium ion batteries due to the inherent volume change leading to poor cycling performance. To mitigate this challenge, in this study, amorphous SnO2/graphene aerogel nanocomposites are fabricated via asimple hydrothermal approach.The amorphous nature of SnO2 is clearly determined in detail by transmission electron microscopy, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction measurement. The as-prepared material shows satisfying reversible capacity and significant cyclic stability. For instance,it delivers an excellent discharge capacity of 700.1mAhg−1 in 80th cycle at a current density of 100mAg−1, in accordance with a high retention capacity of 97.6% compared to that of the sixth cycles, which is much better than crystalline SnO2/graphene aerogel. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the intrinsic isotropic nature, smaller size, and high electrochemical reaction kinetics of amorphous SnO2, together with the graphene aerogels matrix. Therefore, this study may provide an effortless, economic, and environmental friendly strategy to fabricate high volume change electrode materials for lithium ion batteries.
In this work, we report a novel battery-type electrode of three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical NiCo2S4@Ni(OH)2 core-shell hybrid nanosheet arrays on Ni foam for supercapacitors. The highly interconnected NiCo2S4 nanosheets are utilized as ideal conductive scaffolds, while ultrathin and mesoporous Ni(OH)2 shell nanosheets are controllably deposited on them via a facile electrodeposition method. The optimized NiCo2S4@Ni(OH)2 hybrid electrode demonstrates a high areal capacity of 680μAh/cm2 (240.3mAh/g in specific capacity) at 5mA/cm2, with excellent rate performance (94.9% with current density increased to 100mA/cm2) and cycling stability (81.4% over 2000 cycles at 40mA/cm2). Moreover, an aqueous hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) device has been successfully assembled with the NiCo2S4@Ni(OH)2 hybrid nanosheets and activated carbon (AC) as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The HSC device exhibits high energy density (53.3Wh/kg at 290W/kg), high power density (6420W/kg at 32.1 Wh/kg), as well as excellent cycling stability (98.8% over 2000 cycles at 20mA/cm2), suggesting the great potential of this hybrid nanostructure as promising electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors.
This paper presents a detailed feasibility study and techno-economic evaluation of a standalone hybrid solar–wind system with battery energy storage for a remote island. The solar radiation and wind data on this island in 2009 was recorded for this study. The HOMER software was employed to do the simulations and perform the techno-economic evaluation. Thousands of cases have been carried out to achieve an optimal autonomous system configuration, in terms of system net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). A detailed analysis, description and expected performance of the proposed system were presented. Moreover, the effects of the PV panel sizing, wind turbine sizing and battery bank capacity on the system’s reliability and economic performance were examined. Finally, a sensitivity analysis on its load consumption and renewable energy resource was performed to evaluate the robustness of economic analysis and identify which variable has the greatest impact on the results. The results demonstrate the techno-economic feasibility of implementing the solar–wind–battery system to supply power to this island.
Micrometer Li1.05Mn1.95O4 has been synthesized by solid state reactions with the nano-Mn3O4 as a precursor. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and laser particle sizer are employed to investigate the structures, morphologies and particle size distributions of the powder. The micrometer Li1.05Mn1.95O4 exhibits good rate performance at room temperature with a specific capacity of 98.4mAhg−1 at 5C. The Li1.05Mn1.95O4/Li half cell also shows good cycling performance at elevated temperature with 90.5% of its initial capacity retained after 100 cycles at 1C. At −20°C, the Li1.05Mn1.95O4 delivers a stable cycling performance with a specific capacity of 84.5mAhg−1, being 84.1% of the capacity at room temperature. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rate performance measurements illustrate an increasing polarization with decreasing the temperature. In addition, the diffusion coefficients of lithium ions ( D Li + ) in Li1.05Mn1.95O4 at various temperatures (25, 0, −10 and −20°C) are determined to be in the magnitude of 10−10 to 10−12 cm2 s−1 by cyclic voltammetry (CV) method.
The electrochemical behavior of chemically precipitated cobalt hydroxide is studied by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. When cycled in the potential range between the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the electrode undergoes two pairs of reactions. The pair of current peaks close to the OER is attributed to quasi-reversible oxidation of Co(OH)2 to CoOOH, whereas the pair of current peaks close to the HER is due to quasi-reversible reduction of Co(OH)2 to Co. The peak current values of both reactions do not show dependence on alkali concentration. Possible mechanisms are proposed for the reactions, in which the diffusion of dissolved Co(OH)2 prior to the electron-transfer step is considered to be the rate-determining step. Considering the fact that the Co(OH)2/CoOOH and Co(OH)2/Co reactions are separated by a potential difference of about 1.2V, a galvanic cell is constructed by using two Co(OH)2 electrodes in 6M KOH. On charging, the positive electrode attained a stable potential of about 0.4V versus Hg/HgO, OH− and the negative electrode attained a stable potential of about −0.8V versus Hg/HgO, OH−, thus resulting in an open circuit cell voltage of about 1.2V. By discharging the cell, a capacity of 15mAhg−1 of Co(OH)2 is obtained over about 15 charge/discharge cycles. The charged electrodes are analyzed by powder XRD and IR spectroscopy and the presence of Co and CoOOH in the negative and positive electrodes, respectively, is confirmed. Although the cell is not commercially viable, the concept of a “double hydroxide” is demonstrated akin to the “double sulfate” principle of lead-acid batteries. It is expected that Ni(OH)2, which is isostructural to Co(OH)2, may also show a similar behavior.
Ag-doped Li2ZnTi3O8 in the form of Li2ZnAgxTi3-xO8 (x=0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2) and un-doped Li2ZnTi3O8 are successfully synthesized by high-energy ball-milling assisted solid-state reaction method. The structures, morphologies and electrochemical properties of the as-prepared materials are tested by different physical and electrochemical methods. The results of characterization show that a part of Ag ions replace Ti ions and the remaining Ag particles adhere to the surface of Li2ZnTi3O8 grains. In addition, doping Ag does not change the basic spinel structure of Li2ZnTi3O8. Galvanostatic charge/discharge tests denote that the Li2ZnAg0.15Ti2.85O8 composite has the highest initial discharge capacity of 214.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and shows good high rate performance at current densities of 1.0 A g−1 and 2.0 A g−1 in all as-prepared samples. It is shown by CV that the Li2ZnAg0.15Ti2.85O8 composite has the lowest polarization. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that the Li2ZnAg0.15Ti2.85O8 sample exhibits higher electronic conductivity and faster lithium ion diffusivity compared with pure Li2ZnTi3O8. The significant improvements at high rate performance demonstrate that Ag-doped Li2ZnTi3O8 (x=0.15) is a promising high rate anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
Materials for harvesting and storing energy have been extensively studied in the last decade. Many inorganic materials have already been developed and utilized in products for electrochemical energy-storage systems. The nature of these complex materials requires further investigation from several approaches in order to improve specific characteristics of batteries, such as storage capacity and environmental impact. Fiber scientists have also introduced original solutions using mostly inorganic novel materials. Nanofibers and nanofibrous materials have found applications in the three battery components of anodes, cathodes, and separators. Many methods produce nanofibers; out of these, electrospinning is seen as the most adaptable technique because of the versatility and scalability of the process. The present review collates recent studies on nanofibers for applications in Li-ion batteries, with a focus on the electrospinning technique. The advantages of the investigated fibrous materials are explored in detail.
This paper gives an overview of the opportunities that exist for combining wind power and hydrogen ( H 2 ) production in weak grids. It is described how H 2 storage can be applied in both isolated and grid-connected systems, and how the produced H 2 can be utilized for stationary energy supply and/or as a fuel for transportation. The paper discusses the benefits and limitations of the different H 2 storage applications, and presents a logistic simulation model for performance evaluation of wind- H 2 plants. A case study simulating the use of excess wind power in a weak distribution grid to produce H 2 for vehicles has been presented. It is shown that the penetration of wind power can be significantly increased by introducing electrolytic H 2 production as a controllable load. The results also indicate that there are large benefits of using the grid as backup for H 2 production in periods with low wind speed, regarding the H 2 storage sizing and the electrolyser operating conditions.
Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries has recently become a critical issue based on environmental concerns and a desire to reutilize resources. Among the existing recycling strategies, direct regeneration is largely encouraged from an economic and environmental perspective. However, current procedures used to separate the active cathode materials from the aluminum foil have some limitations for direct regeneration because they either destroy the structure of the cathode or use too many toxic and expensive reagents. Hence, we conducted comprehensive research on the microstructural evolution of the LiNi1−x−yCoxMnyO2 degraded electrode and then proposed a targeted method to recycle the spent cathode materials based on the increased residual lithium compounds. This separation process involves no other reagents but water, and toxic organic solvents, complicated processes, and waste treatments are unnecessary compared with the existing pretreatment strategies. Moreover, the separated cathodes are suitable for direct regeneration. Satisfactory capacity recovery of the cathode was achieved via simple sintering. Such a recycling process enables a sustainable closed-loop for the spent cathodes and provides new inspiration for the design of LIB recycling.
The ever-increasing applications for Li-ion batteries in markets call for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient recycling technologies. Here the authors report using a deep eutectic solvent to extract valuable components of Li-ion batteries.
The currently available animal-free methods for the detection of skin sensitizing potential of chemicals seem promising. However, no single method is able to comprehensively represent the complexity of the processes involved in skin sensitization. To ensure a mechanistic basis and cover the complexity, multiple methods should be integrated into a testing strategy, in accordance with the adverse outcome pathway that describes all key events in skin sensitization. Although current majority voting testing strategies have proven effective, the performance of individual methods is not taken into account. To that end, we designed a tiered strategy based on complementary characteristics of the included methods, and compared it to a majority voting approach. This tiered testing strategy was able to correctly identify all 41 chemicals tested. In terms of total number of experiments required, the tiered testing strategy requires less experiments compared to the majority voting approach. On the other hand, this tiered strategy is more complex due the number of different alternative methods required, and predicted costs are similar for both strategies. Both the tiered and majority voting strategies provide a mechanistic basis for skin sensitization testing, but the strategy most suitable for regulatory decision-making remains to be determined.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) coated with a smooth and uniform tin oxide (SnO2) layers of different thickness were prepared by a novel thioglycolic acid assisted one-step wet chemical method. The coatings were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thickness of the SnO2 coatings can be easily controlled by changing the synthesis conditions, such as pH value of the solution and hydrolysis time. The electrochemical properties of the SnO2/MWCNTs composites as anode materials for lithium batteries were studied by galvanostatic method. The composites showed high charge capacities and good durability against decay. This could be ascribed to the good dispersion, thin layer and small particle size of SnO2 on MWCNTs.
Here, we show that the capacity retention rate and Coulombic efficiency of silicon/graphite composite anodes are improved significantly when the electrode particles are strongly bonded to the current collector with the aid of a polymeric adhesive interlayer. The improved adhesion between the electrode film and the current collector, which was confirmed by the scratch test, effectively suppresses the evolution of the interphase as well as the charge-transfer resistance of the electrode during cycling. Thus, it can be concluded that maintaining a good electrical contact between the active material and the current collector is crucial for developing high-performance Si anodes for lithium-ion batteries.
First-principles calculations are undertaken to analyze the properties of carbon-silicon hybrid materials consisting of silicon modified graphene and defective graphene to evaluate the stability of the structure and their interactions with lithium. Underpotential shifts are determined for the different structures on defective surfaces, showing that decoration of graphene defects with a small number of silicon atoms should occur at underpotentials. Nucleation overpotentials are also determined using a thermodynamic formalism, showing that the formation of nuclei should be hindered with respect to free standing Si clusters. These results analyzes the possibility of using underpotential deposition of silicon on graphene to obtain high capacity and cycling stable material for anodes of lithium batteries.
In the proposed work, we present a novel, high performance ternary hybrid nanocomposite material based on cobalt hexacyanoferrate/carbon nanofibers/polypyrrole (CoHCF/CNF/PPY). The nanocomposite is fabricated by in situ oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in presence of CoHCF and CNF utilizing simple, cost effective and environmentally friendly approach. The structural and elemental characterizations of the nanocomposite are carried out by various characterization techniques which revealed formation of PPY layer on CNF surface to which CoHCF nanoparticles are linked. Also, the thermal stability of nanocomposite is found to be increased due to presence of CNF backbone. The electrochemical performances of the nanocomposite are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques, which resulted into specific capacitance of 512 F g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1. Moreover, it exhibits notable energy density of 102 W h. kg−1 and power density of 628 W kg−1. It also shows capacitive retention up to 87.8% after 2000 cycles indicating excellent cyclic stability. The structural stability of CoHCF framework is maintained due to ion diffusion through the cavities and its combination with interlinking network of PPY chains on the surface of CNF enhances electron transport. This charge storage mechanism is responsible for improved charge storage capacity resulting into high energy density. Thus, proposed ternary hybrid nanocomposite of CoHCF/CNF/PPY can be considered to overcome the gap between supercapacitors and batteries, thus can serve as a promising candidate for the future energy storage technologies.
Magnesium sulfate is an affordable and effective treatment for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. In settings where infusion pumps are not available to regulate the flow rate of intravenous delivery, healthcare providers must administer magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) via time-consuming and painful, large-volume intramuscular injections. As an alternative to costly commercially available syringe pumps, we developed AutoSyp, an accurate, low-cost, and low-powered syringe pump designed to meet the needs and constraints these low-resource settings. This paper describes results of a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of using AutoSyp to administer MgSO4 intravenously to women suffering from pre-eclampsia at a referral hospital in Blantyre, Malawi.
Carbon coating and nano-scale particle size are two impactful factors in improving the rate capability of LiFePO4 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. However, both factors decrease the tap density of the materials and are possibly causing unfavorable effect on the volumetric capacity of the cathode materials and thus the batteries, which is undesirable in commercial application. In the present study, LiFePO4 materials with moderate particle size of sub-micron and trace carbon content (0.5–0.9wt.%) are synthesized by a mechanical activation method. High-electronic conductivity iron phosphides (Fe2P/FeP) are in situ introduced into the LiFePO4 materials and the amount is modified by the calcination temperature. Electrochemical testing shows that Fe2P/FeP plays an important role in improving the high-rate capability of LiFePO4 with moderate particle size. The product calcined at 700°C, which has a high-tap density of 1.37gcm−3 correlating to a specific surface area approximately of 4m2 g−1, possesses discharge capacities of 110 and 100mAhg−1 at discharge rates of 5C and 10C, respectively. The introduction of Fe2P/FeP in an amount of ca. 5wt.% rather than carbon coating and the moderate particle size of LiFePO4 are promising approaches to obtain LiFePO4 cathode material of high-rate capability without unduly compromising its volumetric capacity.
In this work, ZnSnO3 quantum dots (QDs), instead of commonly used conductive carbon, are grown on the ZnO nanorod (NR) array to construct the binder-free ZnO@ZnSnO3 QDs core-shell NR array electrode on carbon cloth for lithium-ion battery. The ZnO@ZnSnO3 QDs core-shell NR array electrode exhibits excellent lithium storage performance with an improved cycling performance and superior rate capability compared to the ZnO NR array electrode. At a current density of 200 mAg−1, 15.8% capacity loss is acquired in the ZnO@ZnSnO3 QDs core-shell NR array electrode after 110 cycles with capacity retention of 1073 mAhg−1. Significant increases in reversible capacities from 340 to 545 mAhg−1 and from 95 to 390 mAhg−1 at current densities of 1000 and 2000 mAg−1, respectively, are achieved as the ZnO NR arrays are coated with the ZnSnO3 QD shells. The remarkably improved electrochemical performances result from that the configuration of binder-free ZnO@ZnSnO3 QDs core-shell NR array electrode not only facilitates the charge transfer through the solid electrolyte interface and the electronic/ionic conduction boundary as well as lithium ion diffusion but also effectively accommodates the volume change during repeated charge/discharge processes.
Experimental results from electrochemical characterizations and ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the Sn4P3 anode upon cycling reveal that Sn agglomeration from the Sn4P3 particles plays a major role in the fast capacity fading of the Sn4P3 anode for sodium-ion batteries. TiC is demonstrated to be an effective additive to enhance the cycle stability of Sn4P3 by suppressing Sn agglomeration during cycling. Sn4P3/30-wt%TiC composite delivers a stable capacity of 300 mAh g−1 or 700 Ah L−1 over 100 cycles at current density of 100 mA g−1. The high density TiC (4.93 g cm−3), as compared to conventional carbon based additives, makes it attractive for achieving higher volumetric capacity of the anode.
LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode material was coated with MoO3 via a wet coating process. X-ray diffraction patterns show that the coating surface is composed of MoO3 and Li2MoO4. The 3 wt.% MoO3 coated LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode (Li2MoO4 is treated as equivalent mole of MoO3) exhibits the best improved cycling performance. It performs a capacity retention of 90.9% after 100 cycles while that of the pristine material is only 82.8%. After being coated by 3 wt.% MoO3, the rate performance is also greatly enhanced and the charge transfer resistance is greatly decreased. The improvement of electrochemical performance is related to the fact that the coating layer diminishes the side reactions between the cathode and the electrolyte.