batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Close-range photogrammetry is based on the acquisition of imagery to make accurate measurements and, eventually, three-dimensional (3D) photo-realistic models. These models are a photogrammetric product per se. They are usually integrated into virtual reality scenarios where additional data such as sound, text or video can be introduced, leading to multimedia virtual environments. These environments allow users both to navigate and interact on different platforms such as desktop PCs, laptops and small hand-held devices (mobile phones or PDAs). In very recent years, a new technology derived from virtual reality has emerged: Augmented Reality (AR), which is based on mixing real and virtual environments to boost human interactions and real-life navigations. The synergy of AR and photogrammetry opens up new possibilities in the field of 3D data visualization, navigation and interaction far beyond the traditional static navigation and interaction in front of a computer screen. In this paper we introduce a low-cost outdoor mobile AR application to integrate buildings of different urban spaces. High-accuracy 3D photo-models derived from close-range photogrammetry are integrated in real (physical) urban worlds. The augmented environment that is presented herein requires for visualization a see-through video head mounted display (HMD), whereas user’s movement navigation is achieved in the real world with the help of an inertial navigation sensor. After introducing the basics of AR technology, the paper will deal with real-time orientation and tracking in combined physical and virtual city environments, merging close-range photogrammetry and AR. There are, however, some software and complex issues, which are discussed in the paper.
Molecular electrocatalysts for H2 evolution are usually studied under various conditions (solvent and proton sources) that prevent direct comparison of their performances. We provide here a rational method for such a benchmark based on (i) the recent analysis of the current-potential response for two-electron-two-step mechanisms and (ii) the derivation of catalytic Tafel plots reflecting the interdependency of turnover frequency and overpotential based on the intrinsic properties of the catalyst, independent of contingent factors such as cell characteristics. Such a methodology is exemplified on a series of molecular catalysts among the most efficient in the recent literature.
Particulate-reinforced Al/SiC composite materials are prepared by ball-milling technique to be used as an anode material for lithium secondary battery. The microstructure of the composite powders show that the SiC particles are embedded homogeneously in the Al matrix. This feature is distinctively different from any other active/inactive composite anode materials reported recently. The cycle performance of these composite electrodes is superior to that of an unreinforced aluminium electrode. This improved cycelability may be due to an enhanced mechanical stability of the electrode.
Rechargeable zinc metal batteries (RZMBs) offer a compelling complement to existing lithium ion and emerging lithium metal batteries for meeting the increasing energy storage demands of the future. Multiple recent reports have suggested that optimized electrolytes resolve a century-old challenge for RZMBs by achieving extremely reversible zinc plating/stripping with Coulombic efficiencies (CEs) approaching 100%. However, the disparity among published testing methods and conditions severely convolutes electrolyte performance comparisons. The lack of rigorous and standardized protocols is rapidly becoming an impediment to ongoing research and commercialization thrusts. This Perspective examines recent efforts to improve the reversibility of the zinc metal anode in terms of key parameters, including CE protocols, plating morphology, dendrite formation and long-term stability. Then we suggest the most appropriate standard protocols for future CE determination. Finally, we envision future strategies to improve zinc/electrolyte stability so that research efforts can be better aligned towards realistic performance targets for RZMB commercialization.
In this investigation, improvements in the fire-extinguishing behavior of the cathode/electrolyte mixture are achieved using the lithium iron phosphate cathode with a pre-embedded flame retardant. To minimize the possible negative effects of the embedded retardant on the electrochemical properties of the cathode, two commercially available flame retardants, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO), are encapsulated by chemically stable poly(urea-formaldehyde) and denoted as en-TPP and en-DOPO, respectively. The additions of en-TPP and en-DOPO improve the dispersion of the cathode slurry, while the additions of bare TPP and DOPO cause severe powder aggregation and poor electrochemical conductivity. The self-extinguishing efficiency of the cathode/electrolyte mixture is greatly increased by 30%–40% without sacrificing the electrochemical performance of the cathodes when 15 wt% of en-TPP is added.
Electrochemical processes can provide valuable contributions to the protection of the environment through implementation of effluent treatment and production-integrated processes for the minimisation of waste and toxic compounds. As examples of effluent treatment, electrochemical reactors for removal of metal ions from waste water, anodic destruction of organic pollutants and new electrochemical abatement techniques for the purification of flue gases will be described. Further examples consider salt splitting by membrane techniques. As examples for production-integrated industrial processes fluidised bed electrolysis for metal recovery in the cellulose acetate production, the membrane process for industrial chlor-alkali electrolysis, and the electroreduction of dichloracetic acid are considered.
Abstracts Flexible solid-state electrochemical energy storage devices with amorphous nickel pyrophosphate microstructures and graphene nanosheets as positive and negative electrode materials have been successfully assembled. Amorphous nickel pyrophosphate microstructures have been synthesized by calcination of the ammonium nickel phosphate hydrate microstructures in air at 350°C. The device achieved a maximum volumetric energy density of 0.78mWhcm−3 which is larger than that of most of published results, and showed a long cycle life with little capacity decay even after 6000 cycles, and maintained good mechanical flexibility under a bending angle of 0–180°.
This paper presents an alternate method of underwater energy storage utilizing an object's inherent buoyancy as a means for storage known as buoyancy battery energy storage (BBES). Utilizing a simple pulley, reel and float mechanism, energy can be stored for an indefinite period of time. Governing equations of charge and discharge are defined through application of Archimedes principle of buoyancy for an ideal system. Inefficiencies, losses as well as potential application configurations are presented and discussed. Basic experimental validation was completed to confirm system properties of constant discharge force with respect to both float position and storage duration.
Herein, we report the synthesis of orthorhombic V2O5 array with hair-like, javelin-like and wall-like structures on conductive titanium foil by a simple time-dependent hydrothermal method. The morphological evolution process of this product has been investigated in detail. The affection of morphology on sodium storage performance is probed. Benefitting from the unique javelin-like structure, the orthorhombic V2O5 array shows a prolonged cycle ability and high rate ability. Ex-Situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are performed to clarify the mechanism.
Tin borophosphate compounds doped with antimony, Sn2BP1−x Sb x O6 (x =0–0.3), have been prepared and studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic measurements. XRD patterns of all the samples were indexed to the tetragonal system. The EIS showed that the conductivities are enhanced by antimony doping. It was observed that the Warburg impedance coefficient (σ w) was 1163.265Ωcm2 s−0.5 for the Sn2BP0.9Sb0.1O6 (x =0.1) sample, and this was the lowest value compared to those of the other samples. Sn2BP0.9Sb0.1O6 (x =0.1) showed the highest specific discharge capacity of 1050mAhg−1 among all the samples and a reversible capacity of 540mAhg−1 at the 150th cycle.
An easy technique is proposed to prepare a new surfactant-free water-processable supercapacitive material composed of graphene oxide (GO) and pristine graphene (PG). GO and PG are prepared by a modified Hummer's method and direct liquid phase exfoliation of graphite in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) respectively. Water-processable GO/PG composites can be conveniently fabricated by mixing colloidal GO/H2O and PG/DMSO dispersions. The GO/PG composites can be re-dispersed in water to form stable colloidal dispersions. Capacitive behaviors of GO, PG and GO/PG composites were tested by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in aqueous electrolyte solutions. GO/PG composites exhibited improved capacitive properties in terms of specific capacitance and cycling stability, compared to those of individual components. The enhanced performances of the GO/PG composites signify the importance of the surface chemical property and conductivity of carbon-based materials for supercapacitor applications.
A printable, all solid-state photo-supercapacitor (PSC) incorporating both organic photovoltaic (OPV) and supercapacitor (SC) functions has been demonstrated utilizing a single-walled carbon nanotube network, enabling a thinner (< 0.6 mm) and lighter (< 1 g) device architecture, which leads to a 43% reduction in device internal resistance as compared to external wire connected OPVs and SCs.
Li-O2 batteries are considered as promising power sources for electric vehicles due to their remarkably high energy density. However, low rate capability and short cycle life caused by sluggish oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) kinetics limit their practical applications. Here, we investigate the catalytic activities of Pt3M bimetallic alloys (M=3d, 4d, and 5d transition metals) for improving the ORR and OER kinetics using first-principles calculations. We found that the group 5 elements (V, Nb, and Ta in 3d, 4d, and 5d periods, respectively) are the most effective alloy components for high catalytic activity. Pt3V, Pt3Nb, and Pt3Ta alloys exhibit considerably lower ORR and OER overpotentials (by 71–77% and 57–59%, respectively) than those of Pt. The catalytic activities are successfully described by the adsorption strengths of reaction intermediate species (Li and LiO2) on the alloy surface rather than the d-band center of the alloy surface and are fundamentally controlled by the amount of surface charge. The superior catalytic activities of Pt3M alloys with the group 5 elements originate from their electron-rich surfaces and can also be interpreted in terms of the integration of mechanical interplay and chemical interplay of Pt and M, i.e., an appropriate trade-off between surface strain and ligand effects.
A series of microfuel cell DMFC prototypes in the 1–2W range has been developed at Motorola Labs. Design criteria, technical issues and the solution to those issues, system and component performance criteria are all discussed in detail with regards to the demonstrated systems. In particular, the industry-wide problem of long-term voltage degradation is explored with the implementation of a successful engineering solution to this issue which resulted in over 1200h of system lifetime at the average degradation rate of 41μV/(h per cell). With sufficient fuel for 1 week of continuous operation, the system energy density in the 2W DMFC prototype was 490Wh/kg and 368Wh/L, respectively, at an overall system efficiency of 20% (includes both fuel conversion and BOP efficiencies).
The optimum charge rate for a lithium ion cell at each cycle is determined to maximize the useful life of the cell without using optimization algorithms. In previous work, we showed that by applying a dynamic optimization routine the number of cycles can be increased by approximately 29.4% with respect to the case with one optimal charge current [7]. The dynamic optimization results indicated that the optimum charge rates are the minimum currents at which the constraints for the useful life are satisfied. This is due to the minimum charge rate resulting in minimum side reaction rate and capacity fade. Useful cell life is defined as the number of cycles before the end of discharge voltage (EODV) drops below 3.0V or the cell discharge capacity becomes less than 20% of the original discharge capacity. The new approach presented in this work is able to find the optimal charge rates in a few minutes while the previous optimization algorithm takes at least one day, and improves the useful cell life by approximately 41.6% with respect to using only one optimal charge current.
Dendritic Li formation is one of the critical reasons for the failure of Li batteries. In order to improve the lithium metal anode performance, a better understanding of the growth mechanisms of Li dendrites is necessary. Due to the malleable nature of lithium metal, mechanical pressure should play an important role in determining the morphology and cycling behaviour of Li anode. Here we investigated the effect of an applied external pressure on the electrochemical deposition of lithium metal. Instead of a highly porous, wire-like Li growth in the absence of pressure, a much more compact Li deposition can be achieved when a pressure is applied to the batteries in the charge/discharge processes. The improved Li deposition/stripping behaviour in the pressed cells yields a 5% higher Coulombic efficiency (~90%) and more than 5-fold longer cycling life than the cells without pressure at a current density of 2 mA/cm2. The use of pressure in shaping Li metal is an effective approach to address the Li metal problem and advance Li technologies in the future.
Exposure to altered gravitational environment, especially during critical ontogenetic phases, may induce persistent nervous system modifications and behavioural anomalies. This study evaluated the effects of hypergravity exposure on the development of the nervous system and assessed the relevance of parity in the mother's responses to altered gravitational stimuli. CD-1 mouse pups of both sexes delivered by primiparous and biparous dams were exposed to 1h of 2 G rotationally induced hypergravity from PND2 to PND9. Sensorimotor responses and somatic growth were daily measured (PND2–PND15), ultrasonic vocalisations recorded on PNDs 2, 5 and 9, and homing behaviour evaluated on PND12. In addition, spatial orientation ability was assessed in a T-maze on PND18, while mice exploratory behaviour and locomotor activity were evaluated in an open-field test (PND21). Long-term effects of hypergravity exposure on both spatial learning (Morris water-maze test) and brain levels of NGF and BDNF were also investigated at adulthood. Rotation per se induced a delay in somatic growth, sensorimotor responses and ultrasonic vocalisation profile, while hypergravity highlighted sex differences in open-field behaviour. Strategies to solve a spatial learning task, rather than learning per se, were affected by early exposure to rotation, while hypergravity selectively altered behavioural profile in the reversal phase of the test. Early exposure to rotation per se also decreased hypothalamic BDNF levels, while hypergravity reduced NGF levels in the frontal cortex. Previous maternal experience did not interact with hypergravity exposure, while differences between offspring of primiparous and biparous dams were observed in sensorimotor development and exploratory behaviour.
Real-time prediction of remaining useful life (RUL) is an essential feature of a robust battery management system (BMS). In this work, a novel method for real-time RUL estimation of Li ion batteries is proposed that integrates classification and regression attributes of Support Vector (SV) based machine learning technique. Cycling data of Li-ion batteries under different operating conditions are analyzed, and the critical features are extracted from the voltage and temperature profiles. The classification and regression models for RUL are built based on the critical features using Support Vector Machine (SVM). The classification model provides a gross estimation, and the Support Vector Regression (SVR) is used to predict the accurate RUL if the battery is close to the end of life (EOL). By the critical feature extraction and the multistage approach, accurate RUL prediction of multiple batteries is accomplished simultaneously, making the proposed method generic in nature. In addition to accuracy, the multistage approach results in faster computations, and hence a trained model can potentially be used for real-time onboard RUL estimation for electric vehicle battery packs.
Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the investigations pertaining to the diagnosis of rolling-element bearings of motors and alternators failed because of the causes generally unforeseen during design and operation. These generally unforeseen causes found to lead to the passage of electric current through bearings of the motors and alternators and deteriorate them in due course. The vibration and shaft-voltage data, characteristics of the grease used in various rolling-element bearings, and other related aspects were analyzed and unforeseen causes of failure of bearings diagnosed. The surveys of the failure of rolling-element bearings indicate various causes including that of failure, because of corrugations. The investigations pertaining to shaft voltage, vibration, and shock pulse levels were carried out on various motors, both at non-drive end and drive-end, and various other related aspects were inspected. The prolong operation of bearings under vibration, leads to the ageing of insulation, depending on quality of insulating material. This results in the breakage/crack of the bearing insulation. Consequently, it generates a resistance-free path of bearing current that leads to catastrophic failure of the bearings. This has been detected in a few motor bearings. By the detection of the flux density on the bearing surfaces along with the corrugated pattern on the tracks surfaces, by analysis of deterioration of greases used in the bearings, and by measurement of stray and shaft voltages, the failure of bearings by the passage of electric current can be established. The extent of deterioration is ascertained by the vibration analysis. The bearings can be shielded against any unforeseen causes for precluding any possible means of leakage of current, for ensuring their trouble-free operational life.
We describe the synthesis and characterization of a thin-film solid state lithium rechargeable battery. This battery was designed for integration into a multi-chip module (MCM). The battery consists of a spin-on Ag2WO4 — polymer cathode, a lithium hexaflurophosphate — polymer-impregnated microporous nylon membrane electrolytic separator, and a lithium foil anode. Kapton™ was used as the substrate and encapsulating top layer of the battery. The battery had a total area of approximately 4.0 cm2 , thickness of 0.6 mm, and weighed 0.4 g. The battery had an open circuit voltage of 3.5 V and was able to deliver a current density of 0.05 mA/cm2 for 1.5 h while maintaining a voltage above 2.0 V. The battery was cycled over 12,000 times between 3.5 and 2.0 V using a constant discharging current density of 0.1 mA/cm2 and charging current density of 0.05 mA/cm2. The battery was designed for integration into a standard 96 pin Kovar/Glass Bead quad-flatpack programmable MCM (1.42×1.42×0.16 in.). The charging and discharging characteristics of this battery are presented and discussed in terms of its intended application.
Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene supported MoS2 (MoS2/NS-G) nanosheets were prepared through a one-pot thermal annealing method. The as prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectra and electrochemical techniques. The MoS2/NS-G shows high reversible capacity about 1200mAh/g at current density of 150mA/g and excellent stability in Li-ion batteries. It was demonstrated the co-doping of graphene by N and S could significantly enhance the durability of MoS2 as anode materials for Li-ion batteries.
Li-rich manganese layered oxide is one of the most promising cathode materials that meet the requirements for high-energy-density Li-ion batteries. However, a large irreversible capacity loss at the first cycle makes it difficult to be an applicable cathode material. Although wide investigations have been carried out to overcome such defect, researchers are still beset by the problems of how to concurrently improve the multiple performances of the cathode. In this work, Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13]O2 is synthesized, which delivers both improved high-energy capacity of 308 mAh g−1 and enhanced initial coulombic efficiency of 85%. The corresponding values of a contrast sample are only 245 mAh g−1 and 77%, respectively. Based on the data of bond distances, crystal cell parameters, and the calculated electron cloud density revealed by Rietveld analysis, an enlarged crystal cell mechanism is proposed. The improved performances are originated from the enlarged crystal cell, which facilitates the Li+ delithiation/lithiation from the octahedral and tetrahedral sites, accordingly increasing the discharge capacity and initial coulombic efficiency. The proposed method offers a strategy to simultaneously increase the initial coulombic efficiency and the specific capacity for Li ion batteries.
Planned Communities (PCs) present a unique opportunity for deployment of intelligent control of demand-side distributed energy resources (DER) and storage, which may be organized in Microgrids (MGs). MGs require balancing for maintaining safe and resilient operation. This paper discusses the implications of using MG concepts for planning and control of energy systems within PCs. A novel tool is presented, based on decision trees (DTs), with two potential applications: (i) planning of energy storage systems within such MGs and (ii) controlling energy resources for energy balancing within a PC MG. The energy storage planning and energy balancing methodology is validated through sensitivity case studies, demonstrating its effectiveness. A test implementation is presented, utilizing distributed controller hardware to execute the energy balancing algorithm in real-time.