batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
According to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, several mitigation strategies for the industrial sector are needed to achieve global mitigation scenarios that include: carbon intensity, energy intensity, material intensity, product-service intensity, and the global demand for services. Under this contextual, this paper presents a decomposition analysis of energy related carbon dioxide emissions from the steel produced to manufacture new automobiles. The novelty of this analysis is that it links energy related carbon dioxide emissions from service demand to material production, breaking changes in demand for services measured as passenger-kilometers driven by new automobiles either for replacement or for new demand; steel content in new automobiles (material intensity); production process (structure); final energy intensity; and carbon intensity. The study boundaries include direct and indirect steel imports (contained in automobile imports). This analysis is applied to the Mexican case from 1993 to 2011. The results show that an increase in the pass-km followed by the growth in the vehicle size is the most important factors influencing carbon dioxide emissions. The rise of fuels with higher carbon contents in countries that export vehicles and steel to Mexico is also an important variable that had increased emissions. A projection for CO2 emissions for 2025 was developed to understand the significance of the different variables in the reduction of CO2 emissions related to the steel production for new automobiles.
The development of tools for the automated identification of species will reduce the burden of routine identifications conducted by many biologists. The design of these tools is difficult because it depends on the proper extraction of those most relevant characteristics of the image, namely, those unequivocally identify its species. The appropriate software for such extraction does not exist in all cases. This work proposes an architecture for the automated identification of the skulls of different mammalian species belonging to the order Eulipotyphla, which includes shrews, moles and hedgehogs, among others. Our system determines nine species of this mammalian group using existing object recognition techniques, identifying them based on a set of images of the skulls of these species in a digital image database. To validate the proposed architecture, mobile and web applications have been developed. These applications use the image recognition technology provided by the OpenCV library for the detection of the keypoints and matching of the images. The application extracts the descriptor of the input image using the Speed Up Robust Features (SURF) method and compares this descriptor against the image database for matching using a Euclidean distance based on the nearest-neighbor approach. The initial tests have achieved a reliability of 98 %.
Children with developmental speech disorders may have additional deficits in speech perception and/or short-term memory. To determine whether these are only transient developmental delays that can accompany the disorder in childhood or persist as part of the speech disorder, adults with a persistent familial speech disorder were tested on speech perception and short-term memory. Nine adults with a persistent familial developmental speech disorder without language impairment were compared with 20 controls on tasks requiring the discrimination of fine acoustic cues for word identification and on measures of verbal and nonverbal short-term memory. Significant group differences were found in the slopes of the discrimination curves for first formant transitions for word identification with stop gaps of 40 and 20ms with effect sizes of 1.60 and 1.56. Significant group differences also occurred on tests of nonverbal rhythm and tonal memory, and verbal short-term memory with effect sizes of 2.38, 1.56, and 1.73. No group differences occurred in the use of stop gap durations for word identification. Because frequency-based speech perception and short-term verbal and nonverbal memory deficits both persisted into adulthood in the speech-impaired adults, these deficits may be involved in the persistence of speech disorders without language impairment.
This paper proposes a new approach of using a spin-coated solid polymer electrolyte in the fabrication of an all-solid-state rechargeable thin-film lithium battery with the cell structure of Li/polymer/LiMn2O4. Room temperature cycling of this cell showed comparable cycling performance and good Coulombic efficiency at the 6C rate (100μAcm−2). On removing the spin-coated solid polymer electrolyte after the cycle test, we observed a morphology change on the LiMn2O4 cathode surface using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). FE-SEM also showed that there had been dissolution/precipitation of manganese species at the cathode/electrolyte interface during cycles.
We successfully improved the cycle stability of a silicon (Si) negative electrode that consisted of untreated, conventional micro-sized Si particles by applying polyimide (PI) with a low breaking elongation percentage and a high tensile strength as a binder. The strong adhesion of the PI binder suppresses the collapse of the Si negative electrode undergoing the expansion/contraction of Si particles during lithiation/delithiation so that the PI-Si electrode maintains a discharge capacity of 800 mAh g−1 during 195 cycles at a current density of 800 mA g−1. The electrodes prepared in this study contain a PI binder of 15 wt.% to maintain the electrode structure. Such a comparatively large amount of PI binder may prevent Li-ion access into Si particles. Nevertheless, the present Si negative electrode with sufficient electronic conductivity maintains a discharge capacity of 800 mAh g−1 during 167 cycles even at a high rate (1600 mA g−1). Perhaps the PI binder does not hinder Li-ion access to Si particles. The cell containing a highly porous polyolefin film coated with ceramic as a separator for a facile supply of Li ion from a bulk electrolyte shows excellent cycle stability and maintains a discharge capacity of 800 mAh g−1 during 300 cycles.
The NASICON oxides with general formula Li1+x Y x Zr2−x (PO4)3 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) are prepared by conventional solid-state reaction. The samples are characterized by XRD, SEM, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and 7Li MAS NMR measurements. The structures are refined by the Rietveld method from powder X-ray diffraction data. With the introduction of Y3+, the volume of the large M1 cavity is reduced and the rhombohedral NASICON phase is stabilized at room temperature. The bulk and total Li+ conductivities of Li1.15Y0.15Zr1.85(PO4)3 sintered by SPS are 1.4 × 10−4 and 0.71 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C, respectively; the activation energy is about 0.39 eV in the temperature range 300–473 K.
Spheroidic spinel Li4Ti5O12 has been synthesized by a facile method and following calcinations at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are used to characterize the structure and morphology of the as-prepared products. Galvanostatic method is used to test the electrochemical properties, and the results show that the spheroidic Li4Ti5O12 calcinated at 600°C exhibits an outstanding capability of 175.45mAh/g at 0.1°C for the first cycle. The capacity retention after 40 cycles is 96.45%, indicating potential application for lithium ion batteries.
The characteristics of the Li ion battery based on poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PVC/PMMA) polymer blend electrolyte are reported. The polymer blend electrolytes exhibited phase-separated structure which consists of a PVC-rich phase and an electrolyte-rich phase. At the constant blend ratio of PVC/PMMA=6/4, mechanical property and ionic conductivity increase with the increase of the polarity of the liquid electrolyte together with the decrease of domain size of the electrolyte-rich phase. However, these merits obtained by using the liquid electrolyte of high polarity were somewhat contrasted by the low adhesion of the corresponding polymer electrolyte toward electrode. The prototype battery cell, which consists of LiCoO2 cathode, meso-phase carbon fiber anode and the polymer electrolyte based on PVC/PMMA=6/4 blend and 1M LiPF6 in EC/DMC=1/1 mixture, showed the discharge capacity of 111 mAh/g (per cathode material) at charge/discharge rate of 2 C and 92% of the initial discharge capacity at 100 cycle upon the repeated charge/discharge at 0.5 C rate (0.5×complete charge/discharge in 1 h).
LiCoO2 is the most widely used and extensively studied cathode material for Li-ion batteries. The studies based on the improvement of the performance have focused on the structural and electrochemical properties of LiCoO2. However, significantly less attention has been paid to its magnetic properties and their effects on battery performance. For the first time to our knowledge, we report a thermally induced magnetic spin state transition from low spin (LS) to intermediate spin (IS) at ∼800K in bulk LiCoO2 via magnetic susceptibility measurements. We quench the LiCoO2 from above the spin state transition temperature (∼810K) into liquid nitrogen to preserve the IS state at room temperature. We use this quenched sample (q-LiCoO2) as an active cathode material. We observe a significant improvement (∼15% better capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1C) in cell performance of q-LiCoO2 compared to the ref-LiCoO2 which is used as a reference material. Our results show that it is possible to tailor the magnetic properties and electronic structure of cathode materials to achieve better battery performance.
An enzyme preparation containing glucanase produced by the fungus Trichoderma harzianum is intended to be used to improve the clarification and filtration of wines. The safety of a glucanase preparation was assessed in a series of toxicological tests to document its safety in use. Oral administration to rats of up to 10mL/kgbw/day (equivalent to a total organic solids dosage of 1258mg/kgbw/day or a glucanase dosage of 1882 BGXU/kgbw/day) for 13 weeks did not cause any adverse effect. The test substance was not found to be mutagenic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay, nor did it cause chromosomal aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes. The safety margin for exposure is estimated to be in the range of 2100–72,000 depending on the estimate for daily wine consumption. The results of these studies demonstrate that an enzyme preparation containing glucanase may be considered safe when employed in wine processing.
Centrifugal spinning is a fast, cost-effective and safe alternative to the electrospinning technique, which is commonly used for making fiber-based separator membranes. In this work, SiO2/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes were produced by using centrifugal spinning and they were characterized by using different electrochemical techniques for use as separators in Li-ion batteries. SiO2/PAN membranes exhibited good wettability and high ionic conductivity due to their highly porous fibrous structure. Compared with commercial microporous polyolefin membranes, SiO2/PAN membranes had larger liquid electrolyte uptake, higher electrochemical oxidation limit, and lower interfacial resistance with lithium. SiO2/PAN membrane separators were assembled into lithium/lithium iron phosphate cells and these cells delivered high capacities and exhibited good cycling performance at room temperature. In addition, cells using SiO2/PAN membranes showed superior C-rate performance compared to those using microporous PP membrane.
Self-assembled pompon-like β-Ni(OH)2 microspheres with hollow structured interiors were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method with the assistance of sodium poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS). The structural, morphological and electrochemical properties of the microspheres have been examined in detail. The crystalline “β” phase of Ni(OH)2 is confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Morphological characterization by SEM and TEM reveals that β-Ni(OH)2 is composed of well dispersed pompon-like spheres with hollow structured interiors. Moreover, the morphology and size of β-Ni(OH)2 can be tuned by altering the PSS concentration. Systematic time-dependent experiments were carried out and a possible formation mechanism was proposed on the basis of Ostwald ripening. The electrochemical properties of the as-prepared microspheres were studied by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry (CP) and galvanostatic charge discharge tests. It is found that the as-prepared β-Ni(OH)2 microspheres show excellent capacitance behavior of 1028.5F/g at a charge/discharge current density of 2.22A/g and an almost 100% coulombic efficiency after 1000 cycles at a current density of 3.7A/g. These results suggest this β-Ni(OH)2 hollow microspheres is a highly promising candidate for the supercapacitor electrodes.
The ascomycete, Leptosphaeria maculans, causes blackleg disease of oilseed Brassica spp. such as canola (Brassica napus). We have cloned a gene encoding endopolygalacturonase, pg1, and two genes encoding cellulases, cel1 and cel2, in L. maculans. These genes are not clustered in the genome, as they are located on different chromosomes. The deduced amino acid sequences of all three genes predict an N-terminal signal sequence, as is common for secreted fungal enzymes that degrade plant cell walls. The endopolygalacturonase encoded by pg1 shows the highest similarity (54% amino acid identity) to endopolygalacturonase 4 from Botrytis cinerea. Both cel1 and cel2 appear to encode cellobiohydrolase, and neither gene encodes a recognizable cellulose-binding domain or linker region. Transcription of pg1 is induced in cultures containing 1% polygalacturonic acid or pectin, and cel1 is induced in 1% cellulose or carboxymethylcellulose, as shown by Northern analysis. Glucose represses the induction of cel1 caused by cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, but does affect transcription of pg1. Transcription of cel2 (but not cel1 or pg1) is detectable during infection of B. napus and B. juncea cotyledons and leaves using reverse transcription-PCR.
Making the use of daytime running lights mandatory for motor vehicles is generally documented to have had a positive impact upon traffic safety. Improving traffic safety for bicyclists is a focal point in the road traffic safety work in Denmark. In 2004 and 2005 a controlled experiment including 3845 cyclists was carried out in Odense, Denmark in order to examine, if permanent running lights mounted to bicycles would improve traffic safety for cyclists. The permanent running lights were mounted to 1845 bicycles and the accident rate was recorded through 12 months for this treatment group and 2000 other bicyclists, the latter serving as a control group without bicycle running lights. The safety effect of the running lights is analysed by comparing incidence rates – number of bicycle accidents recorded per man-month – for the treatment group and the control group. The incidence rate, including all recorded bicycle accidents with personal injury to the participating cyclist, is 19% lower for cyclists with permanent running lights mounted; indicating that the permanent bicycle running light significantly improves traffic safety for cyclists. The study shows that use of permanent bicycle running lights reduces the occurrence of multiparty accidents involving cyclists significantly. In the study the bicycle accidents were recorded trough self-reporting on the Internet. Possible shortcomings and problems related to this accident recording are discussed and analysed.
Mental health problems (MHP) in children and adolescents (CA) are common. This longitudinal study analyzed the prevalence, course, and persistence of MHP over 10 years from childhood into adolescence based on a sample from the Future Family project (N = 230).
Energy storage devices that can perform both high power and high energy operations are greatly needed for hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and for systems by which the power generation is distributed. Here we show an easily prepared electrode material for lithium ion batteries which demonstrates high energy density, outstanding rate capabilities and long cycle life, comparable to those of supercapacitors. At a rate equivalent to a 6-minute total charge/discharge, the as-prepared metatitanic acid exhibits a life of over 7000 charge/discharge cycles while still retaining up to 87.5% of its original capacity. Furthermore, the electrode using this material can be fully charged in one minute while still maintaining a high energy density.
An innovative application of surfactant-mediated modifications of electrolytic MnO2 (EMD), proved to be a major step toward enhancement of the rechargeability in alkaline batteries. Presence of different surfactants in boiling acidic solutions of manganese sulfate, under atmospheric pressure, enhanced a variety of EMD products, with various structural and electrochemical properties. Surfactants employed consisted of: anionic sodium n-dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and non-ionic t-octyl phenoxy polyethoxyethanol (Triton X-100). Among them, EMDs produced in the presence of CTAB has a slight positive effect on the cycle performances, while SDBS inhibits it. Interestingly, the EMD powders prepared from the micellar solution, in the range of 0.3wt.% of Triton X-100, exhibited much higher discharge capacities, as well as better cyclabilities in comparison with the commercial EMD sample known as TOSOH™. The superiority of the former EMD was further confirmed through electrochemical cyclic voltammetry and also electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Modifications of electrolytic MnO2, via mediations of different surfactants were perceived through changes in their compositions, crystal structures and morphologies. The characteristics of the produced materials were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Enhancements of electrochemical properties, observed for Triton X-100 modified EMD, could be attributed to a homogeneous current distribution with unique crystalline structure, based on the modified electrode/solution interface, through adsorbed surfactant layers. Moreover, the observed improvements appear connected to the enhanced film growth, with different degrees of mesoscopic organizations. Higher cycle performances, mechanical stabilities and the ease of production make this method excellent for being employed in a number of industrial applications.
The SrFeCo0.5O y system combines high electronic/ionic conductivity with appreciable oxygen permeability at elevated temperatures. This system has potential use in high-temperature electrochemical applications such as solid oxide fuel cells, batteries, sensors, and oxygen separation membranes. Dense ceramic membranes of SrFeCo0.5O y are prepared by pressing a ceramic powder prepared by using a sol–gel combustion technique. Oxygen and hydrogen permeation at high temperature on this material are studied. Measurements are conducted using a time-dependent permeation method at the temperature in the range of 1073–1273K with oxygen- and hydrogen-driving pressures in the range (3×102)–(1×105)Pa (300–1000mbar). The maximum oxygen-permeated flux at 1273K is 6.5×10−3 molm−2 s−1. The activation energies for the O2-permeation fluxes and diffusivities are 240 and 194kJ/mol, respectively. Due to the high fragility, the high temperature for the measurements and the high oxygen permeation through such material, a special membrane holder, and compression sealing system have been designed and realized for the permeation apparatus.
The objective of this study was to investigate associations between social desirability response bias and self-report of pain, disability, and psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms) in a sample of children presenting to a multidisciplinary pediatric chronic pain clinic. A retrospective review was conducted on 414 consecutive clinic patients, ages 12–17 years, with chronic pain complaints of at least 3 months’ duration. As part of a clinical battery, children completed self-report psychological questionnaires including the Children’s Depression Inventory, Children’s Somatization Inventory, and Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale including the Lie Scale, an indicator of social desirability influence. Children also provided self report of pain intensity, pain duration and functional disability. Clinician ratings of anxiety and depressive symptoms also were collected. Results show that children scoring high on the measure of social desirability reported fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to children scoring low on the social desirability index. No differences arose between these groups on reports of somatic symptoms, pain duration, or pain-related disability. These findings suggest that social desirability response bias may have implications for the self-report of psychological distress among pediatric chronic pain patients. The limits of self-report of symptoms should be considered in the clinical and research contexts.
Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with enhanced performance to commercial ones are urgently demanded in portable electric devices. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of a dominant commercial cathode material (LiCoO2) by constructing 3D hierarchical LiNixCoyO2 (h-LNCO). The h-LNCO presents porous spherical-shaped morphology at mesoscale while comprises interconnected primary nanoparticles at nanoscale. Such a unique morphology endows the h-LNCO with porous structure for easy penetration of electrolyte, relatively small size of primary particles with short Li+ ions diffusion length and abundant exposed surface in favor of Li+ intercalation/deintercalation. The synergism of these merits makes the h-LNCO exhibit superior electrochemical properties with high capacity, superior cyclability and rate capability, much better than the solid granular LNCO counterparts and commercial LiCoO2. This strategy of constructing porous hierarchical mesostructures could be extended to other electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage.
Li–O2 batteries have attracted considerable attention due to their high energy density. The critical challenges that limit the practical applications include effective utilization of electrode space for solid products deposition and acceptable cycling performance. In the present work, a nitrogen-doped micron-sized honeycomb-like carbon is developed for use as a cathode material for Li–O2 batteries. This novel material is obtained by using nano-CaCO3 particles as hard template and sucrose as the carbon source, followed by thermal annealing at 800 °C in ammonia. With one-step ammonia activation, surface nitrogenation and further pore structure optimization are realized simultaneously. The material exhibits enhanced activity for oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen transfer ability. Surprisingly, an improved cycling stability is also obtained. As a result, a superior discharge capacity up to 12,600 mAh g−1 is achieved, about 4 times that of commercial Ketjenblack carbon. The results provide a novel route to construct effective non-metal carbon-based cathodes for high performance of Li–O2 batteries.