batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The design of a lithium polymer battery with excellent properties is presented. The focus is on cathode and anode active materials and their influence on cell properties like energy density and cycle behavior. Standard LiCoO2 is compared with alternative cathode materials like Li–Co–Ni–Mn–O and high density LiCoO2. Furthermore, several natural graphites and their mixtures with synthetic graphite are discussed as potential anode active material as natural graphite is attractive concerning price. The good performance of VARTA Microbattery's PoLiFlex™ lithium polymer battery results from an adequate combination of cathode and anode formulations.
Development of the maternal antenatal attachment (MAA) constitutes an important aspect of the transition into motherhood. Early identification of women at risk of developing a poor MAA provides possibilities for preventive interventions targeting maternal mental health and the emerging mother-infant relationship. In this study, we investigate the relative importance of an extensive set of psychosocial, pregnancy-related, and physiological factors measured in the first trimester of pregnancy for MAA measured in third trimester.
Methanesulfonyl chloride (MSC) forms a room temperature ionic liquid with AlCl3. The electrochemical properties of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) films prepared by the sol–gel route were studied in this electrolyte. As a potential cathode, sodium is reversibly intercalated into the V2O5 film up to a stoichiometry of 1.6mole Na/mole V2O5 (−1V versus Al(III)/Al<1.5V) after the first discharge. The diffusion coefficient (D Na+ ) in the V2O5 film was determined to be between 5E−14 and 9E−12cm2/s using the potentiostatic intermittent-titration technique.
Investigators have confirmed that applying a small amount of mechanical pressure, approximately 1 bar (105 Pa), to the face of the positive electrode can dramatically increase the life of deep cycled, lead acid batteries. In this paper, we calculate the pressures required to stabilize the active material in the positive electrode based on the “Agglomerate of Spheres” model. The calculations agree closely with the experimental observations. In addition to these calculations, we also provide another possible interpretation of the “Agglomerate of Spheres” model and give an improved estimate for the surface tension of lead dioxide, an important physical quantity for the model.
LiMn2-xMxO4 (M = Co, Ni, Fe, Cr, Al; x = 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.2) cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries have been synthesized by an improved solid-state method. Samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, and XPS for their structure, morphology and surface conditions. Their electrochemical performance was also tested. Compared with pristine LiMn2O4, all LiMn2-xMxO4 materials exhibited much better cycling stability between 3.0 V and 4.3 V. LiMn1.85Cr0.15O4 showed a superior cycling stability with a capacity retention of 96.6% after 100 cycles, which is 23% higher than that of the LiMn2O4 phase. The underlying mechanism of the improved cycle performance has been investigated by synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction under operating conditions for batteries. In situ XRD results proved that metal-ion-doped LiMn2O4 could hinder the phase transformation, reduce microstrain and volume shrinkage during cycling and improve their structural stability. The role of the doped metal ions was also confirmed by density functional theory calculations.
Various types of amorphous Li–Fe–P–B–O were investigated for use as a cathode material. The samples were prepared by the melt quench technique with a single roll. The samples had monotonically decreasing charge–discharge profiles peculiar to amorphous materials, and were between 76 and 119mAhg−1. The electrochemical performance of these amorphous Li–Fe–P–B–O materials improved with increasing boron ratio, improving from 85 to 119mAhg−1. Although the redox potentials of amorphous Li–Fe–P–O did not shift with changing P/Fe ratio, those of amorphous Li–Fe–P–B–O did shift with changing B/P ratio. The redox potentials of the Li–Fe–P–B–O in the ratios of 2/1/2/0, 2/1/1/1, 2/1/0.5/1.5, and 2/1/0/2 were approximately 3.1, 2.9, 2.6, and 2.2V vs. Li/Li+, respectively. This demonstrates that the redox potentials of amorphous polyanionic materials can be tuned by adjusting the electronegativity of the glass former, such as phosphorus and boron.
Sinus node disease (SND), a common indication to implant a pacemaker, is frequently associated with atrial fibrillation (AF), either at implantation (paroxysmal AF) or during follow-up, which often evolves to persistent or permanent AF. Pacemakers with an atrial lead allow continuous monitoring of the atrial rhythm and enable detection of the burden of AF. Asymptomatic atrial tachyarrhythmias, being associated with increased risk of stroke, have important prognostic implications, and their detection could guide decision-making about antithrombotic prophylaxis. Pacing mode and pacing algorithms can influence the occurrence of AF and atrial tachyarrhythmias. In DDD/DDDR pacing mode, reduction of unnecessary right ventricular pacing positively affects the occurrence and evolution of AF, but patients with a history of atrial tachyarrhythmias maintain an increased risk of arrhythmic events. In the MINERVA study, the use of algorithms that act in the atrium for preventive pacing and atrial antitachycardia pacing while minimizing right ventricular pacing was beneficial in patients with SND and previous atrial tachyarrhythmias, and was associated with a significant reduction in evolution to permanent AF. New information available on therapies delivered at the atrial level by implanted devices suggests clinical advantages that could improve current guidelines for the management of AF and atrial tachyarrhythmias.
As a promising high capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), tin dioxide (SnO2) has attracted considerable interest in recent studies. In this paper, nickel-doped tin dioxide (Ni/SnO2), nickel and nitrogen co-doped tin dioxide (Ni-N/SnO2) are prepared to modify the electrochemical properties of as-prepared SnO2. Samples of pure SnO2, Ni/SnO2 and Ni-N/SnO2 are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). It is found that doping and co-doping process does not affect the phase structure of pristine SnO2. However, it obviously influences the morphology, specific surface area, and electrochemical properties of SnO2. Gavalnostatic cycling indicates that the Ni-N/SnO2 nano-composite still remains a high charge capacity of 631 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. Rate performance evaluation shows that a capacity of 621 mAh g−1 can still be delivered when the current returns back to 0.1C after 50 cycles at different current densities. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis proves that Ni and N co-doping accelerates the electrode reaction. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrate the low charge-transfer resistance for Ni-N/SnO2, and the following quantitative calculation further confirms the highest electric conductivity and ionic conductivity of Ni-N/SnO2 compared with those of pure SnO2 and Ni/SnO2. This explains the superior capacity retention and rate performance of co-doped material.
This chapter addresses the use of long-term non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) (to the exclusion of continuous positive airway pressure) in the different clinical settings in which it is currently proposed: principally in diseases responsible for hypoventilation characterized by elevated PaCO2. Nasal masks are predominantly used, followed by nasal pillow and facial masks. Mouthpieces are essentially indicated in case daytime ventilation is needed. Many clinicians currently prefer pressure-preset ventilator in assist mode as the first choice for the majority of the patients with the view of offering better synchronization. Nevertheless, assist-control mode with volume-preset ventilator is also efficient. The settings of the ventilator must insure adequate ventilation assessed by continuous nocturnal records of at least oxygen saturation of haemoglobin-measured by pulse oximetry. The main categories of relevant diseases include different types of neuromuscular disorders, chest-wall deformities and even lung diseases. Depending on the underlying diseases and on individual cases, two schematic situations may be individualized. Either intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) is continuously mandatory to avoid death in the case of complete or quasi-complete paralysis or is used every day for several hours, typically during sleep, producing enough improvement to allow free time during the daylight in spontaneous breathing while hypoventilation and related symptoms are improved. In case of complete or quasi-complete need of mechanical assistance, a tracheostomy may become an alternative to non-invasive access. In neuromuscular diseases, in kyphosis and in sequela of tuberculosis patients, NIPPV always significantly increases survival. Conversely, no data support a positive effect on survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
In this work a percolation–tunneling based model is developed and used to study the electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 composite Li-ion battery cathodes. The active and conductive additive particles are explicitly represented using a random hybrid geometric-mechanical packing algorithm, while the inter-particle electric transport is achieved by including electron tunneling effects. The model is adjusted to the experimental data of a PVDF/C composite with different mixing ratios. The performed study aims to capture the variation of the conductivity of the LiFePO4 cathode with particle sizes, carbon black particles wt.% and carbon coating wt.%. It is found that ultra fine carbon-free nanosized particles (∼50nm), which are favorable for improved diffusion, would require a relatively high amount of carbon black (15wt.%) putting at risk the gravimetric capacity of the cell. On the other hand, particles with 1wt.% continuous carbon coating delivers already sufficient conductivity for all particle sizes without any additives. The further addition of conductive phases is at the risk of redundancy in view of conductivity enhancements. Although continuous carbon coating with loading as low as 1wt.% is thought to be the most efficient way to achieve electric conductivity, its manufacturability and effect on Li ion diffusion remain to be assessed.
Increasing global lead consumption has been mainly supported by the acid battery manufacturing industry. As the lead demand will continue to grow, to provide the necessary lead will require an efficient approach to recycling lead acid batteries. In this paper was performed a mathematical modeling of the process parameters for lead recovery from spent lead-acid batteries. The results of the mathematical modeling compare well with the experimental data. The experimental method applied consists in the solubilisation of the sulfate/oxide paste with sodium hydroxide solutions followed by electrolytic processing for lead recovery. The parameters taken into considerations were NaOH molarity (4M, 6M and 8M), solid/liquid ratio - S/L (1/10, 1/30 and 1/50) and temperature (40°C, 60°C and 80°C). The optimal conditions resulted by mathematical modeling of the electrolytic process of lead deposition from alkaline solutions have been established by using a second-order orthogonal program, in order to obtain a maximum efficiency of current without exceeding an imposed energy specific consumption. The optimum value for the leaching recovery efficiency, obtained through mathematical modeling, was 89.647%, with an error of δy =3.623 which leads to a maximum recovery efficiency of 86.024%. The optimum values for each variable that ensure the lead extraction efficiency equal to 89.647% are the following: 3M - NaOH, 1/35 - S/L, 70°C - temperature.
The upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been widely used to biological field based on their outstanding advantages. In particular, fluorides are paid more attention while there is less focus on oxides. In fact, rare earth ion doped oxides possess excellent optical properties, which also can be regard as candidates for bioimaging, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT) and so on. In this work, the SiO2 coated Gd2(WO4)3: Yb3+/Ho3+ nanoparticles are synthetized by one pot co-precipitation method. The UCNPs exhibit strong green (526–560 nm) and red (628–677 nm) emissions under the 980 nm laser irradiation. And the luminescence intensity of UCNPs can be affected strongly by the thickness of SiO2, the thicker or thinner shell will be not conducive to the enhancement of fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, the optimal doping concentration is obtained by the evolution of luminescence intensity with different Yb3+/Ho3+ concentrations. The in vitro experiment result suggests that the tumor and normal cells have high viability after incubated with UCNPs even at high concentration, indicating the Gd2(WO4)3: Yb3+/Ho3+@SiO2 UCNPs have potential applications in biological field.
The first step toward any composite is to pull a matte. Although your software probably has one or two excellent keyers, such as Ultimatte, there are many occasions where they don't work well or are not applicable at all. This chapter describes several alternative methods of creating mattes, some of which work with bluescreens and some of which work with arbitrary backgrounds. The purpose here is to provide you with as many different methods as possible for creating a matte for either compositing or element isolation—to put as many arrows in your quiver as possible. No single matte extraction procedure is good for all situations, so the more approaches you have at your disposal, the better the chances are that you can pull a good matte quickly. Subsequent chapters will address the topics of refining the matte, despill methods, and the actual compositing operation itself.
Dilatometer was fabricated and applied to measure change in electrode thickness of the graphite-negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries. Anomalous expansion was observed in the initial part of the first reduction, i.e. so-called irreversible capacity region in voltages of 1.1–0.5V versus Li. During further reduction to 0V versus Li, the thickness of electrode increased monotonously as the lithium-intercalation reaction proceeded. The observed change in electrode thickness was larger than that of 10% expected from XRD data, due mainly to the expansion at the initial part of the first reduction. One-to-one correspondence between the electrochemical and dilatometric data was observed. The acoustic events occurring inside the Li/graphite cells were also measured. The effect of electrolyte on the anomalous expansion was also examined by dilatometry in relation to the irreversible capacity for the first reduction of graphite, and the significance of introducing the dilatometry together with acoustic emission technique to insertion materials research for advanced lithium-ion batteries was discussed.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the standards of conduct of individual security employee whose performance plays the main role in the overall performance of the Security Department. Their performance is measured by their conduct as well as their specific job skills. Standards of conduct for the security employee should emphasize basic courtesy toward fellow employees and others, even in the handling of transgressors; responsibility in carrying out duties; fairness and objectivity while respecting the rights of others; a spirit of cooperation; personal integrity, both on the job and in his or her personal life; and a cheerful, positive attitude. The standards related to personal integrity include self-respect, which means dignity and pride in oneself and what one does; honesty in words as well as deeds; cleanliness and personal hygiene; consistency in action and reaction; and fidelity in terms of the careful observance of duties as well as loyalty. The security officer must also observe the highest of standards in terms of right or proper conduct as his poor reputation impinges on the department's reputation. Security employees who exemplify these standards enhance the reputation and the effectiveness of the security function and the Security Department as a whole.
Recently-developed smart grids have a diverse range of load types that makes their energy scheduling different from conventional power systems. In this paper, an energy scheduling is proposed for smart grids to minimize operational cost and energy losses taking into account flexible (adjustable and shiftable) loads, which are used here as network resources. Special attention is paid to Electric Vehicles (EVs) as a sort of flexible loads. It is shown that the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) service may intensify power losses by charging and discharging EVs for multiple times and consequently, it is necessary to observe and optimize energy losses while using V2G. Range anxiety, which is one of main barriers to promote EVs, is formulated and optimized in order to address the concern of EV owners in depletion of battery energy and to encourage them to more actively participate in V2G service. Under the proposed scheme, EVs act as distributed energy storage systems to more employ renewables and also to make it possible to take the advantage of lower tariff electric energy from upstream networks. Results from examining the proposed method on a standard test system are presented and discussed.
Abstract The main equipment and their subsystems are described in this chapter. Different types of steam generators/boilers such as corner fired, front fired, opposed fired, down shot fired are depicted. The flue gas path with regenerative air heaters of each type of boilers are also described. Type of mills/pulverizers, turbines with all basic types such as impulse, reaction, etc. are included with schematic diagram. Turbine start up system and thermal stress management system are included with figures. All sorts of fans (centrifugal and axial), pumps(BFP and CEP), and heaters/heat exchangers are depicted elaborately. Gas turbines are included separately with all types of cold start ups. Major subsystems namely FO system, AHP, CHP, CTs, DM plants, CW system, ESP, etc. are also taken care of suitably. Reasons of boiler tube failures are described in details. The generators/alternators are depicted to give preliminary knowledge on the same.
The study examines the relationship between intelligence and visual recognition processes in adolescents from Russia and Kyrgystan (n=327). We used “Raven Progressive Matrices” test to measure IQ and “Pattern Recognition memory” subtest of neuropsychological battery CANTAB to measure visual recognition. After adjusting for age effects number and latency of correct answers in “Pattern Recognition memory” test correlated with total Raven scores (r=.149, р=.05 andr=-.143, p=.05, consequently) and with series B, C (Number, r=.188 and .122, p=.05) and D (Latency, r=-.168, p=.05). Thus, individual differences in visual recognition can play a role in individual differences in intelligence.
The distribution of internal resistance in a Panasonic 10F, 2.5V electrochemical capacitor comprised of activated carbon electrode and organic electrolyte was analyzed. It was found that in the direction along the electrode surface, the resistance of the cell was mainly determined by the current collector and was 1.7×10−3 Ωcm−1. In the direction perpendicular to the electrode surface, the resistance was dependent on the applied pressure and a minimum resistance of 13.66Ωcm2 was obtained at an applied pressure of about 1kgcm−2. The resistance distribution at the applied pressure of 1kgcm−2 was 0.86, 1.91 and 8.11Ωcm2 contributing to the electrode carbon material, contact between the current collector and electrode and separator/electrolyte, respectively. A transmission line model was used to describe the cell resistance with dependence parameters, electrode length and the location of the electrical leads.
A novel method based on spontaneous reduction of Ru(VI) and Ru(VII) is reported for the deposition of Ru oxide on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Both purified and acid functionalized nanotubes (p-MWCNT and a-MWCNT) have been used to produce composite materials for use in high power aqueous supercapacitors. Specific capacitances of 213±16Fg−1 and 184±11Fg−1 were obtained for Ru oxide/p-MWCNT and Ru oxide/a-MWCNT composites, respectively. Specific capacitances for the Ru oxide component were 704±62Fg−1 and 803±72Fg−1, respectively. Current vs. potential curves exhibited capacitance peaks at ca. +0.5V vs. Ag/AgCl. The Ru oxide/p-MWCNT composite was shown to be stable over 20,000 charge/discharge cycles. An advantage of the method is that no pre-treatment of the MWCNT is required for optimum performance.
Our aim with the present study was to evaluate rank-order and mean-level cognitive functioning stability among first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients, measured using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), over a six month period. We also aimed to examine longitudinal measurement invariance and identify factors—such as age, gender, educational level, treatment and psychopathological change scores—potentially linked to cognitive change among patients. In addition, correlations between objectively measured and subjectively evaluated cognitive functioning were estimated. Neuropsychological assessments were administered to 85 patients after the initial stabilisation of their psychosis; 82 of the patients were retested. Subjectively perceived cognitive functioning was measured using a subscale derived from the Estonian version of the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Scale (SWN-K-E). On average, executive functioning and processing speed improved significantly, while memory test scores decreased significantly, over time. Very high rank-order stability (r =0.80 to 0.94, p <0.001) was observed with all measured ability scores. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the loadings of a single (broad ability) factor model were equal across both measurement occasions, but the lack of intercept invariance suggested that mean-level comparisons are more appropriately carried out at a subtest level. On average psychopathology scores and antipsychotics doses declined over time, with the latter also significantly correlating with better executive functioning. Gender was a significant moderator of some domains of cognitive performance, and decline tended to be somewhat more pronounced for women. The results also indicated the lack of any relationship between objective and subjective measurements of cognitive functioning.
Ordered mesoporous carbon/sulfur (OMC/S) nanocomposites with hierarchically structured sulfur loading, ranging from 50 to 75wt%, were synthesized via a simple melt-diffusion strategy. The OMC with a BET surface area of 2102m2 g−1, a pore volume of 2.0cm3 g−1 and unique bimodal mesoporous (5.6/2.3nm) structure, was prepared from a triconstituent co-assembly method. The resulting OMC/S nanocomposite material served as cathode of rechargeable lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery. It has been tested that the novel OMC/S cathode can deliver a superior reversible capacity and cyclability. In particular, the nanocomposite with a loading of 60wt% sulfur (OMC/S-60) presents the highest sulfur utilization ca. 70%, an excellent high rate capability ca. 6C and a good cycling stability for up to 400 full charge–discharge cycles. The exceptional electrochemical performances are exclusively attributed to the large internal surface area and high porosity of the ordered mesoporous carbon, which favorites both electron and Li-ion transportations.