batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the neurotoxicology of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo‐para‐dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Prenatal exposure to PCBs and dioxins can be regarded as the chronic exposure of the developing central nervous system (CNS), and many processes of the CNS are likely to be sensitive to exposure to PCBs and dioxins, including neuronal and glial cells, neurotransmitters, and endocrine systems. The effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs and dioxins are of multifocal or diffuse nature. One of the important aspects of the neurotoxic effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs and dioxins is that the neurodevelopmental consequences of neurotoxic actions of prenatal exposure to environmental levels of PCBs and dioxins may be influenced by parental and home environmental conditions. Global measurements of cognitive and motor abilities are relatively strongly related to parental and home environmental conditions. The neurotoxic effects of perinatal exposure to PCBs and dioxins may be mediated by hormone‐disrupting properties of PCBs and dioxins—for example, in regard to steroid and thyroid hormone systems.
Activated carbons (ACs) are successfully synthesized from corncob by a simple chemical activation methodology and demonstrated as novel, suitable electrode materials for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). The as-prepared samples were characterized by SEM, TEM, XPS, FT-IR and N2-sorption followed by further electrochemical characterization. All samples exhibit a high specific surface area, favorable pore size distribution combining good electrical conductivity and excellent capacitive performance. The optimal sample achieved not only high specific capacitance (401.6Fg−1 in 0.5M H2SO4 and 328.4Fg−1 in 6M KOH aqueous electrolyte at a current density of 0.5Ag−1), but also showed excellent cycling performance, with 100% and ∼91% retention over 10000 cycles at 5Ag−1 in the above mentioned electrolytes. Furthermore, the sample also displayed improved rate capability with discharge capacitance retention of ∼60% at 20Ag−1 in 0.5M H2SO4 and ∼75% at 20Ag−1 in 6M KOH. The results indicate surface functional groups associate with high surface area and appropriate microstructure affect the capacitive performance of corncob-based ACs significantly. Herein, ACs prepared from corncobs are presented as a promising substitute to conventional electrode materials for EDLCs.
Various theoretical accounts propose that an important developmental relation exists between joint attention, play, and imitation abilities, and later theory of mind ability. However, very little direct empirical evidence supports these claims for putative “precursor” theory of mind status. A small sample (N=13) of infants, for whom measures of play, joint attention, and imitation had been collected at 20 months of age, was followed-up longitudinally at 44 months and a battery of theory of mind measures was conducted. Language and IQ were measured at both timepoints. Imitation ability at 20 months was longitudinally associated with expressive, but not receptive, language ability at 44 months. In contrast, only the joint attention behaviours of gaze switches between an adult and an active toy and looking to an adult during an ambiguous goal detection task at 20 months were longitudinally associated with theory of mind ability at 44 months. It is argued that joint attention, play, and imitation, and language and theory of mind, might form part of a shared social–communicative representational system in infancy that becomes increasingly specialised and differentiated as development progresses.
I evaluated a standard monitoring unit for the recruitment of reef fishes (SMURF) as a tool for ascertaining spatial and temporal patterns of reef fish recruitment in central California, USA. SMURFs consisted of a 1.0×0.35 m dia. cylinder of fine mesh plastic grid that contained a folded section of larger mesh plastic grid. SMURFs collected new recruits of 20 species of fish with 92% of the individuals collected from 10 species, mostly rockfish (genus Sebastes). An experiment varying depth of SMURFs in the water column (surface, mid-depth, or bottom) showed that surface SMURFs collected the greatest diversity of species and significantly greater abundance for eight species, with two species having significantly greater abundance on mid-depth SMURFs and three species having significantly greater abundance on bottom SMURFs. A comparison of cumulated recruitment from SMURFs that varied in sampling frequency (removal of new recruits every 1–3, 7, or 28 days) suggested that increasing the time between sampling caused a significant decrease in recruitment estimates for some species but not for others. To determine how well temporal patterns of recruitment to SMURFs reflected patterns to nearby reefs, I compared within season temporal patterns of recruitment to SMURFs with that at nearby reefs, estimated by visual transect surveys conducted on scuba. Temporal patterns of recruitment to SMURFs were significantly and positively related to early recruitment on reefs for one group of benthic-algal associated rockfish species when diver surveys were lagged by 30 days (r=0.87) and for another group of canopy-algal associated rockfish species when lagged by 5 days (r=0.72). SMURFs appeared to be an effective and efficient method for indexing relative rates of delivery of competent juveniles for many temperate nearshore reef fishes.
In the classical Cournot model, each firm tries to maximize its own payoff by deciding an optimal strategy for determining the quantity of goods produced during each time period–i.e. turn, of the game. In the typical application, all firms compete in the same market. In more recent economic models, firms compete across a number of markets simultaneously. In this situation, a Networked Cournot Competition (NCC) graph models the relationship between firms and markets. This paper describes a model of competition among demand response aggregators ( DRA s) as firms to sell energy (as a homogeneous good) stored in aggregated residential batteries in a networked environment where market constraints are effected and trades are generally facilitated through the actions of a market maker who’s turn is sequentially distinct from the other players. We call this game Networked Stackelberg Competition (NSC). The impact of strategic anticipative behavior in networked markets is of paramount importance in distinguishing NSC from other competition models. For each firm, the optimal bidding strategy and Nash equilibrium are obtained through analyses of in an incomplete-information game. DRAs submit quantity bids and the market maker (system operator) controls the transaction power and transaction price over the network subject to transmission constraints and other market policies. Criteria required for existence of uniqueness of a Nash equilibrium are presented, and effectiveness of the game is also studied in the paper demonstrating demand response scheduling improves market situations. The details are presented in the application of a NSC model to real world case study data taken from the island of Maui, Hawaii.
A simple but effective analysis to calculate the performances achievable by a balancing circuit for series-connected lithium-ion batteries (i.e., the time required to equalise the battery and the energy lost during this process) is described in this paper. Starting from the simple passive technique, in which extra energy is dissipated on a shunt resistor, active techniques, aiming at an efficient energy transfer between battery cells, are investigated. The basic idea is to consider the balancing circuit as a DC/DC converter capable of transferring energy between its input and output with a certain efficiency and speed. As the input and output of the converter can be either a single cell or the entire battery pack, four main active topologies are identified: cell to cell, cell to pack, pack to cell and cell to/from pack (i.e., the combination of the cell to pack and pack to cell topologies when the converter is bidirectional). The different topologies are compared by means of statistical simulations. They clearly show that the cell to cell topology is the quickest and most efficient one. Moreover, the pack to cell topology is the least effective one and surprisingly dissipates more energy than the passive technique, if the converter efficiency is below 50%.
A focus group session is a useful tool for learning user expectations, preferences, and suggested enhancements during the design stage of a new product. This paper showcases the usefulness of using a mixed-method focus group study of first responders to examine the design of a hand-held radiation detector. The study used a survey and a semi-structured script that explored five main topics: difficulties of using radiation detection with respect to the equipment and environment; preferences for handle design; preferences for control design; preferences for screen, menu, and interface design, and instructional and maintenance issues. The focus group indicated a desire for fewer and bigger buttons to control the device, a desire for a san serif font type for the display, a request to minimize the use of abbreviations and symbols in the text display, having a color coding display bar to describe radiation levels, and a need for detailed maintenance procedures and processes. These results provide important feedback for planning the development and testing of a more ergonomic radiation detector. Relevance to industry A hand-held radiation detector to test for fissionable materials is one of the essential tools used by first responders. This paper presents the results from a focus group of first responders exploring characteristics for a more ergonomic detector.
Li-ion batteries are ineluctably subjected to external mechanical loading or stress gradient. Such stress can be induced in battery electrode during fabrication and under normal operation. In this paper, we develop a model for stresses generated during lithiation in the thin plate electrode considering the effects of external mechanical loading. It is found that diffusion-induced stresses are asymmetrically distributed through the thickness of plate due to the coupling effects of asymmetrically distributed external mechanical stress. At the very early stage during Li-ions insertion, the effects of the external mechanical loading is quite limited and unobvious. With the diffusion time increasing, the external mechanical loading exerts a significant influence on the evolution of stresses generated in the electrode. External compressed electrode is inclined to increase the value of stresses generated during lithiation, while external tensed electrode tends to decrease the value of stresses, and as the diffusion time increases, the effects of the external mechanical loading on the stresses generated during lithiation become more obvious.
Combining nanostructure engineering with conductive carbonaceous material is a promising strategy to obtain high-performance lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, spinel NiFe2O4 nanooctahedrons were initially synthesized at a low temperature without further annealing. We investigated the phase formation mechanism by time-dependent experiments. Next, octahedral NiFe2O4 with a nitrogen-doped carbon shell (NiFe2O4@NC) were successfully fabricated via a subsequent carbonization of polydopamine (PDA). We systematically varied the dopamine content in the NiFe2O4/carbon nanocomposites and found that a nanocomposite containing 20% mass fraction of dopamine exhibited enhanced lithium ion battery performance with high reversible cycle capacity and good rate retention performance compared with the pure material. Remarkably, the hybrid nanocomposite delivered a high reversible capacity of 1297mAhg−1 even after 50 cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1. Additionally, a high capacity of 1204mAhg−1 was retained at a high current density of 500mAg−1 after 300 cycles. This improvement in electrochemical performance is attributed to the enhanced structural stability and electrical conductivity caused by the carbon layer, and is supported by TEM and EIS measurements.
This study was performed to assess the extent to which an intermandibular angle sensor (IMASEN) may be used to elucidate the behaviour of six captive loggerhead turtles. The measuring system was glued to the beak of turtles and set to measure the intermandibular distance at 5 Hz while the turtles fed (on anchovies, squid, and live crabs), swam, rested, and breathed. The behaviour of the equipped turtles was filmed and compared afterwards to the sensor readings. The IMASEN output data allowed quantification of the number of food items ingested as well as the time between food seizure and deglutition and the type of food ingested. However, nonfeeding turtles exhibited regular jaw movements with a reduced amplitude of ca. 2.2 mm, which clearly differed from feeding movements and were caused by buccal oscillations. Such movements of the base of the buccal cavity generate a steady flow of water pass the chemosensory organs and were interrupted only during food ingestion, resting, and breathing. Breathing was clearly distinguishable by the IMASEN. The beak sensor is thus a reliable system to investigate a number of behaviours in sea turtles which encompass foraging, buccal oscillation, and respiratory frequency. It has potential for allocating time to different activities in free-ranging sea turtles and thus allows us to gain insight to their foraging and diving strategies.
A novel SOFC system control strategy has been developed for rapid load following. The strategy was motivated from the performance of a baseline control strategy developed from control concepts in the literature. The basis for the fuel cell system control concepts are explained by a simplified order of magnitude time scale analysis. The control concepts are then investigated in a detailed quasi-two-dimensional integrated dynamic system model that resolves the physics of heat transfer, chemical kinetics, mass convection and electrochemistry within the system. The baseline control strategy is based on the standard operating method of constant utilization with no control of the combustor temperature. Simulation indicates that with this control strategy large combustor transients can take place during load transients because the fuel flow to the combustor increases faster than the air flow. To alleviate this problem, a novel control structure that maintains the combustor temperature within acceptable ranges without any supplementary hardware was introduced. The combustor temperature is controlled by manipulating the current to change the combustor inlet stoichiometry. The load following capability of SOFC systems is inherently limited by anode compartment fuel depletion during the time of fuel delivery delay. This research indicates that future SOFC systems with proper system and control configurations can exhibit excellent load following characteristics.
The paper presents the results of a research study that aimed to investigate if intelligence influences the behavioural progress of children with ADHD attending a complex experiential psychotherapy plan that combined metaphorical scenarios with special groups of professional optimisation organised for the teachers of these children. The research sample included 40 children diagnosed with ADHD, combined type. Psychological assessment test battery used for selection included: anamnesis, Semi-structured Clinical Interview for Children and Adolescents, ADHD Rating Scale, completed before treatment and after treatment, Behavioural Coding Sheet completed before treatment and after treatment, and Raven's Colour Progressive Matrices CPM. We have conducted the MANOVA for five dependent variables (off task, fidget, vocal, play, out seat) and three independent variables (optimization groups for teachers, child experiential psychotherapy and IQ). Noticing that the IQ has an influence on vocal, play and out seat, we have conducted One-Way ANOVA procedure to test where the difference comes from.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries as large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs), owing to the natural abundance and low cost of sodium. Because of its capability to accommodate large-sized Na+, amorphous carbon stands out as potential anode for SIBs among the reported carbonaceous materials. However, the practical application of amorphous carbon is still limited by the poor cycling stability and unsatisfactory rate capability. Herein, we report a binder-free SIB anode by directly growing carbon nanotubes on nickel foam (CNTs-NF) via a simple and fast flame approach. Owing to highly disordered turbostratic structures and presence of abundant defects, the CNTs-NF anode delivers excellent electrochemical performance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry demonstrate low charge transfer impedance and surface-induced capacitive behavior, which favor fast transport/diffusion of electrons/ions. Particularly, such anode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 258 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 with an initial Coulombic efficiency of as high as 82.2% and superior rate capability of 95 mA h g−1 at an ultrahigh current density of 20 A g−1. The high-rate CNTs-NF anode holds great potential in application for large-scale ESSs.
In this paper an FPGA-based implementation of a real time perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm for tracking the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of a photovoltaic (PV) generator is presented. The P&O algorithm has been designed using the very high-speed description language (VHDL) and implemented on Xilinx Virtex-II-Pro(xc2v1000-4fg456) - Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The algorithm and the hardware have been simulated and tested by conditioning the power produced by the PV-modules installed on the rooftop of the “Hall of Technology Laboratory” at Jijel University. The main advantages of the developed MPPT are low cost, good velocity, acceptable reliability, and easy implementation. However, its main disadvantage is related to the fact that for fast changes in irradiance it may fail to track the maximum power point. The efficiency of the implemented P&O controller is about 96%.
Asymmetrical dicationic ionic liquids based on the combination of imidazolium and aliphatic ammonium cations with TFSI anion, MIC n N111-TFSI2, have been synthesized for the first time, wherein MI represents imidazolium cation, N111 represents trimethylammonium cation, and C n represents spacer length. The physical and electrochemical properties of this family of ionic liquids were studied. 1-(3-Methylimidazolium-1-yl)ethane-(trimethylammonium) bi[bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl) imide] (MIC2N111-TFSI2) shows solid–solid transition characteristics. 1-(3-Methylimidazolium-1-yl)pentane-(trimethylammonium) bi[bis(trifluoromethan-esulfonyl)imide] (MIC5N111-TFSI2) has one of the lowest solid–liquid transformation temperatures among analogues, and belongs to the greatest thermal stable ionic liquids. Additionally, it has an order of conductivity of 10−1 mscm−1, and electrochemical window of about 3.7V at room temperature. To evaluate the potential of MIC5N111-TFSI2 as an additive of electrolyte for lithium secondary batteries, cells composed of LiMn2O4 cathode/1M LiPF6 in EC:DMC (1:1, v/v) electrolytic solution containing 5wt% of MIC5N111-TFSI2/lithium metal anode have been prepared. The charge–discharge cycling test reveals that unlike the cases of Li/LiMn2O4 cells employing a conventional electrolyte with a monocationic ionic liquid, such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (EtMeImTFSI) as an additive, the performances of Li/LiMn2O4 cells do not drop with the addition of MIC5N111-TFSI2 at 1C rate, moreover, the cell exhibits better discharge capacity and cycle durability compared with the cell using the conventional electrolyte.
This work studies the aging processes of commercial LiCoO2/mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) cells which are cycled at 25°C, 35°C, 45°C respectively at the 0.6C charge/discharge rate and 30% depth of discharge. The capacity degradation of the cells is fast at elevated temperature, and the cycle life tested at 45°C is about a quarter of the cycling time at 25°C. The fresh and the aged cells are disassembled to characterize the morphology and the composition of electrode surface, as well as the bulk structure and the electrochemical performance of single electrode. It is found that the formation of SEI film and the polarization of the full cell lead to state of charge (SOC) shift in the cathode. The cathode SOC shift and the decay in the reversible capacity of LiCoO2 cathode dominate the aging of the full cell. The former is the prevailing aging factor at 25°C, while the latter factor becomes the leading cause of cell aging at 45°C. The unstable and thick SEI film on the cathode under elevated temperature influences the lithium ion diffusion, resulting in the increased polarization and the decreased intrinsic performance of LiCoO2 cathode. The proper range of test temperature ensuring no changes in aging mechanism and the decay rate of capacity caused by each aging factor are proposed by analyzing the performance of the full cells and the electrodes. After comparing the test results, it is concluded that the aging process at 45°C is not the same as that at room temperature.
This paper presents a review of the many simulation tools that have been reported for modeling and managing the impact of electric vehicles on power distribution networks, and associated applications. One hundred and twenty-five simulation tools have been identified and among them sixty-seven tools have been summarized to facilitate selection of the most appropriate tools for specific tasks. Typical applications of the tools include vehicle system analysis and control, renewable energy and vehicle-to-grid integration and impact analysis, energy market behavior and charge scheduling, vehicle energy management, and traffic system simulation. No single tool covers all areas of these applications, however sufficient information is provided to enable researchers to select the most appropriate combination of tools to meet specific research objectives.
The introduction of Li-ion batteries for grid applications has become evidence as the cost per kWh is continuously decreasing. Although the Li-ion battery is a mature technology for automotive applications and portable electronics, its use for stationary applications needs more validation. The Li-ion technology is considered safe enough for grid storage application, but its lifetime is generally evaluated to be around 10 years. Higher market penetration will be achieved if a longer lifespan could be demonstrated. Therefore, aging evaluation of the batteries becomes crucial. In this paper we investigated the effects of aging after a three years' standby field deployment of a 250 kW/500 kWh Li-ion battery integrated with the grid and solar farm under the harsh climate conditions of Qatar. The development of tools for acquisition and analysis of data from the battery management system (BMS) allows the assessment of the battery performance at the battery stack, string and cell levels. The analysis of the residual capacity after aging showed that the stack suffered from a low decrease of capacity, whereas some inconsistencies have been found between the strings. These inconsistencies are caused by misalignment of a small number of cells that underwent self-discharge during standby at high state of charge.