batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper provides the results of impedance measurements on commercially available LiCoO 2 | C coin-type cells. The impedance response was shown to be extremely sensitive to state-of-charge, overcharge, and over-discharge. Interestingly, the impedance showed a persistent change to the electrochemical characteristics of a coin cell subject to overcharge; whereas, the electrochemical characteristics returned to normal for a coin cell subject to over-discharge. A measurement model analysis was used to show the reversibility of the impedance behavior of an over-discharged cell and the irreversibility of the impedance response of an overcharged cell.
Nanostructures of polyaniline (PANI) and PANI with embedded carbon nanotubes (CNT) were synthesized through a chemical method of self-organization. An oxidative polymerization process was performed in the monomer acid solution with the presence of a surfactant and the addition of multi-walled CNT. The CNT were added with and without pretreatment, CNTf and CNTnf, respectively. Furthermore, ammonium persulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate were incorporated to the reaction solution as dispersant and oxidizing agents, respectively. Different nanostructures such as nanoparticles or nanotubes were obtained depending on the CNT added, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. Spectroscopy results showed variations in the observed bands of the synthetized nanostructures attributed to changes in the molecular structures, to the state of doped PANI reached during polymerization and to the stabilization of these links by hydrogen bridge interactions. PANI and PANI–CNT composites were evaluated by electrochemical techniques to test their behavior in relation to supercapacitors properties. PANI–CNTf nanocomposites displayed improved capacitive properties in H2SO4 solutions, namely 1744 F g− 1at 2 A g− 1. Also, the specific capacitance was strongly influenced by the developed morphologies. These characteristics point to their feasible application as supercapacitors materials.
Electropolymerization of the acid dye of fuchsin acid (or acid fuchsin) can produce electrochemically active films in strong acidic aqueous solutions. The electropolymerization of fuchsin acid can be enhanced by Nafion®, and polymerized fuchsin acid films are stable and show obvious electrochemical activity in acidic aqueous solutions. These films can be produced on glassy carbon, platinum, gold, and transparent semiconductor tin oxide electrodes. An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and cyclic voltammetry were used to study the in situ growth of poly(fuchsin acid) films and the growth enhancement by Nafion®. Fuchsin acid is a molecule that has three branched monomers, and on polymerization, it forms a dendrimer. The polymer films exhibited one redox couple, and when transferred to acidic aqueous solutions at various pH, the formal potential was found to be pH dependent. The electrocatalytic reduction of epinephrine, melatonin, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine by poly(fuchsin acid) films in acidic aqueous solutions showed obvious electrocatalytic activity.
A hybrid drivetrain comprising a 16kW polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell system, ultracapacitor modules and a lead-acid battery was constructed and experimentally tested in a real counterweight forklift application. A scaled-down version of the hybrid system was assembled and tested in a controlled laboratory environment using a controllable resistive load. The control loops were operating in an in-house developed embedded system. The software is designed for building generic control applications, and the source code has been released as open source and made available on the internet. The hybrid drivetrain supplied the required 50kW peak power in a typical forklift work cycle consisting of both loaded and unloaded driving, and lifting of a 2.4 tonne load. Load variations seen by the fuel cell were a fraction of the total current drawn by the forklift, with the average fuel cell power being 55% of nominal rating. A simple fuel cell hybrid model was also developed to further study the effects of energy storage dimensioning. Simulation results indicate that while a battery alone significantly reduces the load variations of the fuel cell, an ultracapacitor reduces them even further. Furthermore, a relatively small ultracapacitor is enough to achieve most of the potential benefit.
We review empirical findings from children with primary or “specific” language impairment (PLI) and children who learn a single language from birth (L1) and a second language (L2) beginning in childhood. The PLI profile is presented in terms of both language and nonlinguistic features. The discussion of L2 learners emphasizes variable patterns of growth and skill distribution in L1 and L2 which complicate the identification of PLI in linguistically diverse learners. We then introduce our research program, designed to map out common ground and potential fault lines between typically developing children learning one or two languages, as compared to children with PLI.
In the last decade, there has been growing evidence that an interaction exists between inflammation and the kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia. Additionally, many authors found microglial activation in cases of schizophrenia due to inflammatory mechanisms related mostly to an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In order to gain new insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it is important to incorporate the latest published evidence concerning inflammatory mechanisms and kynurenine metabolism. This systematic review aims to collect reliable recent findings within the last decade supporting such a theory.
Publisher Summary Laser beam micro-joining provides the greatest flexibility in weld geometry with a minimum welding time as well as new possibilities in using application adapted materials. In the field of micro-production a variety of materials with individual product-specific dimensions are commonly used. Especially, the manufacturing of hybrid micro-systems, built up from different functional groups, affords variable joining technologies tailored to the specific demands of each component or material combination. Laser beam joining offers the advantage of well controlled energy input into the parts with low effects on the surrounding material. When welding micro-parts, two different kinds of laser sources can be chosen: diode pumped systems such as fiber or thin disc lasers for longer weld seams and flashlamp pumped rod lasers used for the SHADOW® welding technology. The flashlamp pumped rod laser used for the SHADOW® technique is more economic for weld seams length of up to several half centimeters.
We report stable, high capacity cycling performance over 2500 deep cycles at variable C-rates (1C, 5C and 10C) for slurry-cast Li-ion battery anodes made using commercially-available germanium nanopowder. The determining factor in cycling performance was the use of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) rather than ethylene carbonate (EC) as a co-solvent in the electrolyte. Cycling tests for the FEC-based electrode showed stable performance close to 700 mAh g−1 through 500 cycles at 10C with near 100% Coulombic efficiency. These results show that a Ge-based slurry-cast electrode using active material structured only as a simple particle can be used to create an electrode system which is a candidate for optimization and scale-up. These cycling improvements obtained using the FEC-based electrolyte complements recent progress in Ge-based electrode research which has focused on improving performance through tailored structural and chemical modifications to the active material structure. The effect of the electrolyte on Li-ion transport, electrode stability toward oxidation, and electrode and SEI structural stability was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, differential capacity profiles, SEM and cross-sectional TEM imaging where we characterize the evolution of the electrode structure cycled with the FEC-based electrolyte considering the type and extent of SEI growth, particle agglomeration and fracturing.
Despite the fact that parent-absent begging (PAB) has been studied as a communication tool during competition between nestlings for food or as a signal of need, its role in nest predation has been poorly investigated. In this study we examined whether the natural level of Common Cuckoo (hereafter “Cuckoo”) PAB increases the risk of artificial nest predation (n = 48) by using three types of experimental playback of parent-present begging (PPB) which differ in the presence or absence of additional PPB, PAB or periods of silence. Contrary to our predictions, we did not find a significant difference in daily survival rates between PPB + PAB vs. PPB + PPB nests or between PPB + PAB vs. PPB + silence nests, indicating that the natural level of Cuckoo PAB did not influence nest vulnerability to predation. Moreover, we did not find a significant difference between nests with any of the types of playback and completely silent control nests, suggesting that not only PAB, but also begging behaviour itself, does not present an important predation cost for nestlings, at least not in cases when nestlings beg at the natural level used in our experiment. As we filmed all experimental nests during their exposure to predators, we were able to show that eight of 20 filmed nest-predation events were caused by predators that never or rarely predate upon passerine nests. Excluding predation events by these unlikely predators, however, did not change our original results. Nonetheless, we advocate direct identification of nest predators to strengthen the interpretation of future studies on the predation cost of begging.
Background: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) improves motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, it is argued whether it may alter frontal lobe functions, which we studied using the antisaccade (AS) task as well as neuropsychological tests. Objectives: To investigate effects of STN DBS on frontal lobe functions and AS performance in PD. Methods: Twenty-nine PD patients (HY II-III, age 58.5±7.9, 13 men, 16 women) with STN DBS. Subjects performed AS when DBS was on and off. They also underwent neuropsychological batteries, i.e. “Kanahiroi” multi-cancellation test and the verbal fluency test (VFT) before and after DBS surgery. Results: (1) The scores of “Kanahiroi” test and VFT did not change from pre- to post-surgery. (2) STN DBS improved the latency and accuracy of AS. The frequency of directional errors (prosaccades) was unchanged by STN DBS. (3) No correlations were found between the saccade parameters, such as latency, accuracy, and frequency of prosaccades, and scores of the “Kanahiroi” test or of VFT. Discussion: DBS surgery did not affect scores of the “Kanahiroi” test or VFT. In contrast, STN DBS improved AS performances. This suggests that neuropsychological tests and AS performance reflect distinct aspects of frontal lobe functions.
The use of ionic liquid (IL)-supported organic radicals as cathode-active materials in lithium secondary batteries is reported in this article. Two different types of IL-supported organic radicals based on the 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) radical and imidazolium hexafluorophosphate IL were synthesized. The first type is a mono-radical with one unit of TEMPO and the second is a symmetrical di-radical with 2U of TEMPO; both are viscous liquids at 25°C. The radicals exhibit electrochemical activity at ∼3.5V versus Li/Li+ as revealed in the cyclic voltammetry tests. The organic radical batteries (ORBs) with these materials as the cathode, a lithium metal anode and 1M LiPF6 in EC/DMC electrolyte exhibited good performance at room temperature during the charge–discharge and cycling tests. The batteries exhibited specific capacities of 59 and 80mAhg−1 at 1 C-rate with the mono- and di-radicals as the cathodes, respectively, resulting in 100% utilization of the materials. The performance degradation with increasing C-rate is very minimal for the ORBs, thus demonstrating good rate capability.
A simple approach, for the first time, was presented for in situ preparation of the CuS cathode. The obtained CuS cathodes were investigated by the measurements of X-ray diffraction pattern, scanning electronic microscopy, and electrochemical performance. The results indicate the CuS cathodes are composed of plenty of nano flakes, which construct a large 3-D net structure. Moreover, the CuS cathodes exhibit reversible capacity of 447.4, 414.1, 389.9 and 376.0mAhg−1 at 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C and 2C respectively and excellent cycle stability for more than 100 cycles. The possible mechanism of the unique stability of the CuS cathode was discussed.
Carbon- and binder-free layered-oxide and spinel-oxide electrodes of various compositions have been prepared to determine performance degradation mechanisms of Li-ion cells that are associated with the active materials. In this work, we report the preparation of these sub-micrometer thick electrodes by a non-aqueous sol–gel spin coating on a Pt foil substrate. The active materials were characterized by various techniques including X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Electrode properties were evaluated before and after accelerated aging by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Amorphous Li2O–B2O3–P2O5 films were fabricated using “aerosol flame deposition (AFD)” method for the thin film battery application. The liquid or gas type precursor sources such as Li precursor solutions, BCl3 and POCl3 were used to fabricate the electrolyte films. In this work, we studied the effect of P2O5 in a LiO2–P2O5–B2O3 system formed at various flow rates of POCl3. XRD analysis revealed that the crystalline phase of H3BO3 as well as other oxides was formed in glass soot. As the flow rate of POCl3 increased, the glass soot gradually changed to amorphous phase. The ionic conductivity of the soot was measured and the FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy were used to correlate the measured conductivity to the glass network structure in the deposited soot film. The maximum conductivity of electrolyte prepared at conditions of 20sccm flow rate of BCl3 and 80sccm flow rate of POCl3 was 2×10−6 at room temperature. As P2O5 contents increased, the conductivity of glass electrolyte increased due to the increase of PO structural unit associated with non-bridging oxygens (NBO).
A detailed characterization of the structural modifications and redox processes occurring upon lithium deintercalation from the Li x0Co1−y Mg y O2 materials (x 0=1.0 and 1.10; y=0.0, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.06) was performed in order to determine the effect of Mg doping on the cycling properties. Using electrochemical tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD), 7Li MAS NMR and electrical properties measurements, we show that the Li x Co1−y Mg y O2 system exhibits a solid solution existing in the whole deintercalation range studied (0.30≤×≤1.0). These phases exhibit reversible capacities equivalent to that of LiCoO2 upon cycling with a good structural stability. Moreover, the 7Li MAS NMR study shows that the structural defects (O vacancies and intermediate spin Co3+ ions) which are present in the starting Mg-doped phases govern the electronic properties upon lithium deintercalation. Indeed, regardless of the presence of Mg ions in the structure, a behavior similar to that of the Li x CoO2 (1<x 0≤1.08) system is evidenced with an insulator to metal transition taking place at the microscopic scale.
A numerical model denoted the “Tri-bred model” is developed to accurately reproduce Li-ion battery nail penetration tests. The model considers the movement of the nail as well as the thermal decomposition reaction. Moreover, the “combustion volume” was defined to quantitatively evaluate the degree of combustion risk in a unique manner. The validity of the model was verified by comparison with experimental results. The model suitably described the experimental phenomena; the behavior of the “combustion volume” indicated a similar tendency to the gas emission degree during the experiment. To investigate the relationship between the experimental conditions and the degree of risk, a parametric study was performed and the results of “combustion degree” were compared. As a result, it was found that the nail speed was more strongly correlated with combustion risk than penetration position.
Lithium (Li) plating-stripping reaction properties at the lithium phosphorus oxynitride glass electrolyte (LiPON)/copper thin film (Cu) interface is improved by the insertion of nano-thickness platinum (Pt) layer at the interface. The LiPON films are formed on mirror-polished lithium-ion conductive solid electrolyte sheets, and current collector thin films of Li, Cu–Pt multi layer, and Cu are formed on the LiPON films. The plating-stripping reactions at the LiPON/current collector films interface are carried out by galvanostatic and potential sweep measurements. Galvanostatic measurements reveal that Pt layer insertion reduces the overvoltage of the reaction and improves its coulomb efficiency. Also, cyclic voltammetry measurement suggests formation of Li–Pt alloys at higher voltages than 0V (vs. Li/Li+) during the lithium plating process. Scanning electron microscopy observation clarifies that platinum insertion moderate non-uniform lithium plating reaction. Most probably, Li–Pt alloys increase the reaction sites, resulting in both the stabilization of current collector and the reduction of the overvoltage of the lithium plating-stripping reaction upon cycling. The results shown here will be useful in improving the anode reaction of the “Li-free” all-solid-state lithium batteries.
3D ZnSnO3 hollow cubes@reduced graphene oxide aerogels (ZGAs) were fabricated via a colloid electrostatic self-assembly method between the graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) modified ZnSnO3 hollow cubes colloid, followed by hydrothermal and freeze-drying treatments. The unique porous architecture of ZnSnO3 hollow cubes encapsulated by flexible reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets not only effectively retarded the huge volume expansion during repeated charge-discharge cycles, but also facilitated fast lithium ion and electron transport through 3D networks. The ZGAs exhibited significantly enhanced cycling stability (745.4mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at a current of 100mAg−1) and superior rate capability (as high as 552.6mAhg−1 at 1200mAg−1). The results indicate that the ZGAs are promising anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
Energy is an essential factor to achieve sustainable development. So, countries striving to this end are seeking to reassess their energy systems with a view towards planning energy programmes and strategies in line with sustainable development goals and objectives. As would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption has brought with it a wide range of environmental issues at the local, regional and global levels. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. Turkey is an energy importing country with more than half of the energy requirement being supplied by imports, and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. On the other hand, Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of the renewable energy sources. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. This paper provides an overview of global energy use and renewables for clean and sustainable energy policies in Turkey.
A cross-linked polymer–gel soft matter electrolyte with superior electrochemical, thermal and mechanical properties obtained from free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers in a semi-solid organic nonionic plastic crystalline electrolyte for application in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries is discussed here.
The Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) is one of the most promising electrochemical energy storage systems considered to be suitable for a wide range of renewable energy applications. In this work, a novel cell structure is designed for VRFB, which includes embedded serpentine flow channels in a non-porous and non-brittle case. This new design eliminates end plates and gaskets to improve safety, extend life, and promote ease of assembly with fewer components than traditional VRFB cells. In particular, a key challenge of conventional graphite flow field plates in which solution penetration can occur due to an easily broken and porous structure is solved by using rigid impermeable polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets with flow channels embedded in the sheets. Various tests, such as cycling and polarization measurements of a wide range of current and flow rates, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) for internal resistance analysis, are performed to compare new and traditional designs. The results show that the new design keeps cycling performance stable, with better stability and energy efficiency, than conventional VRFB cells do. High power performance is also observed for the same external cell size. In addition, an abrupt potential drop caused by high contact resistance between the current collector and a porous electrode is solved by introducing a layer of the patterned graphite sheet to improve contact and electronic conductivity and, also, to function as a flow channel. Finally, an economic analysis shows that the new design not only improves battery performance, but also lowers assembly costs and facilitates assembly.
Potassium ion batteries attract great attentions on account of their inherent advantages, such as high working voltage, low cost and abundant resources. However, safety issues and low energy density hinder their practical application. Herein, we successfully demonstrate a highly safe all-solid-state potassium-ion battery with a poly(ethylene oxide)-bis(flourosulfonyl)imide potassium based solid polymer electrolyte and a binder-free, three-dimensional, array-structured Ni3S2 electrode. It is found that the PEO-based SPE can not only address the safety issues but also enhance the cycling performance of the Ni3S2 by restricting the diffusion of polysulfides. The all-solid-state Ni3S2–K batteries show a high reversible capacity and a good cycling performance at 55 °C. Moreover, the Ni3S2 electrode could be used not only as the cathode for potassium batteries with potassium metal as anode but also the anode for potassium-ion batteries.
Many ecologically important plants are pollinated or have their seeds dispersed by fruit bats, including the widely distributed African straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum). Their ability to fly long distances makes them essential for connecting plant populations across fragmented landscapes. While bats have been implicated as a reservoir of infectious diseases, their role in disease transmission to humans is not well understood. In this pilot study, we tracked E. helvum to shed light on their movement patterns in Tanzania and possible contact with other species.