batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This introductory chapter is a basic explanation of what electricity actually is, before moving on to the fundamental concepts of electrical engineering. It begins by describing the parts of the atom—the proton has a positive charge, the electron is negative, and the neutron has no charge. It explains that electricity is fundamentally charges, both positive and negative and that like charges repel and opposite charges attract. This is followed by a discussion of conductors and insulators. An analogy of an electron pump (a crank used to generate enough electricity to power a light bulb) is used to illustrate the following concepts: an accumulation of charges is called voltage, movement of charges is current or amperage, and energy is work; in a circuit the electromagnetic effects move energy from one point to another. The chapter concludes by drilling that knowing the basics leads to greater understanding of more advanced topics.
Although the photovoltaic technologies have been introduced in Cuba for more than 10 years, the long-term stable operation is still an aspiration. With the setting in operation of the first community photovoltaic electrification system, it was possible to carry out a systematic study of the factors that determine the loss of quality of the operative state of the systems by means of the detection and classification of failures detected in periodic technical inspections. The data analyzed on the basis of the medium frequency of failures allowed discovering problems of technology and its social adoption. This analysis leads to the design of a system for maintenance and repair that guarantees the sustainability of the project. The technical characteristics of the equipment that adapts better to the real conditions of exploitation in the country were determined as well.
Commercial supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, from Saft, Maxwell, Panasonic, CCR, Ness, EPCOS, and Power Systems were tested under constant current and constant power discharges to assess their applicability for power-assist applications in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Commercial lithium-ion batteries from Saft and Shin-Kobe were also tested under similar conditions. Internal resistances were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as well as by the “iR drop” method. Self discharge measurements were also recorded. Compared with earlier generations of supercapacitors, the cells showed improved current and power capability. However, their energy densities are still too low to meet goals set by Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) for HEV propulsion. Cells that use acetonitrile as the electrolyte solvent yield better performance, although safety issues need to be addressed. New high-power lithium-ion batteries show high energy densities, with high power capabilities.
A vast quantity of waste sludge is generated during the silicon wafers slicing process in semiconductor and photovoltaic industries. Turning the waste powder into high-value products is of strategic importance for industrial processes. The purified Si microparticles (Si-MP) are recycled by a simple and fast procedure, Rapid Thermal Process (RTP). A prominent anodic material of Si-MP/Carbon composite with porous structure is obtained via in-spaced carbonization of water-soluble binder sodium carboxymethyl cellulose during RTP. This strategy provides buffer space, which is constructed by carbon porous continuous conductive framework throughout the entire electrode, to resist local stress and intense volume variation. In addition, a sufficiently electrochemically stable solid-electrolyte interphase layer is accomplished with the coating of SiOx film and amorphous carbon on the surface of Si-MP. Under these circumstances, the enhanced electrodes achieve a first cycle efficiency of approximately 80% and a reversible charge capacity of 800 mAhg−1 over 100 cycles at 0.5 Ag−1 with good retention. Through a green and simple procedure, a remarkable Si-MP embedded carbon-matrix with porous structure is established to achieve commercially high performance Si-MP/C composite anodes and also to resolve the issues of waste disposal.
We report a case of a young girl with early onset pantothenate kinase-kssociated neurodegeneration (PKAN) whose initial clinical manifestation was ataxia at the age of 2.5 years. Subsequently the patient presented to us with refractory severe dystonia resulting in essentially complete loss of motor control. She had a mutation in PANK2 gene consisting of an aminoacid change of Alanine to Valine in exon 5 (A382V). After Globus Pallidus deep brain stimulation (DBS) at the age of 11 years, the patient regained useful motor function and speech with a marked decrease in the severity of the dystonia. The patient's condition gradually returned to her pre-DBS status when the device had to be removed 3 months later due to infection. Our case is the sixth case with classical PKAN that was treated by Globus Pallidus stimulation, the fifth one to have a favorable response to it and the only one in whom response was proven by the inadvertent removal of the DBS device due to infection. In addition, our case had a novel mutation and novel clinical features (onset with ataxia, occurrence of early seizure activity) on top of her other symptoms that were otherwise typical of early onset disease.
The cycling stability of LiCoO2 under high voltages (>4.5 V) was plagued by hybrid anion- and cation-redox (HACR) induced oxygen escape and uncontrolled phase collapse. With DEMS and in situ XANES mapping at the NSLS-II, we demonstrate that oxygen escape triggers irreversible transformations into “bad” surface phases that rapidly propagate inward. Enabling HACR but stopping global oxygen migration is key to a stable high-energy cathode. Therefore, we developed ∼10 μm single crystals with LiCoO2 in the bulk smoothly transitioning to Co-free LiMn0.75Ni0.25O2 at the surface. By means of initial electrochemical formation, a semi-coherent LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 spinel-like shell was established in operando with little oxygen loss to integrally wrap the LiCoO2 bulk. Then we obtained gradient-morph LiCoO2 single crystals to prevent the percolating migration of oxygen out of the particle and achieved enhanced HACR reversibility at high voltages. The gradient-morph HACR cathode undergoes substantially stabilized cycling when charged to above 4.6 V, and hence a stable cyclic volumetric energy density of >3400 W h L−1 has been achieved in a pouch full-cell coupled with a commercial graphite anode and lean electrolyte (2 g A h−1), exhibiting up to 2906 W h L−1 even after 300 cycles.
MnO2 is a promising electrode material for high energy supercapacitors because of its large pseudo-capacitance. However, MnO2 suffers from low electronic conductivity and poor cation diffusivity, which results in poor utilization and limited rate performance of traditional MnO2 powder electrodes, obtained by pressing a mixed paste of MnO2 powder, conductive additive and polymer binder onto metallic current collectors. Developing binder-free MnO2 electrodes by loading nanoscale MnO2 deposits on pre-fabricated device-ready electrode scaffolds is an effective way to achieve both high power and energy performance. These electrode scaffolds, with interconnected skeletons and pore structures, will not only provide mechanical support and electron collection as traditional current collectors but also fast ion transfer tunnels, leading to high MnO2 utilization and rate performance. This review covers design strategies, materials and fabrication methods for the electrode scaffolds. Rational evaluation of the true performance of these electrodes is carried out, which clarifies that some of the electrodes with as-claimed exceptional performances lack potential in practical applications due to poor mass loading of MnO2 and large dead volume of inert scaffold materials/void spaces in the electrode structure. Possible ways to meet this challenge and bring MnO2 electrodes from laboratory studies to real-world applications are considered.
Only 1–2 percent of discarded dry batteries are recovered in China. It is necessary to find an economic and environmentally friendly process to recycle dry batteries in this developing country. Bioleaching is one of the few techniques applicable for the recovery of the toxic metals from hazardous spent batteries. Its principle is the microbial production of sulphuric acid and simultaneous leaching of metals. In this study, a system consisting of a bioreactor, settling tank and leaching reactor was developed to leach metals from nickel–cadmium batteries. Indigenous thiobacilli, proliferated by using nutritive elements in sewage sludge and elemental sulphur as substrates, was employed in the bioreactor to produce sulphuric acid. The overflow from the bioreactor was conducted into the settling tank. The supernatant in the settling tank was conducted into the leaching reactor, which contained the anode and cathodic electrodes obtained from nickel–cadmium batteries. The results showed that this system was valid to leach metals from nickel–cadmium batteries, and that the sludge drained from the bottom of the settling tank could satisfy the requirements of environmental protection agencies regarding agricultural use.
The Norwegian surveillance and control programme for paratuberculosis revealed 8 seroreactors in a single dairy cattle herd that had no clinical signs of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. a. paratuberculosis) infection. Paratuberculosis had been a clinical problem in goats several years previously in this herd. All 45 cattle were culled and a thorough investigation of the infection status was conducted by the use of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) immunoassay, measurement of antibodies, and pathological and bacteriological examination.
When the brain is deprived of input from one sensory modality, it often compensates with supranormal performance in one or more of the intact sensory systems. In the absence of acoustic input, it has been proposed that cross-modal reorganization of deaf auditory cortex may provide the neural substrate mediating compensatory visual function. We tested this hypothesis using a battery of visual psychophysical tasks and found that congenitally deaf cats, compared with hearing cats, have superior localization in the peripheral field and lower visual movement detection thresholds. In the deaf cats, reversible deactivation of posterior auditory cortex selectively eliminated superior visual localization abilities, whereas deactivation of the dorsal auditory cortex eliminated superior visual motion detection. Our results indicate that enhanced visual performance in the deaf is caused by cross-modal reorganization of deaf auditory cortex and it is possible to localize individual visual functions in discrete portions of reorganized auditory cortex.
A pilot region was selected and cost analysis of using renewable energy sources with a hydrogen system for that region’s energy demand is introduced, in a techno-economic perspective, in this paper. The renewable energy potential for the region was evaluated by implementing energy cost analysis. The study also evaluates the feasibility of utilizing solar and wind energy with hydrogen as a storage unit to meet the electricity requirements of the pilot region as a standalone system and in conjunction with the conventional grid based electricity. In order to simulate the operation of the system and to calculate the technical and economic parameters, micropower optimization program Homer (NREL, US) was used in this study. Homer requires some input values, such as technological options, cost of components, and resource compliance; and then the program ranges the feasible system configurations according to the net present cost (system cost) by using these inputs. The pilot region in this study, where the renewable based energy will be used, is determined to be Electrics & Electronics Faculty, Istanbul Technical University.
Development and initial validation of the FACES of fatigue and sleepiness adjective checklist. An initial item pool of 65 adjectives, descriptive of fatigue, sleepiness and related deprivation states, was developed and administered to 372 individuals referred by their family physicians for psychiatric investigation and treatment of severe insomnia. Participants attended one of six Canadian university-affiliated sleep clinics where they completed a psychiatric assessment and a 766-item questionnaire, including a number of standard indices of sleep-related behavior and symptoms, medical history, sleep hygiene, psychosocial well-being and psychopathology. Principal-components and item analyses were undertaken to refine the initial 65-item pool to a smaller 50-item set, consisting of five subscales: Fatigue, Anergy, Consciousness, Energized and Sleepiness. Coefficient alpha was calculated and indicated high internal consistency reliability for all subscales. Convergent and discriminant validity were also evaluated by calculating correlations between FACES subscales and a number of independent indices. The resulting five-scale FACES questionnaire appears to offer a promising self-report instrument for the measurement of fatigue and related subjective experiences.
Effective microstructural properties are critical in determining the electrochemical performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), particularly when operating at high current densities. A novel tubular SOFC anode with a hierarchical microstructure, composed of self-organized micro-channels and sponge-like regions, has been fabricated by a phase inversion technique to mitigate concentration losses. However, since pore sizes span over two orders of magnitude, the determination of the effective transport parameters using image-based techniques remains challenging. Pioneering steps are made in this study to characterize and optimize the microstructure by coupling multi-length scale 3D tomography and modeling. The results conclusively show that embedding finger-like micro-channels into the tubular anode can improve the mass transport by 250% and the permeability by 2–3 orders of magnitude. Our parametric study shows that increasing the porosity in the spongy layer beyond 10% enhances the effective transport parameters of the spongy layer at an exponential rate, but linearly for the full anode. For the first time, local and global mass transport properties are correlated to the microstructure, which is of wide interest for rationalizing the design optimization of SOFC electrodes and more generally for hierarchical materials in batteries and membranes.
Deficits in visual processing are now recognized as a core feature of schizophrenia. In the 1940s, Louis Thurstone developed a series of tests designed to evaluate specific aspects of visual perceptual processing including the Closure Flexibility Test (CFT), which was designed to measure “the ability to hold a configuration in mind despite distraction.” The present study evaluated patients' performance on this task and its relationship to other tests of neuropsychological function, particularly to a measure of sustained visual attention. Thirty-nine patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 40 controls participated. The CFT was administered both in its original form (10min) and also in a briefer form (3min) in which only a portion of stimuli were given. Patients showed highly significant large effect-size deficits on both the original (d =1.6) and brief (d =1.2) CFT. Between-group deficits in performance survived co-variation for IQ. In addition, the CFT score was significantly related to performance on the MATRICS measure of attention/vigilance, the Continuous Performance Test—Identical Pairs version (CPT-IP). This correlation remained significant even after controlling for non-specific intercorrelations among neurocognitive measures. Results confirm the severity of early visual processing deficits in schizophrenia. In addition, the CFT is a brief, easy to administer alphabet-independent, paper-and-pencil test with established psychometric properties that may be useful as an index of the sustained visual attention construct in schizophrenia.
Despite high theoretical specific capacity and uniform interlayer channel for accommodation of ions, poor cycling stability and rate capacity have been identified as critical roadblocks to further development of MoS2-based lithium ion batteries (LIBs) or sodium ion batteries (SIBs). In this study, few-atomic-layered MoS2 hollow nanospheres with expanded interlayer spacing, due to alternate intercalation of N-doped monolayer carbon (m-C) between the adjacent MoS2 monolayers, have been designed and synthesized via an annealing-followed soft-template approach. As an anode of SIBs, the ultrathin-layered m-C/MoS2 superstructures electrode can deliver a reversible discharge capacity of 401 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 150 cycles. It can maintain 262 mA h g−1 at 2000 mA g−1 after 600 cycles with a capacity retention of 105% in comparison with that of the 2nd cycle. For LIBs, the hollow nanospheres can also deliver a reversible discharge capacity of 1025 mA h g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 80 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the synergy effect of expanded interlayer spacing (improving ion diffusion mobility), ultrathin feature (shortening ion diffusion paths) and alternate intercalation of monolayer carbon (improving the electrical conductivity and maintaining the structural integrity), which ensures new opportunities for designing advanced two-dimensional hosts for energy storage devices.
To solve two critical issues of poor conductivity and low mass loading in pseudocapacitor research, reciprocal multilayer metal oxide/CNT electrodes (MnO2 and MoO3 as examples) are designed through a novel, general alternate deposition strategy. Multilayer metal oxide/CNT electrodes demonstrated significantly larger areal capacitances than those of the control groups. An assembled MnO2/CNT//MoO3/CNT asymmetric supercapacitor operating within an expanded potential window of 1.6V exhibited a very high energy density of 1.7mWh/cm3. These results suggest that the reciprocal alternate deposition strategy has promising potential applications in designing and fabricating positive and negative electrodes for the high-performance supercapacitors and other energy storage devices.
The Covid-19 pandemic has required new protocols for endotracheal intubation mandating cumbersome personal protective equipment and modifications to prior intubation procedures. We assessed the success and complications of endotracheal intubation under such protocols.
BiPO4 nanomaterial was synthesized using EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) as the surfactant via a simple microwave method. The structure and morphology of BiPO4 were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) studies. The obtained BiPO4 nanoparticles were, on average, 150–300nm. The electrochemical results showed that the specific capacitance of BiPO4 obtained using the microwave route was up to 104Fg−1 at a current density of 1Ag−1 with a large potential window of 1.7V. The material showed excellent cycling stability (92% capacitance retention) after 500 cycles at a current density of 1Ag−1.
Twenty-eight aphasic patients with left hemisphere strokes and matched control subjects were tested on an auditory moving windows task in which successive phrases of a sentence were presented in response to subjects’ self-paced button presses and subjects made timed judgments regarding the plausibility of each sentence. Pairs of sentences were presented that differed in syntactic complexity. Patients made more errors and/or took longer in making the plausibility judgments than controls, and were more affected than controls by the syntactic complexity of a sentence in these judgments. Normal subjects showed effects of syntactic structure in self-paced listening. On-line syntactic effects differed in patients as a function of their comprehension level. High-performing patients showed the same effects as normal control subjects; low performing patients did not show the same effects of syntactic structure. On-line syntactic effects also differed in patients as a function of their clinical diagnosis. Broca’s aphasic patients’ on-line performances suggested that they were not processing complex syntactic structures on-line, while fluent aphasics’ performances suggested that their comprehension impairment occurred after on-line processing was accomplished. The results indicate that many aphasic patients retain their ability to process syntactic structure on-line, and that different groups of patients with syntactic comprehension disorders show different patterns of on-line syntactic processing.
Zinc–air batteries are regarded as promising candidates for next-generation clean and sustainable energy storage devices, due to their low-cost, safety, eco-friendliness, and high specific energy density. In zinc–air batteries, the air catalysts accelerate the sluggish oxygen electrocatalysis and largely govern the overall battery performance. Among the air catalysts, carbon-based materials have attract great attention, owing to their high conductivity, chemical robustness, porous structure, and tunable composition. Herein, this review presents the recent progress in bifunctional heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts for zinc–air batteries, especially for rechargeable and flexible batteries. The review will start with a brief introduction of the development, advantages, and types of zinc–air batteries. Then, the application of bifunctional heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts for aqueous and solid-state/flexible zinc–air batteries will be summarized. In the review, an emphasis is given for the investigations on reaction mechanisms, along with corresponding discussions on the role of non-metal and metal dopants. Theoretical predictions will also be discussed to guide the design and fabrication of future bifunctional carbon-based catalysts. Finally, a general perspective on the challenges and opportunities for the future innovation of heteroatom-doped carbon-based catalysts for zinc–air batteries is presented.
Publisher Summary This chapter deals with writing fire protection specifications that covers all the disciplines on a project. Most specifications have standard divisions for site work, building structural elements, and mechanical and electrical systems. Fire protection features covered by project specifications include the following: building construction, building layout, special fire/explosion hazards, detection/alarm systems, fire protection water supplies, sprinkler systems, special extinguishing systems, exposure protection, and fire prevention features. The most frequently used specifications format is that of the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI). For particular system, the fire protection is spread throughout many divisions and the particular division addresses several fire protection features. The Construction Specifications Institute is in the process of expanding the MasterFormatTM specifications. There is no specific section assigned for smoke control systems. These could be handled under HVAC sections for a particular project.