batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Subtle emotional and cognitive dysfunctions may already be apparent in individuals at risk for psychosis. However, there is a paucity of research on the neural correlates of the interaction of both domains. It remains unclear whether those correlates are already dysfunctional before a transition to psychosis. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the interaction of working memory and emotion in 12 persons clinically at high risk for psychosis (CHR) and 12 healthy subjects individually matched for age, gender and parental education. Participants performed an n-back task while negative or neutral emotion was induced by olfactory stimulation. Although healthy and psychosis-prone subjects did not differ in their working memory performance or the evaluation of the induced emotion, decreased activations were found in CHR subjects in the superior parietal lobe and the precuneus during working memory and in the insula during emotion induction. Looking at the interaction, CHR subjects, showed decreased activation in the right superior temporal gyrus, which correlated negatively with psychopathological scores. Decreased activation was also found in the thalamus. However, an increase of activation emerged in several cerebellar regions. Dysfunctions in areas associated with controlling whether incoming information is linked to emotional content and in the integration of multimodal information might lead to compensatory activations of cerebellar regions known to be involved in olfactory and working memory processes. Our study underlines that cerebral dysfunctions related to cognitive and emotional processes, as well as their interaction, can emerge in persons with CHR, even in absence of behavioral differences.
LiFePO4 has attracted broad attention as a promising cathode material for lithium ion batteries. One of the key issues related to LiFePO4 performance lies on the intrinsic characteristic of Li/Fe inter-site mixing. To explore the effect of the defect chemistry on electrochemical behavior, LiFePO4 is synthesized by hydrothermal method with pH value varying from 11.04 to 5.40. The results show that pure phase of LiFePO4 could only be obtained at slightly basic and neutral conditions, and Rietveld refinements reveal that the degree of vacancies and inter-site mixing increase with decreasing pH value. The amounts of Fe on Li sites is nearly zero at pH value of 8.19, whereas 3.5% at 6.30. EIS measurements confirm that the occupation of Fe on Li sites will block the one-dimensional tunnel for lithium ion diffusion. It is vital to prevent the defect chemistry of LiFePO4 by optimizing the synthesis conditions.
Lead Pb/Ru pyrochlore (Pb2Ru2O6.5) was synthesized as a new electrode material for aqueous-electrolyte capacitors. This material was characterized using X-ray diffraction, BET area anhgalysis and cyclic voltammetry. Small laboratory-scale prototype capacitors were fabricated with Pb2Ru2O6.5 oxide electrodes and tested for their electrochemical performance in terms of capacitance, rate-capabilities, and energy–power performance. These laboratory cells exhibited excellent performance under constant power discharge delivering >5Wh/kg specific energy at 750W/kg power level based on electrode and electrolyte masses only.
The composites of CoCO3 submicrocubes and graphene nanosheets (GNSs) were prepared through a solvothermal route and were tested as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Profiting from the advantages of GNSs, CoCO3/GNS composites delivered high capacities of over 1000mAhg−1, much higher than theoretical values based on available lithium storage mechanisms. Instead, we propose an electrochemical catalytic conversion mechanism for lithium storage, in which not only cations (Co2+) but also anions (CO3 2−) are involved in the electron transfer. C4+ in CO3 2− is reduced to C0 or other low-valence C under the electrochemical catalysis of newly-generated Co nanoparticles. This new mechanism may provide more clues for exploiting advanced materials for Li ion batteries and other energy storage devices.
Specific language impairment (SLI) is usually defined as a developmental language disorder which does not result from a hearing loss, autism, neurological and emotional difficulties, severe social deprivation, low non-verbal abilities. Children affected with SLI typically have difficulties with the acquisition of different aspects of language and by definition, their impairment is specific to language and no other skills are affected. However, there has been a growing body of literature to suggest that children with SLI also have non-linguistic deficits, including impaired motor abilities. The aim of the current study is to investigate language and motor abilities of a group of thirty children with SLI (aged between 4 and 7) in comparison to a group of 30 typically developing children matched for chronological age. The results showed that the group of children with SLI had significantly more difficulties on the language and motor assessments compared to the control group. The SLI group also showed delayed onset in the development of all motor skills under investigation in comparison to the typically developing group. More interestingly, the two groups differed with respect to which language abilities were correlated with motor abilities, however Imitation of Complex Movements was the unique skill which reliably predicted expressive vocabulary in both typically developing children and in children with SLI.
Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films were coated on the surface of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) particles via atomic layer deposition (ALD) in a fluidized bed reactor. The electrochemical characterization results indicated that the coating of AZO significantly improved the electrochemical performance of LTO between 0.1 V and 3.0 V with a proper coating thickness. Among all AZO-coated LTO samples, 250-10AZO (nine cycles of ZnO ALD followed by one cycle of Al2O3 ALD at a deposition temperature of 250 °C) showed the best performance. After 250 cycles of charge/discharge at a 1 C rate (1 C = 175 mA g−1), the capacity decreased from 203 to 190 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of ~94% at room temperature and from 224 to 216 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of ~96% at 55 °C. The AZO coating layer with an appropriate thickness not only increased the capacity of LTO by enhancing conductivity, but also assisted the LTO electrodes to form a beneficial interface layer to protect the LTO from the continuous attack by harmful components in the electrolyte, especially under extreme conditions, such as high temperature and high current rates.
In this work, we report novel room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL)-based electrolytes to be used with high-energy cathode, lithium-rich nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li[Li0.2Mn0.56Ni0.16Co0.08]O2, LiR-NMC) in Li-ion batteries. The physical and electrochemical characteristics of the newly developed materials are thoroughly detailed, also by means of post-cycling electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis of the resulting lab-scale lithium cells upon long-term, constant-current cycling (>1200 cycles). In addition, an innovative polymer electrolyte is developed encompassing the best performing RTIL-based electrolyte mixture, which is investigated in terms of its physico-chemical features, ion transport and electrochemical behaviour by EIS, cyclic voltammetry and constant-current (galvanostatic) cycling. The polymer electrolyte is obtained via facile, rapid and easily up-scalable UV-induced free radical polymerization (UV curing) technique, being a low-cost and solvent-free approach compared to other existing film formation techniques. The versatile fabrication method along with the use of appropriate materials may turn high-voltage, solid state and ageing resistant batteries into industrial reality in the coming years, as underlined by the excellent electrochemical response of the lithium polymer cell.
Gadolinia-doped ceria, Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9−x (CGO), thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis and annealed to different degree of crystallinity between 0% and 95% are exposed to different etchants and etching methods. The attack of the etchants on the CGO thin films is analyzed with respect to changes in microstructure and in-plane electrical conductivity. It is found that amorphous CGO films are dissolved in hydrochloric acid after elongated etching times. Hydrofluoric acid severely attacks CGO thin films after already short times of exposure (1min), more intense the less crystalline the thin film is. Ar ion etching smoothens the surface of the CGO thin films without considerable removal of material. No microstructural attack of NaOH, CHF3/O2 and SF6/Ar is found. The electrical conductivity is in general only affected when microstructural changes are severe. Therefore, it is concluded that CGO thin films can be well used as functional layers in micro-fabricated devices and that micro-fabrication is, with the exception of hydrofluoric, not harmful for the electrical properties of crystalline CGO thin films.
In order to develop polymer electrolyte for lithium ion batteries, highly porous P(VDF-HFP) membranes were prepared by using phase inversion method, then they were immerged in 1molkg−1 solution of LiClO4-EC/PC(1:1) to form porous polymer electrolytes. Conductivity of the polymer electrolytes was found to be as high as 10−3 Scm−1. Structures of the porous membranes were observed with SEM. Porous membranes with different structure, porosity and pore diameter were prepared by changing the processing conditions. There are two kinds of typical structure, one is honeycomb-like (type I), and the other is network-like (type II). Membrane structures were found to be important to the performance of the porous polymer electrolytes. Small pore diameter with narrow distribution is needed to prevent solution leakage and high porosity is needed to achieve high conductivity. The type II membranes can meet the requirements. The model lithium ion batteries made of the resulting porous polymer electrolytes have good cycleablity.
Three pure V2O5 micro/nano-structures including rods, hierarchical wires and porous tubes are synthesized via a chemical vapor deposition process by adjusting the oxidation temperature. Their surface-to-volume ratio increases significantly because of particle size decrease, pore quantity increase and hollow structure formation. Lithium-ion storage investigation in aqueous electrolyte indicates that the enlargement of surface area can suppress irreversible phase transition and lead to significant improvement of cycling stability, storage capacity and electrochemical kinetics. Furthermore, scan-rate dependence cyclic voltammetry analysis demonstrates that both pseudocapacitive and bulk Li+ storage are within these V2O5 electrodes and the relative contributions of them depend strongly on the scan rate. In porous V2O5 micro/nano-tubes, the surface pseudocapacitive storage dominates the total storage capacity at scan rates above 0.06Vs−1, whereas the bulk Li+ storage is the domination effect for V2O5 micro/nano-rods at the scan rate ranging from 0.02 to 0.3Vs−1. At the special scan rate, the maximum and minimum capacity is observed in V2O5 porous micro/nano-tubes and micro/nano-rods, respectively. These studies should be useful for elucidating the morphological effects on Li-ion storage for V2O5-based electrodes. By varying key morphological parameters, the pseudocapacitive properties of V2O5 micro/nano-structure electrodes are expected to be affected.
Alkyl- and phenyl-substituted borate anion receptors, triphenyl borate (TPB) and trimethyl borate (TMB), are investigated as electrolyte additives in lithium ion batteries (LiFePO4 cathode, 1 M LiPF6 EC-DMC 1:1 electrolyte) at 25 and 60 °C. TPB shows formation of a thick surface/electrolyte interface (SEI) which hampers ion flow and does not protect the electrode from degradation. Although useful at 25 °C, TPB at 60 °C results in only 7% capacity after 100 cycles, whereas 0.1 M TMB results in 53% capacity. TMB performance improves with increasing concentration. TMB also suppresses thermal decomposition of the electrolyte and formation of the SEI film.
β-MnO2 and δ-MnO2 submicrospheres with different crystallographic forms were parallelly synthesized via a facile way using MnCO3 submicrospheres as manganese source and template. Fine observation enclosed that the β-MnO2 and δ-MnO2 submicrospheres were composed of nanoparticles and nanosheets respectively. The performances of these samples as cathode for aqueous zinc ion batteries were investigated: the prepared β-MnO2 and δ-MnO2 submicrospheres exhibit an initial capacity of 100 and 126 mAh/g and preserve about 99% and 81% of their original capacity over 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA/g, respectively. It is observed from the galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles that the majority of excess capacity for δ-MnO2 than β-MnO2 is contributed by the first discharge step referred to H+ insertion process, as δ-MnO2 has lower charge transfer resistance and larger diffusion coefficient than β-MnO2. We ascribe this to the larger layer space of δ-MnO2 which would benefit for the easily insertion/extraction of hydronium ions. For contrast, the β-MnO2 encounters a sluggish transportation of hydronium ion along with the breaking of H–H2O bond during ion inserting.
A method to obtain the quantitative lithium distribution of a lithium-ion battery cathode using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurements is proposed. We perform LIBS measurements in a reduced argon atmosphere of 1000 Pa and use a calibration curve obtained by measuring the emission intensities at 610.4 nm of standard samples, whose atomic ratios of lithium to cobalt are 0, 0.10, 0.30, 0.51, 0.62, 0.80, and 0.99. The lithium distributions of cycled cathodes, which contain LiCoO2 as an active material, obtained by this method are relatively consistent with the Co(III) distributions obtained by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). XAS is the conventional method to quantitatively display the reaction distribution of a cathode material used in a lithium-ion battery. Additionally, LIBS can detect the precipitating decomposition products of the electrolyte, LiF, on the cathode. However, the precision of the lithium ratio using LIBS is not as good as that achieved for the Co(III) ratio obtained using XAS. Therefore, LIBS is suitable to obtain a semi-quantitative lithium distribution in a cathode of a lithium-ion battery through a much simpler procedure than XAS. Furthermore, LIBS has an advantage to detect the decomposition product of the electrolyte using laboratory-scale measurements.
Silicon/carbon nanocomposite as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries is synthesized by a simple route using phenolic resin as a precursor. The Si nanoparticles with the size of 50–200 nm in diameter can be uniformly coated by carbon layer when the content of carbon is 58%. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the Si/C nanocomposite exhibits a reversible capacity of 678 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1as well as excellent capacity retention at high rates. These improvements could be attributed to the introduction of carbon in the Si/C nanocomposite and carbon coatings on the surface of Si, which provide a rapid lithium transport pathway, reduce the cell impedance and stabilize the electrode structure during charge/discharge cycles.
Airfield runway safety is significantly affected by winter snow, ice, and slush conditions. These wet wintry conditions impact aircraft control and stopping distances. Airport operators use deicing chemicals and plowing to maintain safe runways during wet wintry conditions. However, snow removal is costly. This article presents an alternative approach to applying deicing chemicals and plowing. The approach discusses using a heated pavement system (HPS) with surface embedded wire. Nichrome heating wire is embedded at the slab surface level and energized by an outside source to heat the pavement through Joule heating. Renewable energy generated through a photovoltaic system is used to energize the wires within the concrete slab. To reduce energy demand, the system is designed as an anti-icing system in contrast to a deicing system. Consequently, energy is continually supplied to the system to maintain an above freezing pavement surface temperature independent of ambient weather conditions. An anti-icing runway slab was developed by supplying DC energy from a photovoltaic energy system to experimental concrete slabs with surface embedded heat wire. Experiments were conducted supplying energy to test panels and analyzing pavement surface temperature changes. Energy usage is controlled in the proposed system using control relays. The control relays allow current flow to only surface embedded wires in pavement sections that require a pavement surface temperature increase. This article identifies the challenges and benefits of using surface embedded heat wires with a photovoltaic system to develop an anti-icing pavement system. The approach discussed in this article proposes methodology to develop an anti-icing airfield runway pavement system that relies on a sustainable energy source, solar energy, as it’s energy source. Solar energy is used to recharge a storage energy bank for energizing the proposed system.
The energy storage system is of decisive importance for all types of electric vehicles, in contrast to the case of vehicles powered by a conventional fossil fuel or bio-fuel based internal combustion engine. Two major alternatives exist and need to be discussed: on the one hand, there is the possibility of electrical energy storage using batteries, whilst on the other hand there is the storage of energy in chemical form as hydrogen and the application of a fuel cell as energy converter. The advantages and limitations, and also the impact of both options are described. To do so, existing GM concept vehicles and mass production vehicles are presented. Eventually, an outlook is given that addresses cost targets and infrastructure opportunities as well as requirements.
Recent studies suggested that the cholinergic innervation of the hippocampus is not crucial for spatial learning, but it might be important for other forms of learning. This study assessed the effects of partial immunotoxic cholinergic lesions in the medial septum and concurrent scopolamine challenge in a complex learning task, the Hebb-Williams maze. Long-Evans rats were given intraseptal injections of 192 IgG-saporin (SAPO). Rats injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) served as controls. Starting 25 days after surgery, behavioural performance was assessed in the Hebb-Williams maze test without prior or after injection of scopolamine (0.17 or 0.5mg/kg, i.p.). In SAPO rats, histochemical analysis showed a 40–45% decrease in the density of hippocampal AChE staining. The number of ChAT-positive cell bodies in the medial septum was also significantly decreased (−56%) and there was a non-significant reduction of the number of parvalbumine-positive neurons. The behavioural results demonstrated that the lesions induced small but significant learning deficits. At 0.17mg/kg, scopolamine produced more impairments in SAPO rats than in PBS-injected rats, suggesting an additive effect between the partial lesion and the drug. These observations indicate that the Hebb-Williams test may be more sensitive to alterations of septohippocampal cholinergic function, than radial- or water-maze tasks. They also show that subtle learning deficits can be detected after partial lesions of the cholinergic septohippocampal pathways. Finally, the data from the scopolamine challenge are in keeping with clinical results showing higher sensitivity to muscarinic blockade in aged subjects in whom weaker cholinergic functions can be presumed.
SnO x thin films were prepared by reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering with different sputtering powers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested that all the films have similar chemical stoichiometry as SnO1.5. X-ray diffraction and transmission electro microscopy results showed that crystal size of the SnO x thin films gradually increases with increase of sputtering power from 50 to 150W. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling measurements indicated that the electrochemical properties of SnO x films strongly rely on their crystal sizes as well as surface morphologies. The SnO x film deposited at sputtering power of 120W exhibits the best electrochemical performances. It could deliver a reversible capacity of 670μAhcm−2 μm−1 at 50μAcm−2 in the voltage range of 0.1–1.2V up to 50 cycles.
A new Tikhonov regularization approach without adjusting parameters is proposed for reconstructing distribution of relaxation time (DRT). It is capable of eliminating the pseudo peaks and capturing discontinuities in the DRT, making it feasible to resolve the number and the nature of electrochemical processes without making assumptions.
A novel anode material for sodium ion batteries - nanosized CoP particles - was synthesized by a facile and productive ball-milling method. The CoP was tested as an anode candidate for sodium ion batteries. It delivered a high initial specific capacity of 770 mAh g−1, and excellent rate capability, demonstrating that CoP is a promising anode candidate for sodium ion storage. Ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy were carried out to investigate the sodium storage mechanism of CoP.
To characterize and distinguish atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood among various epileptic syndromes, we conducted a clinical and electroencephalogram study. Seventeen children with atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood were followed at our hospital. They all underwent a video/polygraphic study of characteristic daily seizures, facilitating a diagnosis of atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood. Their clinical and electroencephalogram features were retrospectively analyzed. A video/polygraphic study indicated negative motor seizures including epileptic negative myoclonus, atonic absence seizures, or atonic seizures corresponding to spike-and-wave complexes arising from centro-parieto-temporal regions. Early in the clinical course, these seizures appeared every 4 ± 2 months, and lasted 1-3 months. Interictal sleep electroencephalograms, initially localizing in the centro-parieto-temporal regions, became widespread and displayed continuous, diffuse, spike-and-wave complexes, although the spike-wave index did not exceed 85%. Negative motor seizures responded to ethosuximide, corticotropin, and high-dose steroid, whereas other antiepileptic drugs were much less effective. All patients ultimately entered remission before age 12 years. Patients with atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood exhibited a characteristic clinical course, and responded favorably to anti-absence treatment. Atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood should be recognized as a discrete epileptic syndrome. Its early diagnosis leads to the prevention of pseudocatastrophe.
In this work, a facial in-situ polymerization strategy is developed for the first time to fabricate the composites of polyimide and carbon black (PI/CBs) by the condensation of 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic anhydride and p-phenylenediamine with the presence of carbon black. This composition method can effectively suppress the crystallization of PI and thus allows the sufficient contact of PI and carbon black. As the cathode material in LIBs, the PI/CB composite manifests an extraordinary capacity of 182 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, close to the theoretical value of PI. Moreover, the capacity of the PI/CB composite can be retained as 116 m Ah g−1 even at an ultrahigh current density of 10 A g−1, outperforming the recently reported polymer LIB cathodes. Under the same conditions, the mechanical mixture of highly crystallized PI sheets and carbon black shows a much poorer performance. The approach demonstrated herein is expected to be further applied as an effective processing method to build up high performance electrodes with organic species in secondary batteries.