batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Publisher Summary Section c of the research plan of an application for an R01 Individual Research Grant is called preliminary studies if the proposal is new and preliminary studies/progress report if the proposal is a competing renewal or an application for supplemental funds. This chapter focuses on preliminary studies and is relevant to new and competing renewal proposals. Main purpose is to persuade the reviewers that the principal investigator (PI) is expert in all of the procedures proposed for which there is direct responsibility. The second purpose is to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the proposed studies are feasible in the hands of the PI. This includes presentation of data in support of any component of a theoretical model for which published data may be lacking, and pilot data that at least suggest that the PI's hypothesis will be supported. A third important purpose is to show that a proposed collaboration actually functions to produce usable data. Preliminary section should be limited to no more than 8 pages. The distribution of pages within the research plan is not fixed, but the total number of pages is limited to 25 pages. This includes all pages of illustrations submitted as part of the preliminary studies. It is not necessary to establish proof of expertise in areas where the credentials of the PI will not be questioned. The preliminary studies section should be written after the methods section is finished. The proposed methods should be carefully scrutinized and every proposed procedure listed.
Surface layer formed on Sn thin film electrode in 1M LiPF6/EC:DMC electrolyte was characterized using ex situ FTIR spectroscopy with the attenuated total reflection technique. IR spectral analyses showed that the immersion of Sn film in the electrolyte resulted in a chemical interfacial reaction leading to the passivation of Sn surface with primarily PF-containing inorganic surface species and small amount of organics. When constant current cycling was conducted with lithium cells with Sn film electrode at 0.1–1.0V vs. Li/Li+, the interfacial reaction between Sn and electrolyte appeared significantly intensified that the features of PF-containing species became enhanced and new IR features of organic species (e.g. alkyl carbonate/carboxylate metal salts and ester functionalities) were observed. The surface layer continued to form with cycling, partly due to non-effective surface passivation as well as particle pulverization accompanied by enlargement of active surface area. Comparative IR spectral analyses indicated that the interfacial reaction between Sn and PF6 − anion played a leading role in forming the surface layer, which is different from lithiated graphite that had mainly organic surface species. The data contribute to a better understanding of the interfacial processes occurring on Sn-based anode materials in lithium-ion batteries.
A prospective study, aimed to investigate the aetiology of an unusual clustering of cases of severe acute haemolytic anaemia affecting a high percentage of the adult population, was carried out in two isolated Yanomamo communities of the Upper Orinoco basin in Venezuela. Twenty-six patients with active or recent episodes of severe haemolysis were evaluated. All of them exhibited massive liver and spleen enlargement and fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of the hyperreactive malarious splenomegaly (HMS) syndrome. In four cases with advanced non-alcohol-related chronic liver disease, hypersplenism, severe haemolytic anaemia and acanthocytosis, the characteristic clinical and laboratory findings of spur cell anaemia were documented. Chronic infection by the HBV and HCV was present in three of them. However, in most of the 22 additional HMS cases, the acute haemolytic condition appeared associated with the occurrence of a cold agglutinin-mediated autoimmune response. The clustering of a significant number of cases of severe acute haemolysis in HMS patients from this small isolated aboriginal community is most unusual, and represents a serious complicating factor for a population already beleaguered by a high prevalence of malaria due to multiresistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Moreover, the coexistence of HMS and severe chronic HBV or HCV infection may further aggravate the course of the haemolytic disorder, because of the occurrence of spur cell anaemia.
The review and analysis of several mathematical methods for prediction of electrochemical accumulator parameters are provided in the article: according to the mathematical expectation, the latest entry, a statistical prediction, Box–Jenkins model, decomposition Volta, ARMA, ARIMA and Kalman filter. The results of these methods for prediction of the electrochemical battery 22НКГ-4CK characteristics which is a part of spacecraft power plant of the “Mikrosputnik” type are given. Possible usage of these methods for long prediction of electrochemical accumulator characteristics on space-rocket objects power plants is showed.
Despite strong physical and chemical similarities between antimony and bismuth, a distinct behaviour is observed in the electrochemical magnesiation of their micrometric powders. Bismuth undergoes a complete and highly reversible alloying reaction, whereas antimony displays no electrochemical activity. Taking advantage of the complete SbBi solid solution, monophasic compositions Sb1-xBix were prepared by high-energy mechanochemical synthesis and characterized by X-ray diffraction and solid-state 25Mg nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The electrochemical magnesiation at low current rate shows a full alloying process of Sb1-xBix-based electrodes leading to monophasic Mg3(Sb1-xBix)2. This chemical association of antimony and bismuth enables a positive effect on the electrochemical magnesiation of the electrode and enables higher specific capacities compared to Bi-based electrodes. However, this synergy only operates in the nominal discharge since an irreversible capacity loss, which scales with the antimony content, is observed in the subsequent charge. Operando XRD reveals a complex segregation process leading to pure bismuth and Mg3Sb2 at the end of charge which is further rationalized by density functional theory calculations as an instability of the Mg3(Sb1-xBix)2 solid solution.
Publisher Summary A major part of the qualitative research process depends on the collection of large quantities of interview data. The chapter presents some personal insights into this pivotal part of the qualitative research task. Two different modes—one for the audio-tape route to gather data and the other for the manual recording of interview material are dealt with in the chapter. The chapter tries to answer the question “to tape or not to tape” by making use of two different methods. A research topic, resistance to taping, interviewer competence, taping—benefits and drawbacks—and making the decision are discussed in the chapter. The chapter reflects on the entire discussion that may be useful for other researchers as well and provides some important ingredients that need to be considered while deciding to tape or not to tape.
Understanding how lithium-ion batteries function down to the atomic level during charge and discharge cycling can provide valuable guidance to optimize structure-property relationships and to design and understand new electrode materials. Lithium insertion and reactions with the electrodes during charge and discharge cycling can occur via metastable structures with complex ordering and related non-equilibrium phenomena. Remarkably, these processes remain still poorly understood despite their significance in the operation of lithium battery systems in critical technologies. In this communication, we present the dynamics of lithium insertion into Co3O4 and the evolution of metastable phases as probed by in-situ transmission electron microscopy, in concert with first principles density functional theory calculations. We show that the initial lithium intercalation reaction occurs with the formation of several metastable and intermediate phases, followed by a sequence of conversion reactions that perturb and expand the cubic-close-packed oxygen array, ultimately generating an end-product of finely dispersed cobalt metal clusters within a Li2O matrix. The calculated non-equilibrium lithiation pathways corroborate with the experimental lithiation voltages, and explain the significant hysteresis that occurs during electrochemical cycling. The data provide new insights into the complexity of solid state lithium electrochemistry in metal oxides that are relevant to advancing lithium battery technology.
is Scientific Assistant in the Body Department of the Institute for Automotive Engineering (ika) at RWTH Aachen University (Germany).
Is AM1.5 applicable in practice: Modeling eight PV materials Modeling of refractive index and reflectivity of quantum-well solar cell Monolithic crystalline multijunction solar cell development Characterization of modified Si solar cell emitter by porous Si layer Quality of chemical bath deposited CdS layers in thin-film PV cells Enhancing efficiency of solar cells and extending performance life
The advantageous properties of both solid soft matter electrolytes and polymer gel electrolytes (PGEs) are combined to develop a electrospun polymer composite electrolyte (PCE) for lithium ion batteries, based on addition of butanedinitrile (BDN, the plastic crystal) to poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) {P(VdF-co-HFP)} (semi crystalline polymer). Polymer composite electrolytes are prepared by activating the fibrous membrane with 1M LiPF6 in EC/DEC. The electrochemical characterization shows that the addition of BDN significantly improves the ionic conductivity of composite electrolytes even at lower temperatures due to the active role played by BDN in ion conduction. Also the compatibility of the polymer composite electrolyte with lithium electrode improves by incorporation of BDN. Galvanostatic cycling test demonstrates the suitability of these polymer composite electrolytes for lithium ion batteries in both Li/PCE/LiFePO4 (half cell) and LTO/PCE/LiFePO4 (full cell) configurations. The addition of BDN improves the charge discharge performance and cycling stability of the polymer composite electrolytes.
While a sizable literature has concluded that remittances impact the expenditure patterns of households, we have a limited understanding of how the predictability of these money flows affect their usage by remittance-receiving households. Using data from Mexico, we find that both the size and the uncertainty of remittances raise asset accumulation among recipient households. These results suggest that both the level and the predictability of remittance income should be given full consideration in the analysis of household expenditure patterns and in the design of policies to leverage the most out of remittance inflows into developing economies.
Lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) has been investigated as lithium salt for non-aqueous electrolytes for Li4Ti5O12 anode in lithium-ion batteries. The electrolytes based on LiDFOB and carbonates are systematically investigated for LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 cells, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis and various electrochemical tests, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge-discharge test. The results show that at 25 °C and 60 °C, the stability and Al collector corrosion-protection ability of LiDFOB-based electrolyte are superior to LiPF6-based electrolyte; The Li4Ti5O12/Li half-cells used LiDFOB or LiPF6 as electrolyte salt have simple redox peaks, and their first charge-discharge curves have stable plateau. The differential of rate capability between LiDFOB battery and LiPF6 battery with LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 electrodes are not significant at 25 °C. LiDFOB battery exhibits better cycle performance than LiPF6 battery, which is particularly remarkable at 60 °C. The stability of the Li4Ti5O12 material in LiDFOB-based electrolyte is much better than that in LiPF6-based electrolyte at 60 °C.
Volumetric expansion of silicon anode particles in a lithium-ion battery during charging may lead to the generation of undesirable internal stresses. For a cylindrical particle such growth may also lead to failure by buckling if the expansion is constrained in the axial direction due to other particles or supporting structures. To mitigate this problem, the possibility of reducing axial growth is investigated theoretically by studying simple modifications of the solid cylinder geometry. First, an annular cylinder is considered with lithiation either from the inside or from the outside. In both cases, the reduction of axial growth is not found to be significant. Next, explicit physical constraints are studied by addition of a non-growing elasto-plastic material: first, an outer annular constraint on a solid silicon cylinder, and second a rod-like inner constraint for an annular silicon cylinder. In both cases, it is found that axial growth can be reduced if the yield stress of the constraining material is significantly higher than that of silicon and/or the thickness of the constraint is relatively high. Phase diagrams are presented for both the outer and the inner constraint cases to identify desirable operating zones. Finally, to interpret the phase diagrams and isolate the key physical principles two different simplified models are presented and are shown to recover important qualitative trends of the numerical simulation results.
A direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) is constructed using a cathode based on iron phthalocyanine (FePc) catalyst supported on active carbon (AC), and a AB5-type hydrogen storage alloy (MmNi3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3) was used as the anode catalyst. The electrochemical properties are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), etc. methods. The electrochemical experiments show that FePc-catalyzed cathode not only exhibits considerable electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction in the BH4 − solutions, but also the existence of BH4 − ions has almost no negative influences on the discharge performances of the air-breathing cathode. At the optimum conditions of 6M KOH+0.8M KBH4 and room temperature, the maximal power density of 92mWcm−2 is obtained for this cell with a discharge current density of 175mAcm−2 at a cell voltage of 0.53V. The new type alkaline fuel cell overcomes the problem of the conventional fuel cell in which both noble metal catalysts and expensive ion exchange membrane were used.
The combination of co-precipitation and dehydration is used to prepare hydrated and dehydrated cupric-cobaltous oxalates (Cu1/3Co2/3C2O4·xH2O, x = 1.4; Cu1/3Co2/3C2O4). Then, the hydrothermal treatment of these binary oxalates with freshly prepared graphene oxide (GO) and then dehydration are subsequently adopted to combine the hydrated or dehydrated oxalate with functionalized graphene oxide (FGO), resulting in another two targets of Cu1/3Co2/3C2O4·xH2O/FGO and Cu1/3Co2/3C2O4/FGO composites. These facilitate the comparative studies on the lithium storage capability of cupric oxalate-containing anode materials enhanced by unavoidable crystal water. As a lithium-ion battery anode, Cu1/3Co2/3C2O4·xH2O possesses a reversible capacity of 565.0 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 over 200 discharge-charge cycles, higher than that of the dehydrated counterpart (246.1 mAh g−1) but lower than those of FGO-based composites (Cu1/3Co2/3C2O4/FGO ∼ 951.2 mAh g−1; Cu1/3Co2/3C2O4·xH2O/FGO ∼ 1134.9 mAh g−1) continuously cycled at the exactly same conditions. At an ultra-high current density of 2000 or 5000 mA g−1, anode Cu1/3Co2/3C2O4·xH2O/FGO delivers a constant discharge capacity of 935.6 mAh g−1 in the 100th cycle or 388.9 mAh g−1 in the 1000th cycle, indicating a jointly positive effect of crystal water and FGO on the high-rate electrochemical performance of cupric-cobaltous oxalate for the first time.
Industrial nickel hydroxide samples produced by electrodialysis have been characterized both by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by micro-Raman spectroscopy. A comparison with some commercial products of β-type Ni(OH)2 is made. Aged in KOH solution, these nickel hydroxides are transformed to the β-Ni(OH)2 phase and undergo Ostwald ripening, leading to crystallite sizes ranging between 260 and 380 Å with a reduction in defects. The anisotropic broadening of the XRD peaks in the β-Ni(OH)2 pattern is interpreted in terms of crystalline lattice micro-strains and crystallite size. For the first time, Rietveld refinement has been performed on industrial Ni(OH)2. The results indicate that the micro-strain effects increase the peak width according to the sequence of families (hk0)→(00l)→(h0l). This study shows that the presence of proton vacancies leads to a lower degree of distortion in the crystalline lattice than does the presence of stacking faults or the adsorption of inorganic species at the border of the crystallites. A very high concentration of point defects inducing strong distortions in the crystal lattice is correlated with the presence of high energy Ni–O bond vibrations in the Raman spectra, with a frequency shift towards unusually high values.
Three distinct Ge nanoparticle-filled carbon nanofiber (CNF) composites, Ge@CNF, Ge@C@CNF and Ge@CNF@C, were fabricated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and electrospinning techniques. These different structures were prepared by: 1) dispersing Ge nanoparticles into CNF, 2) adding carbon-coated Ge nanoparticles (Ge@C) prepared by CVD into CNF, and 3) depositing CVD carbon onto Ge@CNF, respectively. Compared with the Ge@CNF composite, both Ge@C@CNF and Ge@CNF@C had additional amorphous carbon coating fabricated by the CVD method. The three composites were studied as binder-free electrodes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Raw Ge anode materials suffered from serious volume changes and nanoparticle aggregations during cycling, resulting in pulverization and capacity loss. However, carbon nanofiber and the supplemental CVD carbon layer in these nanofiber composites could help preserve the structural integrity of the alloy anode materials during repeated cycling, and consequently, lead to improved cycling stability. In this work, it was found that among the three composites, Ge@CNF@C exhibited the highest capacity retention of 89% at the 50th cycle due to the structurally-durable thorn-like Ge morphology and the additional CVD carbon confinement. Ge@CNF and Ge@C@CNF encountered rapid capacity loss because large Ge clusters were formed and jeopardized the integrity of the electrode structure during cycling.
Graphene nanosheets or reduced graphite oxide materials recently have attracted great attention because of their excellent electrochemical properties such as excellent electrical conductivity and high specific capacity originating from their structure, i.e., two-dimensional layers with one-atomic thickness. This work is focused on reduced graphite oxide (RGO) applied as negative electrode in Li-ion cell with ionic liquid (N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, Py13TFSI) as electrolyte. Three different electrochemical techniques, e.g., galvanostatic charging/discharging, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were applied for full electrochemical characterisation of these materials. The results proved that RGO gives good reversible capacity of ca. 550 mAh g−1 (at current density of 50 mA g−1) working together with the ionic liquid. This value is comparable to that characteristic for cells operating with conventional electrolyte (cyclic carbonates).
Preliminary evidence suggests osteoarthritis is a risk factor for cognitive decline. One potential reason is 87% of adults with osteoarthritis are inactive, and low moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and high sedentary behaviour are each risk factors for cognitive decline. Thus, we investigated whether a community-based intervention to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour could improve cognitive function among adults with osteoarthritis.
Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to operate emission free and thus overcome many environmental and health issues associated with cars run on fossil fuels. Recharging time and driving range are amongst the biggest hurdles for the mainstream acceptance and implementation of EV technology. Fast-DC charging significantly reduces the recharging time and can be used to make longer EV trips possible, e.g. on highways between cities. Although some EV and hybrid car studies have been conducted that address separately issues such as limited drivable ranges, charge stations, impact from auxiliary loads on vehicle energy consumption and emissions, there is currently limited research on the impact on drivable range from the combination of driving EVs at highway speeds, using auxiliary loads such as heating or air conditioning (AC), and reduced charge capacity from fast-DC charging and discharge safety margins. In this study we investigate these parameters and their impact on energy consumption and drivable range of EVs. Our results show a significantly reduced range under conditions relevant for highway driving and significant deviation from driving ranges published by EV manufacturers. The results and outcomes of this project are critical for the efficient design and implementation of so-called ‘Electric Highways’. To prevent stranded cars and a possible negative perception of EVs, drivers and charging infrastructure planners need be aware of how EV energy and recharging demands can significantly change under different loads and driving patterns.
In this work, a counter electrode (CE) made from a composite of electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNs) and MoO2 nanoparticles has been discussed for the first time as an efficient and low-cost Pt-free counter electrode (CE) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). MoO2/carbon nanofiber composites (MoO2/CNs) were successfully prepared via a facile one-step hydrothermal method. The obtained MoO2/carbon electrode showed good chemical stability, lower charge transfer resistance and higher electrocatalytic activity as compared to the conventional Pt electrodes. The characteristics of DSSCs based on MoO2/CNs electrodes were analyzed using photocurrent density-voltage, cyclic voltammetry, Tafel polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The experimental results revealed that the MoO2/CNs electrodes exhibited the optimal electrode characteristics. The DSSCs based on MoO2/CNs electrodes displayed better photovoltaic conversion efficiency (7.6%) than the Pt counter electrodes (7.34%).
Background Cognitive screening is crucial in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is still a lack of short tools in French. In this study, we aimed to compare the Parkinson Neuropsychometric Dementia Assessment (PANDA) with the Mini Mental Parkinson (MMP), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Clock Test in French-speaking patients. We also aimed to propose cut-off scores for cognitive impairment and dementia for the French language version of the PANDA. Method Fifty-one patients with PD took the PANDA, the MMSE, the MMP, and the Clock Test. They also underwent extensive neuropsychological testing by a neuropsychologist who was blinded to the above-mentioned screening test results. Patients were classified as either having normal cognition (n =15), mild cognitive impairment (n =20) or dementia (n =16). Results When compared with the three other screening tools, the PANDA exhibited the highest area under the curve (AUC) for both cognitive disorders and dementia. Using the cut-off scores proposed for the German version, the PANDA had 94% specificity and 100% sensitivity for dementia and 100% and 72%, respectively for cognitive disorders. Conclusions In our study, the PANDA exhibited a higher discriminative power than the three other tests in detecting cognitive disorders and dementia. In PD patients, the PANDA should thus be considered for the detection of cognitive impairment in routine clinical practice.