batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Films of conducting polymers in the presence of electrolytes can be oxidized or reduced by the flow of anodic or cathodic currents. Ions and solvent are exchanged during a reaction for charge and osmotic pressure balance. A reactive conducting polymer contains ions and solvent. Such variation of composition during a reaction is reminiscent of the biological processes in cells. Along changes to the composition of the material during a reaction, there are also changes to other properties, including: volume (electrochemomechanical), colour (electrochromic), stored charge (electrical storage), porosity or permselectivity (electroporosity), stored chemicals, wettability and so on. Most of those properties mimic similar property changes in organs during their functioning. These properties are being exploited to develop biomimetic reactive and soft devices: artificial muscles and polymeric actuators; supercapacitors and all organic batteries; smart membranes; electron-ion transducers; nervous interfaces and artificial synapses, or drug delivery devices. In this review we focus on the state of the art for artificial muscles, smart membranes and electron-ion transducers. The reactive nature of those devices provide them with a unique advantage related to the present days technologies: any changes in the surrounding physical or chemical variable acting on the electrochemical reaction rate will be sensed by the device while working. Working under constant current (driving signal), the evolution of the device potential or the evolution of the consumed electrical energy (sensing signals) senses and quantifies the variable increment. Driving and sensing signals are present, simultaneously, in the same two connecting wires. It is possible to prepare electrochemical devices based on conducting polymers in which there are several kinds of different sensors and one actuator embedded in one device. Examples of the tools and products, start-up companies, increasing evolution of scientific literature and patents are also presented. Scientific and technological challenges are also considered.
To psychometrically validate the Spanish version of the self-administered 2-item GAD-2 scale for screening probable patients with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD).
A facile and feasible electrochemical polymerization method has been used to construct the multi-wall carbon nanotubes@poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) (MWCNTs@PEDOT/PSS) core–shell composites with three-dimensional (3D) porous nano-network microstructure. The composites are characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. This special core–shell nanostructure can significantly reduce the ions diffusion distance and the 3D porous nano-network microstructure effectively enlarges the electrode/electrolyte interface. The electrochemical tests including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests are performed, the results manifest the MWCNTs@PEDOT/PSS core–shell composites have superior capacitive behaviors and excellent cyclic stability, and a high areal capacitance of 98.1 mF cm−2 is achieved at 5 mV s−1 cyclic voltammetry scan. Furthermore, the MWCNTs@PEDOT/PSS composites exhibit obviously superior capacitive performance than that of PEDOT/PSS and PEDOT/Cl electrodes, indicating the effective composite of MWCNTs and PEDOT noticeably boosts the capacitive performance of PEDOT-based electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. Such a highly stable core–shell 3D network structural composite is very promising to be used as electrode materials for the high-performance electrochemical capacitors.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are among the most promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems. However, challenges regarding the limited sulfur content and areal sulfur loading in the cathode lead to a low areal capacity that cannot even outperform state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries, which greatly offsets the high-energy advantage of Li-S batteries and further hinders their practical use. Here, we theoretically indicated that the electronic conduction efficiency of the sulfur host nanomaterial plays a crucial role in determining the sulfur content, and a highly efficient single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) conductive network was constructed for our proof-of-concept studies, resulting in an unprecedentedly high sulfur content up to 95wt%. The interwoven SWCNTs not only provide abundant paths for electron and lithium ion transport, but also facilitate polysulfides trapping during sulfur conversion reactions. As a result, a high areal capacity of 8.63mAhcm−2 was obtained with a high areal sulfur loading of 7.2mgcm−2, much higher than that of lithium-ion batteries (4mAhcm−2). Our approach demonstrates a new design concept for the electrode materials of high-energy-density lithium-sulfur batteries and could possibly be extended to other electrochemical energy storage systems.
In this work, hierarchical zinc cobalt sulfide flowers on nickel foam (f-Zn0.76Co0.24S/Ni foam) are fabricated by a facile two-step hydrothermal method. The obtained f-Zn0.76Co0.24S/Ni foam are directly used as the binder-free electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. The as-prepared f-Zn0.76Co0.24S/Ni foam exhibite a high specific capacitance of 1906 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and good rate performance. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the unique interconnected flower structure, which provides a path for the rapid diffusion of electrolyte ions. Moreover, the f-Zn0.76Co0.24S/Ni foam//Fe2O3@rGO asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled. It can achieve a high energy density of 75.7 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 700.5 W kg−1 and display superior cycling stability with 86.7% retention after 8000 cycles.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex, chronic and progressive disease and rehabilitation services can provide important support to patients. Few MS rehabilitation programs have been shown to provide health improvements to patients in a cost-effective manner. The objective of this study is to assess the effects in terms of changes measured by a variety of standardized quality of life, mastery, coping, compliance and individual goal-related endpoints. This combination provides the basis for analyzing the complexity of MS and outcomes of a personalized rehabilitation.
In this work, MnO and natural graphite (NG) hybrid composite was synthesized via a hydrothermal reaction and a subsequent self-reduction process. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, MnO/NG composite displays excellent cycling stability and good rate capability. The charge–discharge test showed the highest initial lithiation/delithiation specific capacities of 552.8 and 511.7mAh·g−1, which were maintained at 494.9 and 497 mAh·g−1 even after 120 cycles, at 0.2 C with a voltage range from 0.01V to 2.0V. The lithiation specific capacity was retained 280 mAh·g−1 at 10 C, which extremely precedes the bare NG materials.
Lithium sulfur batteries are one of the most potential rechargeable energy storage devices due to its high energy density and low cost. Nevertheless, the practical applications are heavily hindered by polysulfide shuttle effect, which would cause fast capacity fading. Polysulfide adsorption has been proved to be an effective strategy via chemical bonding or physical constraint. Here, a fresh LixLayTiO3 and acetylene black hybrid coated separator was constructed to suppress the migration of polysulfides and served as an upper current collector to fully utilize the active material. The acetylene black embellished separator and the pristine one were used as reference. Comprehensive and systematic results proved that the hybrid coated separator could not only effectively trap polysulfides, but also promote the conversion of polysulfides, which would improve the rate and cycle performance. The as-prepared sample with 1.0% LixLayTiO3 addition showed the best electrochemical performance with a high capacity of 890 mA h g-1 at 1600 mA g−1. An enhanced cycling performance with 716 mA h g-1 retained after 100 cycles at 800 mA g−1 was observed, corresponding to a capacity retention of 81.2%. In summary, this study provides a simple, low cost and effective approach to promote the development of lithium sulfur batteries.
Endothelial cell–cell contact via VE-cadherin plays an important role in regulating numerous cell functions, including proliferation. However, using different experimental approaches to manipulate cell–cell contact, investigators have observed both inhibition and stimulation of proliferation depending on the adhesive context. In this study, we used micropatterned wells combined with active positioning of cells by dielectrophoresis in order to investigate whether the number of contacting neighbors affected the proliferative response. Varying cell–cell contact resulted in a biphasic effect on proliferation; one contacting neighbor increased proliferation, while two or more neighboring cells partially inhibited this increase. We also observed that cell–cell contact increased the formation of actin stress fibers, and that expression of dominant negative RhoA (RhoN19) blocked the contact-mediated increase in stress fibers and proliferation. Furthermore, examination of heterotypic pairs of untreated cells in contact with RhoN19-expressing cells revealed that intracellular, but not intercellular, tension is required for the contact-mediated stimulation of proliferation. Moreover, engagement of VE-cadherin with cadherin-coated beads was sufficient to stimulate proliferation in the absence of actual cell–cell contact. In all, these results demonstrate that cell–cell contact signals through VE-cadherin, RhoA, and intracellular tension in the actin cytoskeleton to regulate proliferation.
Some patients with cancer suffer cognitive impairment after chemotherapy. A brief, sensitive instrument is required to screen patients for cognitive impairment. In this study, we compare three possible screening instruments.
Publisher Summary Everything that users need to know is provided in data sheets that are freely available from manufacturers, suppliers, or in many electronic catalogs. A data sheet is not the most exciting reading that is available, but like a telephone directory, it can be very useful. The supply voltage should be used if the performance and reliability is to be guaranteed. High-level input voltage (VIH) is the lowest voltage that the gate accepts as logic 1 level. It sometimes varies according to the supply voltage. Supply current is the current that is needed to work the internal circuit. Output current is a question of how much current the gate can supply to another circuit. It controls an output display or the other gates. The value of this current may differ according to the logic state of the output. Some gates can provide a higher current when the output is at logic 0 than when it is at logic 1, whereas the current levels are the same in many of the more modern gates.
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for fetal sex selection raises complex dilemmas. In Israel, PGD is regulated by the Ministry of Health. It is basically prohibited, but exceptions can be made upon approval by the National Committee for Sex Selection by PGD for Non-Medical Reasons (the “Committee”). This report describes the Committee’s work since its inception in May, 2005 through December, 2011.
It is well-known that the use of care services is most intensive in the last phase of life. However, so far only a few determinants of end-of-life care utilization are known. The aims of this study were to describe the utilization of acute and long-term care among older adults in their last year of life as compared to those not in their last year of life, and to examine which of a broad range of determinants can account for observed differences in care utilization.
Mild cognitive impairment is a transitional stage prior to dementia, and it is reported in depressed patients. Early diagnosis could predict the reversible etiologies and prevent further deterioration. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment.
Mesoporous hard carbon is obtained by pyrolyzing a mixture of sucrose and nanoscaled calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles. The microstructure of the carbon is characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, Hg porosimetry, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical performances of the carbon as an anode material for lithium ion batteries are evaluated by galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry tests. It is shown that this mesoporous carbon possesses high capacity, good cycling performance and rate capability, indicating the promising application of nano-CaCO3 particle as template in massive fabrication of mesoporous carbon anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
The energy density of Li ion batteries (LIBs) needs to be improved for the requirement of electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and smart grids. Developing high-voltage LIBs is an important trend. In recent years, high-voltage cathode materials, such as LiCoPO4, Li3V2(PO4)3, Li2CoPO4F, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, and lithium-rich layered oxides, and matched electrolytes including stable solvents and functional additives, have been investigated extensively. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in high-voltage cathode materials and matched electrolytes, as well as the optimization of other cell components such as conductive agents, binders, positive cans, separators and current collectors. The problems and prospects of high-voltage LIBs are also discussed.
One of the causal mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is chromatin modification and the genes that regulate chromatin. AT-rich interactive domain 1B (ARID1B), a chromatin modifier, has been linked to autism spectrum disorder and to affect rare and inherited genetic variation in a broad set of NDDs.
Understanding the drivers of invasive species’ range expansion is key to effective management and successful control. Spatial sorting theory advances that invasive species can spread via a selection-neutral process predicated on differential movement. In addition to morphology and physiology, it has been predicted that variation in exploration and activity among individuals can be crucial to this model because these behaviors enhance movement. We aimed to address the question of whether exploration and activity are associated with invasive spread using the free-ranging invasive common myna (Acridotheres tristis) in Australia, one of the most broadly distributed invasive birds globally. We radio-tracked mynas from invasion-front sites versus long-established sites in New South Wales. We quantified activity using frequent movements in familiar areas and exploration using infrequent long-distance excursive movements, while also accounting for environmental variation. We discovered that mean daily distance travelled was larger in invasion-front than in invasion-source mynas, suggesting front mynas were more active. Invasion front mynas had significantly larger exploratory home ranges, moved greater maximum daily distances, and changed roost more frequently, suggesting front mynas were also more exploratory; the results were maintained when climate was included as a covariate. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show enhanced exploration and activity in free-ranging invasion-front birds. Inter-individual variation in movement-relevant behaviors might be facilitating the ongoing Australian myna range expansion, although habitat effects cannot be fully excluded. These findings point to the potential importance of considering changes in behavior when modelling alien animal invasions and applied conservation actions.
The number of computer game users is increasing as computers and various IT devices in connection with the Internet are commonplace in all ages. In this research, in order to find the relevance of behavioral activity and its associated biosignal, biosignal changes before and after as well as during computer games were measured and analyzed for 31 subjects. For this purpose, a device to measure electrocardiogram, photoplethysmogram and skin temperature was developed such that the effect of motion artifacts could be minimized. The device was made wearable for convenient measurement. The game selected for the experiments was League of Legends™. Analysis on the pulse transit time, heart rate variability and skin temperature showed increased sympathetic nerve activities during computer game, while the parasympathetic nerves became less active. Interestingly, the sympathetic predominance group showed less change in the heart rate variability as compared to the normal group. The results can be valuable for studying internet gaming disorder.
The efficiency of AA5754 aluminium alloy corrosion inhibition achieved with maleic, malic, succinic, tartaric, citric, tricarballylic acids and serine in alkaline environment (pH 11) was examined. Selected corrosion inhibitors are characterized by different numbers and distribution of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups within their molecules. We have proposed and verified a novel approach for determining the adsorption isotherms based on the impedance measurements in galvanostatic mode (g-DEIS), allowing to distinguish subtle changes in the adsorption dynamics. It was shown that g-DEIS precisely determines the inhibitor concentration required for the full coverage of aluminium surface with the adsorbed inhibitor monolayer. Our approach was then cross-verified with the ellipsometry, cyclic polarization and classic EIS measurements, while the SEM and XPS analyses served to determine changes in the surface topography and chemistry. We have demonstrated that the investigated compounds significantly decelerate the corrosion rate of AA5754 at low inhibitor concentrations. Inhibition efficiency exceeds 99% at 6.9 mM for tricarballylic, 8.1 mM for citric and 12.0 mM for tartaric acid. The inhibition efficiency was primarily dependent on the high number of carbonyl groups in the molecule, while the inhibition provided by monocarboxylic amino acid (serine) was negligible, reaching 60% at 20 mM. The plotted isotherms fitted the Langmuir adsorption model, with similar values of Gibbs free energy for each studied inhibitor. The adsorption of carboxylic acids onto the surface of aluminium occurred via ligand exchange mechanism. On the basis of electrochemical and XPS studies, we claim that the role played by hydroxyl groups is secondary, while their presence slightly worsens the corrosion resistance of aluminium.
In this paper we analyze how car users frame car engines. Car engines have been build on internal combustion (IC) technologies for more than hundred years now; however, in the last decade hybrid-electric engines have been successfully introduced. The coexistence of conventional and unconventional technologies raises the interesting question to what extent these different engine technologies are framed differently, and how they change over time. Studies of technological frames and mental models suggest that frames of established technologies are more obdurate. In this paper we analyze technological frames of a few types of car engines and how frames have shifted during market evolution between 1990 and 2005. We find that engines are framed rather differently. Frames of conventional diesel engines emphasize engine capacity (measured in kW), engine volume (measured in liters) and torque (measured in Nm), whereas for hybrids fuel efficiency is by far the most prominent attribute. Further we find that the frame of the conventional engine (diesel) is more stable than that of an unconventional engine (hybrid and full-electric), which confirms the obduracy hypothesis that is raised in earlier studies of technological frames.
Silicon based composite electrodes for lithium ion batteries are of significant interest because of their potential to be high capacity alternatives to the commonly used graphitic carbon anodes. A drawback to their use, however, is the Si particle debonding and fracture that occurs as a result of the volumetric expansion by the lithium host particles upon lithiation of the anode electrode. We use X-ray micro computed tomography to visualize the evolution of the internal microstructure of a silicon-based electrode before and after four lithiation steps during the first half cycle of the cell. We develop a novel threshold edge detect method to perform 3D volumetric measurements of silicon particle expansion. According to our results, 100% lithiation of the composite anode resulted in up to 290% volume expansion of individual Si particles. Furthermore, the global and localized image intensity histogram profiles from 3D data were used to analyze the silicon particle X-ray attenuation effects as a function of lithiation: a decreasing attenuation with lithiation and the propagation of the reaction front through a core–shell process between the original state and 25% lithiation of the silicon-based electrode have been observed.
Lithium ion conducting gel polymer electrolytes composed of insoluble lithium tetrakis(pentafluorobenzenethiolato) borate (LiTPSB), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and ethylene carbonate–propylene carbonate mixed solvent (EC–PC) were prepared and their ionic conductivities and electrochemical stabilities were investigated. Ionic conductivity was largely dependent on the contents of EC–PC and LiTPSB. Gel polymer electrolyte containing optimized content of 50 (LiTPSB)–50 (PVDF-HFP/EC–PC (13:87wt.%)) exhibited ionic conductivity of 4×10−4 Scm−1 at 30°C, lithium ion transference number of 0.33 and anodic oxidation potential of 4.2V.
Plant macrofossils from 33 rodent middens sampled at three sites between 2910 and 3150 m elevation in the main canyon of the Río Salado, northern Chile, yield a unique record of vegetation and climate over the past 22,000 cal yr BP. Presence of low-elevation Prepuna taxa throughout the record suggests that mean annual temperature never cooled by more than 5°C and may have been near-modern at 16,270 cal yr BP. Displacements in the lower limits of Andean steppe and Puna taxa indicate that mean annual rainfall was twice modern at 17,520–16,270 cal yr BP. This pluvial event coincides with infilling of paleolake Tauca on the Bolivian Altiplano, increased ENSO activity inferred from a marine core near Lima, abrupt deglaciation in southern Chile, and Heinrich Event 1. Moderate to large increases in precipitation also occurred at 11,770–9550 (Central Atacama Pluvial Event), 7330–6720, 3490–2320 and at 800 cal yr BP. Desiccation occurred at 14,180, 8910–8640, and 4865 cal yr BP. Compared to other midden sites in the region, early Holocene desiccation seems to have happened progressively earlier farther south. Emerging trends from the cumulative midden record in the central Atacama agree at millennial timescales with improved paleolake chronologies for the Bolivian Altiplano, implying common forcing through changes in equatorial Pacific sea-surface temperature gradients.