batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper studies the provision of secondary frequency control in electric power systems based on demand response (DR) activation on thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) and quantifies the computation resource constraints for the control of large TCL population. Since TCLs are fast responsive loads, they represent a suitable alternative to conventional sources for providing such control. An experimental investigation with domestic fridges representing the TCLs was conducted in an islanded power system to evaluate the secondary frequency control. The investigation quantifies the flexibility of household fridge performance in terms of response time and ramp-up rate, as well as the impact on fridge temperature and behaviour after the control period. The experimental results show that TCLs are fast responsive loads for DR activation, with the average control signal response time of 24s and an equivalent ramping rate of 63% per minute, which could also comply with the requirements for primary frequency control.
Spinel compound LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 was synthesized by a chemical wet method. Mn(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, NH4HCO3 and LiOH·H2O were used as the starting materials. At first, Mn(NO3)2 and Ni(NO3)2·6H2O reacted with NH4HCO3 to produce a precursor, then the precursor reacted with LiOH·H2O to synthesize product LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. The product showed a single spinel phase under appropriate calcination conditions, and exhibited a high voltage plateau at about 4.6–4.8V in the charge/discharge process. The LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 had a discharge specific capacity of 118mAh/g at about 4.6V and 126mAh/g in total in the first cycle at a discharge current density of 2mA/cm2. After 50 cycles, the total discharge capacity was above 118mAh/g.
A new continuous electroforming process to manufacture lead grids for automotive and industrial lead−acid batteries has been developed. A galvanic cell comprising a drum cathode for electroforming and a subsequent series of galvanic cells which form a strip galvanizing line are operating in a single, fully continuous, automatic process. Virgin lead or lead scrap may be used as the anode material. The product is grid strip of any specified thickness and design which can be fed into existing strip-pasting equipment. The composition and microstructure of the grid material can be varied to provide increased corrosion resistance and increased paste adherence. A unique feature of the material is its inherent layered composite structure that allows optimization of the properties according to particular functional requirements. Thus, both the specific power and the specific energy of the battery can be increased by reducing weight. The material properties increase the calendar life of the battery by increasing the corrosion resistance of the grid, and increase the cycle-life of the battery by improved adherence of the positive active material. The technical and economic features and competitive advantages of this new technology and product are presented in quantitative terms.
A novel composite membrane of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and graphene was prepared and investigated in this paper. The scanning electron microscopy images of the composite membrane revealed the presence and the uniformity dispersion of graphene in the SPEEK matrix. The properties of the obtained composite membrane, including the water uptake, swelling ratio, ion exchange capacity (IEC), area resistance, proton conductivity, VO2+ permeability, ion selectivity, single cell performance, chemical stability and mechanical properties are evaluated in detail, compared to the pristine SPEEK membrane and Nafion 117 membrane. Self-discharge test proved that the composite membrane possessed the longest discharge time (61h above 0.8V). At 80mAcm−2, a higher coulombic and energy efficiency for SPEEK/Graphene membrane was obtained, compared with Nafion 117 (96.4% vs 92.8% and 83.8% vs 79.5% respectively). Furthermore, the SPEEK/Graphene composite membrane exhibited high stability in 500 cycle's long time running.
Publisher Summary Metallurgical coke, along with iron ore and limestone, is layered into a blast furnace to convert the iron ore to metallic iron. Coke, which is mostly carbon, reacts with the blast air to produce carbon monoxide, which, in turn, reacts with the iron oxide to produce carbon dioxide and metallic iron. This chapter details the coal-to-coke transformation, which is the most successful industrial applications of coal petrology in the carbonization industry. Coal petrology is used to evaluate the suitability of a given coal for coking, predict the strength of cokes made from both single coals and coal blends, predict peak coking pressures, predict coke reactivity, evaluate the nature of quinoline insolubles in coal tar pitches, detect weathering in coal, and evaluate petroleum cokes. The petrographic characteristics of metallurgical coke reveal much about its composition and structure and can be used to evaluate its behavior and formation.
Remote towns and communities are normally without access to the main electrical grid and electricity is normally generated through diesel generators. Diesel fuel costs represent a significant portion of the utilities' expenditure. Solar photovoltaic (PV) integration is an attractive solution reduces fossil fuel dependency for such communities. This study presents an off-grid hybrid PV/diesel model developed using dynamic modelling and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques. Dynamic subsystem models were developed in Simulink and ANN methods were employed for predictive modelling. Utilizing simple climate data (humidity, rain fall, ambient temperature and wind speed) and load profile as model inputs, generator and PV output powers and fuel consumption can be accurately predicted. Experimental data were used for ANN training and model validation. A comparative analysis was conducted between the Simulink model and an existing industrial design tool for a remote community in the Northern Australia. Simulation results showed that the developed model is a viable planning and analytical tool for aiding future off-grid PV-to-diesel system integration applications, with R2 values ranging from 0.92 to 0.99 and mean relative errors below 5%. Lastly, the incorporation of both dynamic and ANN modelling techniques in a single model reduces modelling complexity whilst maintaining its accuracy and ease-of-use.
This study presents a multivariable linear generator which can convert wave energy directly into electrical energy. Based on the varying induction segment length over time, this study established an operational simulation of the multivariable linear generator while simultaneously constructing a multivariable generator device that considers the relationship between the number of vertical movements, the change in induction coils, the magnetic flux density, and other coefficients. Using finite element analysis, this study then analyzed the magnetic flux distribution for a single-stem linear generator and optimized the wiring. This method can be used to determine the wiring direction and coil thickness. The attraction between the magnet and the iron core is used to overcome the alternating magnetic fields, and linear motion with less stress is used to generate power. The generator developed in this study can generate 21.21W power in 0.36 square meters area. We built a low cost, simple structure and multi-purpose human kinetic energy linear generator first for demonstration.
MDMA is a psychoactive drug that has been increasingly abused worldwide, due to its entactogenic properties. However, concerns on its safety exist, particularly regarding its effects on attentional skills and performance. Evidence from the literature shows contrasting effects of MDMA. It generally acts as a pshychomotor stimulant, thus improving arousal and psychomotor function. However, MDMA has been demonstrated to negatively influence other skills. Consequently, human activities that require alertness, and accurate and quick reflexes (i.e. driving, operations at the workplace, etc.) could be negatively affected. In the present study, the effect of MDMA (0.1–20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on sensorimotor and startle/prepulse inhibition responses was evaluated in a controlled rodent experimental setting.
The dispersal of the biting midge and arbovirus vector Culicoides brevitarsis in the Bellinger, Macleay and Hastings river valleys and up the escarpment of the great dividing range (GDR) of mid-northern coastal New South Wales, Australia, from 1995 to 2003 was studied. The midge moved up these valleys from the endemic coastal plain in at least two waves between October and May, and both waves were modelled. Dispersal time can be explained by direct distance from the coast and the altitude of the sites. Dispersal times due to distance were similar at 18.2 ± 2.2 (S.D.) and 15.9 ± 2.6 weeks per 100km for first- and second-occurrences at fixed altitude. Time of the first wave was extended 0.48 ± 0.22 weeks for every 100-m rise in altitude and the second by 1.14 ± 0.24 weeks for every 100-m rise for a set distance. Although C. brevitarsis can move up the escarpment of the GDR (and possibly transmit virus), vector dispersal, survival and establishment at and beyond the top of the range are limited. A third model showed that previously described slower movement of C. brevitarsis up the more-southerly Hunter valley relative to movements down the coastal plain also was related to increasing altitude.
The present study investigated the abilities of left-hemisphere-damaged (LHD) non-fluent aphasic, right-hemisphere-damaged (RHD), and normal control individuals to access, in sentential biasing contexts, the multiple meanings of three types of ambiguous words, namely homonyms (e.g., “punch”), metonymies (e.g., “rabbit”), and metaphors (e.g., “star”). Furthermore, the predictions of the “suppression deficit” and “coarse semantic coding” hypotheses, which have been proposed to account for RH language function/dysfunction, were tested. Using an auditory semantic priming paradigm, ambiguous words were incorporated in dominant- or subordinate-biasing sentence-primes followed after a short (100ms) or long (1000ms) interstimulus interval (ISI) by dominant-meaning-related, subordinate-meaning-related or unrelated target words. For all three types of ambiguous words, both the effects of context and ISI were obvious in the performance of normal control subjects, who showed multiple meaning activation at the short ISI, but eventually, at the long ISI, contextually appropriate meaning selection. Largely similar performance was exhibited by the LHD non-fluent aphasic patients as well. In contrast, RHD patients showed limited effects of context, and no effects of the time-course of processing. In addition, although homonymous and metonymous words showed similar patterns of activation (i.e., both meanings were activated at both ISIs), RHD patients had difficulties activating the subordinate meanings of metaphors, suggesting a selective problem with figurative meanings. Although the present findings do not provide strong support for either the “coarse semantic coding” or the “suppression deficit” hypotheses, they are viewed as being more consistent with the latter, according to which RH damage leads to deficits suppressing alternative meanings of ambiguous words that become incompatible with the context.
Liquid disiloxanes functionalized with terminal nitrile groups are introduced as alternative non-volatile solvents for lithium-ion battery electrolytes in combination with LiTFSI as lithium salt. Two series of disiloxanes were investigated differing with respect to the attachment of the nitrile containing side group to silicon, i.e. via a Si–C or a Si–O bond. Total conductivities up to 1 mS cm−1 at 30 °C were measured by impedance spectroscopy. Electrochemical characterization was done on half cells using LiFePO4 cathodes by cyclic voltammetry and constant current cycling. Attractive issues and advantages of the investigated LiTFSI containing disiloxanes in comparison to current electrolyte solvents are: a) In spite of the presence of LiTFSI, the aluminum pitting corrosion is suppressed, b) the electrochemical stability window is extended on the cathode side up to 5.6 V vs. Li/Li+, for a LiTFSI concentration of 0.7 mol kg−1, c) the reported nitrile functionalized disiloxanes show excellent thermal stability with a boiling point up to 106 °C (0.1 mbar), a rather low glass transition temperature of −107 °C, while no melting/crystallization was observed.
We report carbon-coated porous silica macroparticles (SiO2@C) prepared using polymeric templates and subsequent carbonization with sucrose for improved electrochemical energy storage in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In addition, boron is introduced to improve the stability of electrochemical cells by pyrolyzing mixtures of sucrose and boric acid (SiO2@C + B) under inert atmosphere. The initially large surface area of porous SiO2 (SBET ∼ 658 m2 g−1) is reduced to 102 m2 g−1 after carbonization and introduction of boric acid. Surface of both SiO2@C and SiO2@C + B are covered with amorphous carbon. In particular, SiO2@C + B particles containing borosilicate (Si–O–B) phase and B–O bondings and Si–C–O bondings are also detected from the X-ray photoelectron spectra. The SiO2@C + B macroparticles shows high reversible charge capacity up to 503 mAh g−1 after 103 cycles of Li intercalation/de-intercalation although initial capacity was 200 mAh g−1. The improved charge capacity of SiO2@C + B is attributed to formation of advantageous microstructures induced from boric acid.
Energy storage has the potential to reduce the fuel consumption of ships by loading the engine(s) more efficiently. The exact effect of on-board energy storage depends on the ship functions, the configuration of the on-board power system and the energy management strategy. Previous research in this area consists of detailed modelling, design, and comparisons of specific on-board power systems for explicitly defined operational profiles. The necessary inputs for these studies are rarely known initially however, since the effect of energy storage on the fuel consumption is not necessarily always positive, it is essential to know the limitations of fuel savings obtained by an on-board energy storage early in the design stage. To that effect, the paper proposes a set of algebraic formulas for the equivalent specific fuel consumption of on-board power systems equipped with electrical energy storage, which give a quick estimation of the maximum fuel savings obtainable. Depending on the specific fuel consumption of the prime mover, the loading point of the system and the use scenario of the battery, relative efficiency improvements can vary between −48% and 57%. A set of design guidelines is also proposed based on the obtained results.
A novel polypyrrole (PPy) coated three-dimensional (3D) SnO2 nanotube arrays (SnO2@PPy) is synthesized via a template-assisted method followed by a chemical vapor-phase polymerization process as a high performance anode for lithium-ion batteries. In this new type electrode material, the hollow interiors of SnO2 are able to provide enough spaces for the accommodation of large volume expansion during the insertion of lithium-ion, making for the improvement of the stability of electrode. Meanwhile, the addition of conductive PPy layer could facilitate the electron transport, prevent the aggregation of active materials and warrant the stability of as-formed solid electrolyte interface (SEI) films. As a result, the integration of 3D hybrid nanostructure electrode is capable of retaining a high capacity of 646mAhg−1 after 150 cycles with a coulomb efficiency above 98% and a capacity retention of 221mAhg−1 even at a high current density of 5000mAg−1, revealing better cycling and rate properties compared with bare SnO2 nanotube arrays anode. This nanoengineering strategy can provide a facile and controllable way to synthesize other anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Thermal storage of lithiated graphite electrodes has been performed between 40 and 90°C for 8h to 3 weeks. The results were compared for two separators: Celgard 2402 and a microporous PVdF membrane. The effects of storage on the capacity losses have been discussed with respect to the passivation film on the graphite electrodes in contact with the electrolyte solution EC:DMC:DEC (2:2:1)–1M LiPF6. The capacity loss shows a thermally activated character, which has been related to transformations of the passivation film at moderate temperatures. At higher temperatures, reaction of the intercalated lithium takes place, controlled by Li+-ion diffusion. DSC measurements were performed on passivated and lithiated graphite electrodes. Two peaks could be distinguished. An effect of the elevated temperature storage on the intensity and onset temperature of the first peak in DSC is evidenced. This peak could be attributed to the transformation of the passivation film. The second peak is due to the diffusion of lithium ions and the subsequent reaction with the liquid electrolyte. The effect of washing the electrode with DMC was thoroughly investigated. Our results allowed to attribute the transformation of the passivation film upon DSC analysis to a reaction taking place in the presence of LiPF6.
Children and adolescents have the highest rates of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with mild TBI (mTBI) accounting for most of these injuries. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable and often suffer from post-injury symptomologies that may persist for months. We hypothesized that the combination of resveratrol (RES), prebiotic fiber (PBF), and omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) would be an effective therapeutic supplement for the mitigation of mTBI outcomes in the developing brain. Adolescent male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the supplement (3S) or control condition, which was followed by a mTBI or sham insult. A behavioral test battery designed to examine symptomologies commonly associated with mTBI was administered. Following the test battery, tissue was collected from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and primary auditory cortex for Golgi-Cox analysis of spine density, and for changes in expression of 6 genes (Aqp4, Gfap, Igf1, Nfl, Sirt1, and Tau). 3S treatment altered the behavioral performance of sham animals indicating that dietary manipulations modify premorbid characteristics. 3S treatment prevented injury-related deficits in the longer-term behavior measures, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) spine density, and levels of Aqp4, Gfap, Igf1, Nfl, and Sirt1 expression in the PFC. Although not fully protective, treatment with the supplement significantly improved post-mTBI function and warrants further investigation.
A NiO–graphene hybrid film with 3D hierarchically porous structure has been rationally designed and constructed through a series of controlled fabrication processes. Multilayered porous graphene sheet network with the pore size of several micrometers is created via a so-called “on-water spreading” method, which is facile, economical, efficient and scalable. Then, the cross-like NiO nanoflakes film is uniformly grown onto the porous graphene sheet framework by a chemical bath deposition. The NiO–graphene hybrid film exhibits specific capacitance of 540 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 with 80% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles in 2 M KOH aqueous solution, which is much higher than that achieved from the bare NiO nanoflakes film (370 F g−1, with 66% capacitance retention). Moreover, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements reveal that the NiO–graphene hybrid demonstrates enhanced reaction kinetics with about only 50% of respond time for NiO/NiOOH reaction and 79% of charge-transfer resistance compared with those of the bare NiO film. The proposed strategy could offer an effective way to fabricate graphene-based electrode materials for applications in various energy-storage devices.
The electrochemical insertion properties and safety characteristics of the alternative Li-ion positive electrode material, lithium iron sulfide (Li2FeS2) are presented. The active material is synthesized by a low cost, proprietary solid-state method. In terms of specific energy, the Li2FeS2 material offers a significant advantage over conventional lithium-ion positive electrode materials. The fully de-lithiated (charged) Li2−x FeS2 phase also demonstrates outstanding thermal stability suggesting that it may represent an excellent choice for safe, large format Li-ion battery applications.
A simplified physics-based model is developed to predict the performance of an LiFePO4 cathode at various operating and design conditions. Newman's full-order porous-electrode model is simplified using polynomial approximations for electrolyte variables at the electrode-level while a multi-particle model featuring variable solid-state diffusivity is employed at the particle level. The computational time of this reduced-order model is decreased by almost one order of magnitude compared to the full-order model without sacrificing the accuracy of the results. The model is general and can be used to expedite the simulation of any composite electrode with active-material particles of non-uniform properties (e.g., size, contact resistance, material chemistry etc.). In a broader perspective, this model is of practical value for electric vehicle power train simulations and battery management systems.
Cobalt oxide (CoO) thin film was prepared by the calcination of its precursor (Co(OH)2) electrodeposited in the Co(NO3)2 and NaNO3 aqueous solution. The characteristics of Co(OH)2 and CoO were analyzed by SEM, FTIR and XRD, respectively. The FTIR analysis revealed that the cobalt hydroxide was of the form α-Co(OH)2, which could be converted to β-type by immersing in KOH solution. The pure CoO could be obtained by calcining α-Co(OH)2 at a temperature greater than 500°C in high purity N2 atmosphere. Increasing the run number for electrodepositing α-Co(OH)2 from 2 to 6, the weight of α-Co(OH)2 and CoO decreased from 0.913 and 0.700mg to 0.750 and 0.525mg due to the decrease in the pH of the electrolyte with the run number. The grain size of CoO decreased from 12.88 to 6.98nm by decreasing the pH for preparing α-type precursor from 3.30–3.14 to 2.82–2.71. The morphologies of CoO and α-type precursor found from the SEM images were to be nano-fibrillar structures. Using CoO synthesized by calcining α-Co(OH)2 electrodeposited at pH 3.30–3.14 as the cathode, the maximum discharge capacity of Li/CoO coin cell was obtained to be 1589.4mAhg−1. The irreversible discharge capacity of the Li/CoO coin cells at the first cycle could be recovered in the following activation cycles.
A copolymer, polyacrylonitrile–methyl methacrylate P(AN–MMA), was synthesized by suspension polymerization with acrylonitrile (AN) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as monomers. With this copolymer, polymer membrane was prepared by phase inversion. The performances of the polymer were characterized by FTIR, SEM, DSC/TG, EIS and LSV. The copolymer contains CH2, CN and CO bonds, and shows its thermal stability up to 300°C. The polymer membrane has a porous structure with an average pore diameter of 0.5μm. The conductivity of the polymer electrolyte is 1.25mScm−1 at room temperature, and it is electrochemically stable up to 5V (vs. Li). Using the polymer electrolyte as the gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), the cell Li/GPE/LiCoO2 shows its cyclic stability as good as the cell with liquid electrolyte.