batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objectives: To compare older and younger Greek and English (U.S.) speakers on a battery of common neuropsychologic tests and to identify patterns of performance as a function of age and language. Design: Between-group experimental design. Setting: Standard clinical setting. Participants: 34 young native Greek speakers (age range, 16–46y; mean ± SD, 26.53±7.58y), 47 young English speakers (age range, 16–50y; mean, 25.62±5.8y), 26 older Greek speakers (age range, 55–90y; mean, 66.92±8.02y), and 32 older English speakers (age range, 55–92y; mean, 70.03±6.39y). Subjects were matched for sex and education. Interventions: A battery of common neuropsychologic tests administered in subjects’ native languages. Main Outcome Measures: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Trail-Making Test (TMT) parts A (TMT-A) and B (TMT-B), Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT), verbal fluency, digit span forward and backward, spatial span forward and backward, and logical memory from the Wechsler Memory Scale–III. Results: Older subjects performed 1 SD lower than younger subjects (MANOVA, α=.05) across languages. English subjects performed significantly better than Greek subjects on the MMSE (P=.001), digits forward (P=.001), digits backward (P=.002), TMT-A (P=.001), TMT-B (P=.001), semantic (P=.032), and phonemic fluency (P=.001), and logical memory (P=.001). Significant age by language interaction effects were found on the RAVLT (P=.01) and the RCFT (P=.026); older Greek subjects performed worse than the English subjects; no differences were found between younger Greek and English subjects. Conclusions: Language and culture affect neuropsychologic performance differently across age groups. Important considerations for assessing injury effects and rehabilitation efficacy will be discussed.
Extracellular matrix proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a crucial role in cell differentiation and synaptogenesis by modulating neurite outgrowth. The chondroitin sulfate (CS)-rich PG, the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase ζ/β (RPTPζ/β), has been related to neural morphogenesis and axon guidance. Hippocampal sclerosis is the most frequent pathologic finding in patients with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), which is associated with neuron loss, reactive gliosis, and mossy fiber sprouting. In the present study, we investigated the concentration of CS, heparan sulfate (HS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in the hippocampus and temporal neocortex as well as RPTPζ/β expression in the hippocampus of patients with MTLE. Compared to autopsy control tissue, epileptic hippocampi showed a significantly increased concentration of CS (224%; p=0.0109) and HA (146%; p=0.039). HS was instead similar to control values. No differences were found in the concentration of CS, HS, or HA in the temporal neocortex of epileptic patients when compared to control values. In contrast, RPTPζ/β immunoreactivity was induced in astrocytes of the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of the sclerotic hippocampus. Because matrix compounds have been associated with tissue injury and repair, the present findings suggest that changes in PGs and GAGs might be related to damage-induced gliosis and neuronal reorganization in the hippocampus of MTLE patients.
The cycle durability of electrodeposited Si-O-C composite anodes in glyme-based ionic liquid electrolytes, known as Li(G3)TFSI or Li(G4)TFSI (triglyme: G3 and tetraglyme: G4), which is one of the most promising electrolytes for sulfur cathode, was improved for use in lithium secondary batteries by using additives, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) or vinylene carbonate (VC). We revealed an importance of the activation process and the effects of additives in the Si-O-C composite anode. The capacity of the Si-O-C composite anode decreased with charge-discharge cycles in electrolytes without additives. Meanwhile, although the capacity retention in electrolytes with additives was improved by 10–20%, their initial capacity was smaller than those without additives. To solve the contradiction, an activation process, in which the Si-O-C composite anode was charged and discharged in electrolytes without additives, was introduced before charge-discharge cycles in electrolytes with additives. Owing to the optimized activation process, the initial capacity in electrolytes with additives showed as high as 1100–1300mAhg−1 as those without additives with better capacity retention. Therefore, the necessity to adequately generate an activation reaction and to form SEI derived from additives for the Si-O-C composite anode to have better charge-discharge performance was demonstrated.
Electroplated Sn thin films with a rough surface were prepared on a Cu foil by using an electroplating bath consisting of SnSO4, sulfuric acid, thiourea, and non-ionic surface-active agent (polyoxyethelen(8)octylphenylether) at room temperature. The apparent density of the thin film increased as increasing amounts of the non-ionic surface-active agent were added and it exhibited its maximum value at about 1mM. This suggests that the apparent density of the thin film was controlled by the amount of added non-ionic surface-active agent. In addition, the rough surface Sn thin films worked as negative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The discharge capacities of the thin film electrodes exhibited high values of over 700mAhg−1 but their cycle performance was poor. In contrast, Sn-based alloy thin film electrodes, containing intermetallic compounds of Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn, obtained by the heat treatment of the electroplated rough surface Sn thin films on the Cu foil, improved the cycle life of the Sn thin film electrodes compared with that prior to heat treatment. Intermetallic compounds of Cu6Sn5 and/or Cu3Sn formed into thin films should limit any great volume change caused by lithium insertion and extraction.
Rechargeable Zn/MnO2 alkaline batteries are a promising technology for grid storage applications since they are safe, low cost, and considered environmentally friendly. Here, a commercial ceramic sodium ion conductor which is impervious to zincate [Zn(OH)4 2−], a contributor to MnO2 cathode failure, is evaluated as the battery separator. As received, the ionic conductivity of this separator was measured with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to be 3.5 mS cm−1, while its thickness is 1.0 mm, resulting in large total membrane resistance of 25.3 Ω. Reducing the thickness of the ceramic to 0.5 mm provided for a decreased resistance of 9.8 Ω. Crossover experiments conducted using inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry measurements failed to measure any Zn(OH)4 2− transport indicating a diffusion coefficient that is at least two orders of magnitude less than that for the commercial cellophane and Celgard separators. For 5% DOD at a C/5 rate, the cycle lifetime was increased by over 22% using the 0.5 mm thick ceramic separator compared to traditional Celgard and cellophane separators. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction characterization of cycled electrodes showed limited amounts of zinc species on the cathode utilizing the ceramic separator, consistent with its prevention of Zn(OH)4 2− transport.
Herein, we measured the spatial distribution of the Li concentration and its mass transport processes in a porous graphite electrode in-situ. Insertion of Li into graphite changes the color of graphite by altering the visible light absorption; hence, we designed an optical electrochemical analog half-cell to enable direct real-time observations of the color change occurring during lithiation and delithiation. Using the relationship between the electrode color and Li concentration, we determined the distribution of the Li concentration in the electrode during intercalation. Our experimental results show that the distribution of the Li concentration was approximatively linear at the early stage of intercalation. As the Li content in the electrode increased, the distribution of the concentration became nonlinear and exhibited a ladder-like distribution owing to the effects of phase transformations. In addition, the time evolution of the Li concentration distribution curves was unsteady. On the basis of the distribution of the experimental concentration curves at different lithiation times, we determined the normalized overall lithium content within the electrode and its derivative over time (i.e., the Li mass transport rate). These results show that the overall lithium content increased nonlinearly over time. The Li transport rate decreased as the lithium content increased and fluctuated during phase transformation. On the basis of our experimental results, the effects of the Li concentration and the structural phase transformation on the Li transport rate are discussed.
A hybrid system for short-term energy storage has been developed. It includes lithium-ion batteries for steady operation and supercapacitors for transient operation. The store may be used in systems with renewable energy sources, in electric vehicles, and in uninterruptible or backup power supply systems for consumers drawing large currents. It may also be used for energy recuperation.
Natural graphite (NG) was sulfurized by heat-treating or by high energy ball-milling the blend of NG with sulfur powder. The effect of the surface functional groups, containing sulfur, on the performance of the NG anode for a lithium ion battery was then investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the sulfur was introduced onto the surface of NG in both of these methods. The results of scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed that the surface disorder of NG increased after sulfurization. Charge/discharge tests showed that the reversible capacity of the first cycle was increased after surface sulfurization and that the coulombic efficiency of the first cycle increased for the heat-treated sample but decreased for the ball-milled one. The change in the electrochemical performance was due to a number of factors including an increase in new active sites for lithium storage and an increase in surface area and increased disorder of the sulfurized NG samples.
Studies suggest that heightened peripheral inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. We investigated the effect of chronic social defeat stress, a mouse model of depression, on blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and infiltration of peripheral immune signals. We found reduced expression of the endothelial cell tight junction protein claudin-5 (Cldn5) and abnormal blood vessel morphology in nucleus accumbens (NAc) of stress-susceptible but not resilient mice. CLDN5 expression was also decreased in NAc of depressed patients. Cldn5 downregulation was sufficient to induce depression-like behaviors following subthreshold social stress whereas chronic antidepressant treatment rescued Cldn5 loss and promoted resilience. Reduced BBB integrity in NAc of stress-susceptible or mice injected with adeno-associated virus expressing shRNA against Cldn5 caused infiltration of the peripheral cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) into brain parenchyma and subsequent expression of depression-like behaviors. These findings suggest that chronic social stress alters BBB integrity through loss of tight junction protein Cldn5, promoting peripheral IL-6 passage across the BBB and depression.
Thin films of Mg2−x Al x Ni alloys have been prepared by magnetron sputtering, and the effects of partial substitution of Al for Mg on the electrochemical properties of the films were studied. EIS results indicate the rate-limiting process for the thin film hydride electrode is the charge transfer reaction during the process of total discharge. A theoretical model has been derived for the impedance of a thin film hydride electrode based upon the assumption that hydrogen diffusion is neglected in the electrode. The charge-transfer reaction rate at the electrode surface and hydrogen diffusivity in the Mg2−x Al x Ni thin film hydride electrodes were observed to initially decrease then increase with increasing Al content. Results from capacitance measurements indicate n-type semiconductor properties for the corrosion layer during the charge–discharge process. Hydrogen atom and OH− transfer became more difficult with increasing Al content until x =0.3, after which a significant drop in the barrier resistance was observed.
The electrical conductivity of alkali molten carbonates coexisting with γ-LiAlO2 powders have been measured by ac impedance method. The temperature and composition dependence of the electrical conductivity are investigated. The effects of the solid phase upon the ionic species are discussed. The electrical conductivity varies with the liquid content and drastically increases at ca. 30vol.%. The Arrhenius plot shows an increase of the electrical conductivity with increasing temperature. A significant value of the electrical conductivity below the salt melting point is observed. This indicates the existence of a non-frozen phase assuming conduction within the system. The activation energy increases with a decrease of apparent average thickness of the liquid layer. The influence of the solid system is conspicuous in Na2CO3 mixtures rather than in K2CO3 or Li2CO3 one. This shows that the order of magnitude of perturbations by the solid phase depends also on the cationic species associated within the system.
This study demonstrates a sulfur-based compound, di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) sulfite (DTFES), as a new solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) forming additive on mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB). When placed in the electrolyte, it can dramatically enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The capacity loss was significantly decreased from 17.4% to 6.3% after 100 charge-discharge cycles due to the addition of DTFES. Differential capacity (dQ/dV) versus voltage (V) analysis showed that DTFES was decomposed in advance versus to electrolyte solvents. The effects of DTFES were characterized by charge-discharge testing, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These results indicate that the SEI film formed on MCMB by DTFES plays an important role in LIBs performance. Their subsequent reaction pathways are proposed in the paper.
On-chip supercapacitors (SCs) hold the great promise as energy storage components integrated with silicon-based electronics. The target for improving the energy density is proposed to make SCs more competitive relative to batteries for on-chip applications. In this study, a novel approach is presented to fabricate a new class high energy SC electrode via compact integration of fullerene-like carbon decorated carbon nanotubes (FC-CNTs) regulated by the employed dry etched silicon taper nanorod (Si-TNR) scaffold. The involved dry reactive ion etching (RIE), electron-beam deposition (EBD), and atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) processing steps are fully compatible with the manufacturing techniques for silicon microelectronics, emphasizing the potential for practical mass production. The enhanced mass loading of carbon active material in specific footprint area (3mgcm−2) via compact integration, the design on highly interconnected FC-CNT network for excellent electronic transport property, as well as the meso-macro porous structure for rapid ion transportation, synergistically enable a remarkable areal capacitance without compromising the capability of rapid energy storage (192mFcm−2 at 1mVs− 1, 123mF cm−2 at 1000mVs− 1), representing the performance beyond the current state-of-the-art carbon based on-chip SCs.
Metal Selenide (GMS) has been considered to be a promising anode material as sodium ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high capacity based on the conversion mechanism. However, the phase of metal selenide will converse to the Na2Se during the sodiation process. The incompletely reversible conversion reaction between the Na2Se and metal selenide is a major problem that causing the decreased capacity during cycling. In this work, a systematic investigation of Graphene/Na2Se (G/NSe) interface structure effect on promoting reversible conversion were explored. The computational results show that N–S co doping systems possess the good balance performance on the thermodynamic and kinetic factors and thus show the best potential on promoting effect on reversible conversion of Na2Se.
Lithium-rich layered oxides having compositions of Li1+y M1−y O2 (M = Co, Mn, and Ni) have become attractive cathode materials for high energy density and high voltage lithium ion batteries for electric vehicle (EV) applications. However, their utility in EVs suffers from both voltage and capacity fade. The voltage fade is related to structural transformation in these lithium-rich oxides and must be thoroughly understood. In this work, we have utilized in situ X-ray diffraction in order to monitor these structural transformations during high voltage (4.8 V) cycling of a lithium- and manganese-rich Li1.2Co0.1Mn0.55Ni0.15O2 oxide cathode, which has not been reported previously. The lattice parameters of the cathode were monitored for first cycle and compared with the subsequent cycles. Based on our results, the c-lattice parameter increases during the course of initial charging and eventually decreases upon charging beyond 4.4 V, which verifies lithium extraction occurs from transition metal layers due to activation of Li2MnO3 phase at high-voltage. The fact that the a-lattice parameter remains constant at the first cycle plateau region indicates oxygen loss from the structure during first cycle charging which is attributed to irreversible capacity obtained from first cycle. For first and subsequent cycles, the c-lattice parameter increases during discharge up to 3.5 V and below 3.5 V, the decrease in those values was observed. After subsequent cycling, (440) cubic spinel reflections were observed during low voltage discharge process, which reveals a layer to spinel-like phase transformation in the lattice and is thought to be the reason for the observed voltage fade. A significant decrease in monoclinic phase was observed after subsequent cycles and is believed to contribute to the structural instability and capacity fade after repeated cycling.
Diagnosis of peri-prosthetic infection remains challenging, often requiring a combination of different tests.
Growing evidence suggests that decreased functional connectivity in cortical networks precedes clinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), although our knowledge about cerebral and biological correlates of this phenomenon is limited. To shed light on this issue, we have investigated whether resting-state oscillatory connectivity patterns in healthy older (HO) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) subjects are related to anatomical grey matter (GM) and functional (2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG)-PET) changes of neuroelectric sources of alpha rhythms, and/or to changes in plasma amyloid-beta (Aβ) and serum lipid levels, blood markers tied to AD pathogenesis and aging-related cognitive decline. We found that aMCI subjects showed decreased levels of cortical connectivity, reduced FDG-PET intake of the precuneus, and GM atrophy of the thalamus, together with higher levels of Aβ and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) compared to HO. Interestingly, levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were positively correlated with the strength of neural-phase coupling in aMCI subjects, and increased triglycerides accompanied bilateral GM loss in the precuneus of aMCI subjects. Together, these findings provide peripheral blood correlates of reduced resting-state cortical connectivity in aMCI, supported by anatomo-functional changes in cerebral sources of alpha rhythms. This framework constitutes an integrated approach to assess functional changes in cortical networks through neuroimaging and peripheral blood markers during early stages of neurodegeneration.
A new composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) containing a flame-retardant material, Mg(OH)2, is fabricated via a two-step process: porous poly(vinylidene-co-hexafluoropropylene) films composited with different Mg(OH)2 contents are first prepared via casting and extraction steps, and they are then impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. As the Mg(OH)2 content in the CPEs increases, their flame-retardant properties are greatly improved compared to those of the bare polymer electrolyte. Moreover, the better wettability of Mg(OH)2 toward a liquid electrolyte leads to higher ionic conductivities of CPEs, thereby resulting in a better rate capability in LiCoO2/graphite lithium-ion polymer batteries (LiPBs). However, the Mg(OH)2 content must be limited to less than 40wt% to maintain the mechanical properties of the corresponding CPEs.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used antidepressants, but the mechanisms by which they influence behavior are only partially resolved. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is necessary for some of the responses to SSRIs, but it is not known whether mature dentate gyrus granule cells (DG GCs) also contribute. We deleted the serotonin 1A receptor (5HT1AR, a receptor required for the SSRI response) specifically from DG GCs and found that the effects of the SSRI fluoxetine on behavior and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis were abolished. By contrast, mice lacking 5HT1ARs only in young adult-born GCs (abGCs) showed normal fluoxetine responses. Notably, 5HT1AR-deficient mice engineered to express functional 5HT1ARs only in DG GCs responded to fluoxetine, indicating that 5HT1ARs in DG GCs are sufficient to mediate an antidepressant response. Taken together, these data indicate that both mature DG GCs and young abGCs must be engaged for an antidepressant response.
Pore-rich graphene networks hold great promise as advanced supporting materials of metals and metal oxides for high electrochemical performance. In this work, a dual substrate-assisted reduction and assembly (DSARA) process has been devised and demonstrated as a general approach for the spontaneous reduction of graphene oxide, well-organized assembly of reduced graphene oxide into three-dimensional porous networks, and simultaneous functionalization of graphenes with metal-based nanocomponents on demand, including metals, metal oxides, metal/metal oxide hybrids or alloys. The newly designed process avoids the use of toxic reducing agents, multiple steps, and long reaction times, and offers a facile but powerful pathway to greatly enhance the merits of using pristine graphenes in energy-related applications such as lithium ion batteries, fuel cells, photoelectric conversion devices, and so on. Specifically, as an anode material in a lithium ion battery (LIB), the DSARA-produced RGO decorated with NiO/Ni nanohybrids presents a record capacity with a high charge–discharge rate compared to those reported so far for Ni based materials. PdPt alloy nanoparticles on 3D RGO generated by DSARA exhibits a highly efficient catalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells.