batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The optical microscopy, crystallinity and ion conductivity of PEO complexed with potassium iodide (KI) salt are present. The spherulite structure derived from polarized optical microscopy (POM) suggested the ion induces different spherulite structures from that without salt. The size of the spherulites decreases with increasing salt concentration and is completely destroyed with KI salt content of 20 wt% (O–K ratio 15:1). This result concurs with the X-ray diffraction and DSC studies, that PEO crystallinity is reduced upon addition of KI salt. Upon elevating the temperature, the POM micrographs elucidate degradation of the spherulite structure when smaller crystallites begin to melt before the melting temperature of SPE, and become completely opaque above PEO melting temperature (T m). The pseudo-activation energy derived from variable temperature conductivity measurements of about 0.24 eV is similar to that of PEO–lithium salt systems and suggested the identical PEO segmental motion governs the fundamental ion movement. Stable PEO–K complex (T m from 135 to 155°C) is formed after annealing at 120°C for 12 h. However, the conductivity is about one order smaller compared to lithium salt due to the shorter hopping distance of the heavier potassium ion.
A facile synthesis of mesoporous V2O5 nanosheets has been developed by a simple hydrothermal method and subsequent instantaneous heating and calcination. These V2O5 nanosheets exhibit ultrastable capacity retention at different current density, and also show excellent rate capability, maintaining a reversible capacity of 118 mA h g−1 at 6000 mA g−1 after 1000 cycles. The remarkable performance results from their unique mesoporous nanosheet structure as well as the presence of noticeable amount of tetravalent vanadium ions and the attendant oxygen vacancies in V2O5, which have substantially improved electronic-ionic transport and mitigated the internal mechanical stress induced by the volume variation of the material upon cycling. These results demonstrate the significant potential of mesoporous V2O5 nanosheets for high power and long life batteries. Moreover, the simple and general synthesis method is suitable for the preparation of a variety of electrode material with unique mesoporous nanostructure containing oxygen vacancies for electrochemical batteries and supercapacitors.
Because the commercialized graphitic carbon as an anode material is still limited by low capacities and poor long cyclic stability, new carbonaceous materials with good electrochemical performance are still needed to be sought. In the present work, a new fluorinated carbon material was obtained from natural black talc ore by HF acid-treating method. The influences of heat treatment on the composition, morphology and structure characteristics of the fluorinated carbon were investigated and possible fluorination/defluorination mechanisms were proposed. As an anode material for Li-ion battery, the electrochemical performance of the samples was greatly influenced by their surface characteristics. The fluorinated carbon showed high capacities of ∼756 mAh/g and ∼620 mAh/g at rate of 0.1 C and 0.2 C, which resulted from more active sites provided by plenty of fluoride groups on the surface of the fluorinated carbon. In contrast, the sample annealed at 800 °C exhibited relatively high capacity of ∼477 mAh/g at rate of 0.1 C with excellent rate performance due to its better electrical conductivity caused by the removal of the fluorine groups. The present work provides a new direction for the application of black talc and other similar natural minerals.
The paper examines contemporary issues surrounding the internet as a tool for promoting social inclusion. By means of case studies based on a photographic method we seek to unravel relationships between the social meanings associated with the sites of internet access and how the status of those viewing those sites influences how they are understood. Our approach is informed by the ideas of the Marxist intellectual Louis Althusser. For him dominant images circulate within society and these images impact upon how persons construct their identities and affiliations. For example, commercial advertisers seek to “recruit” us into the consumption of particular life-styles. The paper concludes with a discussion of how inclusivist policies should acknowledge the powerful effects of images in an individual’s decision-making. Images, it is suggested, inform how individuals regard the “landscapes” within which cyberspace is positioned for consumption.
Background Individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis have become a major focus for research designed to explore early predictors of transition to full psychosis. Characterizing differences in neurocognitive (NC) functioning between psychosis converters (CHR-C) and non-converters (CHR-NC) might contribute to the identification of specific NC predictors of psychosis onset. Therefore, the aim of the present meta-analysis was to compare the baseline NC performance between CHR-C and CHR-NC. Method PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, Embase and reference lists were searched for studies reporting baseline cognitive data of CHR-C and CHR-NC. Included NC tests were classified within the MATRICS – Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia – cognitive domains. Results Of 95 studies assessed for eligibility, 9 studies comprising 583 CHR subjects (N CHR-C=195, N CHR-NC=388) met all the inclusion criteria. CHR-C performed significantly worse compared to CHR-NC on 2 MATRICS domains namely working memory (ES=−0.29, 95% CI=−0.53 to −0.05) and visual learning (ES=−0.40, 95% CI=−0.68 to −0.13). For the remaining 4 domains (processing speed, attention/vigilance, verbal learning, reasoning/problem solving) no significant differences between CHR-C and CHR-NC were observed. Conclusion Based on the current meta-analytic data we might conclude that it is possible to differentiate between CHR-C and CHR-NC with respect to working memory and visual learning. The addition of visual learning and working memory tasks to psychosis regression models might contribute to the predictive power of these models.
Utilizing a combination of neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscience approaches may be essential for characterizing cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and eventually assessing cognitive outcomes. This study was designed to compare the stability of select exemplars for these approaches and their correlations in schizophrenia patients with stable treatment and clinical profiles. Reliability estimates for serial order processing were comparable to neuropsychological measures and indicate that experimental serial order processing measures may be less susceptible to practice effects than traditional neuropsychological measures. Correlations were moderate and consistent with a global cognitive factor. Exploratory analyses indicated a potentially critical role of the Met allele of the Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism in externally paced sequential recall. Experimental measures of serial order processing may reflect frontostriatal dysfunction and be a useful supplement to large neuropsychological batteries.
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have been regarded as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage systems owing to the high abundance and low cost of potassium. However, the large radius of the K-ion hinders the development of suitable electrode materials. In this work, we confine SnS2 in N,S co-doped carbon nanofibers as anode materials for PIBs with high reversible capacity (457.4 mA h g−1@0.05 A g−1), remarkable cycling stability (1000 cycles@2.0 A g−1), and superior rate capability (219.4 mA h g−1@5.0 A g−1), overmatching most of the reported studies. The origin of the high reversible capacity is revealed by in situ XRD techniques. The combined capacitive and diffusion-controlled behaviors are disentangled through consecutive CV measurements. Combining the Randles–Sevcik equation and dQ/dV plots, correlations between the K-ion storage behaviors and diffusion kinetics at various potassiation depths are constructed. Theoretical calculations on K adsorption affinities at various N,S co-doped sites illuminate the synergistic effects of the N,S co-doping strategy in boosting the K-ion transport kinetics. Moreover, foldable potassium-ion full cells are successfully assembled with stable cycling performance, showing application potential in flexible electronic devices. These findings will boost the rational design and mechanistic understanding of anode materials in PIBs and related energy storage devices.
By electroplating lead–tin alloys on a lightweight substrate material, such as glassy carbon, it is possible to obtain less dense electrodes with good contact between the active material and the substrate. The former is especially important for the lead–acid battery since it has relatively low energy density compared to many other battery systems. In order to obtain higher power densities for applications in, for example, electric or hybrid vehicles, the weight of the battery needs to be minimised. In the present investigation, the oxidation of electrodeposited lead–tin alloys in 5 M H2SO4 was studied as a function of tin concentration. The alloys were prepared by electrodeposition and the oxidation behaviour was studied by the means of cyclic voltammetry. Microstructural information on the deposited layer was obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results show that electrodeposited lead–tin alloys contain a supersaturated solid solution phase with up to 12 at.% Sn. Oxidation of this phase in 5 M H2SO4 leads to the formation of a PbO phase with increased conductivity compared to pure PbO. In addition, the amounts of PbO and PbO2 decrease with increasing amounts of tin in the alloy and for high tin alloys, where a bulk tin phase is present, no PbO phase is observed.
In general, detailed mechanistic models for fuel cell stacks that seek to capture the local transport phenomena are computationally expensive. In this context, we propose a hybrid modeling strategy, in which the steady-state conservation equations are solved iteratively in two separate groups: The first comprises asymptotically-reduced governing equations for momentum, mass, and species, which are solved as a transient-like propagation problem; the second comprises the full set of equations for energy and charge, which are solved as an elliptic stationary problem. Physically, the segregation is justified by the nature of the dependent variables; in essence, the first group covers local variables on the cell level and the second involves global variables on the stack level. We demonstrate the methodology for a steady-state detailed mechanistic model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack comprising 2 to 350 cells subjected to non-uniform operating conditions across the cells; e.g., a stack comprising 350 cells takes less than an hour to solve. The proposed methodology is generic and can also be employed for other systems where transport phenomena occur on different length scales and involve some form of slenderness.
The increasing development of renewable energy sources requires more flexible technologies to be applied in building energy systems and a flexible controlled resource for the power grid. This work focuses on investigating the flexibility potential of building thermal storage and battery energy storage. Firstly, an autoregressive model with exogenous inputs is proposed to forecast the dynamic cooling demand and, based on that, a mixed integer linear model is formulated to optimize the dispatch of building energy systems with minimal operating costs. A factory building located in Huizhou, China is used as a case study. The results show that the ARX model can accurately predict the thermal load hourly. The model’s level of fit is above 81%. The optimization objectives influence the development of the flexibility potential when building thermal storage and battery energy storage are considered. In this work, the economic objective is applied first to discuss the flexibility potential. The results show that, in this studied case, the operational cost decreased by 5.3% by using battery energy storage and further decreased by 4.0% by using building thermal storage. However, the results also reveal that unilaterally pursuing minimal operational costs results in larger peak valley difference of feeder power. The peak-valley difference of the feeder power increased from 714 kW to 1245 kW and 1689 kW respectively when the battery energy storage and building thermal storage were employed for the economic dispatch of the building energy system. Therefore, this work retests the flexibility potential of battery energy storage and building thermal storage by adding a constraint for feeder power difference. The results show that the operational costs can be still reduced greatly without damaging the stability of the power feeder.
Perturbation of metabolism elicits cellular stress which profoundly modulates the cellular proteome and thus protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Consequently, changes in the cellular proteome due to metabolic shift require adaptive mechanisms by molecular protein quality control. The mechanisms vitally controlling proteostasis embrace the entire life cycle of a protein involving translational control at the ribosome, chaperone-assisted native folding, and subcellular sorting as well as proteolysis by the proteasome or autophagy. While metabolic imbalance and proteostasis decline have been recognized as hallmarks of aging and age-associated diseases, both processes are largely considered independently. Here, we delineate how proteome stability is governed by insulin/IGF1 signaling (IIS), mechanistic target of Rapamycin (TOR), 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and NAD-dependent deacetylases (Sir2-like proteins known as sirtuins). This comprehensive overview is emphasizing the regulatory interconnection between central metabolic pathways and proteostasis, indicating the relevance of shared signaling nodes as targets for future therapeutic interventions.
Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with high gravimetric capacity and rate capability are a key strategy for the anode of a Li-ion battery, but they still pose a challenge for Li-ion storage due to limited conductivity and an inability to alleviate the volume change upon lithiation and delithiation. In this paper, we report the construction of a 3D architecture anode consisting of exfoliated 2D layered graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets (CN-rGO) by hydrothermal synthesis. First, bulk g-C3N4 is converted to nanosheets to increase the edge density of the inert basal planes since the edges act as active Li-storage sites. This unique 3D architecture, which consists of ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets sandwiched between conductive rGO networks, exhibits a capacity of 970mAhg−1 after 300 cycles, which is 15 fold higher than the bulk g-C3N4. The tuning of the intrinsic structural properties of bulk g-C3N4 by this simple bottom-up synthesis has rendered a 3D architectured material (CN-rGO) as an effective negative electrode for high energy storage applications.
Mechanical abuse often causes thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery (LIB). When a LIB cell is impacted, radial cracks can be formed in the current collector, separating the electrode into petals. As separator ruptures, the petals on positive and negative electrodes may contact each other, forming internal short circuit (ISC). In this study, we conducted an experimental investigation on LIB coin cells with current collectors modified by surface notches. Our testing results showed that as the current collector contained appropriate surface notches, the cracking mode of electrode in a damaged LIB cell could be adjusted. Particularly, if a complete circumferential crack was generated, the petals would be cut off, which drastically reduced the area of electrode involved in ISC and the associated heat generation rate. A parameterized study was performed to analysis various surface-notch configurations. We identified an efficient surface-notch design that consistently led to trivial temperature increase of ISC.
This work assesses the potential of electrified vehicles and mass reduction to reduce life cycle energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to account for processes upstream and downstream of the vehicle operation, thereby incorporating regional variation of energy and GHG emissions due to electricity production and distinct energy and GHG emissions due to conventional and lightweight materials. Design harmonization methods developed in previous work are applied to create baseline and lightweight vehicle models of an internal combustion vehicle (ICV), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Thus, each vehicle is designed to be functionally equivalent and incorporate the structural support required for heavier powertrains. Lightweight vehicles are designed using body-in-white (BIW) mass reduction scenarios with aluminum and advanced/high strength steel (A/HSS). For the mass reduction scenarios considered in this work, results indicate that the greatest life cycle energy and GHG emissions reductions occur when steel is replaced by aluminum. However, since A/HSS requires less energy to produce as compared to aluminum, the energy and GHG reductions per unit mass removed is greatest for A/HSS. Results of the design harmonization modeling method show that 0.2–0.3kg of structural support is required per unit increase in powertrain mass, thus extending previous methods.
Mobility and limited energy resources of nodes are the most critical attributes of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). The mobility of the nodes changes the network's topology in an unpredictable manner, which in turn, affects the stability of connected paths. In addition, it causes an excessive overhead traffic that leads to a higher energy consumption and degrades the performance of routing protocols. Therefore, a routing scheme in MANETs should comprise techniques that cope with challenges incurred by both the energy failures and node's mobility. In this paper, we proposed Multipath Battery and Mobility-Aware routing scheme (MBMA-OLSR) based on MP-OLSRv2. Specifically, the study exploits a Multi-Criteria Node Rank (MCNR) metric that comprises the residual battery energy and the speed of nodes. It aims to rank the stability of the links using a link assessment function and to select the most efficient and stable paths to the destination. Moreover, an Energy and Mobility Aware Multi-Point Relay (EMA-MPR) selection mechanism is introduced and utilized by the MBMA-OLSR to set the willingness of nodes to contribute as MPRs, for flooding topological information. We implemented the proposed scheme as an extension to the EXata network simulator. Benefits of the innovative scheme have been demonstrated and validated under various simulation scenarios based on different mobility parameters. The simulation results provided evidence of the effectiveness of our scheme, especially during the high mobility scenarios with heavy traffic load where it outperformed the conventional MP-OLSRv2 routing protocol in terms of QoS and energy related metrics.
Four graphene oxide samples with different oxygenated groups are prepared and characterized, and then employed as the additives in the negative active materials to investigate the effect of different oxygenated groups of graphene oxide on the H2 evolution performance of negative plates and the high-rate partial-state-of-charge cycle life of simulated lead-acid batteries. The results indicate that the H2 evolution and the reduction of PbSO4 processes are largely accelerated by the graphene oxide additives. An increase in CO groups (COH and COC) of graphene oxide can largely promote the H2 evolution process. The addition of the graphene oxide additives largely increases the surface area and total pore volume of the negative plates, meanwhile obviously increases the hydrophilicity of negative active materials to facilitate the diffusion of acid into the inner of the plate. The high-rate partial-state-of-charge cycle life of the simulated test cells containing the graphene oxide samples is prolonged significantly, and especially those containing graphene oxide with less CO groups and more carbonyl and carboxyl groups have the longest cycle life, which seems to be more appropriate as the additive of negative plates.
We report here a facile method to fabricate micro-nanostructured tin monoxide (SnO) at the smooth Sn electrode surface. Pompon-like and flower-like microspheres comprised of layered SnO nanoflakes can be prepared by anodic electrocrystallization under potential-controlled electrodissolution of Sn in a blank solution of NaOH. The effects of NaOH concentration, applied potential and polarization time on the formation of different SnO microspheres were investigated, and the electrocrystallization mechanism was discussed. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the micro-nanostructured SnO. The assembled films of microspheres or nanoflakes of SnO show lotus-like superhydrophobicity without any modification.
TiO2–B nanowires (20–40nm diameter) may be prepared in high yield by a simple synthetic procedure. Lithium may be intercalated up to Li0.91TiO2–B corresponding to a capacity of 305mAhg−1 and at a potential of 1.6V versus Li+ (1M)/Li. This can be compared with 160mAhg−1 for Li4Ti5O12 and 165mAhg−1 for TiO2-anatase. Following a small irreversible capacity on the first cycle, capacity retention is excellent corresponding to a fade of <0.1% per cycle at a rate of 50mAg−1. A capacity of 160mAhg−1 is sustained at a rate of 500mAg−1 in electrodes that were not optimised for rate capability. Results to date indicate that the small irreversible loss of capacity on the first cycle is not associated with a SEI layer.
Geographically, Confucian Asia is a small region of Asia, the world’s largest continent, stretching from the Middle East to the South Pacific islands. As a region in East Asia, it covers the seven countries of China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam, and one dependent territory, Hong Kong. Each of these societies is remarkable for various reasons. China is the world’s most populous nation and has the fastest growing economy on earth. The economies of Hong Kong and Taiwan are among the world’s most globalized economies. Japan is the second largest economy and the most rapidly aging nation in the world. South Korea is the most wired nation and the nation that builds the most ships in the world. Singapore is the world’s richest non-liberal democracy, and North Korea and Vietnam are two of the world’s five remaining communist countries. North Korea, quite unlike Vietnam, remains the poorest and most closed socialist economy in the world. These two underdeveloped socialist countries are not included in this volume.
The space blanket mitt which covered the Trek detector on Mir during four years of orbital flight has been measured for gamma radiation with HPGe and multidimensional spectrometers. Difference spectra from very-long-period spectrometer runs on the mitt and on a similar non-deployed mitt from the same manufacturer show that the mitt has acquired small but significant amounts of gamma radioactivity during orbital flight. Twelve gamma-ray peaks have been measured in the difference spectra, including peaks identified as due to 214Bi and 214Pb from the uranium–radium alpha decay series, and others possibly due to the uranium–actinium series. This implies the presence of a sparse population of uranium decay products in lower orbital space which can only have come from nuclear explosions, burned-up satellite nuclear batteries, the solar wind, or supernova fragments in the local interstellar medium.