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The synthesis and characterization of Mg-birnessite (MgxMnO2) with different crystallite sizes, prepared though low temperature precipitation and ion exchange was demonstrated. The influence of crystallite size on electrochemical performance of Mg-birnessite was studied for the first time, where material with smaller crystallite size was demonstrated to have enhanced capacity and rate capability in Li ion, Na ion, and Mg ion based electrolytes. Cation diffusion using GITT type testing demonstrated the ion diffusion coefficient of Mg2+ was ∼10× lower compared with Li+ and Na+. This work illustrates that tuning of inorganic materials properties can lead to significant enhancement of electrochemical performance in lithium, sodium as well as magnesium based batteries for materials such as Mg-birnessite and provides a deliberate approach to improve electrochemical performance.
Reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) sponge (GCNTS) is fabricated via a simple freeze drying of graphene oxide/CNTs mixed solution and subsequent thermal treatment in nitrogen atmosphere, and used as anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) for the first time. The morphology, structure and electrochemical performance of GCNTS are characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, galvanostatic charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that GCNTS with 20 wt % CNTs has a highest charge capacity of 436 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 50 mA g−1 and even at a high current density of 10 A g−1, a capacity of 195 mA h g−1 is maintained after 7440 cycles. The high capacity, excellent rate performance and long life cycling enable the GCNTS to be a promising candidate for practical SIBs.
Sodium ion batteries (SIB) have potential for large scale renewable energy storage due to geopolitical abundance of Na. However, the high capacity Na-ion anodes still suffer from poor cycling stability and low Coulombic efficiency (CE). Herein, uniform Sn4P3@C spheres were synthesized by a facile aerosol spray-pyrolysis-phosphidation method. By tuning the electrolyte, a reversible capacity of ~ 800mAh/g with an extremely low capacity decay rate of 0.09% per cycle was achieved with a record-high initial CE (> 90%) and high cyclic CE (~ 99.9%). The Sn4P3@C in the stable ether-based electrolyte shows the highest accumulated cycling capacities in the reported SIB anodes.
As the need for the development of “beyond lithium” ion battery technologies continues unabated, lithium sulfur batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their very high theoretical energy density of 2600 W h kg−1. However, despite much effort, the detailed reaction mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we have combined operando X-ray diffraction and X-ray microscopy along with X-ray tomography, to visualize the evolution of both the morphology and crystal structure of the materials during the entire battery cycling (discharging/charging) process. The dissolution and reformation of sulfur clusters is clearly observed during cycling. In addition, we demonstrate, for the first time, the critical role of current density and temperature in determining the size of both the resulting sulfur clusters and Li2S particles. This study provides new insights about promising avenues for the continued development of lithium sulfur batteries, which we believe may lead to their broad deployment and application.
Carefully designed solid-electrolyte interphases are required for stable, reversible and efficient electrochemical energy storage in batteries. We report that hybrid battery anodes created by depositing an electrochemically active metal (for example, Sn, In or Si) on a reactive alkali metal electrode by a facile ion-exchange chemistry lead to very high exchange currents and stable long-term performance of electrochemical cells based on Li and Na electrodes. By means of direct visualization and ex situ electrodeposition studies, Sn–Li anodes are shown to be stable at 3 mA cm−2 and 3 mAh cm−2. Prototype full cells in which the hybrid anodes are paired with high-loading LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2(NCA) cathodes are also reported. As a second demonstration, we create and study Sn–Na hybrid anodes and show that they can be cycled stably for more than 1,700 hours with minimal voltage divergence. Charge storage at the hybrid anodes is reported to involve a combination of alloying and electrodeposition reactions.
The electrochemical properties of annealed-LiCoO2 cathodes deposited on planar and trench structures by liquid-delivery metalorganic chemical vapor deposition are investigated for various deposition temperatures and input Li:Co mole ratios. With the planar structure, the best crystallinity of the films is obtained at a deposition temperature of 450°C and an input Li:Co mole ratio of 1.0. The deposition window for optimum initial discharge capacity and capacity retention is a deposition temperature of 450–500°C and an input Li:Co mole ratio of 1.0, and an input Li:Co mole ratio of 1.0–1.2 at a deposition temperature of 450°C. The initial discharge capacity and capacity retention of LiCoO2 thin films deposited with an input Li:Co mole ratio of 1.2 at 450°C are approximately 25μAh/cm2 μm and 77%, respectively. The initial discharge capacity of films deposited on a trench structure shows an increase of approximately 130% compared with that of films deposited on a planar structure with an input Li:Co mole ratio of 1.2. The rechargeabilities of films deposited in a trench structure are inferior to those in a planar structure because conformal growth in the trench structure is poor. Thus, a trench structure can improve the initial discharge capacity and capacity retention of lithium microbatteries.
The preparation of α-MnO2 nanotubes (M-NT) decorated with platinum nanoparticles (Pt/M-NT) by a simple reduction and mechanical stirring method is presented in this work, which aims to design a highly active catalyst for the Li–O2 battery. The obtained samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, and XPS techniques. The electrocatalytic performance of the prepared samples was evaluated by tracking the decomposition of Li2O2 during the charging process in a Li-O2 cell using in situ XRD and operando SR-PXD, which gave direct and time resolved information during the whole process. The results indicated that Pt nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed on the surface of M-NT. Even a small amount (1wt%) of Pt on M-NT did largely enhance the kinetics of the charging process. A cell with 5wt% Pt/M-NT showed the highest catalytic activity and lowest charging potential. The decomposition of Li2O2 during the charging process in a Li–O2 cell with 5wt% Pt/M-NT followed a zero-order reaction. This promoting effect from the supported nanocatalyst can be attributed to the high surface area, highly dispersed and uniform Pt deposition, and proper surface state modifications.
Due to the large requirement of portable consumer electronics in the present era, much efforts were devoted for the development of light weight, flexible and even wearable technologies. Here, CoFe2O4/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/polyaniline (PANI) (CCGP) composite is synthesised and efficiently utilized as negative electrode. Similarly, the prepared rod shape β-Co(OH)2 is served as positive electrode. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy results revealed the existence of covalent bond between rGO and PANI. This covalent bond enhances the fast charge carrier transfer that leads to improve the performance of CCGP. As well as the pores containg rod shape β-Co(OH)2 supports to access large amount electrolyte ions. Potential dependant charge storage mechanism is revealed from Power’s law for the charge storage of CCGP. Trasatti plot corroborates that CCGP provides more inner surface charge storage contribution than CoFe2O4 (CC) and CoFe2O4/rGO (CCG) electrodes. The fabricated hybrid fiber supercapacitor delivers a high length capacitance (1.41Fm−1), energy density (270×10−8 Whcm−1) and excellent cycling stability. Connecting two devices in series successfully powered the light emitting diode to glow, which reveals the good reliability of the device for energy storage applications.
HIV-1 Env pseudotyped viruses (PV) are an attractive tool for studying the antiviral activities of compounds interfering with virus entry into a target cell. To investigate whether results obtained in PV assays are relevant biologically, the antiviral activity of 6 reference compounds was compared on 5 virus isolates of different clades using three assays: (1) replicating virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), (2) PV in CD4 and CCR5- or CXCR4 co-receptor expressing Ghost cells, and (3) PV in PBMCs. A significant linear relationship was found between both single-cycle PV assays (P <0.0001, R 2 =0.75). Moreover, both assays showed enhanced sensitivity to the antiretrovirals tested (P =0.013 and 0.015, respectively) as compared to the PBMC assay with replication-competent virus. Most importantly, results from the latter assay could be predicted significantly from both PV assays, in which either Ghost target cells (P <0.0001, R 2 =0.61) or PBMCs (P <0.0001, R 2 =0.55) were used. The usefulness of the PV assay was demonstrated further by investigating the impact of the HIV-1 Env subtype on the antiviral activity of five new compounds derived from the entry inhibitor BMS806.
Résumé La réalisation d’un bilan neuropsychologique auprès de patients atteints de SLA n’est que très récente et cela tient probablement au fait que cette maladie a longtemps été considérée comme n’ayant pas de conséquence sur le fonctionnement cognitif global des malades. Pourtant, depuis une dizaine d’années, on voit apparaître un nombre croissant d’études rapportant une possible altération des fonctions supérieures chez le patient SLA, altération qui semble étroitement liée à une atteinte frontale en regard des études de neuro-imagerie et des difficultés exécutives repérées. Toutefois, la présence de déficits cognitifs n’est pas l’apanage de tous les patients SLA et l’atteinte cognitive et comportementale apparaît comme étant beaucoup moins sévère que dans les formes de démences fronto-temporales associant un tableau de SLA. Les études répertoriées dans ce travail posent essentiellement la question d’une atteinte cognitive au sein de la population SLA mais pour la plupart, elles ne tentent pas de fournir un moyen d’investigation complet du fonctionnement cognitif du patient.
We provide the first joint evidence on the relationship between individuals' cognitive abilities, their personality and earnings for Germany. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, we employ scores from an ultra-short IQ-test and a set of measures of personality traits, namely locus of control, reciprocity and all basic items from the Five Factor Personality Inventory. Our estimates suggest a positive effect of so-called fluid intelligence or speed of cognition on males' wages only. Findings for personality traits are more heterogeneous. However, there is a robust wage penalty for an external locus of control for both men and women.
The synthesis and processing of fine-grained Li7−3x La3Zr2Al x O12 (x = 0.15, 0.17, 0.20) solid electrolyte (LLZO) is performed for the first time using a combination of nebulized spray pyrolysis (NSP) and field assisted sintering technique (FAST). Using FAST, the grain growth is suppressed and highly dense ceramics with 93% of the theoretical density are obtained. A tetragonal lattice distortion is observed after the sintering process. Although this structural modification has been reported to have lower Li-ion mobility compared to the cubic modification, the total conductivity of the sample at room temperature is found to be 0.33 mS cm−1, i.e. comparable to phase-pure cubic LLZO. The activation energy of 0.38 eV is also comparable to the literature values. Galvanostatic cycling of a symmetrical cell Li|LLZO|Li shows a good cycling stability over 100 h. The interfacial resistance in contact with Li-metal is determined using alternating current impedance spectroscopy to be 76 Ω cm2 and 69 Ω cm2 before and after cycling at different current densities, respectively.
Electrolytic manganese anode slime (EMAS) is a solid waste found in the anode chamber during the production of electrolytic manganese metal, which mainly contains high concentration of manganese and other impurities. In EMAS, γ-MnO2 and δ-MnO2 turned into α-MnO2 after calcination, and the oxide can be dissolved by pickling. The results showed that the specific surface area of EMAS increased from 33.11m2·g−1 to 93.53m2·g−1, and the micropore volume increased from 0.0129cm3·g−1 to 0.0362cm3·g−1, as well as the specific capacity and the Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) of EMAS were 249.65 mAh·g−1 and 1.60V, respectively, under the condition of calcination temperature 400°C, calcination time 1h, sulfuric acid 1mol·L−1, pickling temperature 25°C, pickling time 0.5h, and liquid-to-solid ratio 8:1.
Although C/SiOx (0 < x ≤ 2) composites are considered promising candidates as next-generation anode materials, their lower initial Coulombic efficiency and poor cycling stability seriously limit their commercial applications. In this study, a smooth porous Al2O3 protective layer containing pure Al is introduced onto the surfaces of porous C/SiO2 composites and the inside walls of their pores to prepare Al-doped porous C/SiO2 composites via a high-temperature solid-state method. This porous Al/Al2O3 two-phase network, ∼4 nm in thickness, is effective in obstructing the formation of a thick solid-electrolyte interface film and the dissolution of electrode materials by HF during cycling, thus significantly heightening the initial Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability of the porous C/SiO2 electrode. The pure Al nanoparticles in this Al/Al2O3 nanonetwork also enhance the electronic conductivity of the Al2O3 protective layer. When used as anode materials for Li-ion batteries, the resulting composites deliver a reversible specific capacity of 1385 mAh/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g, with an improved initial Coulombic efficiency of 80.47%, compared to that of porous C/SiO2 (41.90%). Even at 1.6 A/g, the specific capacity is also maintained at 583.1 mAh/g with a capacity loss of only 4.08% after 1200 cycles.
A comprehensive electrochemical impedance study is conducted on LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 electrode material as a function of state-of-charge and aging. Electrodes are harvested from four commercial batteries with different state-of-health conditions. Odd random phase electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the symmetric cell approach are applied in this work in order to obtain reliable impedance results. An equivalent electrical circuit model is constructed. The parameters related to the generalized finite-space Warburg element, the CPE element and the charge transfer resistance are further interpreted. Valuable information is obtained and closely linked to the physical phenomena. The charge transfer resistance has been proved to be the most reliable parameter for the estimation of state-of-health.
In this study, the interplay between the electrochemical behavior, structural modifications and volumetric changes of graphite-based negative electrodes for sodium ion batteries is evaluated. The electrolyte solvents chosen for this study are ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DME), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TriGDME), and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) while the salt is sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaOTf). The volume changes undergone upon co-(de)intercalation of the [Na-solvent]+ complexes are systematically investigated by means of in situ electrochemical dilatometry and correlated to the structural modification of the graphite crystalline lattice as detected by in situ X-ray diffraction. The expected staging mechanism upon co-intercalation, leading to the formation of stage-I graphite intercalation compound, is observed with all electrolytes. However, the various solvents play a substantial role on the reversibility of such structural changes in the first cycle. The effect of temperature is also investigated showing that the most stable electrochemical performance is observed with the TEGDME at room temperature, but with TriGDME at higher temperatures. Nonetheless, post-mortem scanning electron microscopy suggests that the surface layer forming after the first sodiation may dissolve in the following de-sodiation.
High penetration (HP) Wind Diesel Hybrid Systems (WDHS) have three modes of operation: Diesel Only (DO), Wind Diesel (WD) and Wind Only (WO). The HP-WDHS presented in this article consists of a Wind Turbine Generator (WTG), a Diesel Generator (DG), the consumer Load, a Ni–Cd Battery based Energy Storage System (BESS), a discrete Dump Load (DL) and a Distributed Control System (DCS). The DG includes a friction clutch which allows the Diesel Engine (DE) to be engaged (DO and WD modes)/disengaged (WO mode) to the Synchronous Machine (SM). The DCS consists of a sensor node which measures the SM speed and active power, calculates the reference active power P REF necessary to balance the active power in the WDHS and communicates this P REF value through a message to the BESS and DL actuator nodes. In the WD mode both the DG and WTG supply active power to the system and the DE speed governor regulates the system frequency. However in an HP-WDHS the power produced by the WTG (P T) can be greater than the one consumed by the load (P L). This situation means a negative power in the DG (power inversion) with its speed governor unable to regulate frequency. To avoid this situation, the DCS must order coordinated power consumption to the BESS and DL in order to keep the DG produced power positive. In this article it is shown by simulation how the DCS manages both a temporary power inversion and a permanent one with the mandatory transition from WD to WO mode. The presented graphs for frequency, voltage, active powers of the system elements and battery voltage/current show the effectiveness of the designed control.
Many patients with suspected meningitis do not require hospitalization yet are admitted, often resulting in unnecessary care and additional cost. We assessed the possible economic impact of a rapid multiplex test for suspected adult community-acquired meningitis/encephalitis.
In this paper, cyclability of perovskite-type electrode material, Li x La1/3NbO3 for lithium ion battery has been investigated. In the case of operation voltage at 3.0–1.25V, good cyclability was observed and ascribed to the small cell volume change during the lithium insertion/removal process. In situ Nb K-edge X-ray absorption spectra suggested that no significant change in volume were caused by internal structural relaxation of NbO6 octahedron tilting. On the other hand, the capacity gradually decreased with lithium insertion/removal cycle under the operation voltage of 3.0–0.8V. From the structural study using X-ray diffraction and Nb K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure techniques, excess lithium insertion into perovskite structure lead to local distortion around NbO bond, and the cell volume increased slightly. These results imply internal relaxation of NbO6 octahedra play a crucial role in cyclability.
The aim of this manuscript is to develop a combined method for the detection and remediation of Pb2+ species in aqueous environment. The electrocoagulation (EC) process of Pb2+ has been studied, using an electrolytic flow cell equipped with Al sacrificial electrodes and by working under galvanostatic conditions (by applying currents of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75A). The concentration of Pb2+ during EC was monitored by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (AdSV) and data were also confirmed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The experimental results of EC showed that the performances of the process slightly depend on the applied current; a complete removal of the pollutant is obtained in all cases, however with different treatment times (90, 75 and 45min for 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75A, respectively). Furthermore, the AdSV, when compared with the AAS, has shown that the electroanalytical approach represents a fast and quite reliable alternative for monitoring heavy metal remediation applications.
Lammi MH, Smith VH, Tate RL, Taylor CM. The minimally conscious state and recovery potential: a follow-up study 2 to 5 years after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:746–54. Objective To document recovery in persons who were in the minimally conscious state (MCS) for at least 1 month after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Patient series. Setting Participants who had been discharged from an inpatient rehabilitation unit. Participants Eighteen people with TBI and their relatives. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Western Neuro Sensory Stimulation Profile, Disability Rating Scale (DRS), FIM instrument, Dementia Rating Scale, and Sydney Psychosocial Reintegration Scale (SPRS). Results Level of functioning at follow-up varied from extremely severe disability or greater on the DRS (n=4) to mild disability (n=1). These outcomes were corroborated by results of the FIM and the Dementia Rating Scale. All participants experienced some (44%) or major (56%) change in their level of psychosocial functioning on the SPRS compared with their preinjury level. There were no significant correlations between duration of time in the MCS and outcome on FIM, DRS, or SPRS. Conclusions These results highlight the heterogeneity of outcome even after a prolonged duration of MCS after TBI. A large proportion of the patients was functionally independent in basic daily activities, although all experienced residual impairments and disabilities. The low correlation coefficients between duration of MCS and the outcome measures suggest that prognostic statements based on length of time a person is in the MCS cannot be made with confidence.
This manuscript presents binder and conducting additive free Silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) as anodes for lithium-ion batteries. The Si-NPs are pressure embed onto copper foil current collector without using any organic binder or conductive carbon additive. It presents physical and structural studies by XRD, SEM, Raman, TEM and electrochemical performance of Si-NPs by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling. Binder-free Si-NP electrodes exhibit an initial reversible capacity of 950 mAh g−1 at C/10 rate and more than 650 mAh g−1 during 500 cycles at C/2 rate. The electrodes shows excellent rate capability (800 mAh g−1 at 5 C rate) and cycling stability, because of available free space for volume change during cycling of silicon NPs without pulverization. The binder-free anode fabrication enables Si-NPs to obtain the real capacity of silicon without any interference of capacity contribution from composite materials.
This work introduces a novel concept of sulfide heave to account for cathode deterioration in LiS pouch cell. Caused by the repeated sulfur segregation and sequent lithiation, sulfide heave leads to cavity formation in electrode-layer during cycling. Pressurizing cathode successfully suppresses sulfide heaving, achieving high and stable areal energy density. The pressurized cathode with sulfur loading of 90 wt% demonstrates an energy density of 11.7 mW h cm−2 and retains 8.4 mW h cm−2 after 900 cycles at 0.2C under 600 kg cm−2. When increasing the areal S-loading up to 15.125 mg cm−2, a stable areal energy density of 19.24 mW h cm−2 is reached, which is 1.7 times as high as that of cathodes in current Li-ion batteries.