batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This study used standardized assessments to evaluate the association between childhood maltreatment (i.e., emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and emotional and physical neglect) and Axis I and II psychiatric disorders in patients presenting for bariatric surgery.
Cells of Escherichia coli that survived pressure treatment at 400 MPa showed increased sensitivity to sodium deoxycholate or sodium chloride in the plating medium, implying that homeostatic or barrier functions associated with outer and cytoplasmic membranes, respectively, were impaired. Repair of such sublethal membrane damage occurred when cells were incubated at 37 °C in tryptone soya broth. Inhibitor studies indicated that repair of cytoplasmic membrane damage was energy-dependent and required RNA and protein synthesis, whereas repair of outer membrane damage occurred with no requirement for energy or RNA or protein synthesis.
A three-dimensional hybrid nanostructure incorporating the merits of the MWCNTs webs (MWCNTs-W) and the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is designed to improve the high-rate cycling performance of the lithium-sulfur batteries. Owing to the excellent Li+ ion and electronic transport properties of the MWCNTs-W and the RGO, this unique structure can provide a three-dimensional conductive network and promote rapid charge-transfer reaction at the cathode. Furthermore, because of the rough surface and porous structure of the MWCNTs after activation with KOH, and the special adsorption ability of the RGO, the soluble polysulfide intermediates can be effectively trapped in the cathode. Therefore, when evaluating the electrochemical properties of the RGO@MWCNTs-W/S composite as the cathode material for lithium-sulfur batteries, it exhibits an excellent cyclical stability and high rate performance. In particular, even at an ultrahigh rate (5 C), a discharge capacity as high as 620 mAh g−1 is still retained for the RGO@MWCNTs-W/S composite with 68.93 wt% sulfur after 200 cycles, and the average coulombic efficiency is 96%.
An all-solid-state lithium ion battery was constructed with a screen-printing process using Nb doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZONb) as the solid electrolyte and Li3BO3 (LBO) as a solid electrolyte within the cathode layer. LBO is a lithium ion conductor that is chemically stable with the LiCoO2 (LCO) active cathode material and LLZONb. Sufficient interface contact between the cathode layer and the LLZONb solid electrolyte can be easily achieved with sintering LBO into the cathode layer by an annealing process. The resultant battery exhibited good electrochemical performance and a lower interfacial resistance comparable with that of lithium ion batteries with liquid organic electrolytes.
The effect of charge–discharge cycling on the capacity of surface-adhered nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) micro-particles is investigated in aqueous KOH by cyclic voltammetry, and compared with that for pasted nickel hydroxide electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry on adhered Ni(OH)2 micro-particles enables rapid screening of four types of commercially available, battery-grade, nickel hydroxide samples and allows the separation of the oxidation process from the oxygen evolution reaction. With large pasted electrodes, due to their high uncompensated resistance (R u), these processes are poorly resolved. Pasted β-nickel hydroxide electrodes with a specific capacity of between 190 and 210mAhg−1 are charged and discharged at constant currents greater than 15C (18mAcm−2). With no voltage limit in the charging profile, excess oxygen evolution occurs and capacity fading is observed within the first 50 cycles. Loss of capacity is attributed to the degradation of the electrode due to excess oxygen evolution at switching potentials greater than 0.55V versus Hg/HgO (1M KOH). X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirm the formation of γ-NiOOH in these electrodes. Limiting the cell voltage to 1.5V, and thereby minimizing oxygen evolution, results in no observed capacity loss within 100 cycles, and only β-Ni(OH)2 can be detected by XRD phase analysis.
In this Perspective, recent progress on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on cyclic tetrapyrrole type sensitizers including porphyrins, (bacterio)chlorins, and phthalocyanines has been reviewed. Cyclic tetrapyrrole type molecules have been studied extensively with respect to their photochemical and photophysical properties as well as to various applications. The photophysical properties of tetrapyrrole molecules can be readily controlled upon molecularly structural modification. Their low-lying singlet states are also suitable for studying excited state dynamics in the electron donor–acceptor systems. Here, we selected the most representative porphyrin, (bacterio)chlorin, and phthalocyanine sensitizers to discuss how those structural modifications on the cyclic tetrapyrrole rings affect the performance of DSSCs. The most important factors that strictly determine the power conversion efficiencies of DSSCs based on tetrapyrrole type sensitizers are also discussed in detail.
Iron titanate (Fe2TiO5) is a promising photoanode material due to a narrow band gap, appropriate band edges, robustness and abundance. However, its performance is limited because of its low conductivity and short hole diffusion length. Precisely controlled, a few Fe2TiO5 layers of inverse opal structure (IOS) is fabricated via a layer-by-layer self-assembly and then treated by hybrid microwave annealing to produce a highly crystalline, yet IOS morphology-preserved Fe2TiO5 photoanode film for solar water splitting. The highly transparent Fe2TiO5 IOS film shows a greatly enhanced visible light harvesting, higher density of catalytically more active crystal planes, and many single crystalline nanoplates grown on the IOS architecture, relative to a reference planar film prepared under similar conditions. As a result, the optimized ‘exactly’ three Fe2TiO5 layers IOS electrode with a sacrificial gallium oxide underlayer and a ternary (Ni2CoFe)OOH co-catalyst records 2.08 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE under 1 sun (100 mW cm−2) irradiation, which is the highest photocurrent density produced by Fe2TiO5 photoanode up to date.
Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are to be the next household electrical appliance in a smart grid environment. This is beside the growth of electrical vehicles with lithium-ion batteries. However, these batteries are yet to prove their performances in the household sector. This paper presents the performances of a small household scale battery energy storage system with a lithium-ion battery pack and a single-phase ac-dc inverter. Results of a list of tests conducted in a lab environment are presented explaining the test procedures and results. Test results show that the considered BESS is suitable for daily cycling applications but has low efficiencies at the rated power operations. Converter losses contribute to the low efficiency of the considered BESS. The BESS is more efficient in lower power (lower than rated) operations. However, the effects of the current harmonics need to be considered when it is operated with other appliances.
In this study we have investigated how different regulatory frameworks in Europe cope with identification and risk assessment of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Four regulatory groups were selected for the investigation: existing industrial chemicals, environmental pollutants in food, pharmaceuticals and plant protection products. The legislation and guidelines for each of these groups were scrutinized and compared in detail. In addition, one recent European risk assessment document each for three identified EDCs, i.e. bisphenol A, dioxins and vinclozolin, were reviewed and compared. We found that the requirements for toxicity testing and availability and scope of risk assessment guidelines varied between the four regulatory frameworks. Also, the general principles regarding the human relevance of the mode of action identified in animal tests differed in the different risk assessments. In conclusion, there is little conformity in the risk assessment processes between these groups of chemicals. Because of the complicated nature of endocrine disruption, test methods, principles and criteria for data interpretation traditionally used might not be directly applicable to EDCs and further development of a transparent and reliable risk assessment process for this type of substances is needed.
Battery electrodes are complex mesoscale systems comprised of an active material, conductive agent, current collector, and polymeric binder. Previous work showed that introduction of poly [3-(potassium-4-butanoate) thiophene] (PPBT) as a binder component coupled with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface coating on magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles enhanced electron and ion transport in the high capacity anode system. Here, the impact of Fe3O4 crystallite size (10 nm vs. 20 nm) and surface chemistry were explored to evaluate their effects on interfacial interactions within the composite PEG/PPBT based electrodes and resultant battery performance. The Fe3O4 synthesis methods inevitably lead to differences in surface chemistry. For instance, the Fe3O4 particles synthesized using ammonium hydroxide appeared more dispersed, and afforded improved rate capability performance. Notably, chemical interactions between the active nanoparticles and PPBT binder were only seen with particles synthesized using triethylamine. Capacity retention and cycling performance were unaffected. This study provides fundamental insights into the significant impact of active material synthesis on the design and fabrication of composite battery electrodes.
Intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) represent a special class of weak materials with electronic and ionic conductivity. Chemical and physical properties are dependent on their redox state. These properties allow a wide application as functional coatings. At constant film conditions, ICPs can be used in the dry or wet state due to their electronic conductivity, due to their porous structure or due to their processibility in microstructuring processes. The production of conducting electrodes on electrolyte condensers and the through hole plating of printed circuit boards (PCBs) represent typical examples. In sensors and membranes, the pore structure is applied. The application of variable properties, however, is of much greater interest. It is based on the change of charge, electronic states, chemical composition and mechanical properties during the reversible redox process. In contrast to original expectations, small intercalation factors hinder the application in batteries or supercaps. For OLEDs, however, most problems seem to be solved. Application of switching hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties is proved for offset printing but not yet applied. Usually, the anodic doping is investigated. The correspondent cathodic doping opens additional applications. The application of ICPs in functional coatings requires special properties such as fast response (e.g. in ms), stability for 103 cycles for batteries and 106 switches for displays, and a constant potential of discharge for batteries. Moreover, the stability against corrosion, overoxidation and delamination has to be guaranteed. Chemical modification of the monomer allows wide variations of properties, but economic requirements limit the price of the monomer and, thereby, the thickness or quality of the coating.
Binder-free Ni/NiO microwire hybrid network with a nanostructured surface is synthesized by employing a facile and low-cost method, involving one-pot synthesis of Ni microwires, followed by their partial oxidation in air atmosphere. A combination of imaging, diffraction, thermodynamic and electrochemical methods has been applied to reveal the impact of the synthesis conditions on the energy storage performance of the Ni/NiO microwire networks. The thermal conditions for the synthesis have been optimized by means of thermogravimetric (TGA/DSC) analysis, where an appropriate temperature (T = 400 °C) for obtaining a low-defect NiO phase has been determined. The performed electrochemical characterisation of the materials has shown that setting a low temperature for the synthesis enables high reversible capacity and better cycling stability of the binder-free materials. When the Ni/NiO network structures are deposited by a conventional slurry-based technology, involving polymer binder and conductive additive, the high capacity and cycling stability of the anodes are preserved, independent of the temperature conditions of synthesis. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is applied to support the interpretation of our results.
Photovoltaic generation and electric mobility are disruptive technologies in the power and transport sectors, and both pose challenges for power grids. The scholarship has focused on potential synergies when these two technologies are combined, and recent research shows that interactions between photovoltaic generation and electric mobility could decrease the overall burden on power grids, and empower one technology with the other's specificities. Electric vehicles (EV) could use photovoltaic energy (PV) and benefit from cheap carbon-free electricity for charging. In return, PV systems could use the bi-directional flexibility of EV batteries to maximize their self-consumption. As these synergies operate, economic spillovers from these technologies are expected to improve, thus further leveraging their joint deployment. Here we develop a systematic framework to review the various underlying conditions for synergy as they have been studied in the literature. It emerges that this synergy is driven by technical as well as economic factors. First, it happens in the mid-scale spatial configuration (large workplace buildings and charging stations) and less obviously at other scales (eg. households, territories) and in technologically diversified systems. Second, although under-studied in the literature, the economic context (level of cooperation between stakeholders, regulation and policy, etc.) of interactions between PV and EV is crucial for successful synergy. Finally, we identify several remaining issues with these conditions that warrant further research.
Herein we report the successful use of a polyisoindigo derivative (P(iso)) as a new conductive binder inside electrode formulations containing silicon nanoparticles covered with a carbon shell (Si@C) for Li-ion batteries. The expected role of the carbon shell is to stabilize the Solid Electrolyte Interphase layer (SEI) to prevent it from cracking under nanoparticle volume variations during lithiation processes. The P(iso) conducting polymer is used to act both as mechanical binder and n-type conductive component in replacement of usual carbonaceous additive materials. Ultimately, the cumulative contributions of both materials inside a two-electrode component formulation (Si@CP(iso)) aim to address the stability drawbacks commonly faced by silicon electrodes. Physico-chemical characterizations revealed that the Si@C nanoparticles are uniformly embedded inside the polymeric matrix. Electrochemical measurements in half-cells clearly show the formation of LiSi alloys during cycling. Moreover specific capacities up to 1400 mAh/g with a remarkable stability until 500 cycles have been achieved, proving this conductive polymer to be a valid alternative to classical polymeric binders mixed with carbonaceous additives. These very promising results highlight the use of this polyisoindigo family as new conductive binders inside Si@C electrode formulations for Li-ion battery applications.
Objective To describe cognition among individuals with new amputations at 3 time points: presurgical, 6 weeks postamputation, and 4 months postamputation. Design Prospective cohort. Setting Medical centers. Participants Referred sample Veterans who were primarily men (N=80) experiencing their first lower extremity amputation as a result of complications of diabetes mellitus or peripheral arterial disease. Patients were screened for the absence of gross cognitive impairment using the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ). Of those 87 individuals who were eligible, 64% enrolled; 29 were enrolled presurgically and have cognitive data for all 3 time points, and 58 were enrolled postamputation. Eighty of the 87 individuals enrolled by 6 weeks remained enrolled at 4 months. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Demographic and general health information, general mental status (SPMSQ), and 4 brief, well-established neuropsychological measures. Results Most mean neuropsychological test scores fell in the low average or average range. For most participants, overall cognitive status improved from pre- to postsurgery and then remained stable between 6 weeks and 4 months. There were significant improvements between pre- and postsurgical test scores in verbal learning and memory, and these remained unchanged between 6 weeks and 4 months. Better 4 month cognitive performance was associated with higher perceived general health. Conclusions Overall cognitive performance is poorest presurgically. Though there is improvement between pre- and postamputation, cognition appears generally stable between 6 weeks and 4 months.
Parasitic load, which describes electrical energy consumed by battery thermal management system (TMS), is an important design criterion for battery packs. Passive TMSs using phase change materials (PCMs) are thus generating much interest. However, PCMs suffer from low thermal conductivities. Most current thermal conductivity enhancement techniques involve addition of foreign particles to PCMs. Adding foreign particles increases effective thermal conductivity of PCM-systems but at expense of their latent heat capacity. This paper presents an alternate approach for improving thermal performance of PCM-based TMSs. The introduced technique involves placing battery cells in a vertically inverted position within the battery-pack. It is demonstrated through experiments that inverted cell-layout facilitates build-up of convection current in the pack, which in turn minimises thermal variations within the PCM matrix by enabling PCM mass transfer between the top and the bottom regions of the battery pack. The proposed system is found capable of maintaining tight control over battery cell temperature even during abusive usage, defined as high-rate repetitive cycling with minimal rest periods. In addition, this novel TMS can recover waste heat from PCM-matrix through thermoelectric devices, thereby resulting in a negative parasitic load for TMS.
We first report the multi-couple reaction in all vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) while using bio-mass (coconut shell) derived mesoporous carbon as electrode. The presence of V3+/V4+ redox couple certainly supplies the additional electrons for the electrochemical reaction and subsequently provides improved electrochemical performance of VRFB system. The efficient electro-catalytic activity of such coconut shell derived high surface area mesoporous carbon is believed for the improved cell performance. Extensive power and electrochemical studies are performed for VRFB application point of view and described in detail.
Composite polymer electrolyte films consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) based thermoplastic polyurethane blended with poly(ethylene oxide) (denoted as TPU(PEG)/PEO) incorporating LiClO4–PC have been prepared and their electrochemical properties were studied. The thermal analysis of the composite films were performed to demonstrate the miscibility of the polymer blend by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). TPU(PEG)/PEO based polymer electrolyte shows ionic conductivity of the order 6.4×10−4 S/cm at room temperature, irrespective of time evolution. Cyclic voltammogram shows that this composite electrolyte has good electrochemical stability in the working voltage ranging from 2 to 4.5V. Cycling performances of Li/polymer electrolyte/LiCoO2 cells are also followed. From AC impedance results, the recharging ability of the cells is proved to be dominated by the passive layer formation at Li electrode–polymer electrolyte interface.
For application in electric vehicles (EVs), the Li-air battery system needs an air intake system to supply dry oxygen at controlled concentration and feeding rate as the cathode active material. To facilitate the design of such air intake systems, we have investigated the effects of oxygen partial pressure (≤1 atm) on the performance of the Li-air cell, which has not been systematically examined. The amounts of consumed O2 and evolved CO2 from the Li-air cell are measured with a custom in situ differential electrochemical gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (DEGC-MS). The amounts of consumed O2 suggest that the oxygen partial pressure does not affect the reaction mechanism during discharge, and the two-electron reaction occurs under all test conditions. On the other hand, the charging behavior varies by the oxygen partial pressure. The highest O2 evolution ratio is attained under 70% O2, along with the lowest CO2 evolution. The cell cycle life also peaks at 70% O2 condition. Overall, an oxygen partial pressure of about 0.5–0.7 atm maximizes the Li-air cell capacity and stability at 1 atm condition. The findings here indicate that the appropriate oxygen partial pressure can be a key factor when developing practical Li-air battery systems.
Based on a broad-sense modified “one for two” idea, the elaborately designed 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (PTCDA)-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are employed as the precursor for fabrication of both a battery-type (porous NiCo2S4) and a capacitive (N-doped carbon) electrode to form battery-supercapacitor hybrid cell (BSC). By inhering the topology of the precursor NiCo-PTCDA-MOFs, the derived NiCo2S4 is endowed with abundant effective pores. Meanwhile, combining the rigid planar structure of PTCDA and linked with N-containing 2,6-diaaino-anthraquinone (DAAQ) into polyquinoneimine (PQI) as a ligand, the Zn-PQI-MOFs-derived N-doped carbon shows high surface area. By coupling the porous NiCo2S4 with the N-doped carbon, the BSC demonstrates 234 C g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1, remaining 56.4% of the initial specific capacity from 1 to 20 A g−1. A high energy density of 51.98 W h kg−1 at the power density of 0.8 kW kg−1 surpasses those for the two symmetric cells made from similar electrodes. This work significantly extends the application of ligands with large conjugated structures in MOFs, which is essentially a new direction of MOFs-derived materials for energy storage.
Several Sn-coated MCMB (mesocarbon microbeads) graphite anode materials were prepared by microencapsulating nanosize Sn particles in MCMB. The nanosized tin particles are homogeneously dispersed in MCMB graphite matrix via electroless in situ chemical reduction. X-ray diffraction and EDS measurement confirms the presence of Sn in MCMB matrix. A systematic electrochemical testing has been performed on the Sn-coated MCMB graphite electrodes. The tin-coated MCMB graphite electrodes demonstrated an improvement in lithium storage capacity. The reaction process of lithium intercalation and de-intercalation in MCMB structure and lithium alloying with tin has been identified by cyclic voltammetry measurement. The micro-encapsulation of Sn in MCMB graphite can enhance the electrochemical properties of MCMB graphite anodes.