batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Gas diffusion electrodes are commonly used in high energy density metal-air batteries for the supply of oxygen. Hydrophobic binder materials ensure the coexistence of gas and liquid phase in the pore network. The phase distribution has a strong influence on transport processes and electrochemical reactions. In this article we present 2D and 3D Rothman-Keller type multiphase Lattice-Boltzmann models which take into account the heterogeneous wetting behavior of gas diffusion electrodes. The simulations are performed on FIB-SEM 3D reconstructions of an Ag model electrode for predefined saturation of the pore space with the liquid phase. The resulting pressure-saturation characteristics and transport correlations are important input parameters for modeling approaches on the continuum scale and allow for an efficient development of improved gas diffusion electrodes.
In this article, we investigated the role of potassium and Lithium hydroxide (KOH & LiOH) as precipitating agents on the physiochemical properties and electrochemical performance of MgCo2O4. Uniform cubic particles were obtained using lithium hydroxide. When LiOH was used as precipitating agents, discrete nanoparticles with uniform particle size were obtained. Whereas KOH as precipitating agent resulted in more agglomerated particles with non-uniform size distribution. After testing, we found that MgCo2O4 nanostructures prepared with LiOH showed high initial discharge/charge capacity of 1384/1013 mA h g−1 at current density of 60 mA g−1, and retained a high reversible capacity of 899 mA h g−1 over 50 cycles, which was superior in comparison to the electrochemical performance of the MgCo2O4 prepared using KOH as precipitating agent. The high electrochemical performance can be attributed to the small particle size and crystallinity of MgCo2O4 obtained using LiOH.
Summary This chapter addresses the drivers provided for fire pumps—electric motors and diesel engines. The critical features of each are mentioned. For electrical motors, these include the power supply arrangements for reliability and NEMA classification of the motor. For the diesel engine, this includes the instrument gage panel, fuel arrangements, starting arrangements, cooling system, exhaust, air supplies, and ventilation. The use of steam turbine drivers is also described. Power transmission mechanism utilized are explained which include couplings, right angle gear drives and indirect hydraulic drives. The features of these options are compared.
The capacity fade of Sony 18650S Li-ion cells has been analyzed using cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy and electron probe microscopic analysis (EPMA). The surface resistance at both the positive (LiCoO2) and negative (carbon) electrodes were found to increase with cycling. This increase in resistance contributes to decreased capacity. Impedance data reveal that the interfacial resistance at LiCoO2 electrode is larger than that at the carbon electrode. The impedance of the positive electrode (LiCoO2) dominates the total cell resistance initially and also after 800 charge–discharge cycles. EPMA analysis on carbon electrodes taken from the fresh and cycled cell show the presence of oxidation products in the case of cycled cells. No change in the electrolyte resistance is seen with cycling.
As anode materials for lithium microbatteries, SnO2 thin films were grown on Cu substrates with Cu intermediate and LiF coating layers by radio-frequency sputtering. While the room-temperature (RT)-grown Cu intermediate layers change from the amorphous to the polycrystalline after annealing at temperatures above 200°C, the subsequent RT-grown SnO2 films are always polycrystalline. Investigations of surface morphologies indicated that the Cu intermediate layers annealed at 400°C exhibit larger surface areas than others annealed at 200°C and 600°C, resulting in the better conduction property, larger capacity and better rate performance of the SnO2 thin-film anode. The reason for that is attributed to the increased electrical connections between the anodes and the current collectors as well as the enlarged spaces for volume changes. Further improvement of cycling stability was achieved by the 5-nm-thick LiF coating layers on the anode surfaces, which can benefit formation of more homogeneous and stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films caused by the decomposition of electrolyte at the surface of Sn/Li2O composites.
Temperature affects lithium-ion battery performance, health and safety. Therefore, obtaining temperature is quite necessary for battery management system. Impedance is widely adopted and proved to be feasible to estimate temperature. In the paper, wavelet transform is applied to process the step current and the response voltage of the battery cell to obtain the impedance. And to reduce the computational complexity and process the signals automatically for online application, the basic method is improved. Considering that the step current used is a kind of non-steady perturbation and it may change the operating points of the electrochemical system insider the battery, a series of tests are performed to study the effect of the changing step current conditions on the impedance calculated. The results show that the impedance calculated at low frequencies with the method is always different from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The impedance in the mid-high/high frequency range is nearly not affected and provide guidance to use the impedance to estimate the temperature. With the battery impedance phase at 10 Hz calculated online, the temperature is finally estimated. The average error is 0.33 °C during step current test and max error 0.5 °C during NEDC test, showing a feasibility of the fast impedance calculation method in the battery temperature online estimation.
The Murdoch University Environmental Technology Centre is an operational site where renewable energy systems are integrated into the overall functioning of the Centre within the broader context of environmentally sound technologies (ESTs). Research and training programmes in renewable energies, energy efficiency strategies and energy conservation, and how they integrate with ESTs have been developed. They have been applied through a range of low-cost short courses, undergraduate teaching, industry training initiatives, international and institutional programmes.
Most multinationals have a presence in the East Asian region and target the urban Chinese population. In an effort to win over the loyalty of consumers, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been used increasingly as a marketing strategy. This paper explores how personal values influence the attitude and behavior towards CSR among Chinese consumers. By collecting data from three major East Asian cities — Hong Kong, Shanghai and Singapore, and employing factor, cluster, conjoint and correspondence analyses, the authors demonstrate that Confucian value orientation can be a powerful antecedent of CSR support.
Sputtering growth of a Sn/Li2O multilayer composite thin film is conducted to produce an anode thin film with less capacity fading than that of a pure SnO2 film for a thin-film battery. The structural properties of the Sn/Li2O multilayer are examined. In addition, the electrochemical characteristics of the Sn/Li2O and pure SnO2 thin films are compared. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy measurements reveal a Sn crystalline peak only and a Sn–Li2O multilayer structure, respectively, in the Sn/Li2O thin film. A SnO2 thin film with a polycrystalline phase shows an irreversible side-reaction at 0.8V versus Li/Li+, an initial charge retention of about 29%, and poor cycleability in the cut-off voltage range from 1.2 to 0V versus Li/Li+. By contrast, no irreversible side-reaction is found in the Sn/Li2O multilayer composite thin film while there is an initial charge retention of 49% and better cycleability (more than twice) than that of pure SnO2 film after about 150 cycles. These results indicate that the Sn/Li2O multilayer composite thin film can be used for tin-based, thin-film, microbatteries and provide motivation to pursue fabrication of Sn–Li2O anode powder for bulk type batteries.
Although it has been suggested that individuals with an Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) process faces less holistically than typically developing controls, there are few direct investigations of this hypothesis. This question was addressed before using the composite paradigm (Teunisse, J. P., & de Gelder, B. (2003). Face processing in adolescents with autistic disorder: The inversion and composite effects. Brain Cognition, 52(3), 285–294.). The results had revealed that adolescents with ASDs were less sensitive than controls to the misalignment of face parts and it was concluded their face processing was less holistic. However, because of shortcomings of the design, it was not possible to distinguish whether individuals with Autism processed both aligned and misaligned composites in a part-based fashion, or both in a holistic fashion. We compared adolescents with ASDs to controls matched on sex, age and IQ on a more complete version of the composite paradigm. The results indicate that individuals with ASDs, like controls, experience interference from facial features that they are told to ignore. However, while such interference is released for controls if parts of face composites are misaligned, individuals with ASDs show comparable interference from irrelevant parts regardless of alignment. Two different interpretations are discussed, both compatible with the idea that perceptual and or attentional abnormalities in ASDs result in a diminished level of expertise for faces.
Planning for transportation and electricity needs is important to balance the power demand. Here, the authors analyse large datasets on urban mobility and energy consumption of electric vehicles and provide a recommendation scheme for the drivers to alleviate the peak load on the power grid.
Within the framework of this paper, a short motivation for hydrogen as a fuel is provided and recent developments in the field of fuel cell vehicles are described. In particular, the propulsion system and its efficiency, as well as the integration of the hydrogen storage system are discussed. A fuel cell drivetrain poses certain requirements (concerning thermodynamic and engineering issues) on the operating conditions of the tank system. These limitations and their consequences are described. For this purpose, conventional and novel storage concepts will be shortly introduced and evaluated for their automotive viability and their potential impact. Eventually, GM's third generation vehicles (i.e. the HydroGen3) are presented, as well as the recent 4th generation Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell SUV. An outlook is given that addresses cost targets and infrastructure needs.
A hierarchical structure of carbon-coated Li3VO4 nanoparticles homogeneously embedded in expanded graphite was successfully synthesized by a facile and scalable sol–gel method. In the constructed architecture, high electronic conductivity of expanded graphite serves as a loading carrier, enabling the fast transmission of electronics. The thin outside carbon shells protect the Li3VO4 nanoparticles from direct exposure to the electrolyte and mitigate unwanted interfacial side reactions. As a consequence, the hybrid material exhibits greatly enhanced cycle and rate capability compared with pristine Li3VO4: a reversible gravimetric capacity of 405 mAh g−1 obtained at 100 mA g−1 with 89% retention after 200 cycles, and 205.5 mAh g−1 obtained after 2000 cycles at a heavy current of 2000 mA g−1, as well as an remarkable rate performance of 62.7% capacity maintaining at 6400 mA g−1 (vs. 100 mA g−1).
Ni–YSZ cermet was exposed to hydrogen containing different concentrations of H2S to identify the phases formed under various conditions using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). For Ni–YSZ samples exposed to hydrogen containing 100ppm H2S at 727°C for 5 days, thermodynamic calculations indicate that Ni–YSZ would be stable and XRD analysis was unable to detect any changes. However, the vibration modes of Ni3S2 were detected using Raman spectroscopy, suggesting that Raman spectroscopy could be a powerful tool for in situ study of sulfur poisoning of SOFC anodes. For Ni–YSZ cermet exposed to hydrogen containing 10% H2S at 950°C for 5 days, Ni was converted to nickel sulfide, and vibration modes of NiS were detected using Raman spectroscopy.
The electrification of vehicle power trains using batteries and fuel cells is an important technological step forward in the effort to improve the efficiency and reduce the tailpipe emissions of vehicles. The production of electricity and hydrogen in a renewable fashion, such as using solar energy, can provide a clean and sustainable energy source for electric-powered vehicles. In the present work we develop a charging system to prove the concept of direct, efficient, solar-powered charging for battery-electric vehicles using solar photovoltaic-powered charging of the high-voltage nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery that is used in the GM 2-mode hybrid system. We utilize a protocol for high-voltage battery charging that was developed in an earlier study that included a DC–DC converter to boost the low-voltage produced by the PV array to the high voltage needed to charge the battery. However, no power conversion was used in the present study. Rather, we use a high-voltage solar array capable of outputting a wide range of voltages, from approximately 250 to 400V in 50V increments, at the photovoltaic system maximum power point. By varying the solar system output voltage we measured the solar energy to battery charging efficiency under a variety of conditions to determine the optimal photovoltaic system configuration. The system and methods developed in this work can be used to efficiently charge a range of battery electric vehicles by adapting the PV system output to the battery charging voltage.
In this research, a narrow charge/discharge electrochemical window is enforced for lithium sulfur batteries. In this way, the active material of the electrode (which is sulfur in the initial state) is limited to Li2S8 and Li2S3, leading the electrochemical reactions to take place in the liquid phase and thereby improving the capacity performance and cycling performance. After 50 cycles at a current density of 0.1mAcm−2, the specific capacity obtained using a narrow electrochemical window (1.95-2.45V) (490mAhg−1) was greater than that obtained using a wide electrochemical window (1.7-2.8V) (435mAhg−1). This finding demonstrates the feasibility of improving the electrochemical performance by employing a suitable electrochemical window to restrain the phase transformation to the middle liquid phase.
Ionic liquid (IL) based sodium-ion (Na+) battery electrolytes obtained by mixing imidazolium-TFSI ILs (EMIm-TFSI and BMIm-TFSI) with the corresponding sodium salt (NaTFSI) have been investigated using a wide range of characterization techniques: dielectric spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, densitometry, viscometry, and Raman spectroscopy. The sodium ion conducting electrolytes exhibit excellent ionic conductivities, up to 5.5 mS cm−1 at room temperature, and a useful thermal window of −86 °C to 150 °C. In more detail, Raman data analysis supported by DFT calculations on Na+-TFSI complexes, allow us to determine the sodium ion solvation and charge carrier nature as a function of salt concentration. The results are compared to data for the corresponding Li systems and while such electrolytes essentially form [Li(TFSI)2]− as the main Li+ carrier, the sodium systems seem to dominantly form [Na(TFSI)3]2− complexes. The effects on conductivity and viscosity and the consequences for sodium-ion battery implementation are discussed.
This work presents the results from the development of bio-cathodes for the application on paper-based biofuel cells. Our main goal here is to demonstrate the possibility of using different designs of air-breathing bio-cathodes and ink-based bio-cathodes for this new type of paper based electrochemical cell. The electrochemical performance for the bio-electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction was studied by using open circuit voltage and amperometry measurements, as well as polarization curves to probe the four-electron reduction reaction of ambient oxygen catalyzed by bilirubin oxidase (BOx). The electrochemical measurements showed that all procedures allowed the direct electron transfer from the active site of the bilirubin oxidase to the electrode surface with a limiting current density of almost 500μAcm−2 for an air-breathing BOx cathode and 150μAcm−2 for an ink based BOx cathode. Under a load of 300mV a stable current density was obtained for 12h of continuous operation.
Innovative optimal charging sequences are sought to minimize battery degradation and reduce charging loses. One charging sequence under investigation incorporates high frequency pulses or sinusoidal perturbations. However, there is disagreement in the literature on the benefits/disadvantages of pulsed charging. This work analytically determines optimal battery charging sequences for two cases: minimizing energy losses and maximizing charge supplied to the battery while respecting lithium plating constraints. Assuming relevant battery physics have linear, time-invariant dynamic behavior, optimal charging strategies are derived analytically. The analysis exposes specific features of the battery dynamic response (frequency response and impulse response) that must be present for optimal charging sequences to have periodic components. In the case of energy minimization, the battery's electrochemical impedance must approach the imaginary axis. In the case of limiting lithium plating, a criterion is developed involving impulse responses of relevant battery variables.
The solid solution of nickel oxide and manganese oxide has been synthesized successfully by heating Ni1−a Mn a OOH at a temperature ranging from 350 to 1000°C in oxygen atmosphere, and investigated as a high-capacity negative active material for lithium secondary cells. The discharge capacity of nickel and manganese oxide solid solution was decreased with increasing heat-treatment temperature. The average discharge potential shifts toward negative as increasing Mn content in the solid solution. Meanwhile, large amount of Mn in the oxide solid solution caused a poor cycleability. The Ni0.75Mn0.25O1.36 obtained by heating its raw material at 600°C delivered a large discharge capacity over 700mAhg−1 with a relatively low average discharge potential of 1.69 versus Li/Li+. In addition, the Ni0.75Mn0.25O1.36 gave the best capacity retention of 91% with representative charge–discharge curves even after 22 cycles. According to the results of XRD and high-resolution X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (HRXRF) measurements for the oxide solid solution before and after the first charge, it was clear that an amorphous-like or nano-sized phase was formed during the first electrochemical reduction; all of the nickel and a part of manganese were reduced to metallic state after charge to 0.2V versus Li/Li+.
A new highly ion conductive plasticized organic–inorganic hybrid electrolyte membrane based on triblock co-polymer poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether) (ED2003), poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF–HFP), 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (cyanuric chloride, CC) and 3-(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GLYMO) has been synthesized by a sol–gel process and characterized by a variety of experimental techniques. FTIR and 13C NMR measurements have been performed to study the molecular structure of the hybrid as well as the interactions among the constituents of the membrane. The hybrid membrane is plasticized with different electrolyte solvents and exhibits remarkable swelling ratios in the range of 670–800%. The ionic conductivity of the hybrid electrolyte membranes is varied with different electrolyte solvents and shows a maximum value of 6.9 × 10−3 S cm−1 for 1 M LiClO4 in EC/PC at 30 °C. The test cell carries initial discharge capacity of 115 mAh g−1 at a current rate of 0.2 C and shows good cycling performance up to 100 cycles and coulombic efficiency of 98–99% for the entire cycles. The plasticized organic–inorganic hybrid electrolyte membrane holds promise for applications in lithium polymer batteries.
The thermal stabilities of 1M LiPF6/EC+DEC and with electrodes were studied by calorimetry. The results show that both the electrolyte–Li0.5CoO2 and electrolyte–Li x C6 system have lower decomposition onset temperatures than either the separate electrolyte or electrodes. The electrolyte is oxidized by Li0.5CoO2, while its reaction with lithiated graphite occurs because the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) breaks down at 57°C. The 1M LiPF6/EC+DEC in air is less stable than in argon, but the reaction is similar.
In this paper, a control strategy for a hybrid PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell/BES (battery energy system) vehicular power system is presented. The strategy, based on fuzzy logic control, incorporates the slow dynamics of fuel cells and the state of charge (SOC) of the BES. Fuel cell output power was determined according to the driving load requirement and the SOC, using fuzzy dynamic decision-making and fuzzy self-organizing concepts. An analysis of the simulation results was conducted using Matlab/Simulink/Stateflow software in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. It was confirmed that the control scheme can be used to improve the operational efficiency of the hybrid power system.
Data are often represented as graphs. Many common tasks in data science are based on distances between entities. While some data science methodologies natively take graphs as their input, there are many more that take their input in vectorial form. In this survey, we discuss the fundamental problem of mapping graphs to vectors, and its relation with mathematical programming. We discuss applications, solution methods, dimensional reduction techniques, and some of their limits. We then present an application of some of these ideas to neural networks, showing that distance geometry techniques can give competitive performance with respect to more traditional graph-to-vector mappings.
Nano-crystalline LiNi1−x Mg x O2 cathode material is synthesized via a novel, simple, solid-state reaction. Thermal analysis studies (TG/DTA) show the formation of crystalline oxides at 600°C. The influence of Mg addition on the electrochemical behaviour of LiNiO2 is discussed. The morphology, nature, size and the shape of the synthesized materials are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). LiNi0.8Mg0.2O2 nanoparticles with a size of 40nm and a uniform distribution and reduced aggregation are observed. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis shows the presence of magnesium in the compounds with an appropriate prepared concentration. The phase and structural characteristics of the LiNiO2 doped and undoped with Mg are revealed by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). The addition of Mg does not alter the layered structure of the lithium nickelate. The addition of Mg in the cathode material does not affect the local ion environment, as investigated by FT-IR studies. The electrochemical properties are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge–discharge studies. Stable charge–discharge features have been observed for graphite/LiNi0.8Mg0.2O2 cells cycled in the potential range from 3.0 to 4.5V and the capacity retention is significantly improved at x =0.2 in LiNi1−x Mg x O2.
A great effort to recycle batteries has been performed in the last two decades. During this period new directives have been published specially in Europe. The aim of this paper is to review the current status of technologies applied to recycle portable batteries, e.g. lead acid will not be described here. Essentially, this paper presents the current status of the technologies involved in the collection, sorting and processing of portable batteries.