batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Vehicles powered with internal combustion engines (ICEs) are one of the main pollutant sources in large cities. Most of large cities (e.g. Amman, capital of Jordan) suffer from frequent traffic jams. This leads to frequent stops and starts, and hence, an increase in tailpipe emissions. One way to minimize emissions is to use electric motors in the powertrain configuration. In this study, the performance of a hybrid fuel cell (FC)/battery vehicle is investigated utilizing different worldwide driving cycles. Initially, a model of a mid-sized ICE vehicle is developed and validated against experimental tests. The ICE vehicle validated model is then modified to be driven with only an electric motor powered by a hybrid FC/battery system. The effect of driving pattern, which varies from city to city and from region to region, is investigated. A driving cycle that represents the driving patterns in Amman city is developed based on experimental data and then used to evaluate the performance of both ICE and hybrid FC/battery vehicle configurations. It is found that the performance of the hybrid FC/battery configuration is much better than the ICE version in terms of emissions, fuel economy, efficiency, and speed tracking error.
Nitrogen- and oxygen-containing hierarchical porous carbon frameworks have been successfully synthesized by carbonization and simultaneous activation of polyaniline with KOH as activating agent. The obtained porous carbon frameworks with hierarchical pore structures show high specific surface area (2280.0m2 g−1), large total pore volume (1.75cm3 g−1), and abundant nitrogen (5.7 at.%) and oxygen (14.4 at.%) functional groups. As expected, the porous carbon frameworks synthesized with a KOH/polyaniline weight ratio of 4:1 exhibit improved capacitance properties, such as an enlarged specific capacity (428.1Fg−1 at 0.5Ag−1), excellent rate capability (299.7Fg−1 at 50Ag−1), and excellent cycling stability. The specific power density and energy density can reach 14275Wkg−1, and 18.6Whkg−1, respectively. This method is facile, low cost, and effective for the production of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing carbon materials with high specific surface area, which can be applied in high-performance supercapacitors.
Résumé Introduction La mémoire du passé, contrairement à la mémoire antérograde, rarement été examinée dans l’épilepsie du lobe temporal et jamais avant et après traitement chirurgical. Par ailleurs, les études de cas rapportant un déficit de la mémoire des faits publics avec une préservation de la mémoire autobiographique sont très rares. Méthodes Nous présentons le cas d’un patient atteint d’une épilepsie temporale pharmacorésistante en rapport avec une sclérose hippocampique gauche. Des examens neuropsychologiques complets ont été réalisés avant et après lobectomie temporale, avec un intérêt particulier pour la mémoire du passé, évaluée exhaustivement au moyen de tests standardisés, mais également d’épreuves adaptées au patient. Résultats Le patient présentait une mémoire préservée pour les faits et épisodes autobiographiques, mais des scores déficients aux tests de faits publics, dans un contexte de capacités cognitives générales normales. De plus, un oubli accéléré pour du matériel verbal et non verbal était mis en évidence. Conclusion Les résultats suggèrent que le trouble de consolidation à long terme pourrait avoir contribué au déficit de la mémoire des faits publics. Nous discutons les caractéristiques spécifiques du traitement des faits publics en essayant d’expliquer sa plus grande vulnérabilité par rapport à la mémoire autobiographique, dans le cas de l’oubli accéléré.
In order to fabricate large scale all-solid-state Li battery, we suggested a novel structure of solid electrolyte, which is composed of porous electrolyte supported by honeycomb-type electrolyte. A possibility of fabrication of the honeycomb-supported porous electrolyte and a compatibility of this structure with all-solid-state battery were examined using LLT (Li0.35La0.55TiO3) solid electrolyte which is one of the anticipated solid electrolytes due to its high Li ion conductivity. A porous layer membrane with 3 dimensionally ordered (3DOM) macroporous structure was prepared by a colloidal crystal templating method. The porous honeycomb was fabricated by pushing the membrane into holes of honycomb using a needle followed by calcination. The 3DOM membrane and honeycmb electrolyte were sintered well each other. After filling the 3DOM pores with LiMn2O4 cathode material, the compatibility of this novel porous honeycomb electrolyte with all-solid-state battery was examined. The LiMn2O4/porous honeycomb cell clearly demonstrated charge and discharge behaviors, indicating the porous honeycomb structure can be applied to the all-solid-state battery. The discharge capacity was 71mAhg−1 (1.3mAhcm−2) at 30°C.
CO2 capture and storage is widely anticipated to play a key role in combatting climate change, however the solvents proposed for use have embedded environmental concerns. This has led to efforts to develop so-called “green solvents” such as ionic liquids. However, this “green” assertion does not account for the production and disposal phases of solvent life, nor take into account other factors, apart from their “task”, that will have an impact on their overall environmental sustainability. The absence of a “cradle-to-grave” evaluation introduces a risk burden shift, thus, this paper presents a life cycle approach to identify the main hotspots across the application of an ionic liquid to a post-combustion CO2 capture process. With a focus on the solvent, molecular-level weaknesses in the design and synthesis, and potential opportunities for improvement are identified. We contrast the use of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate or [Bmim][OAc] with a 30 wt% MEA solvent, using an unabated power plant as a baseline. Using MWhe as the functional unit, we observed that the IL-based process reduces the global warming potential of electricity generation by 50% relative to the unabated plant, however this outcome is 43% higher than the conventional amine process. In fact, the so-called “green solvent” actually represented the worst option when considering the full spectrum of environmental impacts. The general incorporation of this approach in solvent development will be vital to ensure genuine progress in tackling climate change, and not simply shifting the burden to other areas.
The current distribution over the plate surface in lead-acid cells was determined by means of a newly proposed method based on electrical measurements on a model. The method, which is much simpler than mathematical analysis of model systems, can be used to find the optimum grid design. Six illustrative examples and mathematical formulae for two special cases are presented.
The origin of the different Li+ intercalation behaviour of raw and jet-milled natural graphite has been investigated. Jet-milled graphite is found to cycle reversibly in equal solvent mixture of propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC), whereas raw graphite does not. Using both Al Kα and synchrotron radiation (SR) Photoelectron Spectroscopy, new insight is obtained into the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the two different graphite materials during electrochemical cycling in 1M LiPF6 in either PC:EC (1:1) or in PC with 5% vinylene carbonate (VC) as additive. Solvent reduction products are found at the surface of both raw and jet-milled graphite cycled in PC:EC (1:1), but differed in composition. The addition of VC reduces primarily the quantities of salt reaction products (LiF and Li x PF y compounds) and produces a mainly organic SEI layer. Electron diffraction from the edges for raw and jet-milled graphite particles shows a more disordered surface structure in the jet-milled particles than in the raw graphite. The more disordered surface structure can serve as a physical barrier hindering PC co-intercalation and facilitating the formation of a stable SEI layer.
Spontaneous magnetic alignment (SMA), in which animals position their body axis in fixed alignments relative to magnetic field lines, has been shown in several classes of vertebrates and invertebrates. Although these responses appear to be widespread, the functional significance and sensory mechanism(s) underlying SMA remain unclear. An intriguing example comes from observations of wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) that show a ~fourfold increase in hunting success when predatory ‘mousing’ attacks are directed toward magnetic north-northeast. This form of SMA is proposed to receive input from a photoreceptor-based magnetoreception mechanism perceived as a ‘visual pattern’ and used as a targeting system to increase the accuracy of mousing attempts targeting hidden prey. However, similar to previous observational studies of magnetic orientation in vertebrates, direct evidence for the use of magnetic cues, and field-based experiments designed to characterize the biophysical mechanisms of SMA are lacking. Here, we develop a new approach for studies of SMA using triaxial accelerometer and magnetometer bio-loggers attached to semidomesticated red foxes.
Mechanical tests were performed on pouched and bare lithium-ion cells under five loading conditions. These included through-thickness compression, in-plane unconfined compression, in-plane confined compression, hemispherical punch indentation and three-point bending. From the measured load–displacement data, the individual compression stress–strain curves were calculated for the separator, the active anode and cathode materials. The FE model was developed, composed of shell elements, representing the Al and Cu foil, and solid elements for the active material with a binder lumped together with the separator. Very good correlation was obtained between LS Dyna numerical simulation and test results for the through-thickness compression, punch indentation and confined compression. Closed form solutions were also derived to reveal the underlying physics and identify important groups of parameters. It was also demonstrated that a thin pouch enclosure provided considerable reinforcement and in some cases changed the deformation and failure mechanism. The present computational model of an individual cell provides a fundamental building block for modeling battery modules and battery packs across different length scales. The present test program differs substantially from the nail indentation or punch crush loading performed by the industry, and provides data for the development of an advanced constitutive model needed for strength/weight optimization and safety assessments of Li-ion batteries.
Recently, rechargeable lithium metal polymer battery (LMPB) attracts increasing attention because of its high safety and energy density properties. However, the high contact interfacial resistance of solid-state electrode and electrolyte is still an obstacle to satisfy the demand of high current density and long cycle stability, especially at room and lower temperature. Here, we develop a simple and efficient heat treatment method, to improve the interfacial compatibility between electrode and electrolyte in all-solid-state LMPB, successfully realizing workable LMPB at a reduced temperature (30 °C). The LMPB shows excellent cycling performance and rate capability in the voltage range of 2.5–4.2 V. The behavior of Li+ plating/stripping on the surface of lithium metal anode is greatly enhanced. Meanwhile, the interfacial resistance of the LMPB decrease significantly after the heat treatment process.
A shrinking core model is developed and applied to the electro-deoxidation of metal oxides (such as TiO2, SiO2, NiO, Cr2O3 and Nb2O3). Among these the reduction of TiO2 is the most complex due to reduction by formation of a number of lower oxides and perovskite formation under certain experimental conditions. Hence, TiO2 is chosen as the model material for this reduction. First, a single stage model is adopted for the reduction of TiO2 to Ti and it is shown that an additional term for the oxygen concentration in the shell must be added to get the accurate values of oxygen concentration unless the concentration at the exterior of the grain is zero. Subsequently, a multi-stage model for the successive reduction of titanium oxides to titanium is proposed. It uses a shrinking core of the oxides in the order starting from TiO2 to Ti3O5 to Ti2O3 to TiO to Ti. An analytical solution is developed for the transient differential equation resulting in a series solution for the concentration of oxygen in the lower oxides. Subsequently, a solution based on the pseudo-steady assumption is also developed. It is shown that for the parameters chosen, at certain values of dimensionless applied current density, I d, (∼0.1) the transient and pseudo-steady state solutions agree in terms of the dimensionless time it takes for the core to shrink completely. The proposed model could be applied to other metal oxides such as SiO2, NiO, Cr2O3, Nb2O3 and other metal oxides that are reduced using the Fray–Farthing–Chen (FFC) process mechanism. This can be used for a reactor scale model or for performing a parametric study of the current density and the grain size.
A new method for observing the outermost surface morphology and the thickness of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) are presented. Low acceleration voltage in extreme high resolution scanning electron microscopy (XHR-SEM) provides detailed information on the SEI surface morphology due to secondary electron contrast mechanism. Also, XHR-SEM under low acceleration voltage with low energy induced ion etching in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies provides valuable information on the SEI layer thickness. More detailed properties of the SEI layer were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
In clinical and research practice linked to prostate cancer treatment, frequent monitoring of patient health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is essential. Practical and analytic limitations of paper questionnaire data capture may be overcome with the use of self-administered personal digital assistant (PDA) data collection. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability, validity, and feasibility of using PDA in place of paper versions of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), the Patient Oriented Prostate Cancer Utility Survey (PORPUS), and the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) in a prostate cancer clinic setting.
The European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) convened a workshop Knowledge sharing to facilitate regulatory decision-making. Fifty invited participants from the European Commission, national and European agencies and bodies, different industry sectors (chemicals, cosmetics, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, vaccines), and animal protection organizations attended the workshop. Four case studies exemplarily revealed which procedures are in place to obtain regulatory acceptance of new test methods in different sectors. Breakout groups discussed the status quo identifying the following facilitators for regulatory acceptance of alternatives to animal testing: Networking and communication (including cross-sector collaboration, international cooperation and harmonization); involvement of regulatory agencies from the initial stages of test method development on; certainty on prerequisites for test method acceptance including the establishment of specific criteria for regulatory acceptance. Data sharing and intellectual property issues affect many aspects of test method development, validation and regulatory acceptance. In principle, all activities should address replacement, reduction and refinement methods (albeit animal testing is generally prohibited in the cosmetics sector). Provision of financial resources and education support all activities aiming at facilitating the acceptance and use of alternatives to animal testing. Overall, workshop participants recommended building confidence in new methodologies by applying and gaining experience with them.
Understanding real-world driving conditions in the form of driving cycles is instrumental in the design of efficient powertrains and energy storage systems for electric vehicles. In addition, driving cycles serve as a standardised measurement procedure for the certification of a vehicle’s fuel economy and driving range. They also facilitate the evaluation of the economic and lifecycle costs of emerging vehicular technologies. However, discrepancies between existing driving cycles and real-world driving conditions exist due to a number of factors such as insufficient data, inadequate driving cycle development methodologies and methods to assess the representativeness of developed driving cycles. The novel aspect of the work presented here is the use of real-world data from electric vehicles, over a six month period, to derive a driving cycle appropriate for their assessment. A stochastic and statistical methodology is used to develop and assess the representativeness of the driving cycle against a separate set of real world electric vehicle driving data and the developed cycle performs well in that comparison. Although direct comparisons with internal combustion engine driving cycles are not that informative or relevant due to the marked differences between how they and electric vehicles operate, some discussion around how the developed electric vehicle cycle relates to them is also included.
The tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) complexes of cobalt(II) and (III) ([Co(bpy)3]2+/3+) produce a redox couple of great interest in thermoelectrochemical cells and dye sensitized solar cells including both types of devices based on ionic liquid electrolytes. We present a systematic study of the electrochemistry of [Co(bpy)3]2+ [NTf2]− 2 in two ionic liquids (ILs) based on the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (C2mim) cation and two ILs based on the 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium cation (C4mpyr), as well as three aprotic molecular solvents. Platinum (Pt) and glassy carbon (GC) working electrodes were compared. In all solvents better electrochemical responses were observed on GC, which yielded higher currents in the cyclic voltammograms and lower rate constants for the redox reaction. The [Co(bpy)3]1+/2+ couple is also readily observed, but this redox reaction is chemically irreversible, possibly because the [Co(bpy)3]1+ complex dissociates. However, the [Co(bpy)3]1+/2+ reaction is chemically reversible in all of the solvents studied, except 3-methoxypropionitrile, if excess of 2,2′-bipyridyl is added to the solution.
Seven compositions of LiMO2 ( M = L i w N i x C o y M n z ) ( w = 1 / 15 − 1 / 6 ; x =0−3/10; y =1/5−1/2; z =13/30−1/3; i.e. w + x + y + z = 1 ) solid solutions were synthesized using the sol–gel method with the following end members LiCoO2, Li2MnO3(Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2), and Li[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2. The electrochemical behavior of the solid solutions was analyzed for the various compositions of metals in transition metal sites. All synthesized particles were semi-spherically shaped with a layered structure. When the content of lithium and cobalt was reduced (while the other metals were increased), the lattice parameters, a and c, decreased and were accompanied by a shift in the Raman spectrum. The cycling studies reveal that the compound, Li[Li1/12Ni1/4Co1/4Mn5/12]O2 was found to be optimal in voltage and from a stability point of view.
In this work, several lithium phosphate and thiophosphate materials are modeled to determine their optimized lattice structures, their total energies, and their electronic structures. Included in this study are materials characterized by isolated phosphate and thiophosphate groups – Li3PS4 and Li3PO4 and materials characterized by phosphate and thiophosphate dimers – Li4P2S6 and Li4P2O6 and Li4P2S7 and Li4P2O7. In addition, the superionic conducting material Li7P3S11 is also modeled as are recently discovered crystalline argyrodite materials Li7PS6 and Li6PS5Cl. A comparison of Li ion vacancy migration in Li4P2S7 and Li4P2O7 shows the migration energy barriers in the thiophosphate to be smaller (less than one-half) than in the phosphate.
The dispersion, adhesion strength, electrical, and electrochemical properties of LiCoO2 cathodes in lithium-ion batteries with the addition of a new composite binder composed of two acrylic emulsions, poly(butyl acrylate)-based (PBA) and polyacrylonitrile-based (PA) latex in a ratio of 3:7, were evaluated. PBA binder has a low-glass transition temperature of 10°C, which can improve the flexibility of the electrode. This new composite binder has a very good binding ability as same as the typical organic solvent-based binder, poly(vinylidene fluoride). The dispersions of the water-based cathode slurries with the composite binder were measured by analyzing the viscosity and sedimentation behaviors. The results show that the new composite binder can well disperse the LiCoO2. Moreover, using the new composite binder could greatly improve the rate capabilities and the cycle stability of water-based LiCoO2 cathodes.
Ab-initio calculations based on density functional theory have been performed to study the optical properties of the Li intercalated graphene and MoS2
In the past ten years the discovery of the graphene (Novoselov et al. 2004) and other 2D materials had started a completely new chapter in the material science. Graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has been attracting a remarkable attention for its unique properties (Zhang et al. 2005; Novoselov et al. 2007; Katsnelson et al. 2006; Kotov et al. 2012) ever since it was successfully isolated in 2004. Graphene’s specific electronic structure and unique combination of the optical electronic properties have risen numerous investigations of its optoelectronic properties and possible applications in photonics, energy applications and detectors. Graphene electrical conductivity and visual transparency makes it excellent candidate for ITO replacement in touch screen technology. Graphitic films (films of various thicknesses, monolayer to ultrathin graphite) are explored for its possible applications in optoelectronics. Several studies have presented excellent performances of graphene films of 30 Ω
For presented analysis, Quantum Espresso code (Giannozzi 2009), based on DFT, was used. The approach is based on an iterative solution of the Kohn–Sham equations of the DFT in a plane-wave basis set. The unit cell for Li-intercalated graphene was modeled in the 3×3
The imaginary part of the dielectric function of the MoS2
We calculate the dielectric function for the MoS2
In this paper we have studied the optical properties i.e. the dielectric function of the MoS2
Abstract Potentiometric Pb2+ sensors based on ionophores bearing oxygen/sulfur-containing functional groups, which include anthraquinone, aromatic carboxylic acids, carboxylates, phosphates, and macrocyclic compounds containing amide or thioamide groups, are systematically summarized. Anthraquinone is found to be quickly responsive to lead ions, with the shortest response time of two seconds. Aromatic carboxylic acids with a sulfur atom as an ionophore in an asymmetric membrane respond sensitively to lead ions, with the lowest detection limit of 6.0 × 10−10 M. Phosphate has the advantage of better anti-interference ability, with a logarithmic selectivity coefficient, logK, smaller than −3.0. Macrocyclic amides, after assembly into microelectrodes, have been used as ionophores for the analysis of samples confined in cells of volume 3 μL, with a superior lower detection limit of 2.7 × 10−9 M.