batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Vehicle battery systems are usually designed with a high number of cells connected in parallel to meet the stringent requirements of power and energy. The self-balancing characteristic of parallel cells allows a battery management system (BMS) to approximate the cells as one equivalent cell with a single state of health (SoH) value, estimated either as capacity fade (SoHE) or resistance increase (SoHP). A single SoH value is however not applicable if the initial SoH of each cell is different, which can occur when cell properties change due to inconsistent manufacturing processes or in-homogeneous operating environments. As such this work quantifies the convergence of SoHE and SoHP due to initial differences in cell SoH and examines the convergence factors. Four 3 Ah 18650 cells connected in parallel at 25 °C are aged by charging and discharging for 500 cycles. For an initial SoHE difference of 40% and SoHP difference of 45%, SoHE converge to 10% and SoHP to 30% by the end of the experiment. From this, a strong linear correlation between ΔSoHE and ΔSoHP is also observed. The results therefore imply that a BMS should consider a calibration strategy to accurately estimate the SoH of parallel cells until convergence is reached.
Ozone (O3) data are sparse for remote, non-urban mountain areas of the western U.S. Ozone was monitored 2007–2011 at high elevation sites in national forests in Colorado and northeastern Utah using a portable battery-powered O3 monitor. The data suggest that many of these remote locations already have O3 concentrations that would contribute to exceedance of the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for O3 and most could exceed a proposed more stringent secondary standard. There were significant year-to-year differences in O3 concentration. Ozone was primarily in the mid-concentration range, rarely exceeding 100 ppb or dropping below 30 ppb. The small diel changes in concentration indicate mixing ratios of NO x , VOCs, and O3 that favor stable O3 concentrations. The large number of mid-level O3 concentrations contributed to high W126 O3 values, the metric proposed as a possible new secondary standard. Higher O3 concentrations in springtime and at night suggest that stratospheric intrusion may be contributing to ambient O3 at these sites. Highest nighttime O3 concentrations occurred at the highest elevations, while daytime O3 concentrations did not have a relationship with elevation. These factors favor O3 concentrations at many of our remote locations that may exceed the O3 NAAQS, and suggest that exceedances are likely to occur at other western rural locations.
In this work, we have synthesized Mn2SnO4 material with nanocube morphology from MnSn(OH)6 intermediate via a simple one-pot sonochemical synthesis. The structural and morphological studies of the material were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The Mn2SnO4 nanocubes were used as the active electrode material for supercapacitor applications. It delivered a maximum specific capacitance of 298 F g-1 at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. The Mn2SnO4 nanocubes showed excellent cycle stability with capacitance retention of 89% over 5000 cycles and desirable rate capability retain 223 F g-1 at a current density of 15 mA cm−2 in a three electrode system. Further, these materials were applied to the symmetric supercapacitor device, and it exhibited high specific capacitance (144 F g-1 at 3 mA cm−2), good cycle stability (75% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles), high energy density (30.4 Wh kg−1) and power density (7.9 kW kg-1 at 26.4 Wh kg−1) in a potential range of 2 V in 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. These results suggest that Mn2SnO4 nanocubes show suitable electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor applications.
The mastery of two languages provides bilingual speakers with cognitive benefits over monolinguals, particularly on cognitive flexibility and selective attention. However, extant research is limited to comparisons between monolinguals and bilinguals at a single point in time. This study investigated whether growth in bilingual proficiency, as shown by an increased number of translation equivalents (TEs) over a 7-month period, improves executive function. We hypothesized that bilingual toddlers with a larger increase of TEs would have more practice in switching across lexical systems, boosting executive function abilities. Expressive vocabulary and TEs were assessed at 24 and 31months of age. A battery of tasks, including conflict, delay, and working memory tasks, was administered at 31months. As expected, we observed a task-specific advantage in inhibitory control in bilinguals. More important, within the bilingual group, larger increases in the number of TEs predicted better performance on conflict tasks but not on delay tasks. This unique longitudinal design confirms the relation between executive function and early bilingualism.
Publisher Summary This chapter provides the definition of team and explains how a team can be build to manage crisis incidents. The chapter helps in understanding the function needed at any crisis incident. It also helps in understanding how the principles of redundancy and clarity of communications aid in managing a crisis incident. The police response to a hostage incident is a multifaceted response, requiring the coordination and cooperation of patrol, the tactical team, the negotiating team, and department supervisors. The incident may involve the participation of units such as criminal investigation, public relations, and other specialized units within the department. The key to this police response is prior planning, preparation, and training. Of these, training is the most important. Prior to an incident, the department as a unit should participate in exercises designed to simulate hostage incidents so that when an actual event occurs, planning and preparation will be in place. The department should prepare for the pressures and intervention of non-police factors at an incident. City officials, politicians, and other parties may respond with the police department. If not prepared, these outside parties may hinder the negotiation effort. Clearly delineated policy and procedure statements may preclude the interference of these parties at an incident.
Na0.282V2O5 nanorods have been successfully prepared using a facile hydrothermal reaction followed by a calcination treatment, which is then used as a cathode for lithium batteries and sodium batteries for the first time. The crystal structure is refined to be a monoclinic lattice, which contains 3D tunnels along the b-axis. The Na ions are located inside the tunnels and form “pillar effect” to prevent the collapse of the crystal structure. As cathode material for lithium batteries, the Na0.282V2O5 nanorods deliver a high discharge specific capacity of 264, 186, 191 and 149 mA h g−1 at the current density of 50, 500, 1000 and 1500 mA g−1, respectively. The Na0.282V2O5 nanorods demonstrate the excellent cycling performance up to 400 cycles at 1 and 1.5 A g−1. Importantly, as cathode material for sodium batteries, Na0.282V2O5 exhibits superior long-term cyclic stability up to 1000 cycles at 0.3 A g−1. The results of ex-situ XRD, EIS and first-principle calculation indicate that the Na0.282V2O5 possesses good electrical conductivity and structural stability. Our work demonstrates that the Na0.282V2O5 material could be considered as a potential cathode for lithium-ion batteries, and even sodium ion batteries.
The behavior of Li3PO4 and Li2MSiO4 (M =Mn, Co) compounds under high pressure/high temperature is investigated. Pmn2 1 -Li3PO4 remains stable up to the higher experimental limit of 80kbar (900°C). A sample of Li2MnSiO4 consisting of a mixture of Pn2 1 and Pmnb polymorphs converts upon high pressure/high temperature treatment into the Pmn2 1 polymorph; the latter being stable at 80kbar and 900°C. A sample of Li2CoSiO4-P2 1 /n transforms to the denser Pmn2 1 polymorph at 40kbar/900°C, but decomposes at higher pressure (60kbar/900°C). No evidence on any novel Li2MSiO4 polymorph is detected in any of the high-pressure products.
The Direct Anterior Approach (DAA) is an alternative approach to the currently most used Lateral Approach (LA) for hip replacement in femoral neck fracture patients. Compared to the LA, the DAA minimizes soft tissue damage. Sparing muscle tissue may facilitate early and improved postoperative mobility. It may also be associated with fewer complications, increased quality of life and lower 1-year mortality. The aim of this study is to compare postoperative complications, hip function and patient mobility after hemiarthroplasty via the anterior or lateral approach following a displaced femoral neck fracture.
Three-dimensional (3D) delaminated-Ti3C2 (d-Ti3C2) xerogel framework decorated with core-shell SnO2@C nanoparticles is constructed via PVA-assisted sol-gel process, in which SnO2@C nanoparticles are synthesized by one-step hydrothermal route and then encapsulated into d-Ti3C2 framework. Remarkable improvement in the electrochemical performances as the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) anode is achieved. Typically, the SnO2@C/d-Ti3C2 xerogel framework delivers a high initial capacity (1314 mA h g−1) and a reversible specific capacity up to 520 mA h g−1 after 1000 charge-discharge cycles at 1.0 A g−1. Furthermore, even at 10 A g−1, it still achieves a reversible specific capacity of 205.6 mA h g−1, with a discharge capacity of 169 mA h g−1 and a coulombic efficiency of 99.5% after 1000 cycles. Such excellent electrochemical performances are attributed to the synergistic effect between core-shell SnO2@C and 3D d-Ti3C2 conductive network: (i) the core-shell structure suppresses the pulverization of SnO2 during the Li insertion/extraction process, and (ii) the interconnected 3D MXene framework establishes a good conductive pathway for fast lithium ions diffusion and quick charge transfer.
A first study demonstrating the electrochemical cyclability of the LiAl alloy anode in the Li/polymer cells reported was carried out using LiAl/PEO30-LiN(CF3SO2)2/V2O5 cells in which the cell capacities were limited by LiAl anode. The cells fabricated with LiAl anode exhibited excellent electrochemical performance. The coulombic efficiency throughout the cell cycling was also close to 100% indicating that the lithium dendrite formation in LiAl/PEO30-LiN(CF3SO2)2/V2O5 cells is significantly reduced. The reduction in the lithium dendrite formation was attributed to lower lithium activity in the LiAl alloy and its higher open-circuit voltage (370mV versus Li). The cell voltage was, however, somewhat lower due to the higher open-circuit voltage of LiAl anode. The use of the LiAl alloy allows us to operate the cell at higher temperatures. Higher operating temperature improves the reaction kinetics while reducing the polarization losses associated with ohmic, mass transport, and diffusion.
Organosulfur Compounds (OSCs) represent an attractive alternative as organic cathode materials for electrochemical energy storage (EES) applications. They intrinsically have high gravimetric capacity (although low volumetric) and are typically inexpensive, since they are composed of abundant elements (i.e. C, N, O, and S). However, OSCs, specifically thiolate-containing OSCs generally suffer from slow charge transfer kinetics. To mitigate the charge transfer limitations, conducting polymers (CPs) such as poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) have been employed as electrocatalysts. In this manuscript, we have covalently modified a PEDOT film with an OSC (i.e. 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole di-lithium salt (Li2DMcT)). We have developed a synthetic strategy that employs, for the first time, a post-polymerization modification reaction as a tractable and viable technique to modify organic materials for EES electrodes. Electrochemical characterization, via cyclic voltammetry showed the expected pseudocapacitive response of PEDOT with the superimposed faradaic processes of the covalently bound DMcT. Moreover, spectroscopic characterization using Raman spectroscopy provided mechanistic insights into the electrochemical reactions. Furthermore, we electropolymerized films onto coin-cell electrodes and tested them in half-cell configurations and found that the capacity retention of the films was significantly enhanced, when compared with the PEDOT/DMcT composites (mixed but not covalently bound).
A composite using polyaniline (PAni) as the conducting polymer and silica sol–gel as the host matrix was prepared by the template method. To evaluate the electrochemical performance of the PAni/silica composite, PAni films were synthesized under the same conditions, directly on ITO substrates and the results were compared. Cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, charge–discharge cycles and lifetime tests were done in organic medium. The PAni/silica composite showed excellent performance in all of the tests. This composite may therefore be useful for cathodes in lithium microbatteries.
Star-shaped polymeric ionic liquids (PIL-3 and PIL-4) based on poly(2-(dimethyl-ethyl-amino)ethyl methacrylate) bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (P(EtDMAEMA-TFSI)) with three-arm and four-arm architectures were prepared through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ion exchange. Subsequently, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) comprising PIL host, N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (DEME-TFSI) ionic liquid (IL) plasticizer with the same anion unit and LiTFSI salt were obtained. Compared with the linear PIL possessing the same elements, the increase of branches for PIL decreases the crystallity and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the corresponding GPEs. Accordingly, the ionic conductivity, electrochemical window and ion transport number of three-arm and four-arm PILs based GPEs (PIL-GPE-3 and PIL-GPE-4) are obviously superior to the linear contrastive sample. Among lithium metal batteries assembled by linear, three-arm and four-arm PILs based GPEs, Li/PIL-GPE-4/LiFePO4 presents the best performance. The specific discharge capacity attains 151 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, the capacity retention ratio achieves 93.6% after 100 cycles at 60 °C, and the coulombic efficiency is around 99%. The outstanding compatibility between PIL-4 and IL and the resulted interfacial stability between PIL-GPE-4 and electrodes both contribute to the excellent performance.
Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) powder was mixed with and thus introduced into Li0.35La0.55TiO3 (LLTO) ceramics. After high-temperature sintering LLZO phase disappeared. The cooperative introduction of Li, La and Zr elements into LLTO might modify the grain boundary region and thus change the electrical properties of the grain boundary, leading to the conductivity enhancement. The LLTO ceramics sintered at 1350°C with 10wt% LLZO powder introduced in the starting materials exhibit a high total conductivity of near 10−4 S/cm and a grain boundary conductivity of 1.1×10−4 S/cm at room temperature.
The composition and morphology of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), SLX20-graphite and disordered-carbon electrodes was studied by the XPS and TOFSIMS methods. The experimental data show good evidence for compositional and morphological distinctions between the SEI formed on the basal and cross-sectional planes of graphite. The basal plane film was found to be enriched in organic compounds, but was relatively thinner than that of the cross-section, which contained predominantly salt-reduction products. The SEI formed in LiAsF6 and LiTFSI electrolytes is thinner than that in LiPF6 electrolyte on all the carbon substrates. The SEI on hard carbon is thicker than on soft in all the electrolytes studied. The SEI composition on the hard carbon with high content of salt-reduction products, is similar to that formed on the cross-section of HOPG. The SEI composition on soft carbon has some similarity to that formed on the basal plane of HOPG.
Hybrid electric vehicle technologies emerge mainly because of the instability in fossil fuel prices, resources and the terrible impact of global warming. As most transport systems use fossil fuel and emit greenhouse gases, many researchers have studied the potential of fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs). FCHEVs are vehicles with zero greenhouse gas emission because they only depend on hydrogen. Numerous studies have proven that fuel cells with energy storage elements can provide sufficient energy required by FCHEVs. However, end users demand FCHEVs that are not only efficient in delivering the energy required but can also optimize hydrogen consumption and prolong battery lifetime to compete with current internal combustion engine vehicles. Therefore, advanced optimization algorithms for an FCHEV energy management system (EMS) must be developed to improve the performance efficiency of FCHEVs. This paper presents a critical review of the different types of FCHEV EMSs and their optimization algorithms to solve existing limitations and enhance the performance of future FCHEVs. Consequently, a comprehensive review on the major categories of FCHEV EMSs, such as proportional–integral–derivative controller, operational or state mode, rule-based or fuzzy logic, and equivalent consumption minimization strategies, are explained. This paper also describes optimization techniques such as linear programming, dynamic programming, Pontryagin’s minimum principle, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization and rule-based logic optimization for the EMSs of FCHEVs. Furthermore, it focuses on the various factors and challenges of existing optimization algorithms, hydrogen fuel source, environment and safety, and economical and societal concerns, as well as provides recommendations for designing capable and efficient EMSs for FCHEVs. All the highlighted insights of this review will hopefully lead to increasing efforts toward the development of an advanced optimization algorithm for future FCHEV EMSs.
An efficient bio-piezoelectric nanogenerator (BPNG) is fabricated from the fish swim bladder (FSB), composed of well-aligned natural collagen nano–fibrils. The self-alignment of highly ordered structure in the FSB collagen has been confirmed by angular dependent near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Compressive normal stress by human finger can able to drive the BPNG that generates an open-circuit voltage of 10V and short-circuit current of 51nA. The generated electricity from the FSB instantly turns on more than 50 commercial blue light emitting diodes (LEDs), indicates to use as a sustainable power source in portable electronic devices where the bulky battery counterpart can be avoided. The instantaneous piezoelectric power generation (~4.15μW/cm2) and substantial energy conversion efficiency (~0.3%) of BPNG promises an emerging application, particularly to built self-powered biomedical sensors because collagen itself one of the most abundant protein available in human body.
With almost 1.1 billion people lacking access to electricity, solar-based off-grid products like Solar Home Systems (SHS) have become a promising solution to provide basic electricity needs in un(der)-electrified regions. Therefore, optimal system sizing is a vital task as both oversizing and undersizing a system can be detrimental to system cost and power availability, respectively. This paper presents an optimal SHS sizing methodology that minimizes the loss of load probability (LLP), excess energy dump, and battery size while maximizing the battery lifetime. A genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimization approach is utilized to evaluate the optimal SHS sizes. The potential for SHS to cater to every tier of the Multi-tier framework (MTF) for measuring household electricity access is examined. The optimal system sizes for standalone SHS are found for different LLP thresholds. Results show that beyond tier 2, the present day SHS sizing needs to be expanded significantly to meet the load demand. Additionally, it is deemed untenable to meet the electricity needs of the higher tiers of MTF purely through standalone SHS without compromising one or more of the system metrics. A way forward is proposed to take the SHS concept all the way up the energy ladder such that load demand can also be satisfied at tier 4 and 5 levels.
A novel approach for improving the thermal and dimensional stability of a polymer based separator is investigated. The surface of the micropores in the polyolefin based separator is fully covered by a thin layer of SiO2 deposited by the chemical vapor deposition method. Through this new process, the thermal and dimensional stability of the microporous separators is greatly enhanced, thus allowing the commercialization of polymer based separators for large sized battery systems. The morphology of the modified separators as a function of the thickness of the inorganic layer is considered to be a key factor for the optimization of their thermal and dimensional stability without sacrificing their ionic conductivity for the sake of the cell performance. At the optimum thickness of the thin and conformal layer of SiO2, we obtain a polymer separator which is highly stable at high temperature, even above the melting point of the polymer membrane, with satisfactory cell performance, such as its ion conductivity, C-rate and cycle life.
Implementing reliable battery systems with long cycle life, high power output and low cost are of great importance. High performance dual-graphite battery (DGB) is one of promising candidates. Herein, we develop a novel high concentration electrolyte (HCE), 2 M LiPF6- ethyl-methyl carbonate/sulfolane, which can endow the DGB with a high ceiling voltage of 5.3 V, an elongated cycle life (94.7% of capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 5 C rate) and simultaneously fast charging/discharging kinetics (91.0 mAh g−1 even at 20 C rate). Combinational experiments are conducted to investigate the mechanism of this HCE on the improvement of the electrochemical performance. It is found that this HCE could suppress the graphite cathode from structural collapse owing to the increased proportion of contact ion pairs and ion aggregates. Besides, it prompts the formation of a dense and uniform SEI layer, leading to highly reversible Li+ intercalation/deintercalation. This would promote the development of DGB with high rate performance and excellent cycleability.
Electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, battery, flow battery, fuel cell, solar fuel, superconducting magnetic energy storage, flywheel, capacitor/supercapacitor, and thermal energy storage. Comparison is made among these technologies in terms of technical characteristics, applications and deployment status.
ABSTRACT Graphene and the flexible Ni foam substrate are used in a facile hydrothermal process to control the formation of MoSe2-graphene composites. The effects of the content of graphene on the structure of MoSe2-graphene composites are investigated and the results indicate a suitable proportion of MoSe2 and graphene (7:1) is more beneficial to the charge transport and ion transfer owing to formation of unique porous layered structure. In this composite, abundant graphene nanosheets cover on the surface and interspace of MoSe2 bars homogeneously, leading to large specific surface area and plenty of macropores. As the electrode material of supercapacitors, the composites display a high specific capacitance of 1422Fg−1 and retain the specific capacitance of 100.7% after 1500 cycles. As expected, after charged at a current density of 5Ag−1, the composites can light up a miniature bulb for more than 70seconds. Moreover, the as-prepared materials exhibit a good catalytic activity toward the electrochemical oxidation of dopamine with a linear range of 0.01-10μM and the detection limit of 1.0nM in terms of the role of signal to noise ratio of 3:1 (S/N=3). These results indicate that the porous layered MoSe2-graphene composite in situ prepared on Ni foam can be applied for high-performance supercapacitors and electrochemical sensors.