batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In our previous paper [12], it has been reported that Li[Ni0.208Li0.183Co0.033Mn0.575]O2 Li-rich solid-solution layered oxide (LLO) cathode (Li2MnO3 (55%) - LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 (35%) - LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (10%)) possesses the best performance as cathode material among the examined LLO cathode materials of Li2MnO3-LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2-LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 for lithium ion battery. In order to further improve its cathode performance, the calcination temperature was optimized in the range of 800–1100 °C. The cathode performance such as discharge capacity, discharge capacity retention and rate capability was improved with increasing the calcination temperature from 800 to 1000 °C, the best performance was obtained at 1000 °C and at more than 1000 °C, the cathode performance was degraded. The structural analysis with transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Rietveld analysis of XRD patterns indicated that the cation mixing between Li+ ions on the 3a site and Ni2+ ions on the 3b site of the layered oxide structure (R-3m) is reduced significantly in the case of the LLO calcinated at 1000 °C, resulting in the improvement of cathode performance. In addition, the other LLOs having different compositions were also prepared at different calcination temperatures and their cathode performance was tested. The discharge capacity of Li[Ni0.208Li0.183Co0.033Mn0.575]O2 was found to be the highest among all the LLOs examined in this study.
In this paper, a novel control strategy for frequency control in stand-alone application based on coordination control of fuel cells (FCs) and double-layer capacitor (DLC) bank in an autonomous hybrid renewable energy power generation system is implemented. The proposed renewable energy power generation subsystems include wind turbine generator (WTG), photovoltaic system (PV), FC system and DLC bank as energy storage system. The system performance under different condition has been verified by using real weather data. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of proposed studied hybrid power generation system feeding isolated loads in power frequency balance condition.
Crystal structure predictions of Na x C6O6 (x =2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4) have been carried out using first-principles calculations in conjunction with an evolutionary algorithm to understand charge/discharge mechanisms in the Na x C6O6 cathode of organic-based sodium-ion batteries. We predict a new stacking of C6O6 molecules that is different from the well-known stacking of Na2C6O6. Calculated voltages of the Na x C6O6 battery as a function of x with the new C6O6 stacking are consistent with experimental results. The electronic structure analyses show that the intermolecule bonding and antibonding states of C6O6 have important roles on the battery reaction mechanism.
A variety of manganese dioxides (MnO2) are systematically characterized to summarize its magnesiation process in rechargeable Mg batteries, focusing on the influence of its physical parameters on the electrochemical performances. The type and quantity of stabilizing ions (species) in α-MnO2 improve the initial performance, but these parameters are not significantly affected. Instead, high surface area of MnO2 above 70 m2/g maintains high initial discharge capacity of about 250 mA h/g regardless of its polymorph, suggesting that the magnesiation process is strongly governed by the active surface area of MnO2 and tends to be performed by conversion-type reaction rather than intercalation reaction. At present, 70 m2/g of surface area looks high enough to obtain high initial capacity and the capacity is not proportional to the surface area of MnO2, which implies that the magnesiation process is limited not only by surface reaction but also by kinetically slow process. On the other hand, for all the samples, the discharge capacity fades quickly to less than 50 mA h/g within 10 cycles. The physical parameters of MnO2 do not have great impacts on the cycling performance. Overall, this synthetic approach provides conclusive evidences for the reaction mechanism of MnO2 as Mg battery cathode.
The present study is the first to examine emotional intelligence in persons with schizotypy. Over 2100 undergraduates were screened for schizotypy with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Version. Forty participants identified as persons with high schizotypy and 56 participants identified as persons with low schizotypy completed assessments of emotional intelligence (Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test), social functioning (Social Adjustment Scale – Self Report), verbal episodic (secondary) memory (California Verbal Learning Test), and executive functioning (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Persons high in schizotypy were impaired in overall emotional intelligence and two aspects of emotional intelligence, the ability to perceive emotions and the ability to manage emotions. Persons high in schizotypy were also impaired in three aspects of social functioning: peer relationships, family relationships, and academic functioning. Group differences in verbal episodic (secondary) memory and executive functioning were not observed. For persons with high schizotypy, overall emotional intelligence and two aspects of emotional intelligence, the ability to perceive emotions and the ability to manage emotions, were associated with peer relationship functioning. Overall emotional intelligence was associated with verbal episodic (secondary) memory, but not executive functioning, in persons with high schizotypy. The current findings suggest that emotional intelligence is impaired in persons with schizotypy and that these impairments affect their social functioning.
This study proposes a market-driven methodology for investing in materials innovation. This methodology is the counterpart of a technology-driven methodology, the investment methodology for materials (IMM) proposed in 2005. The two methodologies complement each other in guiding materials investment in the early stages of innovation. This methodology consists of three modules (market, technology, and commercial) and 12 elements in the three modules. An overview of each element is provided, as are the associations between and among them. Furthermore, two unique challenges of materials makers in implementing a market-driven approach are highlighted: 1) materials makers are located upstream in the value chain, and 2) process innovation is a key constituent of materials innovation. A case study is provided to clarify the methodology for practitioners.
Lithium-rich LiF/Fe nanocomposite is prepared by a simple route of mechanical ball-milling of lithium fluoride and iron using rigid TiN nanoparticles as the grinding powders, and studied as a lithium-rich cathode material for satisfying the present Li-ion battery technology. The structural characterizations reveal that the nanocomposite is composed of well-dispersed and intimately contacted LiF and Fe particles created by high-energy ball-milling, forming appropriate electrode-active nanodomains for the reversible conversion reaction of LiF and Fe. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the LiF/Fe nanocomposite containing 50wt% active materials of LiF and Fe can deliver a high reversible capacity of 568mAhg−1 at 20mAg−1 (calculated using the weight of LiF and Fe only), approaching the theoretical capacity of the composite (600mAhg−1), and also show a strong power capability with a reversible capacity of ∼300mAhg−1 even at a very high rate of 500mAg−1 at room temperature. CV and XRD analyses confirm that the LiF/Fe nanocomposite can nearly realize a three-electron transfer through electrochemical conversion of LiF/Fe to FeF3 and vice versa. These results suggest the possibility to utilize the inexpensive lithium-rich composites of lithium fluoride and metals as high-capacity cathode materials for future-generation Li-ion batteries through the electrochemical conversion.
Parallel-connection of lithium-ion cells is of increasing research interest, caused by the commercialization of large-scale applications and their needed amount of energy. However, correlations of cell parameters on the current distribution of parallel-connected cells are not given in present literature. This paper provides an insight into the influence of cell resistance and capacity on the current distribution, open circuit voltage (OCV) differences and the corresponding time constants for parallel-connected cells. Cell currents and OCV differences are evaluated via an analytical model for two parallel-connected cells. The system can be described by four characteristic values, what is mathematically shown. The analytical solution and characteristic values are extended to n parallel-connected (np) cells by a transformation of the np equivalent circuit model (ECM) to a corresponding 2p ECM. The models are used in order to investigate the effects of Gaussian distributed cell parameters on the current distribution by Monte Carlo simulations. Thereby, the influence of the number of parallel-connected cells and the product of cell resistance and capacity is examined. Simulations show increasing cell currents with increasing number of parallel-connected cells and an accelerated SoC balance within the logical cell by decreasing product of cell resistance and capacity.
Temperature is an important impact factor for both battery performance and lifetime. As lifetime of a battery is typically smaller than that of the application it is used in and performance decreases significantly with ageing, lifetime and performance predictions are of great importance for almost all battery-powered applications. To achieve a good and reliable prediction, comprehensive ageing tests with a significant number of different operating conditions are necessary. From time to time, ageing tests are interrupted for capacity and resistance checkups. For comparable results, these checkups have to be performed under the same ambient conditions, typically room temperature. Thus, before the checkup is started, temperature equalisation is needed. The same is true for performance tests or parameterisation measurements for electrical models. Typically, they are not only performed at room temperature, but also at other temperatures to identify the influence of temperature on performance or electrical impedance. For this reason, a homogeneous temperature within the cell is essential for the test results as well. Therefore, a certain waiting time has to be inserted before starting the test, that on the one hand has to be long enough to assure that all parts of the battery have the same temperature, but on the other hand is as short as possible to prevent an unnecessary prolongation of the test, especially for already time consuming ageing tests. Temperature measurements within cells are typically impossible for commercial cells without destroying the cell. However, this paper shows that it is sufficient to measure the outside temperature to find out the necessary waiting time.
Enhancement of the discharge capacity and cycle life of lead–acid batteries demands the innovative formulation of positive and negative electrode pastes that can be achieved through the modifications in the leady oxide morphology and the use of additives to control characteristics such as grain size, specific surface area, electrical conductivity, and chemical reactivity. In the present work, we describe a methodology for the improvement of the cycle life of lead oxide electrodes by the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and high-energy ball milling of leady oxide obtained by Barton and Sovema reactors. Positive and negative electrodes were produced and tested by cycling at constant discharge current. An improvement of 110% on the number of cycles over the unaltered Sovema electrode, and 168% over Barton electrode were found and attributed to the cured electrode morphology and the improved conductivity introduced by the addition of MWCNT. Symmetrical cells of high energy ball-milled leady oxide electrodes with MWCNT withstood 528 cycles, retaining more usable charge than its counterparts.
Antimony zinc alloy, Zn4Sb3, was studied as a potential material for negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. It was found that the reversible capacity of ball-milled Zn4Sb3 in the first cycle reached 507 mA h g−1 and increased up to 580 mA h g−1 when the alloy was ball-milled with about 11.8 wt.% graphite additives. Ex-situ XRD analyses of the pure Zn4Sb3 electrodes during cycling showed that several lithium-containing compounds such as LiZnSb, Li3Sb and LiZn have been formed successively during the insertion of lithium into Zn4Sb3. It was found that the ball-milled composite, Zn4Sb3/C7, possesses high initial reversible capacity, small voltage hysteresis and good capacity retention, which make this material an interesting potential electrode for lithium-ion batteries.
ABSTRACT Background The authors reviewed the literature regarding inhalation and ingestion of orthodontic appliances and suggest ways to manage and prevent these events. Types of Studies Reviewed The authors conducted literature searches of free text and Medical Subject Headings terms by using PubMed and Embase databases and selected appropriate studies. They analyzed retrieved articles according to several parameters: inhalation or ingestion event, number of cases, patient's sex and age, type of orthodontic appliance, in-office event or out-of-office event, and medical treatment. Results The authors found a total of 2,279 articles in their preliminary search. Eighteen reports of 24 cases from this search met all of the search criteria (that is, clinical studies, case reports or reviews limited to English, Hebrew or Arabic on any form of aspiration or inhalation of orthodontic appliances). Most cases (67 percent) involved ingested objects, and of those cases, the majority (57 percent) occurred in female patients. Most cases (85 percent) occurred outside the orthodontist's office. Seventeen patients (71 percent) had been treated with a fixed orthodontic appliance. In 60 percent of cases, the maxilla was involved. With one exception, no severe complications were reported (only seven patients were examined in a hospital emergency department), and patients were discharged uneventfully from the orthodontic office or emergency department. Clinical Implications Orthodontists and team members should participate in medical emergency management courses that emphasize the use of guidelines in cases of inhalation or ingestion of orthodontic objects. Each orthodontist's office should develop written emergency protocols for out-of-office events and present them to patients and their parents at the start of treatment.
Li2ZnTi3O8 fibers are synthesized by thermally treating electrospun Zn(CH3COO)2/LiOAc/TBT/PVP fibers and utilized as an energy storage material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The material is characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. Scanning electron microscopy results show that the Li2ZnTi3O8 fibers have an average diameter of 200nm. Electrochemical properties of the material are evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that as-prepared Li2ZnTi3O8 has a high specific discharge capacity of 227.6mAhg−1 at the 2nd cycle. Its electrochemical performance at subsequent cycles shows good cycling capacity and rate capability. The obtained results thus strongly support that the electrospinning method is an effective method to prepare Li2ZnTi3O8 anode material with higher capacity and rate capability.
A series of transition metal phosphates, Mg0.5+y (Fe y Ti1−y )2(PO4)3 (MFTP) and Mg0.5+y (Cr y Ti1−y )2(PO4)3 (MCTP), modified from Mg0.5Ti2(PO4)3 (MTP) were prepared by sol–gel method and evaluated as a possible cathode material for magnesium cells. The lattice structures of MFTP and MCTP at 0≤y≤0.5 were identical with that of MTP, while their unit cell volumes were smaller than that of MTP due to the increased amount of Mg2+ ions. Electrochemical magnesium insertion into MFTP and MCTP was found to be possible as observed for MTP. However, the limiting extent of magnesium insertion into MFTP at 0.1≤y≤0.5 was small compared with MTP and remarkably dependent on the discharge current density during discharge. These facts suggested that the insertion limit is determined not by the number of available sites for Mg2+ or electrons but by the mobility of Mg2+ in these host materials correlating with decrease in the unit cell volume.
Bach1 is a transcriptional repressor of heme oxygenase-1, one of the most inducible phase 2 proteins. Bach1 binds in conjunction with a small Maf protein to tandem repeats of the antioxidant response element (ARE) and quenches the target gene expression. On the other hand, the transactivator Nrf2 binds and up-regulates the ARE-governed gene expression. By using a sulfhydryl oxidizing agent, diamide, here we provide evidence which indicates that the Bach1 function is regulated by the redox state. Diamide showed restricted Nrf2 nuclear translocation and ARE-driven reporter activity but reversed the ARE transcriptional activity suppressed by ectopically expressed Bach1. Substitution of the conserved cysteine residue in the DNA binding domain of Bach1 to serine (C574S mutant) caused a refractory response to the diamide-mediated reactivation of the Bach1-suppressed reporter activity. Moreover, diamide induced cytoplasmic translocation of the GFP–Bach1 fusion protein but failed to translocate the fusion protein consisting of the C574S mutant. These data suggest that redox regulation of Bach1 is an alternative mechanism to induce multiple ARE-governed genes.
It has long been known that the re-use of syringes can cause the spread of infections such as HIV and hepatitis. The production of disposable syringes was undertaken as a solution to the infection problem. In developing countries, however, there has been an unwanted result: the re-use and recycling of disposable syringes. One response has been ‘auto-disable’ syringes that lock the plug and piston in place after a single use. These types of approaches, however, have resulted in greatly increased volumes of used injection materials. This is a particular problem in developing countries where contaminated medical wastes find their way into municipal garbage where people are known to scavenge and recycle. This poses obvious health risks, both in terms of direct exposure and environmental contamination. This study of issues and options for the safe destruction and disposal of used injection materials was undertaken using document analysis was to bring together and summarise approaches to the inter-related issues of ‘syringe re-use’ and ‘clinical waste disposal’. The authors suggest that holistic approaches to syringe use and clinical waste disposal need to be utilized in addressing the situation outlined. The focus is on technology and procedures that may be adaptable to rural areas in developing countries.
Ultra-fine, porous, tin oxide–carbon (SnO2/C) nanocomposites are fabricated by a molten salt method at 300°C, and malic acid is decomposed as the carbon source. In situ synthesis is favourable for the combination of carbon and SnO2. The structure and morphology are confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis, specific surface-area measurements, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Examination of TEM images reveals that the SnO2 nanoparticles are embedded in the carbon matrix, with sizes between 2 and 5nm. The electrochemical measurements show that the nanocomposite delivers a high capacity with good capacity retention as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, due to the combination of the ultra-fine porous structure and the carbon component.
The physicochemical properties of NaFSA–C1C3pyrFSA ionic liquids were investigated to explore their potential as new electrolytes for sodium secondary batteries operating over a wide temperature range. The viscosity and ionic conductivity of NaFSA–C1C3pyrFSA with a molar ratio of 2:8 were 16.7 cP and 15.6 mS cm−1, respectively, at 353 K. The electrochemical window of this ionic liquid was 5.2 V at 353 K with sodium metal deposition determining the cathode limit. A Na/NaFSA–C1C3pyrFSA/NaCrO2 cell exhibited stable charge–discharge behaviour at 298 and 353 K. The discharge capacities of 92 and 106 mAh (g-NaCrO2)−1 were observed at 298 and 353 K, respectively, at 20 mA g−1. The Coulombic efficiency was higher than 99% during the charge–discharge tests except for the initial few cycles. The cell also showed high discharge rates, reaching 500 mA g−1 at 353 K.
This study presents a method to suppress the migration of lithium polysulfides in lithium–sulfur batteries by introducing a dual-layer electrode structure. Herein, unlike conventional methods of mixing the polar additives with sulfur/carbon composites, melted sulfur mixed with mesocarbon microbeads are used as the electrode and covered with an additive layer of Nb-doped TiO2/graphite composite via two-step blade coating. By doping TiO2 with Nb, electrical and lithium ion conductivity of TiO2 can be increased, thereby enhancing the redox reaction kinetics. Most importantly, chemisorption of lithium polysulfides to Nb–TiO2 can effectively mitigate the shuttle effect, resulting in higher capacity and longer cycle life. The electrode with the Nb–TiO2 additive layer results in a 1st and 100th cycle specific capacity of 1883 mAh g−1 and 894 mAh g−1, respectively, at 0.1 C (1 C = 1675 mAh), indicating enhanced electrochemical performance as compared with that of bare lithium-sulfur batteries. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study was conducted to investigate the interaction between polysulfides and Nb–TiO2. The results indicate that the Nb–TiO2–layered electrode efficiently traps polysulfides on the cathode and improves the rate capability, cycle performance, and specific capacity.
Strain IC203, deficient in OxyR, and its oxyR + parent WP2 uvrA/pKM101 (denoted IC188) are the basis of a new bacterial reversion assay, the WP2 Mutoxitest, which has been used in the evaluation of 80 chemicals for oxidative mutagenicity. The following 31 oxidative mutagens were recognized by their greater mutagenic response in IC203 than in IC188: (1) peroxides: hydrogen peroxide (HP), t-butyl hydroperoxide (BOOH) and cumene hydroperoxide (COOH); (2) benzoquinones (BQ): 2-methyl-1,4-BQ, 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-BQ and 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-BQ; (3) naphthoquinones (NQ): 1,4-NQ, 2-methyl-1,4-NQ and 2-hydroxy-1,4-NQ; (4) phenol derivatives: catechol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, 1,2,4-benzenetriol, t-butylhydroquinone, gallic acid and 4-aminophenol; (5) catecholamines: dl- and l-dopa, dl- and l-epinephrine, dopamine and l-norepinephrine; (6) thiols: l-cysteine methyl ester, l-cysteine ethyl ester, l-penicillamine and dithiothreitol; (7) diverse: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, hypoxanthine and xanthine, both in the presence of xanthine oxidase, l-ascorbic acid plus copper (II) and phenazine methosulfate. Among these oxidative mutagens, 25 were found to be uniquely positive in IC203. With the exception of BOOH and COOH, mutagenesis by all oxidative mutagens was inhibited by catalase present in rat liver S9, indicating that it is mediated by HP generation, probably in autoxidation reactions. These catalase-sensitive oxidative mutagens were poor inducers of mutations derived from 8-oxoguanine lesions, whereas such mutations were efficiently induced by organic hydroperoxides. The results support the usefulness of incorporating IC203 in the bacterial battery for testing of chemicals. The well-characterized oxidative mutagens available with the use of the WP2 Mutoxitest may serve as a reference in studies on the genotoxicity of oxidative stress.