batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Lithium garnet-type oxides Li7−X La3(Zr2−X , Nb X )O12 (X =0–2) were synthesized by a solid-state reaction, and their lithium ion conductivity was measured using an AC impedance method at temperatures ranging from 25 to 150°C in air. The lithium ion conductivity increased with increasing Nb content, and reached a maximum of ∼0.8mScm−1 at 25°C. By contrast, the activation energy reached a minimum of ∼30kJmol−1 at the same point with X =0.25. The potential window was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), which showed lithium deposition and dissolution peaks around 0V vs. Li+/Li, but showed no evidence of other reactions up to 9V vs. Li+/Li.
The electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly method was successfully used in a multilayer buildup of polyaniline (PANI) and platinum nanocrystals encapsulated in the carboxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (generation 4.5 G4.5COOH) (Pt-G4.5COOH NPs) on solid substrates. Multilayer growth was monitored by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy. The AFM observation revealed a molecularly smooth (PANI/Pt-G4.5COOH NPs) m multilayer film which is rougher and thicker than the multilayer of PANI and G4.5COOH (G4.5COOH/PANI) m . The PANI/Pt-G4.5COOH NPs multilayers show a fast surface-confined electron-exchange process at the Au electrode in an acid solution, and remains stable, reversible and electroactive, even in neutral solution. Furthermore, the multilayers show a strong electrocatalytic response towards CO oxidation and O2 reduction, and the catalytic capability can be easily tuned by the control of multilayer thickness.
The aim of this study is to identify 10th grade students’ misconceptions related to electric current. For this purpose, an instrument composed of three-phase ten-items multiple choice electric current concept test (ECCT) was developed by the researchers. This test was administered to ninety-six 10th grade students who were 15-16 years of age. The findings showed that 10th grade students’ understanding of electric current is poor and also they have important and prevalent misconceptions. The results have some implications for teaching electric current, suggesting that a substantial revision of teaching strategies is needed.
A system involving amorphous LiCl(PEO) x for x=20, 35 and 50, and a 14 Å diameter Al2O3 ‘filler’ particle has been simulated at nominal temperatures 290 and 330 K by the molecular dynamics method. The mobility of Li-ions is found to increase on the addition of the nanoparticle at 330 K and Li:EO ratio 1:50, but decreases or remains unchanged at other temperatures and concentrations. Lower temperature and concentration are generally associated with a lower Li–Cl coordination number and a correspondingly higher number of unpaired/unclustered ions in the system. A number of free Li+ ions and some Li–Cl pairs/clusters are found in an immobilised poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) ‘coordination sphere’ around the nanoparticle. This reduces the number of Li+ ions in regions away from the particle surface. The number of ‘free’ Li+ ions away from the particle surface is largest for the intermediate composition x=35 and at 290 K (∼23% of the total number of lithium ions in the system); smaller for x=50 (∼11% at both temperatures), and even smaller at x=20 (∼5% at 290 K and ∼9% at 330 K).
Onset of many forms of epilepsy occurs after an initial epileptogenic insult or as a result of an identified genetic defect. Given that the precipitating insult is known, these epilepsies are, in principle, amenable to secondary prevention. However, development of preventive treatments is difficult because only a subset of individuals will develop epilepsy and we cannot currently predict which individuals are at the highest risk. Biomarkers that enable identification of these individuals would facilitate clinical trials of potential anti-epileptogenic treatments, but no such prognostic biomarkers currently exist. Several putative molecular, imaging, electroencephalographic and behavioural biomarkers of epileptogenesis have been identified, but clinical translation has been hampered by fragmented and poorly coordinated efforts, issues with inter-model reproducibility, study design and statistical approaches, and difficulties with validation in patients. These challenges demand a strategic roadmap to facilitate the identification, characterization and clinical validation of biomarkers for epileptogenesis. In this Review, we summarize the state of the art with respect to biomarker research in epileptogenesis and propose a five-phase roadmap, adapted from those developed for cancer and Alzheimer disease, that provides a conceptual structure for biomarker research.
Safety behaviors of a 32Ah prismatic lithium-ion battery are investigated under abusive charge conditions by monitoring the internal and external cell temperature variation. Results show that the cell internal temperature can reach 235°C before firing, which is almost 140°C higher than the cell external temperature. Although the cell resistance increases abruptly due to electrolyte oxidization when the cell is firstly overcharged to its maximum voltage (5.10V), the cell internal temperature keeps a low temperature of 50°C without notable temperature rise. However, the cathode/electrolyte interface becomes highly reactive as the cell is further overcharged. Cell internal temperature goes up to more than 200°C accompanied with massively gas production when the cell is overcharged to 180% SoC. Post-overcharge analysis on both cathode and anode indicates that lithium plating during overcharge is the major cause responsible for thermal runaway because the observed cell temperature is well above the melting point of lithium metal.
Hydroxides and their derivatives as cathode materials of rechargeable alkaline batteries have limited specific capacity. In this work, a new ultrathin metal organic framework (MOF) nanosheet with expanded interplanar space is delicately designed. The organic ligand as a pillar enlarges the interplanar space for ion transportation to Ni/Co redox centers. The obtained NiCo-MOF cathode has high capacity and rate retention, specifically, 225 mAh g−1 and 82% capacity retention from 1 to 20 A g−1, which is over four-fold to that of NiCo-LDH. A full cell composed of NiCo-MOF cathode and an organic anode shows high capacity of 280 mAh g−1 with long-term cycle stability. Furthermore, we find electrochemical performance increases linearly with larger interplanar space. The present results can give new insight into structure design for advanced cathode materials and understanding the relationship between structures and performance of alkaline batteries.
The HeartWare (HeartWare Inc, Framingham, MA) ventricular assist device (HVAD) is designed to be implanted with the pump in the pericardial space and its integrally attached inflow cannula in the left ventricle. The uniquely incorporated inflow cannula was originally designed to be inserted into the diaphragmatic surface of the heart, allowing the pump to sit on the flattened diaphragmatic surface. Commonly, however, the inflow cannula is placed through the usual left ventricular assist device insertion site, anterolateral to the left ventricular apex. We describe the original, intended technique for inflow cannula insertion and HVAD placement on the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle. Our experience has confirmed that this placement results in the optimal left ventricular position, with orientation of the inlet cannula parallel to the short axis of the left ventricle and anterior to the papillary muscle insertion. This approach should protect against inflow obstruction and endocardial contact, with resulting arrhythmias. In addition, this position results in lateral placement of the outflow graft, avoiding the anterior and retrosternal surface of the right ventricle.
Li metal anode has received extensive attention due to its high specific capacity and low potential vs. Li/Li+ for lithium batteries. However, dendrite growth, volume change and "dead" Li formation during cycling hinder its practical application. Here we report an innovated cuprite-coated carbon felt as current collector, with ultralight 3D framework and significantly improved Li-metal loading through thermal infusion. The Li-metal anode has a high Li content of 90 wt.%. The cuprite coating improves the lithiophilicity of carbon felt remarkably, due to the surface affinity reaction between cuprite and Li. The porous carbon felt provides good electronic connection and buffer space to accommodate volume change during Li stripping/plating. It leads to uniformly distributed local current density and preference of Li stripping/plating in the highly dispersed concave areas, with suppressed formation of dendrites and “dead” Li. The Li composite electrode shows excellent cycle stability with low polarization in both symmetric and full cells. This work opens a new approach for the development of high loading Li composite anodes for advanced Li metal batteries.
In this study, the heterostructure of h-BN and Ni (111) is adopted as effective cathode catalysts for the Li–O2 battery using first-principles calculations. It was determined that h-BN/Ni (111) thermodynamically prefers a 2e− pathway despite the large adsorption energy of O2, even larger than Pt (111), and dissociation of O2 at the formation of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) intermediates of the Li–O2 battery on h-BN/Ni (111). In this respect, the result of h-BN/Ni (111) does not accord with previous studies that found that strong adsorption and dissociation of O2 indicate a reaction to proceed via the 4e− pathway. The reason for this behavior is identified as being adsorption of the ORR intermediates mainly conducted by strong ionic bonds between the B atoms of h-BN and the O atoms of the intermediates, while the Li atoms do not participate in the bonds. The electrochemical performance of h-BN/Ni (111) is remarkable with a maximum discharge potential of 1.93 V and a minimum charge potential of 3.83 V, comparable to noble metal based catalysts.
This study introduces a multistage chance-constrained stochastic model for strategic planning of battery electric vehicle (BEV) inter-city fast charging infrastructure. A mixed integer programming model is developed to determine where and when charging stations are opened, and how many chargers are required for each station to meet the growing BEV inter-city demand. The model is applied to a case study in California and solved by genetic algorithm. This study showed that investment in inter-city charging infrastructure is vital to alleviate the range anxiety. Also, planning decisions depend on many factors, such as the design level of service and vehicle range.
The Internet of Health Things promotes personalized and higher standards of care. Its application is diverse and attracts the attention of a substantial section of the scientific community. This approach has also been applied by people looking to enhance quality of life by using this technology. In this paper, we perform a survey that aims to present and analyze the advances of the latest studies based on medical care and assisted environment. We focus on articles for online monitoring, detection, and support of the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Our research covers published manuscripts in scientific journals and recognized conferences since the year 2015. Also, we present a reference model based on the evaluation of the resources used from the selected studies. Finally, our proposal aims to help future enthusiasts to discover and enumerate the required factors for the development of a prototype for online heart monitoring purposes.
Some fluoro organic lithium salts have attractive features as organic electrolyte such as solubility, conductivity, and oxidation potentials. The fluoro organic lithium salts with SO2 groups show higher conductivities than those with CO groups. Methide (CF3SO2)3CLi and imide (RfSO2)2NLi salts show higher conductivities than oxide salts RfSO2OLi with only one RfSO2 group. The lithium salts with long fluoroalkyl groups and two or more RfSO2 groups show high oxidation potentials and high aluminum corrosion potentials over 4.3 V. The battery performances of modified imide salts such as (C2F5SO2)2NLi, (C4F9SO2)(CF3SO2)NLi, and ((CF3)2CHOSO2)2NLi are satisfactory. The cycle characteristics of the imide salt cells are better than those of the LiPF6 cell. Especially, the ((CF3)2CHOSO2)2NLi shows the best cycle characteristics. In XPS analysis the anode surfaces of the imide cells are covered with imide salt components.
Layered Li1+y Ni x Co1−2x Mn x O2 materials were prepared by a solid-state reaction at 950°C for 10h in air and characterized by various methods. The cell performance depended on the composition. The rate performance deteriorated as Co content (1−2x) decreased. On the other hand, it improved as excess Li content (y) increased. The change of cell performance associated with composition variations was closely related to both the structural disorder (cation mixing) and the electrical conductivity (volume resistivity). The degree of cation mixing depended greatly on Co content (1−2x). On the other hand, the volume resistivity depended greatly on excess Li content (y). In other words, the cell performance was improved by the reduction of cation mixing and volume resistivity. Only Ni K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra showed edge shifts to higher energy due to the oxidation of Ni as either Co content (1−2x) or excess Li content (y) increased. The unit cell size decreased as either Co content (1−2x) or excess Li content (y) increased. They are probably caused by the change from Ni2+ ( r Ni = 0.69 Å) to the smaller Ni3+ ( r N i 3+ = 0.56 Å). From these results, it is assumed that the reduction of volume resistibity is closely related to the increase of Ni3+ concentration in Li1+y Ni x Co1−2x Mn x O2.
All-solid-state thin-filmed lithium-ion rechargeable batteries composed of amorphous Nb2O5 negative electrode with the thickness of 50–300nm and amorphous Li2Mn2O4 positive electrode with a constant thickness of 200nm, and amorphous Li3PO4−x N x electrolyte (100nm thickness), have been fabricated on glass substrates with a 50mm×50mm size by a sputtering method, and their electrochemical characteristics were investigated. The charge–discharge capacity based on the volume of positive electrode increased with increasing thickness of negative electrode, reaching about 600mAhcm−3 for the battery with the negative electrode thickness of 200nm. But the capacity based on the volume of both the positive and negative electrodes was the maximum value of about 310mAhcm−3 for the battery with the negative electrode thickness of 100nm. The shape of charge–discharge curve consisted of a two-step for the batteries with the negative electrode thickness more than 200nm, but that with the thickness of 100nm was a smooth S-shape curve during 500 cycles.
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and anemia are major challenges among children and expecting and lactating mothers in developing countries. Intervention with locally available dark green leafy vegetables (DGLV) is more sustainable to eradicate VAD, being cost-effective and readily adaptable to local communities. DGLV contain high levels of iron and β-carotene (BC) and therefore useful in fighting VAD and anemia. Since DGLVs are season-dependent sun-drying enables their availability during low seasons. However, their contribution to the bioavailability of BC and the improvement of hemoglobin are not well understood. The study therefore investigated the effect of consuming cooked recipe consisting of sun-dried amaranth and cowpea leaves on the levels of BC, retinol, and hemoglobin in preschool children from Machakos District, a semiarid region in Kenya.
Global demand for clean renewable electricity is increasing. Although hydroelectricity is clean and renewable, storing excess energy during non-peak times in batteries usually causes negative impacts to the environment and may trigger legal or land use issues. Additionally, voltaic-based batteries are prohibitively expensive for storing the amount of electricity even for a small village. Actually it is a lot cheaper and cleaner to store electricity in water. This study explores how to do that. It features a unique pragmatic research ideology that included a literature review, comparative field research, data collection from the site, along with parametric statistical techniques. Relevant best-practices were cited from the literature and from comparative field research projects. A novel concept was the use of a land fault between lakes in a large park preserve. A scalable decision making model was developed for generating and storing clean renewable energy. The results should generalize widely to renewable energy storage practitioners, climate conservation activists, government policy makers and to other researchers around the world.
A Pt-Co nanoalloy thin film catalyst was prepared by using simultaneous magnetron sputtering of Pt and Co. The catalyst was characterized during accelerated degradation test using in-situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy complemented with ex-situ techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy. The combined results gave the full step-by-step picture of the catalyst behavior during the aging test.
A novel method has been applied to the surface modification of the metal hydride (MH) electrode of the MH/Ni batteries. Both sides of the electrode were plated with a thin cobalt film about 0.15μm using vacuum evaporate plating technology and the effect of the electrode on the performance of the MH/Ni batteries was examined. It was found that the surface modification could enhance the electrode conductivity and decrease the battery ohmic resistance. After surface modification, the discharge capacity at 5C (8.5A) was increased by 115mAh and discharge voltage was increased by 0.04V, the resistance of the batteries was also decreased by 18%. The batteries with modified electrode exhibited satisfactory durability. The remaining capacity of the modified batteries was 93% of the initial capacity even after 500 cycles. The inner pressure of the batteries during overcharging was lowered and the charging efficiency of the batteries was improved.
A novel approach is used for templateless synthesis of polypyrrole – gold nanocomposite material, taking advantage of polypyrrole nanoparticles synthesis method resulting in nanostructures of unblocked surface. Our approach leads to unsupported, nanocomposite system, where presence of gold nanostructures enables hydrogen ions reduction. Electrochemical methods: cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry or rotating disc electrode voltammetry allow to monitor the high rate of hydrogen ions transfer through the conductive polymer and their electrochemical reduction rate. These measurements confirm high active surface area of gold nanostructures immobilized in polypyrrole. On the other hand, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals pseudocapacitive properties of the material, typical for polypyrrole nanostructures. Thus, the obtained nanocomposite material shows joint and unhindered properties typical for gold nanoparticles and polypyrrole nanospheres.
The effects of the crystallinity and a radiation crosslinking on the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with a nucleating agent were investigated. We found the optimum conditions for the stretching process according to the addition of various quantities of a nucleating agent (Millad3988). The pores of a HDPE membrane were affected by the crystallinity of the polymer, and the crystallinity of the polymer was changed with an increase thermal ageing temperature. Thermal ageing treatment of the HDPE film was conducted in an oven at 110–135°C for 5–60min. When the conditions for the annealing were fixed at 125°C and 40min, we obtained the highest crystallinity. Also, the resulting mechanical properties of the irradiated HDPE separators were analyzed.
Adenosine is produced at high levels at inflamed sites as a by-product of cellular activation and breakdown. Adenosine mediates its anti-inflammatory activity primarily through the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR), a member of the G-protein coupled receptors. A2aR agonists have demonstrated anti-inflammatory efficacy, however, their therapeutic utility is hindered by a lack of adenosine receptor subtype selectivity upon systemic exposure. We sought to harness the anti-inflammatory effects of adenosine by enhancing the responsiveness of A2aR to endogenously produced adenosine through allosteric modulation. We have identified a family of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the A2aR. Using one member of this PAM family, AEA061, we demonstrate that A2aRs are amenable to allosteric enhancement and such enhancement produces increased A2aR signaling and diminished inflammation in vivo.
Influence of dispersion of uniformly sized mono-functional and bi-functional (“Janus”) particles on ionic conductivity of novel “soggy sand” electrolytes and its implications on mechanical strength and lithium-ion battery performance are discussed here.
We propose a non-resonant finger-triggered electromagnetic energy harvester (EMEH) using multiple gear modules and an array of disc Halbach magnets, which can generate significant voltage and power under low input-frequency vibrations. The proposed EMEH converts the applied low frequencies into higher frequencies using a multiplying gear module and forwards the linear excitation to a rotational module by gear parts. The multiplying gear module was used for increasing the speed of magnet motion. In the energy generation part, an array of disc Halbach magnets were used for concentrating the magnetic flux toward the coils. The proposed energy harvester generated an open-circuit voltage of 1.39 V at an average power of 7.68 mW, with an optimal load of 36 Ω at an input frequency of 3 Hz. The prototype harvester offers a power density of 0.833 mWcm−3, which is much higher than those of recently reported EMEHs. We demonstrate wearable and portable electronics such as a stopwatch and pedometer-based on finger triggering. This study presents an important step toward low-frequency-vibration-powered devices for portable smart electronic applications and is expected to be widely applicable.
Background The modulatory effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) appear beneficial for different chronic pain syndromes; however, it is unclear whether this method can be used to treat refractory chronic pelvic pain. Objective The objective of this preliminary study was to determine the efficacy and safety of tDCS for the management of refractory chronic pelvic pain. Methods Seven patients with chronic pelvic pain having failed standard medical or surgical therapy underwent a crossover, double-blind sham controlled tDCS treatment protocol consisting of 1 mA applied for 20 minutes on two consecutive days with 2 weeks of follow-up symptom recording. Symptoms were recorded using multiple scoring systems, including visual analog scales for different pains, as well as organ-specific symptom scales. Comparison between active and sham treatment was performed by using paired t tests. Results Overall and pelvic pain scores were significantly lower after active compared with sham treatment, as were disability and traumatic stress scores. No patient discontinued the study because of side effects, which were infrequent. Conclusions Active tDCS treatment induces a modest pain reduction in refractory chronic pelvic pain patients as compared with sham tDCS treatment. These results can guide the design and implementation of further studies investigating this method of neuromodulation for the treatment of refractory chronic pelvic pain.