batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Zn-based electrodes containing different amount of Bi2O3 have been analyzed by synchrotron XRD during the discharging process of a real Zn/air battery. Bi2O3 is clearly detected for pristine Zn-Bi2O3 based electrodes. However, immersion of Zn-Bi2O3 electrodes in 6 M KOH solution before starting the discharge results in the disappearance of Bi2O3 XRD signature in the pattern and the appearance of new peaks indicating the presence of metallic Bi, regardless of the amount of Bi2O3 initially included in the Zn-Bi2O3 electrodes. This behavior together with Open Circuit Voltage measurements points to a spontaneous reduction of Bi3+ to metallic Bi by the oxidation of Zn to Zn2+. Irrespective of the amount of Bi2O3 present in the negative electrodes, Zn XRD peaks diminish as the discharge proceeds. However, the initial amount of Bi2O3 clearly affect to ZnO and Bi metal XRD peaks. ZnO peaks are observed only for electrodes without Bi2O3 or those containing 6% of Bi2O3. Conversely, ZnO peaks do not appear in the XRD patterns obtained for higher quantities of Bi2O3 electrodes. Besides, in this case metallic Bi peaks are observed during all discharging processes, indicating that Bi remained in the electrode. Finally, SEM and EDX studies support these conclusions.
Composite electrodes of reassembled titanate and two kinds of carbon fibers were prepared and their high-rate electrode properties were examined. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCF) were used for preparing the composites. The electronic conductivity of the MWNT composites increased with increasing contents of MWNT and exhibited a typical insulator-conductor transition. The MWNT composite with a MWNT content of 50wt.% showed a capacity of 150±5mAh(gtitanate)−1 at a discharge rate of 0.67C, and did not show a good high-rate capability due to the large content of hydrated water. The effect of the porous structure of the electrodes was revealed in the high-rate electrode properties of the microstructurally controlled composites with both MWNT and VGCF. The composites with 50wt.% VGCF and 10wt.% MWNT showed a reversible capacity of approximately 160mAh(gtitanate)−1 at a discharge rate of 0.63C and almost no capacity fading at relatively large discharge rate up to 19C. A composite electrode with excellent high-rate capability was obtained by the microstructural control with carbon fibers.
The thermal stability of the materials that comprise the battery has been one of the important issues. By using temperature programmed desorption-mass spectrometry (TPD-MS) and XRD, the thermal decomposition reaction of delithiated Li x CoO2 (x =1, 0.81, 0.65) was quantitatively analyzed. Delithiated Li x CoO2 samples were metastable and liberated oxygen at a temperature of above 250°C. Liberated oxygen gas was quantified by TPD-MS. Structural changes of the samples were confirmed by XRD. We identified the stoichiometry of the thermal decomposition reaction of Li x CoO2. Furthermore, to analyze the heating rate dependence of the oxygen generation, we calculated the activation energy (E a) of the thermal decomposition reaction. The average E a through the reaction of Li0.81CoO2 is 130kJmol−1, and that of Li0.65CoO2 is 97kJmol−1. The Li content decreased as the activation energy increased.
Using a cross-modal semantic priming paradigm, the present study investigated the ability of left-hemisphere-damaged (LHD) nonfluent aphasic, right-hemisphere-damaged (RHD) and non-brain-damaged (NBD) control subjects to use local sentence context information to resolve lexically ambiguous words. Critical sentences were manipulated such that they were either unbiased, or biased toward one of two meanings of sentence-final equibiased ambiguous words. Sentence primes were presented auditorily, followed after a short (0ms) or long (750ms) interstimulus interval (ISI) by the presentation of a first- or second-meaning related visual target, on which subjects made a lexical decision. At the short ISI, neither patient group appeared to be influenced by context, in sharp contrast to the performance of the NBD control subjects. LHD nonfluent aphasic subjects activated both meanings of ambiguous words regardless of context, whereas RHD subjects activated only the first meaning in unbiased and second-meaning biased contexts. At the long ISI, LHD nonfluent aphasic subjects failed to show evidence of activation of either meaning, while RHD individuals activated first meanings in unbiased contexts and contextually appropriate meanings in second-meaning biased contexts. These findings suggest that both left (LH) and right hemisphere (RH) damage lead to deficits in using local contextual information to complete the process of ambiguity resolution. LH damage seems to spare initial access to word meanings, but initially impairs the ability to use context and results in a faster than normal decay of lexical activation. RH damage appears to initially disrupt access to context, resulting in an over-reliance on frequency in the activation of ambiguous word meanings.
Publisher Summary This chapter explores some practical control systems such as digital engine control systems. It describes representative control systems that are not necessarily based on the system of any given manufacturer, thereby giving the reader an understanding of the configuration and operating principles of a generic representative system. The systems described in the chapter are a compilation of the features used by several manufacturers. The microcontroller under program control is possible for generating the electrical signals that operate the fuel injectors and trigger the ignition pulses. This chapter also discusses secondary functions of the digital engine control systems. The digital engine control system has been made possible by a rapid evolution of technology, and innovations such as integrated engine control system, oxygen sensor improvements, fuel injection timing, automatic transmission control, torque converter lock-up control, traction control, and hybrid vehicle powertrain control. The chapter concludes with a discussion of hybrid vehicle control systems in which propulsive power comes from an IC engine or an electric engine, or a combination of both.
Due to its low cost and high power density, the Zn/air energy system is considered to be a promising power energy source. Furthermore, Zn/air technology could be used as either an electrically or a mechanically rechargeable system. Electrical recharging is problematic, however, due to the formation of zinc dendrites. Similarly, hydrogen overpotential plays a major role. The present study attempts to reduce dendrite formation and raise hydrogen overpotential through the addition of cellulose and lead oxide, respectively. It is concluded that cellulose reduces dendrite formation to some extent. It also works well to raise the hydrogen overpotential even in the absence of lead oxide.
A 39-year-old man, who presented at age 3 1 2 with Landau–Kleffner syndrome, had persisting oral and written language deficits into adulthood. Seizures were easily controlled in childhood, but reemerged in adulthood as medication-refractory complex partial seizures. Abnormal T2 signal hyperintensity was seen in the left mesial temporal area on brain MRI. Later, left temporal lobectomy revealed focal cortical dysplasia in the lateral temporal neocortex and gliosis plus neuronal loss in the hippocampus. This case suggests that focal cortical microdysgenesis may be a cause of the Landau–Kleffner syndrome. Persistent seizures in this illustrative case may have led to the evolution of dual-temporal-lobe pathology with mesial temporal sclerosis.
Summary In this paper we clarify the mechanisms through which rural electrification can contribute to rural development. Through a detailed case study analysis of a community-based electric micro-grid in rural Kenya, we demonstrate that access to electricity enables the use of electric equipment and tools by small and micro enterprises, resulting in significant improvement in productivity per worker (100–200% depending on the task at hand) and in a corresponding growth in income levels in the order of 20–70%, depending on the product made. Access to electricity simultaneously enables and improves the delivery of social and business services from a wide range of village-level infrastructure (e.g., schools, markets, and water pumps) while improving the productivity of agricultural activities. We find that increased productivity and growth in revenues within the context of better delivery of social and business support services contribute to achieving higher social and economic benefits for rural communities. We also demonstrate that when local electricity users have an ability to charge and enforce cost-reflective tariffs and when electricity consumption is closely linked to productive uses that generate incomes, cost recovery is feasible.
Palladium modified cerium oxide (CeO2 or ceria) nanoparticles (Pd-CeO2) were prepared by depositing palladium nanoparticles with average diameters of 3–5nm on the surface of CeO2 via chemical reduction of the precursor (Pd2+). The electrocatalytic activity of Pd-CeO2 toward the detection of different important compounds (i.e. glucose, ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA)) has been investigated. Compared with the CeO2 or Pd modified electrode, the Pd-CeO2 modified electrode has higher catalytic activity toward the oxidation of glucose, AA, DA, and UA. A nonenzymatic glucose sensor was developed for the sensitive and selective detection of glucose. Moreover, in the mixture of AA, DA and UA, obvious electrochemical potential separations among the three detected peaks were observed, making the simultaneously determination of AA, DA and UA possible. The attractive features of Pd-CeO2 provide potential applications in sensor and biosensor design.
Amorphous MoO x (a-MoO x , 2<x<3) thin films were deposited by a reactive magnetron sputtering method. As the Li-ion storage electrodes, the a-MoO x thin films exhibit a high capacity of 338μAh·cm−2 (about 845 mAh·g−1) at a current density of 90μAcm−2 even after 100 electrochemical cycles, and have a rate capacity of 158μAhcm−2 at a high current density of 2000μAcm−2. The phase analysis revealed that all the a-MoO x thin films maintained an amorphous characteristic after having been charged-discharged at various stages. In-situ electron-beam irradiation (EBI) induced crystallization of the a-MoO x thin films was performed by using a transmission electron microscopy. By analyzing the EBI induced crystalline phases of the a-MoO x thin films, the possible electrochemical reactions during the charge-discharge processes were discussed. According to the developed investigation method, the possible electrochemical mechanism in the a-MoO x thin films were proposed to undergo a conversion reaction such as MoO x +2xLi+ +2xe− ↔Mo+ xLi2O during the electrochemical processes.
We demonstrate, for the first time, a considerable electrochemical activity of two members of lithium transition element titanates: Li2FeTiO4 and Li2MnTiO4. Both materials consist of 10–20nm particles embedded in a conductive carbon coating. We show that not the coating but the small particle size is decisive for materials’ activity. Li2FeTiO4 shows a stable reversible capacity of up to 123mAhg−1 at C/20 and 60°C which is 83% of the theoretical value for exchange of 1 electron (148mAhg−1). Li2MnTiO4 could only be prepared in a nanosized form that contained about 30% of impurities. The capacity of the whole material (including impurities) is comparable to that of Li2FeTiO4 but the cycling stability is much poorer. In contrast to the Fe and Mn analogues, the third member of the titanate family, Li2NiTiO4, shows a good electrochemistry even when the particle size is much larger (about 100nm). During initial cycles at C/10 and 60°C, exchange of more than 1 electron per compound formula has been observed. The cycling stability at high temperatures, however, is poor.
Elevated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been demonstrated during ischemia and reperfusion. Dopamine (DA) autooxidation may contribute to increased ROS generation. The novel neuroprotective agent AM-36 has antioxidant and Na+ channel blocking activity and reduces neuronal damage in both cortex and striatum after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Here we sought in vivo evidence of the ability of AM-36 to inhibit intrastriatal ROS generation and DA release after ischemia. Salicylate hydroxylation coupled with in vivo microdialysis in the striatum of conscious Long Evans rats was performed during MCA occlusion by perivascular microinjection of endothelin-1 (ET-1). AM-36 (6 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min after MCA occlusion. Dialysates were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for the salicylate hydroxylation product, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3 DHBA) and for DA and metabolites. MCA occlusion resulted in a marked increase in 2,3 DHBA and a secondary increase in all analytes, 180–300 min later. Increased DA release coincided with 2,3 DHBA formation. AM-36 significantly reduced ischemia induced increases in 2,3 DHBA and DA, and infarct volume in the striatum. Significant improvements in a battery of behavioural tests was also found in AM-36 treated rats. This study has demonstrated profound inhibition of ROS generation by a novel compound with antioxidant activity, administered post-ischemia in conscious rats.
We report a high-performance silicon-carbon (Si-C) composite anode material for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries via a scalable production route. Porous silica particles as the precursor of Si is obtained from aerosol spray drying of the commercial silica suspension in water. The silica particles are reduced to porous Si via magnesiothermic reduction followed by carbon coating from chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The kinetics of magnesiothermic reduction of silica is systematically studied thus the conversion and the microstructural properties of obtained porous Si can be precisely optimized. The Si-C composite demonstrates excellent specific capacity of 1835 mAh g−1 and outstanding cycle stability. When used as an additive to the graphite anode, the thick electrodes with total areal loading of 4.0 mg cm−2 containing 20 wt% Si-C and 70 wt% graphite achieve remarkable performance: 850 mAh g−1 overall specific capacity and 3.4 mAh cm−2 areal capacity as well as 92% capacity retention after 200 cycles. Full cells composed of commercial lithium iron phosphate cathode and the Si-C-graphite anode under lean electrolyte condition also demonstrate excellent performance.
Control over porosity and crystal orientation is a huge challenge in the field of materials science. Cathode materials with high porosity and reactivity of exposed crystal planes contribute to the charge transfer kinetics, structural stability and interfacial compatibility between electrode and electrolyte. In this paper, hierarchically porous urchin-like LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 hollow spheres comprising aggregated nanosheets with highly exposed {111} facets have been successfully synthesized with ultrathin MnO2 nanosheets encapsulating poly styrene spheres as precursor. Transmission electron microscopy results present the crystal orientation of target cathode material is exposed with dominant {111} facets, which could effectively relieve the dissolution of manganese from the lattice, thus leading to an excellent cycling stability. The charge-discharge characterizations demonstrate that the resultant urchin-like LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 hollow spheres exhibits excellent rate capability and high-rate cyclic stability. Notably, even at a high rate of 30 C, the battery can deliver about 92% of the initial discharge capacity retention after 1500 cycles. Experiment results and theoretical calculation indicate that the superior performance of the synthesized product can be ascribed to its intrinsic structure and preferred orientation growth of {111} facets. Therefore, hierarchically porous urchin-like LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with highly exposed {111} plane is a promising cathode material for high-energy density lithium-ion batteries.
Understanding and tracking battery degradation mechanisms and adapting its operation have become a necessity in order to enhance battery durability. A novel use of differential thermal voltammetry (DTV) is presented as an in-situ state-of-health (SOH) estimator for lithium-ion batteries. Accelerated ageing experiments were carried on 5Ah commercial lithium-ion polymer cells operated and stored at different temperature and loading conditions. The cells were analysed regularly with various existing in-situ diagnosis methods and the novel DTV technique to determine their SOH. The diagnosis results were used collectively to elaborate the degradation mechanisms inside the cells. The DTV spectra were decoupled into individual peaks, which each represent particular phases in the negative and positive electrode combined. The peak parameters were used to quantitatively analyse the battery SOH. A different cell of the same chemistry with unknown degradation history was then analysed to explore how the cell degraded. The DTV technique was able to diagnose the cell degradation without relying on supporting results from other methods nor previous cycling data.
Several nano-sized mixed molybdenum/vanadium oxide monoclinic solid solutions were synthesised using a continuous hydrothermal flow process and studied with a wide range of physical characterization techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The nanomaterials were tested as anodes for Li-ion batteries in the potential range 0.05–3.00 V vs. Li/Li+. Samples with nominal formulas of Mo0.5V0.5O2 and Mo0.33V0.67O2 showed excellent performance, especially at high current rates, due to their highly pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanism. At a specific current of 10 A g−1, Mo0.5V0.5O2 and Mo0.33V0.67O2 showed specific capacities of ca. 200 and 170 mAh g−1, respectively. Mo0.5V0.5O2 also showed good cyclability, with a specific capacity of 480 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles at a specific current of 0.5 A g−1. For cyclic voltammetries conducted at high scan rates, pseudocapacitive charge storage contributed more than 90% to the total charge storage for both samples. The scalability of the synthesis technique and excellent electrochemical performance at high power, make these materials promising as negative electrode active materials for Li-ion batteries.
Mo doped Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode materials have been synthesized via coprecipitation followed by high-temperature solid state method. The effect of Mo doping on the structure, morphology, and electrochemical performances of Ni-rich cathode material has been investigated. The results reveal that Mo doping may promote the formation of surface rock salt phase and expand the Li+ diffusion channels for Ni-rich material. Benefit from which, the further transition of layered to rock salt structure during cycling has been alleviated. As a result, the optimal Mo doped material, with 1 wt% doping, exhibits enhanced cycling stability with superior electrochemistry performances, that is high reversible capacity of 215.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1C, and 184.1 mAh g−1 at 1C with an excellent 100th capacity retention of 92.4%. Even the cut-off voltage raises to 4.5 V, the 100th capacity retention of Mo-doped material still reaches as high as 85.2%. The results indicate that fabricating the Ni-rich materials with a surface rock salt phase is an effective strategy towards better structure stability and electrochemical performances.
Aim This work describes an extensive systematic literature review on assessment instruments for dementia in persons with intellectual disability (ID). Existing instruments for the detection of dementia in persons with ID were collected and described systematically. This allows a direct and quick overview of available tools. Additionally, it contributes to the availability and usability of information about these instruments, thus enhancing further developments in this field. Methods A systematic literature search in five databases (CINAHL, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) was conducted. In order to include gray literature an invisible college approach was used. Relevant studies were identified and selected using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. After the selection process all instruments were coded and classified. It was determined which concepts they assess, whether they were especially developed or adapted for persons with ID, and whether they were designed to assess dementia. The selection of relevant papers, as well as the coding of instruments was done independently by two researchers. Results In total, 97 records met the search criteria. Out of these, 114 different instruments were extracted. There were 79 instruments to be completed by the person with ID, and 35 informant-based instruments. Additionally, four test batteries were found. Some of these instruments were neither designed for the assessment of dementia, nor for persons with ID. Conclusions There are a variety of different tools used for the assessment of dementia in ID. Nevertheless, an agreed-upon approach or instrument is missing. Establishing this would improve the quality of assessment in clinical practice, and benefit research. Data collected would become comparable and combinable, and allow research to have more informative value.
Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers are synthesized by dilute polymerization and subsequently used for layer-by-layer assembly with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The chemical synthesized PANI nanofibers are characterized by SEM and TEM. In addition, the LBL assembly process is characterized by SEM, UV–vis spectrometry and electrochemical methods. PAA inside the multilayer film can dope nanostructured PANI effectively and shift its electroactivity to a neutral pH environment. Compared with PANI/PAA film co-deposited on the electrode by electropolymerization, the redox behavior of PANI/PAA multilayer via LBL assembly is more reversible, indicating the enhancement of electron transfer. The obtained nanostructured PANI/PAA multilayer films are very stable and show high electrocatalytic ability toward H2O2, which makes it an ideal substrate for H2O2 detection and offers great promise for biosensing.
We present up-to-date benchmarking methods for testing electrocatalysts for polymer exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), using the rotating disk electrode (RDE) method. We focus on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in the presence of CO. We have chosen our experimental methods to provide the most optimal compromise between the ease of carrying out the measurements and for ensuring comparability with PEMFC conditions. For the ORR, the effect of temperature, scan rate, Ohmic drop correction and background subtraction on the catalyst activity is investigated, both on a polycrystalline Pt disk and two different commercial Pt/C catalysts. To benchmark the CO tolerance of HOR catalysts, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry are used, on polycrystalline Pt and commercial catalysts consisting of Pt/C and PtRu/C. We recommend the optimal conditions for obtaining a benchmark of ORR activity and CO tolerance of HOR catalysts.