batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Integrating large amounts of wind power in energy systems poses balancing challenges due to the variable and only partly predictable nature of wind. The challenges cover different time scales from intra-hour, intra-day/day-ahead to several days and seasonal level. Along with flexible electricity demand options, various electricity storage technologies are being discussed as candidates for contributing to large-scale wind power integration and these also differ in terms of the time scales at which they can operate. In this paper, using the case of Western Denmark in 2025 with an expected 57% wind power penetration, wind power impacts on different time scales are analysed. Results show consecutive negative and high net load period lengths indicating a significant potential for flexibility measures capable of charging/activating demand and discharging/inactivating demand in periods of 1h to one day. The analysis suggests a lower but also significant potential for flexibility measures charging/activating demand in periods of several days. In addition, the results indicate a physical potential for seasonal electricity storage. In the study, a number of large-scale electricity storage technologies – batteries, flow batteries, compressed air energy storage, electrolysis combined with fuel cells, and electric vehicles – are moreover categorised with respect to the time scales at which they are suited to support wind power integration. While all of these technologies are assessed suitable for intra-hour and intra-day/day-ahead power balancing only some are found suited for responding to several days with high/low net loads and even fewer for seasonal balancing.
A highly mesoporous carbon foam with oxygen-containing functional groups is chemically tailored from abandoned ion exchange resin, and prepared carbon foam/S composite with 68.7% sulfur is prepared for lithium‑sulfur (Li-S) batteries cathode. The prepared carbon foam possesses 3D structure with oxygen-containing functional groups, highly specific surface area (1648.63m2 g−1)and a centered pore size distribution, which is due to the rational chemically tailoring strategy. The obtained carbon foam/S composite delivers a 841.2mAhg−1 large reversible discharge capacity after 100cycles at 0.5C charge–discharge rate. The outstanding electrochemical properties can be attributed to the synergistic effect of unique 3D network structure, highly mesoporous and oxygen-containing functional groups during chemically tailoring process.
The electrochemical behavior of the Fe(III)/Fe(II)–triethanolamine(TEA) complex redox couple in alkaline medium and influence of the concentration of TEA were investigated. A change of the concentration of TEA mainly produces the following two results. (1) With an increase of the concentration of TEA, the solubility of the Fe(III)–TEA can be increased to 0.6M, and the solubility of the Fe(II)–TEA is up to 0.4M. (2) In high concentration of TEA with the ratio of TEA to NaOH ranging from 1 to 6, side reaction peaks on the cathodic main reaction of the Fe(III)–TEA complex at low scan rate can be minimized. The electrode process of Fe(III)–TEA/Fe(II)–TEA is electrochemically reversible with higher reaction rate constant than the uncomplexed species. Constant current charge–discharge shows that applying anodic active materials of relatively high concentrations facilitates the improvement of cell performance. The open-circuit voltage of the Fe–TEA/Br2 cell with the Fe(III)–TEA of 0.4M, after full charging, is nearly 2.0V and is about 32% higher than that of the all-vanadium batteries, together with the energy efficiency of approximately 70%. The preliminary exploration shows that the Fe(III)–TEA/Fe(II)–TEA couple is electrochemically promising as negative redox couple for redox flow battery (RFB) application.
Since its release in 2015, the hoverboard has been associated with injuries in children and adolescents. However, its public health implications have yet to be explored in the orthopedic literature across multiple centers.
Demand of electricity is rising all over the world, both in developing and developed countries due to escalation in world population and economic growth. The exploitation of renewable energy is imperative to mitigate energy crisis and to avoid the environmental downfall. The stochastic nature of many renewable energy sources sets techno-economic and functional limitations in their application for covering most types of energy needs. These limitations can be surmounted if a renewable and a conventional energy source are combined to formulate a hybrid generation power system. This paper examines the techno-economic feasibility of four hybrid power generation systems applied to cover the demand of a typical off-grid residence for a 20 years period. Each one of these hybrid power solutions should involve at least one renewable energy source technology and be able to cover all load needs. Four applications are investigated for each hybrid system, accounting to different geographical areas in Greece with diverse solar and aeolic profile. A comparative analysis is followed to set off the optimal solution based on a minimal total cost criterion.
Effect of chemical reaction on Li-ions diffusion and diffusion-reaction-induced stresses in a spherical electrode is studied, considering the reaction rate determined by the relation between hydrostatic stress and activation enthalpy, to derive new diffusion equation. The coupling equations of diffusion and mechanics are developed to obtain numerical simulation results of Li-ion concentration and diffusion-reaction-induced stress under galvanostatic operation during lithiation. Results indicate that chemical reaction can slow down the diffusion process and lead to the increase of radial stress and hoop stress, which is enhanced as the reaction rate constant increases. The effect of hydrostatic stress in activation enthalpy can change the reaction rate, resulting in distribution difference of the Li-ion and reaction product concentration and the decline of the radial and hoop stress.
In the development of lithium–air batteries, managing the phase change between gaseous oxygen and crystalline lithium peroxide is a key challenge. Now, a high-performing sealed battery with an oxygen anion-redox electrode is presented that does not involve any gas evolution.
The specific capacity of Fe-substituted Li2MnO3 (Li1.2Fe0.4Mn0.4O2) was improved by adjusting the preparation temperature of Fe–Mn co-precipitate below RT in order to suppress the spinel ferrite formation, which hinders the formation of homogeneous and reactive precursor. The degradation of discharge capacity with cycle could be suppressed by nominal 5% Al, Ni and Co doping. This means that Fe-substituted Li2MnO3 will be considered to be one of the near future positive electrodes for practical use by careful optimization of its preparation condition and chemical composition.
Nanostructured MnO2 has unique electrocatalytic properties towards the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR, the main cathodic reaction in metal-air devices), representing an excellent alternative to the expensive platinum. Herein, we report the hydrothermal synthesis of bare and 5% Ti-doped α-MnO2 nanoparticles using two different oxidizing agents, namely ammonium persulfate for MH_N samples and potassium permanganate for MH_K ones. The physico-chemical characterizations show that oxidant cations induce different structural, morphological and surface properties of the final powders. Hence, correlations between the different α-MnO2 characteristics and their electrocatalytic performances towards the ORR are drawn, highlighting the diverse effect even on the kinetic point of view. The ORR activity in alkaline media is examined by means of Staircase – Linear Sweep Voltammetry (S-LSV), using Gas Diffusion Electrode (GDE) as the air-cathode. The presence of these nanoparticles in the GDEs leads to a significant shift of the ORR onset potential (∼100 mV) towards less cathodic values, underlining the electrocatalytic efficiency of all the nanopowders. Furthermore, high exchange current densities (j 0 ) are determined for GDEs with Ti-doped MnO2, comparable to the well-performing Pd45Pt5Sn50, and making it a promising material for the ORR.
In situ reflection absorption FTIR spectroscopy (in situ FTIR) and small spot X-ray electron emission spectroscopy (XPS) of emersed electrodes were used to examine the electrochemical double layer on glassy carbon (GC) and the anodic storage reactions of the zinc bromine battery which are the formation of a non-aqueous N-methyl-ethyl-pyrrolidinium (MEP+) and/or N-methyl-ethyl-morpholinium (MEM+) polybromide phase. Oxidative conversion of the GC surface to COH, CO and COO− is observed during potential cycling between the hydrogen and oxygen evolution. The extrapolation of the intensity of the bending vibration signal due to adsorbed water allowed the determination of the point of zero charge (pzc). The pzc of GC is more than 1 V more negative than that of gold in the presence of MEP-Br or MEM-Br. Above the pzc, up to the bromide oxidation potential, MEM+ shows a much stronger chemical affinity to GC than MEP+ because the MEM morpholinium bridge oxygen shows a stronger interaction with the oxidised carbon surface species than the pure CH-structure of the pyrrolidinium species. This study suggests that the battery charging reaction involves mainly a heterogeneous electron transfer from Br− followed by a homogeneous chemical reaction leading to MEP-polybromide, whereas the conversion of specifically adsorbed MEM-Br ion pairs to polybromide is a slow process.
Pseudocapacitive charge storage has been regarded as a promising mechanism to achieve both high specific energy and power energy storage devices. Some pseudocapacitive anode materials show great high-rate performance, however, it remains a significant challenge to develop the cathode ones. Herein, for the first time, we report a layered iron vanadate (Fe5V15O39(OH)9⋅9H2O, named as kazakhstanite) nanosheets (FeVO NSs) with featuring ultrathin layer thickness (< 10 nm). The FeVO NSs are synthesized by a facile wet-chemical approach with a high yield. Compared to the FeVO nanoparticles, the crystalline layered FeVO NSs have additional interlayered Li+ storage sites, leading to the enhanced capacity. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction results demonstrate a non-phase change process and there is only ~ 1.1% layer expansion/shrinkage during lithiation and delithiation process. Based on detail kinetics analysis and ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results, it is found that over 70% of total capacity is pseudocapacitive contribution, which contributes to the ultrahigh-rate capability (a high capacity of 350, 273 and 90 mAh g−1 is achieved at 0.1, 1 and 20 A g−1, respectively) and excellent cycling stability over thousands of cycles. This work presents the high performance vanadate material that delivers highly pseudocapacitive behavior, and provides a promising direction to realize both high energy and high power lithium storage.
The increase of charging current can reduce the charging time, however, this increased charging current accelerates the speed of degradation and heat generation. There have been many suggested classical charging methods that include constant current and constant voltage, pulse charging or a combination, but few of these charging methods have been designed by considering the fundamental mechanisms of ion transport, chemical reactions, and intercalation process. Therefore, in order to minimize degradation rate and reduce charging time simultaneously, a charging method was designed for the beginning of life of battery by considering different limiting factors such as surface ion concentrations, state of charge, cutoff voltage, and side reaction rate, which generates different charging protocols. The designed protocols were implemented in real time using the Battery-In-The-Loop (BIL) system. Experimental results have shown that the proposed charging methods can reduce about half of the charging time compared with 1C CC/CV normal charging method recommended by manufacturer. Fast charging protocol considering side reaction rate and ion concentration yields the best performance among others in that the charging time can be reduced more than 40% compared with the normal charging with a degradation rate comparable with that of the normal charging up to 100 cycles.
The present study took advantage of data collected on more than 2100 Italian adult and elderly individuals during the standardization of the WAIS-IV to examine the relationship between working memory (WM) components and intelligence, and how age affects this relationship. Administering the WAIS-IV enabled us to obtain five different measures for assessing different aspects of WM, and a measure of General Ability (GA) strongly loading on the g-factor. The main results were as follows: (1) age-related impairments in WM are substantial, and they are partly similar and partly different for the various WM measures; (2) the relationship between the WM measures and the General Ability Index (GAI) varies, becoming stronger when the active control required by the WM task is higher; (3) comparing the WM–GAI relationships between different age groups reveals some similar patterns, as well as some specific effects that depend on the WM task considered.
The effects of magnetic fields on electrochemical processes have made a great impact on both theoretical and practical significances in improving capacitor performance. In this study, active carbon/Fe3O4-NPs nanocomposites (AC/Fe3O4-NPs) were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method and ultrasonic technique. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) showed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) grew along the edge of AC. AC/Fe3O4-NPs nanocomposites were further used as an electrochemical electrode, and its electrochemical performance was tested under magnetization and non-magnetization conditions, respectively, in a three-electrode electrochemical device. Micro-magnetic field could improve the electric double-layer capacitance, reduce the charge transfer resistance, and enhance the discharge performance. The capacitance enhancement of magnetized electrode was increased by 33.1% at the current density of 1 A/g, and the energy density was improved to 15.97 Wh/kg, due to the addition of magnetic particles.
Li4Ti5O12 anode powders were prepared by post-treatment of the precursor powders obtained by spray pyrolysis at various preparation conditions. The precursor powders had fine size, narrow size distribution, dense inner structure and homogeneous composition when the flow rate of the carrier gas and the preparation temperature were 10lmin−1 and 800°C. The spherical shapes of the precursor powders obtained at the optimum preparation conditions maintained after post-treatment at a temperature of 800°C. The mean sizes of the Li4Ti5O12 powders were controlled by changing the concentrations of the spray solution. The initial discharge capacities and cycle properties of the Li4Ti5O12 powders were strongly affected by the preparation temperatures of the precursor powders. The optimum preparation temperature of the precursor powders was 800°C when the flow rate of the carrier gas was 10lmin−1. The discharge capacities and cycle properties of the Li4Ti5O12 powders were not affected by flow rates of the carrier gas. The Li4Ti5O12 powders had good cycle properties irrespective of the concentrations of the spray solution. However, the Li4Ti5O12 powders obtained from the spray solutions with high concentration above 0.5M had high discharge capacities than those obtained from the spray solutions with low concentration below 0.1M.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses two types of alkaline manganese batteries: primary and secondary. Cylindrical alkaline manganese batteries have an inverted construction compared with the familiar Leclanché carbon-zinc battery construction. In the cylindrical alkaline manganese battery the positive terminal is formed by a stud, in contact with the cathode at the top of the battery, fixed to a steel can which surrounds the positive electrode. The hermetically sealed can and steel jacket take no part in the electrochemical reactions of the cell. Where acetylene black is generally used as an additive to the manganese dioxide in a Leclanché battery, the higher conductivity of the potassium hydroxide electrolyte used in the alkaline manganese battery allows the use of highly conductive graphite as a cathode additive. The highly compressed cylindrical manganese dioxide cathode is lined with an absorbent separator and the gelled anode of amalgamated high-surface-area zinc powder inserted. Contact to the negative terminal at the base of the battery is by an internal metal contact. This design gives a high current density per unit volume of active materials, low resistance and impedance, high service capacity, and a relatively constant capacity over a range of current drawing and discharge schedules. Further, the individual cells that comprise the rechargeable alkaline dioxide battery use electrodes of zinc and manganese dioxide containing 10% graphite with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. These are put together in a special inside-out cell construction and each cell is then hermetically sealed. The voltage per cell is 1.5V.
GL2011 is a naturally occurring thiol compound and a series of thiol compounds have been proposed as radioprotectors. Radioprotective efficacy of a triple intraperitoneal dose of GL2011 of 100 mg/kg body weight of Wistar rats, 30 min prior to and 3 and 6 h following irradiation (6.7 Gy) was evaluated. Four groups of animals were used, vehicle-treated non-irradiated (VN), GL2011-treated and irradiated (GI), GL2011-treated and non-irradiated (GN) and vehicle-treated and irradiated (VI) (n = 30 per group). The radioprotective efficacy of GL2011 was determined by measuring 28-day survival and intestinal crypt cell survival. Neuroprotection in terms of behaviour was evaluated using the behavioural observational battery, open field test and elevated plus maze paradigm. An RNA microarray was carried out in order to show differences at the RNA level between VI and VN groups. Brain protein changes were identified using a gel-based proteomics method and major brain receptor complex levels were determined by blue-native gels followed by immunoblotting. 28-Day survival rate in VI was 30 %, in GI survival was 93 %, survival of VN and GN was 100 %. Jejunal crypt cell survival was significantly enhanced in GI. Protein-level changes of peroxiredoxin-5, Mn-superoxide dismutase 2, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1, septin 5 and dopamine D2 receptor complex levels were paralleling radiation damage and protection. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that GL2011 improves survival rates and jejunal crypt survival, provides partial neuroprotection at the behavioural level and modulates proteins known to be involved in protection against oxidative stress-mediated cell damage.
Transition metal oxides possess eminently high capacity based on the conversion reaction by delivering multiple electrons. However, they usually demonstrate limited cycle life and inferior rate capability due to the pulverization and aggregation of active materials. V2O3 is considered to be an attractive electrode material due to its intrinsic tunnel structure provided by 3D V-V framework. Herein, a flexible and self-standing electrode of V2O3 nanoparticles embedded in porous N-doped carbon nanofibers (V2O3@PNCNFs) has been fabricated through a facile electrospinning method and subsequent thermal treatment. Electrochemical kinetic analysis, in situ XRD, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggest that the potassium storage of V2O3 is dominated by intercalation pseudocapacitance and only up to 1 mol K+ can insert into V2O3 crystal. Different from the conversion reaction in conventional transition metal oxides, in the mechanism of intercalation pseudocapacitance, K+ intercalate into the tunnels of V2O3 accompanied by a faradaic charge-transfer with no crystallographic phase change. This mechanism combines short charging/discharging times with long cycle life, which is reported in PIBs for the first time. This work may open up a new avenue for further development of pseudocapacitive nanomaterials for high-rate and ultra-stable energy storage.
Polycrystalline sample of sodium titanium oxide Na2Ti4O9 with the tunnel-type structure was prepared by topotactic sodium extraction in air atmosphere from the as prepared Na3Ti4O9 sample. The starting Na3Ti4O9 compound was synthesized by solid state reaction at 1273 K in Ar atmosphere. The completeness of oxidation reaction from Na3Ti4O9 to Na2Ti4O9 was monitored by the change in color from dark blue to white, and was also confirmed by the Rietveld refinement using the powder X-ray diffraction data. The sodium deficient Na2Ti4O9 maintained the original Na2.08Ti4O9-type tunnel structure and had the monoclinic crystal system, space group C2/m, and the lattice parameters of a = 23.1698(3) Å, b = 2.9406(1) Å, c = 10.6038(2) Å, β = 102.422(3)°, and V = 705.57(2) Å3. The electrochemical measurements of thus obtained Na2Ti4O9 sample showed the reversible sodium insertion and extraction reactions at 1.1 V, 1.5 V, and 1.8 V vs. Na/Na+, and reversible lithium insertion and extraction reactions at around 1.4 V, 1.8 V, and 2.0 V vs. Li/Li+. The reversible capacity for the lithium cell was achieved to be 104 mAh g−1 at the 100th cycle.
This paper proposes an improved Thevenin model of the Lithium-ion battery taking into account temperature influence on the calculation accuracy of the open circuit voltage of a battery. The calculation accuracy of the terminal voltage of a battery is improved without increasing the order of the model. Firstly, the model was proposed based on Thevenin model and the relationship between the open-circuit voltage and the state of charge. Then, based on the experimental results of the open-circuit voltage test and hybrid power pulse characteristic test, the parameters of the battery model were identified by polynomial fitting and genetic algorithm, respectively. Furthermore, the temperature effects were considered in both the open-circuit voltage and hybrid power pulse characteristic tests. Finally, the proposed model was tested and verified by experiments under the Dynamic Stress Test condition and the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule at different temperatures. The accuracy of the proposed model is high and the parameter identification error is less than 1%.
The energy supply is one of the most important subsystems of spacecrafts. Its layout depends on factors like size or mission profile and contributes strongly to the spacecraft mass. Nowadays, secondary batteries are the common energy storage for space missions. However for certain applications regenerative fuel cell systems (RFCS) offer mass savings due to their higher energy density. A RFCS is composed of an electrolyser and a fuel cell. In a first step water is electrolysed by electrical energy. Hydrogen and oxygen are stored in tanks. Later they are supplied to the fuel cell. There they recombine to water providing electrical energy. The total efficiency of the process and the mass of the complete RFCS are strongly affected by the fuel cell efficiency. It can be increased by elevating the fuel cell operation temperature. This leads to a higher energy density and enables mass reductions of the radiator which is necessary in space to get rid of the waste heat. In this article the effect of the temperature on the radiator area is calculated. The impact on efficiency and fuel cell mass is outlined. Tests results of the operation of an alkaline fuel cell between 60°C and 140°C are presented.