batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Previous studies have indicated that tire tread particles are toxic to aquatic species, but few studies have evaluated the toxicity of such particles using sediment, the likely reservoir of tire wear particles in the environment. In this study, the acute toxicity of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) was assessed in Pseudokirchneriella subcapita, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas using a sediment elutriate (100, 500, 1000 or 10000 mg/l TRWP). Under standard test temperature conditions, no concentration response was observed and EC/LC50 values were greater than 10,000 mg/l. Additional tests using D. magna were performed both with and without sediment in elutriates collected under heated conditions designed to promote the release of chemicals from the rubber matrix to understand what environmental factors may influence the toxicity of TRWP. Toxicity was only observed for elutriates generated from TRWP leached under high-temperature conditions and the lowest EC/LC50 value was 5,000 mg/l. In an effort to identify potential toxic chemical constituent(s) in the heated leachates, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) studies and chemical analysis of the leachate were conducted. The TIE coupled with chemical analysis (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry [LC/MS/MS] and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry [ICP/MS]) of the leachate identified zinc and aniline as candidate toxicants. However, based on the high EC/LC50 values and the limited conditions under which toxicity was observed, TRWP should be considered a low risk to aquatic ecosystems under acute exposure scenarios.
Grid-connected inverters are key components of distributed generation systems (DGSs) and micro-grids (MGs), because they are effective interfaces for renewable and sustainable distributed energy resources (DERs). Recently, multi-functional grid-connected inverters (MFGCIs) have attracted more and more attention for their benefits on auxiliary services on power quality enhancement in DGSs and MGs. These kinds of converters can not only achieve the power generation of DERs, but also can perform as power quality conditioners at their grid-connected points. It should be noted that these functionalities are optimally organized in the same device, which can significantly enhance the cost-effective feature of the grid-connected inverter, as well as can decrease the investment and bulk compared with multiple devices with independent functionalities. MFGCIs are especially suitable for DGSs and MGs application due to their good performances and benefits. Topologies and control strategies of MFGCIs are comprehensively reviewed in this paper. Additionally, detailed explanation, comparison, and discussion on MFGCIs are achieved. Furthermore, some future research fields on MFGCIs are well summarized.
Blends of silicon with various organic precursors were pyrolyzed for constructing the Si-containing disordered carbon and the effects of the amorphous carbon on the electrochemical performances of the resulting Si/C composites were investigated. It was found that the pyrolysis of poly(vinylidene fluoride) provided an appropriate carbon matrix to suppress the pulverizing of Si by the volume changes during lithium intercalation and extraction. Accordingly, nanosized Si was dispersed within the pyrolyzed poly(vinylidene fluoride). The porous composite exhibited a specific capacity of approximately 660mAhg−1 with a 75% capacity retention after 50 cycles. The cycling stability is a substantial improvement over nanosized silicon where a rapid drop in capacity occurred within a few cycles.
A simple method is proposed to interpret limited discharge performances of composite positive electrodes in terms of charge transport in the electrolyte vs. charge transport in the active material.
Orthorhombic molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3) is a layered oxide with promising performance as electrode material for Li-ion capacitors. In this study, we show that expansion of the interlayer spacing (by ~0.32Å) of the structure along the b-axis, introduced by partial reduction of α-MoO3 and formation of MoO3−x (x=0.06–0.43), results in enhanced diffusion of Li ions. Binder-free hybrid electrodes made of MoO3−x nanobelts and carbon nanotubes show excellent electrical conductivity. The combination of increased interlayer spacing and enhanced electron transport leads to high gravimetric and volumetric capacitances of about 420F/g or F/cm3 and excellent cycle life of binder-free MoO3−x electrodes.
Two 100kWmin−1 (1.67kWh−1) Li-ion battery energy storage systems (BESS) are described. The systems include a high-power Li-ion battery and a 100kW power conditioning system (PCS). The battery consists of 12 modules of 12 series-connected Saft Li-ion VL30P cells. The stored energy of the battery ranges from 1.67 to 14kWh−1 and has an operating voltage window of 515–405V (dc). Two complete systems were designed, built and successfully passed factory acceptance testing after which each was deployed in a field demonstration. The first demonstration used the system to supplement distributed microturbine generation and to provide load following capability. The system was run at its rated power level for 3min, which exceeded the battery design goal by a factor of 3. The second demonstration used another system as a stand-alone uninterrupted power supply (UPS). The system was available (online) for 1146h and ran for over 2min.
The electrochemical behavior of electrospun polypyrrole (PPy)/sulfonated-poly(styrene-ethylene-butylenes-styrene) (S-SEBS) composite nanofibers was investigated, compared to PPy/poly(styrene-ethylene-butylenes-styrene) (SEBS) fibers prepared by a casting method. The electrospun PPy/S-SEBS (E-PSS) fibers were about 300nm in average diameter, while PPy/SEBS composite (C-PS) prepared by a casting method showed the granular macroporous structure. The effect by both electrospinning and sulfonation results in higher electrochemical capacity due to the increase of doping level, high electrical conductivity, low interfacial resistance, and high reversibility by easy intercalation of Li ion. In addition, sulfonated SEBS induces higher elongation force to jet in the processing of electrospinning due to the role of dopant.
Mini-Hydro power generation could be planned on small-scale on existing small rivers, canals etc. as it could be beneficial in utilization of all existing water reservoirs and streams so as to generate hydro power which is renewable in nature. By this, they do not encounter the problems of rehabilitation of people and environmental problems associated with the large hydro power plants. This paper presents the case study of two potential sites namely Shahnoor and Purna in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra State in India. Here, the hydrological data of a potential site for nearly sixty years is obtained and is thoroughly studied for possible development of mini hydro power plant. The basic parameters those are to be included in feasibility report which is to be prepared for every proposed hydroelectric project are also mentioned. This paper could be well utilized for planning and irrigating land in and around rural areas.
Lithium–sulfur batteries are highly desired because of their characteristics such as high energy density. However, the applications of Li-S batteries are limited because they exist dissolution of polysulfides into electrolytes. This study reports the preparation of sulfur cathodes by using bimodal microporous (0.5nm and 0.8nm to 2.0nm) carbon spheres with high specific area (1992m2 g−1) and large micropore volume (1.2gcm−1), as well as the encapsulation of polysulfides via formation of carbon–sulfur bonds in a sealed vacuum glass tube at high temperature. Given that sulfur and polysulfides are well confined by the SC bond, the shuttle effect is effectively suppressed. The prepared S/C cathodes with a sulfur loading of up to 75% demonstrate high sulfur activity with reversible capacity of 1000mAhg−1 at the current density of 0.1Ag−1 and good cycling stability (667mAhg−1 after 100 cycles).
The most relevant issue in operation of isolated power systems is frequency stability. Frequency stability is concerned with the ability of generators to supply the loads at an acceptable frequency after a disturbance. Frequency stability is governed by the kinetic energy stored in the generator-prime mover rotating masses and the prime mover frequency primary regulation. If frequency excursions are not within +/−2.5Hz range, cascade tripping of the remaining generators can occur because of generator over/under frequency protections tripping. Energy storage systems can contribute to frequency stability enhancement if their discharging is governed by a frequency controller. Endesa is leading a research project on testing the state of the art of energy storage systems for several applications (peak-shaving, voltage control, frequency control) in several isolated power systems of the Canary Islands. Several applications are being investigated. One of them consists on the application of a 4MW–5s ultracapacitor (UC) for frequency stability enhancement of the La Palma power system. This paper reports the dynamic model developed for time domain simulation and controller design of frequency stability, and field tests undertaken to validate models and the controller settings. A simple but still accurate model is presented. The proposed model takes into account the UC’s state of charge (SoC) and it represents the dynamics of the power electronics by means of a non-linear first-order model. The frequency control consists of droop control and inertia emulation. Ramp rate limits, power limits and SoC are also taken into account in the frequency control. In comparison with the recorded field tests, the proposed model is able to accurately represent the response of the UC for the purpose of frequency stability analysis.
Aqueous processing of thick electrodes for Li-ion cells promises to increase energy density due to increased volume fraction of active materials, and to reduce cost due to the elimination of the toxic solvents. This work reports the processing and characterization of aqueous processed electrodes with high areal loading and associated full pouch cell performance. Cracking of the electrode coatings becomes a critical issue for aqueous processing of the positive electrode as areal loading increases above 20–25 mg/cm2 (∼4 mAh/cm2). Crack initiation and propagation, which was observed during drying via optical microscopy, is related to the build-up of capillary pressure during the drying process. The surface tension of water was reduced by the addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), which led to improved wettability and decreased capillary pressure during drying. The critical thickness (areal loading) without cracking increased gradually with increasing IPA content. The electrochemical performance was evaluated in pouch cells. Electrodes processed with water/IPA (80/20 wt%) mixture exhibited good structural integrity with good rate performance and cycling performance.
This work assesses the feasibility of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine (SOFC-GT) hybrid power systems for use as the prime mover in freight locomotives. The available space in a diesel engine-powered locomotive is compared to that required for an SOFC-GT system, inclusive of fuel processing systems necessary for the SOFC-GT. The SOFC-GT space requirement is found to be similar to current diesel engines, without consideration of the electrical balance of plant. Preliminary design of the system layout within the locomotive is carried out for illustration. Recent advances in SOFC technology and implications of future improvements are discussed as well. A previously-developed FORTRAN model of an SOFC-GT system is then augmented to simulate the kinematics and power notching of a train and its locomotives. The operation of the SOFC-GT-powered train is investigated along a representative route in Southern California, with simulations presented for diesel reformate as well as natural gas reformate and hydrogen as fuels. Operational parameters and difficulties are explored as are comparisons of expected system performance to modern diesel engines. It is found that even in the diesel case, the SOFC-GT system provides significant savings in fuel and CO2 emissions, making it an attractive option for the rail industry.
Practical lithium metal batteries require full and reversible utilization of thin metallic Li anodes. This introduces a fundamental challenge concerning how to create solid-electrolyte interphases (SEIs) that are able to regulate interfacial transport and protect the reactive metal, without adding appreciably to the cell mass. Here, we report on physicochemical characteristics of Langmuir–Blodgett artificial SEIs (LBASEIs) created using phosphate-functionalized reduced graphene oxides. We find that LBASEIs not only meet the challenges of stabilizing the Li anode, but can be facilely assembled in a simple, scalable process. The LBASEI derives its effectiveness primarily from its ability to form a durable coating on Li that regulates electromigration at the anode/electrolyte interface. In a first step towards practical cells in which the anode and cathode capacities are matched, we report that it is possible to achieve stable operations in both coin and pouch cells composed of a thin Li anode with the LBASEI and a high-loading intercalation cathode.
Uniform, hierarchical and porous CoO/C polyhedra were synthesized by impregnating hydrothermally fabricated Co3O4 polyhedra with sugar solution followed by calcination in inert atmosphere. Each CoO/C polyhedron was built up of numerous ordered nanoparticles (around 100nm). As anode material for Li-ion batteries, the CoO/C polyhedra exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 1025mAhg−1, and remained a reversible capacity of 510mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1. High Coulombic efficiency over 99% and improved rate capability were achieved for the CoO/C polyhedra. Hierarchical structure and high porosity was benefit to the infiltration of electrolyte and tolerant volume expansion, and hence was responsible for the good electrochemical performance.
Nickel manganese hydroxide co-precipitation inside a continuous stirred tank reactor was studied with sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide as the precipitation agents. The ammonium hydroxide concentration had an effect on the primary and secondary particle evolution. The two-step precipitation mechanism proposed earlier was experimentally confirmed. In cell tests, Li- and Mn-rich composite cathode materials based on the hydroxide precursors demonstrated good electrochemical performance in terms of cycle life over a wide range of lithium content.
Herein, we present binder-free O2 electrodes of mesoporous carbon nanofibres and Co nanoparticles (Co-doped CNF). Such electrodes are synthesized using electrospinning techniques coupled with subsequent thermal treatments. The fibre-based mats behave as free-standing electrodes due to the presence of 3D cross-linked web structures, and thus additional metal mesh or gas diffusion layer supports are not required. The absence of polymeric binders in the cathode avoids side reactions due to binder instability during cell cycling. The Co-doped CNFs are characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman analysis. CNFs are decorated by homogeneously distributed Co (0) nanoparticles, with sizes in the range of 10–50 nm and Co content lower than 10 wt%. N2 adsorption–desorption measurements show that the specific surface area of the CNFs is greatly affected by incorporation of the metal nanoparticles. The introduction of Co nanoparticles enhances the degree of graphitization of the CNFs, which is beneficial to CNF conductivity. Measured BET surface areas of Co-doped CNFs are in the range of 40–300 m2 g− 1, depending on Co content. Results show that the Li–O2 cell comprising the Co-doped CNF free-standing cathodes can deliver specific capacities of 3700 mA h g− 1 based on the total mass of the electrodes and good cycling performance is achieved at the curtailed capacity of 100 mA h g− 1. The good performance of the Co-doped CNFs may be attributed to the mesoporous structure of CNFs which could facilitate the deposition of solid products during discharge and decrease the mass transport resistance. Different morphologies of the Li2O2 crystals obtained during discharge with Co-doped CNF cathodes support the hypothesis that the presence of Co may induce alterations by forming easily decomposable Li2O2.
The effects of impurity, temperature, concentration of vanadium and sulphuric acid on the stability of electrolyte in vanadium redox flow batteries are studied. It is found that the sediment at positive electrodes is V2O5·1.6H2O, and the sediment at negative electrodes is V2(SO4)3·10H2O. Although impurities influence the stability of vanadium electrolyte to some extent, the matching relationship between the vanadium and H2SO4 concentration is more important for improving the electrolyte stability. Precipitation of V(V) ions from solution can be prevented effectively by increasing the concentration of H2SO4. While, too concentrated H2SO4 would favor the precipitation of V(III) ions from negative electrolytes. To avoid the sensitivity of vanadium electrolyte to impurities and concern about both the stability of positive and negative electrolytes, the concentration of H2SO4 should be raised to a certain extent to confirm the stability of positive electrolyte. At the same time, a moderate vanadium concentration should be employed to assure the stability of negative electrolytes. From the viewpoint of increasing the stability, the preferred vanadium electrolyte composition is 1.5–1.6M vanadium in 4–5M H2SO4 medium at temperature above −10°C.
Zalewski KR, Smith JC, Malzahn J, VanHart M, O'Connell D. Measures of physical ability are unrelated to objectively measured physical activity behavior in older adults residing in continuing care retirement communities. Objective To explore the relationship between measures of physical performance, physical activity, and self-reported physical activity. Design Cross-sectional analysis. Setting Continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs) in the greater Milwaukee area. Participants Older adults from independent or assisted living apartments (N=59). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Physical performance was measured with comfortable and fast gait speeds and the six-minute walk test. Physical activity was measured by an ankle-mounted accelerometer to observe daily steps; stepping rate was averaged over a 7-day wear time. Self-reported physical activity was measured by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). Results Participants reported walking more steps per day than older adults who are not living in CCRCs. There was no relationship between physical abilities and total steps walked (r=.087–.213, P>.05). No relationship was observed between measures of physical performance or total steps and PASE scores (r=−.034–.177, P = not significant). The relative contributions of physical activity categories to total PASE score were different than published reports for older adults not living in CCRCs. Conclusions Common measures of physical performance often used by clinicians in making decisions on rehabilitation outcomes do not appear to be related to the actual functioning of older adults residing in senior communities. The nature of the environment customized to the needs of the older adult may facilitate increased physical activity participation independent of physical abilities.
Pixel-per-processing element (PPE) ratio—the amount of image data directly mapped to each processing element—has a significant impact on the area and energy efficiency of embedded SIMD architectures for image processing applications. This paper quantitatively evaluates the impact of PPE ratio on system performance and efficiency for focal-plane SIMD image processing architectures by comparing throughput, area efficiency, and energy efficiency for a range of common application kernels using architectural and workload simulation. While the impact of grain size is affected by the mix of executed instructions within an application program, the most efficient PPE ratio often does not occur at PE grain size extremes (i.e., one pixel per processor or one processor per image). In this study, a set of four image processing application tasks is implemented on eight different SIMD configurations. Each configuration has a different PPE ratio and a different amount of local memory. Cycle accurate simulation and analytical technology modeling allows assessment of execution performance, area efficiency, and energy efficiency for each configuration. Results show the highest area and energy efficiency are achieved at PPE ratios between 16 and 256. Using these evaluation techniques (application grain size retargeting combined with area and energy technology modeling), a new class of efficient, embedded SIMD architectures for image processing can be designed.
New all-polymeric simplified electrochromic devices have been prepared based in an intrinsically conductive polymer, poly(ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT). In these devices PEDOT acts simultaneously as electrochromic layer and current collector layer simplifying the construction of the classic devices from seven to five layers. The device presents a chromatic contrast in all the visible range with a maximum at 650nm (ΔT=0.15) between 0 and 3V. Representative bleaching and coloring times are 20 and 16s, respectively, for 5 cm×5 cm devices. The originality of this work is that advanced electrochromic devices can be constructed using commercially available materials and using simple experimental methods.
Poly(1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone), PAAQ, films were prepared by electrochemical oxidation of the monomer, AAQ, in acetonitrile using LiClO4 as supporting electrolyte. The influence of scan repetition, scan rate and monomer concentration on the formation of polymer film was studied. The electrochemical behavior of the formed polymer films was investigated in both non-aqueous and aqueous media. The prepared films were found to be more stable in organic solvents than in aqueous solutions. The investigated organic solvents are methanol, ethanol, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and chloroform. The polymer film shows electrochemical response in both non-aqueous and aqueous media. In non-aqueous solutions it has a wide potential range of electroactivity (from −1.5 to +1.3 V). In aqueous media the polymer film shows electrochemical response in the potential range between −0.3 and +1.3 V only. The presence of quinone units suggests potential applications in diverse areas such as electrocatalytic processes and lithium ion batteries.
Composites of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer blend containing different concentrations (⩽10wt.) of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) were prepared by casting techniques. The changes of the structural, spectroscopic, optical and thermal parameters of the samples are studied using different tools. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the complexation between the blends and Co+2-ions. The decrease or increase of IR band intensity with some shifts of other bands suggests an interaction and compatibility between PMMA/PVC blends with CoCl2 take place. The Ultra violet and visible (UV/Vis) spectra indicated that the presence of band gap energy depends on increasing of CoCl2 contents. The absorption intensity of the samples doped with CoCl2 becomes faint lower than the pure blend. The values of energy gap for direct and indirect transition decreases with the increase of CoCl2 due to the presence of charge transfer between PMMA/PVC and CoCl2. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves for all the samples have the same behavior and more steps of decomposition were observed. The reduction of mass loss for samples containing CoCl2 compared to the pure blend was observed and it was attributed to crosslink formation between the blend and CoCl2.