batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In a power grid with significant components of distributed generation and insufficient spinning reserve, the quality of delivered power may not meet the requirements of advanced manufacturing. A system design for power quality security which uses solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology is described. Critical parameters for system performance are continuous supply voltage at the nominal voltage and frequency. The grid chosen for this study has significant voltage fluctuations and periodic voltage drops and surges, including total power loss. A supply of methane from a sewer sludge digester is scrubbed of CO2 and used for continuous standby operation, with excess stored to enable 8h operation of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The system employs a modular, thermally coupled, SOFC architecture that includes steam reforming of the methane fuel, a rectifier, power controls, and control system. Continuous operation of a 125kW tubular SOFC stack maintains operating temperature and steam for fuel reforming in a secondary SOFC stack, by exhausting through it before a gas turbine expands the exhaust to supply the plant air and fuel compression. Modelling of the energy balance of the system demonstrates the standby and full power operating modes. The system is sized at 250kW to supply secure power for a manufacturing facility.
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke. Thioredoxin exists and released from cells during inflammation and oxidative stress and was recognized as an oxidative-stress marker.
Two decades of research examining repetition priming in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has yielded a large body of contradictory findings due to differences between studies in participant and task characteristics. Recent research that has employed methodological advances indicates that this form of implicit memory is preserved in healthy aging. When a priming deficit does occur in studies of aging, it is likely a very early signal of neurological disease. Future directions for research in this area include linking priming ability to known risk factors for development of AD, integrating priming measures into clinical neuropsychological assessment batteries, and implementing programs of cognitive retraining that enhance memory using stimulus repetition techniques.
Anionic redox in positive electrode materials in Li-ion batteries provides an additional redox couple besides conventional metal redox, which can be harvested to further boost the energy density of current Li-ion batteries. However, the requirement for the reversible anionic redox activity remains under debate, hindering the rational design of new materials with reversible anionic redox. In this work, we employed differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) to monitor the release of oxygen and to quantify the reversibility of the anionic redox of Li2Ru0.75M0.25O3 (M = Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Sn, Pt, Ir) upon first charge. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, show that various substituents have a minimal effect on the nominal metal redox, yet more ionic substituents and reduced metal–oxygen covalency introduce irreversible oxygen redox, accompanied with easier distortion of the M–O octahedron and a smaller barrier for forming an oxygen dimer within the octahedron. Therefore, a strong metal–oxygen covalency is needed to enhance the reversible oxygen redox. We proposed an electron–phonon-coupled descriptor for the reversibility of oxygen redox, laying the foundation for high-throughput screening of novel materials that enable reversible anionic redox activity.
We report a novel silica co-electrodeposition route to prepare nanostructured MnO2 films. Firstly, MnO2-SiO2 composite film was fabricated on a stainless steel substrate by potentiodynamical deposition, i.e. cyclic deposition, and then the SiO2 template was removed by simple immersion in concentrated alkaline solution, leading to the formation of a porous MnO2 (po-MnO2) matrix. The structure and morphology of the obtained films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical properties of the po-MnO2 film were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results showed that this porous MnO2 derived from the MnO2-SiO2 composite film exhibits good electrochemical performance for potential use as a supercapacitor material.
Flexible piezoelectric generators have attracted considerable attention in recent years on account of their potential applications in mechanical energy scavenging devices using portable, wearable, and implantable electronics. Key issues for realizing a flexible piezoelectric generator include insufficient output power generation and poor efficiency at low frequency. We therefore propose structural approaches to enhancing the output power of the flexible piezoelectric generator using polyvinylidene fluoride. Specifically, we propose the use of a substrate and curved structure, and optimization of the aspect ratio of the generator for maximizing output power density. Through these approaches, induced stress and output voltage of the generator are analyzed by finite element modeling and validated through experiments. Considering these results for generator optimization, we fabricate a multilayered flexible curved generator, which produces ~200V of the peak output voltage and ~2.7mA of the peak output current. The output power density of the generator reaches ~17mW/cm2, which is sufficient to drive various commercial electronics as a power source. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that this power source can illuminate 952 LED bulbs. This conceptual technology can provide the groundwork to enhancing the output power of conventional piezoelectric generators, thereby enabling novel approaches to realizing self-powered systems.
An aerosol observation campaign was conducted at the summit of Mt. Fuji (at an altitude of 3776m), which is located 170km northwest of Miyakejima. Individual aerosol particles were collected with an electrostatic aerosol sampler and the number–size distribution and composition were examined by electron microscopy. Number–size distributions were measured with the combination of a diffusion battery (DB) and a condensation particle counter. Sulfate and sulfur dioxide concentrations were also determined. During the first half of the campaign (13–15 September 2000), high number fractions of sulfuric-acid containing particles with a mode radius around 0.06μm were observed in the radius range of 0.02–0.2μm coincident with a humid maritime air mass originated from the south. Sulfate and sulfur dioxide also showed high concentrations in this period. These results suggested that the volcanic plumes of Miyakejima were transported up to the summit of Mt. Fuji. Number–size distributions determined by electron microscope were consistent with those derived using the DB. During the later half of the experiment (18–20 September), low fractions of sulfuric-acid containing particles represented only a small fraction of the total particle number, coincident with a dry continental air mass originating from the west.
Environmental enrichment (EE) is any positive modification of the ‘standard housing’ (SH) conditions in which laboratory animals are typically held, usually involving increased opportunity for cognitive stimulation and physical activity. EE has been reported to enhance baseline performance of wild-type animals on traditional cognitive behavioural tasks. Recently, touchscreen operant testing chambers have emerged as a way of performing rodent cognitive assays, providing greater reproducibility, translatability and automatability. Cognitive tests in touchscreen chambers are performed over numerous trials and thus experimenters have the power to detect subtle enhancements in performance. We used touchscreens to analyse the effects of EE on reversal learning, visual discrimination and hippocampal-dependent spatial pattern separation and working memory. We hypothesized that EE would enhance the performance of mice on cognitive touchscreen tasks. Our hypothesis was partially supported in that EE induced enhancements in cognitive flexibility as observed in visual discrimination and reversal learning improvements. However, no other significant effects of EE on cognitive performance were observed. EE decreased the activity level of mice in the touchscreen chambers, which may influence the enrichment level of the animals. Although we did not see enhancements on all hypothesized parameters, our testing paradigm is capable of detecting EE-induced improved cognitive flexibility in mice, which has implications for both understanding the mechanisms of EE and improving screening of putative cognitive-enhancing therapeutics.
Acute manipulation of gene and protein function in the brain is essential for understanding the mechanisms of nervous system development, plasticity and information processing. Here we describe a technique based on a destabilized Cre recombinase (DD-Cre) whose activity is controlled by the antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP). We show that DD-Cre triggers rapid TMP-dependent recombination of loxP-flanked ('floxed') alleles in mouse neurons in vivo and validate the use of this system for neurobehavioral research.
Mixtures of W and B13C2 powders were mechanically milled and subsequently annealed at 900–1200 °C. It is found that amorphous W–B–C alloy formed as the mixtures were milled for 20–80 h. After annealing the 80 h-milled mixtures at 900–950 °C, solid solutions of C and/or B in tungsten [W(B, C)], C in tungsten boride [W2B(C) or WB(C)] formed by the crystallization of amorphous W–B–C. The formation temperature of W2B(C) and WB(C) is lower than that of W2B and WB reported previously. As the 80 h-milled mixtures were annealed at 1200 °C, W reacted with amorphous W–B–C completely to form WB and W2B5 or W2B5 instead of the solid solutions of C in tungsten borides, which is determined by the mole ratio of W to B13C2. The formation mechanisms of the W2B(C) and WB(C) solid solutions as well as phase transition rules of the mixtures at annealing temperature and mole ratio were also investigated using first-principle calculation.
Electrolyte design for Li ion batteries was approached by means of comparison of faradaic and non-faradaic currents. The faradaic current by the movement of Li+ ions was dependent on the composition of the electrolyte and was related to the battery capacity; the higher the capacity, the greater the current by the faradaic reaction. The open circuit potential of the electrode with a greater faradaic current decreased at a slower rate than that of the electrode with a smaller faradaic current. This analysis method can be used to prepare an optimal electrolyte of an actual Li ion battery, especially when developing batteries with excellent high-rate discharge capabilities and low temperature discharge properties.
Heterostructures show excellent performance in energy and environment fields due to the unique interface structure and synergistic effect of multi-components. Here, we introduce a stepwise method to prepare multi-element Co3O4@C@MnO2 heterostructures on nickel foam as binder-free supercapacitor electrode material, where crystalline Co3O4 acts as intimal “core” and wrinkled ultrathin MnO2 nanosheets as the outer “shell”. In three-electrode mode, Co3O4@C@MnO2 shows excellent electrochemical performance with a high cyclic specific capacitance of 1335.3 F g−1 at a current density of 20 A g−1. Furthermore, the asymmetry supercapacitor device assembled with Co3O4@C@MnO2 heterostructures and active carbon exhibits high specific capacity (126.6 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1) and long life (about 61 F g−1 at a relatively high current of 20 A g−1 after 40,000 cycles). Compared with Co3O4@MnO2 or C@MnO2, the improved performance of Co3O4@C@MnO2 heterostructures is proposed to be attributed to the synergistic effect in multi-components. Remarkably, the introduction of C between Co3O4 and MnO2 could promote the electron transfer, reduce the impedance and thus improve the electrochemical performance of the heterostructures.
The effects of room-temperature molten salt addition on the micro-structure and electrochemical properties of composite electrolytes (CEs) based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/ethylene carbonate (EC)/LiBF4 were studied. Additional salt, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF4), was found to influence the crystalline structure and heterogeneous morphology, resulting in changes to the ionic conductivity of the CE. The CE containing 0.2mol of EMIBF4 showed a small crystallinity, 27.9%. These CEs showed the highest ion conductivity, 3.1×10−4 S/cm, five times higher than that of the pristine PEO/EC/LiBF4. This enhanced conductivity originated from the decreased crystallinity and improved ion transference due to a Lewis acid–base interaction. The CE containing 0.3mol of EMIBF4 showed decreased conductivity due to the lower mobility, reflecting the high viscosity of the molten salt.
Understanding the nature of pristine surface associated with lithium- and manganese-rich cathodes is the key to optimizing the electrochemical performance for Li-ion batteries. In this work, Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 cathodes with phase and element homogeneity were synthesized by a facile hydroxide co-precipitation strategy. Two routes of adjusting lithium content and post-treatment were applied to tune the surface structure of pristine samples. It is found that the sample with 5 wt%-excess lithium and after post-treatment exhibits excellent capacity and rate-capability: delivering initial discharge capacities of 254 mAh/g at current densities of 100mA/g, 200 mAh/g at 1000mA/g, and 142 mAh/g at 4000mA/g. The capacity of this cathode at 4A/g thereby remains 55 percentage of the discharge capacity at 100mA/g. The reason for the better performance of this cathode was attributed to the removal of surficial amorphous Li2CO3 layer, as revealed by the detailed analyses of transition electron micrograph and X-ray photoelectron spectrum. The amorphous layer was demonstrated by electrochemical impedance to show a block effect on increasing the interfacial resistance. This work may shed light on the importance of pristine surface and provide a hint for searching cathodes of high-energy Li-ions batteries with excellent capacity and rate properties.
Open tunnel-structured TiO2(B) was synthesized by using nanosheets processes. TiO2(B) was obtained only when multi-lamellar tetratitanate nanosheets were used as the reassembly component. The electrochemical properties of the nanosheet-derived TiO2(B) were influenced by guest ions of the self-reassembled nanosheets. When K+ ions were used as guest ions for the self-reassembly of nanosheets, the pure TiO2(B) phase was obtained and it exhibited a large discharge capacity of 253mAh(g-TiO2(B))−1 (x =0.76, Li x TiO2(B)) at a current density of 100mA(g-TiO2(B))−1. This value was a larger than 170mA(g-TiO2(B))−1 of TiO2(B) prepared by a conventional method without the nanosheets process. The large capacity is attributed to an increased specific surface area achieved by the nanosheets process.
Copper phosphide (Cu3P) was produced as thick films over copper foils. The synthesis was performed by solid-state reaction at low temperature (400°C). Similar attempts were carried out for other transition metals of the first series without success. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation mechanism of the Cu3P thick films. First, phosphorus diffuses into the copper foil followed by the subsequent formation of the binary compound. During this process, the Cu3P particles seem to dig the copper foil, producing holes, where the Cu3P crystallites nucleate and growth. Then, the thick films are formed by the conjugation of several agglomerates and their morphology is not homogeneous. Oxidation of Cu3P occurs to a small extend on the top surface of the films. The electrochemical behaviour of the thick film was compared with a standard Cu3P composite electrode, in which the active material is mixed with carbon and a binder. Although the two different electrodes presented some differences in their electrochemical behaviour, both electrodes showed promising qualities to be used as anode materials in lithium ion batteries or hybrid devices.
We studied microporous poly(acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate), AMMA, membrane as the separator of Li/LiMn2O4 cell. The porous AMMA membrane was prepared by the phase inversion method with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the solvent and water as the non-solvent. We observed that morphology of the resulting membrane was strongly affected by the concentration of polymer solution: low concentration produced finger-like pores with dense skin on two surfaces of the membrane, while high concentration yielded open voids with dense layer on the other surface of the membrane. Regardless of their morphology, both membranes could be rapidly wetted by the liquid electrolyte (1.0m LiBF4 dissolved in 1:3 wt.% mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and γ-butyrolactone (GBL)), and could be swollen at elevated temperatures, which resulted in the formation of a microporous gel electrolyte (MGE). It was shown that the resulting MGE not only had high ionic conductivity and but also had good compatibility with metal lithium even at 60°C. Cyclic voltammetric test showed that the MGE had an electrochemical window of 4.9V versus Li+/Li. At room temperature, the Li/MGE/LiMn2O4 cell showed excellent cycliability with a specific capacity of 121–125mAhg−1 LiMn2O4. It was shown that even at 60°C good mechanical strength of the MGE remained. Therefore, the MGE is suitable for the application of battery separator at elevated temperatures.
Solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers are multicomponent films formed at the surface of electrodes in Li-ion batteries due to electrochemical instability of the electrolyte components. The properties of this film significantly affect the lifetime of the battery. Here we study the interaction of some electrolyte reduction products (oligomers) with a bare Li13Si4 (010) surface and a Li13Si4 (010) surface partially covered with lithium fluoride (LiF) using classical Monte Carlo and density functional theory-based methods The adsorption, charge transfer, and association of oligomers on the surface are reported. Overall, the oligomers attach firmly to the surface. Our findings indicate that the surface-oligomer interaction dominates the stabilization of the system up to a coverage of approximately 1oligomer/nm2 and once this coverage is reached, oligomer-oligomer interactions dominate the stabilization of the porous block. Regarding association, lithium ethylene dicarbonate (Li2EDC) tends to associate with the bare and partially covered surface through O.Li.O bridges. However, the association mechanism varies depending on the existing nucleating products at the surface. In contrast, lithium vinylene dicarbonate (Li2VDC)’s backbone is closer to the surface and exhibits a more flexible structure than the Li2EDC oligomer. This difference may further affect the compactness of the SEI layer. Aligned with our previous studies, we also found oligomer decomposition on the surface. Our calculations offer critical information regarding the structure of electrolyte decomposition products over silicon electrodes.
In this article, we use a surface response approach to investigate the effect of bismuth sulphide as well as the compositions of PTFE in the overall columbic efficiency of a NiFe cell battery. Our results demonstrate that while bismuth sulphide favours the process of charge/discharge of a NiFe cell, the use of metallic bismuth only marginally influences coulombic efficiency. In addition we had found that the presence of the soluble bisulfide anion is not sufficient to increase coulombic efficiency in NiFe cells.
LiF–NixMn1−xO composites are prepared by the mechanical milling of LiF and NixMn1−xO (x ≤ 1) solid solution for 72 h. The obtained composites are examined by XRD, charge–discharge measurements, CV, and XPS. X-ray diffraction peaks of LiF–NixMn1−xO are broadened by milling. The diffraction peaks of NixMn1−xO in x < 0.5 are shifted to the higher angle by milling together with LiF. The discharge capacity and voltage of the LiF–NixMn1−xO composites changes with the molar ratio of NiO and MnO. The composite containing a large amount of Mn showed a lower discharge voltage and a larger discharge capacity. The composites containing a large amount of Ni show higher discharge voltage. The maximum discharge capacity among LiF–NixMn1−xO composites is obtained at x = 0.2, and its value is 279 mAh g−1 for cut-off voltages of 2.0–4.8 V at 0.1 C. The XPS measurement shows that the Mn2+ and Ni2+ ions are oxidized to Mn3+ and Ni3+ions in charging process and are reduced to Mn2+ and Ni2+ ions in the discharging. The oxidation and reduction process between Mn2+ and Mn3+ greatly contribute in the charge and discharge process of LiF–Ni0.5Mn0.5O composite.
High-throughput assays challenge us to extract knowledge from multi-ligand, multi-target activity data. In QSAR, weights are statically fitted to each ligand descriptor with respect to a single endpoint or target. However, computational chemogenomics (CG) has demonstrated benefits of learning from entire grids of data at once, rather than building target-specific QSARs. A possible reason for this is the emergence of inductive knowledge transfer (IT) between targets, providing statistical robustness to the model, with no assumption about the structure of the targets. Relevant protein descriptors in CG should allow one to learn how to dynamically adjust ligand attribute weights with respect to protein structure. Hence, models built through explicit learning (EL) by including protein information, while benefitting from IT enhancement, should provide additional predictive capability, notably for protein deorphanization. This interplay between IT and EL in CG modeling is not sufficiently studied. While IT is likely to occur irrespective of the injected target information, it is not clear whether and when boosting due to EL may occur. EL is only possible if protein description is appropriate to the target set under investigation. The key issue here is the search for evidence of genuine EL exceeding expectations based on pure IT. We explore the problem in the context of Support Vector Regression, using more than 9,400
Uniform MoO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and evaluated as intercalation-type lithium anode material within the potential window of 1.0–2.5V. A remarkable high capacity of 226mAhg−1 at 0.1C and ultra-long cycle life of 7000 cycles at 5 C with capacity retention of 135mAhg−1 (96% of initial capacity) have been achieved, which is comparable than that of commercial Li4Ti5O12 anode but with higher capacity. Furthermore, a full cell composed of MoO2 anode and LiCoO2 cathode was assembled exhibiting a high energy density of 179Whkg−1 (based on total mass of cathode and anode active material) and capacity retention of 169mAhg−1 (87% of initial capacity) after 500 cycles at 1C.
Whenever questionnaires are used to collect data on constructs, such as functional status or health related quality of life, it is unlikely that all respondents will respond to all items. This paper examines ways of dealing with responses in a 'not applicable' category to items included in the AMC Linear Disability Score (ALDS) project item bank.