batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper proposes a new cognitive model to explain the aetiology of delusions irrespective of diagnosis and/or phenomenology. The model hypothesises the influence of two processes in the formation and maintenance of delusions; (i) impaired perceptual abilities, particularly affect perception, which fosters the encoding of (ii) idiosyncratic semantic memories, especially those with an affective/self-referential valence. Previous research has established that schizophrenia patients with delusions have impaired semantic memory function. In the current paper we sought to provide evidence for (ii) abnormal semantic processing in persons with delusions with an alternative aetiology. Performance of four cases with a significant delusion post a traumatic brain injury was examined on a broad range of semantic memory tests. Overall semantic processing was impaired in the four cases relative to a normative healthy control sample. Cases performed better on tasks which required categorical identification, relative to the novel production of semantic information, which was poor in all four of the cases. These data offer preliminary evidence for our hypothesis of impaired semantic processing in persons with delusions. Findings will need to be empirically verified in larger sample groups and in those with alternative aetiologies.
Thin films of lithium nickel vanadates are deposited by pulsed-laser deposition from targets with different lithium contents. The as-deposited films are mainly amorphous and possess smooth and dense surfaces as revealed by X-ray diffraction and scanning-electron microscopy. The initial loss in capacity between the first discharge and charge decreases with increase in the lithium content in the films. The film grown from the target of Li1.2NiVO4 gives the best performance with a retainable capacity as high as 410μAhpercm2 μm. There is almost no loss in capacity from the 11th up to the 50th cycle even though a fast decay occurs during the first several cycles. Cyclic voltammograms reveal cathodic peaks at 1.78 and 0.56V and anodic peaks at 1.27 and 2.47V, in line with the shapes of the discharge and charge curves.
Nanometric amorphous iron-based oxides of bacterial origin show a great potential as an Fe3+/Fe0 conversion anode material for lithium-ion batteries. By means of in situ Mössbauer spectroscopy, chemical states of Fe ions were examined under the discharge-charge process of the bacterial iron-oxide electrode in a lithium-ion half-cell. As for the first discharge process, the successive reduction of Fe3+ → Fe2+ → Fe0 occurred in the electrode as a function of the cell voltage. While on the charge process, Fe0 in the electrode was oxidized directly to Fe3+ without going through Fe2+.
Simple borates are attractive cathodes for lithium-ion batteries due to two main reasons: covalently bonded anions provide operating stability through suppressed oxygen loss, and the borate group (BO3) possesses the highest theoretical specific capacity for one-electron polyanion systems. In this work, we demonstrate an electrochemically superior lithium borate (LiMn0.5Fe0.4Mg0.1BO3) that delivers a near theoretical capacity (98%) of 201 mA h g−1 at C/50, an improved rate capability of 120 mA h g−1 at 1 C, and good capacity retention. Using ab initio modeling, the superior Li intercalation activity is explained by both stabilization of the delithiated state and increased topological cation disorder, which counter-intuitively facilitates Li transport. Our results indicate that through engineering of defect chemistry, the basic mechanism can be modified from one-dimensional to three-dimensional conduction, thereby improving kinetics. Combined with the inherent stability of the borate group, the enhanced electrochemical properties should reinvigorate search in borate chemistry for new safe and high-energy cathode materials.
Responding to rapid growth of the renewable energy applications, it is crucial to develop low cost and high efficient large-scale energy storage systems in order to smooth out the intermittency of the renewable energy resources. As one of the most promising large-scale energy storage systems, vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has attracted great attention in recent times. Membrane is one of the key components of VRFB which not only affects the whole cyclability performance but also determines the economic viability of the system. The membrane separates the positive and negative half-cells and prevents the cross-mixing of vanadium ions while providing required ionic conductivity. The ideal membrane should have good ionic exchange capacity; high ionic conductivity, low water uptake, swelling ratio, area electrical resistance and vanadium and other poly-halide ions permeability; and good chemical stability, as well as low cost. Numerous efforts have been spent on the development of different types of membranes, including different functional groups ion exchange membrane and non-ionic porous membrane. This paper reviews the research on membranes in VRFB system, including the properties, development of traditional commercial membranes as well as recently developed membranes. It explores various methods of fabrication of the membrane products which have received relatively little attention. A detailed summary table of the new membranes with their properties, fabrication and costs is provided to serve as a reference guide for researchers and industrialists interested in VRFB system building and dynamic modelling set. Subsequently, the challenges and future directions of membrane research are examined.
Objective To quantify habitual walking speed and estimate the prevalence of low habitual walking speed (<0.8m/s and <0.5m/s) in nursing home residents; and secondarily to gain some insight into whether demographic, health, and functional outcomes could predict the nursing home residents' walking speed. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Eleven nursing homes. Participants Nursing home residents (N=102 [37%] of 273 eligible, randomly selected residents from 11 nursing homes consented to participate in this study). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was habitual walking speed assessed over a distance of 2.4m. Secondary outcomes including body composition, muscle strength, balance and physical performance as assessed via the Short Physical Performance Battery, and historical and current demographic and health measures were all assessed as potential predictors of walking speed. Results Mean walking speed was .37±.26m/s, meaning that 97% and 75% of participants had walking speeds <0.8m/s and <0.5m/s, respectively. Multivariable linear regression identified physical activity status before 50 years of age and daily sitting time as independent predictors of walking speed (r 2=.25, P<.05), although this regression only accounted for 25% of the variance in walking speed. Conclusions Almost all participants in this study had below-normal walking speed, a known clinical predictor of physical performance. Because walking speed is a clinical marker of many age-related adverse outcomes in older age, efforts to increase or at least maintain walking speed in nursing home residents should be considered. Some evidence suggests that progressive resistance training may offset these declines in walking speed.
Designing efficient warehouse management systems is essential to improve business performance. The use of autonomous guided vehicles (AGVs) in logistic processes and material handling systems (MHS) improves productivity and reduces costs. However, determining the appropriateness and financial feasibility of acquiring a fleet of AGVs, together with the definition of their path layout, routing schemes, operation tasks, and network flow, becomes a complex problem when designing flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). This study aids the design of a fleet of AGVs by means of a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), which makes it possible to measure the level of satisfaction of managerial decision makers. It enables us to identify a combination of factors that lead to stakeholders' satisfaction while dealing with uncertain environments due to the heterogeneous nature of decision makers and factors. Our methodology has been applied to multi-criteria decision-making analysis, resulting in greater transparency, fairness, social equity, and consensus among stakeholders.
The publisher deeply regrets that the below typesetting errors occurred in the printed version of the above article. The following paragraph was dropped from the Experimental section describing the electrode preparation. Polystyrene latex spheres (with size of ca. 400nm) were also added to the deposition solution. Interestingly, the polystyrene latex spheres are self assembled to both the substrate electrode surface and the fold particles deposited. Then, electrode was thoroughly washed by toluene to remove the polystyrene spheres. To cover the bare surface beneath the polystyrene latex spheres removed, we repeat the deposition process to form a thin layer of LiMn2O4 without use of polystyrene latex spheres in the deposition solution. This process just generates empty pores across the solid film attached to the substrate surface and does not make any change to the electrochemical behavior of the cathode material.
In this paper, the discharge voltage is utilized as a critical indicator towards the probabilistic estimation of the Remaining Useful Life until the End-of-Discharge of the Lithium-Polymer batteries of unmanned aerial vehicles. Several discharge voltage histories obtained during actual flights constitute the in-house developed training dataset. Three data-driven prognostic methodologies are presented based on state-of-the-art as well as innovative mathematical models i.e. Gradient Boosted Trees, Bayesian Neural Networks and Non-Homogeneous Hidden Semi Markov Models. The training and testing process of all models is described in detail. Remaining Useful Life prognostics in unseen data are obtained from all three methodologies. Beyond the mean estimates, the uncertainty associated with the point predictions is quantified and upper/lower confidence bounds are also provided. The Remaining Useful Life prognostics during six random flights starting from fully charged batteries are presented, discussed and the pros and cons of each methodology are highlighted. Several special metrics are utilized to assess the performance of the prognostic algorithms and conclusions are drawn regarding their prognostic capabilities and potential.
Due to higher energy density, high-voltage all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) have attracted increasing attention. However, they require solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with wide electrochemical stability windows (ESW, typically >4.2 V) and high-stability against the Li anode. Nevertheless, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), the most widely used solid polymer electrolyte (SPE), can’t tolerate a high-voltage over 4 V. Whether the main chain (–C–O–C–) or the terminal hydroxide group (–OH) is the limiting factor for the narrow ESW remains unknown. Herein, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether (PEGDME) with different terminal groups are selected to answer this question. The results show that the reactive terminal –OH group is the limiting factor towards applicability against high voltage and the Li anode. Replacing –OH with more stable –OCH3 can significantly extend the ESW from 4.05 to 4.3 V, while improving the Li-anode compatibility as well (Li–Li symmetric cells stably run for 2500 h at 0.2 mA cm−2). Its practical application is further proved by developing PEGDME-based ASSLB pouch cells. The 0.53 mA cm−2 Li–LiFePO4 and 0.47 mA h cm−2 Li–LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 cells demonstrated high capacity retention of 97% and 90% after 210 cycles and 110 cycles, respectively. This work offers a new strategy for PEO-based high-voltage ASSLB development by changing the unstable terminal groups.
The structure of a series AB2 metal hydride alloys, in which La substitutes for Zr (Ti12Zr22.8−x V10Cr7.5Mn8.1Co7.0Ni32.2La x Al0.4, x =0 to 5), is studied and correlated to various hydrogen storage properties in both gaseous phase and electrochemical systems. La, instead of entering the main Laves phase, forms a LaNi secondary phase which has very limited solubility with other elements. This phase improves activation of both capacity and high-rate dischargeability through a dramatic increase in surface area due to pulverization. The presence of LaNi phase also improves the high-rate dischargeability, facilitating the bulk diffusion of protons through synergetic effects with the main Laves phase. La-content in the alloys also suppresses the TiNi secondary phase due to competition of Ni with the LaNi phase. The lattice constants and unit cell volume of the main C14 phase decreases as more Zr (relatively large) is substituted out, which leads to a less stable hydride with higher equilibrium plateau pressure, higher ΔH, and lower hydrogen storage capacity. With the addition of La in the alloy samples, C14 and LaNi phase abundances increase while C15 and TiNi phase abundances decrease. At −40°C, the charge-transfer resistance of the La-containing alloys decreases as a result of increased catalytic ability in the main phase. The lowest overall charge-transfer resistance obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis measured at −40°C is 11Ω g.
Although spent nickel metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries are not considered hazardous waste, there are valuable materials that could be recovered; therefore the recycling of these batteries should be considered. This paper discusses spent NiMH batteries characterization and describes a simple process to recover valuable materials based on mineral processing techniques, hence the specific objective of this work is to study a process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries. Batteries were manually dismantled in order to classify their components. The electrodes could be separated during the manual dismantling and were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. A significant fraction of the batteries, around 37wt.%, is composed of Ni-based alloy. The spent batteries were treated using laboratory equipment. The treatment that produced the best results was hammer milling, magnetic separation, knife milling, magnetic separation and size separation. The overall metal yield was in the order of 86%. A preliminary economic study is presented to show the feasibility of the process.
Natural frequencies and mode shapes of low frequency (<100Hz) Zigzag piezoelectric energy harvester with torsion-bending characteristics are theoretically derived and experimentally validated. Two- and three-dimensional computational finite element models are developed to provide fundamental insight into understanding the response of such harvesters. The optimal harvested power from higher order modes is experimentally determined and computationally verified. It is shown that despite the first mode being a torsion-dominant mode, it can provide a higher level of harvested power compared to the second mode, which is bending-dominant. It is also proven that the torsion-dominant mode may decrease the operating frequency by 50%, compared to the bending-dominant mode, allowing the harvester to output greater power at lower excitation frequencies. This is contradictory to the conventional thought process where torsional modes are generally avoided. The results open new opportunities to further lower the operating regime for known piezoelectric energy harvesters without any significant increase in dimensions or decrease in performance. An analytical model using Gauss’s law is developed to relate the output voltage to the structure’s deflection. Using this model, a prediction of the harvested power can be performed when studying the steady state behavior of the system.
On the basis of previous work, the home-made deformation-testing system was further applied to detect the thickness change of porous nickel materials in the various experimental condition of molten carbonate. The deformation and dissolution behavior of porous nickel and the loading effect on the behavior were in situ studied in the process of oxidation and lithiation. The results indicated that both an obvious deformation and a severe nickel dissolution occurred during the oxidation/lithiation of porous nickel in molten carbonate under loading conditions. Furthermore, the dissolution of nickel from porous nickel was still significant even if without loading. It was found that the deformation of porous nickel closely corresponded to its dissolution during the oxidation/lithiation of porous nickel in molten carbonate.
We demonstrate a facile route for the massive production of SnO2/carbon nanocomposite used as high-capacity anode materials of next-generation lithium-ion batteries. The nanocomposite had a unique structure of ultrafine SnO2 nanocrystals (~5 nm, 80 wt%) homogeneously dispersed in amorphous carbon matrix. This structure design can well accommodate the volume change of Li+ insertion/desertion in SnO2, and prevent the aggregation of the nanosized active materials during cycling, leading to superior cycle performance with stable reversible capacity of 400 mAh/g at a high current rate of 3.3 A/g.
A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate whether a liver micronucleus assay using four-week-old male F344 rats can be used to detect genotoxic rat hepatocarcinogens using double-dosing with a single-sampling 4 days after the second dose. The assay methods were thoroughly validated by the seven laboratories involved in the study. Seven chemicals, 2,4-diaminotoluene, diethyl nitrosamine, p-dimethylaminoazobenzene, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride, 2,4-dinitrotolunene, 2,6-dinitrotoluene and mitomycin C, known to produce positive responses in the single-dosing/triple-sampling method were selected for use in the present study, and each chemical was examined in two laboratories with the exception of 2,4-dinitrotolunene. Although several of the compounds were examined at lower doses for reasons of toxicity than in the single-dosing/triple-sampling method, all chemicals tested in the present study induced micronuclei in liver cells indicating a positive result. These findings suggest that the liver micronucleus assay can be used in young rats to detect genotoxic rat hepatocarcinogens using a double-dosing/single-sampling procedure. Further, the number of animals used in the liver micronucleus assay can be reduced by one-third to a half by using the double-dosing/single-sampling method. This reduction in animal numbers also has significant savings in time and resource for liver perfusion and hepatocyte isolation.
Most, if not all, extant cycads are pollinated by insects which use the cones as larval brood sites. These interactions appear to be mediated by cone volatiles, and, in some species, by patterns of thermogenesis. We investigated the chemical composition of volatile emissions and patterns of thermogenesis in cones of the South African cycad Encephalartos natalensis, using a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC–MS) and miniature temperature data loggers (ibuttons), respectively. This was done during various developmental stages (before and during receptivity and pollen release) for both female and male cones. A total of 31 compounds were identified in headspace samples; 17 of which were common to both sexes, 12 found only in male cones, and two found only in female cones. The major volatiles in pollen and female cones are (3E)-1,3-octadiene (averaging 54.25% and 15.82% of total emissions), (3E,5Z)-1,3,5-octatriene (averaging 13.37% and 47.66%), and α-pinene (averaging 16.29% and 12.24%). Female cones were not thermogenic before and during receptivity whereas pollen cones were thermogenic during pollen shedding. Thermogenesis of male cones occurred between 1400h and 1530h on successive afternoons, reaching an average of c. 10.5°C above ambient temperature. Volatile emissions and thermogenesis occurred in association with insect activity on the cones suggesting that they both play a role in regulating insect behaviour.
Cognitive dysfunctions are critical determinants of the quality of life and functionality in schizophrenia. Whether the cognitive deficits present at an early stage, are static or change across one's lifespan is still under debate. This study aims to investigate the long-term (3years) course of cognitive deficits in a large and representative cohort of first episode schizophrenia spectrum patients (N=155),and evaluate their influence on disability. In addition, a healthy control sample (N=43) was also studied for comparison. This study evaluates the performance of patients and controls in a battery of cognitive assessments using baseline, 1-year and 3-year follow-up designs. The results show that, although cognitively outperformed by the controls at any time, the cognitive performance of the patients improved similar to the controls in all cognitive functions except verbal and visual memory. Even though the course of cognitive performance across the sample as a whole was stable, the subgroup of patients who experienced a cognitive decline had worse functionality and lesser amelioration of negative symptoms. Overall, there is no significant deterioration in the cognitive function in a group of first episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients, with the possible exception of tasks that were associated with episodic memory. However, patients whose cognitive performance demonstrated a declining trend may present with a poorer progression in terms of clinical and disability variables.
A passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) stack that consists of six unit cells was designed, fabricated, and tested. The stack was tested with different methanol concentrations under ambient conditions. It was found that the stack performance increased when the methanol concentration inside the fuel tank was increased from 2.0 to 6.0M. The improved performance is primarily due to the increased cell temperature as a result of the exothermic reaction between the permeated methanol and oxygen on the cathode. Moreover, the increased cell temperature enhanced the water evaporation rate on the air-breathing cathode, which significantly reduced water flooding on the cathode and further improved the stack performance. This passive DMFC stack, providing 350mW at 1.8V, was successfully applied to power a seagull display kit. The seagull display kit can continuously run for about 4h on a single charge of 25cm3 4.0-M methanol solution.
The thermal behaviors of FeF3 cathode in 1 mol dm−3 LiPF6/methyl difluoroacetate (MFA) electrolyte are quantitatively investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. MFA-based electrolyte shows great thermal stability without heat generation up to 500 °C. The cycled electrodes are studied and find to become more thermally stable after lithiation. Furthermore, the lithiated electrode shows a superior thermal stability in the electrolyte compared to the delithiated electrode. Although the heat generated by the mixtures of cycled electrodes and MFA-based electrolyte is larger, the lithiated and delithiated electrodes coexisted with MFA-based electrolyte are about 140 and 230 °C higher than that of EC + DMC-based electrolyte, respectively. Therefore, the safety of FeF3 battery is enhanced by using MFA-based electrolyte instead of EC + DMC-based electrolyte.