batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This study demonstrates the importance of the conceptual hydrogeological model for the estimation of groundwater recharge rates in an alluvial system interconnected with an ephemeral or intermittent stream in south-east Queensland, Australia. The losing/gaining condition of these streams is typically subject to temporal and spatial variability, and knowledge of these hydrological processes is critical for the interpretation of recharge estimates. Recharge rate estimates of 76–182 mm/year were determined using the water budget method. The water budget method provides useful broad approximations of recharge and discharge fluxes. The chloride mass balance (CMB) method and the tritium method were used on 17 and 13 sites respectively, yielding recharge rates of 1–43 mm/year (CMB) and 4–553 mm/year (tritium method). However, the conceptual hydrogeological model confirms that the results from the CMB method at some sites are not applicable in this setting because of overland flow and channel leakage. The tritium method was appropriate here and could be applied to other alluvial systems, provided that channel leakage and diffuse infiltration of rainfall can be accurately estimated. The water-table fluctuation (WTF) method was also applied to data from 16 bores; recharge estimates ranged from 0 to 721 mm/year. The WTF method was not suitable where bank storage processes occurred.
Through a series of studies designed to explore important aspects of virtual experience, a new type of product affordances—virtual affordances—is proposed and tested empirically. In addition, the existing geometric and material product taxonomy is extended to include mechanical products within the classification structure. Utilizing these new concepts, 3-D product visualization is compared with traditional 2-D product representations and television advertising. The results largely support the proposition that 3-D product visualization is capable of influencing brand attitude and purchase intention for geometric and mechanical products within e-commerce environments.
Researchers have proposed that fleets of plug-in hybrid vehicles could be used to perform ancillary services for the electric grid. In many of these studies, the vehicles are able to accrue revenue for performing these grid stabilization services, which would offset the increased purchase cost of plug-in hybrid vehicles. To date, all such studies have assumed a vehicle command architecture that allows for a direct and deterministic communication between the grid system operator and the vehicle. This work compares this direct, deterministic vehicle command architecture to an aggregative vehicle command architecture on the bases of the availability, reliability and value of vehicle-provided ancillary services. This research incorporates a new level of detail into the modeling of vehicle-to-grid ancillary services by incorporating probabilistic vehicle travel models, time series ancillary services pricing, and a consideration of ancillary services reliability. Results show that including an aggregating entity in the command and contracting architecture can improve the scale and reliability of vehicle-to-grid ancillary services, thereby making vehicle-to-grid ancillary services more compatible with the current ancillary services market. However, the aggregative architecture has the deleterious effect of reducing the revenue accrued by plug-in vehicle owners relative to the default architectures.
The intermetallic compound CoSb3 exhibits a larger Li-storage capacity compared with carbon-based materials, which are currently used as the anode materials in commercial lithium ion batteries. However, the CoSb3 electrode shows poor cycling stability during repetitive charge and discharge cycles. This behavior has precluded it from practical use in lithium ion batteries to date. In our present study, galvanostatic cycling, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Fourier transition infra-red (FTIR) techniques were used to explore the capacity fade mechanism of CoSb3 electrodes. This preliminary study may supply a methodology for improving the electrochemical performances of the CoSb3 compound or other intermetallic compounds.
Antimony selenide and its carbon composite were synthesized through a mechanochemical process and investigated as anode materials for sodium-ion secondary batteries. X-ray diffraction (XRD) with rietveld refinement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses confirm that Sb2Se3 were composed of agglomerated highly crystalline nanocrystallites and the Sb2Se3/C composite consisted of nanocrystalline Sb2Se3 dispersed homogeneously throughout an amorphized carbon matrix. The initial Coulombic efficiency, rate capability, and cycle performance of the Sb2Se3/C composite were superior to those of Sb, or Sb2Se3. The Sb2Se3/C composite, in particular, showed excellent cycle stability, with 98.2% of initial capacity at 200 mA g−1 after 200 cycles. Based on the reaction potentials, ex situ XRD patterns and ex situ HR-TEM analysis of the Sb2Se3/C composite electrode revealed the structural changes which occurred reversibly within the Sb2Se3/C composite by conversion and recombination reaction during sodiation and desodiation process. Furthermore, XPS analysis study was carried out for identifying the surface films formed on both the electrodes and their effects on the performances.
Coplanar single-chamber micro solid oxide fuel cells (SC-μSOFCs) with curvilinear microelectrode configurations of arbitrarily complex two-dimensional geometry were fabricated by a direct-write microfabrication technique using conventional fuel cell materials. The electrochemical performance of two SC-μSOFCs with different electrode shapes, but comparable electrode and inter-electrode dimensions, was characterized in a methane–air mixture at 700°C. Both cells exhibited stable open circuit voltage and peak power density of 0.9V and 2.3mWcm−2, respectively, indicating that electrode shape did not have a significant influence on the performance of these fuel cells.
The nonlinear viscoelastic–plastic responses of proton exchange membrane (PEM) under immersed condition at 30 and 70 °C are experimentally studied. For the description of the viscoelastic–plastic behavior of the material, Schapery's nonlinear viscoelastic model is used in combination with a nonlinear viscoplastic constitutive law. PEM's creep–relaxation behavior is predicted by the model with a constant duration at various stresses and a fixed stress level with different durations. The prediction results are found to agree quite well with experimental values at 30 °C. A step-stress input profile is conducted to validate the model and the result shows reasonable agreement with the experimental data indicating that the proposed model provides the capability to describe the characteristic of membranes in liquid water. However, this model cannot describe the creep behavior at 70 °C precisely mainly due to the distinct behavior of the membrane at the temperature. Thus, a modified model is developed and prediction values of the modified model at 30 and 70 °C are both found to be in good accordance with experimental results.
We showed previously that higher levels in CSF dopamine in HIV patients are associated with the presence of the dopamine transporter (DAT) 10/10-repeat allele which was also detected more frequently in HIV-infected individuals compared to uninfected subjects. In the current study, we investigated further whether other genetic dopamine (DA)-related polymorphisms may be related with changes in CSF DA levels and frequency of HIV infection in HIV-infected subjects. Specifically, we studied genetic polymorphisms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, catechol-O-methyltransferase, and dopamine receptors DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4 genetic polymorphisms in uninfected and HIV-infected people in two different ethnical groups, a German cohort (Caucasian, 72 individuals with HIV infection and 22 individuals without HIV infection) and a South African cohort (Xhosan, 54 individuals with HIV infection and 19 individuals without HIV infection). We correlated the polymorphisms with CSF DA levels, HIV dementia score, CD4+ T cell counts, and HIV viral load. None of the investigated DA-related polymorphisms was associated with altered CSF DA levels, CD4+ T cell count, viral load, and HIV dementia score. The respective allele frequencies were equally distributed between HIV-infected patients and controls. Our findings do not show any influence of the studied genetic polymorphisms on CSF DA levels and HIV infection. This is in contrast to what we found previously for the DAT 3′UTR VNTR and highlights the specific role of the DAT VNTR in HIV infection and disease.
Brief self-report questionnaires that assess attenuated psychotic symptoms have the potential to screen many people who may benefit from clinical monitoring, further evaluation, or early intervention. The extent to which recently developed screening instruments demonstrate sound psychometric properties is an important issue toward the implementation of these measures in clinical practice. This study examines the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and test–retest reliability of four recently developed screening instruments. Screening instruments were included in an assessment battery and administered to a sample of 355 college students. Screening scores support the convergent and discriminant validity and the test–retest reliability of these measures.
For emergency backup of communications and other industrial equipment, the compact and low-maintenance, MSE series, valve-regulated lead−acid battery has mainly been used in place of conventional flooded types. Because of the keen competition in the communications industry, it is becoming more important to reduce battery maintenance and replacement costs. In addition, operations in extreme environments are becoming more common as networks expand. In response to this trend, the new long-life MSE-AT series has been developed. It has twice the life at normal temperatures, i.e., 13 to 15 years, and increased life at high temperatures. This has been attained by improving the negative electrode and separator to reduce the float-charging current, and by using a highly corrosion-resistant alloy for the positive grid.
The development and optimization of many new drug therapies requires long-term local delivery with controlled, but variable dosage. Current methods for chronic drug delivery have limited utility because they either cannot deliver drugs locally to a specific organ or tissue, do not permit changes in delivery rate in situ, or cannot be used in clinical trials in an untethered, wearable configuration. Here, we describe a small, self-contained system for liquid-phase drug delivery. This system enables studies lasting several months and infusion rates can be programmed and modified remotely. A commercial miniature pump is integrated with microfabricated components to generate ultralow flow rates and stroke volumes. Solutions are delivered in pulses as small as 370 nL, with pulses delivered at any interval of 1 min or longer. A unique feature of the system is the ability to infuse and immediately withdraw liquid, resulting in zero net volume transfer while compounds are exchanged by mixing and diffusion with endogenous fluid. We present in vitro results demonstrating repeatability of the delivered pulse volume for nearly 3 months. Furthermore, we present in vivo results in an otology application, infusing into the cochlea of a guinea pig a glutamate receptor antagonist, which causes localized and reversible changes in auditory sensitivity.
Nowadays, the design and fabrication of high-performance and low-cost electrode materials for energy storage and conversion systems are highly desired. The nanostructured materials are interesting for energy-related applications due to the large surface area, enormous active sites which ensure the complete utilization of active material. In this paper, we report a three-dimensional (3D) MnO2 nanorod forest network on carbon textile (MnO2–NRF@CT) with the hierarchical porous structure as a binder-free electrode material for supercapacitor. MnO2–NRF is directly grown on carbon textile surface by a simple one-step hydrothermal method. The carbon textile greatly improved the graphitization degree in MnO2–NRF composite. Typically, MnO2–NRF@CT sample indicates a partially graphitic structure having a low-intensity ratio of Raman D to G band (I D /I G = 0.68), which significantly increases the electrical conductivity and enhanced the performance of the supercapacitor. Consequently, the MnO2–NRF@CT porous architecture as supercapacitor electrode exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance (961 F g−1 at 1 mA cm−2 in 1 mol/L Na2SO4 electrolyte). The MnO2–NRF@CT shows good capacitance retention by achieving 92% of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. The long life and good stability highlighted its great potential for future supercapacitor applications.
The protected bis(hydroxyorganyl) polysulfides synthesized have been tested as modifiers of electrolyte of lithium-sulfur rechargeable batteries. The best result (35% increase of the battery capacity at the 50th cycle) was attained using 5wt.% of 2,2,12,12-tetramethyl-4,10-diphenyl-3,11-dioxa-6,7,8-trithia-2,12-disilatridecane. Bis(hydroxyorganyl) polysulfides protected at the hydroxyl group have been synthesized for the first time by the reaction of oxiranes with sodium polysulfide (ethanol, NaHCO3, 12h, 20–25°C) in yield 21–87%. For the hydroxyl protection in the hydroxy polysulfides, the acetal, tri(methyl)silyloxy or tri(ethoxy)silyl protecting groups were employed.
Spinel-typed LiMn2O4 cathode active materials have been prepared for different microstructures by the melt-impregnation method using different forms of manganese. The effect of the starting materials on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4 is investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements. The powder prepared from nanostructured γ-MnOOH, with good crystallinity and a regular cubic spinel shape, provided an initial discharge capacity of 114mAhg−1 with excellent rate and high capacity retention. These advantages render LiMn2O4 attractive for practical and large-scale applications in mobile equipment.
We report the preparation of amorphous poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VdF-co-HFP)] based electrospun fibrous membrane by a simple electrospinning technique for sodium-ion battery applications. The physicochemical characteristics of as-prepared fibrous polymer membranes were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The separator-cum gel polymer electrolyte (SGPE) was activated by soaking the freshly prepared electrospun fibrous membranes in a liquid electrolyte solution containing 1 M NaClO4, EC/DEC (1:1 by volume) in an argon-filled glove box. The highly porous electrospun P(VdF-co-HFP) based polymer exhibited a high ionic conductivity of 1.13 × 10−3 S cm−1 at ambient temperature in contrast to the commercial Celgard membrane. The electrochemical stability window of the SGPE was above 4.8 V versus Na+/Na. Further, the electrochemical investigations of the sodium half-cell (NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 as a cathode and unadulterated sodium as an anode) assembled from SGPE are illustrated. It showed 97% retention columbic efficiency from initial to even after 50 cycles at 0.1 C rate, however, the capacity loss is inherent for the cathode material.
Plasma pTau181 concentrations are elevated specifically in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease compared to those diagnosed with frontotemporal lobar degeneration or elderly controls, supporting its further development as a blood-based biomarker for AD.
Hierarchical MoS2/SnO2 nanocomposites are synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal method, and SnO2 are uniformly loaded on the surface of MoS2 nanosheets. As the cathode of lithium-sulfur battery, the nanocomposites exhibit high capacity and cyclability. The reversible capacity is up to 900mAhg−1 after 80 cycles at 0.2C rate. The superior electrochemical performance can be attributed to that the diffusion of lithium polysulfide can be greatly inhibited by the loading of SnO2 nanoparticles. The metallic Mo particles embedded in the system can increase the conductance of the composites. The present results indicate that hierarchical MoS2-based nanocomposites are good candidates for the cathode of lithium-sulfur battery.
With as many as 1.9 million men and women deployed as part of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, increased recognition is being placed on the effect of returning Veterans’ combat experiences on their adjustment and mental health, particularly those with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated effects on families and relationships. Cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy (CBCT) for PTSD is a manualized intervention with demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials with Veterans who have experienced trauma and their intimate partners. This case study involves the successful application of Mindfulness-based CBCT for PTSD to treat an operation Iraqi freedom male Veteran and his wife referred for PTSD and relationship dissatisfaction. In the current study, mindfulness interventions were integrated into the existing CBCT for PTSD protocol and treatment duration was shortened by including a weekend group retreat for couples. Baseline and post-treatment data from self- and partner-report measures demonstrates symptom reduction in posttraumatic stress symptoms as well as an increase in relationship satisfaction. The advantages of incorporating mindfulness strategies into this treatment protocol and recommendations for future work are discussed.
The β and δ polymorphs of orthorhombic VOPO4 are prepared by an oxalic acid assisted sol–gel method and a reflux method, respectively. Apparently, the structural and morphological characteristics have effect on the electrochemical properties. The potential plateaus in the flat charge/discharge profiles of the β and δ polymorphs are observed at 4.05/3.9V and 4.02/3.85V, respectively, which is in accordance with the two phase process for lithium de/intercalation. The β polymorph has a compact crystal structure and its chemical bond is stronger than that of the δ polymorph, which makes the capacity of the β polymorph lower than that of the δ polymorph when the current density is lower than 0.5C. However, because the positive effect of the favorable morphological characteristic of the β polymorph overtakes the negative effect of its compact structure, the capacity of the β polymorph becomes higher than that of the δ polymorph when the current density is higher than 1C. Besides the lower charge transfer resistance of the β polymorph, its charge transfer resistance decrease faster than that of the δ polymorph upon cycling.
Thermal transport in nanoscale two-dimensional (2D) materials is of great scientific interest and has practical implications for energy related applications like thermal management of energy devices, composite battery materials and on-board thermoelectric power generation for sensors. The abilities to manipulate thermal transport in 2D materials is thus highly desirable for future nano energy technologies. In this work, we identify a general rule for controlling the thermal transport in 2D pentagonal materials through bond saturation. We use first-principles calculations to investigate the phonon properties of a series of pentagonal materials, including penta-graphene (PG), hydrogenated PG (h-PG) and fluorinated PG (f-PG), and find that the bond saturation of the carbon atoms through functionalization can reduce the bond anharmonicity and thus increase the phonon lifetime. We can follow this rule to predict very high thermal conductivity of other pentagonal structures with saturated bonds, including penta-CN2 (1027W/mK) and two three-dimensional counterparts of PG called T12-carbon (819W/mK) and AA T12-carbon (1049W/mK). Moreover, similar trend of bond saturation-induced thermal conductivity enhancement can be found in other 2D pentagonal materials, such as penta-SiC2 and penta-SiN2. The results from this work unveil a general bonding-thermal transport relation for 2D materials, which can provide important guidance for designing novel materials with desirable thermal transport properties for energy applications.
1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate (BMP-PF6) was used as a flame-retarding additive in the liquid electrolyte, and the influence of BMP-PF6 content on cycling performance and thermal properties of lithium-ion batteries was investigated. Self-extinguishing time and DSC studies demonstrated that the addition of BMP-PF6 to the electrolyte provided a significant suppression in the flammability of the electrolyte and an improvement in the thermal stability of the cell. The optimum BMP-PF6 content in the electrolyte was found to be 10wt.% for improving safety without degrading cycling performance of the cell.
This paper presents the results and conclusions obtained from the physical model tests carried out with four different designs of floating breakwaters. Changes from a basic design have been introduced in order to evaluate the improvement in the efficiency as a coastal protection structure. Incident and transmitted waves have been measured, as well as the efforts in the mooring lines and module connectors. It has been found that the width of the pontoons is one of the key design parameters, while small modifications in the floating breakwater's cross section shape are less determinant in its hydrodynamic behaviour and in mechanical loads in the discussed ranges. 2D and 3D tests were conducted, observing the great influence that the wave obliquity has in the module connector forces.
The escalating and unpredictable cost of oil, the concentration of major oil resources in the hands of a few politically sensitive nations, and the long-term impact of CO2 emissions on global climate constitute a major challenge for the 21st century. They also constitute a major incentive to harness alternative sources of energy and means of vehicle propulsion. Today's lithium-ion batteries, although suitable for small-scale devices, do not yet have sufficient energy or life for use in vehicles that would match the performance of internal combustion vehicles. Energy densities 2 and 5 times greater are required to meet the performance goals of a future generation of plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) with a 40–80 mile all-electric range, and all-electric vehicles (EVs) with a 300–400 mile range, respectively. Major advances have been made in lithium-battery technology over the past two decades by the discovery of new materials and designs through intuitive approaches, experimental and predictive reasoning, and meticulous control of surface structures and chemical reactions. Further improvements in energy density of factors of two to three may yet be achievable for current day lithium-ion systems; factors of five or more may be possible for lithium–oxygen systems, ultimately leading to our ability to confine extremely high potential energy in a small volume without compromising safety, but only if daunting technological barriers can be overcome.
Asymmetric supercapacitor cells based on MnO2 as positive electrode and graphene as negative electrode have been constructed with 1M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. Amorphous MnO2 nanoparticles were prepared by reducing KMnO4 in N,N-dimethylformamid (DMF). Graphene was prepared by hydrothermal reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide sheets. The MnO2/graphene asymmetric supercapacitor could operate reversibly at a high cell voltage of 2.0V, showing an energy density of 25.2Whkg−1 at a power density of 100Wkg−1, which is much higher than those of symmetric supercapacitors based on MnO2/MnO2 (4.9Whkg−1) and graphene/graphene (3.6Whkg−1). Moreover, the asymmetric system exhibits capacitance retention of 96% after 500 cycles.