batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Three classes of molecules have been shown to be successful for protecting lithium-ion cells during overcharge. These three classes are, the molecule 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DDB), molecules based on a phenothiazine core, such as 10-methylphenothiazine (MPT) and molecules based on a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-oxide (TEMPO) core, such as TEMPO and 4-cyano-TEMPO. These molecules were examined using Li-ion coin cells, three-electrode cyclic voltammetry and four-electrode cyclic voltammetry. Three-electrode cyclic voltammetry was used to measure the diffusion coefficients and the stability of the shuttle molecules at high and low potentials. The transport of electrons through the solid-electrolyte interface on the negative electrode to the oxidized shuttle molecule was studied using the four-electrode cell for electrolytes containing both LiPF6 and lithium bis(oxalato)borate salts. The rate of charge transfer to the oxidized TEMPO and MPT molecules is significantly reduced on glassy carbon below 1.7V (versus Li/Li+) in electrolytes containing LiBOB, but not in electrolytes containing LiPF6. Charge transfer to oxidized DDB seems facile at all potentials above 0.2V in both LiPF6 and LiBOB electrolytes.
Two new functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) based on guanidinium cation with two ether groups and TFSA− anion are synthesized and characterized. Their physicochemical and electrochemical properties, including melting point, thermal stability, density, viscosity, conductivity, and electrochemical window are determined. Both the ILs are liquids at room temperature, and the viscosities are about 60mPas at 25°C. Behavior of lithium redox, chemical stability against lithium metal and charge–discharge characteristics of lithium battery, are also examined for the two ILs as electrolyte with 0.6molkg−1 LiTFSA. Though the cathodic limiting potentials of the two ILs are higher than 0V versus Li/Li+, the lithium plating and stripping on Ni electrode can be observed in the two IL electrolytes, indicating their good chemical stability against lithium metal. Li/LiFePO4 cells using the two IL electrolytes without any additive showed good cycle property at the current rate of 0.2C at 25°C and 55°C.
Excess cadmium (Cd) exposure produces adverse health effects in human beings. Although Cd accumulates in the liver and kidneys, it can also accumulate in other organs and tissues, depending on its chemical form. Long-term exposure to inhaled Cd from cigarette smoke and ingested from foods are the human exposures of greatest concern. For populations living in proximity to hazardous waste sites, increased dietary consumption could occur from Cd-contaminated dust on food or hands, from garden vegetables or fruits grown in Cd-contaminated soil, and from Cd-contaminated water used for drinking or garden irrigation. This article addresses human exposure to Cd, the exposure pathways for Cd in the human body, and the potential health effects of such Cd exposures.
Inhibitory control and working memory were examined in post-institutionalized (PI) children adopted into United States families from Russian institutions. The PI sample originated from institutions that were less severely depriving than those represented in previous studies and approximated the level of psychosocial deprivation, which is characterized by adequate physical resources but a lack of consistent and responsive caregiving. PI children (N = 75; 29 male) ranged in age from 8–17 years (M = 12.97; SD = 3.03) and were grouped according to whether they were adopted after 14 months or before 9 months. A non-adopted comparison group (N = 133; 65 male) ranged in age from 8–17 years (M = 12.26; SD = 2.75). PI children adopted after 14 months of age displayed poorer performance on the stop-signal and spatial span tasks relative to PI children adopted before 9 months of age after controlling for age at assessment. The two PI groups did not differ in their performance on a spatial self-ordered search task. Older-adopted PI children also showed poorer spatial span task performance compared to non-adopted children, but younger-adopted PI children did not. Task performance was significantly associated with parent-rated hyperactive-impulsive behavior in everyday contexts. These findings suggest that exposure to prolonged early institutional deprivation may be linked with inhibitory control and working memory difficulties years after adoption.
Plate-like ZnO with good crystallinity were prepared by a simple hydrothermal synthesis method in Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and NaOH solution at 180°C. The dimension of ZnO powder ranged from 200 to 500nm and the average thickness was about 50nm. The electrochemical performances of ZnO nanoplates as anode active materials for Ni/Zn cells were investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling and cyclic voltammogram (CV). The ZnO nanoplates showed better cycle stability than the conventional ZnO, and the discharge capacity maintained 420mAhg−1 throughout 80 cycling tests. At the same time, they also exhibited higher midpoint discharge voltage and lower midpoint charge voltage. The continual SEM examinations on the electrode found that the morphology of the plate-like ZnO active material did not change essentially and the zinc dendrite was suppressed effectively, which resulted in the improvement of cycle stability of Ni/Zn secondary cells.
Standard intelligence tests such as the WPPSI-III have limitations when testing children with motor impairment. This study aimed to determine the proportion of children with cerebral palsy with sufficient verbal and motor skills to complete the WPPSI-III, to determine their comparative ability to complete tasks with and without a significant motor component, and to investigate short forms of the WPPSI-III as alternatives. Participants were 78 of 235 eligible 4–5 year old children with cerebral palsy resident in the Australian state of Victoria. Verbal IQ (VIQ), Performance IQ (PIQ), and Full-scale IQ (FSIQ) were determined using the WPPSI-III. Initial screening for pointing and verbal abilities determined which tests were attempted. The impact of speed was investigated by comparing scores on the Block Design subtest with and without an imposed time limit. FSIQ scores were calculated from two short forms of the WPPSI-III and compared to the full form. On screening, 16 children had inadequate pointing (14) and verbal abilities (2). FSIQ was obtained in 62 (82%) children. Strong associations were seen between completion of the entire test battery and topographical pattern, level of manual ability and level of gross motor function. Scores on subtests requiring manual ability were depressed relative to other scores. Children performed better using short forms of the WPPSI-III and, for a minority, when time limits were disregarded. In summary, children with cerebral palsy often lack the fine and gross motor skills necessary to complete the WPPSI-III, scoring relatively poorly on tasks requiring a fine motor response. Using short-form estimations of FSIQ comprised of subtests without a significant fine motor component has the potential to increase a child's FSIQ by approximately 5 points. These findings have important clinical implications when assessing a child with both motor and cognitive limitations.
Objective: To examine whether time since most recent injury and number of injuries are associated with cognitive functioning in people 55 years or older after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Observational, cross-sectional analysis. Setting: Research center at a large, urban medical center. Participants: 35 subjects with mild TBI and 28 subjects with moderate-to-severe TBI who were 6 months to 56 years postinjury. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Participants were given a neuropsychologic battery of tests that included measures of attention, processing and motor speed, language, memory, and executive functioning. Results: Multiple regression analyses indicated that processing speed, attention, and motor speed scores correlated positively with time since injury for those with moderate-to-severe injury (B range, .04−.03, P range, .007–.01). In the mild TBI group, however, time since injury was not associated with any cognitive domains of functioning. In contrast, number of injuries was unrelated to cognitive functioning in the moderate-to-severe group, whereas in the mild TBI group, number of injuries predicted attention and executive functioning scores (B range, −.40 to −.07; P range, .01–.004). Conclusions: Longer periods since injury were associated with better cognitive functioning in subjects with moderate-to-severe TBI. In people with mild TBI, on the other hand, fewer injuries were associated with better cognitive functioning. This suggests that brain plasticity may play a more significant role over time in those with severe injuries.
Voltage plateau during relaxation or discharge after charging is a distinct signal associated with stripping of deposited Li metal and hence a feasible tool for online detection of Li plating in Li-ion batteries. Here, we present a physics-based model with incorporation of Li plating and stripping to gain a fundamental understanding of the voltage plateau behavior. Specifically, we focus on the internal cell characteristics when voltage plateau occurs and on key factors affecting the shape and duration of voltage plateau. Furthermore, the validity of using the duration of voltage plateau for estimating Li plating amount is assessed. It is found that the duration of voltage plateau depends on the rate of Li stripping, while the stripping rate is restricted by the capability of Li+ intercalation into graphite. Parameters like intercalation kinetics, solid-state diffusivity of graphite and cell temperature can substantially influence the voltage curves even with the same amount of Li plating. Further, we report an interesting phenomenon that during Li stripping one part of anode near the separator has net oxidation current (local stripping rate > intercalation rate), providing Li+ ions and electrons to the other part of anode near the foil which has net reduction current.
Submicron-sized cube-like α-Fe2O3 agglomerates were successfully fabricated via hydrothermal technique. The material showed a high reversible capacity of 900.2mAhg−1 and excellent capacity retention of 88.9% after 35 cycles at a current density of 40mAg−1. The initial columbic efficiencies of the as-prepared powder were 82.65 and 80.57% at current densities of 40 and 80mAg−1, respectively, which is higher than that of other α-Fe2O3 electrodes reported so far. We believe that the small crystal size and the high structure stability are responsible for the drastic improvement in initial coulombic efficiency and reversibility.
Utilizing psychological resources when dealing with chronic low back pain might aid the prevention of disability. The observational study at hand examined the longitudinal impact of resilience and coping resources on disability in addition to established risk factors.
Issues with the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reduction hinder the advance of LiO2 batteries for next-generation energy storage. To alleviate these problems, Cu2O nanoparticles with different crystal planes have been synthesized via a simple solution reaction and characterized as a bi-functional catalyst for non-aqueous LiO2 battery. In this work, catalytic behaviour of Cu2O nanoparticles with different crystal planes are initially explored and it is found that the Cu2O nanoparticles exposing {111} crystal planes exhibit the most catalytic performance compared with other crystal planes, which is further confirmed by using first-principles computations. Inspired by selectively catalytic behaviour of crystal plane, porous Cu2O nanoframes exposed with eight {111} crystal planes and higher surface area derives from all-corner-truncated rhombic dodecahedron Cu2O nanoparticles are synthesized, which can act as highly activity three-dimensional cathode in a typical LiO2 battery after being directly combined with carbon nanotubes by electrostatic interaction. Thanks to the excellent catalytic activity of carbon nanotubes-Cu2O nanoframes and unique cathode structure, batteries with this cathode display an enhanced electrochemical performance including superior round-trip efficiency, excellent cycling performance and high specific capacity.
High-capacity xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiMO2 (M = Ni, Mn, Co) oxides show relatively rapid performance degradation when cycled at voltages >4.5 V vs. Li/Li+. Previous research has indicated that modifying the oxide surfaces with coatings, such as alumina, reduces cell impedance rise and improves capacity retention. In this article, we demonstrate pulsed-sonication as a rapid and effective approach for coating alumina on Li1.2Ni0.175Mn0.525Co0.1O2 (0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi0.44Mn0.31Co0.25O2) particles. Oxide integrity and morphology is maintained after the sonochemical process and subsequent heat-treatment. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) X-ray elemental maps show uniform coating of all secondary particles. 27Al Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) NMR data confirm the presence of alumina and mainly indicate octahedral aluminum occupancy in a six-coordinate environment with oxygen. Full cells containing electrodes with the alumina-coated particles demonstrate lower initial impedance rise and better capacity retention during extended cycling to high voltages. However, the coating has a negligible effect on the voltage hysteresis and voltage fade behavior displayed by these oxides. The various data indicate that the pulsed sonochemical technique is a viable approach for coating oxide particles. The methodology described herein can easily be extended beyond alumina to include coatings such as AlF3, MgO, and MgF2.
Deployment of distributed generation technologies, especially solar photovoltaic, have turned regular consumers into active contributors to the local supply of electricity. This development along with the digitalisation of power distribution grids (smart grids) is setting the scene to a new paradigm: peer-to-peer electricity trading. The design of the features and rules on how to sell or buy electricity locally, however, is in its early stages for microgrids or small communities. Market design research focuses predominantly on established electricity markets and not so much on incentivising local trading. This is partially because concepts of local markets carry distinct features: the diversity and characteristics of distributed generation, the specific rules for local electricity prices, and the role of digitalisation tools to facilitate peer-to-peer trade (e.g. Blockchain). As different local or peer-to-peer energy trading schemes have emerged recently, this paper proposes two market designs centred on the role of electricity storage. That is, we focus on the following questions: What is the value of prosumer batteries in P2P trade?; What market features do battery system configurations need?; and What electricity market design will open the economical potential of end-user batteries? To address these questions, we implement an optimisation model to represent the peer-to-peer interactions in the presence of storage for a small community in London, United Kingdom. We investigate the contribution of batteries located at the customer level versus a central battery shared by the community. Results show that the combined features of trade and flexibility from storage produce savings of up to 31% for the end-users. More than half of the savings comes from cooperation and trading in the community, while the rest is due to battery’s flexibility in balancing supply-demand operations.
Penetration of lithium metal and uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) easily induce safety concerns. Herein, we propose a smart lithium-manganite/graphene-oxide/lithium (LMO/GO/Li) battery with rationally designed trilayer films as separator, in which GO film is sandwiched by two pieces of commercial polymer microporous membranes. This unique LMO/GO/Li battery possesses the merits of anti-piercing and eliminating Li dendrites. Once being pierced, the middle GO layer can chemically etch metallic Li based on the spontaneous redox reaction and thus the LMO/GO/Li battery can work normally without short-circuit. Meanwhile, Li dendrites can be efficiently eliminated by GO to avoid internal shorting. Consequently, the LMO/GO/Li battery can reversibly charge/discharge for 6000 cycles that is ca. 48 times longer than that of conventional LMO/Li battery, and still retain a high Coulombic efficiency of 93%. This work not only conceptually provides new opportunities for developing other anti-piercing batteries, but also paves the way for building dendrite-free LMBs.
The energy demand across the globe has increased in many folds due to technological advancement, rapid growth in industries and increase in household energy demand. This led the engineers and planners to think and find the means to harvest the alternative energy sources other than the fossil fuel. Solar, wind, biomass, mini hydro are some of the resources used worldwide to generate energy as per the availability of resources. This paper presents a comparative performances of various stand alone solar photovoltaic(PV), grid connected PV and hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) studied across the globe. The standalone PV system is used to supply electricity to a small habitats/hamlets or to a single household. Hybrid energy system consists of two or more energy sources for generation of power for rural electrification in off grid locations and in grid connected PV systems, excess electricity produced is injected to the grid thereby generating additional income. The research works carried out by various researchers around the globe on renewable energy sources particularly for rural electrification is discussed in this paper. Besides this the utilisation of renewable electricity for Plug-in-Electric Vehicles (PEV) studied across the globe were also discussed.
Lithium ion battery (LIB) waste contains significant valuable resources that could be recovered and reused to manufacture new products. This study aimed to develop an alternative process for extracting metals from LIB waste using acidic solutions generated by electrolysis for leaching. Results showed that solutions generated by electrolysis of 0.5 M NaCl at 8 V with graphite or mixed metal oxide (MMO) electrodes were weakly acidic and leach yields obtained under single stage (batch) leaching were poor (<10%). This was due to the highly acid-consuming nature of the battery waste. Multistage leaching with the graphite electrolyte solution improved leach yields overall, but the electrodes corroded over time. Though yields obtained with both electrolyte leach solutions were low when compared to the 4 M HCl control, there still remains potential to optimise the conditions for the generation of the acidic anolyte solution and the solubilisation of valuable metals from the LIB waste. A preliminary value proposition indicated that the process has the potential to be economically feasible if leach yields can be improved, especially based on the value of recoverable cobalt and lithium.
The monodisperse Co3O4 mesoporous microdisks have been successfully prepared through a facile solvothermal synthesis method and subsequent heating treatment. The Co3O4 microdisks are polycrystalline, and have an average diameter of around 2μm with an thickness of 300nm. The specific surface area of Co3O4 mesoporous microdisks is about 108.9m2 g−1 with a narrow pore size distribution centered at round 9.68nm. The as-prepared Co3O4 mesoporous microdisks as anode material in lithium ion batteries exhibit a stable specific discharge–charge capacity of 765 and 749mAhg−1 after 30 cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1. The good electrochemical properties could be attributed to the unique mesoporous structure of Co3O4 materials.
This study reports a direct observation on the crack behavior of lithiated Si wafer. Three different Si wafers with <100>, <110> and <111> axes are investigated, to compare the crack behaviors of different orientation Si wafers. Electrochemically induced cracks in each orientated wafer have dissimilar crack behaviors, because the initiations and propagations of cracks are strongly affected by their orientation and strain energy release rate. It is also found that triangular humps and cracks are formed in the (111) wafer, which are discovered for the first time by in this study. Considering that volume expansion, cracks, and pulverizations of Si are the main issues for the commercial use of Si for Li ion battery, this study provides important insight that is relevant to the design of advanced Si anode materials.
Rechargeable batteries with lithium metal anodes exhibit higher energy densities than conventional lithium-ion batteries. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) provide the opportunity to unlock the full potential of lithium metal anodes and fundamentally eliminate safety concerns caused by flammable liquid electrolytes. Up to now, most studies on SSEs have been focused on enhancing the ionic conductivity and improving the interfacial stability. However, the electrolyte thickness, which has received less attention, also plays an important role in determining the energy density and electrochemical performance of all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). Recognizing this, our review evaluates SSE studies beyond traditional factors and focuses on a thickness perspective. We systematically analyze the influence of the electrolyte thickness on the energy densities of ASSLB pouch cells, and highlight the strategies that dramatically reduce the thickness of SSE membranes without sacrificing their mechanical properties. Then, we discuss recent advances and challenges of ASSLBs based on high-voltage and high-capacity cathodes, as well as novel configurations such as bipolar and flexible ASSLBs. Finally, we provide perspectives and suggestions towards high energy-density ASSLBs for future commercialization.
In spite of the high capacity of 978 mAh g−1, the practical application of zinc oxide (ZnO) electrode is limited by its unsatisfactory electrochemical performance caused by the low intrinsic electrical conductivity and large volume changes during the alloying/dealloying process. To overcome this problem, ZnO nanoparticles are uniformly attached on nickel foam via a simple solvothermal method with graphene as morphology-controlling agent (G–ZnO/Ni). Experimental results show that the ZnO nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed on the nickel foam in monolayer with obvious clearance formed between ZnO nanoparticles, which could help to accommodate the volume change and provide enough adhesive force to stabilize the ZnO nanoparticles, thus improving the cycling stability. Moreover, the as-prepared composites can be directly used as the binder-free electrodes for LIB anode and exhibit good performance in lithium storage with high reversible capacity and excellent cycling stability with a retained capacity of 537 mAh g−1 after 1600 cycles at a current density of 600 mA g−1.