batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This review discusses different examples for the interaction of bacteria and metal surfaces based on work reported previously by various authors and work performed by the author with colleagues at other institutions and with his graduate students at CEEL. Traditionally it has been assumed that the interaction of bacteria with metal surfaces always causes increased corrosion rates (“microbiologically influenced corrosion” (MIC)). However, more recently it has been observed that many bacteria can reduce corrosion rates of different metals and alloys in many corrosive environments. For example, it has been found that certain strains of Shewanella can prevent pitting of Al 2024 in artificial seawater, tarnishing of brass and rusting of mild steel. It has been observed that corrosion started again when the biofilm was killed by adding antibiotics. The mechanism of corrosion protection seems to be different for different bacteria since it has been found that the corrosion potential E corr became more negative in the presence of Shewanella ana and algae, but more positive in the presence of Bacillus subtilis. These findings have been used in an initial study of the bacterial battery in which Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 was added to a cell containing Al 2024 and Cu in a growth medium. It was found that the power output of this cell continuously increased with time. In the microbial fuel cell (MFC) bacteria oxidize the fuel and transfer electrons directly to the anode. In initial studies EIS has been used to characterize the anode, cathode and membrane properties for different operating conditions of a MFC that contained Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Cell voltage (V)—current density (i) curves were obtained using potentiodynamic sweeps. The current output of a MFC has been monitored for different experimental conditions.
In this work, Li1.15Mn0.49Ni0.18Co0.18O2 nanoplates with exposed (012) facet are prepared for the first time by co-precipitation method under the assistance of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. As cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries, the Li1.15Mn0.49Ni0.18Co0.18O2 nanoplates can deliver the initial discharge capacities of 219.8 and 192mAhg−1 at 300 and 700mAg−1, respectively. It suggests the Li1.15Mn0.49Ni0.18Co0.18O2 nanoplates possess an excellent rate capability. After 200 cycles, the capacity retention ratio at 700mAg−1 is still as large as 82.6%. The superior rate capability can be attributed to the shorter transport distance of lithium ions in these nanoplates with exposed (012) facet. The above results also indicate that the electrochemical performances of Li-rich layered oxides can be improved by allocating proper facets.
Sixty years of research have not added up to a concordant evaluation of the influence of spatial and manual abilities on dental skill acquisition. We used Ackerman’s theory of ability determinants of skill acquisition to explain the influence of spatial visualization and manual dexterity on the task performance of dental students in two consecutive preclinical technique courses. We measured spatial and manual abilities of applicants to Hamburg Dental School by means of a multiple choice test on Technical Aptitude and a wire-bending test, respectively. Preclinical dental technique tasks were categorized as consistent-simple and inconsistent-complex based on their contents. For analysis, we used robust regression to circumvent typical limitations in dental studies like small sample size and non-normal residual distributions. We found that manual, but not spatial ability exhibited a moderate influence on the performance in consistent-simple tasks during dental skill acquisition in preclinical dentistry. Both abilities revealed a moderate relation with the performance in inconsistent-complex tasks. These findings support the hypotheses which we had postulated on the basis of Ackerman’s work. Therefore, spatial as well as manual ability are required for the acquisition of dental skills in preclinical technique courses. These results support the view that both abilities should be addressed in dental admission procedures in addition to cognitive measures.
Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to study the thermal behaviour of a commercially available lithium-ion cell. Both the complete cell (pouch type, 2 Ah) and its electrode materials, respectively, were investigated. As positive electrode material a blend system consisting of NCM (=Li[Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33]O2) and LMO (=LiMn2O4) with a weight ratio of 4:1 was identified. The main exothermic behaviour is dominated by the positive electrode–electrolyte reaction. ARC studies on the positive electrode material in presence of our reference electrolyte show an inhibiting effect of the conducting salt LiPF6 towards the oxidation of the organic based electrolyte by released oxygen. X-ray diffraction measurements were performed to study the thermal decomposition behaviour of the positive active material. Both the blend system and the single components, NCM and LMO, were investigated at different temperatures. A significant phase transformation from the hexagonal layered to a cubic structure as well as various reduction products could be identified. Finally, the thermal behaviour of the NCM/LMO-blend and its single phases, NCM and LMO, at different states of charge (SOC) was investigated. Therefore, detailed investigations based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were performed.
A novel conductive composite film containing functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) with poly (neutral red) (PNR) was synthesized on glassy carbon electrodes (GC) by potentiostatic method. The composite film exhibited promising electrocatalytic oxidation of mixture of biochemical compounds such as ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) in pH 4.0 aqueous solutions. It was also produced on gold electrodes by using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique, which revealed that the functional properties of composite film were enhanced because of the presence of both f-MWCNTs and PNR. The surface morphology of the polymer and composite film deposited on transparent semiconductor tin oxide electrodes were studied using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. These two techniques showed that the PNR was fibrous and incorporated on f-MWCNTs. The electrocatalytic responses of neurotransmitters at composite films were measured using both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). These experiments revealed that the difference in f-MWCNTs loading present in the composite film affected the electrocatalysis in such a way, that higher the loading showed an enhanced electrocatalytic activity. From further electrocatalysis studies, well separated voltammetric peaks were obtained at the composite film modified GC for AA, DA and UA with the peak separation of 0.17V between AA–DA and 0.15V between DA–UA. The sensitivity of the composite film towards AA, DA and UA in DPV technique was found to be 0.028, 0.146 and 0.084μAμM−1, respectively.
During the operation of vanadium redox flow battery, the cell stack can suffer from electrolyte leakage and material failure that significantly affect the overall performance of the battery, provided that the stack is improperly designed and assembled. In order to manufacture more reliable battery stacks without undergoing electrolyte leakage and mechanical failure, the stress distributions on all key components of the stack need to be known. In this study, three-dimensional mechanical models are developed to perform simulation analyses on stress distribution for the cell stacks. Stress distributions on key cell components under specified sealing gasket designs, assembling forces and number of cells in a stack are investigated for the single cell and multi-cell stacks, while potential material failure and damage for the stack components are also analyzed in accordance with maximum stress criterion and von Mises yield criterion depending on the material of the components. Simulations results successfully demonstrate the stress distribution and magnitude in specified stack design and assembly condition, and highlight the importance of mechanical analyses in developing flow battery stacks with superior sealing and mechanical performance for long-term use.
Quasi-solid-state supercapacitors were assembled using a pair of activated carbon electrodes and two polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-H2SO4 gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) containing respectively redox additives of hydroquinone (HQ) and methylene blue (MB), which were separated by a Nafion 117 membrane in a sandwich-type configuration. PVA-H2SO4-HQ and PVA-H2SO4-MB GPEs worked on the sides of the positive and negative electrodes of the supercapacitor, respectively. The electrochemical performances of the supercapacitor with optimized PVA-H2SO4-HQ and PVA-H2SO4-MB GPEs were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. After the introduction of HQ and MB, the supercapacitor with PVA-H2SO4-HQ|PVA-H2SO4-MB GPEs can exhibit high specific capacitance of 563.7Fg−1 and energy density of 18.7WhKg−1, increasing by about fourfold in comparison with a supercapacitor with a PVA-H2SO4 GPE. The improved energy storage is ascribed to the reversible Faradaic reactions related to HQ and MB in the corresponding gel polymer electrolytes. Additionally, the supercapacitor shows excellent cyclic durability with 90.0% capacitance retention after 3000 cycles.
Novel single pot selective stoichiometric synthesis of cobalt, copper and lead sulfide nanomaterials has been carried out in an energy and time efficient manner by using combustion synthesis for the first time without using surfactants, capping agents and inert atmospheric conditions. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope revealed the formation of respective nanocrystalline metal sulfides with different stoichiometry, whereas, electrochemical impedance analyses confirmed the low charge transfer resistance of all metal sulfide counter electrodes when compared to the Pt counter electrode, indicating their potential to be used as electrode materials. The efficiency of metal sulfide counter electrodes was tested in quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSC) by applying the metal sulfide paint on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) plates. Current-voltage characteristics ratified the solar conversion efficiencies of 0.85, 1.3, 0.91 and 0.25, respectively for PbS (2), CuS (3), CoS (2) and Pt counter electrodes with CdS/TiO2 (1:1) working electrode and Na2S electrolyte. Thus the present study furnishes a novel method for the synthesis of metal sulfides as efficient paintable counter electrodes that can overcome Pt as counter electrode in QDSSC.
Technological advances offer the potential to better characterise the symptoms and mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. This review provides an overview of how remote monitoring might inform understanding of mood and anxiety disorders, and may be used by clinicians to predict clinical outcomes and treatment response. The review also discusses salient ethical issues and the field’s future directions.
Enzymatic biobatteries can be implanted in living organisms to exploit the chemical energy stored in physiological fluids. Generally, commonly-used electron donors (such as sugars) are ubiquitous in physiological environments, while electron acceptors such as oxygen are limited due to many factors including solubility, temperature, and pressure. The wide range of solid-state cathodes, however, may replace the need for oxygen breathing electrodes and serve in enzymatic biobatteries for implantable devices. Here, we have fabricated a glucose biobattery suitable for in vivo applications employing a glucose oxidase (GOx) anode coupled to a solid-state Prussian Blue (PB) thin-film cathode. PB is a non-toxic material and its electrochemistry enables fast regeneration if used in a secondary cell. This novel biobattery can effectively operate in a membraneless architecture as PB can reduce the peroxide produced by some oxidase enzymes. The resulting biobattery delivers a maximum power and current density of 44 μW cm − 2 and 0.9 mA cm − 2 , respectively, which is ca. 37% and 180% higher than an equivalent enzymatic fuel cell equipped with a bilirubin oxidase cathode. Moreover, the biobattery demonstrated a stable performance over 20 cycles of charging and discharging periods with only ca. 3% loss of operating voltage.
In animal ecology, inter-individual encounters are often investigated using automated proximity loggers. However, data acquired are typically spatially implicit, i.e. the question ‘Where did the contact occur?’ remains unanswered. To resolve this issue, recent advancements in Wireless Sensor Network technology have facilitated the geo-referencing of animal contacts. Among these, WildScope devices integrate GPS-based telemetry within fully distributed networks, allowing contact-triggered GPS location acquisition. In this way, the ecological context in which contacts occur can be assessed. We evaluated the performance of WildScope in close-to-real settings, whilst controlling for movement of loggers and obstacles, performing field trials that simulated: (1) different scenarios of encounters between individuals (mobile–mobile contacts) and (2) patterns of individual focal resource use (mobile–fixed contacts). Each scenario involved one to three mobile and two fixed loggers and was replicated at two different radio transmission powers. For each scenario, we performed and repeated a script of actions that corresponded to expected contact events and contact-triggered GPS locations. By comparing expected and observed events, we obtained the success rate of: (1) contact detection and (2) contact-triggered GPS location acquisition. We modelled these in dependence on radio power and number of loggers by means of generalized linear mixed models.
Systems integration issues, such as electrical and thermal design and management of full battery packs – often containing hundreds of cells – have been rarely explored in the academic literature. In this paper we discuss the design and construction of a 9kWh battery pack for a motorsports application. The pack contained 504 lithium cells arranged into 2 sidepods, each containing 3 modules, with each module in a 12P7S configuration. This paper focuses particularly on testing the full battery pack and diagnosing subsequent problems related to cells being connected in parallel. We demonstrate how a full vehicle test can be used to identify malfunctioning strings of cells for further investigation. After individual cell testing it was concluded that a single high inter-cell contact resistance was causing currents to flow unevenly within the pack, leading to cells being unequally worked. This is supported by a Matlab/Simulink model of one battery module, including contact resistances. Over time the unequal current flowing through cells can lead to significant differences in cells’ state of charge and open circuit voltages, large currents flowing between cells even when the load is disconnected, cells discharging and aging more quickly than others, and jeopardise capacity and lifetime of the pack.
To satisfy increasing power demands of mobile devices and electric vehicles, rationally designed electrodes with short diffusion length are highly imperative to provide highly efficient ion and electron transport paths for high-rate and long-life lithium-ion batteries. Herein, binder-free electrodes with the robust three-dimensional conductive network are prepared by assembling ultralong TiO2 nanowires with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets for high-performance lithium-ion storage. Ultralong TiO2 nanowires are synthesized and used to construct an interconnecting network that avoids the use of inert auxiliary additives of polymer binders and conductive agents. By thermal annealing, a small amount of anatase is generated in situ in the TiO2(B) nanowires to form abundant TiO2(B)/anatase interfaces for accommodating additional lithium ions. Simultaneously, RGO sheets efficiently enhance the electronic conductivity and enlarge the specific surface area of the TiO2/RGO nanocomposite. The robust 3D network in the binder-free electrode not only effectively avoids the agglomeration of TiO2/RGO components during the long-term charging/discharging process, but also provides direct and fast ion/electron transport paths. The binder-free electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 259.9 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C and an excellent cycling performance with a high reversible capacity of 111.9 mA h g−1 at 25 C after 5000 cycles.
Ion beam modification to effect ion beam mixing without changing morphology was investigated as a means to improve the electrochemical performance of Ge thin film electrodes for rechargeable Li batteries. As a result of a minimum tenfold increase in the strength of adhesion of the Ge film to the current collector (substrate), the ion beam-mixed electrodes exhibited stable specific capacities of ∼1500 mAh g−1 (close to the theoretical maximum of 1623 mAh g−1) for galvanostatic cycling rates of 0.2C–1.6C using both single- and multi-rate testing schemes. Electron microscopy investigations showed that the ion beam-mixed electrodes transform from a flat, continuous, nonporous microstructure in the virgin state to a rough, cracked, porous microstructure as a result of electrochemical cycling, but remain in excellent electrical contact with the current collector. The results suggest that ion beam mixing could be used to produce inexpensive, high capacity conversion electrodes for rechargeable Li batteries.
N-Methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (MePrPipNTf2), as well as its mixture with a molecular liquid acetonitrile (MeCN) were tested as electrolytes for carbon-double-layer capacitors. The conductivity of the MePrPipNTf2 neat ionic liquid is at the level of 1.5mScm−1, while the corresponding value for the mixture (48wt.% MePrPipNTf2 +52wt.% of MeCN) is ca. 40mScm−1 (both recorded at 25°C). The electrochemical stability of the electrolyte (both neat ionic liquid, as well as its mixture with acetonitrile), detected at the glassy carbon electrode, was as broad as 5.7V. However, the tested capacitors with activated carbon as the active electrode material show considerable lower stability, reduced to ca. 3.7V. The specific capacity estimated from both cyclic voltammetry and charging/discharging experiments was ca. 140Fg−1, and after ca. 700 cycles, decreased to ca. 100Fg−1. The effect of the loss of the part of initial specific capacity is probably due to the loss of Faradaic pseudo-capacity. The specific energy of the activated carbon in the tested devices was at the level of 240kJkg−1 while the specific power density was ca. 25kWkg−1.
Affordable sodium ion batteries hold great promise for revolutionizing stationary energy storage technologies. Sodium layered cathode materials are usually multicomponent transition metal (TM) oxides and each TM plays a unique role in the operating cathode chemistry, e.g., redox activity, structural stabilization. Engineering the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of TM cations in individual cathode particles can take advantage of a depth-dependent charging mechanism and enable a path towards tuning local TM–O chemical environments and building resilience against cathode–electrolyte interfacial reactions that are responsible for capacity fading, voltage decay and safety hazards. In this study, we create 3D compositional heterogeneity in a ternary and biphasic (O3–P3) sodium layered cathode material (Na0.9Cu0.2Fe0.28Mn0.52O2). The cells containing this material deliver stable voltage profiles, and discharge capacities of 125 mA h g−1 at C/10 with almost no capacity fading after 100 cycles and 75 mA h g−1 at 1C with negligible capacity fading after 200 cycles. The direct performance comparison shows that this material outperforms other materials with similar global compositions but different mesoscale chemical distributions. Synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy/imaging and density functional theory studies reveal depth-dependent chemical environments due to changes to factors such as charge compensation and strength of orbital hybridization. Finally, 3D spectroscopic tomography illuminates the path towards optimizing multicomponent sodium layered cathode materials, to prevent the migration of TMs upon prolonged cycling. The study reports an inaugural effort of multifaceted and counterintuitive investigation of sodium layered cathode materials and strongly implies that there is plenty of room at the bottom by tuning nano/meso scale chemical distributions for stable cathode chemistry.
An in situ hydrogen generation and storage technique is demonstrated during the electrodeposition of hexagonal closed pack (HCP) nickel from NiCl2-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (NiCl2-EmimCl) and NiCl2·6H2O-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (NiCl2·6H2O-EmimCl) melts. During electrolysis, the dissolution of hydrogen in nickel takes place due to the electrolysis of water. This results in the production of HCP nickel. The hydrogen content of the electrodeposited nickel from NiCl2-EmimCl was found to be 1.2wt.%. Thermal analysis showed that the phase transformation from HCP nickel to FCC occurred at 462°C, releasing hydrogen in the process.
Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular, as they decrease reliance on fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are still many challenges hindering the adoption of EVs. For example, EVs have short driving ranges and long charging times. To overcome these challenges, wireless power transfer (WPT) is emerging as a promising solution. WPT enables the efficient wireless charging of EVs to increase driving range, while simultaneously decreasing battery size and improving convenience. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent trends in WPT technologies and applications to wireless charging of EVs. The fundamental principles of WPT are briefly explained. The state-of-the-art technical progress in the field of WPT is explored in detail. The latest applications of WPT to charging EVs are thoroughly investigated, including stationary and dynamic wireless charging. Moreover, the economic feasibility of stationary and dynamic wireless charging of EVs is analyzed. Finally, to address safety issues related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs), methods for EMF shielding are proposed.
Lithium transport through LiMn2O4 film electrode was investigated in aqueous saturated LiNO3 solution by analyses of the potentiostatic current transient and ac-impedance spectra. It was found that the current transient hardly shows the Cottrell behaviour, and the initial current is linearly proportional to the potential step. This strongly suggests that lithium transport through the film electrode proceeds in aqueous LiNO3 solution by the same mechanism involving the cell-impedance-controlled constraint, as does lithium transport in non-aqueous organic solution such as LiClO4 in propylene carbonate (PC). However, the cell-impedance in aqueous LiNO3 solution was determined to be much smaller by more than one order in value than that cell-impedance in non-aqueous LiClO4–PC solution over the whole potential range, indicating lithium transport is markedly enhanced in aqueous electrolyte. From the comparison between the ac-impedance spectra obtained in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes, the reduced cell-impedance in aqueous electrolyte can be accounted for by the kinetic facility for the interfacial charge-transfer reaction in the absence of the resistive surface film as well as by the high conductivity of the electrolyte itself.