batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A new approach, suitable for real-time implementation, is introduced for estimation of non-uniform internal temperature distribution in cylindrical lithium-ion cells. A radial 1-D model is used to estimate the distribution using two inputs: the real or imaginary part of the electrochemical impedance of the cell at a single frequency, and the surface temperature. The approach does not require knowledge of cell thermal properties, heat generation or thermal boundary conditions. The model is validated experimentally, the first time for such an approach, using a cylindrical 26650 cell fitted with an internal thermocouple. The cell is heated by applying (1) current pulses of up to ±20 A and (2) a 3500 s HEV drive cycle current profile, whilst monitoring the surface and core temperatures and measuring impedance at 215 Hz. During the drive cycle test, the battery core temperature increases by 20 °C and the surface temperature increases by 14 °C. The mean absolute error in the predicted maximum temperature throughout the cycle is 0.6 °C (3% of the total core temperature increase), in contrast to a mean absolute error of 2.6 °C if the temperature is assumed to be uniform (13% of the total core temperature increase).
Background: Elevated presynaptic striatal dopamine is thought to be a final common effect of multiple specific aetiologies, which in turn gives risk to psychosis through the disruption of incentive salience. In contrast to psychosis, negative symptoms are thought to emerge from the disruption of multiple neurophysiological systems (Howes & Kapur, 2009, Schizophr. Bull., 35, 549-62). We tested this model by examining the relationship of an ecologically valid measure of reward learning with anhedonia and intermediate phenotypes of schizophrenia, while controlling for neuropsychological impairment. Methods: Undergraduates (n=84) completed the stimulus chase task (SCT), which provided a measure of sensitivity to reward, self-report measures of hedonic capacity, and self-report (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire [SPQ]) and performance (psychobabble task) measures of intermediate phenotypes of schizophrenia. Motor reaction time, attention, and frontal functions were assessed with a small battery of neuropsychological tests. Results: After controlling for neuropsychological functioning, higher cognitive-perceptual SPQ scores predicted poorer performance on the SCT (r=-0.27, p<0.01). Higher interpersonal SPQ scores also predicted poorer SCT performance (r=-0.26, p<0.01). However, anhedonia and disorganization features were not associated with SCT scores. Discussion: The theoretical link between salience, or the efficacy of reward learning, and psychosis is evident at the level of the intermediate phenotypes of schizophrenia reported by ostensibly healthy individuals. However, an equally strong association of salience with intermediate phenotypes of negative symptoms complicates this picture. The observed associations are not attributable to neuropsychological impairment or anhedonia.
The sol-freeze-drying method is successfully applied to tune the structure of Co-free Li-rich Mn-based layered material (Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2). The structure, morphology and electrochemical performances of the tuned materials are compared with its counterpart prepared by traditional sol-gel method. The results confirm that sol-freeze-drying method is an effective approach to homogenize the transition metal distribution in Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 without surface segregation of Ni. The specific capacity of Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 synthesized by sol-free-drying method is 232 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2C with 96% of initial discharge capacity retained. It is much higher than the 182 mAh g−1 of Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 prepared by sol-gel method with poor capacity retention of 79%. Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 synthesized by sol-free-drying method delivers the capacities of 252, 220, 192, 148, and 84 mAh g−1 at rates of 0.1C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C, and 5C, respectively. Besides, impedance spectroscopy shows that the charge-transfer resistance of Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 synthesized by sol-free-drying method after 20 cycles increases from 43 Ω to 51 Ω, which is much lower than that of Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 prepared by sol-gel method from 42 Ω to 78 Ω.
Nano-structures of two new Pb(II) coordination polymers, [Pb(DPAcO)2] n (1) and [Pb(MPAcO)2] n (2), HDPAcO=diphenyl acetic acid and HMPAcO=monophenyl acetic acid} were synthesized by a sonochemical method. The new nano-structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. Compound 2 was structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure of the compound 2 consists of one-dimensional polymeric units of [Pb(MPAcO)2] and shows the coordination number in the PbII ions is six. The thermal stability of compounds 1 and 2 were studied by thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analyses and shows that nanostructures of compounds 1–2 are somewhat less stable then their bulk materials. PbO nano-powders were obtained by calcinations of the nano-structures of compounds 1 and 2 at 400°C.
Design or analysis of advanced power systems, involves knowledge in many disciplines. This paper introduces the virtual test bed (VTB) computational environment for modeling, dynamic simulation and virtual-prototyping of such interdisciplinary systems. A basic feature of the VTB is that it allows experts to build models within their domain of expertise using tools with which they are familiar, then to execute those models in a system context. We describe here several studies which illustrate how VTB can be used in the study of systems containing electrochemical power sources. The multiple approaches to construct models and the capabilities to co-simulate with other software packages are also described.
A hydrothermal reaction has been adopted to synthesize pure LiFePO4 first, which was then modified with carbon coating and cupric ion (Cu2+) doping simultaneously through a post-heat treatment. X-ray diffraction patterns, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images along with energy dispersive spectroscopy mappings have verified the homogeneous existence of coated carbon and doped Cu2+ in LiFePO4 particles with phospho-olivine structure and an average size of 400nm. The electrochemical performances of the material have been studied by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. The carbon-coated and Cu2+-doped LiFePO4 sample (LFCu5/C) exhibited an enhanced electronic conductivity of 2.05×10−3 Scm−1, a specific discharge capacity of 158mAhg−1 at 50mAg−1, a capacity retention of 96.4% after 50 cycles, a decreased charge transfer resistance of 79.4Ω and superior electrode reaction reversibility. The present synthesis route is promising in making the hydrothermal method more practical for preparation of the LiFePO4 material and enhancement of electrochemical properties.
The comprehension of non-literal language was investigated in 20 probable Alzheimer’s disease (pAD) patients by comparing their performance to that of 20 matched control subjects. pAD patients were unimpaired in the comprehension of conventional metaphors and idioms. However, their performance was significantly lower in the case of non-conventional (novel) metaphor comprehension. This ability was not related to global cognitive deterioration or to deficits in the cognitive domains of attention, memory and language comprehension. On the other hand, the impairment in verbal reasoning appeared to be relevant for both novel and conventional metaphor comprehension. The relationship between novel metaphor comprehension and performance in the visual–spatial planning task of the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) suggests that executive impairment, possibly related to prefrontal dysfunction, may be responsible for the pAD patients’ poor performance in novel metaphor comprehension. The present findings suggest a role of the prefrontal cortex in novel metaphor comprehension.
In this article, N-doped carbon hollow spheres (NCHS) were successfully synthesized through fastly and facilely thermally treating poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD). The NCHS and chitosan composite (NCHS/Chi) provided a novel biosensing matrix for the immobilization of laccase due to its good conductivity, high stability and good biocompatibility. Based on this, an amperometric biosensor by entrapping laccase into the NCHS/Chi composite for industrial kraft lignin has been fabricated. Results displayed that the biosensor had high sensitivity and long-term stability in the presence of the mediator (2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS2−)) at pH 6.0. For practical applications, the methods used for the preparation of the biosensor should be simple, rapid, and reproducible.
The Impact of Epilepsy Scale was designed to assess the perceived impact of epilepsy on a number of different aspects of daily life. Following criticisms of the scale's content and focus, it was revised to incorporate an amended response continuum and additional items. A total of 1534 people with epilepsy completed the revised scale, along with other quality-of-life (QOL) measures, as part of the Standard and New Antiepileptic Drugs (SANAD) trial (Marson et al., 2007a,b) [9,10]. The revised scale had good reliability (internal consistency alpha coefficient of .83) and acceptable validity (concurrent and known-groups). Floor and ceiling effects were negligible. Therefore, the Revised Liverpool Impact of Epilepsy Scale is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the perceived impact of epilepsy in people with new-onset epilepsy.
Nanonization has been proven to be an effective approach in countering the drawbacks associated with volume change of silicon anodes. Considering the demand from practical applications, which not only involves high capacity and good cycling stability, but also includes facile process, high tap density, etc., it is highly desirable to fully take advantage of nano-sized silicon, while circumvent the side effects arisen from nanonization. We have successfully synthesized a micron-sized spherical composite (∼1–6 μm) via a facile spray-drying process, with nano-sized silicon embedded in a conductive matrix consisted of crosslinked binder and carbon. Volume change of silicon is largely buffered by the voids inside the structure, which secures silicon on its conductive network. More importantly, tap density of the secondary particle is three times that of the primary silicon nanoparticles, favoring its practical application in a lithium-ion battery. The composite displays a specific capacity of 1353 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.5C, which represents an 87% retention of its initial capacity. Full-cell lithium-ion batteries with the secondary composite and commercial cathode displays a high areal energy density of 10 mWh cm−2, while the thickness of the anode is only 1/3 that of commercial graphite electrode delivering the same areal energy density, which can be translated to a 39% increase in volumetric energy density in multi-stack batteries.
Fine roots with thick diameter preferentially elongated into disturbed soil space, indicating positive invasion of pioneer roots that recolonize distal root systems.
In this paper, the development of Backward Bent Duct Buoy (BBDB) wave energy conversion technology in China is summarized. Novel ideas, new testing data and the improved performance of the BBDB conversion technology are presented. The latest large-scale model experimental results show that the peak wave-to-wire conversion efficiency of a new BBDB device is 42.0% under regular waves and it is 27.1% under random waves with the load of the battery. By comparison with the experimental and sea trial results of Japan's "Mighty Whale", the BBDB prototypes based on the experimental results of the new BBDB model present many advantages. If equipped with the latest air turbine, the conversion efficiency from pneumatic power to electric power of which is nearly 60% in sea trial, the efficiency from wave to wire of the new BBDB converter has the potential to exceed 50% in real sea waves, which is much higher than that of many other wave energy conversion technologies.
The present work performs a first-principles study of the lithiation of graphite oxides with low oxygen content, which resemble reduced graphite oxide materials. The chemical nature of the Li structure formed is analysed, leading to the conclusion that the nature of lithium binding in these materials is completely different from that observed in pristine graphite. The stability of the lithium structures formed under different loadings is studied, with the finding that the lithiation potentials predicted are within the ranges of the values observed experimentally.
ABSTRACT We present a new polyethylene glycol-functionalized polysilsesquioxane, a ladder-like structured poly(poly(ethylene oxide)-co-methacryloxypropyl)silsesquioxane) (PEO-SQ) hybrid-type polymer gelator to fabricate hybrid ionogel electrolytes for lithium ion capacitors. The organic-inorganic hybrid polymer gelator contains not only an inorganic ladder-like polysilsesquioxane backbone for the thermal and electrochemical stability, but also dual organic pendant groups consisting of free-dangling PEO chains and unsaturated methacryloxypropyl groups for enhanced lithium ion dissociation and thermal curing function, respectively. The successful crosslinking of 1M LiTFSI in N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMPTFSI) ionic liquid with only a small amount of PEO-SQ hybrid crosslinker (5wt%) gave non-leaking ionogels with high thermal stability (⿼400°C), large ionic conductivities, and excellent lithium ion capacitor C-rate performance and cyclability, comparable to those of neat ionic liquid electrolyte and superior over conventional organic ionogels fabricated with organic crosslinkers without PEO-moeities.
White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) is the most frequent type of cerebral small vessel diseases and a common incidental finding in MRI films of the geriatric population. The objectives of this work were to study the existence of occult cognitive and balance impairments in subjects with accidentally discovered WMHs.
In this study, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is applied to previously aged carbonaceous anodes from lithium ion batteries (LIBs). These electrodes are treated by cyclic aging in a lithium ion cell set-up against Li1[Ni1/3Mn 1/3Co1/3]O2 = NMC111 to elucidate factors that influence transition metal dissolution (TMD) of the cathode and subsequent deposition on the anode. The investigations are carried out by qualitatively visualizing the 7Li and TM patterns (60Ni, 55Mn and 59Co) of whole coin and pouch-bag electrodes. The lithium, as well as the TM amount, found on the anode, is directly correlated to the applied upper cut-off voltage (4.6, 4.7, 4.8 and 4.9 V) showing more deposition of Li and TMs at elevated voltages. While 7Li shows a more homogeneous pattern, the TM distribution is inhomogeneous but showing a similar pattern for all TMs of the same sample. An unequal pressure distribution, resulting in a nonparallel electrode alignment, on the electrode stack is identified to be responsible for the inhomogeneous TM deposition pattern. This uneven electrode orientation results in different diffusion pathways for the TM migration with regard to the spatial distances.
Electrochemical deposition of aluminum and manganese from basic and acidic molten AlCl3–NaCl–KCl mixture on an aluminum electrode at 180 °C was studied by the methods of voltammetry, and potential and current transient. The deposition of aluminum was found to proceed via a nucleation/growth mechanism in basic melt, while the deposition of manganese was found to be diffusion controlled in basic melt. The diffusion coefficient of Mn2+ ions in basic melt, as derived by voltammetry was in agreement with the deductions of transient methods. Analysis of the chronoamperograms indicates that the deposition of manganese on Al was controlled by 3D diffusion controlled nucleation and growth. The processes are manifested as peaks on a decaying chronoamperogram. Non-linear fitting methods were applied to obtain the kinetic parameters from theoretical formulae proposed to describe this system. It is also found that under more cathodic potentials, the saturation number density of the manganese nuclei and also the efficiency of use of the available surface nucleation sites increased.
This paper presents an overview of cell phone recycling programs currently available in the United States. At the same time, it also provides analyses of the current recycling situation and possible recycling alternatives for Brazil. Although there are several recycling options in the United States, collection rates are still only 10% of all potential devices because customers are not aware of these possibilities. The whole system is financially based on reselling refurbished cell phones and recycled materials to developing countries which represent an effective and strong market. Several recyclers offer funds to collection partners who are either charities or who work with charities while obtaining the materials that they need in order to run their operations. A mobile phone recycling system for Brazil considering the United States experience and the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) principle is suggested. A deposit/refund/advance-recycling fee is proposed which might be implemented as a voluntary industrial initiative managed by PRO Brazil, a producer responsibility organization. One widespread public–private agreement will integrate all mobile phone stakeholders, and environmental education actions and promotional events will promote citizen’s participation.
This work describes an installation in Madrid, Spain, designed to test a new solar-powered air-cooled absorption refrigeration system. This installation essentially consists of a-48m2 field of flat-plate solar collectors, a 1500-L hot water storage tank and a single and-double effect air-cooled lithium bromide absorption prototype. Designed and built by our research group, this prototype is able to operate either as a single-effect unit (4.5kW) or as a double-effect unit (7kW). In operation as single-effect mode, the prototype is driven by solar energy, whereas in operation as a double effect mode, an external energy source may be used. The prototype’s evaporator is connected to a fan-coil placed inside an 80-m2 laboratory that represent the average size of a Spanish housing unit. In August 2009, the cooling system was tested in the single-effect operation mode. The results show that the system is able to meet approximately 65% of the laboratory’s seasonal cooling demand, although 100% may be reached for a few days. The prototype can also operate in double-effect mode to meet the cooling demand. In that case, the prototype is fed by thermal oil, which is warmed until it reaches the process temperature in the high-temperature generator. The prototype can operate in either single-effect mode or in double-effect mode or can also operate simultaneously both modes using the components common to both modes, namely, the absorber, evaporator, condenser, solution pumps and control equipment. This paper reports the experimental results from the prototype operating separately in single-effect and double-effect mode.
We investigate that the effect of Ni and Fe contents on structural and electrochemical properties of O3-type layered Na[Ni0.75−xFexMn0.25]O2 (x = 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, and 0.55) in which Mn is fixed at 25%. As increasing the Ni contents, the capacities are gradually higher while the capacity retention and thermal properties are inferior. When Fe contents are increased, by contrast, the electrode exhibits stable capacity retention and satisfactory thermal stability although the resulting capacity slightly decreases. Structural investigation of post cycled electrodes indicate that lattice variation is greatly suppressed from x = 0.5 in Na[Ni0.75−xFexMn0.25]O2. This indicates that an appropriate amount of Fe into the Na[Ni0.75−xFexMn0.25]O2 stabilizes the crystal structure and this leads to the good cycling performances. Also, the better structural stability obtained by Fe addition is responsible for the less heat generation at elevated temperature for the desodiated Na1−δ[Ni0.75−xFexMn0.25]O2 (x = 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, and 0.55) caused by less evaporation of oxygen from the crystal structure.
Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are increasingly utilized in Bipolar Disorder (BD) but are potentially associated with cognitive side effects. Also linked to cognitive deficits associated with SGA-treatment are catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene variants. In this study, we examine the relationship between cognition in SGA use and COMT rs5993883 in cohort sample of subjects with BD.
A nanocomposite of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanobelts coated with polypyrrole was prepared as an anode material for aqueous rechargeable sodium batteries (ARSBs). When nanowire Na0.35MnO2 is used as the cathode, the ARSB can deliver an energy density of 20 Wh kg−1 at 80Wkg−1 and even maintain 18 Wh kg−1 at 2.6kWkg−1 in 0.5molL−1 Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte, suggesting a good rate capability that can be comparable with supercapacitors. In addition, its cycling behavior is greatly improved compared with the virginal MoO3. This will provide a new direction to explore non-carbon anode materials for ARSBs with excellent electrochemical performance. This good performance exhibits that this battery will be a promising candidate for the storage of solar and wind energies.
N-doped Li4Ti5O12 nanosheets (NLTO) have been prepared by a simple hydrothermal reaction with further heat treatment at low temperature (500 °C) under NH3 atmosphere. The effects of the Nitrogen on structure and electrochemical performance are extensively studied. XRD results show that nitrogen doping does not change the Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) crystal structure. TEM and SEM results indicate the as-synthesized NLTO has an irregular nano-sheet-like structure with a size of 50–200 nm, which results in short Li+ diffusion paths and rapid charge transfer reactions due to the high electrode–electrolyte interface area. Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests show that NLTO exhibits a higher rate capability of 151.8 mAh g−1 at 10 C than that of LTO (139.1 mAh g−1 at 10 C), suggesting that N-doping is beneficial to the improvement in high-rate capability of the Li4Ti5O12 nanosheets.
Silicon and polypyrrole composites were synthesized using high-energy mechanical milling. The polypyrrole acts as a matrix to hold the active silicon grains as they repeatedly alloy with lithium during the operation of a lithium battery. Polypyrrole decreases the initial irreversible capacity loss of the silicon anode due to the reduction in the thickness of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer formed. The composite containing 50wt% silicon obtained after milling for 4h exhibits a good reversibility, higher coulombic efficiency and better cycle life than the bare silicon.