batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Pakistan is an energy-deficient country. This paper accentuates the importance and challenges of new era technologies. The renewable energy sources like wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, biomass energy and fuel cell technology can be used to overcome energy shortage in Pakistan. Renewable energy sources and technologies have the potential to provide solutions to the long-standing energy problems being faced by the developing countries. The expansion of existing energy resources and exploration of new sources is an important exercise to be considered in order to sustain their development initiatives.
In this article, we report the synthesis of 1,2-dimethyl-3-(3-hydroxypropyl) imidazolium dicyanamide ionic liquid and its used as a reaction medium for low-temperature synthesis of triclinic LiVPO4F electrode material. Structural and morphological features of LiVPO4F were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The electrochemical studies have been investigated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge studies, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques. The ionothermally obtained LiVPO4F is modified to LiVPO4F/f-graphene composite electrode to obtain high specific capacity, better rate performance, and longer cycle life. Even after 250 cycles, the LiVPO4F/f-graphene composite electrode exhibited a specific capacity more than 84 % with good reversible de-intercalation/intercalation of Li-ions. This article also provides the comparative electrochemical performances of LiVPO4F/f-graphene composite, LiVPO4F/carbon, and LiVPO4F/graphene composite electrodes in a nonaqueous rechargeable Li-ion battery system.
In order to synthesize pure derivative of rhombohedral Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP), lithium-ion batteries materials Li2.5Na0.5V(2−2x/3)Ni x (PO4)3/C (x =0.03, 0.06, 0.09) and its control, monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3/C (LVP/C), were prepared by sol–gel method. The samples were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. The XRD patterns of Li2.5Na0.5V(2−2x/3)Ni x (PO4)3/C are in good agreement with that of rhombohedral LVP, which indicates that the Na+–Ni2+ composite doping can change the structure of monoclinic LVP. All the composite doping samples displayed a single flat plateau at 3.7V in the charge/discharge voltage profile, which is caused by transformation of multi-phase mechanism to single-phase mechanism. For Li2.5Na0.5V1.98Ni0.03(PO4)3/C, a specific discharge capacity of 108mAhg−1 was achieved at a 0.5C charge rate and a 1C discharge rate, and a 99.0% retention rate of the initial capacity was obtained after 50 cycles.
This study determines whether age-related deficits in learning disabled (LD) readers’ working memory performance reflect delays in retrieval efficiency and/or storage capacity. The study compared LD and skilled readers’ working memory performance (N=226) across four age groups (7, 10, 13, and 20) for phonological, visual-spatial, and semantic information under initial (non-cued), gain (cues that bring performance to an asymptotic level), and maintenance conditions (asymptotic conditions without cues). The important results were that LD readers’ working memory performance was inferior to skilled readers on verbal and visual-spatial working memory tasks across all age groups and these differences increased on gain and maintenance conditions when compared to initial conditions. These reading group differences remained when age, reading, and mathematics were partialed from the analysis. The results support a general capacity explanation of reading group differences that is not totally dependent on reading skill. These differences in capacity reflect demands placed on both the accessing of new information and the maintenance of old information that extend beyond the phonological system.
Objective: To examine the relationship between cognitive reserve and cognitive functioning in older adults after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Observational, cross-sectional. Setting: Research center at an urban medical hospital center. Participants: 25 subjects had mild TBI and 24 had moderate-to-severe TBI. 62 participants had no history of TBI. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Neuropsychologic battery included measures in the domains of attention, processing speed, memory, language, executive functioning, and motor ability. Results: Multiple regression analyses were used to examine Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS-R) vocabulary scores, and years of education both separately and combined in the Oklahoma Premorbid Intelligence Estimates (OPIE-3V). WAIS-R vocabulary predicted cognitive performance in the following domains: attention, processing speed, memory, language, and executive functioning (controls); attention, memory, and language (mild); and language (moderate to severe). Years of education and OPIE-3V did not predict higher cognitive functioning after a TBI. Conclusions: Findings suggest that performance on a vocabulary measure is a better predictor of cognitive functioning in non-TBI older adults than in those with TBI. Thus, cognitive reserve is not necessarily a protective factor for older adults with TBI. The findings also call into question the usefulness of years of education and OPIE scores as predictors of cognitive performance in older adults, as measured by vocabulary WAIS-R subtest, a more sensitive measure of premorbid intelligence than level of education.
To elucidate the mechanism by which bismuth enhances the capacity of valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries, model experiments are performed on pulverized positive electrodes produced either from leady oxide, which contains virtually no bismuth (termed ‘Bi-free oxide’), or from Pasminco VRLA Refined™ oxide, which is of high purity and contains a specified amount (0.05 wt.%) of bismuth. The electrodes are compressed under a range of pressures (1.4 to 60 kPa). Below 40 kPa, the presence of bismuth increases the initial capacity. At all pressures, bismuth enhances the rate at which the capacity develops during cycling. Reconnection of the separated agglomerates of lead dioxide is the key factor in restoring the capacity of the pulverized electrode. Electron micrographs reveal that there are two essential types of contact in the positive material: (i) ‘micro-contact’ between individual irregular-shaped or individual needle-like crystals, to form the agglomerates; (ii) ‘macro-contact’ between individual agglomerates, to form the skeleton of the positive mass. Bismuth encourages the growth of fine needle-like crystals on the surface of the agglomerates. These crystals spread out and inter-weld to form ‘bridges’ between the agglomerates and, thereby, consolidate the porous mass of the electrode. This influence of bismuth on morphology is considered to be responsible for the demonstrated improvements in capacity performance.
This report presents detailed studies on the elemental analysis, vibrational spectroscopy, thermal stability and electrical spectroscopy of two new hybrid inorganic–organic polymers which have been synthesised by a sol–gel method using glycerol and zirconium(IV)butoxide as precursors. These materials have been doped by means of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIm-TFSI) ionic liquid (IL), which is insoluble in water. The elemental composition of the obtained polymers [Zr(C6O5H11)] (1) and [Zr(C11O4H31)] (2) has been determined by CHN analysis and by ICP-AES measurements. FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy investigations have been performed to study the molecular structure of the polymers and the interactions of EMIm-TFSI with the host networks. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements show the presence of at least one glass transition temperature (T g) in both 1 and 2 materials. The broadband dielectric spectroscopic measurements have been carried out between 10−2 Hz to 10MHz from −100°C to 100°C with a 5°C step. The conductivities of the polymers 1 and 2 have been found to be in the order of 10−8 to 10−11 Scm−1 at 25°C, so they can be defined as dielectric materials. After doping 2 with EMIm-TFSI, the conductivity at 25°C of the obtained complex [Zr(C11O4H31)]15/(EMIm-TFSI) (2′) increased three orders of magnitude resulting ca. 10−5 Scm−1. The permittivity spectra revealed two relaxation bands which were attributed to the α relaxation modes of the polymer networks.
The paper demonstrates the capabilities of our technique of implementation of the oxygen and hydrogen cycles in hermetically sealed lead-acid batteries with forced gas feed to the pores of the working electrodes. It is based on optimization of the porous structures of the separation materials and gas-absorbing electrodes, reducing free gaps in the interelectrode gap down to the large pores of the working electrodes. Such a structure of the interelectrode gap matrix provides a fine-jet gas flow (the filtration transfer mechanism is realized); the excessive pressure in the interelectrode gap (in the separator pores) exceeds the capillary pressure on the electrode pores, as a result, the gas displaces the electrolyte from some pores of the electrode and these pores get partially filled with the gas. The fine-jet gas flow is characteristic of fine-porous separators tightly fitting to the electrode surface. The authors offer methods to increase the rate of gas absorption on the working (lead and lead-dioxide) electrodes based on compulsory gas feed into the electrode pores, which are practically cost-free but allow designing of completely hermetical batteries. It is especially important now in the development of hermetical lead-acid batteries which should replace valve-regulated ones.
Registration: DRKS00013027
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a highly prevalent and clinically relevant side effect of cancer treatment. According to a recent review, 68.1% of patients suffer from CIPN by the first month after completion of chemotherapy [1].
Ti substituted 0.5Li2MnO3–0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 cathode material with the composition of Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75−x Ti x O2.5 has been synthesized by spray pyrolysis method. A great variety of characterization methods have been applied to study the influence of Ti substitution for Mn on the structural, morphological and electrochemical performances of Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75−x Ti x O2.5. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75−x Ti x O2.5 show that they exhibit similar XRD patterns as those of lithium-excess manganese metal oxide based cathode materials. It is confirmed from energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data that Ti was homogenously substituted for Mn and well distributed in the host structure. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra analysis reveals that oxidation state of Mn in Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75−x Ti x O2.5 remains +4 while that of Ni changes from +2 to +4 during the initial activation process. Further investigation of the local structure of transition metal (TM) ions indicates that Ti has same coordination environment as that of Mn. Drastic capacity fade occurred in full cells with Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.5 cathode and graphite anode, while full cell with Ti substituted cathode shows high capacity retention after 100 cycles. Further examination of the amount of dissolved transition metal (TM) ions after long cycling test enable us to demonstrate that substitution of Mn with Ti in Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.5 has a significant impact on suppressing the TM ions dissolution and its deposition on both separator and anode thus leads to improved cycleability.
Agro-ecological conditions associated with the spread and persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) are not well understood, but the trade of live poultry is suspected to be a major pathway. Although market chains of live bird trade have been studied through indirect means including interviews and questionnaires, direct methods have not been used to identify movements of individual poultry. To bridge the knowledge gap on quantitative movement and transportation of poultry, we introduced a novel approach for applying telemetry to document domestic duck movements from source farms at Poyang Lake, China. We deployed recently developed transmitters that record Global Positioning System (GPS) locations and send them through the Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM) cellular telephone system. For the first time, we were able to track individually marked ducks from 3 to 396 km from their origin to other farms, distribution facilities, or live bird markets. Our proof of concept test showed that the use of GPS-GSM transmitters may provide direct, quantitative information to document the movement of poultry and reveal their market chains. Our findings provide an initial indication of the complexity of source-market network connectivity and highlight the great potential for future telemetry studies in poultry network analyses.
Background The empirical validation of diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia remains a controversial issue within psychiatry and allied sciences. Most diagnostic criteria are still influenced to a large extent by historical and consensus-based perspectives. Methods A poly-diagnostic approach including a set of 23 operationalized diagnostic criteria were administered to probands with non-affective psychosis (n =169). In addition, participants completed a neuropsychological battery during a stable phase of the illness. Attentional, verbal and visual memory and executive functions were assessed. The control group was composed of 26 demographically matched healthy subjects. Analysis of variance was conducted taking neuropsychological performance as response variables and the 23 binary diagnostic systems as explanatory variables. Results Four out of the 23 operationalized diagnostic systems for schizophrenia (Feighner, French, Kraepelin and Langfeldt criteria) demonstrated high empirical validity for memory and executive functions scores (medium to moderate effect sizes). These 4 systems resemble classic nosological approaches based upon the ‘outcome principle’ concept, which suggests that schizophrenia leads to deterioration. However, diagnostic effectiveness of neuropsychological tests for the 23 operationalized diagnostic systems of schizophrenia was low (likelihood ratio <2). Conclusions Neuropsychological functioning provides empirical validation to operationalized definitions of schizophrenia which are mainly based upon deterioration. It is suggested that some inconsistency of neurobiological studies in schizophrenia might result for using solely current consensus-based diagnostic systems. The implementation of poly-diagnostic strategies could contribute to improve the validity of the schizophrenia construct.
Hanks RA, Millis SR, Ricker JH, Giacino JT, Nakese-Richardson R, Frol AB, Novack TA, Kalmar K, Sherer M, Gordon WA. The predictive validity of a brief inpatient neuropsychologic battery for persons with traumatic brain injury. Objective To examine the predictive validity of a brief neuropsychologic test battery consisting of the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test, the California Verbal Learning Test–II, Trail-Making Test (TMT), Symbol Digit Modalities Test, grooved pegboard, phonemic and categorical word generation tasks, the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR), and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test–64 relative to functional outcome at 1 year in persons with traumatic brain injury. Design Inception cohort study. Follow-up period of 12 months. Setting Seven Traumatic Brain Injury Model System centers. Neuropsychologic testing was conducted during the acute inpatient rehabilitation stay and functional outcome measures were obtained at 1-year outpatient follow-up. Participants Adults (N=174) who met criteria for admission to inpatient brain injury rehabilitation. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures FIM instrument, Disability Rating Scale, Supervision Rating Scale, Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and Glasgow Outcome Scale−Extended. Results Multiple regression analyses revealed that performance on the neuropsychologic test battery was predictive of outcome at 1 year postinjury for all outcome measures, except FIM motor scores and the SWLS. Cognitive performance using this battery was found to predict 1-year outcomes above and beyond functional variables and injury severity variables collected during inpatient rehabilitation, thereby indicating incremental validity for this test battery. Individual tests that were found to be significant predictors of 1-year outcomes included the WTAR and TMT part B. Conclusions These findings support the clinical utility and ecological validity of this battery with respect to level of disability, functional independence, and supervision required.
The proton diffusion coefficient in γ-MnO2 at various stages of discharge of an electrolytic manganese dioxide electrode has been determined taking into consideration the true molar volume and the electrochemically accessible surface area of MnO2. The unique electrochemical cell which allows the electrode expansion during the discharge to be monitored in situ was reported. The a.c. impedance technique and the transmission line equivalent circuit were used. Electrode ohmic resistance, Faradaic resistance, and double-layer capacitance were also obtained by means of numerical fitting of the impedance data using the transmission line model.
Frequent interactions among the group members of distributed wireless network environment may be facilitated with the help of Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANETs). Some of the group-oriented applications include disaster management, battlefields, audio/video conferencing, e-commerce, e-education, etc. Group communication demands dynamic construction of efficient and reliable multicast routes under user mobility and varying channel conditions. Multicast routing mechanisms in MANETs have been consistently improved by researchers considering various performance measures such as energy efficient route establishment, packet delivery ratio, quicker and faster proactive route recovery, network life time, reliability, Quality of Service (QoS) based on bandwidth, delays, jitters, and security. The paper focuses on most recent reliable and QoS based multicast routing mechanisms that helps in multimedia communication over MANETs. The mechanisms are considered under different topological routing categories such as mesh, tree, zone and hybrid. We provide an overview of existing multicast routing mechanisms based on routing categories and point to directions for future research and development.
LiCo x Mn2−x O4 (x=0, 1/9, 1/6) powders have been synthesized by an oxalate precipitation method. Single phase spinel LiCo x Mn2−x O4 is formed at temperatures as low as 450°C. Fourier transform infrared analysis shows that the spinel powder prepared at 600°C has better phase quality than the powder prepared at 750°C by a conventional solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric-differential thermal analysis show phase transition and impurity phase formation at three temperatures. It is also found that spinel phase stability increases with increase in cobalt (Co) content. The effects of Co content on the spinel lattice constant, high temperature stability, transition temperature and capacity on cycling are investigated.
Metal ions (Al3+ and Co2+) co-doped α-Ni(OH)2/graphene hybrid materials had been successfully synthesized by a facile chemical co-precipitation route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed the successful phase transmission from β-Ni(OH)2 to α-Ni(OH)2 after Al3+ doping and the continuously enlarged interlayer distance of α-Ni(OH)2 after subsequent Co2+ doping. Due to its large interlayer distance, mesoporous structure and highly conductively graphene (GNS), the as-obtained Al-Co co-doped α-Ni(OH)2/GNS composite (Al-Co-Ni/GNS) showed an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 2257 F g−1 at 2mV s−1 as well as good cycling stability with 77% of the initial capacitance retention after 1000 cycles in 6M KOH aqueous solution.
Sn–Fe alloy thin films were prepared by electroplating of tin on iron substrates and annealing them at 533K for 0 to 25h. The charge–discharge behavior of the films as negative electrodes for sodium secondary batteries was evaluated using a Na[FSA]–K[FSA] (FSA=bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide) ionic liquid at 363K. Although the Sn–Fe film without annealing (pure Sn film) showed a relatively high discharge capacity of 730mAh (g-Sn)−1 in the first cycle, its capacity rapidly decreased to 30mAh (g-Sn)−1 within 10 cycles. In contrast, Sn–Fe films annealed for 2 or 4h retained higher discharge capacities of 191 or 82mAh (g-Sn)−1 after 100 cycles, respectively, due to the formation of an FeSn2 alloy. Additionally, an FeSn2 film was prepared by removing the SnO layer of the Sn–Fe alloy film that was annealed for 25h, and its charge–discharge behavior was investigated.
Ru nanoparticles have been deposited onto a multi-walled carbon nanotube paper (Ru@MWCNTP) via a wet chemical method. The resulting catalyst, Ru@MWCNTP has been demonstrated to significantly reduce the charge overpotentials of the Li–O2 battery at a current density of 500 mA g−1. The reversible formation and decomposition of Li2O2 can be revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the initial 20 cycles of discharge and charge, the Li–O2 battery with Ru@MWCNTP presents a stable capacity of 5000 mA h g−1 and an almost constant discharge–charge potential, contrasting with the quickly decaying capacity of the bare MWCNTP without the addition of Ru nanoparticles. The combination of the porous networks of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which are beneficial for the facile transport of both electrons and oxygen, and the superior catalytic activity of Ru nanoparticles enables a good cycling performance and rate capability of the Li–O2 battery.
Cellular mobile service is a rapidly expanding and a very competitive business worldwide, including developing countries. This paper proposes that the suitable alternative solution of grid power is the stand-alone PV/wind hybrid energy system with diesel generator as a backup for cellular mobile telephony base station site in isolated areas. It is expected that the newly developed and installed system would provide very good opportunities for mobile telephony base station in near future. In addition, protecting the environment and combating climate change are two of the most pressing challenges facing humankind. As energy prices soar, network operators are increasingly scrutinizing their environmental and social responsibilities. This system will be more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. Approximately 70–80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments were reduced.
Due to the adequate viscosity of the chitosan-added precursor solutions, the films deposited from the chitosan-added precursor solution showed a higher deposition rate than the ones from the PVP-added solution under the same coating parameters. Furthermore, the chitosan-added precursor solution remained stable without any precipitation for at least 10 months. On the other hand, without the addition of chitosan, the precursor solution showed apparent precipitation after being stirred for 12h. The enhanced stability of the precursor solution by the addition of chitosan is attributed to the complexation between metal ions and the –NH2 groups of chitosan. And the electrochemical behavior for the deposited films calcined at 700°C for 1h was also characterized by charge–discharge test. The result revealed that the film deposited from chitosan-containing precursor solution possesses an initial discharge capacity of 134mAhg−1 and about 9% capacity loss after 50 charge/discharge cycles, which is better than the one deposited from chitosan-free precursor solution with an initial discharge capacity of 108mAhg−1 and 24% capacity loss after 50 cycles.