batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In response to climate change and sustainability challenges, various incentive programs have increased solar photovoltaic (PV) generation interconnection in the low voltage electrical distribution system. However, electric utility support of PV generation is limited by reverse power flow into the electricity network at high penetration levels. This limits the ability to achieve Zero Net Energy (ZNE) behind individual meters and in whole communities. In parallel, district level energy systems, and Advanced Energy Communities (AEC) that include storage, offer a great prospect for integrating high levels of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) into the built environment. Optimally designing such systems to serve communities, commercial, and industrial loads, while maximizing the penetration of solar PV, has been a challenge to Distribution System Operators (DSO) and city planners. This paper proposes a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) optimization to decide the best DER portfolio, allocation, and dispatch, for an AEC that achieves ZNE and islanding while respecting electrical grid operational constraints, with a focus on distribution transformer overloads. The main strategies to avoid transformer overloads were found to be judicious sizing and siting of battery energy storage and also optimally re-distributing PV throughout the community, which increased the ability of the electric infrastructure to support a PV deployment that is 1.7 times larger than the existing transformer capacity without the need for infrastructure upgrades. This work highlights the importance of including local infrastructure capacities, such as distribution transformer constraints when developing projects that result in high renewable penetration throughout the distribution network.
Lots of efforts have been done on different porous carbon materials as cathode for Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery. However, seldom researches have been done on the relationship between cathode thickness and electrochemical performance. Our work investigates the relation between electrochemical performance and cathode thickness with typical porous carbon materials. We explain the phenomenon that only a modest cathode thickness can have the most adequate electrochemical reaction trend through the aspect of thermodynamics (chemical potential) so that the best electrochemical performance can be obtained. Besides, interlayer can remit the shuttle effect but hinder the lithium ion diffusion process simultaneously. And we verify the effect of interlayer thickness on the shuttle effect and lithium ion diffusion process.
Specific prefrontal cognitive impairments have been reported in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia. We sought to investigate potential impairments in specific prefrontal cortical cognitive functions among stabilized patients with a first-episode of schizophrenia. A sample of 80 individuals with a first-episode of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 22 healthy volunteers underwent a neurocognitive battery assessing orbitofrontal (OFC) [The Iowa Gambling Task (GT)], and dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) functions (WAIS III Backward digits, verbal fluency test (FAS), and Trail Making Test). Cognitive data were obtained following stabilization of acute psychotic symptoms. Clinical symptoms after six weeks of treatment were assessed by using the SAPS and SANS scales. While there were no significant group differences in overall scores and in the profile of progress of performance along periods on the GT, patient group showed a significant impairment when performing DLPFC tasks. Only FAS score was correlated to the severity of negative symptomatology. The OFC functions are unimpaired at the early phases of psychosis and in contrast there is a significant deficit in DLPFC functions in first-episode of schizophrenia.
Surface electromyographic (EMG) recordings collected during the performance of functional evaluations allow clinicians to assess aberrant patterns of muscle activity associated with musculoskeletal disorders. This assessment is typically achieved via visual inspection of the surface EMG data. This approach is time-consuming and leads to accurate results only when the assessment is carried out by an EMG expert.
A simple and efficient strategy was employed to enhance high-rate performance for carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) by incorporating with conducting polymer polyaniline (PANI). C-LFP was synthesized via a solid state reaction whereas PANI was formed in situ by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline with ammonium persulfate as an oxidizer to achieve the C-LFP/PANI composites. Specific capacities as high as 165mAhg−1 at 0.2C, 133mAhg−1 at 7C and 123mAhg−1 at 10C were obtained in C-LFP/7wt.% PANI composite. Moreover, the composite exhibits remarkably improved cyclability as compared with the parent C-LFP. The mechanism has been carefully investigated for the improvement in the electrochemical performance. Experimental results show that the charge transfer impedance decreases significantly and the cathode surface becomes much smooth over cycling with modification of conductive PANI. The incorporated PANI can work not only as an additional host for Li+-ion insertion/extraction, but also as a binder to modify the electrode surface and a container for electrolyte to penetrate into C-LFP particles.
A flat-box aluminum-alloy photovoltaic and water-heating system designed for natural circulation was constructed. The hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector was an integration of single-crystalline silicon cells into a solar thermal collector. The product was able to generate electricity and hot water simultaneously. Outdoor tests on an improved prototype were conducted in a moderate climate zone. Then dynamic simulation runs, using a validated numerical model, were performed. These included sensitivity tests with variations of the system water mass, PV cell covering factor, and front glazing transmissivity. The test results showed that the characteristic daily primary-energy saving could reach up to 65% for this system with a PV cell covering factor 0.63 and front glazing transmissivity of 0.83, when the hot water load per unit heat-collecting area exceeded 80kg/m2. The simulated results indicated that the higher the PV cell covering factor and the glazing transmissivity, the better the overall system performance. The effects were quantified.
Fuzzy risk analysis is widely used in risk assessment of components by linguistic terms. Fuzzy numbers are used to quantify the associated uncertainty. This study employs fuzzy risk analysis to evaluate processes for implementing statistical process control (SPC) in a specified manufacturing system. To reach this goal, fuzzy risk analysis has been applied based on both ranking and similarity of generalized trapezoidal fuzzy numbers in a stepwise procedure. Therefore, a new approach has been introduced for fuzzy risk analysis of processes to overcome the shortcomings of previous fuzzy risk analysis approaches. As a result, fuzzy risk analysis is used as a decision making technique to select critical processes under uncertainty. Also, the application of the proposed SPC implementation algorithm is illustrated in the manufacturing line of a car battery factory.
Battery degradation strongly depends on temperature, and many plug-in electric vehicle applications employ thermal management strategies to extend battery life. The effectiveness of thermal management depends on the design of the thermal management system as well as the battery chemistry, cell and pack design, vehicle system characteristics, and operating conditions. We model a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with an air-cooled battery pack composed of cylindrical LiFePO4/graphite cells and simulate the effect of thermal management, driving conditions, regional climate, and vehicle system design on battery life. We estimate that in the absence of thermal management, aggressive driving can cut battery life by two thirds; a blended gas/electric-operation control strategy can quadruple battery life relative to an all-electric control strategy; larger battery packs can extend life by an order of magnitude relative to small packs used for all-electric operation; and batteries last 73–94% longer in mild-weather San Francisco than in hot Phoenix. Air cooling can increase battery life by a factor of 1.5–6, depending on regional climate and driving patterns. End of life criteria has a substantial effect on battery life estimates.
In this paper, three-dimensional (3D) graphene network was prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on 3D porous Ni template. The as-prepared 3D graphene showed high conductivity of ∼600Scm−1 and low square resistance of 1.6Ωsq−1. With the aid of 3D graphene network, the poorly conductive LiFePO4 exhibited high conductivity and good rate performance of 109mAhg−1 at 10C, indicating potential application in high rate lithium ion batteries.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) for fossil-fuel power plants is perceived as a critical technology for climate mitigation. Nevertheless, limited installed capacity to date raises concerns about the ability of CCS to scale sufficiently. Conversely, scalable renewable electricity installations—solar and wind—are already deployed at scale and have demonstrated a rapid expansion potential. Here we show that power-sector CO2 emission reductions accomplished by investing in renewable technologies generally provide a better energetic return than CCS. We estimate the electrical energy return on energy invested ratio of CCS projects, accounting for their operational and infrastructural energy penalties, to range between 6.6:1 and 21.3:1 for 90% capture ratio and 85% capacity factor. These values compare unfavourably with dispatchable scalable renewable electricity with storage, which ranges from 9:1 to 30+:1 under realistic configurations. Therefore, renewables plus storage provide a more energetically effective approach to climate mitigation than constructing CCS fossil-fuel power stations.
Conductive fillers, such as amorphous carbon, carbon nanotube and graphene etc., are generally mixed with nanostructured metal oxide materials to improve the performance of electrode materials in energy storage devices. However, the conductive framework that provides path for electric conduction does not normally form a well-connected and robust 3-D network to ensure optimized ions transport. Here, we report a convenient, inexpensive and scalable method for synthesizing hybrid carbon and titanium dioxide co-gels and co-aerogels to improve the electrochemical capacity by combining both the lithium insertion and the surface storage mechanisms in Li ion batteries (LIBs) anodes. A monolithic piece of a hybrid C/TiO2 co-aerogel can be directly used as an active electrode without the addition of binders, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). As a result, the performance of LIB anodes using the hybrid co-aerogel is significantly improved over current LIBs based on carbon/titanium oxide composites. The reversible discharge capacity was stabilized at ∼400 mAh g−1 at a 168 mA g−1 scan rate and an operating voltage between 3.0 and 0.05 V vs. Li+/Li with excellent cyclic capacity retention. This approach, however, is not limited to only C/TiO2 system but can be extended to other metal oxides to form co-gels with carbon to improve their potential use in numerous electrochemical, photocatalytic, and photoelectronic devices.
Electrochemical cycling tests on cells with graphite electrodes and several alkyl methyl carbonates were performed. Experiments with single solvent electrolytes and binary mixtures with ethylene carbonate (EC) showed that the alkyl methyl carbonates H3CO(CO)O(CH2) n H (n=3–5) are suitable as co-solvents in lithium-ion batteries. Butyl methyl carbonate (BMC) showed the best performance in these experiments. Ternary mixtures of EC, BMC, and propylene carbonate (PC) allow cycling of cells with a graphite anode material that is otherwise incompatible with EC/PC electrolytes. This is probably because BMC-based electrolytes form the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at more positive potential than electrolytes based on PC.
Studies have shown that experimental fasting can affect cognitive function, sleep, and wakefulness patterns. However, the effects of experimental fasting cannot be generalized to fasting during Ramadan due to its unique characteristics. Therefore, there has been increased interest in studying the effects of fasting during Ramadan on sleep patterns, daytime sleepiness, cognitive function, sleep architecture, and circadian rhythm.
Activated porous carbons containing both micropores and meso-/macropores are prepared by cost-effective pyrolysis carbonization and the subsequent alkali activation of a easily available biomass, paulownia flower (PF). The as-prepared activated PF carbons (a-PFCs) show high specific surface areas, suitable pore size distributions, superhydrophilicity and partial graphitization phase, all of which are essential for achieving high electrochemical performances as supercapacitor electrodes. The symmetric supercapacitor based on a-PFC3, which is synthesized at the mass ratio of KOH to PF derived carbon (PFC) to be 3 during activation step, offers a specific capacitance of 297Fg−1 at current density of 1Ag−1 within potential range of #2–3#1V using 1M H2SO4 electrolyte. Owing to the high specific capacitance and wide potential window, the supercapacitor delivers high energy densities of 44.5∼22.2Whkg−1 under the power outputs of 247∼3781Wkg−1. The high specific capacitance, good rate capability, superior cycling reliability and excellent capacitance maintaining ability in tandem cell group make the a-PFC3 supercapacitor a competitive unit in assembling of amplified tandem battery pack.
An investigation of the morphology of lithium-cobalt-oxide (LCO) films for the production of energy dense, solid-state, thin-film batteries with cathodes in the 10 μm thickness range is described. It was found that, in order to achieve devices with over 80% charge utilization, capable of extended cycling, with cathodes greater than 5 μm, LCO film texture must be actively controlled to maintain orientations preferential to Li diffusion. It was found that the oxygen: argon ratio during sputtering of the cathode plays a critical role in determining the crystallographic texture of LCO films thicker than 5 μm. Specifically, LCO films deposited with an oxygen presence of as little as 4% in Ar showed no detectable (003) peak following anneal. Working cells were fabricated using texture-controlled 10 μm cathodes, exhibiting discharge capacities of 60 μAh/cm2-μm (600 μAh/cm2) at C/10, with greater than 95% capacity retention after 100 cycles at a C/5 discharge rate. Cells with 10 μm cathodes and un-controlled (predominantly (003)) texture were capable of achieving similar capacities, however their rate and cycling performance were severely diminished.
Sol–gel derived poly(oxyethylene)/siloxane hybrids doped with lithium triflate, LiCF3SO3, have been investigated. The host hybrid matrix of these materials, named di-ureasil and represented by U(600), is composed by a siliceous framework to which polyether chains containing 8.5 oxyethylene repeat units are covalently bonded through urea linkages. Xerogel samples U(600) n LiCF3SO3 with n (where n is the molar ratio of oxyethylene moieties per Li+ ion) between ∞ and 0.1 have been examined. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry have provided conclusive evidence that the xerogels analyzed are entirely amorphous. The salt-rich material with n=1 exhibits the highest conductivity over the whole range of temperature analyzed (e.g. 4.3×10−6 and 2.0×10−4 Ω−1 cm−1, respectively, at 25 and 94°C).
Previous research has shown that magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and riboflavin (B2) both significantly improve functional recovery when administered shortly after frontal cortical contusion injury (CCI). The purpose of the present study was to examine the ability of combination treatments of MgCl2 and B2 to improve functional outcome following unilateral CCI. One hour post-injury, rats were administered MgCl2 (1.0mmol/kg), B2 (7.5mg/kg), MgCl2 +B2 (1mmol/kg+7.5mg/kg), 1/2 MgCl2 +1/2 B2 (0.5mmol/kg and 3.75mg/kg), or saline. Two days following CCI rats were tested on a battery of sensorimotor (vibrissae→forelimb placing and tactile removal test) and motor (staircase test). A regimen of MgCl2 +B2 significantly reduced the initial impairment and facilitated the rate of recovery on the tactile removal test and facilitated the rate of recovery on the forelimb placing test. The half-dose combination did not significantly improve functional recovery on the tactile removal test compared to the individual treatments; however, it did improve performance on the forelimb placing test compared to saline treatment. Administration of MgCl2 improved performance on the placing and tactile removal tests on 2 post-operative days, as did treatment with B2 on the tactile removal test. The results indicate that the full combination of MgCl2 +B2 significantly improved functional recovery to a greater extent than the individual treatments or the low dose combination group on forelimb placing but not on tactile removal. These findings suggest that administration of MgCl2 +B2 may provide better therapeutic action than individual treatments.
Damage to the prefrontal cortex in childhood can produce long-term impairments of emotion, behavior regulation, and executive functions, but little is known regarding the earliest expression of these impairments. We describe here detailed behavioral studies of a boy at 14 months of age (‘PF1’) who sustained focal damage in the right inferior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex due to resection of a vascular malformation on day 3 of life. The surgery was followed by a good medical recovery, and he reached developmental milestones at a normal rate. His neurological examination was normal, as were his mother's ratings of communication abilities, daily living skills, socialization, and motor skills. Multiple standardized laboratory paradigms were used to evaluate his behavior in structured and relatively unstructured situations designed to elicit positive and negative emotions and to place demands on attention. Relative to a comparison group of 50 age-matched boys with no neurological history, PF1 demonstrated significant impairments in the regulation of emotion and engagement of attention, particularly in unstructured conditions. These findings indicate that damage to prefrontal cortex in infancy begins to impact on emotional and cognitive development already during the first months of life.
Williams (WS) and Down (DS) syndromes have been associated with specifically compromised short-term memory (STM) subsystems. Individuals with WS have shown impairments in visuospatial STM, while individuals with DS have often shown problems with the recall of verbal material. However, studies have not usually compared the development of STM skills in these domains, in these populations. The present study employed a cross-sectional developmental trajectories approach, plotting verbal and visuospatial STM performance against more general cognitive and chronological development, to investigate how the domain-specific skills of individuals with WS and DS may change as development progresses, as well as whether the difference between STM skill domains increases, in either group, as development progresses. Typically developing children, of broadly similar cognitive ability to the clinical groups, were also included. Planned between- and within-group comparisons were carried out. Individuals with WS and DS both showed the domain-specific STM weaknesses in overall performance that were expected based on the respective cognitive profiles. However, skills in both groups developed, according to general cognitive development, at similar rates to those of the TD group. In addition, no significant developmental divergence between STM domains was observed in either clinical group according to mental age or chronological age, although the general pattern of findings indicated that the influence of the latter variable across STM domains, particularly in WS, might merit further investigation.
Ultrafine carbon-coated SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with diameters of 3–6 nm are prepared by a hydrothermal method in the presence of ascorbic acid and subsequent thermal treatment. The ascorbic acid, on the one hand, serves as a ligand to control the growth of the ultrafine SnO2 NPs during the hydrothermal process and on the other hand it acts as carbon precursor to form carbon shell surrounding the ultrafine SnO2 NPs in the thermal treatment process. When evaluated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the as-synthesized ultrafine carbon-coated SnO2 NPs exhibit a high reversible capacity of 688.6 mAh g−1 at a rate of 1 C after 50 cycles. Even charging at the rate of as high as 5 C, they still deliver a reversible capacity of 414 mAh g−1, which is about 50% of the theoretical capacity of SnO2. The perfect electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the synergic effects of the conductive carbon shell surrounding the SnO2 NPs and the ultra-small size of the SnO2 NPs.
CuSbSe2 thin films have been prepared by electrodeposition followed by rapid thermal annealing. Cyclic voltammetry tests were firstly used to investigate the electrodeposition mechanism. The most suitable deposition potential for films preparation was determined to be about −0.40V vs. SCE combining with cyclic voltammetry, composition and morphology analysis. Polycrystalline films with the main phase of CuSbSe2 and secondary phase Sb2Se3 were obtained after rapid thermal annealing for both Cu-rich and Cu-poor thin films. Both films show an optical band gap value of about 1.09eV. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) characterizations indicate that Cu-poor thin film has the better photoelectrical properties than those of Cu-rich thin film.
Nickel oxides on carbon nanotube electrodes (NiO x /CNT electrodes) are prepared by depositing Ni(OH)2 electrochemically onto carbon nanotube (CNT) film substrates with subsequent heating to 300°C. Compared with the as deposited Ni(OH)2 on CNT film substrates (Ni(OH)2/CNT electrodes), the 300°C heat treated electrode shows much high rate capability, which makes it suitable as an electrode in supercapacitor applications. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the pseudocapacitance of the NiO x /CNT electrodes in a 1M KOH solution originates from redox reactions of NiO x /NiO x OH and Ni(OH)2/NiOOH. The 8.9wt.% NiO x in the NiO x /CNT electrode shows a NiO x -normalized specific capacitance of 1701Fg−1 with excellent high rate capability due to the 3-dimensional nanoporous network structure with an extremely thin NiO x layer on the CNT film substrate. On the other hand, the 36.6wt.% NiO x /CNT electrode has a maximum geometric and volumetric capacitance of 127mFcm−2 and 254Fcc−1, respectively, with a specific capacitance of 671Fg−1, which is much lower than that of the 8.9% NiO x electrode. This decrease in specific capacitance of the high wt.% NiO x /CNT electrodes can be attributed to the dead volume of the oxides, high equivalent series resistance for a heavier deposit, and the ineffective ionic transportation caused by the destruction of the 3-dimensional network structure. Deconvolution analysis of the cyclic voltammograms reveals that the rate capability of the NiO x /CNT electrodes is adversely affected by the redox reaction of Ni(OH)2, while the adverse effects from the reaction of NiO x is insignificant.