batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Background The gene encoding Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), a dopamine catabolic enzyme, is an important candidate gene in several psychiatric disorders. Several studies have shown an association between the functional Val158Met polymorphism and cognitive performance. However, the results have been inconsistent and there are few studies addressing other COMT single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Methods We investigated SNPs across the whole COMT gene, including the Val158Met polymorphism, for a putative effect on working memory, executive function and IQ in 315 patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and 340 healthy controls. Results We replicated the association between the Val158Met variant and working memory performance, and found a significant interaction between this SNP and diagnosis, with patients with schizophrenia showing a specific, reduced performance on the 2-back test. Several other COMT SNPs were associated with different cognitive functions, but did not remain significant after controlling for multiple testing. We also found significant interaction effects between the SNP variants and gender. Conclusions The present study replicates earlier findings showing an association between the functional Val158Met polymorphism and working memory performance, with schizophrenia subjects particularly vulnerable. Furthermore, our findings suggest that other parts of the COMT gene seem to affect several related cognitive domains, which further support the notion that COMT is a modifier gene in prefrontal dopamine functioning.
The high rate applications such as electric vehicles of the traditional lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are commonly limited by their insufficient electron conductivity and slow mass transport of lithium ions in bulk electrode materials. In order to address these issues, in this work, a simple and up-scalable wet-mechanochemical (wet-ball milling) route has been developed for fabrication of amorphous porous TiO2@nitrogen doped graphene (TiO2@N-G) nanocomposites. The amorphous phase, unique porous structure of TiO2 and the surface defects from nitrogen doping to graphene planes have incurred surface controlled reactions, contributing pseudocapacitance to the total capacity of the battery. It plays a dominant role in producing outstanding high rate electrochemical performance, e.g., 182.7mAh/g (at 3.36A/g) after 100 cycles. The design and synthesis of electrode materials with enhanced conductivity and surface pseudocapacitance can be a promising way for high rate LIBs.
Electrospun carbon nanofiber/graphene (CNF/G) composites are prepared by in situ electrospinning polymeric nanofibers with simultaneous spraying graphene oxide, followed by heat treatment. The freestanding carbon nanofiber web acts as a framework for sustaining graphene, which helps to prevent the agglomeration of graphene and to provide a high conductivity for the efficient charge transfer to the pores. The as-obtained CNF/G composite exhibits a specific capacitance of 183 F g−1, which is approximately 1.6 times higher than that of the pristine CNF. The results have demonstrated that the high performance of the CNF/G composite is due to the novel structure and the synergic effect of graphene and the carbon nanofibers.
Legal regulations (USA, EU) are a major driving force for intensifying technological developments with respect to the global automobile market. In the future, highly efficient vehicles with very low emission levels will include low-temperature fuel-cell systems (PEFC) as units of electric power trains. With alcohols, ether or hydrocarbons used as fuels for these new electric power trains, hydrogen as PEFC fuel has to be produced on board. These concepts including the direct use of methanol in fuel-cell systems, differ considerably in terms of both their development prospects and the results achieved so far. Based on process engineering analyses for net electricity generation in PEFC-powered power trains, as well as on assumptions for electric power trains and vehicle configurations, different fuel-cell performances and fuel processing units for octane, diesel, methanol, ethanol, propane and dimethylether have been evaluated as fuels. The possible benefits and key challenges for different solutions of power trains with fuel-cell systems/on-board hydrogen production and with direct methanol fuel-cell (DMFC) systems have been assessed. Locally, fuel-cell power trains are almost emission-free and, unlike battery-powered vehicles, their range is comparable to conventional vehicles. Therefore, they have application advantages cases of particularly stringent emission standards requiring zero emission. In comparison to internal combustion engines, using fuel-cell power trains can lead to clear reductions in primary energy demand and global, climate-relevant emissions providing the advantage of the efficiency of the hydrogen/air reaction in the fuel cell is not too drastically reduced by additional conversion steps of on-board hydrogen production, or by losses due to fuel supply provision.
In this paper the application of completely new generation imidazole-derived salts in a model polymer electrolyte is described. As a polymer matrix, two types of liquid low molecular weight PEO analogues e.g. dimethyl ether of poly(ethylene glycol) of 500gmol−1 average molar mass (PEGDME500) and methyl ether of poly(ethylene glycol) of 350gmol−1 average molar mass (PEGME350) were used. Room temperature conductivities measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were found to be as high as 10−3–10−4 Scm−1 in the 0.1–1moldm−3 range of salt concentrations. Li+ transference numbers higher than 0.5 were measured and calculated using the Bruce–Vincent method. For a complete electrochemical characterization the interphase resistance stability over time was carefully monitored for a period of 30 days. Structural analysis and interactions between electrolyte components were done by Raman spectroscopy. Fuoss–Kraus semiempirical method was applied for estimation of free ions and ionic agglomerates showing that fraction of ionic agglomerates for salt concentration of 0.1–1moldm−3 is much lower than in electrolytes containing LiClO4 in corresponding concentrations.
Developing new anode materials to meet the high-energy demands of the next generation of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is still a challenging work. In this work, hierarchically porous Mo2C-C (HP-Mo2C-C) hybrid has been designed and synthesized by a freeze-drying-assisted route. The resultant HP-Mo2C-C hybrid has a surface area as high as 200.6m2 g−1. When evaluated as an anode material for LIBs, the HP-Mo2C-C hybrid displays excellent lithium storage performance in terms of specific capacity, cycling stability and rate capability. The pore engineering and hybridization with carbon are believed to be responsible for the significantly improved electrochemical performance. The novel interconnected pore structure allows for easy diffusion of the electrolyte and at the same time can enhance the HP-Mo2C-C/electrolyte contact area, shorten the Li+ diffusion length, and accommodate the strain induced by the volume change during the electrochemical reaction. Moreover, the hybridization with carbon could largely improve the conductivity of the electrode.
This paper presents the performance of ‘recovered’ electrolyte for the soluble lead flow battery, made by recycling conventional lead-acid battery electrodes, and compares it to reagent grade electrolyte for the same system. The two electrolyte compositions were cycled in static and flow cells and their charge, energy, and voltage efficiencies compared. The average charge, energy, and voltage efficiencies of static cells using 1.0 mol·dm¯³ Pb²+ recovered electrolyte were 89%, 86%, and 96%, while cells using reagent grade electrolyte averaged 63%, 49%, and 78%, respectively. The average charge efficiency of flow cells with recovered electrolyte was consistently above 80% and within 10% of the average for cells with reagent grade electrolyte. The average energy and voltage efficiencies were 62% and 73%, respectively, diverting from averages for the reagent grade electrolyte cells by less than 15%. The highest average cycle life was for cells with recovered electrolyte at 187 cycles, while that of cells with reagent grade electrolyte peaked at 102. Trace elements in both electrolyte compositions were analysed and their presence in the recovered electrolyte appears to enhance performance of the soluble lead cells. The recovered electrolyte is an electrochemically viable substitute for the reagent grade electrolyte.
The authors compare two methods of identifying job preferences for individuals with significant intellectual disabilities. Three individuals with intellectual disabilities between the ages of 19 and 21 participated in a video-based preference assessment and a multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) assessment. Stimulus preference assessment procedures typically involve giving participants access to the selected stimuli to increase the probability that participants will associate the selected choice with the actual stimuli. Although individuals did not have access to the selected stimuli in the video-based assessment, results indicated that both assessments identified the same highest preference job for all participants. Results are discussed in terms of using a video-based assessment to accurately identify job preferences for individuals with developmental disabilities.
As resource scarcity, extreme climate change, and pollution levels increase, economic growth must rely on more environmentally friendly and efficient production processes. Fuel cells are an ideal alternative to internal combustion (IC) engines and boilers on the path to greener industries because of their high efficiency and environmentally friendly operation. However, as a new energy technology, significant market penetration of fuel cells has not yet been achieved. In this paper, we perform a techno-economic and environmental analysis of fuel cell systems using life cycle and value chain activities. First, we investigate the procedure of fuel cell development and identify what activities should be undertaken according to fuel cell life cycle activities, value chain activities, and end-user acceptance criteria. Next, we present a unified learning of the institutional barriers in fuel cell commercialization. The primary end-user acceptance criteria are function, cost, and reliability; a fuel cell should outperform these criteria compared with its competitors, such as IC engines and batteries, to achieve a competitive advantage. The repair and maintenance costs of fuel cells (due to low reliability) can lead to a substantial cost increase and decrease in availability, which are the major factors for end-user acceptance. The fuel cell industry must face the challenge of how to overcome this reliability barrier. This paper provides a deeper insight into our work over the years on the main barriers to fuel cell commercialization, and discusses the potential pivotal role of fuel cells in a future low-carbon green economy. It also identifies the needs and points out some directions for this future low-carbon economy. Green energy, supplied with fuel cells, is truly the business mode of the future. Striving for a more sustainable development of economic growth by adopting green public investments and implementing policy initiatives encourages environmentally responsible industrial investments.
The method of thermodynamic simulation was used to study chemical interactions in the cathode half-cell of lithium-ion battery, which contained LiCoO2 as cathode active material and a LiPF6 solution as the electrolyte. It was shown that in the temperature range 298–400K in thermodynamic equilibrium state a layer of solid products of chemical reaction formed on the cathode/electrolyte interface. The layer predominantly consisted of LiF and LiPO3 in the molar ratio about 2:1 (corresponding to the volume ratio 2:3). In equilibrium state also some soluble interaction products formed, namely: CoF2 (considerable quantity), POF3 and PF5. The concentration of the later two substances was small, but it increased with increase of the temperature. Furthermore, in equilibrium state oxygen gas formed as a product of chemical interactions in cathode half-cell. Thermodynamic characteristics of Co2O3 and LiCoO2 compounds were determined using a set of calculation methods.
This paper describes the design and testing of a trommel for separation of batteries from solid waste. A trommel is a cylindrical separation device that rotates and performs size separation. It has also been used in areas such as municipal solid waste (MSW) processing, classifying construction and demolition debris, screening mass-burn incinerator ash and compost processing. A trommel has been designed based on size separation to separate household batteries from solid waste, which can then be used as feedstock for alternative applications of solid waste combustion, particularly where the metal content of the product is also a critical parameter, such as the Co-Co process for integrated cement and power production. This trommel has been tested with batches of university office and restaurant wastes against various factors. The recovery efficiency of batteries increases with decreasing inclination angle of the trommel and decreasing rotational speed. A physical characterization of the university solid waste has been performed with a 20-kg sample of the tested waste. It was found that there is a trend of decreasing recovery of batteries with increasing paper composition, and a trend of increasing recovery of batteries with increasing organic materials composition.
Very high theoretical specific energies and abundant resource availability have emerged interest in primary Si–air batteries during the last decade. When operated with highly doped Si anodes and EMIm(HF)2.3F ionic liquid electrolyte, specific energies up to 1660 Wh kgSi−1 can be realized. Owing to their high-discharge voltage, the most investigated anode materials are ⟨100⟩
State-of-energy (SoE) is a very important index for battery management system (BMS) used in electric vehicles (EVs), it is indispensable for ensuring safety and reliable operation of batteries. For achieving battery SoE accurately, the main work can be summarized in three aspects. (1) In considering that different kinds of batteries show different open circuit voltage behaviors, the Gaussian model is employed to construct the battery model. What is more, the genetic algorithm is employed to locate the optimal parameter for the selecting battery model. (2) To determine an optimal tradeoff between battery model complexity and prediction precision, the Akaike information criterion (AIC) is used to determine the best hysteresis order of the combined battery model. Results from a comparative analysis show that the first-order hysteresis battery model is thought of being the best based on the AIC values. (3) The central difference Kalman filter (CDKF) is used to estimate the real-time SoE and an erroneous initial SoE is considered to evaluate the robustness of the SoE estimator. Lastly, two kinds of lithium-ion batteries are used to verify the proposed SoE estimation approach. The results show that the maximum SoE estimation error is within 1% for both LiFePO4 and LiMn2O4 battery datasets.
An astronomical digital camera is equipped with a fish-eye lens and exchangeable filters to study the fine angular structure of radiation field in forests in the red and near infrared (NIR) spectral bands. A few examples of the angular distribution of downward radiances in conifer and broadleaf forests are given. The results of field measurements are compared with the spectral flux measurements by a field radiometer and with the calculations of radiance by a combined geometric-optical/radiative transfer (RT) model. The test measurements demonstrated that the hemispheric-view imaging radiometer is a good tool to validate canopy RT models.
We describe two different approaches to the problem of decoupling ions in polymer electrolytes from the chain segmental motions in order to obtain high conductivities even close to the glass transition temperature. In one of the two, the ions are also decoupled from each other so that single ion conducting materials can be obtained. The first method involves the use of polymeric anions while the second uses side-chain secondary relaxation as the principle behind the fast motion. Neither principle is new but the performance seems to be quite good in the cases described.
This paper describes the synthesis of three-dimensionally porous Fe3O4 via template-assisted and subsequent electrochemical deposition methods. When used as anode materials of lithium–ion batteries, the porous Fe3O4 electrodes show better cyclability and enhanced rate capabilities compared to planar Fe3O4 electrodes. The superior performance can be attributed to improved electrical contact, fast electron transport and good strain accommodation of the porous electrodes. The effect of the thickness of the porous Fe3O4 electrodes on the lithium–ion battery performance has also been investigated.
A fracture of the distal radius is a commonly occurring fracture and accounts for a third of all fractures in the elderly. Thus far, one year estimates of pain and disability following a fracture of the distal radius have been reported on Canadian populations. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of pain and disability in a UK population one year post fracture of the distal radius.
An epidemic of high pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) occurred in the Netherlands in 2003. A census survey of 173 infected and 401 uninfected commercial poultry farms was carried out to identify factors associated with the introduction of the HPAI virus into poultry farms. Data on farm size, production characteristics, type of housing, presence of cattle and pigs were gathered by the National Inspection Service for Livestock and Meat from all farms included in this study. For each risk factor (RF) available for analysis, the Mantel–Haenszel odds ratio was calculated (stratified on farm size and housing type). We found an increased risk of HPAI virus introduction in layer finisher type poultry: OR=2.05 (95% confidence interval, CI=1.29–3.27). An explanation for this increased risk is the high number of contacts between these farms, especially via cardboard egg trays used for removal of eggs during the epidemic. Our analysis did not indicate significant differences between the infected and uninfected farms with regard to housing type, presence of cattle or pigs. Since layer finisher type farms are assumed to be at higher risk for HPAI virus introduction, more specific control measures might be applied in future outbreaks.
Scientific findings from the last decades have clearly highlighted the need for a more comprehensive approach to atmospheric change processes. In fact, observation of atmospheric composition variables has been an important activity of atmospheric research that has developed instrumental tools (advanced analytical techniques) and platforms (instrumented passenger aircrafts, ground-based in situ and remote sensing stations, earth observation satellite instruments) providing essential information on the composition of the atmosphere. The variability of the atmospheric system and the extreme complexity of the atmospheric cycles for short-lived gaseous and aerosol species have led to the development of complex models to interpret observations, test our theoretical understanding of atmospheric chemistry and predict future atmospheric composition. The validation of numerical models requires accurate information concerning the variability of atmospheric composition for targeted species via comparison with observations and measurements. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent advances in instrumentation and methodologies for measuring atmospheric composition changes from space, aircraft and the surface as well as recent improvements in laboratory techniques that permitted scientific advance in the field of atmospheric chemistry. Emphasis is given to the most promising and innovative technologies that will become operational in the near future to improve knowledge of atmospheric composition. Our current observation capacity, however, is not satisfactory to understand and predict future atmospheric composition changes, in relation to predicted climate warming. Based on the limitation of the current European observing system, we address the major gaps in a second part of the paper to explain why further developments in current observation strategies are still needed to strengthen and optimise an observing system not only capable of responding to the requirements of atmospheric services but also to newly open scientific questions.
Prussian blue and its analogues are recognized as a class of attractive materials for stationary energy storage on the electrical grid. Challenges are still existed to meet the rigid requirements of high power and long cycle life. In this work, we develop a universal metal-organic-framework templating strategy for fabricating hollow polyhedrons of prussian blue analogues with tailored composition and shape. Hollow dodecahedrons of cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF) are investigated as a proof-of-concept material, which shows high surface area and mesoporous characteristics. The CoHCF hollow dodecahedrons exhibit large Na + storage capacity in neutral aqueous electrolytes and particularly, superhigh rate capability owing to rapid ion diffusion rate and short carrier transport distances. By coupling with a low-cost carbon anode, hybrid Na-ion cells are constructed to deliver moderate specific energy (32.7–50 Wh kg−1), a high specific power of 30 kW kg−1, and superior 3000-cycling durability. The excellent electrochemical properties make the present aqueous Na-ion hybrid devices to be a promising alternative to lead-acid batteries for high power grid-scale energy storage.
Stress is a long standing challenge for the applications of silicon (Si) anodes in lithium (Li) ion batteries. Nanostructured Si are important materials to address mechanical stress issues in batteries although their stress was only calculated and no experimental data are available. Using in situ Raman microscopy to monitor the shift of the first-order Raman peak of Si, we were able to measure for the first time the lithiation-induced stress in Si nanoparticles. The shift of Raman peak of Si under hydrostatic stress was calibrated via an in situ high pressure Raman experiment. We observed a tensile-to-compressive transition of the stress in Si core of nanoparticles during lithiation. At the beginning of lithiation, the reduction of the surface native oxide on the Si particle results in a tensile stress of approximately 0.2GPa in Si. During the formation of amorphous Li x Si in the outer layer of the nanoparticles, an increasing compressive stress up to 0.3GPa is built up in the Si core. This stress evolution explains the cracks that developed in the amorphous Li x Si layer during lithiation of the Si nanoparticles, and is also consistent with modeling results. These results improve our understanding of lithiation-induced stress in nanostructured Si anodes, and provide valuable information for their computational study and rational engineering.