batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Though there have been remarkable growth and widespread application of Li-ion batteries in portable electronics, it is highly desirable to develop the electrode materials with superior performance to meet the challenges of emerging large scale applications in electric vehicles. Here we report the electrochemical lithium insertion performance of TiO2 nanotube/graphene composites, which have been designed and effectively prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method. The structure and morphology of the products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectra, Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, constant current discharge–charge tests, and electrochemical impedance techniques. Employed as an anode in a lithium-ion battery, the novel composites presented excellent electrochemical performance with high Li storage capacity (357mAhg−1 at the rate of 10mAg−1, exceeding the theoretical capacity value 336mAhg−1 of TiO2) and excellent rate performance. The TiO2 nanotube/graphene composite exhibited excellent rate capacities of 150mAhg−1 (at the rate of 4000mAg−1) after 50 cycles and 80mAhg−1 (at the rate of 8000mAg−1) after 2000 cycles; the coulombic efficiency was approximately 99.5%, indicating excellent cycling stability and reversibility. The remarkable Li storage and high-rate capabilities of these nanotube/graphene composites were mainly attributed to the synergetic and interactive effects, namely, the “morphology” and “electronic” interactions of both components, and such kinds of graphene and nanotube composites held great promise as good example for designing future graphene based electrode materials with high electrochemical performances, as well as applications in advanced power batteries of EV and HEV.
In order to estimate the remaining driving range (RDR) in electric vehicles, the remaining discharge energy (E RDE) of the applied battery system needs to be precisely predicted. Strongly affected by the load profiles, the available E RDE varies largely in real-world applications and requires specific determination. However, the commonly-used direct calculation (DC) method might result in certain energy prediction errors by relating the E RDE directly to the current state of charge (SOC). To enhance the E RDE accuracy, this paper presents a battery energy prediction (EP) method based on the predictive control theory, in which a coupled prediction of future battery state variation, battery model parameter change, and voltage response, is implemented on the E RDE prediction horizon, and the E RDE is subsequently accumulated and real-timely optimized. Three EP approaches with different model parameter updating routes are introduced, and the predictive-adaptive energy prediction (PAEP) method combining the real-time parameter identification and the future parameter prediction offers the best potential. Based on a large-format lithium-ion battery, the performance of different E RDE calculation methods is compared under various dynamic profiles. Results imply that the EP methods provide much better accuracy than the traditional DC method, and the PAEP could reduce the E RDE error by more than 90% and guarantee the relative energy prediction error under 2%, proving as a proper choice in online E RDE prediction. The correlation of SOC estimation and E RDE calculation is then discussed to illustrate the importance of an accurate E RDE method in real-world applications.
Performance of nitrogen doped porous carbon, obtained from fish scale, has been investigated as an anode material for lithium ion battery in an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte containing N-butyl,N,N,N-triethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (N2224-TFSI) and in conventional medium. The N-doped fish scale hierarchical carbon (FSHC) exhibits large surface area (1980m2 g−1) with uniform pore distribution. The representative anode material shows steady state reversible capacities of ∼500 and 480mAhg−1 at a current density of 75mAg−1 and discharge capacities of ∼224.7 and 232.5mAhg−1 at 2000mAg−1 in the IL and organic electrolytes respectively for the investigated 75 cycles. Such performance indicates a coulombic efficiency of ∼90 % coupled with a superior capacity retention of about 80%. Post-mortem of the cell containing N-doped FSHC electrode cycled at high current density shows excellent stability in both electrolytes, as confirmed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD). The enhanced electrochemical performance of the N-doped FSHC as a high capacity anode for lithium-ion batteries could be mainly attributed to the high specific surface area and hierarchical porous structure.
ABSTRACT Background and Overview The impact of digital imaging on dental practice depends upon the degree of planning conducted before implementation. Digital technologies have the potential to improve diagnosis; facilitate patient treatment procedures; and streamline storage, transfer and retrieval. These technologies also provide for secure backup of patients' image data, critical to re-establishing the practice should fire, flood or earthquake occur. Conclusions The decision to invest in digital radiographic equipment should be a simple one for dental practitioners. Although digital x-ray sensors have long equaled analog film for diagnostic tasks, they have several advantages over film radiography, including immediate image production with solid-state devices; interactive display on a monitor with the ability to enhance image features and make direct measurements; integrated storage with access to images through practice management software systems; security of available backup and off-site archiving; perfect radiographic duplicates to accompany referrals; security mechanisms to identify original images and differentiate them from altered images; the ability to tag information such as a patient identifier, date of exposure and other relevant details; and interoperability of the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine file format. Clinical Implications Most clinicians should contemplate integrating, at a minimum, intraoral digital x-ray sensors and a digital panoramic system into their practices.
Fine-sized Li–Co–Mn–O cathode particles with various ratios of cobalt and manganese components were prepared by conventional solid-state reaction method using the nano-sized precursor particles. The nano-sized precursor particles of cobalt and manganese components were prepared by spray pyrolysis. The LiCo1−x Mn x O2 (0.1≤ x ≤0.3) particles had finer size than that of the pure LiCoO2 particles. Manganese component disturbed the growth of the LiCo1−x Mn x O2 cathode particles prepared by solid-state reaction method. The initial discharge capacities of the layered LiCo1−x Mn x O2 (0≤ x ≤0.3) cathode particles decreased from 144 to 136mAhg−1 when the ratios of Co/Mn components were changed from 1/0 to 0.7/0.3. The mean sizes of the spinel LiMn2−y Co y O4 (0≤ y ≤0.2) cathode particles decreased from 650 to 460nm when the ratios of Mn/Co components were changed from 2/0 to 1.8/0.2. The initial discharge capacities of the LiMn2−y Co y O4 (0≤ y ≤0.2) cathode particles decreased from 119 to 86mAhg−1 when the ratios of Mn/Co components were changed from 2/0 to 1.8/0.2.
In view of the limited oil storage and the global warming threats, it has been a worldwide topic to build a low carbon society supported by sustainable energy. As an effective energy storage device for the sustainable energy, the lithium-ion battery has been attracting wide attention. Olivine LiFePO4 has been considered as the most promising cathode candidate for the next-generation large-scale lithium-ion battery used for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) or electric vehicles (EVs), because of its inherent merits including low toxicity, potential for low cost, long cycle ability and high safety. From 1997 to present, continuous efforts have been made to understand and improve the performance of LiFePO4. Now, it seems that olivine LiFePO4 is ready for its big time. In the present paper, we review the development of LiFePO4 in the past years, and discuss some remaining problems for LiFePO4 in the future based on our current study.
Developments of renewable energy resources imposes many uncertainties and variabilities in power grids. One of the best approaches to mitigate these stochastic disturbances is thought the use of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). Besides application of the BESS such as decreasing the disturbances in distribution system, the grid frequency can be controlled in contingencies using the appropriate storage in transmission network to compensate the power shortage. Thus, the optimal siting and sizing of the BESS is important to have the minimum costs and losses. This paper describes a heuristic method to find the optimal location(s) and capacity of a multi-purpose BESS including transmission and distribution parts. In the transmission storage part, a sensitive analysis is performed using Complex-Valued Neural Networks (CVNN) and Time Domain Power Flow (TDPF) in order to detect the optimal BESS location(s). Additionally, running TDPF and Economic Dispatch (ED) leads to the optimal BESS size. In the distribution storage part, the optimal BESS size is calculated to perform distribution grid services such as peak load shaving and load curve smoothing. The proposed method has been applied to a real model (Maui island in Hawai'i -United States) to calculate the optimal results for both transmission and distribution sides.
This study investigated the impact of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) and Group Investigation (GI), which are two techniques of Cooperative Learning, on students’ reading comprehension achievement of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). After administering an English Language Proficiency test (Fowler and Coe, 1976), 90 homogeneous pre-intermediate female college students were selected, and they were randomly assigned to three groups: two experimental and one control. The experimental groups (A and B) received instruction according to STAD and GI techniques respectively whereas the control group was instructed via the Conventional Instruction (CI) technique which followed an individualistic instructional approach based on the exercises in their regular textbook. A post-test was administered, and its results were analyzed through a one-way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe statistics. The results revealed that STAD is a more effective technique in improving EFL reading comprehension achievement whereas GI and CI did not enhance reading comprehension significantly. Team rewards, as one of the central concepts of STAD, may have a strong impact on learners’ performance in reading comprehension.
The state-of-charge (SOC) is a critical index in battery management system (BMS) for electric vehicles (EVs). However in the energy storage systems, the available energy also acts as a significant role. Through the estimating result of state-of-energy (SOE), we can further estimate how long the battery is going to last if we apply a low power demand, a high power demand, or even a dynamic power demand. Unlike the SOC, the SOE is not only the integral of current but also the integral of voltage which include the nonlinearity of Li-ion batteries. Since there are accumulated errors caused by current or voltage measurement noise, a joint estimator based on particle filter is proposed for the estimation of both SOC and SOE. Validation experiments are carried out based on IFP1865140-type batteries under both constant and dynamic current conditions. To further verify the robustness of the proposed method, experiments are performed under dynamic temperatures. The experiment results have verified that accurate and robust SOC and SOE estimation results can be obtained by the proposed method.
Some of the porous sheet materials used in fuel cells and batteries hardly permit gas flow through the thickness of the sheet, although flow parallel to the sheet is appreciable. Determination of the porosity of such materials is not possible by the available techniques. A novel technique based on flow porometry is reported. This technique can measure the pore structure of such porous sheets. A composite porous sheet material containing one of the electrodes and the separator in two layers was investigated. The largest pore diameter, the mean flow pore diameter and the pore size distributions were measured. The pore structures of both layers were identified.
A review is provided on the aqueous reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons at copper electrodes, covering the literature since the first report of the reaction in 1985. This reaction is of interest as a potential component of a carbon energy cycle (i.e. CO2 +energy→methane→CO2 +energy). The synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO2 is a complex multistep reaction with adsorbed intermediates, most notably adsorbed CO. The exact reaction mechanisms leading to the various products are not clear from the literature data to date and likely change over the range of conditions at which data has been reported. The reaction product distribution is also very sensitive the surface crystal structure copper electrode. The influences of various reaction conditions (potential, buffer strength and local pH, local CO2 concentration, stirring, and CO2 pressure) are discussed and some relationships between reaction conditions and products formed are presented.
In this paper, energy metrics (energy pay back time, electricity production factor and life cycle conversion efficiency) of hybrid photovoltaic (PV) modules have been analyzed and presented for the composite climate of New Delhi, India. For this purpose, it is necessary to calculate (1) the energy consumption in making different components of the PV modules and (2) the annual energy (electrical and thermal) available from the hybrid-PV modules. A set of mathematical relations have been reformulated for computation of the energy metrics. The manufacturing energy, material production energy, energy use and distribution energy of the system have been taken into account, to determine the embodied energy for the hybrid-PV modules. The embodied energy and annual energy outputs have been used for evaluation of the energy metrics. For hybrid PV module, it has been observed that the EPBT gets significantly reduced by taking into account the increase in annual energy availability of the thermal energy in addition to the electrical energy. The values of EPF and LCCE of hybrid PV module become higher as expected.
Energy poverty in developing regions is a major global concern, with the rural areas of South Asia, South-East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa being the most affected. The major residential energy consumption in these regions is for cooking and lighting, which is basically covered with traditional biomass and fossil fuels. This situation acts as a development barrier, while implying stress on resources and the environment. Solar home systems (SHS) can play an important role in overcoming this problem. Recent technological advances and cost reductions in lithium-ion batteries favour their use in such application. Domestic electric devices with outstanding energy efficiency are becoming the standard around the globe. This paper focuses on exploiting these innovations to provide a solution for domestic energy poverty in developing regions. The layout of a SHS that integrates a lithium-ion battery-pack and is complemented with LED lamps and an energy efficient multicooker is presented. The paper assesses the SHS in contrast with existing practices under domestic energy poverty, with consideration of the learning curve. It is concluded that the cost of energy of the SHS is slightly cheaper than the business as usual case on the short term, and notably cheaper on the longer run. Furthermore, a financing scheme is proposed to overcome implementation barriers. Government support is considered, and quantified based on the SHS carbon abatement and saved fossil fuel subsidies. A substantial share of the initial investment can be covered under such scheme. This case study allows to draw general conclusions on the potential of SHS as a solution for domestic energy poverty in developing regions, on the financing gaps that hamper implementation and eventually on the required actions to overcome these.
Tight regulation of intracellular iron levels in response to mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism that prevents oxidative stress, thereby limiting cellular damage. Here, we describe a cytoprotective response involving transcriptional activation of the ferritin H gene in response to the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor and neurotoxic compound rotenone. Rotenone exposure increased ferritin H mRNA and protein synthesis in NIH3T3 fibroblasts and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Transient transfection of a ferritin H promoter–luciferase reporter into NIH3T3 cells showed that ferritin H was transcriptionally activated by rotenone through an antioxidant-responsive element (ARE). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that rotenone treatment enhanced binding of Nrf2 and JunD transcription factors to the ARE. In addition, rotenone induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine abrogated ferritin H mRNA induction by rotenone, suggesting that this response is oxidative stress-mediated. Furthermore, reduced ferritin H expression by siRNA sensitized cells to rotenone-induced apoptosis with increased ROS production and annexin V-positive cells. Taken together, these results suggest that ferritin H transcription is activated by rotenone via an oxidative stress-mediated pathway leading to ARE activation and may be critically important to protect cells from mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
In this paper, a thorough review of photovoltaic and photovoltaic thermal systems is done on the basis of its performance based on electrical as well as thermal output. Photovoltaic systems are classified according to their use, i.e., electricity production and thermal applications along with the electricity production. The application of various photovoltaic systems is also discussed in detail. The performance analysis including all aspects, e.g., electrical, thermal, energy, and exergy efficiency are also discussed. A case study for PV and PV/T system based on exergetic analysis is presented.
Several studies open up the possibility that chronic exposure to opioid drugs in the CNS would interfere with learning and memory through a neurotoxic effect related to activation of apoptotic pathways. Here, we have analyzed the effects of prolonged heroin administration on sensorimotor and cognitive performance in mice, as well as the associated changes in brain expression of proteins regulating the extrinsic (FasL and Fas) and the mitochondrial (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bad and Bax) apoptotic pathways. Our findings indicate that chronic heroin did not interfere with mice performance in a battery of sensorimotor tests. On the other hand, cognitive ability in the Morris water maze and cognitive flexibility-related performance were strongly impaired by chronic heroin. These effects were associated with up-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Fas, FasL and Bad, in the cortex and hippocampus, indicating the activation of both the death receptor and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Another indicator of apoptosis was the presence of TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) positive cells scattered throughout the brain.
Hierarchical tubular structures constructed from TiO2(B) nanosheets were fabricated by an efficient Cu nanowire templated solvothermal method. A dense layer of TiO2(B) nanosheets was grown on the Cu nanowires during the initial stage of the reaction. The Cu nanowires were then gradually dissolved during the later stage of the prolonged reaction. The as-obtained TiO2(B) hierarchical tubes showed a large surface area and good shell permeability. When evaluated for electrochemical lithium storage properties, these TiO2(B) hierarchical tubular structures showed a high specific capacity, excellent rate performance and long-term cycling stability.
Polyacrylonitrile/graphene (PAN/GNS) composites have been synthesized via an in situ polymerization method for the first time, which serve as a precursor to prepare a cathode material for high-rate rechargeable Li–S batteries. It is observed from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that the PAN nanoparticles, less than 100 nm in size, are anchored on the surface of the GNS and this unique structure is maintained in the sulfur composite cathode material. The electrochemical properties of the pyrolyzed PAN-S/GNS (pPAN-S/GNS) composite cathode have been evaluated by cyclic voltammograms, galvanostatic discharge–charge cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the pPAN-S/GNS nanocomposite, with a GNS content of ca. 4 wt.%, exhibits a reversible capacity of ca. 1500 mA hg−1sulfur or 700 mA hg−1composite in the first cycle, corresponding to a sulfur utilization of ca. 90%. The capacity retention is relatively stable at 0.1 C. Even up to 6 C, a competitive capacity of ca. 800 mA hg−1sulfur is obtained. The superior performance of pPAN-S/GNS is attributed to the introduction of the GNS and the even composite structure. The GNS in the composite materials works as a three-dimensional (3-D) nano current collector, which could act not only as an electronically conductive matrix, but also as a framework to improve the electrochemical performance.
The selectively bred EL mouse strain exhibits hyperreactivity to environmental disturbance reflected by handling-induced seizures and motor hyperactivity in an exploratory task relative to a non-seizure-prone control strain. One possible mechanism for the nongenomic transmission of an adult seizure-prone/hyperactive phenotype is the quality of parenting provided to immature offspring. In particular, the quality of maternal behavior has been implicated as an environmental determinant in rodent biochemical and behavioral development. A complication in testing this hypothesis is that human handling for husbandry and testing itself triggers seizures in seizure-prone EL mice. Thus, the present study evaluated potential EL versus control strain differences in maternal behavior using a novel apparatus for passive observation of undisturbed mice. Nonmaternal behaviors were also measured to control for any nonspecific differences in activity or exploration. EL dams were slower than DDY controls to initiate pup retrieval and spent less time nursing/crouching over pups than DDY mice. EL dams also exhibited a profile of sustained exploration and grooming over time relative to the profile of DDY controls. These results suggest that EL mothers exhibit an overabundance of motor activities that compete with crouching/nursing and retrieval behaviors required for viability of the litter.
This paper presents a two-layer control strategy designed for easy integration of supercapacitors in a grid-integrated solar photovoltaic-battery hybrid renewable system, initially controlled by a typical model predictive control method. To operate the upgraded energy system, either without or with little modifications of the pre-existing architecture, an additional control layer is applied at the bottom of the original control system. Considering the complementary characteristics of batteries and supercapacitors, the design of the new model predictive control layer and its coordination with the original one help to deliver a stable power flow between the hybrid renewable system and the utility grid, and remove fast variations from the battery power. Actual measurements of solar radiation in South Africa are used to test the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Simulations carried out on a 1-MW photovoltaic plant confirm the benefits in terms of adherence to power quality regulations, improved conditioning of the power generated by the intermittent renewable sources, and lifetime extension of the battery.