batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The Nb-doped Li[Li0.2Mn0.54-x/3Ni0.13-x/3Co0.13-x/3Nbx]O2 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) materials are synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), charge–discharge measurements, AC impedance spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry. XRD results indicate that Nb-doped Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 materials exhibit similar XRD patterns to the pristine sample. The results of EDS mapping confirm the homogenous distribution of Nb element in the materials. The Nb substituted for transition metal ions with x = 0.02 is found to be the most effective in improving the cycling properties and in lowering the voltage fade. Particularly, it exhibits remarkably improved cycling performance with the capacity retention ratio of 83% compared with 54% for pristine one after 100 cycles at 1C. Besides, it shows much lower discharge midpoint voltage decay (0.1913 V) than that of pristine sample (0.6951 V) after 100 cycles. The improved electrochemical performance can be attributed to the better structure stability and decreased charge transfer resistance caused by dopant of Nb. These results reveal that Nb-doping can be a promising method for improving the performance of Li-rich material.
Disordered eating attitudes and behaviors (DEAB) in childhood have been prospectively associated with eating disorders and obesity in adolescence. Therefore, evaluating DEAB in children with a reliable, sensitive and well-adapted scale is very important. The Children’s Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) is one of the most popular measuring tools for DEAB in children, but no French version is available. Moreover, while completion time is an important factor to be considered when working with children, only one recent study proposed a shorter version of the ChEAT. Taking the previous works of Murphy and colleagues (2019) as a starting point, the current study aimed to provide the first French-speaking validated 14-item short version of the ChEAT.
(Li0.5La0.5)TiO3 (LLTO) film electrolytes for lithium rechargeable microbattery were prepared onto Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at deposition temperature of 500°C. A 400nm thick-LLTO films as-deposited at 500°C and annealed up to 600°C showed an amorphous-like phase and surface roughness of the films was independent of an annealing temperature. The ionic conductivity of as-deposited films was approximately 1.1 × 10−5 Scm−1 at room temperature and it slightly decreased with increasing annealing temperature. The LLTO films deposited by PLD are suitable for application as an electrolyte of thin-film microbattery.
Physical properties of visual stimuli affect electrophysiological markers of perception. One important stimulus property is spatial frequency (SF). Therefore, we studied the influence of SF on human alpha (8–13Hz) and gamma (>30Hz) electroencephalographic (EEG) responses in a choice reaction task. Since real world images contain multiple SFs, an SF mixture was also examined. Event related potentials were modulated by SF around 80 and 300ms. Evoked gamma responses were strongest for the low SF and the mixture stimulus; alpha responses were strongest for high SFs. The results link evoked and induced alpha and evoked gamma responses in human EEG to different modes of stimulus processing.
Electrochemical capacitors have attracted great interest because they can maintain high power density along with high energy density. In this study, manganese oxides were electrodeposited onto nickel mesh substrate under hydrothermal conditions to be used as electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. Obtained Mn3O4 (hausmannite) phase was electrochemically oxidized to mixed-valent MnO2 during potential cycling. MnO2 electrodes showed excellent pseudocapacitative behaviour in cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge-discharge (CD) measurements. Produced electrodes had specific capacitance of 518.8Fg−1 at 0.1mAcm−2. Also, the electrodes maintained their capacitative properties at high scan rates/current densities and after 10,000 cycles of CV measurement.
There are three systems and applications of fuel cells in China, namely transportation fuel cells, stationary systems and portable fuel cells. It is important for China to analyze the supply and the cost of fuel cells in the context of the energy crisis. After introducing the current situation of three systems, this article classified the existing policies, and made some analysis of the policy effects. Then a PEST–SWOT model was employed to summarize the strengths and weaknesses for fuel cells. Considering the own features of the three applications, different development strategies were put forward. Based on the above strategies, some conclusions were drawn about the development direction and framework of whole fuel cell systems in China. Finally, we proposed some prospects and suggestions on the fuel cell systems.
Since the first introduction of the organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite in the field of optoelectronics, extraordinary progress in both the photoelectric-conversion-efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been witnessed. However, a variety of drawbacks associated with defects in PSCs, such as energy deficits, ion migration, operational instability and hysteresis, greatly hinder the potential industrial applications of PSCs. Herein, a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the origin, classification, nature, relationships and overlapping effects of defects in perovskite is summarized and reviewed. According to their positions in the energy structure relative to band edges, shallow- and deep-level defects are summarized, while point defects, undercoordinated ions, impurities and pinholes are categorized based on a dimension-criterion. We look at the established understanding of how the detrimental defects induce non-radiative recombination, charge trapping and scattering, ion migration and hysteresis, providing a relatively clear relationship between the performance and defects in perovskite films. An overview of the defect passivation strategies is presented on the fabrication route, including film formation, post-treatment and interlayer engineering between the perovskite layer and charge transport layer, giving a unique perspective. Based on defect passivation engineering, challenges and suggestions to break the bottlenecks of PSCs on the way to commercialization are proposed.
Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have developed a simple new technique for identifying and repairing small, potentially dangerous cracks in high-performance aircraft wings and many other structures made from polymer composites. By infusing a polymer with electrically conductive carbon nanotubes and then monitoring the structure’s electrical resistance, the researchers were able to pinpoint the location and length of a stress-induced crack in a composite structure. When a crack is located, engineers can then send a short electrical charge to the area to heat up the carbon nanotubes and melt an embedded healing agent that will flow into and seal the crack with a 70% recovery in strength. Carbon nanotubes are seen randomly dispersed in an epoxy resin, which can be molded into different structures. Photo courtesy of Rensselaer/N. Koratkar
LiMn2O4 (LMO) spinels with diverse achievable morphologies are realized using solution processing techniques including sol-gel and cofuel-assisted combustion synthesis (CS). These LMOs are utilized as cathode materials in lithium ion batteries (LiBs), with LMO produced here by low-temperature, sorbitol-assisted combustion synthesis (SA-CS) yielding superior performance metrics. Morphological analysis by combined X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates that these SA-CS LMO powders have optimum LiB grain (<500 nm) and crystallite (~30 nm) dimensions as well as spinel phase purity. Cathode mixtures having micron-scale, uniformly distributed LMO, conductive carbon, and a polymer binder provide effective electron and Li transport as assessed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and fabricated battery performance, showing high capacity (~120 mA h/g), good cycling stability (~95% capacity retention after 100 charge/discharge cycles), and high charge/discharge rates (up to 86 mA h/g at 10 C). SA-CS provides a simple, efficient, lower temperature, and scalable process for producing morphology-controlled high-performance LiB cathode oxides.
Carbon perfectly coated LiFePO4 cathode materials are synthesized by carbon-thermal reduction method using polystyrene (PS) spheres as carbon source. The PS spheres with diameters of 150–300nm used for the pyrolysis reaction not only inhibit the particle growth but also lead to uniform distribution of carbon coating on the surface of LiFePO4 particles. Rate capability and cycling stability of LiFePO4/C with the carbon contents ranging from 1.4wt% to 3.7wt% are investigated at −20°C. The LiFePO4/C with 3.0wt% C exhibits excellent electrochemical capability at low temperature, which delivers 147mAhg−1 at 0.1C. After 100 cycles at a charge–discharge rate of 1C, there is still 100% of initial capacity retained for the LiFePO4/C electrode at −20°C. According to the transmission electron microscope analysis and cyclic voltammetry measurement, this can be attributed to the good carbon coating morphology and optimal carbon coating thickness.
This is to compare the volumes of irrigant apically extruded by five irrigation systems in an artificial socket model simulating clinical conditions.
A detailed description of treatment utilizing the Unified Protocol (UP), a transdiagnostic emotion-focused cognitive-behavioral treatment, is presented using a clinical case example treated during the most current phase of an ongoing randomized controlled trial of the UP. The implementation of the UP in its current, modular version is illustrated. A working case conceptualization is presented from the perspective of the UP drawing from theory and research that underlies current transdiagnostic approaches to treatment and consistent with recent dimensional classification proposals (Brown & Barlow, 2009). Treatment is illustrated module-by-module describing how the principles of the UP were applied in the presented case.
Membranes are essential separator components in the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Many low cost and high performance membranes have been developed for this purpose, but, the chemical stability of these membranes remains a considerable challenge. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop advanced membranes for the vanadium redox flow battery with improved performance and stability. In this reported work, the next generation of adamantane containing poly(ether ketone)s membranes that have better performance, lower cost and are more environmentally friendly were prepared and used in vanadium redox flow battery. The subject quaternized 2-adamantane containing poly(ether ketone) membranes exhibited significantly higher performance in the redox battery than a Nafion117 membrane and a N212 membrane (coulombic efficiency 98.3% vs. 96.5% (Nafion117) and 91.4% (N212)); voltage efficiency 81.9% vs. 76.7% (Nafion117) and 81.6% (N212); energy efficiency 80.5% vs. 74.0% (Nafion117) and 74.6% (N212), at 140 mA cm−2). Moreover, the resulting membranes exhibited high stability during in-situ battery cycling test and in an ex-situ chemical oxidation stability test.
The ability to think of the long-term consequences of one's behavior and use this information to guide present and future actions, commonly referred to as foresight, is a key higher-order cognitive ability that may be deficient among persons with schizophrenia and substantially limit the degree to which such individuals experience a functional recovery from the disease. This research investigated the neuroanatomical basis of foresight in schizophrenia, in order to identify potential brain regions that may underlie impaired foresightfulness among this population. Participants in the early course of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N =50) were assessed using structural magnetic resonance imaging and clinician-rated measures of foresight and psychopathology. Voxel-based morphometry was used to examine the relationship between foresight and regional gray matter volume in the ventromedial prefrontal, orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. Significant positive associations were observed between foresight and gray matter volume density in the right orbitofrontal, ventromedial prefrontal, and posterior cingulate cortices, as well as the left ventromedial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, after correcting for multiple comparisons. These relationships persisted after adjusting for age, gender, illness duration, and psychopathology. Better foresight was most strongly associated with increased gray matter in the right orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal cortex, suggesting that reductions in gray matter volume in this region may be associated with impaired foresight in schizophrenia. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
This paper presents rigorous experimental outdoor performance of a 2.32kWP stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV) system in New Delhi (India) for four weather types in each month such as clear, hazy, partially cloudy/foggy and fully cloudy/foggy weather conditions respectively. The daily power generated from the existing SAPV system was experimentally found in the range of 4–6kWh/day depending on the prevailing sky conditions. The number of days and daily power generated corresponding to four weather types in each month were used to determine monthly and subsequently annual power generation from the existing SAPV system. There are three daily load profiles with and without earth to air heat exchanger suitable for three seasons like summer (3.75–6.15kWh/day), winter (2.79–5.19kWh/day) and rainy (3.75kWh/day). The hourly efficiency of the SAPV system components are determined and presented in this paper. The life cycle cost (LCC) analysis for the existing typical SAPV system is carried out to determine unit cost of electricity. The effect of annual degradation rate of PV system efficiency is also presented in this paper. The energy production factor (EPF) and the energy payback time (EPBT) of the SAPV system was also determined and presented in this paper.
The monomers, (3-cyanopropyl) methylsiloxane cyclics (D4CN) and (3-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)propyl) methylsiloxane cyclics (D4TEG) were prepared by a hydrosilylation reaction of 2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4H) with allyl cyanide and tri(ethylene glycol) methyl allyl ether (allyl TEG), respectively, in toluene using a platinum(0)-1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl disiloxane complex as the catalyst. The new crosslinkable polymers with alkyl cyanide and ethylene oxide groups as the pendent were synthesized by ring opening polymerization and characterized by GPC and 1H NMR. And then, the crosslinked solid polymer electrolyte was prepared by UV radiation curing. The conductivities of samples were measured by impedance spectroscopy using an indium–tin oxide (ITO) electrode. As the results, the maximum ionic conductivities of the polymer were 1.15 × 10−5 Scm−1 at 20°C and 1 × 10−4 Scm−1 at 60°C. The electrolyte was stable electrochemically to 5V versus Li+/Li at room temperature.
Publisher Summary Product development is the overall process of conceptualizing a product and designing, producing, and selling it. Successful companies in the business world constantly operate in a state of innovation in terms of products they manufacture, frequently introducing new products or modifying and improving existing products as needed and desired by the customers. chapter discusses the initial steps and attributes of a successful product development process, the commonality among successful new products, steps necessary to develop a successful portfolio of products, identification of customer and market needs, and development of plans for a new product development. The key in the process is the information that indicates what people want, what features of the product are considered absolutely essential, what price they are willing to pay for it, what features are desirable but can be sacrificed for a lower price, current and potential competitors, and likely changes in the market size. A step-by-step procedure for developing new-to-market products is described. The critical steps in this procedure include developing a consumer and market-friendly business strategy, identifying consumer needs, and recognizing market conditions. The outcome of the process is a concise, preferably a single page, product development plan. This overall process requires the participation of a number of individuals with a multitude of expertise. One individual single-handedly cannot accomplish this task of successful product development.
To enhance the electronic conductivity of TiO2, carbon-coating has been used as a simple and effective method for improving the electrochemical performances of TiO2 in sodium ion batteries. In this work, considering the internal connection between TiO2 and the coated carbon-layer, we synthesized carbon-coated TiO2 composites (TiO2/C) via hydrothermal method and subsequent calcination, assisted with different types of surfactant as carbon sources. Due to strong electrostatic attraction, cationic surfactant CTAB (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) generates a uniformly-coated carbon layer onto TiO2 surface, which enables good electronic conductivity and fast kinetics of the product. Therefore, TiO2/C assisted with CTAB as carbon source (TiO2/C-C) shows optimal sodium storage performance with excellent specific capacity (303 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C) and satisfying cycling stability, offering promising anode for constructing high capacity sodium ion batteries.
Analysis of speech has become a popular non-invasive tool for assessing the speech abnormalities. Acoustic nature of the abnormal speech gives relevant information about the type of disorder in the speech production system. These signals are essentially non-stationary; may contain indicators of current disease, or even warnings about impending diseases. The indicators may be present at all times or may occur at random — during certain intervals of the day. However, to study and pinpoint abnormalities in voluminous data collected over several hours is strenuous and time consuming. Therefore, computer based analytical tools for in-depth study and classification of data over daylong intervals can be very useful in diagnostics. This paper deals with the classification of certain diseases using artificial neural network, and then analyzed. This analysis is carried out using continuous wavelet transformation patterns. The results for various types of subjects discussed in detail and it is evident that the classifier presented in this paper has a remarkable efficiency in the range of 80–85% of accuracy.
To understand the effect of water level on CH4 emissions from an invasive Spartina alterniflora coastal brackish marsh, we measured CH4 emissions from intermittently and permanently (5cm water depth) inundated mesocosms with or without N fertilizer added at a rate of 2.7gNm−2. Dissolved CH4 concentrations in porewater and vertically-profiled sediment redox potential were measured, as were aboveground biomass and stem density of S. alterniflora. Mean CH4 fluxes during the growing season in permanently inundated mesocosms without and with N fertilizer were 1.03 and 1.73mg CH4 m−2 h−1, respectively, which were significantly higher than in the intermittently inundated mesocosms. This response indicates that prolonged submergence of sediment, up to a water depth of 5cm, stimulated CH4 release. Inundation did not greatly affect aboveground biomass and stem density, but did significantly reduce redox potential in sediment, which in turn stimulated CH4 production and increased the CH4 concentration of porewater, resulting in higher CH4 emission in the mesocosm. Our data showed that the stimulatory effect of shallow, permanent inundation on CH4 emission in S. alterniflora marsh sediment was due primarily to an improved methanogenic environment rather than an increase in plant-derived substrates and/or the number of gas emission pathways through the plant’s aerenchymal system.
In this paper, the microstructures, hydrogen storage and electrochemical properties of LaNi3.8−x Mn x (x =0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) have been studied systematically. The microstructures were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The results showed that all the alloys were mainly composed of two different phases with the same composition, including the hexagonal Pr5Co19-type phase (P63/mmc) and the rhombohedral Ce5Co19-type phase (R-3m), respectively, but minor phases appeared when x ≥0.4. With Mn content increasing, the cell volume increased and the relative abundances of Pr5Co19-type phase and Ce5Co19-type phase were changed, the equilibrium pressure declined gradually and the hydrogen storage capacity increased first and then decreased, and the maximum discharge capacity increased from 209.4mAhg−1 (x =0.0) to 268.8mAhg−1 (x =0.4) and then decreased to 230.3mAhg−1 (x =0.5). Meanwhile, the exchange current density (I 0) and the diffusion coefficient (D) were also improved with the addition of Mn, reaching a maximum at x =0.4.
In the pursuit of high capacity anode materials transition metal oxides have paid great deal of attention. However poor electronic conductivity, high discharge potential and volume change during electrochemical cycling hinders their practical applications. In this report, we synthesize the well-ordered mesoporous β-MnO2 phases (pyrolusite structure) using SBA-15 and MCM-48 templates. The product derived from SBA-15, designated as SBA-MnO2 has interconnected nanorod like morphology, whereas the product derived from MCM-48, designated as MCM-MnO2 exhibits open cage/bowl like morphology. The products are characterized by XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, XPS, BET surface area measurements. Further, electrochemical studies are carried out to investigate their application as anode material for Li-ion batteries. Galvanostatic cycling shows initial discharge capacity of ∼1500 mAhg−1 and 1750 mAhg−1 respectively for SBA-MnO2 and MCM-MnO2. After 100 charge-discharge cycles, MCM-MnO2 electrode exhibits capacity ∼ 345 mAhg−1 and SBA-MnO2 shows a capacity of ∼ 245 mAhg−1. Though both the materials show capacity fading upon long cycling, their performance is better compared to other MnO2 nanostructures reported in the literature. They also exhibit good rate capability indicating that mesoporous MnO2 materials reported here can be potential candidate for Li-ion storage.