batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A hybrid membrane of Nafion/amino-silica (amino-SiO2) for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) systems is prepared via the sol–gel method to improve the selectivity of the Nafion membrane, to reduce the crossover of vanadium ions, and to decrease water transfer across the membranes. The sulfonated pores of the pristine Nafion membrane are filled with amino-SiO2 nanoparticles localized by electrostatic interaction. The permeability of vanadium ions through the Nafion/amino-SiO2 hybrid membrane is determined by electrometric titration. The results indicate the crossover of vanadium ions through the hybrid membrane is 26.8% of the pristine Nafion membrane. The presence of amino-SiO2 in the hybrid membrane is verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Nafion/amino-SiO2 hybrid membrane exhibits through plane conductivity about the same as the pristine Nafion membrane. The ion exchange capacity (IEC) of the hybrid membrane is 9.4% higher than that of the pristine Nafion membrane. In addition, Nafion/amino-SiO2 hybrid membrane exhibits a higher coulombic efficiency (CE), voltage efficiency (VE), and energy efficiency (EE) over a range of current densities from 20 to 80 mA cm−2. The performance of VRB with Nafion/amino-SiO2 hybrid membrane varies little around a charge–discharge current density of 80 mA cm−2 for 150 cycles. Thus, the Nafion/amino-SiO2 hybrid membrane can suppress the vanadium ions crossover in VRB.
In the present work temperature dependence of heat capacity of cesium tantalum tungsten oxide has been measured first in the range from 7 to 350K and then between 330 and 630K, respectively, by precision adiabatic vacuum and dynamic calorimetry. The experimental data were used to calculate standard thermodynamic functions, namely the heat capacity C p ° (T), enthalpy H°(T)− H°(0), entropy S°(T)− S°(0) and Gibbs function G°(T)− H°(0), for the range from T →0 to 630K. The structure of CsTaWO6 is refined by the Rietveld method: space group F d3m, Z =8, a =10.3793(2)Å, V =1118.14(4)Å3. The high-temperature X-ray diffraction was used for the determination of temperature of phase transition and coefficient of thermal expansion.
A key factor in developing a hydrogen based transport economy is to ensure the establishment of a strong and reliable hydrogen fuel supply chain, from production and distribution, to storage and finally the technology to dispense the hydrogen into the vehicle. This paper describes how the industrial gas industry and, in particular, Air Products and Carburos Metalicos (Spanish subsidiary of Air Products), is approaching the new market for hydrogen as an energy carrier and vehicle fuel. Through participations in projects aiming to create enough knowledge and an early infrastructure build-up, like The Hercules Project (a project carried out in collaboration with eight partners), we contribute to the hydrogen economy becoming a reality for the next generation.
An auxiliary power unit (APU) is presented that is fuelled with diesel, thermally self-sustaining, and based on a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The APU is rated at 1kW electrical, and can generate electrical power after a 3h warm-up phase. System features include a “dry” catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) diesel reformer, a 30 cell SOFC stack with an open cathode, and a porous-media afterburner. The APU does not require a supply of external water. The SOFC stack is an outcome of a development partnership with H.C. Starck GmbH and Fraunhofer IKTS, and is discussed in detail in an accompanying paper.
The Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (Taiwan EPA) launched a national Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system after integrating eight private recycling organizations in 1998. After that, the environmental performance of the EPR system brought a lot of attention to policy makers. Many studies show positive environmental effects of the EPR system in Taiwan. However, there are controversial questions remained, such as whether the performance indicators used are the right choice to estimate the environmental effects of the recycling policy? Can those estimated results really reflect the performance of the system? This paper would therefore like to more accurately evaluate the performance indicators of the EPR system based on data observed over the past decade in Taiwan. In the process of evaluating the performance indicators, we have found that the collection rates for durable goods are often ignored in countries that pursue a zero waste policy. This may affect the actual recycling outcome and resource direction targeted by producers. However, in order for the collection rate to be adopted as a policy indicator, how to estimate the amounts of retired or waste products during a period is critical. In this paper, we estimate the collection rate for electrical and electronic waste by using the survival analysis and ownership data analysis approaches. We also provide a comparison of both approaches and put forward suggestions for directions in the future in solid waste management.
This paper presents the results of a series of tests to determine the Dynamic Charge Acceptance (DCA) performance of small form-factor carbon-enhanced VRLA cells designed for use in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) applications, together with standard lead-acid and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells. The results demonstrate how varying the conditions and parameters of the standard DCA test regime can provide a superior evaluation of DCA performance and lead to a better understanding of cell behaviour under real-world conditions. A modified test procedure is proposed, based on the DCA Short Test profile (EN50342-6). Results are presented for a batch of carbon-enhanced cells, tested at various temperatures, rest periods and States of Charge (SoC) for the cell. These conditions having been chosen to mimic a range of real-life scenarios which could potentially be encountered during HEV operation. The resulting analysis demonstrates clear variations and trends in DCA performance which may be used to inform conditions for future testing regimes. The modified test procedure is then applied to standard lead-acid and LFP 26650-type cells and the results compared.
The results of an investigation of the electrowinning of lead employing a chloride medium are reported. The electro-deposition lead reaction was studied by voltammetric methods and scanning electron microscope (SEM) microphotographs of the electro-deposited lead were taken. The effects of current density, temperature, catholyte flow and H+ concentration were investigated at laboratory scale to optimise operating conditions in order to found adequate values for industrial purposes of the parameters energetic cost and production. For a working current density of 100mA/cm2 the current efficiency, energy consumption and production were 90%, 1.32kWh/kgPb and 83.4kgPb/m2 perday, respectively.
There are two contrasting views on the nature of comprehension impairment in semantic dementia: (a) that it stems from degradation of a pan-modal “hub” that represents core conceptual knowledge or (b) that it results from degradation of modality-specific visual feature knowledge. These theories make divergent predictions regarding comprehension of concrete versus abstract words in the disorder. The visual hypothesis predicts that concrete words should be particularly impaired because they depend heavily on visual information. In contrast, the pan-modal hub hypothesis holds that all types of knowledge are affected but predicts less severe impairment of concrete words because they have richer and more detailed semantic representations than abstract words. We investigated concreteness effects in the comprehension of six SD patients. Across nouns, verbs, synonymous and associative relationships, a clear and consistent pattern emerged: concrete words were always comprehended more successfully than abstract words. These findings extend those of previous studies and suggest that conceptual impairment in SD is not confined to concepts that rely on visual information. Instead, all types of knowledge are affected by the progressive deterioration of modality-invariant representations (required for coherent pan-modal concepts). Concrete words succumb less quickly by virtue of their richer and more detailed semantic representations.
An electrochemically roughened copper foil was evaluated as a current collector for micrometric Si powder (ball-milled) based electrodes prepared by the conventional slurry-coating method. The formation of a bunch of copper nanowires on the current collector provides a rough surface, which enhances the adhesion of the Si composite electrode as confirmed from scratch tests. This produces a major decrease of the irreversible capacity associated with the electrical disconnection of the Si particles with cycling, which results in a great improvement of the electrode cycle life. With such a roughened Cu current collector, the micrometric Si-based electrode is able to maintain a discharge capacity of 1200mAhg−1 for at least 1000 cycles.
A remote-sensing technique based on microwave interferometry is applied to dynamic testing of wind turbine towers for power generation. A high-speed interferometric radar is able to sample the structure at a rate high enough for modal and transient analysis. An experimental campaign is reported carried out on wind turbine towers of a power plant in north Sardinia, Italy.
A 2D axisymmetric electrochemical model of a lithium experimental cell is solved using a finite element method. The model is considering the coupled effect of momentum, electric, kinetic and mass transfer phenomena. The dense diaphragm used in the setup, which is not hydraulically permeable, separates the cell into two regions: 1 (a) turbulent region, between the anode and the diaphragm, and 2 (a) laminar region between the diaphragm and the cathode. The k-epsilon model is used to solve the turbulent flow resulting from bubbles generation at the anode. A two-phase flow model is also developed to simulate the volume fractions of bubbles and electrolyte in the cell. The non-uniform bubbles distribution over the anode surface, derived from the non-uniform current distribution, has been added to the two-phase model. The effects of the diaphragm length, position and porosity on the electric and two-phase flow fields are simulated. In fact, the diaphragm position and length both influence the current distribution at the surface of electrodes and the velocity distribution in the cell, all of which influence ohmic and kinetic overpotentials. The results show that up to 40% of energy can be saved when running the lithium electrolysis cell with a shorter porous diaphragm located as far as possible from the anode. The maximum current density, found at the bottom corner of anode, is higher when the diaphragm is longer and when it is closer to the anode.
LiCoO2 can experience over-lithiation (over-discharge) in an electrochemical cell due to poor battery management, failure such as a short circuit, or when LiCoO2 is utilized as a negative electrode conversion material. In order to understand the chemical and morphological changes which occur during over-lithiation, LiCoO2 electrodes were studied during deep discharge to 0.8V with operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and spectroscopic X-ray microscopy. During over-lithiation, micron-sized LiCoO2 particles suffer significant cracking, pulverization and an incomplete conversion to Co metal. These irreversible morphological and structural changes inflict permanent damage on the cathode even during a single over-lithiation event and highlight the need for more sophisticated battery management systems.
This work presents a method for optimal sizing of a battery-based energy storage system (BESS) in a droop controlled islanded microgrid (DCIMG). The proposed method checks the economic feasibility of installing a given battery unit and finds the optimal size of BESS which minimizes the running cost. The optimal sizing problem is successfully integrated into the economic dispatch (ED) problem and solved for various cases considering inductive and resistive coupled droop controlled distributed generation (DG) units. A new heuristic method is proposed for optimal charging of battery units. The proposed method is compared with the Dynamic Programming (DP) method. Both algorithms use incremental cost data. The proposed method is applied to a 33 node system. The results show an almost linear relationship between the optimal size and efficiency of the BESS. The results also show that the BESS absorbed most of the load variation and the dispatchable DG units experienced fewer load changes. Installation of BESS resulted in a significant reduction in operating cost of the DCIMG.
The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) testing is conducted every 3 years by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; oecd.org) with 15-year-olds across the globe. Students complete a battery of tests in science, reading, and mathematics and complete an attitudinal survey. The goal of the PISA testing is to determine, broadly, if children are prepared for successful adulthoods. This means that items on the test are application- and not theoretically based. The mathematics portion of the PISA test includes problems in four content subtest areas: (1) change and relationships, (2) quantity, (3) uncertainty and data, and (4) space and shape. The subscale most closely related to spatial cognition is space and shape. Developers of the mathematics portion of the test indicate that student scores on subset areas 1 through 3 also depend on a child’s understanding of space and shape; thus, the space and shape construct is a key to overall performance on the test. The goal of this paper is twofold. First, it examines PISA data by subtest for several countries by analyzing trends between high-performing countries and other countries of interest with a particular focus on the subtest scores for space and shape. Second, the paper examines the relationship between scores on individual released items from PISA and scores on standard instruments designed to assess spatial skills for students from the USA. Findings indicate that success on PISA items is significantly correlated with scores on tests of spatial cognition. This finding means that improving spatial skills could be an overlooked strategy to improve student performance on large-scale tests of student achievement and has the potential to ultimately better prepare children for successful adulthoods.
Mongolian anthracite is chemically activated using potassium hydroxide as an activation agent to make activated carbon materials. Prior to the chemical activation, the chemical agent is introduced by two different methods as follows, (1) simple physical mixing, (2) impregnation. The physical properties such as specific surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and adsorption energy distribution are measured to assess them as carbon electrode materials for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC). The surface functional groups and morphology are also characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses respectively. The electrochemical results for the activated carbon electrodes in 3 M sulfuric acid electrolyte solution indicate that the activated Mongolian anthracite has relatively large specific capacitances in the range of 120–238 F g−1 and very high electrochemical stability, as they keep more than 98% of initial capacitances until 1000 charge/discharge cycles.
The rate of oxygen reduction reaction becomes one of the most important restraining factors for the development of high-power density metal-air devices. The metal-free carbon catalyst which demonstrates lower cost and comparable electrocatalytic activity as with commercial Pt/C, which turns to be the most promising candidate for noble metal-based catalyst. Herein, a microporous and defective carbon material was synthesized by hydrothermal method and subsequently NH3 high-temperature treatment. The relatively high surface area and defect-rich features of the as-prepared carbon accelerate the oxygen reduction process, which fulfill highly efficient electrocatalytic activity with a high onset potential of −0.04V vs. Ag/AgCl and a limited current density of 6.5mAcm−2. When employed as cathode material for zinc/air batteries, high electrochemical performance with a discharge voltage of 1.1V at 50mAcm−2 was achieved.
In a world in constant need of electricity, energy harvesting techniques from the ambient environment can provide in-situ power generation. The authors demonstrate and design a system to efficiently extract energy from an external source at an exponentially increasing rate.
Renewable energies represent one of the most promising and eco-friendly solutions for energy generation, which guarantees the sustainable development of society. Compared to fuel-based generators, the photovoltaic/Battery (PV/B) system is more suitable to supply domestic loads in sunny, isolated regions. However, given weather disturbances, a storage element is required so as to ensure the load supply autonomy. This work proposes an energy flow scheduling algorithm for a PV/B chalet installation in order to guarantee continuous supply of loads. The aim consists in the satisfaction of the loads demand, the maximization of the PV generation use, the limitation of the battery access time, and the battery protection against deep/over charge. The Timed Hybrid Petri Net (THPN) formalism is used to model the system operation considering the classification of loads into two priority levels. The developed algorithm computes several starting operation times of the secondary load, then selects the optimal one in order to satisfy the criteria cited above and guarantee continuous supply of the primary load. A comparative study of the calculated starting operation times demonstrates the efficiency of the optimal solution for a best PV/B power exploitation with a maximum battery lifetime and safety. The lost PV energy is nearly 26% with respect to an appropriate range of the battery State of Charge (SoC) from 100% to 21.76%. Such evaluation offers the opportunity to users to install more loads operating only during daylight in order to consume the PV lost energy.
The application of phase change materials (PCMs) grew rapidly in the last few years, especially in those areas like solar energy, thermal comfort control, green building, environmental conservation and electronic cooling etc. Tremendous efforts have therefore been made on finding new powerful PCMs or improving performance of the currently available PCMs which generally subject to inherent defects, such as low thermal conductivity, poor stability after millions of repeated solidifying and melting processes, easy phase separation during transition and narrow temperature span between the melting point and the evaporation state. To better serve for the stringent request from many emerging utilization situations, this article is dedicated to systematically present a new class of high performance PCM, the low melting point liquid metals or their alloys, which were seldom addressed before. The unique merits, application features and potential values of these highly conductive liquid like materials were summarized with their basic properties interpreted. Some latest advancement made in the area was discussed for illustration purpose. Comparative evaluation on the fundamental mechanisms and practical issues between conventional PCMs and the low melting point metal PCM was carried out. Further, some involved scientific and technical challenges were raised. The present work is expected to incubate an emerging frontier towards studying and utilizing metal PCMs in the coming time, which is rather useful for a broad range of energy areas.
The 7FP-Project “EU-Cargoxpress” developed a concept of an innovative, sustainable catamaran cargo-vessel with an on-board-crane able to serve small coastal and fluvial ports without proper Ship-to-Shore (STS) cranes.The crane as part of a covering multifunctional “sail-wing” is hinged in a moving and revolving Superstructure, covers the whole vessel length and cantilevers over the perimeter of the vessel.The goal is to accelerate the movement of container and general cargo from the vessel to the port and making maritime transport more competitive.
This study describes a novel flowing deposition method which can be used in situ on a fully assembled electrochemical cell to enhance the electrochemical active surface area of flow-through porous electrodes. As a test case, vanadium redox reaction rates are enhanced by flowing deposition of carbon nanotubes on carbon paper electrodes. The deposition is characterized using a recently developed analytical flow cell technique and shown to increase the electrochemical active surface area and therefore the exchange current for the limiting V2+/V3+ reaction by over an order of magnitude. When applied to the anode of an assembled vanadium redox flow cell, the method nearly eliminates the overpotential associated with this reaction, thereby significantly improving the power output of the cell by up to 70% in the high voltage efficiency regime. As a surface area treatment, this flowing deposition method could be used to similarly enhance the energy conversion efficiency of many other electrochemical flow cells such as fuel cells, flow batteries and capacitive deionization cells.
Advances in techniques for recording large-scale brain activity contribute to both the elucidation of neurophysiological principles and the development of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). Here we describe a neurophysiological paradigm for performing tethered and wireless large-scale recordings based on movable volumetric three-dimensional (3D) multielectrode implants. This approach allowed us to isolate up to 1,800 neurons (units) per animal and simultaneously record the extracellular activity of close to 500 cortical neurons, distributed across multiple cortical areas, in freely behaving rhesus monkeys. The method is expandable, in principle, to thousands of simultaneously recorded channels. It also allows increased recording longevity (5 consecutive years) and recording of a broad range of behaviors, such as social interactions, and BMI paradigms in freely moving primates. We propose that wireless large-scale recordings could have a profound impact on basic primate neurophysiology research while providing a framework for the development and testing of clinically relevant neuroprostheses.
Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was employed to characterize the adsorption structures of organic carbonate solvents, i.e., dimethyl carbonates (DMC) and propylene carbonate (PC), which are used as the solvents in Li-ion batteries, on the surface of a thermally-evaporated carbon thin-film in combination with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface-bound oxygen species on the as-prepared carbon surface could be partially reduced by a pyrolysis process in flowing H2 at evaluated temperature. Two adsorption geometries on the reduced carbon surface were observed for DMC and PC. PC seems to be preferentially adsorbed on the carbon surface in comparison to DMC from a binary mixture of the solvents. Furthermore, the adsorption of vinylene carbonates (VC) and fluoroethylene carbonates (FEC), which are commonly used as additives in the electrolyte solutions of the Li-ion battery, were also evaluated. It was found that the additives also show a propensity to align on the carbon surface with respect to DMC, but comparable to PC. The different roles of the additives in the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) will be discussed in comparison with organic carbonate solvents. The present study is considered to be fundamentally and practically useful to control and understand the interfacial behaviors and the SEI formation on the anode surface of the Li-ion battery.