batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A recently introduced, novel electrical energy storage concept, the electrochemical flow capacitor (EFC), holds much promise for grid-scale energy storage applications. The EFC combines the principles behind the operation of flow batteries and supercapacitors, and enables rapid charging/discharging and decoupled energy/power ratings. Electrical charge is stored in a flowable carbon slurry composed of low-cost and abundantly available carbon particles in pH-neutral, aqueous electrolyte. Charge storage and transfer is analogous to solid carbon electrodes in conventional supercapacitors. Here, the effects of carbon particle solid fraction, shape, and size on the electrochemical and rheological properties of slurry electrodes are investigated. A static cell configuration is utilized for studying the electrochemical properties of the flowable electrodes. The electrochemical properties of the slurry electrodes tested in a static cell are found to be similar to that of solid electrodes in conventional supercapacitors for both, large spherical and anisometric activated carbons. Flow properties of the slurry electrodes are obtained for shear rates corresponding to pumping shear rates by rheometry. Results indicate that electrochemical and rheological properties of slurries depend on their concentration, shape and size of the carbon particles used in the slurries. For a range of concentrations, slurries based on spherical carbon particles show lower viscosities compared to anisometric activated carbon based slurries while performing similar electrochemically.
This paper presents a new approach, namely Intelligent Fuzzy Online Location Management Strategy (IFOLMS), based on Fuzzy clustering techniques to solve the mobile location management problem. Using a Fuzzy location estimator in this technique, mobile users’ past movements are used in making future paging decisions by the network. IFOLMS has the potential to lead to massive savings in the number of network signal transactions that must be made to locate users. Performance of the proposed approach has been measured by using several test networks; it shows promising results — around 50% reduction in network cost — when compared to many of the existing location management techniques (including GSM). Results also provide new insights into the mobility management problem and its associated performance issues.
This paper presents the design and testing through simulation of a Fuzzy Logic Energy Management System (FLEMS) for an autonomous polygeneration microgrid. In this microgrid the energy is produced by photovoltaics and a wind turbine and the rest of the components include a battery bank, a Proton Exhange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell, a PEM electrolyzer, a metal hydride tank and a reverse osmosis desalination unit using energy recovery. The microgrid covers the electricity, transport and water needs and thus its products are power, hydrogen as transportation fuel and potable water through desalination. Initially an ON/OFF approach to the management and control of the devices was adopted. In this paper a new approach based on fuzzy logic was designed and tested through simulation. The devices being managed are the fuel cell, desalination unit and electrolyzer unit. A design tool based on TRNSYS 16, Matlab, GenOpt 2.0 and TRNOPT was developed using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. Two microgrids were sized using this tool in order to compare the performance of FLEMS with the ON/OFF approach. The results show that FLEMS utilizes the available energy in the system better and the components’ sizes are, thus, considerably decreased.
Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed via inhalation to vapor condensates of either gasoline or gasoline combined with various fuel oxygenates to assess potential neurotoxicity of evaporative emissions. Test articles included vapor condensates prepared from “baseline gasoline” (BGVC), or gasoline combined with methyl tertiary butyl ether (G/MTBE), ethyl t-butyl ether (G/ETBE), t-amyl methyl ether (G/TAME), diisopropyl ether (G/DIPE), ethanol (G/EtOH), or t-butyl alcohol (G/TBA). Target concentrations were 0, 2000, 10,000 or 20,000mg/mg3 and exposures were for 6h/day, 5days/week for 13weeks. The functional observation battery (FOB) with the addition of motor activity (MA) testing, hematoxylin and eosin staining of brain tissue sections, and brain regional analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were used to assess behavioral changes, traditional neuropathology and astrogliosis, respectively. FOB and MA data for all agents, except G/TBA, were negative. G/TBA behavioral effects resolved during recovery. Neuropathology was negative for all groups. Analyses of GFAP revealed increases in multiplebrain regions largely limited to males of the G/EtOH group, findings indicative of minor gliosis, most significantly in the cerebellum. Small changes (both increases and decreases) in GFAP were observed for other test agents but effects were not consistent across sex, brain region or exposure concentration.
Access to low-cost, effective diagnosis for leptospirosis is urgently needed in developing countries. The EIE-IgM-Leptospirose, a kit produced for public health laboratories in Brazil, was shown to have a sensitivity of 76% (77 of 102 patients) and 100% (102 of 102 patients) during acute and convalescent-phase leptospirosis, respectively, and a specificity of 93–100% (total healthy and patient control subjects evaluated, 486). These findings indicate that the assay will be useful for diagnosis of this emerging infectious disease in Brazil and other developing countries.
Laminar flow fuel cells (LFFCs) overcome some key issues – most notably fuel crossover and water management – that typically hamper conventional polymer electrolyte-based fuel cells. Here we report two methods to further minimize fuel crossover in LFFCs: (i) reducing the cross-sectional area between the fuel and electrolyte streams, and (ii) reducing the driving force of fuel crossover, i.e. the fuel concentration gradient. First, we integrated a nanoporous tracketch separator at the interface of the fuel and electrolyte streams in a single-channel LFFC to dramatically reduce the cross-sectional area across which methanol can diffuse. Maximum power densities of 48 and 70mWcm−2 were obtained without and with a separator, respectively, when using 1M methanol. This simple design improvement reduces losses at the cathode leading to better performance and enables thinner cells, which is attractive in portable applications. Second, we demonstrated a multichannel cell that utilizes low methanol concentrations (<300mM) to reduce the driving force for methanol diffusion to the cathode. Using 125mM methanol as the fuel, a maximum power density of 90mWcm−2 was obtained. This multichannel cell further simplifies the LFFC design (one stream only) and its operation, thereby extending its potential for commercial application.
The electrochemical performance of a new electrolyte based on N-methoxyethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium fluorosulfonyl-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR12O1FTFSI) doped with LiFTFSI salt has been investigated. The electrolyte showed no evidence of crystalline phases even at low temperatures and possesses high ionic conductivity (3.7 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 20 °C) that makes it suitable for lithium battery applications. The new electrolyte has been tested in combination with aqueous processed, electrode materials such as Li4Ti5O12 and LiFePO4, showing good electrochemical performance even at room temperature. Lab-scale, lithium-ion cells comprising Li4Ti5O12/PYR12O1FTFSI-LiFTFSI/LiFePO4 were also assembled and tested. The cells exhibit stable cycling behavior at room temperature with an energy density of 130 Wh kg−1. Moreover, the cell was cycled at 1C up to 80 °C displays a capacity loss of about 30% but retaining high coulombic efficiency. These results demonstrate the feasibility of PYR12O1FTFSI-based ionic liquids as electrolytes for safer and greener lithium ion batteries with extended operative temperature range.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are considered as one of the most promising means to improve the near-term sustainability of the transportation and stationary energy sectors. This paper describes a methodology for the optimization of PHEVs component sizing using parallel chaos optimization algorithm (PCOA). In this approach, the objective function is defined so as to minimize the drivetrain cost. In addition, the driving performance requirements are considered as constraints. Finally, the optimization process is performed over three different all electric range (AER) and two types of batteries. The results from computer simulation show the effectiveness of the approach and the reduction in drivetrian cost while ensuring the vehicle performance.
Background Various neuropsychological domains, and P300 auditory event-related potentials (ERP) and mismatch negativity (MMN) exhibit abnormalities in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives. The aims of this study were to compare cognitive and P300/MMN measurements in schizophrenia patients, their siblings, and controls, and to identify the degree of familial influence on each measure. Methods Thirty patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV, 20 unaffected siblings and 25 healthy controls were able to complete all neuropsyhological and neurophysiological assessments. All participants were administered SCID-I and the patients were also evaluated regarding symptom severity and functioning. Neuropsychological battery testing results and P300/MMN measurements were obtained for all the participants. Results Both schizophrenia patients and their siblings had lower working memory, as measured by the Auditory Consonant Trigram Test (ACT), and lower MMN amplitude scores than the controls. In addition, the patients had lower attention, verbal memory, executive function, visuomotor speed, and figural memory scores than both the siblings and controls, and lower verbal fluency scores than controls. MMN and P300 amplitudes were lower and P300 latency longer in the schizophrenia patients, as compared to controls. P300 latency was also longer in the schizophrenia patients as compared to siblings and, MMN amplitudes were significantly lower in the siblings compared to controls. Working memory performance measured by ACT significantly predicted inclusion in both the patient and sibling groups and showed significant familial influence. MMN amplitude significantly predicted inclusion only to the patient group and did not show significant familial influence. Conclusion The schizophrenia patients exhibited impairment in various cognitive domains and P300/MMN measurements, versus impairment only in working memory and MMN amplitude in their siblings. Working memory seems to have a relatively strong familial influence among all the neuropsychological and neurophysiological parameters evaluated.
A number of studies have demonstrated that the relative timing of audiovisual stimuli is especially important for multisensory integration of speech signals although the neuronal mechanisms underlying this complex behavior are unknown. Temporal coincidence and congruency are thought to underlie the successful merging of two intermodal stimuli into a coherent perceptual representation. It has been previously shown that single neurons in the non-human primate prefrontal cortex integrate face and vocalization information. However, these multisensory responses and the degree to which they depend on temporal coincidence have yet to be determined. In this study we analyzed the response latency of ventrolateral prefrontal (VLPFC) neurons to face, vocalization and combined face–vocalization stimuli and an offset (asynchronous) version of the face–vocalization stimulus. Our results indicate that for most prefrontal multisensory neurons, the response latency for the vocalization was the shortest, followed by the combined face–vocalization stimuli. The face stimulus had the longest onset response latency. When tested with a dynamic face–vocalization stimulus that had been temporally offset (asynchronous) one-third of multisensory cells in VLPFC demonstrated a change in response compared to the response to the natural, synchronous face–vocalization movie. Our results indicate that prefrontal neurons are sensitive to the temporal properties of audiovisual stimuli. A disruption in the temporal synchrony of an audiovisual signal which results in a change in the firing of communication related prefrontal neurons could underlie the loss in intelligibility which occurs with asynchronous speech stimuli.
A 3-dimensional porous graphene material (PGM) has been synthesized using a simple two-step process: hydrothermal reaction and calcination. Hydrothermal reaction of graphene oxide (GO) in the presence of resorcinol and glutaraldehyde leads to covalent grafting of partially reduced GO with glutaraldehyde and the deposition of phenolic resin. Subsequent calcination of the composite consisting of phenolic resin deposited on partially reduced GO in the presence of KOH produces structurally stable, highly porous graphene material with a specific surface area of ∼1,066±2m2 g−1. When used as an active electrode material in a lithium battery, the PGM exhibits an initial discharge capacity of ∼1,538 mAh g−1, which is significantly higher than those of graphite and other carbonaceous materials reported previously. More importantly, when cycled at higher discharge/charge rates, the PGM-based electrodes still deliver large capacities and excellent cycling performance, demonstrating great potential for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. The attractive electrochemical performance of the PGM is attributed to its unique porous structure with large specific surface area and the presence of more disordered carbon atoms produced by the KOH activation.
In the present study, we prepared poly(ɛ-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL, PCEC) nanomaterials by solvent-extraction method. The obtained PCEC nanomaterials were studied extensively for acute toxicity and genotoxicity using bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test), chromosomal aberration test and mouse micronucleus test. All of the Sprague-Dawley rats did not show any mortality and clinical signs of toxicity after intravenous injection at the level of 2.4g/kg body weight. Thus, the LD50 of PCEC nanomaterials was determined to be greater than 2.4g/kg. In Ames test, PCEC nanomaterials were negative in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535 with or without metabolic activation. PCEC nanomaterials did not induce chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster lung cells up to 5000μg/mL with or without metabolic activation. Micronucleus assay demonstrated that PCEC nanomaterials did not significantly increase micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) in the bone marrow of ICR mice or suppress bone marrow, indicating they did not cause chromosome aberrations. In conclusion, our results indicated that PCEC nanomaterials did not cause any acute toxicity and genotoxicity in our experimental conditions. Its potential to be a candidate of drug carrier is worth being further investigated.
In this paper a three-dimensional (3D) conductivity model previously developed for a porous electrode having a simple cubic lattice structure is expanded to include other lattice structure types. The other structures analyzed are the extended simple cubic (XSC), body centered cubic (BCC), and face centered cubic (FCC) lattices. As in the previous paper, we model the 3D lattice of nodes as identical spheres in electrical contact with each of its neighbors, and calculate the micro-porosity (i.e. the space between the spheres) for each of the three lattice structures. We use these theoretical derivations to analyze positive electrodes in lead acid batteries. We calculate the macro-porosity (i.e. porosity created by vacant node elements) needed to achieve a 50% total porosity for a lead acid positive electrode whose porosity distributions had been experimentally determined previously by other researchers. When the theoretical micro-porosities are compared to the experimentally determined porosity distributions, the sphere size for each of the lattice arrangements can be estimated. In addition, we estimate the critical volume faction (CVF) which is the maximum utilization of the positive electrode's active material for each lattice type. For these different lattice structures, the estimated node sizes vary from 1 to 10μm and the critical volume fraction vary from 59% (SC) to 67% (XSC). An important result of this work is that the critical volume fractions for the physically realizable structures (i.e. SC, BCC, and FCC) are all very close to 60% which is the CVF for the 2D conductivity model.
Honda Motor Co Ltd has announced it will begin reusing rare earth materials it is currently extracting from used nickel-metal hydride batteries. The metals, extracted at the plant of Japan Metals & Chemicals Co Ltd, will be used not only for nickel-metal hydride batteries, but also for use in a wide range of parts. Honda is also striving to recycle rare earth metals extracted from a variety of used parts such as hybrid motors and lithium-ion batteries in addition to nickel-metal hydride batteries.
The recent progress at Sony in the design of practical olivine-type cathodes is reviewed briefly. First principle calculations revealed LiFePO4 is a semiconductor with ca. 0.3eV band gap and LiMnPO4 is an insulator with ca. 2eV band gap, which seems the major intrinsic obstacle to a smooth redox reaction at 4V in the Mn-rich phase. Attention is also focused on the lattice frustration induced by the strong electron (Mn3+: 3d4–egσ∗)–lattice interaction (Jahn-Teller effect) in the charged state of Li(Mn y Fe1−y )PO4 (0≤y≤1). Dense nanocomposite formation with disordered conductive carbon as well as the choice of the appropriate synthetic precursors is highlighted as important engineering aspects, followed by some specific issues concerning tolerance to unusual conditions.
Bioelectrocalorimetry allows assessing the heat (enthalpy) balance and revealing the microbial electrochemical Peltier heat of biofilm electrodes. This effect accounts for a heat formation of 27 ± 6 kJ mol−1 of electrons transferred and represents a significant energy loss for primary microbial electrochemical technologies.
Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour are common amongst breast cancer survivors. These behaviours are associated with an increased risk of comorbidities such as heart disease, diabetes and other cancers. Commercially available, wearable activity trackers (WATs) have potential utility as behavioural interventions to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour within this population.
The lithium-sulfur (Li–S) battery is a promising alternative to overcome capacity and specific energy limitations of common lithium-ion batteries. Highly porous, nitrogen-doped carbons as conductive host structures for sulfur/lithium sulfide deposition are shown herein to play a critical role in reversible cycling at low electrolyte/sulfur ratio. The pore geometry is precisely controlled by an efficient, scalable ZnO hard templating process. By using an electrolyte volume as low as 4 µL mg-1 S, the beneficial nitrogen functionality leads to a twofold increased cell lifetime turning our findings highly favorable for real applications. Stable cycling of up to 156 cycles (59 cycles with undoped carbon) with high sulfur loadings of 3 mg cm-2 is achieved. Operando X-ray diffraction measurements during cycling show the transformation pathway of the sulfur – polysulfide – Li2S species. The observed intermediates critically depend on the nitrogen doping in the cathode carbon matrix. Nitrogen-doped carbons facilitate polysulfide adsorption promoting the nucleation of crystalline Li2S. These results provide new insights into the significant role of heteroatom doping for carbons in Li-S batteries with high specific energy.
Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) is a commercially important rechargeable battery technology for both consumer and industrial applications due to design flexibility, excellent energy and power, environmental acceptability and cost. [1] From the initial product introduction in 1991 of cylindrical cells having an energy of 54Whkg−1, today's small consumer cells have a specific energy over 100Whkg−1. Numerous licensed manufacturers produce a myriad of NiMH products ranging from 30mAh button cells to a wide variety of consumer cylindrical products, prismatic cells up to 250Ah for electric buses and 6Ah multicell modules for hybrid electric vehicles. Power has increased from under 200 to 1200Wkg−1 commercially and up to 2000Wkg−1 at a development level [2]. Early NiMH batteries had limited operating temperatures while today's batteries can provide excellent power at cold temperatures of −30°C and provide over 90% capacity at 70°C. Many of these product performance advances are a result of innovations to the metal hydride and nickel hydroxide materials. We will report on some of these key material advances which provide today's NiMH performance and new materials to allow higher energy, power and significant cost reduction.
A method is presented that determines the porosity of a complete electrode plate used in lead-acid batteries. It requires only elementary equipment and is simple to operate, so that laboratory workers can use it as a routine method during manufacturing to determine the complete electrode's average porosity over a range of electrode sizes and types of both flat plate and tubular configuration. The method makes use of Archimedes’ principle and uses glycerol as displacement medium. This allows for the porosity determination of both cured and formed positive and negative electrodes, without the detrimental effect of lead oxidation, which is common when using water as a displacement medium. The study showed that the method of using glycerol as a displacement medium gave on average, good repeatable results for both cured and formed positive and negative electrode plates used in the manufacture of automotive lead-acid batteries. The porosity results of the method were compared to the results obtained using Hg porosimetry, where a statistical paired t-test showed the two techniques to produce comparable results for all types of plates analyzed. The porosity of various plates was compared to the surface area of the respective active material of both positive and negative electrodes. These results showed unusual trends in that, depending on the manufacturing conditions, the surface area of formed positive electrodes could vary significantly from sample to sample of different batches without little change in its respective porosity. The surface area of different formed negative electrodes, however, would only vary slightly with significant changes in their corresponding porosity. The glycerol displacement method was also shown to be suitable to determine the effective porosity of cured and formed positive tubular electrodes.
In this work, a test is presented to determine the theoretical identifiability of electrochemical models involving adsorption and absorption of intermediate species coupled to diffusion. Analysis of theoretical identifiability is needed before the practical identification in order to know whether the model parameters may be identified globally (unique solution) or locally (a finite number of solutions), or if they are non-identifiable (infinite number of solutions). An experimental identification procedure of the system parameters is also proposed, this method being adequate even for theoretically non-identifiable models. The identifiability test is applied to the analysis of hydrogen evolution and insertion in metallic substrates. To illustrate the proposed procedure, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data were used for the experimental estimation of the hydrogen reaction parameters on steel electrodes.