batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Newly amorphous Li2-x/100Co x/100S1-x/100O4-x/50 (xLiCoO2·(100-x)Li2SO4 (mol%)) positive electrode active materials are synthesized using mechanochemical techniques. SEM observation indicates that average radii of the Li1.2Co0.8S0.2O2.4 (80LiCoO2·20Li2SO4 (mol%)) particles are about 3 μm. HR-TEM images indicate that the particles comprise nano-crystalline and amorphous phases. The crystalline phase is attributable to cubic LiCoO2 phase. These active materials exhibit a high electronic conductivity of around 10−5–10−1 S cm−1 and an ionic conductivity of around 10−7–10−6 S cm−1 at room temperature. Bulk-type all-oxide solid-state cells (LiIn alloy/Li3BO3-based glass-ceramic electrolyte/amorphous Li2-x/100Co x/100S1-x/100O4-x/50) are fabricated by pressing at room temperature without high temperature sintering. Although the cell with the milled LiCoO2 shows no capacity, the cell using the Li1.2Co0.8S0.2O2.4 electrode with no conductive components (ca. 150 μm thickness) operates as a secondary battery at 100 °C, with an average discharge potential of 3.3 V (vs. Li+/Li) and discharge capacity of 163 mAh g−1. A positive electrode with large amounts of active materials is suitable for achieving high energy density in all-solid-state batteries. These newly synthesized amorphous Li2-x/100Co x/100S1-x/100O4-x/50 electrodes with ionic and electronic conductivities and good processability meet that demand.
Despite being the most effective treatment available, as many as one third of patients who receive exposure and response prevention (ERP) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not initially respond to treatment. Recent research suggests that the n-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor partial agonist D-Cycloserine (DCS) may speed up the course of ERP for OCD rather than enhance it. Thus, it is unclear whether DCS would benefit patients who have proven nonresponsive to ERP and serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The present study evaluated the ability of DCS to enhance ERP for 2 patients with OCD who previously had failed to show adequate response to treatment using time-series analysis. Both patients experienced greater reductions with DCS augmented ERP than they did with prior treatment; however, 1 patient relapsed by the 1-month follow-up. DCS augmented ERP might be an effective method for boosting outcomes in individuals who do not readily respond to ERP.
Lithium/sulfur (Li/S) battery has a 3–5 fold higher theoretical energy density than state-of-art lithium-ion batteries, and research has been ongoing for more than three decades. However, the commercialization of Li/S battery still cannot be realized due to many problematic issues, including short cycle life, low cycling efficiency, poor safety and a high self-discharge rate. All these issues are related to the dissolution of lithium polysulfide (PS), the series of sulfur reduction intermediates, in liquid electrolyte and to resulting parasitic reactions with the lithium anode and electrolyte components. On the other hand, the dissolution of PS is essential for the performance of a Li/S cell. Without dissolution of PS, the Li/S cell cannot operate progressively due to the non-conductive nature of elemental sulfur and its reduction products. In this review article, we start with the fundamental chemistry of elemental sulfur in order to discuss the problems and solutions of liquid electrolyte Li/S battery.
Along with high energy density, fast-charging ability would enable battery-powered electric vehicles. Here Yi Cui and colleagues review battery materials requirements for fast charging and discuss future design strategies.
We develop a simplified model to examine the effect of the shape and magnitude of the battery pulse-power capability on capacity usage and battery size. The simplified model expresses the capacity usage and a dimensionless battery area in terms of a dimensionless energy-to-power ratio and a parameter that characterizes the shape of the pulse-power capability. We also present dimensional results that show how the capacity usage depends on the equivalent-electric range and separator area, and how the battery area depends on the equivalent-electric range. Key results include the presence of a Langmuir-like relationship between the capacity usage and the dimensionless energy-to-power ratio, and a linear relationship between the dimensionless energy-to-power ratio and a dimensionless area, with a slope and offset that depend on the shape of the pulse-power capability. We also found that a flat pulse-power capability curve increases capacity usage and decreases battery size, and that two important parameters for battery design are (U − V min)V min/R, which reflects the maximum power capability, and Q〈V〉, which reflects the battery energy. The results and analysis contained herein are used to help interpret the results from a combined battery and vehicle model, presented in a companion paper.
Within 1 year of severe trauma to the left anterior temporal lobe and minor injury to the frontal lobes, a 35-year-old individual developed classic positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. His antipsychotic drug-induced parkinsonism was greater on the left side, suggesting increased left striatal dopaminergic transmission. The authors propose that even in adulthood, significant and selective disruption of fronto-temporal connectivity is sufficient to produce a phenocopy of schizophrenia.
Investigations of neuropsychological functioning in alcoholism have revealed executive and memory deficits which have been interpreted in the light of the “frontal lobe hypothesis” which asserts that the frontal lobes are particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of alcohol. Inspite of the known involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the processing of affective stimuli, only few studies concerning affective processing in alcoholism have been conducted so far. Alcoholics and healthy controls were compared by using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery which included the measurement of facial affect as well as affective prosody perception. Analysis revealed impairments of alcoholics with respect to naming prosody with incongruent semantic content and matching affective prosody to facial expression. Alcoholics showed deficits of affective prosody processing which became evident in ambiguous situations in which no additional cues could be used simultaneously for the interpretation of emotional prosody. These deficits could contribute to interpersonal problem solving and should thus be considered in the therapy of alcoholism.
In recent years, due to lack of sufficient quantity of fossil fuel, the need of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) has become an important matter. In addition to the shortage of fossil fuel, global warming is another concern for many countries and companies. These issues have caused a large number of RESs to be added into modern distribution systems. Nevertheless, the high penetration of RESs beside the intermittent nature of some resources such as Wind Turbines (WT) and Photovoltaic (PV) cause the variable generation and uncertainty in power system. Under this condition, an idea to solve problems due to the variable outputs of these resources is to aggregate them together. A collection of Distributed Generators (DGs), Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) and controllable loads that are aggregated and then are managed by an Energy Management System (EMS) which is called Virtual Power Plant (VPP). The objective of the VPP in this paper is to minimize the total operating cost, considering energy loss cost in a 24 h time interval. To solve the problem, Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA), a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm is proposed to determine optimal energy management of a VPP with RESs, Battery Energy Storage (BSS) and load control in a case study.
In this paper, recent advances in multi-input converters are studied. In the past, some DC/DC converters used to be connected parallel to each other and thus multi-input converters were created. But today, some new structures have been proposed for this purpose. The main reason behind employing these converters is using less semiconductors, occupying less volume, thus reduction in manufacturing cost of the converters. In this article, multiple input converters are categorized into three groups: magnetic, electrical and electro-magnetic types. The first group includes topologies that have multi-winding transformer. The second group consists of topologies that have DC-link and sources connected to the DC-link and the latter includes topologies that have DC-link and two-winding transformer. In this paper, the topologies of various multi-input DC/DC converters will be reviewed and compared from different aspect such as, the battery life, the soft-switching, the source utilization, the isolation between the input and the output. The main reason for composing this paper is the collection of information about DC/DC multi-input converters. This review paper is the first of its kind with the aim of providing an information source and a selection guide on multi-input DC/DC converters for researchers, designers and application engineers.
An impedance measurement approach with various current amplitudes is proposed to investigate the impedance behavior of power Lithium-ion battery in the frequency domain. Notably, the impedance arc is divided into amplitude-independent response in the high-frequency range and amplitude-dependent response in medium-frequency range. A shrinking of semi-circle diameter of the impedance arc at medium-frequency part of measured spectrum is distinctly observed with rising current amplitude. Thus, a series of particular experiments are performed to facilitate the interpretation of the phenomenon. The possible influencing factors for the battery, including its state of charge, internal pressure, and temperature rise during the high-rate short-time charge/discharge, are illustrated and excluded for analysis, respectively. Based on the analysis of Butler-Volmer equation and Arrhenius empirical equation, a formula, which contains temperature and current known to influence the charge-transfer resistance, is derived logically. It indicates that the charge-transfer resistance reduces as the current amplitude increases at a fixed temperature, which fundamentally dominates the shrinking of the semi-circle at medium frequencies. Therefore, the medium-frequency impedance arc is able to represent the chemical reaction process, even under large current excitation (within a certain range).
Abstract This chapter summarizes properties and characterization of a broad range of functional polymeric materials. The attention is drawn toward hybrid polymers for electroactive applications. The first section describes photoactive polymer materials for optoelectronics with a focus on the properties and characterization techniques. The second section examines the physicochemical properties of polymeric materials for storing and transducing energy as well as techniques to characterizing them. More specifically, functional materials that have found applications in supercapacitors and carbon nanotube-based hybrid actuators will be discussed. Each section comprises an overview of material characterization techniques with chosen literature examples preceded by an introduction of the necessary general background.
The novel multi-substituted LiNi0.475Al0.01Cr0.04Mn1.475O3.95F0.05 cathode material is synthesized via a sol–gel method. The results show that this material has a well-defined cubic spinel structure, Fd3m space group. The excellent rate capability can be obtained from this material to deliver a discharge capacity of 136.6, 129.0, 119.9, 104.5 and 86.4mAhg−1 at rates of 0.2, 5, 10, 15 and 20C, respectively. It still exhibits satisfactory cycle stability at room temperature (20°C) and elevated temperature (55°C), achieving 128.6 and 129.5mAhg−1 at 1C with the capacity retention of 98% and 99.7% after 100 cycles, respectively. Besides, the favorable rate cycle performance at 55°C has been shown to retain 95.2% of the maximum discharge capacity (102.7mAhg−1) at 10C after 100 cycles. The stable structure, high reversibility and electrochemical reaction kinetics afforded by multiple ions existing in the spinel appear to contribute to the excellent electrochemical performance.
The electrochemical behaviors and pseudocapacitive effects of Cu2+ and Fe2+ ions in porous carbons were investigated. The results indicate that the capacity of an electrochemical capacitor (EC) was indeed significantly improved with the introduction of Cu2+ to the electrolyte of H2SO4 (H2SO4 +Cu2+ system), yet appearing unstable because of the relatively irreversible redox process. However, a stable electrochemical process was obtained when Fe2+ ions were added to the H2SO4 +Cu2+ electrolyte (H2SO4 +Cu2+/Fe2+ system), with its capacity even reaching 223mAh/g at a current density of 0.1A/g, which is higher than that of the H2SO4 +Cu2+ system. This observation strongly suggests that a synergistic electrochemical interaction occurred between Cu2+ and Fe2+ ions during the charge/discharge process, giving rise to the much improved reversibility of the electrochemical process of Cu2+/Cu on the electrode surface.
Biochemical analysis, and imaging using a copper-sensitive fluorescent sensor, demonstrate that copper regulates cAMP-mediated lipolysis by inhibiting the activity of the cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase PDE3B.
The electrochemical and structural properties of cobalt oxide films which are deposited at different sputtering gas-ratios of O2/(Ar+O2) are investigated. In order to examine the electrochemical properties of the as-deposited films, all solid-state thin-film supercapacitors (TFSCs) are fabricated. There consist of Co3O4 electrodes and an amorphous LiPON thin-film electrolyte. It is shown that the capacitance behaviour of the Co3O4/LiPON/Co3O4 TFSCs is similar to bulk-type supercapacitor behaviour. It is further shown that the electrochemical behaviour of the TFSCs is dependent on the sputtering gas-ratios. The gas-ratio dependence of the capacitance of the oxide electrode films is discussed based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrical results for the Co3O4 films.
Carbon nanotubes with large surface area and surface nitrogen and oxygen functional groups are prepared by carbonizing and activating of polyaniline nanotubes, which is synthesized by polymerization of aniline with the self-assembly method in aqueous media. The physicochemical properties of the carbon nanotubes are characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, elemental analyses and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The surface area and pore diameter are 618.9m2 g−1 and 3.10nm. The electrochemical properties of the carbon nanotubes as anode materials in lithium ion batteries are evaluated. At a current density of 100mAg−1, the activated carbon nanotube shows an enormously first discharge capacity of about 1370mAhg−1 and a charge capacity of 907mAhg−1. After 20 cycling tests, the activated carbon nanotube retains a reversible capacity of 728mAhg−1. These indicate it may be a promising candidate for an anode material for lithium secondary batteries.
Mesoporous NiCo2O4 nanoneedle arrays on graphene film grown directly on a three-dimensional Ni foam have been fabricated by a facile hydrothermal method, accompanied by annealing under air atmosphere. The BET specific surface area of NiCo2O4@graphene film@Ni foam is as high as 47.65 m2 g−1. The porous composites served as a binder-free anode material for lithium-ion batteries display an excellent and stable electrochemical performance with high specific capacities of 1232 mAh g−1 at the current density of 500 mA g−1 over 100 cycles and 1493 mAh g−1 at the current density of 1500 mA g−1 after 230 cycles with Coulombic efficiency higher than 97%. Moreover, a fairly high rate capacity of 586 mAh g−1 retained even at a high current density of 8000 mA g−1. The outstanding electrochemical performance should be attributed to synergetic effect of NiCo2O4 nanoneedle arrays with mesoporous nature and high specific area as well as graphene substrate supporting, which can accommodate the volume variation during the electrochemical reactions and facilitate the ion and electron transmission.
This paper describes the capacity fade of LiMn2O4/graphite batteries under different external conditions. The discharge capacity and the cycling performance of the batteries were investigated. Compared with batteries cycled under constant-temperature (25°C) conditions, LiMn2O4/graphite batteries cycled under alternating temperatures and with vibration (referred to as operating-mode conditions) faded more rapidly. The reasons for the accelerated capacity fade of LiMn2O4/graphite batteries under operating-mode conditions were investigated using XRD, SEM, DSC, EDS, ICP and AC impedance. Compared with batteries cycled under constant-temperature conditions, the crystallinity of LiMn2O4 in batteries cycled under operating-mode conditions was poor, and the lattice parameter and the amount of dissolved Mn increased, which resulted in an accelerated capacity fade under operating-mode conditions. With an increased number of cycles, the thermal stability of the anode surface membrane decreased, whereas the anode surface membrane was severely damaged by the alternating temperature and vibrations. This damage led to the surface membrane being repaired more rapidly and the formation of grains with a mushroom-like morphology on the anode surface. As a result, the impedance increased more rapidly, and the capacity fade accelerated.
The Co–BN composites are synthesized by ball-milling metallic Co and boron nitride (BN) powder with a different Co/BN weight ratio. The microstructure, morphology and chemical state of the obtained Co–BN composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). After ball milling, Co nanoparticles of 10–30nm in size are distributed on the amorphous BN matrix. The electrochemical measurements, including galvanostatic method and cyclic voltammetry (CV), show that the Co–BN composite with the Co/BN weight ratio of 5/1 has a good cycle performance and a high reversible electrochemical capacity in 6M KOH solution. Moreover, the Co–BN composite can be discharged directly without the first charging process. The higher initial discharge capacity, observed in the first cycle of the pre-charged sample, can be explained by an initial reduction of the oxidized species on the surface of the Co–BN composite and subsequent oxidation. The partial dissolution of Co(OH)2 in alkaline solution would further increase the active surface area of the material for the considerable decrease in overpotential after the first cycle. Based on a structure analysis and electrochemical measurement, the reversible faradic reaction of the highly dispersed active Co nanoparticles in the Co–BN composite is dominant.
Bimetallic sulfides have exhibited promising applications in advanced sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their relatively high electronic conductivity and electrochemical activity. In this study, for the first time, the N/S dual-doped reduced graphene oxide (rGO) encapsulating hollow ZnSnS3 nano-microcubes (N/S-rGO@ZnSnS3) is designed to improve the sluggish reaction kinetics, poor cycling stability and unsatisfactory rate capability of metal sulfides. To examine this design, the cycling stability and rate capability of the desired anode material is studied in detail. It is found that N/S-rGO@ZnSnS3 hybrid delivers a high discharge capacity of 501.7 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, and a reversible capacity of 290.7 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1.0 A g−1 with a capacity fading of 0.06% per cycle. The cycling stability as well as rate capability of N/S-rGO@ZnSnS3 are superior to those of the pristine hollow ZnSnS3 cubes/un-doped rGO composite. It is convinced that the electrode performance is strongly rooted in its structural conformation. Furthermore, the structural evolutions of ZnSnS3 reactions with sodium are revealed by in situ X-ray diffraction combined with ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which provides a valuable revelation for the understanding of reaction mechanism toward bimetallic sulfides and beyond.
This study aims at identifying behavioural and psychological pretreatment predictors of 12- and 36-month weight loss in women with overweight/obesity enrolled in a behavioural weight management intervention.
Passive thermal management systems using phase change materials (PCMs) provides an effective solution to the overheating of lithium ion batteries. But this study shows heat accumulation in PCMs caused by the inefficient cooling of air natural convection leads to thermal management system failures: The temperature in a battery pack operating continuously outranges the safety limit of 60°C after two cycles with discharge rate of 1.5C and 2C. Here a hybrid system that integrates PCMs with forced air convection is presented. This combined system successfully prevents heat accumulation and maintains the maximum temperature under 50°C in all cycles. Study on airspeed effects reveals that thermo-physical properties of PCMs dictate the maximum temperature rise and temperature uniformity in the battery pack, while forced air convection plays a critical role in recovering thermal energy storage capacity of PCMs. A numerical study is also carried out and validated with experiment data, which gives theoretic insights on thermo-physical changes in this hybrid battery thermal management system.
The AB5-type metal alloy (Mm–Ni4.1Al0. 2Mn0.4Co0.45) has been investigated in different electrolytes (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH). All of the electrochemical measurements have been performed using limited volume electrode technique (LVE). Thickness of the working electrode is nearly equal to the diameter of the grain (ca. 50 μm). Hydrogen diffusion coefficient has been determined using chronoamperometry. Hydrogen diffusion coefficient calculated for 100% state of charge reaches maximum value in KOH (D H = 4.65·10−10 cm2 s−1). We have obtained the highest value of capacity for the electrode in KOH and the lowest – in CsOH. The temperature influence on alloy capacity has been also tested. The alloy has been also characterised with SEM coupled with EDS, TGA/DSC and powder XRD. The unit cell of MmNi4.1Al0. 2Mn0.4Co0.45 have been refined in the Cu5.4Yb0.8 structure type (a modified LaNi5 structure); the structure is unaffected by the electrochemical treatment.
In the present study, the effect of word length on lexical decision in dyslexic and normal reading children was investigated. Dyslexics of 10-years old, chronological age controls, and reading age controls read words and pseudowords consisting of 3 to 6 letters in a lexical decision task. Length effects were much stronger in dyslexics and reading age controls than in chronological age controls. These results support the contention that dyslexics continue to rely on a predominantly sub-lexical reading procedure, whereas for normal readers the contribution of a lexical reading procedure increases. The relevance of the findings for current computational models of reading is discussed.