batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Pure cultures of phototrophic sulfur bacteria were compared to natural populations that bloom in karstic lakes by electrophoretic analysis of low molecular mass RNA molecules (lmwRNA) and microscopy. Similarities between dominant community members, field isolates and reference strains were established by comparing the lmwRNA band patterns through dendrograms produced with Euclidean distances and the average linkage clustering method, by a single, quick, one-step method. The fingerprinting analysis had three objectives: (i) to compare microbial assemblages from different geographical locations, (ii) to compare those organisms which grow in pure culture to those forming planktonic blooms and (iii) to give a preliminary view of the identity of the predominant community members. The lmwRNA analysis yielded a number of clusters consistent with the microscopic observations and allowed rapid comparison of the microbial communities without the need to isolate their individual components. The fingerprints of natural communities were different from most of the laboratory strains tested. Purple sulfur bacteria responsible for the blooms analyzed in karstic lakes were more closely related to the Thiocystis group than to the classical strains extensively studied in the laboratory.
Solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation at highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface has been studied with in-situ AFM. The morphology and thickness of both the top particle layer of the SEI and the bottom layer of the SEI that was caused by lithium insertion were investigated. The formation mechanism of the SEI was proposed accordingly. Ex-situ FESEM and EDS were also used to analyze the composition of the electrode after cycling to confirm the proposed mechanism.
Uniform FeCO3 cubes with edge length of ∼300nm were prepared by a facile one-step hydrothermal reaction and studied as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Interestingly, the FeCO3 anode has an extremely high initial specific capacity of 1796mAhg−1. After cycling at a current rate of 200mAg−1 for 130 cycles, an excellent discharge capacity of 761mAhg−1 is still maintained. Moreover, the FeCO3 anode exhibits significant high-rate capability, e.g., ∼430mAhg−1 is obtained at a current rate of 1200mAg−1. The observation of the FeCO3 cubes represents an important development of realizing both high capacity and good cycleability in conversion type anode materials for lithium-ion battery at the same time. Such cheap, easy-to-make, and environmentally benign material is promising for practical deployment for lithium ion batteries anode.
In a novel design of lithium-ion batteries, hollow electrode particles coated with stiff shells are used to mitigate mechanical and chemical degradation. In particular, silicon anodes of such core–shell nanostructures have been cycled thousands of times with little capacity fading. To reduce weight and to facilitate lithium diffusion, the shell should be thin. However, to avert fracture and debonding from the core, the shell must be sufficiently thick. This tradeoff is considered here by calculating the stress fields resulting from concurrent insertion reaction and plastic flow for both spherical and cylindrical hollow core–shell nanostructures. Conditions to avert fracture and debonding are identified in terms of the radius of the core, the thickness of the shell, and the state of charge. The effect of the stress on the electrochemical reaction is also discussed.
One of the primary technical challenges of integrating high levels of PV generation into standalone off-grid power supply systems is their variable power output characteristics. In dealing with this issue, the integration of reliable PV forecasting techniques and preferably energy storage, are highly effective. Applying a short-term PV forecasting method, together with a compensatory controllable resource, can help in the management of system operation. This study incorporates the development of an energy flow modelling tool that has been used to analyse the benefits of 1-min ahead PV forecasting and battery storage for different system configurations. Based on the five days of 1-min ahead forecasting results analysed, it is found that PV forecasting enables the prosumer to install more than double the PV capacity, compared to the allowed installed PV capacity when no forecasting is employed. This additional PV capacity saves around 24–25% (on average) of diesel fuel per day for the diesel-PV-battery configuration. The outcomes evidently indicate that incorporating 1-min ahead PV forecasting enables a significant increase of PV hosting capacity of the system, without compromising the reliability of the system.
Understanding zinc deposition during charging is important for the development of electrically rechargeable zinc-air batteries. For this purpose, the influences of cathodic overpotential and zincate concentration on zinc deposition in 6 M KOH solution were investigated by electrochemical and morphology characterization. When the zincate concentration is lower than 0.1 M, or the cathodic overpotential is more positive than −30 mV, the first charge-transfer reaction (Zn(OH)2 + e− → Zn(OH) + OH−) tends to be the rate-determining step. The second charge-transfer reaction (Zn(OH) + e− → Zn + OH−) becomes the rate-determining step at zincate concentration higher than 0.2 M and cathodic overpotentials larger than −50 mV. A low zincate concentration and small cathodic overpotential help suppress dendritic zinc deposition. These results will promote the performance of zinc anodes during the charging of zinc-air batteries.
Water uptake of single salts and electrolytes were measured in industrial conditions (dry-room). The water uptake rate ϑ (gh−1 cm−2) was expressed with respect to the apparent area of contact of the salt with atmosphere of the dry room. The water uptake by potassium-based salts was very low. LiF and LiCl salts were found to behave similarly. For LiBr- and LiI-based salts and mixtures, we pointed out a linear relationship between the water uptake and the elapsed time. Water uptake by magnesium oxide reached a limit after 200h. This work provides a set of data concerning the rate of water uptake by single salts, salt mixtures and magnesia used in thermal battery electrolytes.
Sodium hexa meta phosphate (SHMP) is an inorganic salt with a polymeric structure which produces massive branches of hexa meta phosphate anions (HMP−) in an acidic environment. The main goal of the presented work is to investigate the influence of SHMP as an electrolyte additive on the performance of the lead-acid batteries. To achieve the point, the examinations are done in two separate ways: i) Investigation electrochemical behavior of lead alloy electrode, by studying Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (HER and OER) with electrochemical techniques including; Cyclic Voltammetry and Linear Sweep Voltammetry. Then, Scan of Electron Microscopy (SEM performed to study the surface of the electrode after electrochemical treatments. By increasing SHMP concentration, overpotential of hydrogen and oxygen evolution is increased due to improving particle size of PbSO4 which consequently lessens water loss. ii) Real battery tests including; water consumption test, capacity measurements and High Rate Partial State of Charge (HRPSoC) as a cycle-life examination. Also, Scan of Electron Microscopy from the surface of the negative electrode and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis of negative electrode plate at the charge and discharge state after cycle-life test are prepared for study the PbSO4 particles size and quantity or the morphology of sulfating layer. Addition of SHMP to the electrolyte of the lead-acid battery increases cycle-life numbers and accordingly prolongs battery life. Therefore, SHMP is a promising electrolyte additive and it would be used with a combination of additives to increase the overall performance of a lead-acid battery.
Although prolonged exposure therapy (PE) is considered an evidence-based treatment for PTSD, there has been little published about the use of this treatment for older adults with comorbid early-stage dementia. As the number of older adults in the United States continues to grow, so will their unique mental health needs. The present article describes the successful coordination of care and application of PE in the assessment and treatment of a Vietnam veteran with comorbid PTSD and early-stage dementia. Measures related to the patient's cognitive and psychological functioning were obtained before, during, and after treatment. PE was associated with significant declines in PTSD and depression symptoms. Moreover, the patient's cognitive functioning was made clearer in the absence of severe psychiatric symptoms. Factors contributing to the patient's positive response are discussed.
The Government of India has recently announced the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan, which sets ambitious targets for electric vehicle deployment in India. One important barrier to substantial market penetration of EVs in India is the impact that large numbers of EVs will have on an already strained electricity grid. Properly predicting the impact of EVs on the Indian grid will allow better planning of new generation and distribution infrastructure as the EV mission is rolled out. Properly predicting the grid impacts from EVs requires information about the electrical energy consumption of different types of EVs in Indian driving conditions. This study uses detailed vehicle powertrain models to estimate per kilometer electrical consumption for electric scooters, 3-wheelers and different types of 4-wheelers in India. The powertrain modeling methodology is validated against experimental measurements of electrical consumption for a Nissan Leaf. The model is then used to predict electrical consumption for several types of vehicles in different driving conditions. The results show that in city driving conditions, the average electrical consumption is: 33Wh/km for the scooter, 61Wh/km for the 3-wheeler, 84Wh/km for the low power 4-wheeler, and 123Wh/km for the high power 4-wheeler. For highway driving conditions, the average electrical consumption is: 133Wh/km for the low power 4-wheeler, and 165Wh/km for the high power 4-wheeler. The impact of variations in several parameters are modeled, including the impact of different driving conditions, different levels of loading by air conditions and other ancillary components, different total vehicle masses, and different levels of motor operating efficiency.
The relationships between Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-R) with the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) were examined for a sample of 100 children (70 males and 30 females) ages 5 to 16. The sample was comprised of children who were referred to a specialty clinic for evaluation in Tehran. Participants were administered the WISC- R and the CAS. Results indicated that all subtests of CAS/WISC-R correlations were significant. Arithmetic subtest of WISC had high correlation with the four separate CAS scales and full scale, but picture completion subtest of WISC-R had low correlation with the four separate CAS scales and full scale. These results showed that the CAS/WISC-R correlations with achievement were significant.
This paper analyses the way numerical data on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) quantities are recorded, processed and then reported for six of the most meaningful Italian Districts and shows the difficulties found during the comparison of these Districts, starting from the lack of homogeneity and the fragmentation of the data indispensable to make this critical analysis. These aspects are often ignored, but data certainty are the basis for serious MSW planning. In particular, the paper focuses on overall Source Separation Level (SSL) definition and on the influence that Special Waste (SW) assimilated to MSW has on it. An investigation was then necessary to identify new parameters in place of overall SSL. Moreover, these parameters are not only important for a waste management system performance measure, but are fundamental in order to design and check management plan and to identify possible actions to improve it.
A standardized battery of quantitative sensory tests developed by the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS) was used to assess the association between somatosensory dysfunction and disease duration in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS).
Specific inter-ictal personality characteristics in epilepsy, sometimes referred to as “Waxman–Geschwind Syndrome”, have been recognized for centuries and extensively described. Despite the persevering clinical impression that patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsies (MTLE) suffer from problems in communication and interpersonal relations, uncertainties and controversies remain as to the precise origin of these psychosocial difficulties. Here, we investigated social–cognitive and decision-making abilities by using a set of tasks that combine behavioral and psychological measures of social and emotional variables to answer the question of whether patients with MTLE are specifically impaired in social cognition compared to both an epilepsy group and a healthy control group. MTLE patients, an epilepsy control group (extra-MTLE; patients with epilepsy, not originating within the frontal or mesial temporal lobe) and healthy controls (HC) were assessed according to their general cognitive status as well as with our social cognition battery, which included tests of basic processes of social cognition, theory of mind, decision making, and various aspects of psychopathology and quality of life. MTLE patients were significantly impaired compared to HC on most measures of the social cognition battery. MTLE patients were predominantly impaired in general emotion recognition compared to extra-MTLE patients. Performance in the epilepsy control group, although not significantly differing from performance in either the MTLE or the healthy control group, lay between these two groups. MTLE can be considered a significant risk factor for the development of deficits in social cognition beyond weaknesses that might be associated with epilepsy as a stigmatized chronic neurological disorder. The presence of deficits in social cognition may explain various behavioural symptoms that have historically driven concepts such as “epileptic personality” or “inter-ictal personality disorder” and may indicate new routes for therapeutic interventions.
Low temperature synthesis of the lithium-rich cubic spinel Li4Mn5O12 with an oxidation state very close to +4 is described. The effect of doping this compound with cobalt according to the solid solution mechanism Li4−x Mn5−2x Co3x O12 up to the solid solution limit, LiMnCoO4, has also been explored. The evolution of the structure and electrochemistry with increasing cobalt doping is described. With increasing x there is increasing population of the tetrahedral 8a site by transition metal ions reaching 25% occupancy by Co at LiMnCoO4 with corresponding displacement of Li to 16d sites. The optimum performance was obtained for the composition Li3.75Mn4.5Co0.75O12 which yields a capacity of 150mAg−1 at a rate of 25mAg−1 (equivalent to C/6) with no perceptible capacity loss, in sharp contrast to the pure Mn materials.
Recently, we have developed a boron based electrolyte system with outstanding electrochemical performance, formed through the reaction of tri(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borane (Mes3B) and PhMgCl in THF, for rechargeable magnesium batteries. In this paper, the main components and equilibria of the unique boron based electrolyte solutions are identified by NMR, single-crystal XRD, etc. The results prove that the solutions contain various magnesium species, such as Mg2Cl3+, MgCl+, Ph2Mg and the tetracoordinated boron anion [Mes3BPh]−. Fluorescence spectra and Raman spectroscopy analyses indicate that the high anodic stability (ca. 3.5 V vs. Mg reference electrode (RE)) of the Mes3B–(PhMgCl)2 electrolyte is attributed to the non-covalent interactions between the anion [Mes3BPh]− and Ph2Mg. Furthermore, the air sensitivity of the boron based electrolyte and its electrochemical stability on the different current collectors are studied. Finally, the reversible electrochemical process of Mg intercalation into a Mo6S8 cathode confirms that the boron based electrolyte could be practically used in rechargeable Mg battery systems.
Wearables consist of numerous technologies that are worn on the body and measure parameters such as step count, distance travelled, heart rate and sleep quantity. Recently, various wearable systems have been designed capable of detecting spinal posture and providing live biofeedback when poor posture is sustained. It is hypothesised that long-term use of these wearables may improve spinal posture.
Equipped with hardware, such as accelerometer and heart rate sensor, wearables enable measuring physical activities and heart rate. However, the accuracy of these heart rate measurements is still unclear and the coupling with activity recognition is often missing in health apps. This study evaluates heart rate monitoring with four different device types: a specialized sports device with chest strap, a fitness tracker, a smart watch, and a smartphone using photoplethysmography. In a state of rest, similar measurement results are obtained with the four devices. During physical activities, the fitness tracker, smart watch, and smartphone measure sudden variations in heart rate with a delay, due to movements of the wrist. Moreover, this study showed that physical activities, such as squats and dumbbell curl, can be recognized with fitness trackers. By combining heart rate monitoring and activity recognition, personal suggestions for physical activities are generated using a tag-based recommender and rule-based filter.
There has been a long-standing debate in the fields of philosophy and cognitive science surrounding the relationship of language to cognition, but the exact nature of this relationship is still unclear (Sokolov, 1968/1972). In the current study, we explored the role of language in one aspect of cognition, namely problem solving, by administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) to stroke patients with varying degrees of language impairment (Experiment 1) and to normal participants under conditions of articulatory suppression (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, there was a significant correlation between performance on the WCST and language measures such as comprehension and naming. Demonstrating the specificity of this result, we also found a significant relationship between language performance and another test of problem solving, the Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices, but no relationship between language and a test of visuospatial functioning. In Experiment 2, normal participants were significantly impaired on the WCST under conditions of articulatory suppression, relative to a baseline condition. Together, these findings suggest that language plays a role in complex problem solving, possibly through covert language processes.
Although Li/CFx and Li/CFxMnO2 have two of the highest energy densities of all commercial lithium primary batteries known to date, they are typically current-limited and therefore are not used in high-power applications. In this work, a Li/CFxMnO2 battery (BA-5790) was hybridized with a 1000 F lithium ion capacitor to allow its use for portable electronic devices requiring 100 W 1-min pulses. An intelligent, power-management board was developed for managing the energy flow between the components. The hybrid architecture was shown to maintain the battery current to a level that minimized energy loss and thermal stress. The performance of the Li/CFxMnO2 hybrid was compared to the standard Li/SO2 battery (BA-5590). The hybrid was shown to deliver the same number of 100 W pulse cycles as two BA-5590 batteries, resulting in a weight savings of 30% and a volumetric reduction of 20%. For devices requiring 8 h of operational time or less, a 5-cell Li/CFxMnO2 hybrid was found to be a lighter (55%) and smaller (45%) power source than the existing two BA-5590 battery option, and a lighter (42%) and smaller (27%) option than 1½ BA-5790 batteries alone. At higher power requirements (>100 W), further weight and size improvements can be expected.
Nickel hydroxide nanoparticles were synthesized at low temperature by simple green synthesis method using starch as the capping agent and water as the solvent. The structure and morphology of the nickel hydroxide particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The prepared α-nickel hydroxide nanoparticles were found to be crystalline. The TEM images reveal the nanostructure of the nickel hydroxide. The average particle size of the nanoparticle estimated from the TEM measurement was 15nm. Electrochemical investigations were carried out using cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge and impedance analysis. From cyclic voltammetric studies, maximum specific capacitance of 534Fg−1 was obtained at a scan rate of 2mVs−1.
Symmetrical supercapacitors and their serially connected two-cell stacks via a bipolar electrode were constructed with nanocomposites of manganese oxides and carbon nanotubes (MnO x /CNTs) as the electrode materials. Nanocomposites with different contents of MnO x were synthesised through the redox reaction between KMnO4 and CNTs in aqueous solutions. The nanocomposites were characterised by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, BET nitrogen adsorption and X-ray diffraction before being examined in a three-electrode cell with a novel trenched graphite disc electrode by electrochemical means, including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charging–discharging, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The nanocomposites demonstrated capacitive behaviour in the potential range of 0–0.85V (vs Ag/AgCl) in aqueous KCl electrolytes with less than 9% capacitance decrease after 9000 charging–discharging cycles. Symmetrical supercapacitors of identical positive and negative MnO x /CNTs electrodes showed capacitive performance in good agreement with the individual electrodes (e.g. 0.90V, 0.53F, 1.3cm2). The bipolarly connected two-cell stacks of the symmetrical cells exhibited characteristics in accordance with expectation, including a doubled stack voltage and reduced internal resistance per cell.
Lithium (Li) ion batteries are in high demand by most of portable electronic devices. Silicon (Si), owing to its large theoretical energy density (4200mAhg−1), is a promising candidate for anode material. However, loss of electrical contact caused by the pulverization that comes from the enormous volume changes during charging and discharging process hinders its application. The aim of the current work is to elucidate the possibility of using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the Si reinforcement to minimize the volume expansions. Firstly, ab initio simulations demonstrate that the Li ions can permeate CNT through the tube end freely under the normal charge voltage (∼3.6V). Then, molecular dynamics simulations are adopted to analyze the strength improvement of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) encapsulated by CNT. The compression simulations of SiNW were performed to reveal the expansion processes during Li ion insertion into the electrode. The results show that the smaller the SiNW is, the better the reinforcing effect is. A phase transition appears in the SiNW encapsulated by CNT during compression, which makes SiNW more ductile. The simulation results provide an effective way for the SiNW reinforcement in the Li ion battery.