batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The design of high-temperature polymer fuel cells (PEMFCs), e.g. those expected for automotive applications, requires a deep understanding of the electrochemical reactions occurring in the device during operation. Operando electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy can constitute a powerful investigation tool to this aim. At present, however, some strong technical limitations, like low sensitivity to less mobile protons, and the limited temperature range of analysis, have bound its use to case models based on perfluorinated membranes operating at high relative humidity and low temperature. By means of a suitable design of the experimental set-up and the use of a new 3D acquisition protocol, we proved the feasibility of electrochemical NMR microscopy on low-water containing polybenzimidazole-based devices, thus allowing full operando characterization of high-temperature PEMFCs, and also paving the way for applications to other electrochemical devices, such as batteries, sensors, supercapacitors, etc.
A novel composite co-precipitation method is developed to prepare high performance LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. Combined with a facile hydrothermal treatment, a precise stoichiometric LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is obtained. The product has classic Fd3m structure, and meanwhile the content of Mn3+ is strictly limited. Additionally, the as-prepared LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 has a spherical hierarchical morphology, composed of nano or submicron primary particles. Compared to traditional methods, the obtained LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 shows superlative electrochemical performances. It delivers a high capacity of 144.9mAhg−1 and a high initial columbic efficiency of 98.1%, importantly 98.2% of the capacity discharges at 4.7V plateau. After 200 cycles under 0.3C, 1C and 3C, the material retains 96.3%, 94.4% and 91.1% of the original capacities, respectively. Chemical and electrochemical measurements indicate that it is the elimination of Mn3+ in the spinel that leads to the high capacity of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 discharging at 4.7V high voltage. The spherical hierarchical morphology as well as the retained Fd3m structure effectively favors the rates performance. In addition, this hierarchical morphology also plays a significant role in improving the tap density of the cathode material.
The electrochemical reduction of oxygen has been studied on gold, boron-doped diamond (BDD) and glassy carbon (GC) electrodes in a ternary eutectic mixture of acetamide (CH3CONH2), urea (NH2CONH2) and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), chronoamperometry and rotating disk electrode (RDE) voltammetry techniques have been employed to follow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The mechanism for the electrochemical reduction of oxygen on polycrystalline gold involves 2-step, 2-electron pathways of O2 to H2O2 and further reduction of H2O2 to H2O. The first 2-electron reduction of O2 to H2O2 passes through superoxide intermediate by 1-electron reduction of oxygen. Kinetic results suggest that the initial 1-electron reduction of oxygen to HO2 is the rate-determining step of ORR on gold surfaces. The chronoamperometric and RDE studies show a potential dependent change in the number of electrons on gold electrode. The oxygen reduction reaction on boron-doped diamond (BDD) seems to proceed via a direct 4-electron process. The reduction of oxygen on the glassy carbon (GC) electrode is a single step, irreversible, diffusion limited 2-electron reduction process to peroxide.
Since the so-called ‘shuttle effect’ is the key obstacle for the practical development of lithium-sulfur batteries, the present attempt is to make the separator less permeable for polysulfides. For this purpose, we synthesized Ni-based metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF) particles and coated them with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) onto the polyethylene (PE) separator. The Ni-MOF particles on separator effectively blocked the migration of lithium polysulfides toward the anode side owing to the strong interaction between Ni-MOFs and lithium polysulfides. The highly conductive MWCNTs in the coating layer allowed reutilization of the trapped reaction intermediates during the subsequent cycles. Due to these beneficial effects of coating materials, the lithium-sulfur cell assembled with Ni-MOF/MWCNT-coated PE separator initially delivered a high discharge capacity of 1358 mAh g−1 with good cycling stability and high-rate performance.
This review focuses on the potential role that oxidative stress plays in the adverse effects of PM10. The central hypothesis is that the ability of PM10 to cause oxidative stress underlies the association between increased exposure to PM10 and both exacerbations of lung disease and lung cancer. Pulmonary inflammation may also underlie the cardiovascular effects seen following increased PM10, although the mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of PM10 are not well understood. PM10 is a complex mix of various particle types and several of the components of PM10 are likely to be involved in the induction of oxidative stress. The most likely of these are transition metals, ultrafine particle surfaces, and organic compounds. In support of this hypothesis, oxidative stress arising from PM10 has been shown to activate a number of redox-responsive signaling pathways in lung target cells. These pathways are involved in expression of genes that play a role in responses relevant to inflammation and pathological change, including MAPKs, NF-κB, AP-1, and histone acetylation. Oxidative stress from particles is also likely to play an important role in the carcinogenic effects associated with PM10 and hydroxyl radicals from PM10 cause DNA damage in vitro.
An antiferromagnetic, semiconducting nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2), with a good theoretical capacitance is composited with reduced graphene oxide and polyaniline to synthesize the electrode material for energy storage in supercapacitors. The composite overcomes the limitation of low conductivity of nickel hydroxide. The conductivity and antiferromagnetic nature of nickel hydroxide are altered by applying magnetic field, which in turn enhances its energy storing capacity. A ternary composite with the weight percentages of 4%: 48%: 48% of reduced graphene oxide/nickel hydroxide/polyaniline (GN48P), respectively, exhibits a magnetic susceptibility of 850. The application of a magnetic field of 625 μT results in an enhancement of performance of the composite, exhibiting a specific capacitance of 19.14 F g−1, specific capacity of 22.97 C g−1, energy density of 0.6649 W h kg−1, a power density of 17.57 W kg−1 at a current density of 0.25 A g−1 and retention of 85.19% of its original capacitance up to 5000 cycles. This premier study on the effect of magnetic field, on the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor in a typical two electrode system showed 69.4% increase in its specific capacitance.
Desalination battery, consisting of sodium and chloride dual-ion electrochemical electrodes, is an aqueous energy storage device for the use of seawater deionization. Herein, a novel and stable rechargeable desalination cell is demonstrated based on such dual-ion electrochemical deionization technology, comprising of NaTi2(PO4)3 anode and silver cathode in an aqueous NaCl electrolyte. During the charging process, sodium ions in electrolyte are electrochemically captured into NaTi2(PO4)3 electrode while chloride ions are captured and reacted with silver electrode to form AgCl, whereas discharging causes the release of sodium and chloride ions from the corresponding electrodes. The distinct charge/discharge plateaus are located at 0.86 V/0.76 V. The stable capacity of 37.4 mAh/g is achieved for 200 cycles at a current density of 1000 mA/g, and the corresponding energy efficiency is up to 71.9%. The calculated energy consumption of 3.80 Wh/L is obtained with the energy recovery during discharge process for converting seawater to fresh water. We believe it will contribute greatly towards future energy saving seawater desalination technologies.
Renewable energy (RE) systems represent the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective means of providing electricity to those living in rural communities or regions in developing countries, however, this has been relatively slow and in many countries the proportion of the rural population supplied with electricity remains low and the proportion supplied with electricity from renewable energy systems is even lower. To understand the causes of this slow progress, a literatures review on renewable rural electrification programs was undertaken. The review suggested a need for better coordination at the national level between those institutions involved in the development and implementation of these programs. This paper compiles and analyse the issues associated with rural electrification in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific. Two case studies of programs are presented, one in Bangladesh and the other in Fiji. Based on the literature review and these two case studies, comments are provided on the policies and strategies required for renewable energy based rural electrification programs.
Although placing reflective markers on pedestrians’ major joints can make pedestrians more conspicuous to drivers at night, it has been suggested that this “biological motion” effect may be reduced when visual clutter is present. We tested whether extraneous points of light affected the ability of 12 younger and 12 older drivers to see pedestrians as they drove on a closed road at night. Pedestrians wore black clothing alone or with retroreflective markings in four different configurations. One pedestrian walked in place and was surrounded by clutter on half of the trials. Another was always surrounded by visual clutter but either walked in place or stood still. Clothing configuration, pedestrian motion, and driver age influenced conspicuity but clutter did not. The results confirm that even in the presence of visual clutter pedestrians wearing biological motion configurations are recognized more often and at greater distances than when they wear a reflective vest.
Lithium(-ion) batteries are and will be the battery technology of choice for a wide range of applications – including electric vehicles – for several years to come. Nonetheless, to foster the transition from combustion engine vehicles to a fully electrified transportation, further progress is needed. In this regard, the annual International Conference on Advanced Lithium Batteries for Automobile Applications (ABAA) targets the intensive exchange of the involved industrial and research entities to jointly ensure the further progress of this technology. During the past meeting, ABAA-10, held in October 2017 in Chicago, IL, USA, representatives of China, Germany, Japan, and the USA provided a comprehensive overview of the current and future battery R&D activities in their countries, depicting a highly insightful survey about partially concurrent, partially complementary research and funding strategies. The given presentations are provided in the Supplementary Material for this Special Perspective, while this perspective article may serve as brief introduction to the general development in the field concerning the overall EV sales and common considerations regarding future material developments.
Supercapacitors have drawn considerable attention in recent years due to their high specific power, long cycle life, and ability to bridge the power/energy gap between conventional capacitors and batteries/fuel cells. Nanostructured electrode materials have demonstrated superior electrochemical properties in producing high-performance supercapacitors. In this review article, we describe the recent progress and advances in designing nanostructured supercapacitor electrode materials based on various dimensions ranging from zero to three. We highlight the effect of nanostructures on the properties of supercapacitors including specific capacitance, rate capability and cycle stability, which may serve as a guideline for the next generation of supercapacitor electrode design.
Following on from ITER, a fusion demonstration reactor will be needed to showcase the commercial viability of fusion energy. To guide preliminary design considerations, this Review explores safety gaps that must be filled between current fission reactors, ITER and future fusion reactors.
Orange by-products e.g. orange peel and the extract of orange juice are used as sources for biological antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and pectins. In this study these antioxidants were successfully used to prepare nanosized materials of α-MnO2 by cost effective and eco-friendly green chemistry method. The prepared oxides of MnO2 which have unique properties as a storage cathode material were tested as a pseudocapacitor electrode materials in this study. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) confirmed the structure of α-MnO2 for the prepared samples. Thermal behavior of prepared oxides was tested using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the nanosized nature of the prepared oxides. N2- adsorption–desorption isotherms and pore-size distributions of prepared oxides showed that the surface areas are 5.63 and 8.40 m2. g−1 for sample prepared from the extract of orange juice (OJ-MnO2) and that prepared from the extract of orange peel (OP-MnO2), respectively. Better electrochemical properties are obtained for OP-MnO2, the capacitance of OP-MnO2 (139 F/g) is more than two times and half that obtained for OJ-MnO2 (50 F/g) at the current density 0.5 A/g.
Surface-modified ZnO with nanosized Bi compounds was prepared on the basis of the hydrolysis of Bi(NO3)3. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that some nanoparticles with about 40nm in diameter were modified on ZnO. X-ray diffraction indicated that Bi compounds consisted of Bi2O3 and BiO. Electrochemical performances of the surface-modified ZnO were analyzed by charge/discharge cycle test and slow rate cyclic voltammetry (CV). Compared with Bi2O3–physically mixed ZnO, nanosized Bi compounds-modified ZnO showed the improved cycle performance, higher discharge capacity and utilization ratio of ZnO. The discharge capacity of the modified ZnO with 9.3wt.% Bi was the most stable among all tested electrode material and maintained 450mAhg−1. In comparison with the average utilization ratio (53%) of the physically mixed ZnO, the average utilization ratio of the modified ZnO could reach 80%. The improvement of electrochemical performance resulted from the fact that surface modification with Bi compounds slowed dissolution of ZnO in the electrolyte and maintained the electrochemical activity of ZnO. Cyclic voltammograms clearly illuminated that the modifying agent could decrease polarization, maintain the electrochemical activity, and enhance the discharge capacity of ZnO.
Fatigue is a disruptive symptom that inhibits normal functional performance of COPD patients in daily activities. The availability of a short, simple, reliable and valid scale would improve assessment of the characteristics and influence of fatigue in COPD.
Modified natural graphite was prepared by impregnation method with alkali as surface modification agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Land battery test system (Land) and Electrochemical workstations were used to characterize the structure, charge–discharge performances and AC impedance properties of samples. XRD results show that alkali treatment improves the graphitization degree of natural graphite because La and Lc increase. FTIR tests show that alkali treatment changes the surface chemistry of the natural graphite because aldehyde group is detected at 2950–2800cm−1 and carboxylic acid group peak is enhanced at 1700–1600cm−1. Charge–discharge performances reveal that cycle performance and rate capacity are improved in the case of NaOH. The lithium-deinsertion capacity of NGNa3, NGLi3 and NG are, respectively, 324.8mAhg−1, 313.2mAhg−1 and 299.9mAhg−1, and capacity retention rate are 95.2%, 90.0% and 86.8% after 20 cycles at 0.5C, separately. The mechanism of the enhancement were investigated by AC impedance, as a result of which, the membrane resistance R SEI and charge transfer impedance R ct decrease, and membrane capacitance C SEI and extracted capacitance C CPE increase. It indicates that the preformation of SEI by alkali treatment could be beneficial to the decrease of R SEI, which could prevent the co-intercalation of solvent molecules and be contributed to the good cycle performance. In addition, from the increase of capacitance, we infer that modified natural graphite surface become coarse and more micropores, and thus, more sites are provided for lithium intercalation and de-intercalation.
Carlomagno S, Pandolfi M, Labruna L, Colombo A, Razzano C. Recovery from moderate aphasia in the first year poststroke: effect of type of therapy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1073-80. Objectives: (1) To determine whether 2 model-based remediation programs affect writing performance in unselected subjects with moderate aphasia and whether there is consequent improvement in everyday life, and (2) to interpret the potential changes observed by recourse to a theoretical model. Design: Consecutive sample, multiple baseline, within subject crossover study. Setting: Ambulatory care units. Participants: Eight subjects with moderate aphasia from 6 to 12 months postonset. Intervention: A standardized test for reading and writing skills was given at the beginning and the end of each therapy program and 1 month after therapy stopped. Main Outcome Measures: Functional outcome measures were the Communicative Abilities in Daily Living (CADL) test and subtests from standardized aphasia assessment. Results: After the 2 programs, there was improved writing performance, which was maintained after therapy stopped. Patterns of improvement corresponded to each of the 2 programs. Learning transfer was observed on the CADL test and functional writing, but gains on oral language were limited. Only 1 program was effective for 6 of the 8 patients. Conclusion: Specific rehabilitation programs aid recovery from aphasic symptoms from 6 to 12 months postonset. Individual response is linked to type of treatment. The interpretation is linked to a model-based description of aphasic symptoms and mechanisms of functional recovery. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Hybrid films composed of dendrimer poly(new fuchsin) and nanometer-sized clusters of silicomolybdate polyoxometalate, SiMo12O40 4−, have been prepared in acidic aqueous solutions. The cyclic voltammograms recorded the deposition of the hybrid films from the direct mixing of new fuchsin and SiMo12O40 4− ions from the solutions. These films are stable and electrochemically active, and can be produced on glassy carbon, platinum, gold, and transparent semiconductor tin oxide electrodes. An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and cyclic voltammetry were used to study the in situ growth of the poly(new fuchsin) and SiMo12O40 4− hybrid. The poly(new fuchsin)/SiMo12O40 4− hybrid film showed four redox couples. When transferred to various strongly acidic to weakly acidic aqueous solutions, the four redox couples and the formal potentials were observed to be pH-dependent. The poly(new fuchsin)/SiMo12O40 4− hybrid films also showed a monovalent and divalent cation effect for Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+.
Co-B amorphous alloy powders have been synthesized by chemical reduction of cobalt chloride with potassium borohydride in an aqueous solution. We find that this alloy can be used as an anode catalyst for a direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC). This catalyst exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity. An essential power output of 220mWcm−2 has been achieved at 15°C, and a life test last for 160h with no attenuation has been observed. The amorphous structure of the CoB alloy is still stable after the life test.
Our understanding of hemispheric asymmetries in schizophrenia can be attributed to extensive neuropsychological and neuroimaging research on this topic; however, it has yet to be determined whether lateralized cognitive dysfunction represents a single core trait in schizophrenia or whether the lateralized impairments are domain specific. To test whether lateralized deficits are core features in schizophrenia we examined performance across a wide range of lateralized cognitive domains including attention, fluency, recognition memory, perception, and arousal. We also examined the relationship between lateralized impairments and psychotic and affective symptoms to determine whether abnormal hemispheric asymmetries were possibly state-related. The sample consisted of 43 subjects with schizophrenia and 66 normal healthy comparison subjects without psychiatric illness. Schizophrenia subjects exhibited abnormal right hemisphere performance on a test of recognition memory and abnormal left hemisphere performance on a measure of arousal. These findings suggest that lateralized cognitive disturbances in schizophrenia do not represent a single core lateralized deficit. Regarding the symptom analyses, severity of positive symptoms was related to right hemisphere cognitive impairment (including fluency and recognition memory), whereas severity of negative symptoms was related to left hemisphere cognitive impairment (including fluency). Overall, our findings suggest that lateralized dysfunction can occur in both hemispheres in schizophrenia, and that the positive psychotic symptoms may relate more to right hemisphere impairment, whereas negative psychotic symptoms may related more to left hemisphere impairment.
The ankle joint is a common site of musculoskeletal pathology. Measurement of its functional range of motion is a primary indicator for rehabilitation outcomes in therapy settings. The present study was designed to assess reliability and validity of a new standardised method using a D-Flex device to assess ankle range of motion.
Neuromodulation of central and peripheral neural circuitry brings together neurobiologists and neural engineers to develop advanced neural interfaces to decode and recapitulate the information encoded in the nervous system. Dysfunctional neuronal networks contribute not only to the pathophysiology of neurological diseases, but also to numerous metabolic disorders. Many regions of the central nervous system (CNS), especially within the hypothalamus, regulate metabolism. Recent evidence has linked obesity and diabetes to hyperactive or dysregulated autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Neural regulation of metabolic functions provides access to control pathology through neuromodulation. Metabolism is defined as cellular events that involve catabolic and/or anabolic processes, including control of systemic metabolic functions, as well as cellular signaling pathways, such as cytokine release by immune cells. Therefore, neuromodulation to control metabolic functions can be used to target metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and chronic inflammatory diseases. Better understanding of neurometabolic circuitry will allow for targeted stimulation to modulate metabolic functions. Within the broad category of metabolic functions, cellular signaling, including the production and release of cytokines and other immunological processes, is regulated by both the CNS and ANS. Neural innervations of metabolic (e.g. pancreas) and immunologic (e.g. spleen) organs have been understood for over a century, however, it is only now becoming possible to decode the neuronal information to enable exogenous controls of these systems. Future interventions taking advantage of this progress will enable scientists, engineering and medical doctors to more effectively treat metabolic diseases.
Li-dendrite growth is an inherent problem for the application of Li-metal anodes in batteries. Here the authors coat the separator with functionalized nanocarbon with immobilized Li ions, regulating the dendrite growth direction and thereby improving the battery performance.