batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Within the academic and industrial communities there has been an increasing desire to better understand the sustainability of producing vehicles that contain embedded electrochemical energy storage. Underpinning a number of studies that evaluate different circular economy strategies for the electric vehicle (EV) or Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) battery system are implicit assumptions about the retained capacity or State of Health (SOH) of the battery. International standards and best-practice guides exist that address the performance evaluation of both EV and HEV battery systems. However, a common theme is that the test duration can be excessive and last for a number of hours. The aim of this research is to assess whether energy capacity measurements of Li-ion cells can be accelerated; reducing the test duration to a value that may facilitate further EOL options. Experimental results are presented that highlight it is possible to significantly reduce the duration of the battery characterization test by 70–90% while still retaining levels of measurement accuracy for retained energy capacity in the order of 1% for cell temperatures equal to 25°C. Even at elevated temperatures of 40°C, the peak measurement error was found to be only 3%. Based on these experimental results, a simple cost-function is formulated to highlight the flexibility of the proposed test framework. This approach would allow different organizations to prioritize the relative importance of test accuracy verses experimental test time when grading used Li-ion cells for different end-of-life (EOL) applications.
One of the major challenges of renewable energy systems is the inherently limited dispatchability of power generators that rely on variable renewable energy (VRE) sources. To overcome this insufficient system flexibility, electrical energy storage (EES) is a promising option. The first contribution of our work is to address the role of EES in highly renewable energy systems in Europe. For this purpose, we apply the energy system model REMix which endogenously determines both capacity expansion and dispatch of all electricity generation as well as storage technologies. We derive an EES capacity of 206GW and 30TWh for a system with a renewable share of 89%, relative to the annual gross power generation. An extensive sensitivity analysis shows that EES requirements range from 126GW and 16TWh (endogenous grid expansion) to 272GW and 54TWh (low EES investment costs). As our second contribution, we show how the spatial distribution of EES capacity depends on the residual load, which—in turn—is influenced by regionally predominant VRE technologies and their temporal characteristics in terms of power generation. In this sense, frequent periods of high VRE excess require short-term EES, which naturally feature low power-related investment costs. In contrast, long-term EES with low energy-related costs are characteristic for regions where high amounts of surplus energy occur. This relationship furthermore underlines how EES capacity distribution is implicitly influenced by technical potentials for VRE expansion.
We participated in a national project, to develop lithium batteries for use in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs), etc., in Japan as a battery developer. The lithium battery in an FCHEV system has to supply the system with not only power but also energy. We have developed an elliptic single cell, a 4-cell module, and an application-specific integrated circuit to monitor and control the cells. Our developed single cell has achieved a specific energy of 83Whkg−1, a specific power output of 3380Wkg−1 at 50% state of charge (SOC) for 10s. The performance of the 3kWh pack was evaluated using the 4-cell module data: the specific energy was 75Whkg−1 and specific power output was 2250Wkg−1. Introduction of a lithium-ion battery into the FCHEV definitely suggested a reduced fuel consumption to 2/3 of that without the lithium-ion battery based on our measurements and calculations for the 10–15 driving mode.
Flexible battery solutions is an emerging field due to a demand for bendable electronic devices. In this study, a route to make flexible positive electrodes for Li-ion batteries by utilizing nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) as binder material has been examined. These LiFePO4-based electrodes are made by filtration of a water dispersion of NFC, LiFePO4 and Super-P carbon particles, resembling a paper-making process. The resulting electrodes show good mechanical properties both dry as well as when soaked with battery electrolyte with a stress at break of typically at 5.2 and 2.2MPa, respectively. The cycling performance was 151mAh/g at C/10 and 132mAh/g at 1C for samples dried at 170°C. The drying temperature, after the filtration step, was found to be important and to affect both the mechanical properties, rendering the electrodes more ductile at lower temperatures, as well as the electrochemical properties, causing a higher coulombic efficiency at higher temperatures.
Polynuclear mixed-valent films of ruthenium oxide/hexacyanoferrate ( RuO / Fe ( CN ) 6 3 - ) and ruthenium hexacyanoferrate (RuHCF) have been prepared using repetitive cyclic voltammetry. The deposition process and the films’ electrocatalytic properties in electrolytes containing various cations have been investigated. The cyclic voltammograms recorded the deposition of the mixed ruthenium oxide/hexacyanoferrate and ruthenium hexacyanoferrate films directly from the mixing of Ru3+ and Fe ( CN ) 6 3 - ions from the acidic aqueous solutions containing various anions. The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, cyclic voltammetry, and UV–Vis spectroscopy were used to study the growth mechanism of the mixed ruthenium oxide/hexacyanoferrate and ruthenium hexacyanoferrate films. The mixed ruthenium oxide/hexacyanoferrate and ruthenium hexacyanoferrate films exhibited four redox couples with formal potentials that demonstrated a proton effect in acidic aqueous solution and an anion effect. The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance results indicated that the redox process was confined to the immobilized mixed ruthenium oxide/hexacyanoferrate and ruthenium hexacyanoferrate film. Electrocatalytic reactions of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, S 2 O 8 2 - , and SO 5 2 - were carried out by the mixed ruthenium oxide/hexacyanoferrate and ruthenium hexacyanoferrate films. The electrocatalytic oxidation of ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, l-cysteine, and ascorbic acid by the mixed ruthenium oxide/hexacyanoferrate and ruthenium hexacyanoferrate films too was investigated.
The electrochemical characteristics of Li1−x Ni1+x O2 samples have been extensively investigated as a function of the lithium deficiency x in the narrow composition range 0.008–0.065. In particular, the electrochemical and structural behaviours of the quasi-stoichiometric compound (x=0.008) have been proved to be strongly different from those exhibited by a sample with x=0.025. The faster kinetics for Li transport combined with structural changes which are minimized in the quasi-ideal compound explain the lack of notable polarization voltage and the good cycle life of the latter cathode material with a stable capacity of 140 A h/kg over 40 cycles at C/10 rate. In addition, interesting and useful correlations (i) between the cathode impedance and the lithium deficiency and (ii) between the evolution of the cathode impedance and the cycling performance have been established.
Nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur tridoped porous carbons have been successfully synthesized from natural biomass algae-Carrageen by using a simultaneous carbonization and activation procedure. The doped carbons with sponge-like interconnected architecture, partially ordered graphitic structure, and abundant heteroatom doping perform outstanding features for electrochemical energy storage. When tested as lithium-ion battery anodes, a high reversible capacity of 839mAhg−1 can be obtained at the current density of 0.1Ag−1 after 100 cycles, while a high capacity of 228mAhg−1 can be maintained at 10Ag−1. Tested against sodium, a high specific capacity of 227 can be delivered at 0.1Ag−1 after 100 cycles, while a high capacity of 109mAhg−1 can be achieved at 10Ag−1. These results turn out that the doped carbons would be potential anode materials for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries, which can be achieved by a one-step and large-scale synthesis route. Our observation indicates that heteroatom doping (especially sulfur) can significantly promote ion storage and reduce irreversible ion trapping to some extent. This work gives a general route for designing carbon nanostructures with heteroatom doping for efficient energy storage.
Landfill is the most common way to dispose waste in many countries, and most landfill sites after closure are often considered for public recreation purposes. It is important that the pollutant levels of closed landfill areas are free of adverse health concerns. However, only limited studies have investigated the airborne biological contamination in closed landfill sites. The objective of this study was to document the bioaerosol levels in a closed landfill site while the temporal, seasonal, and meteorological effects were also taken into accounts. Study site was at one sanitary landfill, taking mostly municipal wastes, in southern Taiwan. Airborne bacteria and fungi were collected on tryptic soy agar (Difco) and malt extract agar (Difco) by a Burkard impactor (Burkard Manufacturing Co. Ltd.) operating at about 10lm−3 for 30s. Air samples were collected sequentially in winter, spring, summer and fall in 1998, winter, spring, summer in 1999, as well as summer and fall in 2000. In addition, sampling was conducted in the morning, at noon, in the evening and the following morning during each field assessment. Levels of airborne bacteria and fungi were all far above 103 CFUm−3. The concentrations of culturable bacteria and fungi were higher in winter than in other seasons. The difference of bioaerosol level and fungal percentages between the undergoing-closure and closed areas was obvious, and the concentrations were higher in closed area. We therefore recommend that before any complete investigation can be conducted to assure the safety, the closed area of landfill site is probably not ready for immediate public use.
The increasing number of small satellites has resulted in greater consideration of electric propulsion (EP) as potential thruster systems. Of these, ablative pulsed plasma thrusters (APPTs) are a type of EP system that is suitable for microsatellites. They have recently attracted attention for application in small satellites due to their simple and compact system. However, from a scientific perspective, we still have limited understanding regarding APPT mechanisms such as the acceleration mechanism, plasma propagation, and associated physical phenomena. From an engineering perspective, widespread adoption can be aided by the optimization of APPTs, including improvements in the thrust efficiency, energy bank miniaturization, and a better understanding of the plasma plume characteristics and possible interactions with spacecraft. These are some issues that still remain as challenges in the research and development of APPTs. This review discusses our current understanding of the fundamental mechanisms behind APPT operation as well as some new insights and recent progress associated with APPTs. Typical characterization methods for APPTs are presented along with discussion of the operation process and relevant physical phenomena. To support an engineering perspective, we also discuss optimization approaches for APPTs such as changes in the thruster geometry, alternative propellants, and electrical circuit optimization. New insights and novel approaches resulting from the use of modern technology in APPT research are also presented, along with current understanding that attempt to tie scientific perspectives with engineering observations, such as the physical reasons behind certain performance enhancements from optimization efforts. Finally, some remaining challenging issues are also discussed.
Genetic studies of IgE-mediated atopic disease have produced conflicting results, due largely to variable phenotype definitions. Total IgE concentrations and 14 allergen skin prick tests (SPT) were determined in 1099 members of families with history of atopy. Log10 [Total IgE] values were normally distributed in both atopic (SPT [+]) and non-atopic (SPT [−]) groups. The mean Log10 [Total IgE] value was higher in the atopic group, although the standard deviations of the distributions were the same. The mean Log10 [Total IgE] value of the non-atopic distribution was subtracted from the individual Log10 [Total IgE] values of the atopic group giving an allergen-specific fraction. There was a strong positive correlation between the specific IgE fraction and the number (#) SPT [+] results, defined as Cognate IgE. Among the atopics, subtracting the Cognate IgE value from total IgE yielded Non-Cognate IgE. The Cognate and Non-Cognate IgE distributions were statistically uncorrelated. Evidence is presented for two serum IgE fractions that are statistically and physiologically independent of one another in atopic families; a Cognate IgE fraction associated with atopic sensitization and a Non-Cognate IgE fraction unrelated to atopic disease. Elevated serum IgE is a consequence, not a predisposing cause, of allergen sensitization.
This present research shows the creation of a model for the management of Ad Hoc mobile networks called HAMAN (High Availability Management Ad Hoc Networks). The HAMAN model has been structured in layers in which each of the components and interfaces has been formally defined. HAMAN uses a hierarchical routing strategy through subsets of nodes or clusters. In order to improve the hierarchical routing and the convergence of the clusters and of the network it is proposed to use a backup cluster head. The use of a event discrete simulator is used for the implementation of a hierarchical routing protocol called the Backup Cluster Head Protocol (BCHP). Finally it is shown that the BCHP protocol, part of the proposed management model, improves the convergence and availability of the network through a comparative analysis with the Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) (Perkins, Belding-Royer, & Das, 2003) routing protocol and Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP) (Jiang, Li, & Tay, 1999).
The growth of yeasts and bacteria were monitored during the maturation of Camembert and blue-veined cheese produced in Australia. Yeasts were prominent throughout maturation, growing to 105–109/g, depending on the manufacturer. Debaryomyces hansenii predominated, but there were lesser, inconsistent contributions from Yarrowia lipolytica. Of the non-lactic acid bacteria, Acinetobacter species were significant during the maturation of Camembert but not blue-veined cheeses, and grew to 106–108 cfu/g. Staphylococcus and Micrococcus species were consistently isolated from the cheeses with Staphylococcus xylosus growing to 105–109 cfu/g, depending on the product. Lactic acid bacteria (107–109 cfu/g) were present throughout maturation but were not identified. Interactions between the various yeasts and bacterial isolates were examined. Several strains of D. hansenii exhibited killer activity but not against Y. lipolytica. None of the yeasts were antagonistic towards the bacteria but some strains of D. hansenii enhanced the growth of Y. lipolytica and S. xylosus. The yeast and bacterial isolates exhibited various degrees of extracellular proteolytic and lipolytic activities.
This review summarizes recent approaches in TiO2 photocatalysis regarding new materials and applications. TiO2 photocatalysis is widely applied in many areas, so development of new materials and applications is strongly desired. In this review, we provide a brief introduction of the history and basic mechanism of TiO2 photocatalysis. The fabrication of novel TiO2 nanofibers and nanotubes, and application of TiO2 photocatalysis in water and air purification and printing are highlighted.
Electric vehicles (EVs) are being introduced by different manufacturers as an environment-friendly alternative to vehicles with internal combustion engines. The number of EVs is expected to grow rapidly in the coming years which will act as distributed loads in the demand side of the smart grid. On the supply side, an aggregator has to predict a load schedule 12–36 h in advance to charge the EVs and purchase energy accordingly from the day-ahead market. The goal of the aggregator is to schedule the EVs at different charging stations along the route of the EVs for charging so that the energy imbalance between the energy purchased and the energy consumed by the EVs is minimized while maximizing the number of EVs charged. In this work, we refer to this problem as the Bounded Maximum Energy Usage Maximum EV Charging Problem where mobile EVs communicate their charging preferences to the aggregator and the aggregator schedules EVs to different charging stations in their route so as to maximize both the purchased energy utilization (and therefore, minimum energy imbalance) and the number of EVs charged. We first prove that the problem is NP-complete. A pseudo-polynomial algorithm is proposed for a restricted version of the problem that can act as an upper bound for the energy usage. We also give an upper bound for the number of EVs charged. An offline and an online heuristic are then proposed to solve the problem. Detailed simulation results in different city traffic scenarios are presented to show the performance of the algorithms.
Low-cost energy storage systems are required to support extensive deployment of intermittent renewable energy on the electricity grid. Redox flow batteries have potential advantages to meet the stringent cost target for grid applications as compared to more traditional batteries based on an enclosed architecture. However, the manufacturing process and therefore potential high-volume production price of redox flow batteries is largely unquantified. We present a comprehensive assessment of a prospective production process for aqueous all vanadium flow battery and nonaqueous lithium polysulfide flow battery. The estimated investment and variable costs are translated to fixed expenses, profit, and warranty as a function of production volume. When compared to lithium-ion batteries, redox flow batteries are estimated to exhibit lower costs of manufacture, here calculated as the unit price less materials costs, owing to their simpler reactor (cell) design, lower required area, and thus simpler manufacturing process. Redox flow batteries are also projected to achieve the majority of manufacturing scale benefits at lower production volumes as compared to lithium-ion. However, this advantage is offset due to the dramatically lower present production volume of flow batteries compared to competitive technologies such as lithium-ion.
Inspired by the structure of peapod, MnO@C hybrid with internal void space has been prepared. In this bionic structure, the MnO nanoparticles are separated and confined in a conductive carbon sheath that leaves enough room for expansion and contraction during lithiation/delithiation process. Such peapod-like MnO@C can address the issues related to MnO dissolution, pulverization, and aggregation. As a result, the sample demonstrates superior electrochemical performances in terms of high reversible capacity, excellent high-rate capability, and good cyclability.
The compound, Li(Ni1/2Mn1/2)O2 was prepared by the mixed hydroxide method at 950°C in air. It was coated with 3 and 6wt.% NiO by the solution method and heat treated at 450°C in air. The compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, BET surface area and density. Cyclic voltammmetry of the bare and NiO-coated compounds showed redox processes at 3.69–3.95V corresponding to the couple Ni2+/3+/4+. Galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling was carried out at 30mAg−1 up to 70 cycles in the voltage ranges, 2.5–4.3 and 2.5–4.5V versus Li at room temperature. The 10th cycle discharge capacities for the bare and NiO-coated compounds are 140±3mAhg−1 which are stable up to 20–30 cycles after which capacity-fading occurs. The 6% NiO-coated compound performs better with only 11% capacity loss at the 70th cycle. In the range 2.5–4.5V, the third cycle capacities are 175±5mAhg−1 for the bare and 3% NiO-coated compounds, but capacity-fading starts from fifth cycle onwards. The 6% NiO-coated Li(Ni1/2Mn1/2)O2 showed a stable discharge capacity of 165±3mAhg−1 during 3–30 cycles after which it degraded, by ∼9%, at the 70th cycle. Thus, NiO-coating suppresses capacity-fading but not eliminates it in Li(Ni1/2Mn1/2)O2. The coulombic efficiency in all cases was >98%. DSC on the cathodes in the charged-state (4.3V) show that the exothermic decomposition for the bare and 6% NiO-compound occurs at 300 and 307 (±2)°C, respectively.
Cellulose separators present promising properties applied in lithium-ion batteries but are confronted with strength issue in electrolyte. In this paper, mechanical and electrochemical properties of lithium-ion battery cellulose separator under electrolyte-immersed condition are studied. The tensile properties of the cellulose separators concerning electrolyte immersion time are investigated at multi-scales, which are fiber components, single fiber and cellulose separator. Electrochemical properties of cellulose separator are also studied. Experiments upon polypropylene/PP separator are also conducted for comparison. The results reveal that strength weakening and swelling both occur in fiber components, single fiber and cellulose separator. Softening of fiber components directly results in softening of the separator. Reduction of Young's modulus and tensile strength mainly happens within 30 min of immersion, while growing of elongation rate sustains as time proceeds. Swelling is verified to attribute to improvement of the electrochemical properties of cellulose separators, in which case, smaller interfacial impedance and larger electrochemical stable window were found. Compared to PP separator, the strength weakening of cellulose separator are relatively serious, which suggesting that balance should be explored between mechanical properties and electrochemical performance for cellulose separator.
A urea-based hydrothermal approach has been applied to synthesize LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathode materials with focus on investigating the influence of the reaction conditions on their electrochemical performance. The compositions of the carbonate precursor are precisely controlled by tuning urea concentration, hydrothermal reaction temperature, and time. The mole ratio between urea and transition metal ions and reaction temperature influence the composition of the precursor; while the reaction time influences the electrochemical performance of the final product. The optimized materials show better cyclability and rate capability compared with the materials synthesized with other hydrothermal reaction conditions. The enhancement is attributed to the larger Li+ diffusion coefficient and lower charge transfer resistance, which are due to the lower degree of Li/Ni cation mixing and more uniform distribution of transition metal ions. This work is a systematic study on the synthesis of NCM523 cathode material by a urea-based hydrothermal approach.