batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Introduction The closing-in phenomenon, first described by Mayer Gross (1935) as a tendency to close in on models while performing a constructional task, occurs with a relatively high frequency in patients with dementia. The phenomenon may appear in several tasks, but it is more usually observed in tests of copying drawings. In the present study we examined the hypothesis that in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) the phenomenon may be related to particularly severe visuo-spatial dysfunction. Methods Thirty-nine of an overall sample of 382 patients consecutively admitted to an AD unit exhibited closing-in in their copying drawings performance. The presence of closing-in was diagnosed when, in at least one of three drawings, the copy touched, in one or more parts, the model. Results With respect to another group of 39 AD patients with constructional apraxia but who showed no closing-in behaviour, patients with closing-in showed more severe impairment on several tests of visuo-spatial abilities. The two groups did not differ in the frequency of neurological primitive reflexes or performance on tests of executive functioning. Conclusions The present study supports the interpretation that the closing-in phenomenon in patients with AD is a compensatory strategy to overcome basic visuo-spatial dysfunctions involved in the preliminary visuo-perceptual analysis and/or in the on-line maintenance of the visual representation of the model while performing a copying drawing task. Possible limits in the conclusions of the present study are related to the retrospective nature of the present study and to the choice of considering only overlap-type forms of closing behaviour.
Renewable energy technologies are a key lever to mitigate climate change. However, net energy analyses showing low energy returns on energy invested (EROIs) for these technologies raise the question of whether current prosperity can be maintained with an increasingly renewables-dependent energy sector. Here we argue that static net energy analyses disregard the inherent potential to improve technologies through innovation. We present energetic experience curves for power generation technologies utilizing hard coal, solar irradiation, and wind, and show that EROI of new technologies improves as more capacity is installed. By 2015, solar PV and onshore wind were already outperforming coal, with further improvements to be expected. Therefore, concerns that a large-scale transition to renewable energy sources jeopardizes societal net energy efficiency and prosperity seem unfounded.
The aim of this study was to evaluate neuropsychologic and motor performance in term small-for-gestation preschool children. A patient-based sample of 311 5-year-old children with birth weights less than the fifteenth percentile for gestation was compared with a random sample of 321 appropriate-for-gestation control subjects. The main assessment tools were subscales from the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Revised, subscales from the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, tests of manual dexterity and figure copying, and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales. The small-for-gestation children had mean scores on tests of visuospatial and visuomotor abilities that were one fourth standard deviation lower than appropriate-for-gestation control subjects and slightly lower scores on manual dexterity. The small-for-gestation children were comparable to appropriate-for-gestation children regarding motor performance. We therefore conclude that the neuropsychologic and neuromotor performance in preschool years of term small-for-gestation children is reassuring.
The kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (oer) has been investigated in commercial NiMH batteries. The partial oxygen evolution currents have been determined during partial charging by measuring the charge distribution between the main electrochemical charge transfer reaction at the Ni-electrode and the parasitic oxygen evolution reaction. This enabled us to accurately determine the battery State-of-Charge during the entire charging process and to deduce information about the oxygen evolution reaction kinetics as a function of temperature. In addition, the oer kinetics has also been studied under continuous overcharging conditions. Substantial kinetic differences were observed. This has been attributed to the phase modification of nickel-oxyhydroxide induced by prolonged overcharging. The kinetic parameters of the oxygen evolution reaction have been determined, the mechanisms are discussed in detail and the relevant rate equations are derived to enable NiMH battery modelling.
We have synthesized and determined the electrochemical and thermal stabilities of a series of 1-methyl-3-alkoxyalkyl and 1-methyl-3-fluoroalkyl imidazolium and the corresponding pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids and estimated the cytotoxicities of representative ionic liquids. The pyrrolidinium-TFSI based ionic liquids have wide electrochemical stability (>5.7–6.2V vs. Li/Li+) but show limited thermal stabilities and lithium cell discharge characteristics, as compared to those that are imidazolium-based (4.8–5.1V vs. Li/Li+). The fluoroalkyl-derived ionic liquids typically have superior thermal stability (T d >350°C) as compared to the alkoxyalkyl-substituted analogues. In all these cases, TFSI− anion-based ionic liquids are thermally and electrochemically more stable than the BF4 − anion-based analogues. We have also shown that the imidazolium-based ionic liquids are relatively nontoxic and their EC50 values are comparable to their corresponding lithium salts.
The electrochemical characteristics of graphite coated with pyrolytic carbon materials using tumbling chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process have been studied for the active material of anodes in lithium ion secondary batteries. Coating of pyrolytic carbons on the surface of graphite particles, which tumble in a rotating reactor tube, was performed through the pyrolysis of liquid propane gas (LPG). The surface morphology of these graphite particles coated with pyrolytic carbon has been observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface of graphite particles can well be covered with pyrolytic carbon by tumbling CVD. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image of these carbon particles shows that the core part is highly ordered carbon, while the shell part is disordered carbon. We have found that the new-type carbon obtained from tumbling CVD has a uniform core (graphite)-shell (pyrolytic carbon) structure. The electrochemical property of the new-type carbons has been examined using a charge–discharge cycler. The coating of pyrolytic carbon on the surface of graphite can effectively reduce the initial irreversible capacity by 47.5%. Cyclability and rate-capability of theses carbons with the core-shell structure are much better than those of bare graphite. From electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra, it is found that the coating of pyrolytic carbon on the surface of graphite causes the decrease of the contact resistance in the carbon electrodes, which means the formation of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer is suppressed. We suggest that coating of pyrolytic carbon by the tumbling CVD is an effective method in improving the electrochemical properties of graphite electrodes for lithium ion secondary batteries.
Publisher Summary This chapter briefs up on taper charging of lead—acid motive batteries. Most chargers are designed so that, as the charging process progresses and the battery voltage rises during charge, the output current of the charger reduces. This charging characteristic is known as a 'taper' and is described by referring to the current obtained near the beginning and near the end of a typical charge. There are two basic types of charger fully self-compensating chargers and pre-programmed chargers. Fully self-compensating chargers are becoming increasingly popular as they require no supervision and bring a greater flexibility to the battery charging operation. In pre-programmed chargers when 10 h or more recharge time is available, a single-taper charger is used. This type of charger incorporates a voltage-sensing device set to operate when the battery voltage reaches 2.35 V/cell. When less than 10h recharge time is available, a two-step taper charger is used. The two-step taper charger has two separate taper characteristics in operation; the first at a high current rate, the second at a lower rate, brought in by a voltage sensitive relay, which at the same time starts a timing device. In addition, the chapter also provides the principles of operation of the spegel charger. This charger operates on the well proven principle of continuously monitoring the on-charge battery voltage and terminating the charge only when the stabilized conditions occurring at the top of charge are detected. The charge duration is therefore totally dictated by the battery and, in practice, vary considerably depending on actual requirements.
Recent reports of the association of hair dyes usage with increased bladder cancer risk in women with the slow NAT-2 acetylator phenotype have resulted both in attempts to identify the putative carcinogen as well as in devising batteries of tests that could be used to screen for such putative carcinogens in hair dye formulations, their intermediates and final products. Analytical studies have reported the presence of traces (∼0.5ppm) of the carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl in some hair dye preparations. In parallel, SCCNFP (Scientific Committee on Cosmetic and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers) has suggested the deployment of a battery of six in vitro assays followed by an in vivo assay. The practicality of deploying and interpreting such a battery is analyzed herein as it is expected to result in 64 and 128 possible test results and SCCNFP does not provide detailed guidance of how the test results are to be interpreted. In this study we have applied a previously described Bayesian approach which takes advantage of the known predictive performances of individual assays, to analyze the possible outcomes of the 6–7 test batteries. While the SCCNFP battery is clearly risk-averse, it is shown that performing all of the assays is not always necessary and moreover it does not necessarily improve predictive performance. Finally, based upon the reported mutagenicity of 4-aminobiphenyl, it is doubtful that this “impurity” would be detected by the test battery.
We report a facile one-step route to synthesize a free-standing Ca2Ge7O16 nanorod anode for the first time. The Ca2Ge7O16 nanorod arrays are uniformly grown on the surface of three-dimensional copper foam used as the conductive current collector. The Ca2Ge7O16 nanorod is used as a binder-free anode for lithium-ion batteries, which exhibits excellent cycle performance (134.6% retention of its 1st cycle reversible capacity after 450cycles) and superior rate capability (350mAhg−1 at 5Ag−1, the good cycling stability at 20Ag−1). Even at higher current density of 0.5Ag−1 after 10cycles activation at 0.2Ag−1, the nanorod electrodes can deliver a reversibility capacity as high as 1001.2mAhg−1. Furthermore, a binder free full cell is fabricated, which shows excellent cycle performance with 91% retention of its 1st cycle capacity after 200cycles. The superior cycling performance is attributed to shortened Li+ transport length, enough buffering space, electrical conductivity of the Cu foam and the unique 1 D nanorod arrays structure.
In the present investigation, pitch derived mesocarbon spheres (MCS) with nickel nanoparticles based nanocomposites have been developed and first time reported as an excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material in X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) frequency region. A simple and economical method has been used for the synthesis of MCS from heat treatment of coal tar pitch and petroleum pitch. As synthesized MCS powder was semi-graphitized at 1400 °C, it is called graphitized mesocarbon spheres (GMCS) followed by chemical treatment to form expanded mesocarbon spheres (EMCS). Ni nanoparticles were synthesized in-situ using above three materials (MCS, GMCS and EMCS) to form MCS-Ni, GMCS-Ni and EMCS-Ni composite. The investigation revealed that EMCS-Ni composite exhibit excellent absorption dominated EMI shielding effectiveness (SEA) of −72.3 dB (∼400% increment in absorption) with a total SE (SET) of −81.5 dB at 8.2 GHz which is remarkably high as compared to other reported values in literature.
The specific capacitance of the MWCNTs was improved by the addition of an electrochemically active compound (indigo carmine) to an electrolyte generally used in electric double layer capacitors. The pseudocapacitive contribution of the IC trebled the specific capacitance values of the MWCNTs at low current densities (from 17Fg−1 to 50Fg−1). The good resistance obtained for the MWCNT-based capacitor was not modified with the use of this novel redox-active electrolyte. A reversible process associated to the redox reaction of IC was found to be responsible for the capacitance increase observed. Therefore, a combined effect of double layer formation and pseudocapacitive phenomena is presented. Long-term cycling experiments performed showed good stability with a reduction of the initial capacitance values of 30% after 10,000 galvanostatic cycles at 360mAg−1. The efficiency of the cell was close to 100% throughout the experiment.
Monolithic porous carbon film has a great potential for integrated supercapacitors due to no polymer binder, reduced macropore volume, and good adhesion between current collector and active material. It is demonstrated that continuous carbide-derived carbon (CDC) films can be synthesized on various substrates by dry etching. CDC films show high volumetric capacitance of ∼180 F cm−3 in 1.5 M TEABF4/acetonitrile electrolyte.
The transport and back reaction of electrons in dye sensitised nanocrystalline solar cells (DSNC) has been studied by frequency resolved optical perturbation techniques. Intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) has been used to obtain values of the electron diffusion coefficient, D n, as a function of illumination intensity. It was found that D n increased with intensity (D n∝I −0.5). Intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) has been used to measure the electron lifetime, τ n, which is determined by the rate of back reaction with I 3 − ions in the electrolyte. It was found that τ n decreased with light intensity (τ n∝I −0.5). The electron diffusion length, L n=(D n τ n)1/2, is therefore only weakly dependent on light intensity. The values of L n were used to calculate the theoretical IPCE of the cell. Experimental measurements confirmed the prediction that the IPCE should remain almost constant over five orders of magnitude of light intensity. Possible reasons for the opposite trends in D n and τ n are discussed and related to the fundamental processes taking place in the DSNC.
This is the study about the cathode’s solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation mechanism of salt type additives (STAs) and its function. To address this issue, we performed several types of chemical analysis and computer simulation techniques. In order to reveal the redox nature and oxidative decomposition dynamics, the electrolyte (EL) solution dynamics by Quantum mechanics and Molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method was applied. The estimation of SEI chemical components agrees with our chemical analyses data and other group’s reports. The molecular dynamics simulation of sub micro second sampling indicates that the SEI phase induced from STAs functions as a lithium ion selective translocation media and protective coating layer against the degradation of the solvent molecules. The results give us an insight how to design additive’s chemical structure to improve longevity of the cell in the high voltage regime.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a debilitating condition of unknown etiology and no definitive pharmacotherapy. Patients are usually prescribed symptomatic treatment or self-medicate. We evaluated prescription and non-prescription drug use among persons with CFS in Georgia and compared it to that in non-fatigued Well controls and also to chronically Unwell individuals not fully meeting criteria for CFS.
Appropriate information on solar resources is very important for a variety of technological areas, such as: agriculture, meteorology, forestry engineering, water resources and particularly for an innovating technology such as solar energy. In the market entry process of an innovating technology such as solar energy, the enlarged and sustained reproduction of this energy strongly depends on the economy and reliability of the demonstrative solar systems installed (within a restricted or wide scale). The economy and reliability of a system are the consequence of a well-prepared project, resulting from an accurate knowledge of the solar resource available. Therefore, knowing the potential of the solar resource accurately is not only a need, it is also an imperative for a larger diffusion and use of the solar energy. The existing sources of information on radiation in Brazil are quite varied, both at the institutional level and in different types of publications. At the institutional level these sources are: the National Institute of Meteorology, secretary of agriculture, research centers, universities, and electric power generating and distributing companies, among others. The publications with this information are project reports, internal reports of institutions or several magazines. Thus, the quality of the data varies considerably, the information presents spatial and temporal discontinuity and the instruments as well as the measurement units are not standardized. The general objective of this paper is to recover, qualify, standardize and make available the best information from the current existing solar resource in Brazil, either in the form of isoline charts of solar radiation, insolation, numeric tables or analytic summaries of a great part of the publications on the theme over the last forty years.
The A2B7-type lanthanum (La)–magnesium (Mg)–nickel (Ni)-based alloy with single (La,Mg)2Ni7 phase and different amounts of (La,Mg)5Ni19 minor phase was obtained by step-wise sintering. The impact of (La,Mg)5Ni19 phase on the alloy's microstructure and electrochemical performance was subsequently studied. It was found that the average subunit volume in (La,Mg)5Ni19 phase is smaller than that in (La,Mg)2Ni7 phase, resulting in increases of strains inside the alloys and decreases of cell volumes. During battery charge/discharge, the (La,Mg)5Ni19 phase network scattered in the alloys relieves internal stress, alleviates pulverization and oxidation of the alloys, stabilizes the stacking structures against amorphization, and finally improves the cycling stability of the alloys. Furthermore, (La,Mg)5Ni19 phase with higher Ni content desorbs hydrogen ahead of (La,Mg)2Ni7 phase. The reduced hydrogen pressure in (La,Mg)5Ni19 phase can subsequently lead to the fast discharge of (La,Mg)2Ni7 phase, thus making a remarkable improvement in high rate dischargeability at 1500 mA g−1 from 46.2% to 58.9% with increasing (La,Mg)5Ni19 phase abundance from 0 to 37.4 wt.%. Therefore, it is believed that A2B7-type La–Mg–Ni-based alloys with A5B19-type minor phase are promising prototypes for high-power and long-lifetime nickel/metal hydride battery electrode materials.
Lithium cannot be electrointercalated into graphite in an electrolyte containing propylene carbonate (PC) as the only solvent species. In order to improve the cycleability of graphite electrodes in the presence of PC two methods were used: use of solvent mixtures containing PC and halogen-substituted solvent molecules (α-bromo-γ-butyrolactone and methyl chloroformate); impregnation of the graphite electrode by halogenated solvents prior to cycling in PC-based electrolytes. It appears that the reversible capacity is increased by ∼10% when such halogenated solvent molecules are used. Moreover, the cycleability is dependent on the nature of lithium salt, the concentration of halogen solvent and the specific current.
Studies on a novel magnesium ion conducting gel polymer electrolyte based on a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) is reported. It comprises a Mg-salt, Mg(CF3SO3)2 [or magnesium triflate, Mg(Tf)2] solution in an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoro-methanesulfonate (EMITf), immobilized with poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), which is a freestanding, semitransparent and flexible film with excellent mechanical strength. Physical and electrochemical analyses demonstrate promising characteristics of these films, suitable as electrolytes in rechargeable magnesium batteries. The material offers a maximum electrical conductivity of ∼4.8×10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature (20°C) with excellent thermal and electrochemical stabilities. Possible conformational changes in the polymer host PVdF-HFP due to ionic liquid solution entrapment and ion–polymer interaction are investigated by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) methods. The Mg2+ ion transport in the gel film is confirmed from cyclic voltammetry, impedance and transport number measurements. The Mg2+ ion transport number (t +) is ∼0.26, which indicates a substantial contribution of triflate anion transport along with ionic conduction due to the component ions of the ionic liquid.
Chile has an immense renewable energy potential but its integration into the energy system constitutes a major challenge. The country has a complex topography that is expressed by a divided national grid with almost isolated subsystems and wide differences in the availability of renewable energy resources. The present study aims at evaluating the potentials of combining solar power, wind power and storage systems to provide steady loads already from the generation source. The analysis relies on an optimization model to size hybrid renewable energy systems and 10 years of weather data from the brand new ERA5 global reanalysis. Multiple scenarios are calculated and intercompared for all possible locations across the country. These scenarios include system sizing considering hourly weather data for the period 2008–2017 and for one year without major weather extreme events. In both analyses, the results are calculated for systems that generate 1 MWh of electricity at every time step and systems that have certain intraday flexibility. Results show that the necessary generation and storage capacities to provide a steady energy output are very high even for areas with exceptionally high renewable energy potential (in the Atacama desert the system configuration requirements could reach 10 MWp of photovoltaics and 10 MWh of storage). Intraday flexibility has direct effects on these results by reducing the total size of the systems but the effects on the sizes of the installations of the particular technologies depend on the individual geographical location.
Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are the most widely used fuel cells because they exhibit flexibility, power generation efficiency, and low pollution formation. Research on SOFC anodes is a major and challenging task in the field of SOFCs. This review highlights the anode materials that may be used for SOFC applications. The use of cermet-based oxide materials as anodes for SOFCs is also discussed in detail. A literature survey conducted over the last 10 years shows that increased power generation efficiency may be attributed to anode materials used in such cells. Oxide-based anode materials with perovskite and several oxides with cubic fluorite structures are further described. Based on the review conducted, we find that cubic fluorite-structured compounds are the most promising anode materials reported thus far. Analyses of the structure and electrical performance of anode materials show as well that copper–gadolinium-doped cerium oxide (Cu–GDC) cubic fluorite-structured anodes exhibit higher electronic conductivity potential than yttria-stabilized zirconia-based anode materials.