batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The effect of stress on storage particles within a lithium-ion battery, while acknowledged, is not fully understood. In this study we identify the importance of solid mechanics in the performance and reliability of the system. We identify three non-dimensional parameters that govern the stress response within a spherical storage particle, and we describe the results of numerical simulations that characterize particle stresses. The non-dimensional groups contain system parameters such as the diffusion coefficient, the particle radius, the lithium partial molar volume and the host material's Young's modulus. Stress maps are presented for various values of these parameters for fixed rates of insertion and extraction, with boundary conditions applied to particles similar to those found in a battery. Stress and lithium concentration profiles for various values of these parameters show that the coupling between stress and concentration is magnified depending on the values of the parameters.
The concept of aqueous solution Al-ion battery inspires much enthusiasm in developing a novel chemical power source. In this work, the electrochemical behavior of TiO2-NTAs electrode in Al3+aqueous solution with different acidity is evaluated. Electrochemical studies showed that both of H+ and Al3+ in aqueous solution are electrochemical active to TiO2-NTAs, however, H+ is preferential to hydroxylate on the TiO2-NTAs surface rather than to intercalate in the TiO2-NTAs lattice as compared with Al3+under the assistance of Cl−. The surface hydroxylation of TiO2-NTAs can retard Al3+ diffusion in the TiO2-NTAs lattice as evidenced by the increase of faradic resistance RF (by EIS) at initial cathodic polarization process, however, the subsequent decrease of RF is due to the conductance improvement of TiO2-NTAs with the Al3+ intercalation. Here it can be concluded that for Al3+ aqueous solution battery with TiO2-NTAs as electrode, the suitable acidity (pH≈3) is required to minimizing the effect of H+.
This study assessed whether two persons with developmental disabilities would be able to actively perform simple occupational activities by controlling their favorite environmental stimulation using battery-free wireless mice with a newly developed object location detection program (OLDP, i.e., a new software program turning a battery-free wireless mouse into an object location detector). This study was performed according to an ABAB design, in which A represented the baseline and B represented intervention phases. Data showed that both participants significantly increased their target response (performing simple occupational activities) to activate the control system to produce environmental stimulation during the intervention phases. Practical and developmental implications of the findings are discussed.
In this paper, we focus on the frequent glitches of general family cars. Based on the Neural Network theory and combining with the Micro-chip processor technology, we design an expert system-“Integrated Cars Repairing Tools” (ICRT) and the size of the proposed ICRT is quite small and achieves the following attractive functions: (1) Portable Electric-jack, (2) Electric Tire-pressure-meter, (3) efficiently Pneumatic tire machine, (4) LCD type Sparing Battery, (5) trouble blinking sign and lighting device. Compare to the traditional single function tools – “Hand Jack”, “Mechanic tire-pressure-meter”, “Pressure-stat pneumatic tire machine”, and “Hand-held glitch indicator”, the proposed innovative expert system – ICRT has the following special features: the Portable Electric-jack can easily and rapidly lift cars, the Electric Tire-pressure-meter works precisely, the efficiently pneumatic tire machine works rapidly, the LCD type Sparing Battery with the capability to show the residual capacity of Power and can be used to start cars easily. We install the proposed ICRT in several different types of cars and make numerous simulations, the test results show that the ICRT is efficient for rejecting the frequent glitches of cars.
Burnett J, Dyer CB, Naik AD. Convergent validation of the Kohlman Evaluation of Living Skills as a screening tool of older adults' ability to live safely and independently in the community. Objective To evaluate the convergent validity of the Kohlman Evaluation of Living Skills (KELS) to screen older adults' ability to live safely and independently. Design Cross-sectional study correlating KELS with components of a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment. Setting Participants' homes. Participants Community-dwelling older adults (N=200) 65 years and older including 100 persons referred by Adult Protective Services (APS) and 100 ambulatory patients matched on age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Interventions In-home comprehensive assessment. Main Outcome Measures KELS, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), modified Physical Performance Test (mPPT), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Knee Extensor Break Test, Executive Cognitive Test (EXIT25), executive clock-drawing test (CLOX) 1 and 2, and an 8-foot walk test. Results Older adults with abnormal KELS scores performed significantly worse on all tests except for the Knee Extensor Break Test. Accordingly, among the entire group, the KELS correlated with measures of executive function (EXIT25, r=.705, P<.001; CLOX 1, r=−.629, P<.001), cognitive function (MMSE, r=−.508, P<.001), affect (GDS, r=.318, P<.001), and physical function (mPPT, r=−.472, P<.001) but did not correlate with the Knee Extensor Break Test (r=−.068, P=.456). Among those referred by APS, the KELS failed to correlate with only the 8-foot walk test (r=.175, P=.153) and GDS (r=.080, P=.450). Conclusions This study demonstrated the convergent validity of KELS with a battery of cognitive, affective, executive, and functional measures often used to determine older adults' ability to live safely and independently in the community. KELS may be a valid and pragmatic alternative to screen for the capacity to live safely and independently among older adults.
Exploration of advanced anode materials is a highly relevant research topic for next generation lithium-ion batteries. Here, we report severe lattice distorted MoS2 nanosheets with a flower-like morphology prepared with PEG400 as additive, which acts not only as surfactant but importantly, also as reactant. Notably, in the absence of a carbon-related incorporation/decoration, it demonstrates superior electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity, a good cycling stability, and an excellent rate capability, originated from the advantages of synthesized MoS2 including enlarged interlayer spacing, 1T-like metallic behavior, and coupling of MoOC (and MoO) hetero-bonds. PEG-assisted synthesis is believed applicable to other anode materials with a layered structure for lithium-ion batteries.
In this paper, a modeling framework to optimize electric bus recharging schedules is developed, which determines both the planning and operational decisions while minimizing total annual costs. The model is demonstrated using a real-world transit network based in Davis, California. The results showed that range anxiety can be eliminated by adopting certain recharging strategies. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the model could provide transit agencies with comprehensive guidance on the utilization of electric buses and development of a fast charging system. The comparative analyses showed that it was more economical and environmentally friendly to utilize electric buses than diesel buses.
In this work, we discuss the electrochemical insertion and deinsertion of lithium into poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT–V2O5 nanohybrids by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and powder ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies with special emphasis on their application potential as cathode materials for rechargeable Lithium batteries. The interlayer spacing of crystalline V2O5 expands from 0.43 to 1.41nm by the intercalation of PEDOT nanoribbons prepared by a microwave irradiation method. Cyclic voltammetry studies of PEDOT–V2O5 hybrid at a slow scan rate of 0.058mVs−1 between 2.0–4.3V vs. Li/Li+, demonstrates that structural transitions of V2O5 are suppressed and more facile intercalation features appear in terms of well-defined reversible cathodic and anodic peaks when compared to that at higher scan rate. Electrochemical Impedance studies of PEDOT–V2O5 hybrid as cathode at ambient temperature with lithium metal foil as both counter and reference electrodes in 1M LiPF6 in a mixture of ethylene and diethylcarbonate (50:50 by volume) between the range 2.0–4.3V reveals the usefulness of these materials. The observed capacity fading during cycling in terms of surface passivation and structural transformations is also investigated by CV, EIS and XRD analysis.
To satisfy the need of 5V high-voltage cathode materials, lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) with excellent film-forming property has been chosen as lithium salt, and adiponitrile (ADN) with stable electrochemical performance has been evaluated as functional additive. An electrochemical investigation of this novel electrolyte solution shows a wide electrochemical oxidation window of nearly 6.0V vs Li+/Li. Due to the positive effect of ADN on the cathode/electrolyte interface, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li half-cell with ADN-adding electrolyte exhibits prominent rate capability and cyclability. It is believed that the improvement of electrochemical performances has benefitted greatly from interfacial impedance reducing. Two modeling hypotheses have been used to explain interfacial interaction between ADN and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, by the means of analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculation. Results show that ADN can enrich the surface of cathode material to hinder the further decomposition of the electrolyte, and contribute to the formation of a cathode-electrolyte interface passivation film with protective and conductive properties.
In order to enhance the utilization of active cathode material in lithium rechargeable batteries, physical mixtures of μm-sized LiCoO2 (LCO) and nm-sized Li[Co0.1Ni0.15Li0.2Mn0.55]O2 (LCMNO) were prepared by varying the LCO content, and the physical and electrochemical properties of lithium half-cells utilizing the mixed cathodes were characterized. Our main concern is the packing state between the microparticles and nanoparticles within the electrode, which influences the determination of the electrode density. We found that the electrode composed of 80 wt.% LCO and 20 wt.% LCMNO shows the best performance in capacity retention ratio and high-rate capability, which are comparable to those of LCMNO, due to the superior density in the electrode’s packing state over other samples.
LiCoO2 (LCO) has been functionally modified with electronic conductive Al-doped ZnO (AZO) via a sol-gel method. The physicochemical characterization results demonstrate that the AZO layer is coated onto the surface of LiCoO2 particles successfully, and the AZO-coated LCO material shows a higher electronic conductivity than pristine sample. The LCO sample coated by 2wt.% AZO shows the excellent cyclability with a capacity retention of 98.2% after 50 cycles in the voltage range of 2.75–4.5V under room temperature. More importantly, this material exhibits outstanding rate capability and delivers a quite high capacity of 156mAhg−1 at the rate of 8C (1600mAg−1), corresponding to 86.6% of the capacity at the rate of 0.1C. Such superior electrochemical performance results from the effective coating of AZO layer which not only acts as a physical protection layer to stabilize the surface structure, but also supplies the conductive networks to decrease charge transfer impedance. The conducting functionalized AZO coating is a facile and efficient approach to improve the electrochemical performance of LCO at a high cut-off voltage of 4.5V vs. Li+/Li for large-scale application of high energy density lithium ion batteries.
The lithium-ion battery (LIB) jet is often accompanied by particulate matter (PM) (e.g. spark) during vent and combustion caused by thermal runaway. These hot PM could ignite the combustible vent gases, and the settleable matter may promote water and soil pollution. The aim of this study is to reveal the statistical size distribution and elemental composition of the settleable PM released by LIBs after thermal runaway. A fully charged commercial 50 Ah Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)O2 cell was triggered by heating in a sealed chamber. These PM were divided into 4 samples using sieves. The sizes were analyzed and the elements were detected. The results show that these PM account for 11.20% of the cell mass. Nearly 45% of particles by mass were found to have a size less than 0.85 mm, with the median size being approximately 198 um. The main elements are carbon, nickel, cobalt, etc. The content of metallic elements is approximately 40%. The emissions also contain potentially toxic elements, including aluminum, lithium, fluorine, etc. The element species in different samples are similar, but their contents differ. The size distribution provides a basis for the design of the particle filter pore, and elemental composition reveals the pollution of LIB emissions.
A high-energy-density hybrid electrochemical capacitor (HEC) has been developed. The advanced HEC has graphitizable carbon activated with KOH (KOH-activated soft carbon) for the positive electrode instead of activated carbon, which is used in a conventional HEC or an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC). The KOH-activated soft carbon had low electrostatic capacitance due to its small specific surface area in the initial state; however, the capacitance increased significantly by the first charging at potential over 4V versus Li/Li+ and exceeded the capacitance of activated carbon. The resulting capacitance was affected by the type of anion species and organic solvent of the electrolyte. In charge–discharge tests using various kinds of electrolytes, the KOH-activated soft carbon showed the best performance in the electrolyte of LiPF6 dissolved in a binary solvent composed of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The advanced HEC using KOH-activated soft carbon for the positive electrode gave about 8.5 times the energy density of the conventional EDLC.
In the present study, the rate of liquid permeation is measured for green and pressed tapes used as an anode film of lithium ion battery. The tape was made of graphite particles of various shapes which were modified by high-speed rotational blending. The packing structure was measured by image analysis on the cross-sections of the tape in three dimensions and was characterized by a distribution of void sizes among particles. Based on the void size distribution, the mathematical model of permeation was developed considering the tape porous structure as the bundle of parallel pipes of various sizes. As a result, the liquid permeation data with the graphite tapes can successfully be described with the developed model, in contrast with much higher permeation rate by Kozeny–Carman's equation. The permeation rate was also confirmed to get higher for the tape made of spherical particles as a result of higher equivalent diameter due to wider void size distribution and lower tortuosity owing to more regular packing structure.
Triboelectric nanogenerators based on reusing waste aluminum plastic bags and biodegradable tea leaves (after drinking) will not only reduce the waste of resources but can also mitigate environmental pollution and reduce energy consumption. In this paper, we propose a novel tea-leaf triboelectric nanogenerator using aluminum plastic bags (TAP-TENG). The approximate values of open circuit voltage (V oc ), short-circuit current (I sc ), and output power density of the fabricated TAP-TENG could reach 792 V, 42.8 μA, and 488.88 μW/cm2, respectively. The generated electrical output is capable of directly powering 179 green high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Additionally, a honeycomb lantern TAP-TENG structure is proposed, which can be used not only to harvest mechanical energy, for example, turning books and pulling drawers, but can also detect various touching states, such as knocking, pressing, and stroking. Additionally, we propose a power management circuit to power various electronic office supplies, such as a digital temperature-humidity meter, electronic calculator and electronic watch. The tea leaves and aluminum plastic bags used for TENG construction are commercial and waste office commodities and the fabricated TENG are applied for powering and sensing purpose within the office. This study provides a simple and cost-effective method of fabricating an energy harvester to power environmental monitoring devices, which will promote the large-scale and intelligent practical application of TENGs.
The Strong consensus recommendations (2009) propose behavioural (ALSbi) and/or dysexecutive (ALSci) impairment as the two main clinical profiles of non-motor manifestations in non-demented amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. We aimed at assessing whether clustering pattern of neuropsychological performance of ALS patients suggest the existence of additional clinical syndromes beyond the currently recognized phenotypes. We applied principal component analysis (PCA) to a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of 71 non-demented ALS patients in order to identify clusters of variables correlating highly with each other, with the aim of detecting distinct patterns of neuropsychological test performance. The outcome of PCA demonstrated the existence of three main test clusters. Two, accounting for 27% of the patients, were compatible with the recognised ALSbi and ALSci profiles. An additional third cluster loaded on social cognition, language and memory tests and accounted for 24% of the patients. Of these, 15% had defective performance on at least two tests belonging to the latter non-executive cluster, and were thus unclassifiable according to current criteria. Our data-driven approach indicated a third dimension of cognitive impairment, including language, social cognition and episodic memory, as a distinct pattern of non-motor manifestations in ALS patients, in addition to the recognized ALSci and ALSbi profiles.
Four state-of-the-art carbon graphite morphologies, beads, fibers, flakes and potatoes have been benchmarked with respect to materials properties and electrochemical performance. All four anode materials exhibit various degree of graphitization and performance. Fibers have a higher degree of turbostatic structure. Flakes consist of a binary phase mix. Potatoes and beads have reached an intermediate degree of crystallinity. Although graphite flakes still show the highest performance in early cycles, new materials challenge not only in-cell capacity, but also rate capability and cyclability.
LIBES has investigated new Ni–Co and Mn cathodes, such as LiNi0.7Co0.3O2 and Li-rich LiMn2O4 cathodes, and graphite compound anodes whose performance exceeds that of a single graphite anode, such as graphite–coke, Ag-deposited graphite and graphite-hard carbon anodes, to develop batteries with high capacity, long cycle life, and with less or no content of Co. It has also developed large-scale lithium ion secondary batteries for dispersed energy storage. Parameters such as battery capacity and energy efficiency have already achieved their original targets for both types. Specific power has also reached its target in the battery module level for electric vehicles (EV) purpose.
Abstract This chapter contains the engineering basis for renewable energy conversion into desired energy supply forms. After introducing the general transformation theory for mechanical and thermodynamic processes, the treatment of specific heat and electricity conversion systems are described. Engines, heat pumps, boilers, furnaces, a range of flow-driven converters, photovoltaic and photothermal devices, coolers, electrochemical converters such as fuel cells, and tools for biological conversion into heat or power.
Data storage tags (DSTs) record and store information about animals and their environment, and can provide important data relevant to fish culture, ecology and conservation. A DST has recently been developed that records heart rate (fH), electrocardiograms (ECGs), tri-axial acceleration and temperature. However, at the time of this study, no research using these tags had been performed on fish or determined the quality of the data collected. Thus, our research asked: do these DSTs provide reliable and meaningful data? To examine this question, Atlantic salmon (1.4 ± 0.7 kg) were implanted with DSTs, then swam at increasing speeds in a swim tunnel after 1 week of recovery. Further, in two separate experiments, salmon (2.4 ± 0.1 kg) were implanted with DSTs and held in a large tank with conspecifics for 1 week at 11 °C or 6 weeks at 8–12 °C.
This paper introduces a new low-cost hybrid drivetrain concept based on compressed air energy storage. In contrast to most contemporary approaches to pneumatic hybridization, which require modification to the primary power plant, this concept is based on a stand-alone pneumatic system that could be readily integrated with existing vehicles. The pneumatic system consists of an air tank and a compressor–expander that is coupled to the rest of the drivetrain via an infinitely variable transmission. Rather than incorporating more expensive technologies such as variable valve timing or a variable compression ratio compressor, a fixed valve system consisting of a rotary valve and passive check valves is optimized to operate efficiently over a range of tank pressures. The feasibility of this approach is established by thermodynamic modeling and the construction of a proof-of-concept prototype, which is also used to fine tune model parameters. While the proof-of-concept system shows a round trip efficiency of just under 10%, modeling shows that a round trip efficiency of 26% is possible with a revised design. If waste heat from the engine is used to maintain an elevated tank temperature, efficiencies of nearly 50% may be possible, indicating that the concept could be effective for practical hybridization of passenger vehicles.
In this study, we demonstrate that coating a layer of graphene oxide (GO) onto graphite felts (GF) by electrostatic spraying can substantially increase the performance of all-iron redox flow batteries (IRFBs). Graphite felts are extensively used as electrodes but they do not have the desired electrochemical properties. GO has good electrochemical features. Hence, GO was synthesized from graphite powder and applied onto graphite felts. Chemical and structural features of the bare graphite felt electrode (BGF), thermally treated graphite felt electrode (TTGF), and graphene oxide modified graphite felt electrode (GOMGF) were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman Spectroscopy (RS), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Similarly, the electrochemical performance was evaluated using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Tafel analysis and charge–discharge experiments. The Charge–discharge experiments were performed at 1 to 5 mgcm−2 weight of GO on the modified graphite felt electrode and varying the current densities from 10 to 40 mAcm−2. The coulombic efficiency (ηC) and energy efficiency (ηE) of the cell determined at 20 mAcm−2 for 4 mgcm−2-GOMGF electrodes were found to be 64.61% and 50.27%, respectively. Among the three different types of electrodes, the GOMGF electrode showed better electrocatalytic performance mainly due to the excellent conducting network of the defective edges of oxygen on the surface of layered flakes of the GO. After twenty cycles, the average ηC and ηE of the cell using a 4 mgcm−2-GOMGF electrode were found to be 62.06% and 42.02%, respectively.