batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Powering up a typical house in Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) using hybrid solar and hydrogen fuel-cell energy systems is investigated. The return on investment (ROI) of the proposed hybrid system has been estimated as well. It is found that the payback period for the proposed system is about 3.5 years based on a price of $0.06 for each kWh sold to the grid. The price of kWh sold to the grid is assumed because currently there are no rules that regulate renewable energy production in the Kingdom. After the payback period, a yearly profit of about $7754 is achieved for the proposed system. The price of electricity in Saudi Arabia is too low compared to non-oil producing neighboring countries like Jordan, in which the monthly price for over than 500kWh is $0.16. As it is known, the government of Saudi Arabia subsidizes prices of oil and electricity.
Submicron-sized NiV3O8 powder was prepared by solid-state reaction method. A mixture of NiO, V2O5 and home-made VO2 (B) was used as starting material. The phase purity, structures, morphologies of the prepared powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photo-electron spectrometry (XPS), respectively. The results show that the as-prepared NiV3O8 material is highly crystalline and a single phase. The charge-discharge experiments were performed to investigate the electrochemical properties of NiV3O8 powder. NiV3O8 cathode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 286.6mAhg−1 and still remains at 241mAhg−1 after 30 cycles in the voltage of 1.5–4.2V. The rate performance and EIS results indicate that the as-prepared electrode material has very good structural stability upon cycling after electrode conditioning by an initial charge and discharge.
Free-standing heterogeneous hybrid papers based on mesoporous γ-MnO2 particles and acid-treated single-walled carbon nanotubes (a-SWCNTs) for lithium-ion battery anodes are successfully prepared by simple vacuum filtration. The mesoporous γ-MnO2 particles with high surface areas are well dispersed throughout these anodes by being bound in nanoporous a-SWCNT networks. Furthermore, these anodes exhibit a high electrical conductivity of 2.5 × 102 S cm−1 with high flexibility, which makes them substrate- and binder-free. For 50 wt% mesoporous γ-MnO2 particle-loaded anodes, a high reversible capacity of 934 mA h g−1 (0.01–3.0 V) is maintained after 150 cycles.
To overcome the issues of fast capacity fading and poor rate capacity for tin dioxide (SnO2) anode materials, an effective strategy is explored to fabricate nanostructured SnO2@carbon composites (SnO2@C) with large specific surface area, abundant cavity and confined dimension, considering the peculiar nanostructure to achieve increased contact interface between the active materials and the electrolyte, restricted agglomeration of SnO2, buffered volume variation, enhanced structure stability, shortened diffusion distance of lithium-ion and electron and improved electronic conductivity. Herein, two kinds of hollow SnO2@C nanostructures, namely hollow SnO2@C spheres and SnO2@C tubes are prepared by a simple approach. Comparing with general strategies involved templates, the preparation process in our strategy is greatly simplified, and the typical and tedious respective SnO2 coating, polysaccharides coating and template removal are avoided, instead, the three processes are achieved simultaneously. It is believed that our strategy may pave the way for facile preparation of various microstructures of hollow SnO2@C composites with relatively uniform size and to a wide variety of applications. More importantly, when tested as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, both the two hollow SnO2@C nanostructures exhibited superior electrochemical performance due to the synergistic effect of hollow nanostructure and relatively uniform carbon coating. The SnO2@C tubes delivered a reversible capacity of 587.1 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 100 cycles. More importantly, the hollow SnO2@C spheres delivered a reversible capacity of 612.9 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 even after 300 cycles.
In conventional generation systems, the possibility of system restoration and reducing power swings among different generation units is high, as an adequate reserve can be supplied from neighboring generation units to restore the operation. In contrast, the situation is different in the case of isolated microgrids, as the system reserve and capabilities of the whole system to recover from disturbances are limited, especially when the microgrid is supplied by intermittent sources as wind energy. This paper presents the state space modelling of isolated microgrids supplied by different energy sources, and thereafter, the eigenvalue sensitivity analyses are conducted. The main contribution of this paper is that a detailed model of an isolated microgrid supplied by different energy sources, particularly battery units and doubly-fed induction generators is presented. Moreover, in contrast to the most recent papers, which have discussed the state space modelling of several energy sources and have not studied the effect of load dynamics on the stability of power systems, this paper includes the dynamics of two of the most common loads, heating and induction machines. Their effects on the stability of the microgrid are discussed in detail.
The standard molar enthalpy of formation Δf H m°(l) of the ionic liquid N-butyl-3-methylpyridinium dicyanamide has been determined at 298.15K by means of combustion calorimetry. Vaporization of the ionic liquid into the nitrogen stream in order to obtain vaporization enthalpy has been attempted, but no vaporization was achieved. First-principles calculations of the enthalpy of formation in the gaseous phase have been performed for the ionic species using the G3MP2 theory. The combination of traditional combustion calorimetry with modern high-level quantum–chemical calculations allows estimation of the molar enthalpy of vaporization of the ionic liquid under study.
It is generally accepted that the effect of electrode resistance is not predominant in determining the performance of reverse electrodialysis (RED), because the contribution of electrode resistance to total internal resistance decreases as the number of cell pairs increases. However, this is not true under the condition in which gas is continuously produced by water electrolysis owing to the large stack voltage in pilot-scale applications. We verified that the bubble resistance of the electrode spacer in a conventional endplate causes the electric power of a RED system with 1000 cells to decrease by more than 20% under the specific condition in which the outermost feed solution (OFS) at both electrodes and the electrode solution (ES) are river water. This configuration, called OFS(river)/ES(river), is the best for minimizing inorganic scaling and toxic gas evolution. Another problem associated with the conventional endplate is fluid congestion owing to very narrow spaces, which causes sudden pH changes and deteriorates further with inorganic scaling. To address these issues, we removed the electrode spacer from the electrode system and utilized an open-type endplate with interconnected open spaces. This endplate maintained high electric power without the bubble resistance and suppressed the abrupt changes in the pH around the electrodes and the shielding membranes. We believe that our approach will be useful in the search for an optimum electrode design for RED systems on the industrial scale.
Nanoplate-assembled MnO2 spheres with a high surface area are synthesized and act as a manganese precursor for the hydrothermal process to synthesize MnO/reduced graphite oxide (MnO/RGO) composite powders. The structures and electrochemical properties of the obtained samples are studied by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermal gravimetry, N2 adsorption/desorption measurement and galvanostatic cell cycling. The content of the reduced graphite oxide and the use of the reducing agent (N2H4) are found to play important roles to determine the structures and properties of the MnO/RGO products. The MnO/RGO composites contain a uniform RGO coating and possess a high specific surface area of up to 42.4m2 g−1. As an anode material for rechargeable lithium batteries, such a MnO/RGO composite can achieve excellent high rate capability and cycling stability. The composite with 13.19wt% RGO shows the optimal electrochemical performance and can deliver reversible capacities of 855, 842, 821, 737 and 630mAhg−1 at the current densities of 0.16, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2Ag−1, respectively.
With the purpose to develop improved positive grids for electric vehicles (EVs), tests on valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA)-AGM prototype batteries have been carried out. Batteries were made using positive grids from gravity cast technology or rolled expanded technology, with and without silver additive at 0.025% and 0.05%. Batteries were submitted to self-discharge tests, deep discharge tests and TC69 cycling. The effect of silver after the self-discharge test of batteries is not significant, or very small, for both technologies; the differences observed between grid technologies are small, but give a better behaviour of batteries using rolled expanded grids, taking into account the lower weight of such grids for the EV application. The effect of silver in deep discharge test of batteries is only significant for gravity cast technology, but even then is limited. No effect of silver is observed for the rolled technology. The differences observed between grid technologies show a better electrical behaviour of batteries using gravity cast grids. However, the voltage limitation should be adjusted to higher values for better rechargeability of the rolled expanded technology according to EV application. The evolution of specific energy of batteries with TC69 cycling shows an important difference between the specific energy of the two battery technologies without over significant effect of silver. The batteries using rolled expanded technology give better results in specific energy and better stability during the TC69 test. However, due to the softening failure mode, it is very difficult to relate directly the role of grid alloy composition and grid technology to the behaviour of batteries in the cycling test. Other parameters like positive active mass elaboration and battery design play a major role in such test.
Electric vehicles can be used for delivering primary frequency control (PFC) and the revenue can compensate for the costs of driving. However, the average system frequency can be biased over the hour, which can lead storage units performing PFC to become either fully charged or depleted. This is also called the energy content of the frequency. Another important role is played by the V2G charger efficiency, which negatively affects the service energy flow. In this paper, the characterisation of the charger and the influence of the losses are detailed. Real frequency and market data are used for calculating the revenue under the Nordic regulatory framework. Earnings are calculated for the best case where the future energy content is known in advance. The results show that, in order to fulfill the service delivery specifications, a crucial role is played by the bid power compared to the size of the energy storage. Recommendations are given in order not to fail regulatory requirements along with considerations on the influence of service provision on the degradation.
Transition metal oxides have attracted much interest for their high energy density in lithium-ion batteries. However, large volume expansion during the lithiation process limits their practical applications. Hollow structures with porous shell (such as nanocages) can provide sufficient void space to accommodate the volume expansion during the lithiation/delithiation processes. Herein, we developed a novel two-step method to prepare Zn3V2O8 nanocages, in which a hollow precursor first was obtained by a solvothermal method and then was calcined in air atmosphere. Importantly, it is found that the resultant Zn3V2O8 nanocages possess impressive lithium storage performance in terms of high specific capacity, superior rate capability and excellent cycling stability. The excellent lithium storage performance is attributed to easy electrolyte permeability, shorter Li+ and electron diffusion pathways, and effective alleviation of the volume expansion provided by the cage-like hollow structure. When coupled with commercially available LiFePO4 cathode, the full cell exhibits remarkable lithium storage performance. The Zn3V2O8 nanocages demonstrate a great potential as an anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. In addition, the electrochemical reaction mechanism of the Zn3V2O8 nanocages as an anode material was systematically investigated based on ex-situ X-ray diffraction, X-ray photo electron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy.
The microstructure of carbon materials in terms of its specific surface area and pore structure by its activation, are the key issues which determine the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. In this work, we developed a particular chemical activation process assisted by nitrogen/sulfur co-doping for the preparation of hierarchical porous carbon materials with high specific surface area, aiming at improving the energy density of supercapacitors. The as-obtained hierarchical porous carbon materials exhibited both high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of up to 3652m2 g−1 for more ions adsorption and high porosity (2.61cm3 g−1) for rapid ion transport. Attributed to the synergistic effects of these two features, the porous carbon displays high gravimetric specific capacitance (324Fg−1) in KOH aqueous electrolyte with outstanding rate performance (73.3% capacitance retention at 100Ag−1). The symmetrical supercapacitor based on our hierarchical porous carbon displays a maximum specific energy of 9.76Whkg−1 and 94.5% retention over 10000 cycles at 15Ag−1. This synthesis strategy is facile, low-cost and industrialized, which provide a promising route to prepare the hierarchical porous carbon materials for energy storage and renewable delivery devices.
Abstract This first chapter aims to be an introduction to the whole of the book. It starts with a presentation of the concept of energy and its types, then referring to energy in the building sector, and providing some data on energy consumption in buildings around the world. After presenting the current regulatory environment regarding energy in buildings, a description is made of new types of materials and building envelopes as well as modern thermal facilities that allow obtaining the requirements of comfort with greater energy efficiency. In the last part of the chapter, a brief introduction to the exergy methodology and the advantages of using it in the building sector is presented, both from an energetic, economic and environmental point of view. Finally, a brief history of the use of exergy methodology and thermoeconomics in buildings is given.
Depression and anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) are associated with a poorer prognosis. Therefore the screening for psychological distress is strongly recommended in cardiac rehabilitation. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a widely used screening tool that has demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity for mental disorders.
Rechargeable Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted extensive attention, but their practical application is hindered by the limited cycling life and complicated preparation process of cathode materials. Here, we develop a facile yet scalable chemical precipitation/spray-granulation combined methodology for the fabrication of α-MnO2 nanofibers/carbon nanotubes hierarchically assembled microspheres (α-MnO2/CNT HMs) as the cathode material for aqueous ZIBs. The α-MnO2 evenly anchoring to the CNTs-based framework shows significantly increased tap density compared with pristine α-MnO2, which can effectively enhance the electrochemical stability. Owing to the synergistic merits of highly conductive carbon nanotubes network and α-MnO2 nanofibers with desirable structure features, within our knowledge, the highest areal energy density of 0.98 Wh cm−2 at 0.2 A g−1 and the record cycling stability with 96% capacity retention over 10000 cycles at 3 A g−1 among the reported cathodes for ZIBs are achieved. Zn2+ and H+ co-insertion reaction mechanism with high reversibility is further revealed. Fast kinetic of the H+ insertion/extraction process renders the cell excellent cycling stability. Facile preparation of nanofibrous α-MnO2 based micro-composite, cost benefit of the source materials, and the superior battery performance provide new approaches for the practical applications of ZIBs.
A LiBF4–LiBOB (lithium bis(oxalato)borate) salt mixture was used to formulate an electrolyte for the operation of a LiFePO4 cathode over a wide temperature range (−50 to 80°C) by employing a solvent mixture of 1:1:3 (wt.) propylene carbonate (PC)/ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC). In comparison with the ionic conductivity of a single salt electrolyte, LiBF4 electrolyte has a higher conductivity below −10°C while the LiBOB electrolyte is higher above −10°C. For cell performance, LiBF4 cell has a better low temperature performance and a higher power capability, but it cannot survive above 60°C. In contrast, the LiBOB cell performs very well at high temperature even up to 90°C, but it fails to perform below −40°C. We found that the temperature performance of Li/LiFePO4 cells could be optimized by using a LiBF4–LiBOB salt mixture. At 1C and at −50°C, for example, a Li/LiFePO4 cell using 90:10 (in mole) LiBF4–LiBOB salt mixture could provide up to ∼30% of capacity at ∼3.0V and it still could be cycled at 90°C. In addition, we observed and explained an opposite correlation between the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte and the power capability of the cell. That is, the LiBF4 cell at 20°C discharges at a higher plateau voltage than the LiBOB cell, whereas the LiBF4 electrolyte has a lower ionic conductivity.
We study the effect of new product introduction on firm value. Using a unique sample on mobile phone handset introduction by the 16 largest major handset manufacturers from 1992 to 2002, we distinguish between truly innovative product introduction and imitative product introduction. We find that while most product introduction is imitative, both types of innovation increase firm value. However, truly innovative innovation is found to increase firm value by more than imitative introductions.
A nanohybrid comprises of cobalt-nickel selenide (Co0.50Ni0.50Se) nanoparticles dispersed on graphene nanosheets (GN) has been synthesized by a simple one-step hydrothermal method to use as a counter electrode for dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The structural changes and the corresponding electrocatalytic properties in terms of cathodic peak current density and charge transfer resistance at the electrode/electrolyte interface for Co0.5Ni0.5Se/GN nanohybrid with respect to the mass ratio between Co0.5Ni0.5Se nanoparticles and graphene nanosheets have been investigated. Co0.5Ni0.5Se/GN0.50 exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity and lower charge transfer resistance than other Co0.5Ni0.5Se/GN nanohybrids and std. platinum (Pt) counter electrodes. Finally, the DSSC fabricated with Co0.5Ni0.5Se/GN0.50 as the counter electrode delivered photo-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.42%, which is higher than that of DSSC fabricated with Co0.5Ni0.5Se (7.59%) and std. Pt (7.68%) counter electrodes. This improved electrochemical performance and higher PCE incited by the synergistic effect of Co and Ni in Co0.5Ni0.5Se nanoparticles, as well as Co0.5Ni0.5Se and graphene, could make Co0.5Ni0.5Se/GN0.50 nanohybrid as a promising low-cost Pt-free counter electrode for DSSC.
Graphite surface modification by silylation in nonaqueous solution has been examined. Silane coupling with hydroxyl-containing carbon surface species, such as hydroxyl-groups and adsorbed water is assumed to be the main surface reaction introduced by this modification treatment. In terms of reduced irreversible charge losses, best results were obtained when graphites pre-oxidized in oxygen atmosphere at elevated temperatures have been silylated.
Among the various types of cathode materials for sodium ion batteries, NaFePO4 attracts much attention owing to its high theoretical capacity (155 mA h g−1), low cost, high structural stability, and non-toxicity. Nevertheless, the NaFePO4 with maricite structure, thermodynamically stable phase, has been considered as electrochemically inactive for sodium-ion storage. In this work, we succeeded in tuning the degree of disorder in NaFePO4 cathode material by a mechanochemical route to enhance electrochemical performances of Na-ion batteries. The derived NaFePO4 cathodes containing both amorphous and maricite phases exhibit much improved sodium storage performance with an initial capacity of 115 mA h g−1 at 1 C and an excellent cycling stability of capacity retention of 91.3% after 800 cycles. By X-ray absorption near edge and Raman spectroscopy, we revealed the atom-scale structural origin of the enhanced Na-storage performances of the amorphous NaFePO4 electrode. The transformation of edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra into various FeOn polyhedra upon amorphization was found to be a key to attain the superior performances for Na ion batteries.
Battery swapping mode (BSM) is an important method of supplying energy to electric vehicles, in which the battery swapping behavior of electric vehicle users affects significantly the charging behavior of the battery swapping station. To determine the impacts of a driver’s swapping behavior on the power grid and generation cost, this paper proposes an optimization charging mode (OCM) and simulates the impacts of OCM on the power grid side and generation side. The empirical results indicate that the OCM significantly benefits the power grid and power generators. For the power grid side, OCM is helpful in balancing the power load and decreasing the difference of the peak and valley load. For the generation side, generators will reduce their coal consumption and cost when the OCM is conducted. In addition, OCM can integrate more renewable power into the power grid. Moreover, the empirical results demonstrate that the development of electric vehicle (EV) features scale economy. The benefits of OCM for the power grid side and generation side would be significantly improved with the increase of EV volume.
The battery and the screen are the two components occupying the largest volume in many electronic devices. Integrating them together will eventually engender a great reduction of device size. The current study demonstrates a promising strategy towards ultimate-compact electronic devices. Herein, a photoluminescent microbattery with reasonable light-permeability and hazing ability is developed. This aqueous Zn–MnOx/polypyrrole based microbattery features a flat architecture with interdigitated electrodes and utilizes a photoluminescent gelatin based electrolyte by embedding colloidal CdTe quantum dots. Furthermore, borax is introduced into the electrolyte as an additive, which effectively prevents luminescence quenching of the quantum dots and simultaneously enhances the electrochemical performance of the microbattery. A high device energy density of 21 mW h cm−3 is obtained. One step further, a three-primary-color (red–green–blue, RGB) photoluminescent microbattery array is assembled, endowing the battery with the function of a color filter and realizing a battery-in-screen configuration.
We describe features of a patient that broadens the clinical and pathological spectrum of neurofilament inclusion disease (NFID). The patient was a 52-year-old man with a 5–6 year history of progressive, asymmetrical spastic weakness of the upper and lower extremities;