batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Sultan Marsh is one of the largest and most important wetlands in Turkey, Middle East and Europe, embodying saline and fresh water ecosystems, which provide a shelter for 426 bird species. The area has begun to contribute much to the tourism of Kayseri state and its environs. However, the sites in the vicinity of the sewerage-sludge and fertilizer plants are highly damaged due to pollution. As such, studies on the heavy metal status of water, sediment and plants were investigated. Concentrations of iron and manganese were measured in bottom sediments, water and Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, Potamogeton pectinatus, Ranunculus sphaerosphermus and Groenlandia densa in Sultan Marsh. Analyses of water, bottom sediments and plant samples indicated that all sampling sites in the study area basin are generally more or less polluted when compared with the control sites. It has been found that the tissues of P. pectinatus accumulated heavy metals more than those of G. densa. Therefore, all plants can be used as biological indicators while determining environmental pressures; however, Phragmites australis has proved more appropriate for such studies.
The dynamic behaviour of batteries can be predicted using theoretical cell model for basic processes. In this paper, this model is calibrated for two types of valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries, and is applied for viewing unobservable processes in battery by observable processes. It is shown that unobservable parameters like overpotential, reaction rate, porosity, acid concentration, and other parameters of electrode can be evaluated by total current, terminal voltage and temperature of surrounding atmosphere of battery. The calibrated model is applied to distinguish between outwardly equal batteries with different backup time and cut-off time. It is shown that difference in morphology of electrodes, thickness of electrodes and quantity of electrolyte in separator are the main distinguishing parameters between batteries. These parameters can be tested online by current–voltage measurements using fast calculation method proposed in this paper.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery research has flourished by upgrading the performances of sulfur cathodes and Li metal anodes under flooded electrolyte conditions. However, since high gravimetric energy density can only be achieved at a low electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratio, the severe performance degradation under lean electrolyte conditions is becoming a bottleneck in the development of Li–S batteries. Here we propose a new class of gel polymer electrolytes by using titanium–oxo clusters as reinforcements to construct low E/S batteries. The developed electrolyte has favorable mechanical properties and high Li-ion conductivity, as well as excellent capabilities to block polysulfide shuttling and suppress Li dendrite formation, enabling low E/S batteries to exhibit enhanced capacities and cycling stabilities. Remarkably, the low E/S (3 μLmgS−1) battery fabricated with high sulfur loading (10 mgS cm−2) and low negative/positive capacity ratio (1/1) can deliver a gravimetric energy density of 423W h kg−1 and continue to operate for 100 cycles. This study provides a new avenue for high-energy-density Li–S batteries.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered to be an appealing alternative as alternatives for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) on account of abundant resources and low prices. Different cathode materials have been extensively studied, especially layered oxides (P2 or O3). However, it is crucial to design an appropriate cathode material for SIBs with excellent comprehensive performance. Herein, a biphasic cathode material with P2 and O3 structures is successfully synthesized by Sn substitution in Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2, which is clearly proved by the XRD and HRTEM results. And Fullprof program refinement is used to determine the optimal phase ratio of P2 and O3. Besides, the XRD tests at different voltages illustrate that the cathode material has good reversibility and structural stability during charge and discharge. Due to the synergistic effect of P2 and O3 phase, when the phase ratio is about 1:1, the biphasic material P2/O3–Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.57Sn0.1O2 exhibits the most outstanding electrochemical performance. The P2/O3–Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.57Sn0.1O2 cathode delivers a high reversible initial capacity of 155.2 mA h g−1 during the voltage range from 2.0V up to 4.3V with an excellent initial Coulombic efficiency of 98.95%, as well as the satisfactory rate performances and cycling performance. GITT testing also demonstrates the DNa+ of biphasic material is more stable and conducive to the diffusion of sodium ions. These results will pave a significant way for designing cathode material for SIBs with different structure by the substitution of transition metal elements.
Here we reported flexible aerogel electrodes for supercapacitors fabricated by freeze-drying combining a cold-press process cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and polyaniline (PANI) composite system after polymerized polyaniline onto the surface of the cellulose nanofibers and carbon nanotubes by in situ polymerization method. Scanning electron microscope images showed that PANI well coated on the surface of the CNFs and MWCNTs forming a three dimensional conductive network structure. PANI as binder firmly combining each other together and cross-sectional loose structure lead to a small charge transfer resistance (1.24Ω). Due to the 3D porous structure of the aerogel electrodes, a high specific capacitance of 791.13F/g was obtained at 0.2A/g. Furthermore, the aerogel electrodes also showed excellent redox reversibility and cycling stability. The low cost, super light-weight, high-performance, and environmental friendliness aerogel electrodes may have a promising application for the flexible supercapacitors.
Electrolytes are key components of Li/O2 batteries. The ionic liquid-like structure and good electrochemical and thermal stability of solvent-in-salt electrolytes make them of great interest for lithium batteries. Solutions of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl-ether with molar ratios ranging from 1:9 to 1:0.9 are here investigated. A voltammetric study of oxygen redox reaction in presence of different concentrations of salt, from salt-in-solvent to solvent-in-salt solutions, is reported here for the first time along with a novel luminescence method for the evaluation of O2 solubility. The results indicate that superconcentrated solutions favor the solution formation mechanism of Li2O2 during discharge which in turn is beneficial for battery cycling stability. Despite the higher viscosity of solvent-in-salt solutions than conventional electrolytes, O2 solubility is improved at the highest salt concentrations. These findings contribute to understand electrochemical processes in solvent-in-salt solutions for Li/O2 and next generation metal-based batteries.
The syllable has received considerable empirical support as a unit of processing in speech perception, but its status in speech production remains unclear. Some researchers propose that syllables are individually represented and retrieved during phonological encoding (e.g., Dell, 1986; Ferrand, Segui, & Grainger, 1996; MacKay, 1987). We test this hypothesis by examining the influence of syllable frequency on the phonological errors of two aphasics. These individuals both had an impairment in phonological encoding, but appeared to differ in the precise locus of that impairment. They each read aloud and repeated 110 pairs of words matched for syllabic complexity, but differing in final syllable frequency. Lexical frequency was also controlled. Neither aphasic was more error-prone on low than on high frequency syllables (indeed, one showed a near-significant reverse effect), and neither showed a preference for more frequent syllables in their errors. These findings provide no support for the view that syllables are individually represented and accessed during phonological encoding.
Nano-sized Li2FeSiO4 particles are successfully synthesized by sol–gel method using as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the monoclinic structure with a space group of P21. The TEM images show that the primary size of Li2FeSiO4 nanoparticle is 20–40 nm. The Li2FeSiO4 nanoparticle is coated by a very thin film of amorphous carbon, the carbon content is 10.06%. The Li2FeSiO4 electrode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 880 mA h g−1, which is much higher than graphitic anodes. The specific discharge capacity of the Li2FeSiO4 electrode at 500 mA g−1 is 235 mA h g−1. The electrode delivers a specific discharge capacity of about 449 mA h g−1 at the current density of 100 mA g−1 even after 173 cycles. The electrochemical procedures of the Li2FeSiO4 electrode are emphasized by ex-situ XRD, XPS and cyclic voltammograms.
Electrodeposition of lead (Pb) is important because of the application for energy storage and Pb recovery. Water, however, is not a good solvent because many Pb compounds, such as Pb oxides used in Pb storage batteries, are insoluble. Ionic liquids (ILs), especially for deep eutectic solvents (DESs), have been used for Pb electrodeposition. However, most DESs are water-miscible. Here, a hydrophobic Brønsted acidic amide-type IL, protonated betaine bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide ([Hbet][TFSA]), was used to dissolve PbO and PbO2 under an ambient air for the voltammetric study and electrodeposition. PbSO4 was only slightly soluble but extraction of Pb metal was achieved from the PbSO4/[Hbet][TFSA] paste. Very smooth, uniform, and crystalline electrodeposits were obtained from the PbO and PbO2 baths, respectively, regardless of potentiostatic or galvanostatic electrodeposition but dendritic Pb was obtained from DESs. The Pb species in the IL was carefully studied, and the different species might explain why different morphologies of Pb were obtained from this IL and DESs, respectively. This study demonstrates that a protic IL is appropriate to be used as the electrolyte for electrochemically extracting Pb from various water-insoluble Pb compounds.
The new possibilities of stripping coulometry method (SCM) using coulometric constant for the determination of the total electric charge are addressed. Since SCM is a method critical to the volume of the sample solution, the use of screen-printed electrodes (SPE) can significantly reduce the time of measurement. This work is devoted to the development of the new ways to define the coulometric constants and SCM determination of Pb and Hg at SPE.
A binder free thick film sulfur cathode based on a carbon structure with carbon nano tubes (CNT) is introduced. The sulfur mass can be varied between 3 and 20 mg cm−2 electrode leading to sulfur loads that are several times as high as in slurry electrodes. The electrode structure and thickness is examined by SEM, the surface area measured by BET and the in-plane conductivity is determined by a modified 4-point measurement. The achieved capacities for these extremely high sulfur loads are around 900 mAh g−1 sulfur at a current of 0.64 mA cm−2 electrode. Additionally the price of future Li–S cells (18650), both conventional sulfur slurry cathode and here introduced binder free CNT sulfur cathode were calculated and compared with a lithium-ion system (NCA-graphite).
Highly dispersed Ru/C catalysts are prepared using high viscosity glycerol as a reducing agent and are treated in H2 atmosphere to ensure stability. A Pt∧Ru/C catalyst is prepared by an ethylene glycol process based on the pre-formed Ru/C. The catalyst is tested for methanol oxidation reaction at room temperature and is compared with the activity of the as-prepared PtRu/C alloyed catalyst (prepared by co-reduction of Pt and Ru precursors) and commercial PtRu/C from E-TEK. The catalysts are extensively characterized by Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical measurements by cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed consistently high catalytic activities and improved CO resistance for the Pt∧Ru/C catalyst.
Graphite and carbon powders occur in many different forms and emanate from many different sources. A systematic classification is given based on the degree of crystallinity, from low-structured coke and coal products to macro-crystalline graphite and nanocarbons. In the family of ‘carbon black’ the highly conductive products acetylene black and PUREBLACK® Carbon are discussed. Graphite can be either natural or synthetic. Depending on the formation of the natural graphite, the morphology can vary from micro-crystalline to macro-crystalline. Expanded graphite is described as a chemically treated, extremely thin, flake graphite. Synthetic graphite products are classified as either primary material or secondary. The latter is defined as a byproduct of graphite component- and electrode-manufacturing. The characterization of graphite and carbons is also discussed. A very useful characterization tool – the ‘PSTP’ model (purity, structure, texture, particle size) – has been formalized. These four basic parameters determine most of the application parameters such as conductivity, lubricity and elasticity. The influence of these four basic parameters on the application properties is examined.
Iron-air cells provide a promising and resource-efficient alternative battery concept with superior area specific power density characteristics compared to state-of-the-art Li-air batteries and potentially superior energy density characteristics compared to present Li-ion batteries. Understanding charge-transfer reactions at the anode-electrolyte interface is the key to develop high-performance cells. By employing in-situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (in-situ EC-AFM), in-depth insight into the electrochemically induced surface reaction processes on iron in concentrated alkaline electrolyte is obtained. The results highlight the formation and growth of the redox-layer on iron over the course of several oxidation/reduction cycles. By this means, a direct correlation between topography changes and the corresponding electrochemical reactions at the nanoscale could unambiguously be established. Here, the twofold character of the nanoparticulate redox-layer in terms of its passivating character and its contribution to the electrochemical reactions is elucidated. Furthermore, the evolution of single nanoparticles on the iron electrode surface is evaluated in unprecedented and artifact-free detail. Based on the dedicated topography analysis, a detailed structural model for the evolution of the redox-layer which is likewise elementary for corrosion science and battery research is derived.
Objective Despite the controversy surrounding the possible causal link between cannabis use and the onset of schizophrenia (SZ), data seeking to elucidate the effect of cannabis use disorders (CUDs) on the clinical presentation of SZ have produced mixed results. Although several studies have suggested that CUD in patients with SZ may be associated with variation in cognitive function, clinical presentation and course of illness, the effects have been inconsistent. Methods We retrospectively ascertained a large cohort (N =455) of SZ patients with either no history of a CUD (CUD−; N =280) or a history of CUD (CUD+; N =175). The groups were initially compared on key demographic variables including sex, race, age, age at onset of SZ, parental socioeconomic status, premorbid IQ, education level and global assessment of functioning. Covarying for any observed differences in demographic variables, we then compared groups on lifetime measures of psychotic symptoms as well as a brief battery of neurocognitive tests. Results Compared to the CUD− group the CUD+ group demonstrated significantly better performance on measures of processing speed (Trail Making Tests A and B), verbal fluency (animal naming) and verbal learning and memory (California Verbal Learning Test). Moreover, the CUD+ group had better GAF scores than the CUD group. Conclusions Collectively, these findings suggest that SZ patients with comorbid CUD may represent a higher functioning subgroup of SZ. Future prospective studies are needed to elucidate the nature of this relationship.
The construction of a bacterial mutation assay system detecting reversions of base substitutions and frameshifts in tetracycline (tet) and ampicillin resistance genes located on low copy plasmids is described. Frameshift mutations were introduced into repetitive GC-sequences and G-repeats known to be mutagenic hot-spots. Base pair substitutions were inserted in or around the active site of the ampicillinase gene thus generating reversibility of the ampicilline sensitivity. The plasmids carry genes to enable sensitive, fast and specific detection of mutagens in bacteria. MucAB was cloned into the test plasmid to enhance error-prone DNA-repair. The conventional reversion principle has been combined with the luminometric measurement of an inducible reporter gene. The revertants are detected after induction of the β-galactosidase-producing lacZ-gene either controlled by its natural lac-promotor or by the more stringently repressed (anhydrotetracyclin inducible) tetA promotor. The tester strains containing the tetA/lacZ reporter gene construct can grow in full medium over the complete assay. This test procedure enables screening for mutations within one working day. Incubation for 16h reveals high sensitivity.
The emergence of hybrid organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) causes a breakthrough in the solar technology recently due to its superior optoelectronic properties and the low-cost fabrication processes. The dramatic enhancement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs from 3.8% in 2009 to the recent certified record PCE of 22.7% indicates huge potential of PSCs for future high efficiency and large scale photovoltaic manufacturing. The electron selective layer (ESL) plays an important role in electron extraction and hole blocking function in PSCs, and there have been great interest in developing efficient ESL materials. Recently, tin oxide (SnO2) as an ESL has attracted significant research attentions owing to its low temperature preparation processes as well as yielding high PCE and good stability of PSCs. In this perspective article, we focus on the development progress of SnO2 as an ESL in PSCs, and discuss the strategies for preparing SnO2 to achieve PSCs with high efficiency, less hysteresis and good device stability.
To address the increase of electricity demand, the need for reducing carbon dioxide, and the reduction of available fossil fuel resources, renewable energy sources are being recruited. Specifically energy generated by photovoltaic (PV) cells is becoming one of the most promising alternatives. In this context, this paper presents an optimization model for the scheduling problem where conventional and photovoltaic sources of energy are scheduled to be delivered to satisfy energy demand. The optimization model is formulated as a Linear Program (LP) with a bounded number of variables and constraints. The respective solution can be obtained in polynomial time and provides the optimal combination or schedule of energy generated from different sources (conventional, renewable and battery storage) such that the total demand is satisfied and the profit is maximized. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and the generality of the scheme.
A key challenge hindering the mass adoption of Lithium-ion and other next-gen chemistries in advanced battery applications such as hybrid/electric vehicles (xEVs) has been management of their functional performance for more effective battery utilization and control over their life. Contemporary battery management systems (BMS) reliant on monitoring external parameters such as voltage and current to ensure safe battery operation with the required performance usually result in overdesign and inefficient use of capacity. More informative embedded sensors are desirable for internal cell state monitoring, which could provide accurate state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) estimates and early failure indicators. Here we present a promising new embedded sensing option developed by our team for cell monitoring, fiber-optic sensors. High-performance large-format pouch cells with embedded fiber-optic sensors were fabricated. The first of this two-part paper focuses on the embedding method details and performance of these cells. The seal integrity, capacity retention, cycle life, compatibility with existing module designs, and mass-volume cost estimates indicate their suitability for xEV and other advanced battery applications. The second part of the paper focuses on the internal strain and temperature signals obtained from these sensors under various conditions and their utility for high-accuracy cell state estimation algorithms.
Lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiODFB) was investigated as a lithium salt for non-aqueous electrolytes for LiMn2O4 cathode in lithium-ion batteries. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) tests were used to examine the electrochemical stability and the compatibility between the electrolytes and LiMn2O4 cathode. Through inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis, we compared the amount of Mn2+ dissolved from the spinel cathode in 1molL−1 LiPF6/EC+PC+EMC (1:1:3wt.%) and 1molL−1 LiODFB/EC+PC+EMC (1:1:3wt.%). AC impedance measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were used to analyze the formation of the surface film on the LiMn2O4 cathode. These results demonstrate that ODFB anion can capture the dissolution manganese ions and form a denser and more compact surface film on the cathode surface to prevent the continued Mn2+ dissolution, especially at high temperature. It is found that LiODFB, instead of LiPF6, can improve the capacity retention significantly after 100 cycles at 25°C and 60°C, respectively. LiODFB is a very promising lithium salt for LiMn2O4 cathode in lithium-ion batteries.
A simple low temperature method was formulated for the synthesis of mesoporous nickel cobaltite and graphene-nickel cobaltite composite nanoparticles. Self-combustion of urea-nitrate complexant yields high crystalline single phase NiCo2O4 nanoparticles. As expected, graphene prevents the agglomeration of the nanoparticles and restacking of graphene sheets were avoided mutually. FTIR analysis reveals the successful reduction of RGO and composite formation. Qualitative analysis of RGO was obtained from Raman spectrum, which further confirms the composite formation. Chemical purity of the compound was evaluated from XPS studies. Nickel and cobalt ions were found to be in the mixed oxidation state typical of NiCo2O4. Porous morphology of the prepared samples was observed from the FESEM images. BET analysis reveals the significant increase in the specific surface area and mesopores distribution in the composite. Gn-NiCo demonstrates excellent capacitive performance. High specific capacity of 662.3Cg−1 was determined for Gn-NiCo against 485.5Cg−1 exhibited by bare nickel cobaltite at 5mV/s scan rate. Composite material also shows excellent rate characteristics and long cycling stability. This superior performance can be attributed to the porous morphology and high electrical conductivity of graphene sheets. Symmetrical capacitor fabricated using Gn-NiCo electrode material operates within 0–0.8V potential window. Specific capacity of 169.6Cg−1 was obtained in the real capacitor mode. Gn-NiCo prepared by combustion technique is a promising electrode material for supercapacitor applications.