batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Previous studies on individual differences in mathematical abilities have shown that working memory contributes to early arithmetic performance. In this study, we extended the investigation to algebraic word problem solving. A total of 151 10-year-olds were administered algebraic word problems and measures of working memory, intelligence quotient (IQ), and reading ability. Regression results were consistent with findings from the arithmetic literature showing that a literacy composite measure provided greater contribution than did executive function capacity. However, a series of path analyses showed that the overall contribution of executive function was comparable to that of literacy; the effect of executive function was mediated by that of literacy. Both the phonological loop and the visual spatial sketchpad failed to contribute directly; they contributed only indirectly by way of literacy and performance IQ, respectively.
d-Cycloserine is a partial agonist at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Results have been inconsistent in trials on the efficacy of d-Cycloserine in patients with schizophrenia. We examined the efficacy of d-Cycloserine against negative and cognitive symptoms (primary and co-primary outcomes). Secondary outcomes were efficacy of d-Cycloserine against positive symptoms and the examination of early treatment outcomes. A systematic literature search was carried out using following selection criteria: Population = Patients with Schizophrenia; Intervention = Trials using d-Cycloserine either as monotherapy or adjuvant therapy; Comparison = Placebo or active comparator; Outcome = Change in negative symptoms, cognitive symptoms and positive symptoms; Study design = Randomized controlled trials with parallel design. We used the Cochrane Collaboration tool for risk of bias for study quality appraisal. Effect sizes for trials were calculated separately for negative, positive and cognitive symptom dimensions using the DerSimonian–Laird random effects model. Seven studies (pooled N = 413) provided data for meta-analysis. The pooled Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) for negative, cognitive, and positive symptom change scores were − 0.32 (95% CI, − 0.75 to 0.11), − 0.05 (95% CI, − 0.91 to 0.81), and − 0.08 (95% CI, − 0.37 to 0.20), respectively. No significant improvement was noted with regard to early outcome. I2 values for heterogeneity were 61%, 67%, and 0% for studies assessing negative, cognitive, and positive symptom ratings, respectively. d-Cycloserine did not exhibit significant efficacy in treating negative, cognitive, or positive symptoms of schizophrenia at either study-defined endpoint (4–36 weeks) or at four weeks (early outcome).
CoO anode, as an alternate to the carbonaceous anodes of lithium-ion cells has been prepared and investigated for electrochemical charge–discharge characteristics for about 50 cycles. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), which are useful in estimating battery performance, has been deployed for the first time to forecast and to verify the charge–discharge behavior of lithium-ion cells containing CoO anode for a total of 50 cycles. In this novel approach, ANN that has one input layer with one neuron corresponding to one input variable, viz., cycles [charge–discharge cycles] and a hidden layer consisting of three neurons to produce their outputs to the output layer through a sigmoid function has been selected for the present investigation. The output layer consists of two neurons, representing the charge and discharge capacity, whose activation function is also the sigmoid transfer function. In this ever first attempt to exploit ANN as an effective theoretical tool to understand the charge–discharge characteristics of lithium-ion cells, an excellent agreement between the calculated and observed capacity values was found with CoO anodes with the best fit values corresponding to an error factor of <1%, which is the highlight of the present study.
Lithium-ion batteries have many advantages such as the high specific energy, the high specific power, the long calendar life, being environmentally friendly, and can be used without the memory effect. Thus this type of battery is widely used as the core component in many applications such as electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and distributed energy storage systems. However, lithium-ion batteries can easily develop into thermal runaways due to the stress and abuse from mechanical, electrical, and thermal perspectives, posing a major threat to the overall safety of many battery systems. On the premise of passing the manufacturer's safety inspections, a variety of methods for monitoring and detecting thermal runaway events are developed to enhance the safety and robustness of lithium-ion batteries in different application scenarios. This paper thus summarizes the existing literature on this topic and presents a comparative study on the sensitivity of various monitoring and detection methods. Potential future research directions are also discussed in detail to further enhance the safety and robustness of lithium-ion battery systems.
A study was made of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), the Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio, the OH− groups contents, the ionic conductivity value and the specific capacity in different electrolytically and chemically prepared manganese dioxides which were intended for use in power sources. Typical EPR signal for the powdered MnO2 samples is wide single line with g=1.94. The replacement of some Mn4+ ions by Mn3+ modified the character of the exchange interaction. A correlation was established between the width of the EPR signal and electrochemical parameters of the samples. It is supposed that the EPR data can be useful for the semi-quantitative expression of chemical and electrochemical activity of different MnO2 samples.
In this study, a yolk-shell structured SnS2@C composite is rationally synthesized through a sulfuration treatment of hollow SnO2@C composite. The unique structure with SnS2 nanosheets (a thickness of 15 nm) encapsulated within hollow carbon spheres (∼400 nm) is confirmed through SEM, TEM, XRD and XPS characterizations. As an anode material for sodium-ion batteries, as-synthesized SnS2@C composite shows superior sodium storage performance. It delivers good cycling stability with a capacity of 690 mA h g−1 sustained after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1. Even at a high rate of 10 A g−1, an impressive rate capability of 310 mA h g−1 is still obtained. The excellent performance of this SnS2@C composite could be attributed to its unique architecture to provide good electrical conductivity, shorten the diffusion path, tolerate the volume fluctuation, prevent the aggregation, and enhance the structure stability during cycles.
A procedure of simulation and modelling solar cells and PV modules, working partially shadowed in Pspice environment, is presented. Simulation results have been contrasted with real measured data from a commercial PV module of 209Wp from Siliken. Some cases of study are presented as application examples of this simulation methodology, showing its potential on the design of bypass diodes configuration to include in a PV module and also on the study of PV generators working in partial shading conditions.
A one dimensional model incorporating solvent diffusion and kinetics of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation is developed to study capacity fade in lithium ion batteries. The model assumes that solvent diffuses through the SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) and undergoes a two electron reduction at the carbon SEI interface. The kinetics of the reduction reaction at the SEI–electrolyte interface and the solvent diffusivity are seen to be the most important parameters governing SEI formation. The capacity loss is seen to be a function of the thickness of the SEI layer and is seen to vary linearly over time. The rate constant governing SEI formation and solvent diffusivity are seen to follow Arrhenius type relationships. The model results are compared with and are found to be in good agreement with experimental data.
Hexagonal-tungsten-bronze-type (abbreviated as HTB) FeF3·0.33H2O has been recognized as a promising high-rate cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, rational engineering of advanced structures is highly desirable yet challenging to activate the insulating FeF3·0.33H2O in practical application. For the first time, a facile and economical solvothermal strategy is demonstrated to synthesize micro/nanostructured FeF3·0.33H2O through the self-templated morphology evolution and topotactic phase transformation of commercial FeF3·3H2O precursor. Benefiting from the hierarchical structure, the as-prepared FeF3·0.33H2O exhibits enhanced rate capability and cycle stability compared with the bulk FeF3·0.33H2O obtained through traditional heat treatment of FeF3·3H2O. More interestingly, simple adjustment of the synthesis solvent or temperature enables the fabrication of several iron-based fluorides with uniquely hierarchical morphology, which are still hard to be synthesized under the existing methods.
Carbon-coated clustered LiMn0.71Fe0.29PO4 (c-LMFP) nanoparticles are prepared from ball-milling with a mixture of ∼40 nm thick LMFP nanoplates obtained by polyol method and carbon black. The clustered nanocomposite structure of c-LMFP turns out to have advantages of improved volumetric energy density and electrochemical performance. The c-LMFP exhibits increased tap density of 0.9 g cm−3, compared with the as-prepared LMFP nanoplates (0.6 g cm−3), providing with high volumetric discharge capacity of 243 mA h cm−3 at 0.1C and 128 mA h cm−3 even at 7C at 21 °C. At elevated temperature (60 °C), the capacity retention of c-LMFP remains excellent (100% of its initial capacity (165 mA h g−1) at the same cycling condition as 21 °C). In sharp contrast, capacity of carbon-coated LiMnPO4 (c-LMP) exhibits volumetric discharge capacity of 72 mA h cm−3 at 5C and decays rapidly at 60 °C after 40 cycles (capacity retention of 58%). The better cycling stability of c-LMFP than that of c-LMP is believed to be associated with mitigated Mn2+ dissolution by Fe2+ substitution.
The ability to predict long-term neurologic and neuropsychologic outcomes in 22 children, ages 1 week to 14 years at the time of traumatic brain injury, was investigated using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy acquired post injury and compared with standardized neurologic, intellectual, and neuropsychologic testing done 1-7 years later. Clinical indicators of acute injury severity including age at injury, electroencephalography, spectroscopy metabolite ratio variables (N-acetyl aspartate/choline, choline/creatine) and lactate presence accurately classified children as functioning above or below the average range for most intellectual and neuropsychologic outcome measures. Combined clinical and spectroscopy variables accounted for approximately 50% of the variance in cognitive and neuropsychologic outcome confirming the validity of their predictive use. Of the injury severity indictors, presence of lactate is a particularly important prognostic marker of poor long-term intellectual and neuropsychologic functioning. Our findings indicate the potential for providing accurate estimates of long-term intellectual and neuropsychologic function after traumatic brain injury in infants and children using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with clinical variables.
Transition to renewable energy systems is essential to achieve the climate change mitigation targets. However, the timing and the regions of the production and consumption of the renewable energy do not always match, and different energy storage technologies are needed to secure the uninterrupted energy supply. Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) offer a flexible media for the storage and transportation of renewable energy. These “liquid hydrogen batteries” are reversibly hydrogenated and dehydrogenated using catalysts at elevated temperatures. Commercial LOHC concepts are already available. Another flexible route to store energy is through “circular” hydrogen carriers, such as methanol and methane produced from atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). These fuels have a long history as fossil fuels. In this review, the chemistry and state-of-the-art of LOHCs are explored and discussed against defined criteria with comparison made to existing energy storage systems. The LOHCs and “circular” hydrogen carriers were found to be particularly promising hydrogen storage systems.
Nanostructured electrode materials have significant potential for boosting the electrochemical performance of secondary batteries. Fabrication of these nanomaterials with a facile and cost-effective route is crucial for their practical applications. Herein, α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals are prepared by a rather simple and low-cost one-step thermal decomposition method with FeSO4·7H2O and glucose as raw materials. When evaluated as anode material for lithium ion batteries, the α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1100 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 300 cycles; The long-term cyclability shows 690 mAh g−1 at 3 A g−1 after 800 cycles; Even when the current is increased to 10 A g−1, a comparable capacity of 406 mAh g−1 is retained. The microstructure and composition evolutions of the α-Fe2O3 electrode during cycling are analyzed by ex-situ field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. It is evidenced that the reversible interfacial lithium storage and pulverization of α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals are contributors to the enhanced capacity upon long-term cycling. When applied in a full cell lithium ion battery, the α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals electrode still display a high capacity and good cycling stability.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the demarcation of science from non-science. If a discipline were unable to offer a characterization of its subject matter, it is suspected that its representatives do not really know what they are talking about. Evidently, what holds for all ﬁelds of inquiry also holds for a particular discipline such as the philosophy of science. Therefore, it belongs to the job description, so to speak, of the philosopher of science to tell what the “thing” called “science” is. Whereas everyone seems to know intuitively which ﬁelds of knowledge are scientiﬁc (such as physics and biology) and which are not (such as astrology and palmistry), it has proved difficult to come up with a satisfactory demarcation criterion. Indeed, many of the demarcation criteria proposed by philosophers of science have proved to be unsatisfactory, for being either too narrow or too wide.
The executive clock drawing task (CLOX) is one of the widely used clock drawing tests (CDTs) and is composed of CLOX1, an unprompted CDT, and CLOX2, a simple copying CDT. Although it is conceptually believed that CLOX1 is sensitive to both executive function and constructional ability while CLOX2 reflects only constructional ability, there are still lack of studies on the functional neuroanatomical substrates of CLOX1 and 2 performances. This study aimed to identify the functional brain correlates of CLOX1 and 2 performances in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). CLOX was administered to 139 AD patients and 50 normal controls, and regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMglc) was measured by 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography. Correlations between CLOX scores and rCMglc were examined on a voxel-by-voxel basis in AD patients. For the overall AD group, significant positive correlations between CLOX1 and rCMglc were found in the bilateral temporo-parietal and left middle frontal regions, while CLOX2 was correlated with rCMglc of the bilateral temporo-parietal regions. Additional subgroup analysis showed that CLOX1 was associated with the left temporal metabolism in less severe AD, and with the right temporo-parietal metabolism in more severe AD. In contrast, CLOX2 was correlated with rCMglc of the diffuse right fronto-temporo-parietal regions in more severe AD, but not with any rCMglc in less severe AD. This is the first neuroimaging study on the functional neuroanatomical correlates of CLOX performances in AD. Given the relationships between specific cognitive performances and regional brain functions, the findings probably support the notion that CLOX1 demands not merely visuospatial functions but also executive control, while CLOX2 depends mainly on visuospatial ability. Our results also indicate that each CLOX performance depends on very different functional brain regions according to AD clinical stages.
Positive electrode active materials, Al-substituted α-Ni(OH)2, with a high tap-density and high performance for alkaline nickel-based rechargeable batteries have successfully been synthesized using a polyacrylamide (PAM) assisted two-step drying method and subsequent hydrothermal treatment at 140 °C for 2 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size analysis, tap-density measurement, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge–discharge test are used to characterize the physical and electrochemical properties of the synthesized material. The tap-density of the resulting powders reaches 1.84 g cm−3, which is significantly higher than that of α-Ni(OH)2 powders obtained by the conventional co-precipitation (CCP) and hydrothermal (HT) methods. Compared with commercial spherical β-Ni(OH)2, the resulting sample is electrochemically more active, providing discharge capacities of 315.0 and 255.2 mAh g−1, and volume capacities of 579.6 and 469.6 mAh cm−3 at rates of 0.2 C and 5 C, respectively. It is also found that although the hydrothermal treatment has a slight negative effect on the tap-density, it can improve the crystallinity of α-Ni(OH)2 and promote the anion exchange of NO3 − by OH−, resulting in a much better electrochemical performance.
A part of carbon additives in sulfur cathodes is replaced by lithium-insertion compounds as they can contribute extra capacity and increase the overall energy density. Accordingly, VO2(B) and TiS2 were incorporated into sulfur cathodes as they can work within the same voltage window as that of sulfur. However, VO2(B) was found to be incompatible with the glyme-based electrolytes that are usually used in Li–S cells, but TiS2 performs well while coupled with sulfur. The S/C/TiS2 composite cathode delivers 252 mAh g−1 more than that of pristine sulfur cathode (1334 mAh g−1 vs. 1082 mAh g−1). The increased capacity is not only due to the contribution by TiS2 itself but also due to a better active-material dispersion and utilization. Serving as active reaction sites during cycling, TiS2 suppresses agglomeration of sulfur and facilitates better ionic/electronic transport within the cathode structure. This composite cathode design provides another direction for Li–S batteries to improve the overall energy density.
Modern methods of theoretical and experimental materials engineering can be greatly facilitated by reliably established guiding trends that set directions for a smart search for new materials with enhanced performance. Those trends can be derived from a thorough analysis of large arrays of the experimental data, obtained both experimentally and theoretically. In the present paper, the structural, elastic, and electronic properties of 30 spinel compounds AB 2 X 4 (A = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; B = Al, Ga, In; X = O, S) were investigated using the CRYSTAL14 program. For the first time the lattice constants, bulk moduli, band gaps and density of states for these 30 spinels were systematically calculated and analyzed. Influence of the cation and anion variation on the above-mentioned properties was highlighted. Several relations between lattice constants, bulk modulus and ionic radii, electronegativities of constituting ions were found. Several linear equations are proposed, which provide a convenient way to predict the lattice constants and bulk moduli of isostructural spinels.
New functionalized ILs based on quaternary ammonium cations with three or four ether groups and TFSI− anion were synthesized and characterized. Physical and electrochemical properties, including melting point, thermal stability, viscosity, conductivity and electrochemical stability were investigated for these ILs. Five ILs with lower viscosity in these ILs were applied in lithium battery as new electrolytes. Behavior of lithium redox and charge–discharge characteristics of lithium battery were investigated for these IL electrolytes with 0.6molkg−1 LiTFSI. Lithium plating and striping on Ni electrode could be observed in these IL electrolytes. Li/LiFePO4 cells using these IL electrolytes without additives had good capacity and cycle property at the current rate of 0.1C, and the N(2o1)3(2o2)TFSI and N2(2o1)3TFSI electrolytes owned better rate property.
The battery management system (BMS) of a battery-electric road vehicle must ensure an optimal operation of the electrochemical storage system to guarantee for durability and reliability. In particular, the BMS must provide precise information about the battery's state-of-functionality, i.e. how much dis-/charging power can the battery accept at current state and condition while at the same time preventing it from operating outside its safe operating area. These critical limits have to be calculated in a predictive manner, which serve as a significant input factor for the supervising vehicle energy management (VEM). The VEM must provide enough power to the vehicle's drivetrain for certain tasks and especially in critical driving situations. Therefore, this paper describes a new approach which can be used for state-of-available-power estimation with respect to lowest/highest cell voltage prediction using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The estimated voltage for a given time frame in the future is directly compared with the actual voltage, verifying the effectiveness and accuracy of a relative voltage prediction error of less than 1%. Moreover, the real-time operating capability of the proposed algorithm was verified on a battery test bench while running on a real-time system performing voltage prediction.
MnO x /C nanocomposite, in which MnO x nanocrystals (64 wt%, mainly MnO with Mn3O4 phase) 5–30 nm in size are formed in situ in the confined pores of a preformed mesoporous carbon, is prepared by a facile process. The morphology and structure of MnO x /C are characterized using N2 adsorption/desorption measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). As an anode for Li-ion batteries (LIB), the MnO x /C delivers the theoretical capacity of MnO x (700–750 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1) with excellent rate capability. MnO x /C prelithiated is combined with a delithiated LiMn2O4 (LMO) cathode for a complete Li-ion battery cell in a charged state with a cathode limiting capacity. The LMO-MnO x /C cell exhibits reversible capacity of the LMO cathode, with the cycling stability and rate capability dependent upon those of the MnO x /C anode. An LMO-MnO x /C cell with anode loading in slight excess delivers reversible capacity of LMO without capacity fading for up to 245 cycles, and exhibits an appreciable rate capability at 2 C. The LMO-MnO x /C configuration can be developed as a reliable LIB, potentially offering low cost, high rate capability, safety, and reliability.