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Neddylation is a ubiquitylation-like pathway that controls cell cycle and proliferation by covalently conjugating Nedd8 to specific targets. However, its role in neurons, nonreplicating postmitotic cells, remains unexplored. Here we report that Nedd8 conjugation increased during postnatal brain development and is active in mature synapses, where many proteins are neddylated. We show that neddylation controls spine development during neuronal maturation and spine stability in mature neurons. We found that neddylated PSD-95 was present in spines and that neddylation on Lys202 of PSD-95 is required for the proactive role of the scaffolding protein in spine maturation and synaptic transmission. Finally, we developed Nae1CamKIIα-CreERT2 mice, in which neddylation is conditionally ablated in adult excitatory forebrain neurons. These mice showed synaptic loss, impaired neurotransmission and severe cognitive deficits. In summary, our results establish neddylation as an active post-translational modification in the synapse regulating the maturation, stability and function of dendritic spines.
We extend an earlier study of high conducting polyanionic (single ion conducting) electrolytes, obtained by Lewis acid plasticization of polyanions in which the in-chain anions are Lewis base in character, to the inverse case in which the Lewis acid is incorporated in the chain. The Lewis acid groups in the chain are spaced by polyethylene oxide segments of variable length. Such “Acid-in-chain” polymers are then turned into polyanions by reaction with a Lewis base anion, leaving the counter cation free to conduct. Depending on the Lewis base strength of the added anion, this type of system can range from strictly polyanionic to weakly anion trapping in nature. Conductivities in the range of 10−5–10−4 S/cm have been obtained. In the case of short interanionic spacers, high conductivities at T g have been observed, implying that the conducting modes are decoupled from the segmental modes and that the conductivity is therefore superionic glass-like in nature and presumably unicationic. Such polymers may serve alone as solid-state electrolytes, or as the polymer component for polymer-in-salt ionic rubber electrolytes.
Pb(II) sorption from aqueous solution onto alkaline Ca-bentonite (ACB) was investigated based on XRD, SEM and equilibrium data. Pb(II) sorption from aqueous solution on ACB occurred mainly by surface adsorption and precipitation of Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2. Pb(II) sorption on ACB was quick. Pb(II) removal by ACB increased with pH and the optimum pH for Pb(II) removal was in the range 3.0–7.0. Thus, ACB is a good candidate for removing Pb(II) from aqueous solution.
This paper reports the study of cobalt disulfide as a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries. The crystal structure and surface morphology have been characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques. The results of XRD show that the sample is a cubic phase with a space group Pa3. The grain size of the sample was 30μm with a special nano-structured characteristic as observed by means of SEM. Charge–discharge experiments show that the sample with 30wt.% acetylene black at the current density of 50mAg−1 has the best performance, it shows that the first discharge capacity is up to 1280mAhg−1. Ex situ XRD experiments were also carried out to determine the structural changes of delithiated/lithiated anode materials and used to analyze the reaction mechanism. Calculated Gibbs free energy change (ΔrG) and electromotive force (emf, E) values for the reaction CoS2 +4Li+ +4e− →Co+2Li2S are −146kJmol and 1.898V, respectively. Based on the results, a possible reaction mechanism of CoS2 anode during intercalation of Li ions was proposed.
Coaxial MWNTs@MnO2 confined in conducting polypyrrole (PPy) has been synthesized through an in situ polymerization of pyrrole monomers in the presence of prepared MWNTs@MnO2. As an anode in lithium batteries (LIBs), the obtained MWNTs@MnO2@PPy shows a high reversible capacity of 530mAhg−1 tested at 1000mAg−1 even after 300 cycles and an excellent rate performance. The superior electrochemical performance of the nanocable MWNTs@MnO2@PPy is associated with a synergistic effect of the MWNT matrix and the highly conducting PPy coating layer. This nanocable configuration not only facilitates electron conduction but also maintains the structural integrity of active materials. In addition, an analysis of the AC impedance spectroscopy and the corresponding hypothesis for DC impedance confirm that such configuration can effectively enhance the charge-transfer efficiency and the lithium diffusion coefficient. Thus, PPy modification supplied a promising route to obtain manganese oxide based anode in order to achieve high-performance LIBs.
Electrical resistance of both the electrodes of a lead-acid battery increases during discharge due to formation of lead sulfate, an insulator. Work of Metzendorf [1] shows that resistance increases sharply at about 65% conversion of active materials, and battery stops discharging once this critical conversion is reached. However, these aspects are not incorporated into existing mathematical models. Present work uses the results of Metzendorf [1], and develops a model that includes the effect of variable resistance. Further, it uses a reasonable expression to account for the decrease in active area during discharge instead of the empirical equations of previous work. The model's predictions are compared with observations of Cugnet et al. [2]. The model is as successful as the non-mechanistic models existing in literature. Inclusion of variation in resistance of electrodes in the model is important if one of the electrodes is a limiting reactant. If active materials are stoichiometrically balanced, resistance of electrodes can be very large at the end of discharge but has only a minor effect on charging of batteries. The model points to the significance of electrical conductivity of electrodes in the charging of deep discharged batteries.
A new unsymmetrical lithium salt containing C2O4 2− [dianion of oxalic acid], C6O2F4 2− [dianion of tetrafluoro-1,2-benzenediol], lithium [tetrafluoro-1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-o,o′ oxalato]borate (4FLBDOB) is synthesized and characterized. The thermal characteristics of it, and its derivatives, lithium [3-fluoro-1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-o,o′ oxalato]borate (FLBDOB), lithium [1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-O,O′ oxalato]borate (LBDOB), and lithium bis[oxalate]borate (LBOB) are examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The thermal decomposition in air begins at 302 °C, 272 °C, 262 °C and 256 °C for LBOB, 4FLBDOB, FLBDOB and LBDOB respectively. The order of the stability toward oxidation of these organoborates is LBOB > 4FLBDOB > FLBDOB > LBDOB, which is in the same order of the thermal stability. The cyclic voltammetry study shows that the 4FLBDOB solution in PC is stable up to 4.0 V versus Li+/Li. They are soluble in common organic solvents. Ionic dissociation properties of 4FLBDOB and its derivatives are examined by conductivity measurements in PC + THF, PC + DME, EC + THF, and EC + DME (molar ratio 1:1) solutions. Among the series of LBDOB, FLBDOB and 4FLBDOB, the new lithium salt (4FLBDOB) has the best battery performances.
In this work we announce new lithium salt of 5,6-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzimidazolide (LiTDBI) designed for application in lithium conductive electrolytes. It was synthesized and completely characterized by NMR techniques. Studies show salt's thermal stability up to 270 °C and electrochemical stability in liquid solvents up to +4.7 V vs. metallic lithium anode. Basic characterization of electrolytes made with this salt show conductivity over 1 mS cm−1 and unusually high transference number at high concentrations (0.74 in EC:DMC 1:2 ratio mixture) along with low onset of conductivity peak. As a final proof of concept, cycling in half-cell was performed and electrolyte based on LiTDBI showed perfect capacity retention. Such properties show remarkable progress in creating efficient lithium-conducting electrolytes with use of weakly-coordinating anions.
Ceramic-coated separators are prepared by coating the sides of a porous polyethylene membrane with nano-sized Al2O3 powder and hydrophilic poly(lithium 4-styrenesulfonate) binder. These separators exhibit an improved thermal stability at high temperatures without significant thermal shrinkage. Due to the high hydrophilicity of the polymer binder and large surface area of the small ceramic particles, the separators show good wettability in non-aqueous liquid electrolytes. By using the ceramic-coated separators, lithium-ion cells composed of a carbon anode and a LiCoO2 cathode are assembled and their cycling performance is evaluated. The cells are proven to have better capacity retention than for cells prepared with polyethylene membrane. It is expected that the ceramic-coated separator in this study can be potential candidate as a separator for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that require thermal safety and good capacity retention.
US-based PolyFuel, which specializes in engineered membranes for portable fuel cells, says that Congress and the US Department of Energy (DOE) have once again demonstrated their commitment to the development of a practical micro power fuel cell by restoring programme funding worth US$2 million.
In this work, a 1:1 by weight blend of acetonitrile (AN) and γ-butyrolactone (BL) was studied as the solvent of low temperature electrolyte for high energy density Li/CF x batteries. Both visual observation and impedance analysis show that metallic Li is kinetically stable in a 0.5m LiBF4 1:1 AN/BL electrolyte. This property is attributed to the formation of a protective passivation film on the surface of metallic Li, and it has been successfully used to develop the low temperature electrolyte for Li/CF x cells. It is shown that the cell with such an electrolyte outperforms the control cell with 0.5m LiBF4 1:1 (wt.) propylene carbonate (PC)/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) electrolyte in both power capability and low temperature discharge performance. Impedance analyses reveal that the improved discharge performance is attributed to the reduction in both the bulk resistance and cell reaction resistance of the Li/CF x cell, which is related to the high ionic conductivity of the AN/BL electrolyte. Due to the chemical incompatibility between metallic Li and AN at high temperatures, the storage and operation temperature for the Li/CF x cells with 0.5m LiBF4 1:1 AN/BL electrolyte is limited to or below ambient temperature (30°C).
The primary goal of the current study is to evaluate the concurrent validity of the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R Brief IQ) and Differential Ability Scales – Second Edition (DAS-II Nonverbal Reasoning Index) in a group of children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. Knowing the breadth of cognitive tools appropriate for use in children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing is highly beneficial, given that clinical and school psychologists are often challenged to reliably assess cognitive functions in the context of hearing loss. Participants included 54 children between three and six years of age with permanent bilateral hearing loss. As part of the study, neurocognitive assessments were conducted by a pediatric neuropsychologist or licensed clinical psychologist with extensive experience administering assessments to children with developmental disabilities, including children with hearing loss. The Leiter-R Brief IQ score was similar to the DAS-II nonverbal reasoning index, with no significant difference in the mean scores across the two assessments. The severity of hearing loss was not correlated to either the Leiter-R or the DAS-II nonverbal IQ. Nearly a quarter of the children evaluated had meaningful intra-individual differences between scores on the Leiter-R and DAS-II that were more than one standard deviation from one another. Conducting accurate intellectual assessments in children who are deaf and hard-of-hearing is fundamental in determining and designing interventions and educational services. More comprehensive neuropsychological test batteries utilizing several tasks to assess a single domain (such as nonverbal reasoning) may be warranted for children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing.
The narrow-gauge locomotive ‘Hydrogen Pioneer’, which was developed and constructed at the University of Birmingham, was employed to establish the performance of a hydrogen-hybrid railway traction vehicle. To achieve this several empirical tests were conducted. The locomotive utilises hydrogen gas in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell power-plant to supply electricity to the traction motors or charge the on-board lead-acid batteries. First, the resistance to motion of the vehicle was determined, then operating tests were conducted for the speeds 2 km h−1, 6 km h−1, 7 km h−1, and 10 km h−1 on a 30 m straight, level alignment resembling light running. The power-plant and vehicle efficiency as well as the performance of the hybrid system were recorded. The observed overall duty cycle efficiency of the power-plant was from 28% to 40% and peak-power demand, such as during acceleration, was provided by the battery-pack, while average power during the duty cycle was met by the fuel cell stack, as designed. The tests establish the proof-of-concept for a hydrogen-hybrid railway traction vehicle and the results indicate that the traction system can be applied to full-scale locomotives.
Efficiency, cost, and lifetime are the primary challenges for stationary energy storage with vanadium-redox flow and sodium-sulfur batteries as promising options. In particular, room temperature sodium-sulfur battery systems offer the potential for safe, simple, low-cost and high energy density storage, but the high reactivity or solubility of sodium polysulfides in common liquid electrolytes for carbonates or glycols, respectively, leads to rapid performance loss on cycling. Herein, we demonstrate a robust route to inhibit reactivity of the sulfides with carbonate electrolytes (and also inhibit the diffusion of polysulfides dissolved in TEGDME) and prevent performance loss on cycling using highly doped (≈40 atom%) nanoporous carbon from low-cost raw materials infused with sulfur as the cathode. This cathode design leads to an ultra-stable room temperature sodium-sulfur battery with less than 3% decay in the discharge capacity after 8000 cycles at a high current density of 4.6A/g. At 0.23A/g, the discharge capacity is approximately 400 mAh/g and stable over 350 cycles. This combination of low cost and excellent cycle stability is promising for stationary, grid-level energy storage.
In order to compete with Li-ion batteries, the discharge capacity and cycling life of nickel metal hydride batteries need to be further improved. However, this is rather difficult due to poor performances of the negative electrode materials—hydrogen storage alloys. In this work, a new strategy is proposed for designing hydrogen storage alloys with high capacity and long cycling life through theoretical analysis and density functional theory simulation, which points out that it is crucial to substitute Ni atoms inside the alloy with Mg by the precise control of stoichiometric ratio and Mg content. The candidate alloy La0.62Mg0.08Ce0.2Y0.1Ni3.25Co0.75Mn0.2Al0.3 [corresponding to (LaCeYMg) (NiCoMnAl)4.5] exhibits a high capacity of 326.7 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention of 80% after a long cycling life of 928 cycles, showing great potential for applications in nickel metal hydride batteries. The design strategy also provides new insights into the development of new-type high-performance hydrogen storage alloys.
Mobile applications are becoming increasingly ubiquitous and provide ever richer functionality on mobile devices, while such applications drain increasingly more battery power of mobile devices. Offloading some parts of the application running on mobile devices onto remote servers/clouds is a promising approach to extend the battery life of mobile devices. However, as data transmission of offloading causes delay and energy costs for mobile devices, it is necessary to carefully design application partitioning/offloading schemes to weigh the benefits against the transmission delay and costs. Due to bandwidth fluctuations in the wireless environment, static partitionings in previous work are unsuitable for mobile platforms with a fixed bandwidth assumption, while dynamic partitionings result in high overhead of continuous partitioning for mobile devices. Therefore, we propose a novel partitioning scheme taking the bandwidth as a variable to improve static partitioning and avoid high costs of dynamic partitioning. Firstly, we construct application Object Relation Graphs (ORGs) by combining static analysis and dynamic profiling to propose partitioning optimization models. Then based on our novel execution-time and energy optimization partitioning models, we propose the Branch-and-Bound based Application Partitioning (BBAP) algorithm and Min-Cut based Greedy Application Partitioning (MCGAP) algorithm. BBAP is suited to finding the optimal partitioning solutions for small applications, while MCGAP is applicable to quickly obtaining suboptimal solutions for large-scale applications. Experimental results demonstrate that both algorithms can adapt to bandwidth fluctuations well, and significantly reduce application execution time and energy consumption by optimally distributing components between mobile devices and servers.
Grafting of styrene/maleic anhydride and methyl methacrylate/maleic anhydride binary monomers onto the low density polyethylene film was performed using the γ-ray irradiation technique. Then, the synthesized grafted films were treated with different ammonia derivatives for developing chelating functionalization. These chelating products were characterized by the gravimetric method as well as by the Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopic method, and were used for removal of arsenic and some heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The optimum absorbed dose of 30kGy reveals the graft yielding of about 325% in the films. Uptake of arsenic and some heavy-metal ions (Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II)) from contaminated water by the chelating functionalized films (CFF) was examined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The maximum arsenic removal capacity of 5062mg/kg has been observed for the film treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The CFF prepared by semicarbazide and thiol analogs show affinity toward the metal ions with an order: Cu(II)>Fe(III)>Mn(II) etc. The results obtained from this study indicate that the functionalized films show good chelating and ion-exchange property for metal ions.
LiNi2/3Sb1/3O2 has been prepared by ion-exchange from NaNi2/3Sb1/3O2. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and single crystal electron diffraction by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the material indicate that it is isostructural with α-NaFeO2. Electrochemical test shows that the reversible capacity for Li intercalation and deintercalation drops rapidly with the number of times cycled. Both experimental evidences and first principles calculations point to the migration of nickel as the reason for the poor capacity retention.
The present study proposed a novel approach to fabricate multi-tiered nanoporous TiO2–TiN composite (NTTC) films on Ti foils by facile anodization in an aqueous electrolyte containing NH4NO3. The NTTC films possess a unique laminated nanostructure with a tier thickness of 250–600nm, where each tier comprises cylindrical pores of ϕ30–60-nm diameters. The NTTC films contained 2.2–6.0 at.% nitrogen in the forms of TiN and adsorbed NH4 + ions, which is attributed to the electrochemical/chemical reactions during anodization in NH4NO3 electrolytes. Moreover, novel dual-hierarchical NTTC films with large (ϕ250–300nm) and small (ϕ80nm) pores on the top and bottom layers, respectively, are fabricated by a successive anodization in sulfate- and nitrate-based electrolyte systems. Specifically, the dual-hierarchical NTTC film formed in (NH4)2SO4 ⇒NH4NO3 solutions delivers a high-specific capacity of around 2504mAhcm−3, and exhibit excellent cycling stability with nearly 100% capacity retention during lithium-ion battery tests. The high capacities of the NTTC films can be attributed primarily to the inclusion of highly conductive TiN in the TiO2 matrix (improving the anodic TiO2 film conductivity) and their highly nanoporous structure (facilitating Li+ insertion/de-insertion because of the high surface area and presence of fast ion diffusion paths.)
Monoclinic phase LiFeSO4F has a triplite like structure in which Li+/Fe2+ is fully mixing. Not 100% Li can be extracted from the lattice easily even at a rate of C/20, and the valence of Fe changes between ca +2 and +2.5 observed by XANES for a Li/LiFeSO4F cell cycled between 2.2 and 4.6 V. Two-phase reaction mechanism is verified by GITT due to the appearance of a flat plateau, and large polarization appears after more than 50% Li extracted from triplite-LiFeSO4F. A core–shell model has been mentioned to explain its extreme polarization. In the fully mixing structure, there is no intact long-range pathway for Li+, so leading to sluggish kinetics effect and “inert” Li+ in the lattice.
A method to assist in the rapid preparation of Life Cycle Assessments of emerging energy generation technologies is presented and applied to distributed proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems. The method develops life cycle environmental design metrics and allows variations in hardware materials, transportation scenarios, assembly energy use, operating performance and consumables, and fuels and fuel production scenarios to be modeled and comparisons to competing systems to be made. Data and results are based on publicly available U.S. Life Cycle Assessment data sources and are formulated to allow the environmental impact weighting scheme to be specified. A case study evaluates improvements in efficiency and in materials recycling and compares distributed proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems to other distributed generation options. The results reveal the importance of sensitivity analysis and system efficiency in interpreting case studies.
In this paper, the porous manganese dioxide (MnO2) was prepared by an interfacial reaction of potassium permanganate in water/ferrocene in chloroform. The surface area and pore distribution of MnO2 can be controlled by simply adjusting the reaction time and the content of surfactant in the aqueous phase. The electrochemical performance of the prepared MnO2 was evaluated as an electrode material for supercapacitors by the means of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. Electrochemical tests results indicated that the pore size plays an important role at high charge–discharge rate, the sample with a large pore size shows a better rate capability, while the sample with a small pore size but large surface area delivers a large capacitance at low current rate.
Synchrotron based in situ X-ray powder diffraction was applied for the investigation of the PF6 − intercalation behaviour into graphite of different particle size and various crystallinity at very positive potentials above 5V vs. Li/Li+. In a propylene carbonate based electrolyte, small particles with low crystallinity show almost no anion intercalation and the particle structure remains intact. In graphite particles with increased particle size and/or higher crystallinity PF6 − intercalation up to a stage 4 phase occurs but the reversibility is poor and exfoliation of graphene layers takes place as it was proven by post-mortem scanning electron microscopy. Thus, graphites with small particles and less crystallinity are preferred as conductive additive in positive “high voltage” cathodes in terms of structural integrity.