batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The paper presents the concept and design behind the thin film flexible floating PV (T3F-PV) array, aimed at offshore large scale generation. The development of such an array comprises of non-conventional application of thin film PV panels. There are some issues envisaged, primarily the electrical reliability of the panels were they are prone to water absorption. Also the presence of the water could lead to cooling which would be an advantage of the system. Analysis of these issues and a first stage towards the development of the concept was through the manufacturing and operation of a small scale prototype in an enclosed water body in Sudbury, Canada. The data gathered from a small scale prototype leads to an estimated 0.5% decrease in electrical efficiency after the 45 day testing period mainly due to sediment occlusion on the PV panels. The cooling effect of the water could be calculated to an averaged electrical improvement of 5% through a 3 day comparison test (conducted when the floating PV had been exposed to their water conditions for almost 3 months). Also a significant variation in electrical output could be noted if the floating panels were allowed to go just below the waterline or if they were designed to stay on top of it. Some changes to the design were discussed to improve the concept and lead it onto the next step in the development, with a larger scale installation operating in the open sea with harsher environments to be dealt with.
The interface degradation of the high potential spinel LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 and alkylcarbonate-based electrolytes has been investigated by different methods: ab initio calculation, ICP-AES measurements and electrochemical tests. It is already known that the degradation of such interfaces occurs by a combination of the electrolyte oxidation and Mn n+ and Ni n+ metal ion dissolution. Nevertheless, EC or PC oxidation is able to contribute to the interface stabilization by forming a polymeric film. For electrochemical tests, Li1−x Ni0.4Mn1.6O4//LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 symmetric cells have been used in addition to Li//LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 half-cells in order to eliminate the contribution of the strong reducing properties of the lithium electrode. A comparison between Li//LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 and Li1−x Ni0.4Mn1.6O4//LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 cells performances in terms of fading and Columbic efficiency permits to report that the main degradation mechanism in half-cells is the electrolyte oxidation, as a consequence of the continuous precipitation of transition metal ion-based compounds on the lithium electrode. The use of symmetric cells complementarily suggests that transition metal ion dissolution is mainly responsible for the LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4/electrolyte interface degradation despite the possible presence of a polymeric film provided by the alkylcarbonate oxidation. Symmetric cells also confirm the superiority of EC over other alkylcarbonates at the high potential spinel interface. In order to enhance the conductivity of the electrolyte, binary or ternary mixtures are usually employed. Over all conceivable binary alkylcarbonate mixtures, EC/EMC composition is a good choice as it is responsible for a stable Li-conductive passivation film on the electrode that limits material dissolution (Mn, Ni) during cycling in turn leading to capacity losses in symmetric cells.
The rapid growth of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has resulted in an increased number of spent LIBs. Spent LIBs contain not only dangerous heavy metals but also toxic chemicals that pose a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, a great deal of attention has been paid to the development of an efficient process to recycle spent LIBs for both economic aspects and environmental protection. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art processes for metal recycling from spent LIBs, introduce the structure of a LIB, and summarize all available technologies that are used in different recovery processes. It is notable that metal extraction and pretreatment play important roles in the whole recovery process, based on one or more of the principles of pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, biometallurgy, and so forth. By further comparing different recycling methods, existing challenges are identified and suggestions for improving the recycling effectiveness can be proposed.
This paper firstly proposed a novel HEV sizing method using the Chaos-enhanced Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization (CAPSO) algorithm and secondly provided a demonstration on sizing a series hybrid electric powertrain with investigations of chaotic mapping strategies to achieve the global optimization. In this paper, the intelligent sizing of a series hybrid electric powertrain is formulated as an integer multi-objective optimization issue by modelling the powertrain system. The intelligent sizing mechanism based on APSO is then introduced, and 4 types of the most effective chaotic mapping strategy are investigated to upgrade the standard APSO into CAPSO algorithms for intelligent sizing. The evaluation of the intelligent sizing systems based on standard APSO and CAPSOs are then performed. The Monte Carlo analysis and reputation evaluation indicate that the CAPSO outperforms the standard APSO for finding the real optimal sizing result with much higher reputation, and CAPSO with logistic mapping strategy is the most effective algorithm for HEV powertrain components intelligent sizing. In addition, this paper also performs the sensitivity analysis and Pareto analysis to help engineers customize the intelligent sizing system.
The effect of thin film TiO2 atomic layer deposition (ALD) coating on induced material strain is investigated utilizing ex-situ XRD analysis of a layered-structured α-MoO3 anode. Electrode material lattice expansion is quantified by the examination of ex-situ XRD peak shift, and is performed on both potassiated and potassium-deficient electrodes. Observations of TiO2 ALD coated electrodes reveal significant strain reduction of the electrode material resulting in an increase in the life-cycle of the aqueous cells. The presence of the 10 nm thick amorphous TiO2 ALD layer is found to withhold considerable lattice strain at the thin-film/electrode interface, reducing lattice deformation by 68.2% and exhibits a capacity retention 2.5 times greater than that of the pristine electrode after 20 cycles of operation. The influence of the ALD coating on charge/discharge kinetics and cell capacity is also examined.
Small-scale pyrotechnic igniter output has been characterized using a high-speed schlieren imaging system for observing critical features of the post-combustion flow. The diagnostic, with laser illumination, was successfully applied towards the quantitative characterization of the output from Ti/KClO4
A pyrotechnic hotwire igniter is an electro-explosive device (EED) that converts input electrical energy to mechanical pressure–volume work via an explosion [1]. The pyrotechnic material is thermally initiated through contact with a metal bridgewire that is heated with approximately 30 mJ of energy [2]. The thermally ignited pyrotechnic powder near the bridgewire transitions to a sustained combustion front that consumes the remaining material and releases exothermic energy into the surrounding environment [3]. Fundamental studies of the ignition and combustion characteristics of pyrotechnics [4–7], thermites [8, 9], and intermetallics [10] have been conducted by numerous researchers where the material parameters of particle size, bed porosity, and mixture composition have been explored. In pyrotechnic EED development, the interplay between the igniter design aspects and the combustion behavior directly impact the energy released in the surrounding environment. Although many studies have characterized pyrotechnic materials, few studies have quantified overall igniter performance and shock wave output for actual igniter systems. The few published studies on EED device output primarily rely on computational simulations due to the experimental challenges in measuring and visualizing the multiphase, high-luminosity output flow [11, 12]. This work overcomes the experimental challenges associated with qualitative and quantitative characterization of EED output and establishes the techniques useful for follow-on studies assessing the coupled effects of pyrotechnic burn behavior and EED design.
An additive in the trimethyl phosphate (TMP)-based non-flammable electrolyte was investigated in order to improve the poor reductive stability for the graphite anode. We found that the charge–discharge characteristic of the TMP-based non-flammable electrolyte was improved by adding ethylene ethyl phosphate (EEP) which had function of non-flammability. The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers formed on the graphite anode were analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transformation type infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Moreover, evolved gases in the battery were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to understand the electrochemical reaction in SEI formation. We concluded that the SEI layers including phosphorus created by the EEP additive suppressed the reductive decomposition of TMP.
A novel nitrogen doped porous onion carbon (NDPOC) material was prepared by using [HMIm]N(CN)2 as carbon and nitrogen source. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the NDPOC had a uniform porous structure and was wrapped by onion structured carbon. When used as the anode material for lithium ion batteries, this material not only prevented the collapse and breakage of the pores, but also facilitated the lithium ion migration and electron transfer. The NDPOC anode showed excellent discharge specific capacity (805 mAh g−1 of 0.1C after 50 cycles), rate performance, and cycle stability (306 and 267 mAh g−1 at 5 and 10C after 300 and 500 cycles, respectively).
Although multi-scale approaches are commonly used to assess wildlife-habitat relationships, few studies have examined selection at multiple spatial scales within different hierarchical levels/orders of selection [sensu Johnson’s (1980) orders of selection]. Failure to account for multi-scale relationships within a single level of selection may lead to misleading inferences and predictions.
Unlike the revolutionary advances in the anodes of lithium-ion batteries from Li intercalation materials to Li alloy and/or conversion reaction materials, the development of the cathode is still dominated by the Li intercalation compounds. Transition metal ions are essential in these cathodes as the rapid redox reaction centers, and one of the biggest challenges for the TM-based cathodes is the capacity and power fading especially at an elevated temperature, which is directly associated with the dissolution–migration–deposition (DMD) process of TMs from the cathode materials. This process not only alters the surface structure of the cathode materials, but more importantly, changes the SEI composition at the anode side. There is no doubt that the TM-DMD issue should be addressed thoroughly to unlock the potential of these compounds to enable a prolonged battery lifetime. This review article mainly focuses on research activities with regard to the DMD process in TM-based cathode materials. In the first four sections, we choose Mn-based cathodes as an example to discuss how Mn DMD relates to the capacity fade of the cell, and what possible approaches might suppress the DMD process by modification of the electrode or electrolyte. In the fifth section, we discuss the TM DMD process in Ni-, Co-, Fe- and V-containing cathode materials. This article reviews the frontier electrochemical research on TM-based cathodes and summarizes the progress and challenges, thereby helping to advance future R&D of LIBs.
The definition of technical specifications and the corresponding laboratory procedures are necessary steps in order to assure the quality of the devices prior to be installed in Solar Home Systems (SHS). To clarify and unify criteria a European project supported the development of the Universal Technical Standard for Solar Home Systems (UTSfSHS). Its principles were to generate simple and affordable technical requirements to be optimized in order to facilitate the implementation of tests with basic and simple laboratory tools even on the same SHS electrification program countries. These requirements cover the main aspects of this type of installations and its lighting chapter was developed based on the most used technology at that time: fluorescent tubes and CFLs. However, with the consolidation of the new LED solid state lighting devices, particular attention is being given to this matter and new procedures are required. In this work we develop a complete set of technical specifications and test procedures that have been designed within the frame of the UTSfSHS, based on an intense review of the scientific and technical publications related to LED lighting and their practical application. They apply to lamp reliability, performance and safety under normal, extreme and abnormal operating conditions as a simple but complete quality meter tool for any LED bulb. These tests have been applied to a group of 14 low-cost direct current LED bulbs and the accomplishment of the proposed requirements is analyzed.
Titanium/niobium oxides have drawn wide attention due to their attractive high lithium-intercalation voltage avoiding the formation of solid electrochemical interface. However, their poor electronic conductivity hinders the commercial applications because of the low electrochemical kinetics in lithiating and de-lithiating process. In the study, new approach to improving the low conductivity of the conventional oxides in micrometers are tactically proposed via the synergic effect of highly mixed multiphase oxide nanocrystals. Ti-Nb oxide composite microspheres with hierarchical microstructure are fabricated successfully via a very facile method combined solvothermal process and calcination. Interconnected crystalline nanoparticles of TiO2, Nb2O5 and TiNb2O7 nanocrystals are involved in the obtained Ti-Nb oxides, demonstrating high structure stability during electrochemical reaction. Meanwhile, the ionic/electronic conductivity is remarkably enhanced by the defects of O2− vacancies and Ti3+/Nb4+ ions. The remained specific capacity of the multiphase Ti-Nb oxides is up to 185.3 mAh g−1 at 5 C with very weak capacity fade of 5.3% after 1800 cycles, showing a very long cycling stability.
The electroactivity of the rock-salt structure Li2NiTiO4 in lithium batteries containing LiBOB as electrolyte salt was examined. The compound exhibits a random distribution of the metal ions in octahedral 4a positions. The combined use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, step potential spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the electrode undergoes various changes during the charging process. Thus, Ni(II) is initially oxidised to Ni(IV) through Ni(III) as an intermediate state over the region from OCV to 4.6V versus Li+/Li, which provides a high capacity (180mAhg−1). Upon charging, however, highly charged Ni(IV) ions hinder charge carrier motion in both ions and electrons. In fact, the lithium diffusion coefficient was also very low ( D L i + ≈ 1 0 − 17 cm 2 s − 1 ), which suggests a low ionic conductivity. From impedance studies, it seems that a quite stable polymer film is formed in the electrolyte/electrode interface during the first charge. The region between 4.6 and 4.8V exhibited an additional capacity of 23mAhg−1 that was assigned to the release of oxygen if the electrolyte oxidation at this stage is discarded. The electrode impedance increased three times after one cycle, which is consistent with irreversible rearrangement of lithium ions during the first oxidation process. Furthermore, a very resistive solid electrolyte interface is developed after a few cycles. Therefore, the capacity fading observed can be ascribed to deterioration of both, the electrolyte and the electrode conduction properties, by effect of hindered lithium and electron motion.
Quinone organic materials are promising candidates to construct supercapacitor electrodes as they are entirely nontoxic, nonflammable, and safe for use. However, their wide adoption in supercapacitor applications is restricted by the inadequate electrical conductivity, which results in low mass and electron transfer, thereby leading to poor electrochemical performance. Herein, redox active 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HQSA) compositing with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through wet-chemistry method, as a high-performance electrode material is reported. Non-covalently interacted HQSA with rGO results in low internal resistance and high reversibility of the redox reaction. The as-prepared metal- and binder-free electrode in three-electrode cell configuration exhibits the specific capacity of 220C/g (61.1mAh/g), demonstrating a 208% increase in capacity than bare rGO (105.5C/g or 29.3mAh/g) at the same specific current of 0.5 A/g in 1M H2SO4 electrolyte solution. This electrode material shows an excellent cyclic stability with 99% capacity retention after 10,000 consecutive voltammetry cycles at 100mV/s. Furthermore, a symmetrical two electrode cell was constructed, which endows maximum cell capacity of 45C/g (12.5mAh/g) that is equivalent to a specific energy of 6.25Wh/kg and a specific power of 522W/kg. This work not only provides a promising electrode for supercapacitor but more importantly demonstrates a unique strategy to design active and durable material for future energy storage technologies.
Leg-mounted loggers are increasingly used in seabird activity studies, but few studies have validated the information obtained about bird behaviour with independent data. Using Brünnich’s Guillemot Uria lomvia as a study species, we show by comparing interpretations of time–depth recorder (TDR) data with visual observations that activity budgets inferred from leg-mounted TDRs provide reliable information on colony attendance, and validate information on flight time by comparing periods interpreted as flight based on TDR data with periods interpreted as flight based on GPS speed information. Yet, special attention is needed because auks resting at sea occasionally withdraw one leg and/or foot into the plumage (leg-in-plumage). During this behaviour, the TDR may be warm and dry, potentially leading to spurious identification of colony visits. In our case study, spurious identification of colony visits would have resulted in mean trip duration being underestimated by a factor of 4, and number of trips being correspondingly overestimated. We therefore urge great care when deriving activity budgets from leg-mounted TDRs, but nonetheless recommend using leg-mounted TDRs to infer activity budgets from diving seabirds, particularly for longer deployments.
By using a coating process, so-called substrate induced coagulation (SIC), thin layer electrodes of defined thickness can be prepared. After a short introduction in the process itself, first results with the electrode material Li4Ti5O12 are presented. Future application areas and the advantages of electrodes made by the SIC process are discussed.
In this study, we synthesized and characterized Li4Ti5O12 (LTO)-coated graphite as an anode material for Li-batteries. The surface of graphite powders was uniformly coated by the LTO nanoparticles to form a core–shelled structure via a sol–gel process, followed by calcination. The average size of graphite core was 20μm while the thickness of LTO shell was 60nm to 100nm. We found that LTO-coated graphite has better rate-capability and cycle life at RT and 55°C, compared with the pristine graphite. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results of the cell with LTO-coated graphite anode showed a significant suppression of the impedance rise after 60 cycles. In addition, the Raman spectrum showed that after 60 charge–discharge cycles at 55°C, the I D/I G ratio of the LTO-coated graphite electrode increased slightly, while that of the pristine graphite electrode increased significantly. The batteries with LTO-coated graphite anode exhibited excellent cyclic ability and high temperature performance.
Recent studies have clearly demonstrated that cyclic and linear carbonates are unstable when used in rechargeable Li–air batteries employing aprotic solvents mostly due to the cathodic formation of superoxide during the oxygen reduction reaction. In particular, it has been ascertained that nucleophilic attack by superoxide anion radical, O2 − , at O-alkyl carbon is a common mechanism of decomposition of organic carbonates. Moreover, theoretical calculations showed that ether chemical functionalities are stable against nucleophilic substitution induced by superoxide. Aim of this study is to report on a new electrolyte solution for Li–air battery formed by a mixture of an ether-based aprotic solvent with an ionic liquid (IL). The IL-based electrolyte was obtained by mixing the pure ionic liquid N-methyl-(n-butyl) pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (here denoted as PYR14TFSI) to a 0.91M solution of lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) in tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl etcher (TEGDME). We observed that the presence of IL beneficially affects the kinetics and the reversibility of the oxygen reactions involved at the cathode. The most significant result being a lower overvoltage for the charge reaction, compared to a Li/air cell containing the same electrolyte solution without IL.
To highlight worldwide efforts to fund neuroscience research and address the growing threat of brain disorders, Nature Neuroscience asked leaders of six global brain initiatives to write about their programs.
We revisited the “path-dependence” problem, i.e., the differing polarization observed in LiFePO4 cathode charge/discharge curves depending on the electrochemical treatment history of the material. The phase distributions of the active material particles with different charge/discharge histories in the LiFePO4 cathode were investigated through spectral imaging (SI) using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). The STEM-EELS-SI experiments revealed that LiFePO4 (LFP) and FePO4 (FP) almost always coexist in the individual primary particles of Li0.5FePO4 (50% state of charge (SOC)) electrodes, forming core/shell structures. This is unlike the conventional domino-cascade model, in that LFP-inside/FP-outside is observed in the lithium-extracted Li0.5FePO4 particles, whereas FP-inside/LFP-outside is seen in the lithium-inserted Li0.5FePO4 particles. We examined the particle-size dependence of the core/total volume ratio of each Li0.5FePO4 particle, and the essential features of the path-dependent charge/discharge curves were semi-quantitatively reproduced by a simple static model that considered the ionic conductivity of the shell phase.
In this study, we report a new type of Li-rich layered-spinel materials with a general composition formula of xLi2[Mn0.857Co0.143]O3–(1−x)Li[Mn1.714Co0.286]O4 (x=0.95, 0.85, 0.75, and 0.65) for use as cathode materials in Li-ion batteries. These materials exhibit steadily increased specific capacities upon cycling for up to several dozen of cycles, depending on the charge–discharge potential windows. Various characterizations reveal that the specific capacity increase is due to the gradual activation of the initial Li-rich layered phase from the surface of the composite particles. Both experimental and computational results suggest that small amount of Co dopants plays a critical role in the continuous activation process of these materials and the structural evaluation mechanism is also discussed. Based on this unique feature, controllable discharge capacities of these cathode materials can be achieved in a broad range from 30 to 240mAhg−1 by deliberately activating the materials at a potential window of 2–4.8V.