batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Due to the ultra-high theoretical energy density, the non-aqueous Li-air battery has attracted a lot of attention over the past decade. However, the decomposition of electrode during discharge and charge processes has limited the further development of this technology. Here, we fabricate a novel carbon- and binder-free electrode, V2O5-NiO composite nanowires, for non-aqueous Li-air batteries. With this novel electrode, the battery displays an over-potential of as low as 0.56 V and is operated stably for 250 cycles (1000 h) with an energy efficiency of as high as 70% at the current of 250 mA g−1 in pure oxygen. When the current density further increases to 500 and 750 mA g−1, the electrode enables the battery to operate stably for 220 and 200 cycles, indicating the excellent cycling stability and rate capability of the V2O5-NiO composite nanowire in pure oxygen. Moreover, in ambient air, the battery with this electrode can be steadily cycled for 200 times (800 h) at the current density of 250 mA g−1 with an energy efficiency of as high as ∼68%. Therefore, the V2O5-NiO composite nanowire offers great promise to replace the carbon electrode and further realize the operation of non-aqueous Li-air battery in ambient air.
An economical effective method is developed for recycling spent LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathodes, where more than 98% Li, Co, Ni and Mn can be leached out with different organic acids, and resynthesized to LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2. The leaching mechanism is investigated at macro- and micro-scales. The particles undergo a loosening-breaking-shrinking change for two acids, while the FTIR and UV-vis spectra indicate different coordination reactions. The performance of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 resynthesized from the leachate of the acetic acid leaching (NCM-Ac) and maleic acid leaching (NCM-Ma) are compared. The first discharge capacity of NCM-Ma and NCM-Ac at 0.2C are 151.6 and 115.0 mA h g−1, respectively. The much better performance of NCM-Ma than NCM-Ac results from the different coordination of the two acids in the sol-gel process, where the maleic acid can esterify to establish a stable network to chelate metal ions, while the weak chelation of acetic acid leads to the formation of impurities. The economics analysis including the cost of leaching acid and energy consumption shows that the price of organic acids and reducing agents, short leaching time, low temperature and high-valued products are the effective way to increase recycling and environmental benefits, which shows advantages in terms of resources cost and added value.
Given that children are told stories about real as well as pretend protagonists, how do they differentiate between them? Previous research indicates that children's understanding of historical versus fictional stories develops between ages 3 and 5 (Corriveau et al., 2009. Cognition, 112, 225; Woolley and Cox, 2007. Developmental Science, 10, 681). Across two experiments (N =134), we asked if children's developing understanding of representation is related to their ability to differentiate between historical and fictional stories. Controlling for age and verbal ability, children's ability to correctly differentiate such stories is related to their developing understanding of false beliefs and false signs but not false photographs.
To simultaneously address the challenges of chemical/physical short circuits and electrode volume variation, we demonstrate a three-dimensional (3D) bilayer garnet solid-state electrolyte framework for advanced Li metal batteries. The dense layer is reduced in thickness to a few microns and still retains good mechanical stability, thereby enabling the safe use of Li metal anodes. The thick porous layer acts as a mechanical support for the thin dense layer which serves as a host for high loading of cathode materials and provides pathways for continuous ion transport. Results show that the integrated sulfur cathode loading can reach >7 mg cm−2 while the proposed hybrid Li–S battery exhibits a high initial coulombic efficiency (>99.8%) and high average coulombic efficiency (>99%) during the subsequent cycles. This electrolyte framework represents a promising strategy to revolutionize Li-metal batteries by transitioning to all-solid-state batteries and can be extended to other cathode materials.
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) offer significant potential to reduce the nation's consumption of petroleum based products and the production of greenhouse gases however, their widespread adoption is limited largely by the cost and performance limitations of modern batteries. With recent growth in efforts to accelerate BEV adoption (e.g. the Department of Energy's (DOE) EV Everywhere Grand Challenge) and the age of existing BEV battery technology targets, there is sufficient motivation to re-evaluate the industry's technology targets for battery performance and cost. Herein we document the analysis process that supported the selection of the United States Advanced Battery Consortium's (USABC) updated BEV battery technology targets. Our technology agnostic approach identifies the necessary battery performance characteristics that will enable the vehicle level performance required for a commercially successful, mass market full BEV, as guided by the workgroup's OEM members. The result is an aggressive target, implying that batteries need to advance considerably before BEVs can be both cost and performance competitive with existing petroleum powered vehicles.
LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and LiNi0.45M0.10Mn1.45O4 (M=Fe, Co, Cr) powders are prepared and systematically investigated as 5V cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy are employed to study their structures. The electrochemical cyclic performance and rate capability at room temperature and 55°C are characterized and compared. The results indicate that the introductions of Fe, Co or Cr ions favor the crystal structure of the spinel in a F d 3 ¯ m symmetry compared with a symmetry of P4332 for the un-doped LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. Excellent cycle life is measured for these 5V Co- and Fe-doped electrodes. When cycled at 1C rate, about 95.9%, 93.1% and 81.7% of their initial capacities can be retained after 500 cycles for LiNi0.45Co0.10Mn1.45O4, LiNi0.45Fe0.10Mn1.45O4 and LiNi0.45Cr0.10Mn1.45O4, respectively. Their electrochemical performances at 55°C are also much better than the un-doped sample. Three possible capacity fading mechanisms including structural transformation, the dissolution of the spinel into the electrolyte, and the oxidation of the electrolyte are discussed. The decomposition of the electrolyte is regarded as the most important mechanism.
Induced by the hydrolysis of electrolytes, hydrofluoric acid (HF) can exacerbate the notorious transition metal dissolution, which seriously restricts the development of high-energy-density lithium batteries based on high-voltage cathodes. Irremovable water, not limited to trace water originally contained in electrolytes, can also be continuously produced upon battery fabrication and electrochemical cycling processes, which has been ignored for a long time. Herein, exempting cells from cumbersome and time-consuming industrial water-removal procedures, we simply introduced a metal–organic framework (MOF) into the inside of cells as an effective in-built water scavenger. As a result, pairing the in-built water scavengers with various high-voltage cathodes (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, etc.), we demonstrated superior cycling stability (72% capacity retention after 400 cycles for LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, calculated from the 4th cycle after 3 cycles of activation) even under a harsh environment (200 ppm water containing electrolyte). Simply using a MOF as a water scavenger can simultaneously reduce the manufacturing costs of lithium-ion batteries while improving their lifespan and safety.
This paper proposes a valuable method to reuse the iron oxide scale (IOS) often produced in the steel industry as an anode active material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The IOS samples are prepared via quenching of carbon steel and simple oxidation at a high temperature with or without sequential treatment by potassium hydroxide. Morphological and physical characterizations confirm the formation of a lamellar structure of orthorhombic KFeO2 with a high degree of crystallinity in the potassium-added IOSs. Additionally, the potassium addition decreases the particle size of the crystals and increases the d-spacing between crystal layers. Electrochemical performance tests show that the discharge capacities of the IOS samples monotonically increased with increasing number of charge/discharge cycles regardless of the existence of potassium. In addition, the rate of increase is larger in the potassium-added IOS samples containing the lamellar KFeO2 structure. Consequently, after prolonged cycling (more than 500 cycles), the potassium-added IOS sample retains a discharge capacity of 1020 mAh g−1 with good cycling stability, while the IOS quenched sample only exhibits a capacity of 956 mAh g−1. This result is attributed to the unique structure of the KFeO2 crystals formed in the potassium-added IOS particles.
The hierarchical and the centrally-controlled grid topology of existing electrical power systems has remained unchanged over the 20th century. On the other hand, there is a rapid increase in the cost of fossil fuels coupled with the inability of utility companies to expand their generation capacity in line with the rising electricity demand, without modernizing the grid. For these reasons, it is needed to modernize the existing power grids and consequently smart power grids have emerged. Unlike the benefits and features ensured by smart grids, this paper provides a detailed survey of the critical challenges in smart grids in terms of information and communication technologies, sensing, measurement, control and automation technologies, power electronics and energy storage technologies. It is expected that this paper will lead to the better understanding of potential constraints in smart grid technologies.
Developing cost-effective and environmental-friend electrode material is critical to accelerate the large-scale commercialization of the all-vanadium redox flow batteries. Herein, we propose and develop a twin-cocoon-derived self-standing carbon material by a green and safe preparation method. This facile degumming and carbonization process allows the twin-cocoon-derived monolithic carbon material to be decorated with nitrogen defects and oxygen functional groups. It has been demonstrated that this nitrogen-oxygen-rich monolithic carbon electrode material yields a promoted electrochemical activity for both V2+/V3+ and VO2+/VO2 + couples, causing a 50% decrease in redox potential difference and a 192% increase in diffusion slope as compared with the commercial carbon paper, thereby improving the electrochemical reversibility and enhancing the mass transfer kinetics. It is also found that the flow battery using nitrogen-oxygen-rich monolithic carbon electrode material shows 83% higher average discharge capacity and 20% higher energy efficiency than that with carbon paper at the current density of 100 mA cm−2, promising a high-performance and low-cost all-vanadium redox flow battery. This work opens a new way to developing monolithic carbon electrode material that possesses great potential applications in flow battery and other electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems.
This paper presents an adaptive artificial neural network (ANN) for modeling and simulation of a Stand-Alone photovoltaic (SAPV) system operating under variable climatic conditions. The ANN combines the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LM) with an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter in order to accelerate the convergence of the network. SAPV systems are widely used in renewable energy source (RES) applications and it is important to be able to evaluate the performance of installed systems. The modeling of the complete SAPV system is achieved by combining the models of the different components of the system (PV-generator, battery and regulator). A global model can identify the SAPV characteristics by knowing only the climatological conditions. In addition, a new procedure proposed for SAPV system sizing is presented in this work. Different measured signals of solar radiation sequences and electrical parameters (photovoltaic voltage and current) from a SAPV system installed at the south of Algeria have been recorded during a period of 5-years. These signals have been used for the training and testing the developed models, one for each component of the system and a global model of the complete system. The ANN model predictions allow the users of SAPV systems to predict the different signals for each model and identify the output current of the system for different climatological conditions. The comparison between simulated and experimental signals of the SAPV gave good results. The correlation coefficient obtained varies from 90% to 96% for each estimated signals, which is considered satisfactory. A comparison between multilayer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF) network and the proposed LM–IIR model is presented in order to confirm the advantage of this model.
Si/Graphite@Graphene composite has been prepared by an improved spray-drying method followed by heating treatment. While the thermal deposition of the precursor is determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTA), the structure of the composite is revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Meanwhile, the presence of graphene is demonstrated by fourier transform infrared spectra (FI-IR) and Raman spectra studies. And scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images illustrate the morphology of the as-prepared material. The Si/Graphite@Graphene composite shows an enhanced electrochemical performance. At 50mAg−1, the Si/Graphite@Graphene sample exhibits a high initial charge capacity of 820.7 mAh g−1, with a high initial columbic efficiency of 77.98%, the composite can still deliver high initial charge capacity of 766.2 mAh g−1 at 500mAg−1, and shows superior cyclic and rate performance. Moreover, it has low impedance, which indicates that it could be used as a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries.
Premature voltage cut-off in the operation of the vanadium redox flow battery is largely associated with the rise in concentration overpotential at high state-of-charge (SOC) or state-of-discharge (SOD). The use of high constant volumetric flow rate will reduce concentration overpotential, although potentially at the cost of consuming excessive pumping energy which in turn lowers system efficiency. On the other hand, any improper reduction in flow rate will also limit the operating SOC and lead to deterioration in battery efficiency. Pressure drop losses are further exacerbated by the need to reduce shunt currents in flow battery stacks that requires the use of long, narrow channels and manifolds. In this paper, the concentration overpotential is modelled as a function of flow rate in an effort to determine an appropriate variable flow rate that can yield high system efficiency, along with the analysis of pressure losses and total pumping energy. Simulation results for a 40-cell stack under pre-set voltage cut-off limits have shown that variable flow rates are superior to constant flow rates for the given system design and the use of a flow factor of 7.5 with respect to the theoretical flow rate can reach overall high system efficiencies for different charge–discharge operations.
Stationary electricity storage technologies (SES) allow to increase the shares of intermittent renewable energy technologies in electricity networks. As SES currently exhibit high costs, policy makers have started introducing demand-pull policies in order to foster their diffusion and drive these technologies further down the learning curve. However, as observed in the case of renewable energy technologies, demand-pull policies for technologies can come at high costs in cases where the profitability gap that needs to be covered by the policy support is large. Yet, SES can create value in multiple distinct applications in the power system – making it a “multi-purpose technology”. We argue that policy makers can make use of the multi-purpose character of SES to limit costs of demand-pull policies. We propose a policy strategy which grants support based on the profitability gap in the different applications, thereby moving down the learning curve efficiently. To support our argumentation, we firstly conduct a comprehensive literature review of SES applications exemplifying the multi-purpose character of these technologies. Second, we assess the profitability of one SES technology (vanadium redox flow battery) in five SES applications, highlighting a strong variation of the profitability gap across these applications.
In this article different scenarios are analysed with the objective of increasing the penetration of renewable energies in the energy system of S. Vicente Island in Cape Verde. An integrated approach is used to analyse the electricity and water supply systems. The H2RES model, a tool designed to simulate the integration of renewable sources and hydrogen in the energy systems of islands or other isolated locations, is applied. There is no other source of fresh water available to supply the population of S. Vicente, apart from desalinated seawater. The electricity supply system of this Island is based on fossil fuel and wind. S. Vicente has important wind resources that are not fully used because of its intermittent nature. The topography of this Island is relatively uniform, with the exception of Mont Verde, a 774m high mountain located in its centre, which could be suitable for pumped hydro storage. The present analysis incorporates the possibility of using pumped hydro as a storage technique to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources, using desalinated seawater. The results show that is possible to have more than 30% of yearly penetration of renewable energy sources in the electricity supply system, together with more than 50% of the water supplied to the population produced from wind electricity.
Lithium-ion technologies show great promise to meet the demands that the transition towards renewable energy sources and the electrification of the transport sector put forward. However, concerns regarding lithium-ion batteries, including limited material resources, high energy consumption during production, and flammable electrolytes, necessitate research on alternative technologies for electrochemical energy storage. Organic materials derived from abundant building blocks and with tunable properties, together with water based electrolytes, could provide safe, inexpensive and sustainable alternatives. In this study, two conducting redox polymers based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and a hydroquinone pendant group have been synthesized and characterized in an acidic aqueous electrolyte. The polymers were characterized with regards to kinetics, pH dependence, and mass changes during oxidation and reduction, as well as their conductance. Both polymers show redox matching, i.e. the quinone redox reaction occurs within the potential region where the polymer is conducting, and fast redox conversion that involves proton cycling during pendant group redox conversion. These properties make the presented materials promising candidates as electrode materials for water based all-organic batteries.
Olivine structured LiCo1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3PO4/C nanocomposites were prepared by a combination of spray pyrolysis at 300 °C and wet ball-milling followed by heat treatment at 500 °C for 4 h in a 3%H2 + N2 atmosphere. The formation of a solid solution between LiCoPO4, LiMnPO4, and LiFePO4 at this composition was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy with equipped energy dispersive spectroscopy verified that the LiCo1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3PO4/C nanocomposites were agglomerates of LiCo1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3PO4 primary particles with a geometric mean diameter of 107 nm and a uniform chemical composition, and carbon was well distributed on the surface of the agglomerates. The LiCo1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3PO4/C nanocomposite cathode exhibited a high discharge capacity of 159 mAh g−1 at 0.05 C in the potential range of 2.0–5.0 V, corresponding to 94% of theoretical capacity. The capacity retention was 87% after 50 cycles at a charge–discharge rate of 1 C. Furthermore, the rate capability test showed that the high capacity still was retained even at 5 C and 20 C rate with 106 and 72 mAh g−1, respectively.
Dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is one of the most burdensome medical conditions. In order to better understand the epidemiology of dementia in Italy, we conducted a systematic search of studies published between 1980 and April 2014 investigating the prevalence of dementia and AD in Italy and then evaluated the quality of the selected studies.
Introduction The verified suitable hearing aid gain does not guarantee a benefit from the hearing aid. The aided pure-tone threshold and the speech tests constitute main validation tests, which can be an enigma when dealing with infants and young children. Accordingly, there is growing need for an applicable objective test that represents aided thresholds and cortical processing of amplified sounds. Objective This work was designed to incorporate the aided evoked cortical potential (AECP) testing in hearing aid benefit assessment battery of children. Methodology The study involved 10 young children with the history of regular hearing aid using for the correction of mild to moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss. Aided AECP consisting of P1, N1, P2 and N2 waves was measured for them using 500 and 4000Hz tone bursts and ga- and wa-syllables. Results The potential was traced in all subjects with different degrees of reproducibility of waves. It paralleled the speech recognition ability with reasonable correction values to the aided behavioral thresholds. Conclusions The tracing of aided evoked cortical potential constituted a valuable tool for assessment of hearing aid benefit. It can introduce valid information about the frequency specific aided hearing thresholds and the speech perception ability. The total number of emerged waves in the potential revealed more selectivity to cortical function than the latency parameter.
The effect of the incorporation of Zn-phthalocyanines (ZnPc) nanoparticles into polyaniline coating (PANI) forming a new nanocomposite polyaniline/Zn-phthalocyanines (PANI@ZnPc) on the Zn-air battery performance has been investigated. The anticorrosion activity of the PANI@ZnPc coating is evaluated by the polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The results reveal that, the PANI@ZnPc nanocomposite gives a higher protective performance (97.7%) than the neat PANI (74.8%). The incorporation of ZnPc particles into PANI matrix is responsible for the increase in the coating resistance and AC conductivity. PANI@ZnPc nanocomposite delivers a high specific discharge capacity (713 mAh g-1) and enhances the capacity retention up to 98.5%. Therefore, Zn electrode coated with PANI@ZnPc can improve Zn-Air battery performance to a high extent, which may be beneficial for energy applications.
We describe the performance of a brain-damaged subject who suffered from visual agnosia leading to major difficulties in generating and exploiting visual representations from long-term memory. His performance in a physical judgement task in which he was required to answer questions about the visual shapes of Arabic numerals reflected his agnosic problems. However, he showed no impairment in usual number processing and calculation tasks. This case shows that, despite some commonalities in number and object processing, actual numerical processes are not affected by visual agnosia and can be preserved even when fine visual processes are impaired.