batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical self-assembly MnCo2O4 nanoflakes with size of about 4μm as anode active material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have been prepared by a facile method. The structure and physicochemical properties of the as-prepared self-assembly MnCo2O4 nanoflakes are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm, cyclic voltammogram (CV) and galvanostatic discharge-charge tests. The results show that the as-prepared self-assembly MnCo2O4 nanoflakes display a novel multi-lamellar macrostructure with a large number of well-distributed pores. The specific surface area of the as-prepared MnCo2O4 is about 49.44m2 g−1 and the average pore size is about 2.34nm. In addition, due to the hierarchical self-assembly structure, the MnCo2O4 nanoflakes exhibit an enhanced lithium storage capacity and excellent cycling stability (925mAhg−1 at a current density of 100mAg−1 after 50 cycles). More importantly, it can render the reversible capacity of 719mAhg−1 after 50 cycles, even at a high current density of 400mAg−1, indicating its potential for high power LIB applications.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous zinc-based catalysts were tested in the reaction of propylene oxide and CO2 to propylene carbonate without the use of additional solvents. For the preparation of the heterogeneous catalysts, the homogeneous zinc pyridine bromide and acetate complexes were modified for chemical anchoring on a silica surface. All intermediate stages of the series, starting with the zinc pyridine-based complex and ending with the anchored complex, were catalytically tested and characterized. Rates in terms of turnover frequencies (TOFs)>1100 h−1 were obtained with the homogeneous zinc pyridine bromide-based catalysts, and TOFs of 330 h−1 were obtained with the corresponding heterogeneous catalyst. Using acetate instead of bromide as a ligand significantly decreased the performance. The differences in activity could be traced to structural differences unraveled by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). For the heterogeneous catalysts, special attention was paid to the deactivation behavior and the reusability. The catalyst structures were followed in situ by XAS using a specially designed batch reactor cell. This provided important information on the fate of zinc and bromide under reaction conditions and also gave new insight into the reaction mechanism.
It is now well understood that air pollution produces significant adverse health effects in the general public and over the past 60 years, there have been on-going efforts to reduce the emitted pollutants and their resulting health effects. There are now shifting patterns of industrialization with many heavily polluting industries moving from developed countries with increasingly stringent air quality standards to the developing world. However, even in decreasing concentrations of pollutants, health effects remain important possibly as a result of changes in the nature of the pollutants as new chemicals are produced and as other causes of mortality and morbidity are reduced. In addition, there is now the potential for deliberate introduction of toxic air pollutants by local armed conflicts and terrorists. Thus, there are new challenges to understand the role of the atmospheric environment on public health in this time of changing economic and demographic conditions overlaid with the willingness to indirectly attack governments and other established entities through direct attacks on the general public.
A surface modification strategy through soaking in Na2S2O8 aqueous solution and then annealing has been developed for Li-rich layered cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. The modified materials have a significant improvement on electrochemical performances. The initial discharge capacity increases from 257 to 285 mAh g−1, and the initial coulombic efficiency increases from 85.4% to 93.2% in the voltage rang of 2.0–4.6 V. The electrochemical enhancement mechanism has been revealed by detailed investigations on the surface structural conversion of the material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP) confirm that Na2S2O8 oxidizes lattice oxygen to formal O2 2− species and the corresponding Li+ is extracted from the material surface. On the subsequent annealing, the formal O2 2− species turn to O2 and release from the particle surface. The increased oxygen vacancies induce structural rearrangement and lead to the phase transition from layered (R-3m or C2/m) to spinel (Fd3m) at the particle surface, which is supported by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). It is also found that the spinel phase increases with the increasing annealing temperature, and an internal structural evolution from LiM2O4-type spinel to M3O4-type spinel takes place at the same time.
In this work, different interior structures of ZnCo2O4 microspheres have been fabricated by a hydrothermal method followed by a calcination process at various temperature ramp rates. When evaluated as anode materials in lithium-ion half cells, the core-shell microspheres showed high electrochemical performance with a first discharge specific capacity of 1280mAh/g at 200mA/g and demonstrated excellent cycling stability with only 3.9% capacity loss between the second and the fiftieth cycles at 400mA/g.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to compare the thermal stability of charged cathodes in 1M LiPF6 EC/DEC electrolyte. Seven possible cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiNi0.8Co0.2O2, Li1+x Mn2−x O4, LiNi0.7Co0.2Ti0.05Mg0.05O2, Li[Ni3/8Co1/4Mn3/8]O2, and LiFePO4) were tested under the same conditions. Welded stainless steel DSC sample tubes, that ensured no weight loss during analysis, were used for these measurements, making them reliable. A consideration of these DSC results and the known electrochemical properties of the cathodes may assist the selection of the most suitable lithium-ion cathode material for use in a particular application.
This article reports the current situation of waste batteries and policies in Turkey. Turkey is a developing country where the battery consumption per person is around three to four pieces annually. Although the rate of consumption in Europe is around 10, the required amount of battery is growing rapidly with increasing technological development. According to the statistics of the year 2002, 10 million pieces of GSM batteries are consumed, whereas 250 million pieces of other sort of batteries are used in Turkey annually. Consumption figures suggest that the market value of the consumed batteries approximates to US$ 200 million. Based upon the amount of the used battery and marketing values, it is estimated that 10,000t of scrap batteries will accumulate per annum. Only 1.2% of scrap batteries in Turkey can be recollected through Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. At present, there is no recycling plant in Turkey to recycle scrap batteries. In this investigation, the variety of batteries used, the situation of scrap battery collection and its capacity and also the possibilities of recycling of scrap batteries in Turkey are put forward.
Unknown Note: Page numbers followed by b indicate boxes, f indicate figures, t indicate tables and np indicate footnotes.
In disaster situations, the elderly are considered to be a particularly vulnerable population. Preparedness is the key to reduce post-disaster damage. There is limited research in middle-income countries on how well elderly emergency department (ED) patients are prepared for disaster situations. The objective of this study was to determine the attitudes and behavior of elderly ED patients toward disaster preparedness.
Database tomography (DT) is a textual database analysis system consisting of two major components: (1) algorithms for extracting multi-word phrase frequencies and phrase proximities (physical closeness of the multi-word technical phrases) from any type of large textual database, to augment (2) interpretative capabilities of the expert human analyst. DT was used to derive technical intelligence from an electrochemical power database derived from the science citation index (SCI). Phrase frequency analysis by the technical domain experts provided the pervasive technical themes of the electrochemical power database, and the phrase proximity analysis provided the relationships among the pervasive technical themes. Bibliometric analysis of the electrochemical power literature supplemented the DT results with author/journal/institution publication and citation data.
Lithium–air batteries are currently limited to being operated under pure oxygen rather than ambient air, primarily due to the discharge product, lithium peroxide, reacting with water and carbon dioxide in ambient air to produce lithium carbonate, which renders the battery irreversible. A solution to this debilitating problem is to install an oxygen selective membrane that only allows oxygen to enter the battery. While theoretically sound, this method causes a significant decrease in the oxygen transfer rate due to a limited oxygen permeation area of the planar membrane and an increase in the oxygen transport distance from the membrane to the reaction sites. In this work, we create a novel solid-state lithium–air battery having a porous LATP cathode, designed using silicone-oil film coated pores that block water vapor and carbon dioxide from reaching reaction sites, but allow a high rate of oxygen transfer owing to an increase in the specific area of the films and a reduced oxygen transfer resistance. This battery can operate in ambient air at 5000 mA h gcarbon−1 for 50 cycles (125 days). Moreover, the charge/discharge rate reaches as high as 2.0 mA cm−2, a value which is about 40 times higher than that of conventional lithium–air batteries having an oxygen selective membrane external to the cathode.
Mn3O4 is an electrochemically inactive in alkaline Zn–MnO2 battery. Here, we show that Mn3O4 shows superior electrochemical performance in mild aqueous zinc sulfate electrolytes. Mn3O4 can be a new cathode material for neutral aqueous rechargeable zinc battery. Results reveal that spinel Mn3O4 transforms to intermediate Mn5O8 and finally to Zn-birnessite. The initial charge cycle proceeds without participation of zinc ions, while zinc ions participate in the subsequent reaction. The intercalation of zinc ions into the interlamination of birnessite leads to the generation of Zn-birnessite in discharge process, accompanied by the reduction of Mn4+ to Mn3+. Our results demonstrate a new manganese oxide cathode with average Mn valence state lower than four for rechargeable zinc batteries.
The start/stop technology requires the battery to provide high cold cranking power at low temperatures. In this report, the low temperature performance of LMO/LTO (lithium manganese oxide/lithium titanate) lithium ion batteries with three different electrolytes were studied on pouch cells incorporated with the reference electrode (RE). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis in conjunction with the reference electrode was applied to unravel the influence of electrolyte and individual electrodes on the battery's low temperature performance. Results demonstrate that it is the LMO electrode that limits the cell discharge performance at −30 °C and an electrolyte with a considerable amount of ester as co-solvent delivers the best low temperature performance. The LMO/LTO battery with the optimal electrolyte passes the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) cold cranking test at −30 °C using an assumed 40 Ah battery pack.
Currently, fuel cell technology plays an important role in the development of alternative energy converters for mobile, portable and stationary applications. With the help of physical based models of fuel cell systems and appropriate test benches it is possible to design different applications and investigate their stationary and dynamic behaviour. The polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell system model includes gas humidifier, air and hydrogen supply, current converter and a detailed stack model incorporating the physical characteristics of the different layers. In particular, the use of these models together with hardware in the loop (HIL) capable test stands helps to decrease the costs and accelerate the development of fuel cell systems. The interface program provides fast data exchange between the test bench and the physical model of the fuel cell or any other systems in real time. So the flexibility and efficiency of the test bench increase fundamentally, because it is possible to replace real components with their mathematical models.
Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles are a promising sustainable mobility alternative due to their low emissions impact and the rapidly falling production costs of Li-ion batteries. To lower total vehicle ownership costs, Vehicle-to-Grid/Building/Home (V2X) services aim to derive additional value from the battery asset through dynamic or bi-directional charge control to provide benefits to the electric grid or to reduce/flatten/shift peak energy consumption of buildings. Battery State of Health (SOH) is impacted through reduction of total capacity and/or increase in internal impedance due to various degradation mechanisms which collectively result in Calendar Aging and Cycling Aging behaviors. At moderate temperatures, Calendar Aging is the dominant factor and this understanding paired with the fact that most vehicles are immobile more than 90% of the time, implies that the battery management strategy while at rest will bound lifetime. Evidence suggests that V2X could prolong battery life through integration with optimized management algorithms and that cost effective V2X services may be dependent on battery chemistry. Therefore economic analyses of battery assets should contain sufficient electrochemical detail to account for chemistry specific degradation behavior.
Rational design of Li-S batteries requires efficient prevention of sulfur mobility and fast redox kinetics while accommodating the volumetric expansion of the sulfur cathode. Herein, we propose a multifunctional Chinese knot-like electrode design for advanced Li-S batteries. NiCo2S4 nanotubes are closely interwoven to form Chinese knot-like designs as a sulfur host. The unique interconnectivity of the 2D Chinese knot-like networks constructed by 1D nanostructured nanotubes enables fast electron transfer for high capacity. Furthermore, the hollow structure can simultaneously provide enough space for volumetric expansion of sulfur and confine lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) in the internal void space by structural encapsulation. Besides these, experimental and theoretical analysis demonstrates that NiCo2S4 can effectively capture the LiPSs and then catalyze the captured LiPSs into solid Li2S2/Li2S. More importantly, the transition between low-spin and high-spin of Co ions, induced by extra sulfur atoms from LiPSs, provides an electronic way to stabilize the adsorption system and reduce system energy, leading to the inhibition of the shuttle effect in Li-S batteries. As a result, the Chinese knot-like S@NiCo2S4 electrodes show a high capacity of 1348 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C and long cycling life up to 1000 cycles with a slow capacity decay of 0.02% per cycle at 1 C. Even with a higher sulfur loading of 5 mg cm−2, the electrodes still deliver good electrochemical performance.
Here we report on the significant improvements made in the energy efficiency and cycle life of full-cell soluble lead flow batteries (SLFBs). We describe energy efficiency loss mechanisms, particularly in context to the deposition of PbO2 at the positive electrode. The morphology and crystal structure of deposits formed at the positive electrode, under galvanostatic and potentiostatic conditions, were characterized using both powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Rietveld refinements were performed to quantitatively determine the phase fraction of α- and β-PbO2 formed. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to describe the charge-transfer reaction occurring at the positive electrode during conditions that promote the formation of various PbO2 morphologies. These features were used to evaluate and predict the long-term cycling stability of SLFBs as well as to diagnose potential problems arising during battery operation. We demonstrate that conditions optimized to preferentially deposit nanoscale PbO2 leads to long battery lifetimes, exceeding 2000 cycles at 79% energetic efficiency.
The advances in process engineering, nanotechnology, and materials science gradually enable the potential applications of biomass in novel energy storage technologies such as lithium secondary batteries (LSBs). Of note, biomass-derived materials that range from inorganic multi-dimensional carbons to renewable organic biomolecules or biopolymers can contribute towards “green battery” systems, serving as sustainable battery components. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the fabrication and application of both biomass and biomass-derived materials in LSBs. First, the processing routes of biomass towards different products are considered and described. The corresponding mechanistic understanding of biomass processing is particularly underscored. Classified by the battery components, focused discussions on biomass applied as electrode scaffolds, active cathode/anode materials, binders/additives, and separators/solid-state electrolyte layers in LSBs are systematically provided. The insights from this review demonstrate that biomass has significant potential for the development of high-performance “green battery” systems, which to different extents employ sustainable and green biomass-derived battery components. To accelerate its industrialization, specific attention should be paid to upgrading the processing technologies to maximize biomass utilization with high efficiency and low cost. Meanwhile, we summarize the present limitations over the application of biomass in LSBs and propose potential strategies for revolution. Additionally, we foresee further use of biomaterials to advance LSBs and other alkali-metal secondary batteries. This review comprehensively describes the significance of biomass and biomass-derived materials that have already received some attention and will bring numerous breakthroughs in the battery community. It is intended to attract the broad attention of scientists to this prospective trend of development in “green batteries”.
Nafion has long served as a benchmark material when evaluating the performance of proton conducting membranes used in PEM fuel cells. Traditionally, the membranes are either extruded from dry polymer or cast from a liquid polymer solvent solution. Recently, a different technique for fabricating membranes has been developed. The new approach exploits electrostatic spraying, or electrospraying, to deposit PEM films, with the longer-term goal of fabricating membrane-electrode assemblies using this technique. The focus of this paper is to compare the proton transport and physical properties of electrosprayed membranes with those of extruded Nafion. Audio frequency complex impedance studies of the electrosprayed membranes were conducted at a variety of temperatures and pressures over a wide range of membrane water contents. The results are compared with similar data for Nafion 117 and for membranes cast from the electrosprayed solutions. Water uptake, dimensional changes, and electrical conductivity measurements indicate that extruded, cast, and electrosprayed Nafion films are similar, with the exception that the electrosprayed Nafion absorbs as much as 15wt.% water more than the other two membranes with only a slight increase in conductivity. The activation volumes for electrosprayed Nafion are also consistent with those for Nafion 117 and concur with proposed mechanisms for proton transport in Nafion membranes. As in Nafion 117, a dielectric loss peak appeared in the electrosprayed Nafion at low temperatures after heating in vacuum at 380K, further demonstrating the similarity between the two materials.
Polymer electrolytes, generally, are all those materials where a supramolecular system is doped with ions and presents a significant conductivity. Following the 12th and most recent International Symposium of Polymer Electrolytes (ISPE-12), this historical and critical review summarizes the main developments in the fundamental science and applications of this family of materials since their establishment approximately 40 years ago. The history of polymer electrolytes is briefly outlined and the main families are reviewed in the framework of a tentative classification scheme. The applications of polymer electrolytes are discussed, highlighting the role of the electrolyte materials and reporting the most widely accepted performance and durability benchmarks in the various fields. Finally, a statistical analysis of the available scientific literature is presented to identify the most relevant current trends and future possibilities in the diversification and growth of worldwide research on this topic.
The fire and explosion potential risk of Li-ion battery is mainly caused by thermal runaway reactions. A deconvolution method has been proposed to analyze the complex thermal reactions obtained from a reaction, isothermal and scanning calorimeter (C80 microcalorimeter) in this paper. Thermal behaviours of both single electrode system and full cell system under elevated temperature are clearly identified, and separate kinetics is calculated based on the deconvoluted data. According to the analysis, thermal runaway reactions of Li x CoO2/Li x C6 full cell system are comprised by the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) breakdown, melting of separator, short circuit of positive–negative materials, Li x CoO2 disproportionation, lithium (in Li x C6)-electrolyte reaction, further decomposition of Li x CoO2, oxidation of decomposition products of electrolyte and thermal reactions involving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), etc. The thermal stability of SEI, heat generation of positive material and melting temperature of separator are identified as the critical factors that influence the thermal stability of full cell. It is possible to utilize the method for the thermal analysis and the identification of the key factors to thermal control of Li-ion batteries for energy storage and power supply applications.
A series of phosphates is investigated as additives to improve the stability of the electrolyte for vanadium flow battery (VFB). Two selected additives show positive effect on the stability of electrolytes under ex-situ stability tests and in situ flow cell experiments. The effects of additives on electrolyte are studied by Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and charge–discharge test. The results show that a VFB using the electrolyte with NH4H2PO4additive demonstrates significantly improved redox reaction reversibility and activity, and higher energy efficiency. In addition, the cell employing the electrolyte with NH4H2PO4 exhibits a charge capacity fading rate much slower than the cell without additives during the cycling at high temperature. These results indicate that the phosphate additives are highly beneficial to improving the stability and reliability of VFB.