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Rod-like orthorhombic LiMnO2 nanocrystals were successfully synthesized using temperature-controlled microwave hydrothermal route (TCMH) in a short time (30min) at a temperature as low as 160°C. o-LiMnO2 obtained by two different methods was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemistry test. SEM revealed that the product obtained in case of TCMH was rod-like with a diameter of 40nm, while the nanoparticles with 200nm diameter were obtained by traditional hydrothermal route (TH). The dramatic formation of o-LiMnO2 in the microwave hydrothermal field influenced the morphology and crystal structure of the final products. The formation and preferred growth orientation mechanism of o-LiMnO2 in the microwave irradiation process was discussed. Electrochemistry performance exhibited that the as-synthesized o-LiMnO2 nanorods reached the maximum discharge capacity of 194.2mAhg−1 at 0.1C rate after several cycles between 2.2 and 4.4V vs. Li+/Li at room temperature, which was higher than the electrochemical performance of o-LiMnO2 obtained by TH. The experimental results showed that the TCMH method provided an effective way for preparing o-LiMnO2 cathode material in lithium-ion batteries.
Ultrathin c-Si solar cells with a new light trapping scheme, which is a double-microcavity light trapping structure, are optimized and analyzed. The results show that by optimizing the geometric parameters of each light trapping unit, the light trapping structure can effectively improve the light absorption efficiencies of ultrathin crystalline silicon cells with different thicknesses. The thinner the active layer of a crystalline silicon solar cell, the more obvious the effect of the light trapping structure to enhance the light absorption. When the active layer thickness of a crystalline silicon cell is 3 μm, the battery efficiency can reach 16.3193%.
In this work, mesoporous NiO with three-dimensional flowerlike morphology were synthesized from precursor α-Ni(OH)2 by a facile template-free modified homogeneous precipitation method, where CO(NH2)2 could be acted as a chelating agent at lower temperatures, and source material of OH− utilizing the hydrolysis reaction at high temperatures. The structures of the NiO materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The specific surface area of NiO was 140m2 g−1, which was about 86% of the specific surface of precursor α-Ni(OH)2 (163m2 g−1). The pore diameter of NiO and α-Ni(OH)2 were approximately 3.6nm and 1.7nm, corresponding to mesoporous and microporous, respectively. The NiO material used as an electrode in 6molL−1 KOH electrolyte exhibited a specific capacitance of 289Fg−1 at a current density of 5Ag−1, and could still retain 262Fg−1 at 10Ag−1 and 257Fg−1 at 20Ag−1, respectively. In addition, almost no decrease of the capacitance was observed after 4000th charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 10Ag−1.
This paper discusses the integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage (BES) units for reducing energy loss and enhancing voltage stability. Here, each nondispatchable PV unit is converted into a dispatchable source with a combination of PV and BES units. New multiobjective index (IMO)-based analytical expressions are proposed to capture the size and power factor of the combination of PV and BES units. A self-correction algorithm (SCA) is also developed for sizing multiple PV and BES units while considering the time-varying demand and probabilistic generation. The power factors of PV and BES units are optimally dispatched at each load level. Results obtained on a 33-bus commercial distribution system show the validity of the proposed approach and algorithm for calculating the optimal size and power factor of multiple PV and BES units. The results show that operation of PV and BES units with optimal power factors can substantially reduce energy loss and better enhance voltage stability when compared to that with unity power factor. As a result of the tangible technical benefits, it may be appropriate for utilities to set up frameworks and standards for PV units operation at optimal power factor as the current IEEE 1547 standard only allows PV generation at unity power factor.
In India, a vast majority of rural household burns unprocessed biomass, as an energy source, to cook food. The biomass is burnt indoors in conventionally homemade clay-stoves, called ‘Chulha’, which results in the generation of a variety of airborne products along with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an uncontrolled manner. We report here the concentrations and profile of carcinogenic PAHs, co-sampled with respirable suspended particulate matter, in rural indoors during burning of biomass vis-à-vis liquified petroleum gas as the energy source. There is a limited data on the subject in the literature. The seasonal variation has also been studied. Sampling was done in breathing zone and in surrounding areas concurrent with cooking on chulha. PAHs were extracted in methylene chloride and analyzed over HPLC after column clean up on silica gel. Our study revealed that the concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs were fairly high in breathing zone and in surrounding areas while cooking over chulha in rural India. PAHs concentrations increased substantially during biomass combustion. Concentrations were high during CDC combustion and low during LPG combustion or the non-cooking period. This trend was conserved in both the seasons. Concentrations of total PAHs were greater in winter as compared to summer and greatest in the breathing zone. Di-benz(a,h)anthracene, benzo(k)-fluoranthene and chrysene contributed maximum. Benzo(a)pyrene contributed moderately. Maximum concentrations of indoor air benzo(a)pyrene (>1.5μg/m3) were found in breathing zone in winter. The daily exposure to high concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs in indoor air environment while cooking food could be impacting for chronic pulmonary illnesses in rural Indian women.
Biochemical assessment of energy stores has helped myocardial protection for general cardiac surgery and transplantation. This paper reviews the rationale of energy metabolism evaluation and speculates on the extent to which high energy phosphates can be used in human donor heart assessment and preservation.
In this paper a literature study is carried out to show there is still a tangible gap in terms of what can be achieved from scavenging energy. Indeed, in the framework of energetically autonomous microsystems, we review different existing methods of producing a sufficient amount of energy (at micro Watt level) that eventually need to be stored in a secondary source of power such as a battery or super-capacitor, since an enduring that is a sustainable system must be ensured. In order to minimise the gap mentioned above, the proposed solution that is an energy harvester to focus our own investigations on is described: it is based on a piezoelectric structure using bridge/road vibrations to supply LEDs (electro luminescent diodes with a typical power requirement of a few mW) that can be utilised for traffic regulation lights for example.
Resumen El trabajo propone una metodología para la medición de la diversidad tecnológica, se considera la entropía como un indicador usando a las patentes y además se conceptualiza la evolución de la diversidad desde una propuesta de los sistemas complejos. Se toma como ejemplo el sector tecnológico de las baterías dada su relevancia actual en la economía.
Modeling tools for the optimal Hybrid Power Systems (HPS) supply planning and demand management have been relatively established. However, complementary tools that can provide planners, decizion-makers, energy managers and electrical as well as power engineers with graphical and visualization insights that are vital for better conceptual understanding of the problems, particularly at the onset of hybrid power systems planning and design, have just been developed over the last five years. This paper reviews the six-year development of the insight-based graphical and algebraic Process Integration (PI) tools for the optimal HPS supply planning and demand management, i.e., from its inception in the year 2011, until 2016. Known as the Power Pinch Analysis (PoPA), the tool has been among the next-generation PI techniques for resource conservation following the developments of the heat, mass, water, gas, materials, property, solid and carbon emission pinch analysis techniques. This paper discusses the progress, challenges and contributions of PoPA in promoting Renewable Energy (RE) utilization in HPS. Case studies on implementation of PoPA for HPS planning and design presented in the paper show encouraging improvement on HPS profitability and reliability.
The unpredictable nature of wind energy makes its integration to the electric grid highly challenging. However, these challenges can be addressed by incorporating storage devices (batteries) in the system. We perform an overall assessment of a single domestic power system with a wind turbine supported by an energy storage device. The aim is to investigate the best operation mode of the storage device such that the occurrence of large power spills can be minimized. For estimating the small probability of large power spills, we use the splitting technique for rare-event simulations. An appropriate Importance Function for splitting is formulated such that it reduces the work-load of the probability estimator as compared to the conventional Crude Monte Carlo probability estimator. Simulation results show that the ramp constraints imposed on the charging/discharging rate of the storage device plays a pivotal role in mitigating large power spills. It is observed that by employing a new charging strategy for the storage device large power spills can be minimized further. There exists a trade-off between reducing the large power spills versus reducing the average power spills.
In this study, influences of surface hydrophobisation by surfactant vinyltrimethoxysilane (vtmos) on performance of carbon-based electrochemical capacitors were examined. Two distinct affecting mechanisms may be involved and coexist in the vtmos-modified carbon material, namely, the improvement mechanism and deterioration mechanism. The improvement mechanism suggests that the wettability of carbon material should be improved after surface hydrophobisation due to enhanced affinity to non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Improved wettability decreased mass transport resistance and increased accessible surface area for electric double layer formation and accordingly improved capacitor performance. The deterioration mechanism supposes that steric hindrance from grafting of large vtmos functional groups may have a negative effect on mass transport, especially in the case of high vtmos concentration. An effective vtmos concentration range was experimentally estimated as 0.15–0.35wt% for a great improvement in capacitor performance. The vtmos-modified activated carbon aerogel exhibits an excellent and comparable cycling stability to the original one.
Coupled electron and ion transfer was studied at a three-phase arrangement where decamethylferrocene was dissolved in a droplet of nitrobenzene that was sandwiched between an optically transparent ITO electrode and a glass plate. The sandwiched droplet was surrounded by an aqueous electrolyte solution in which the auxiliary and the reference electrodes were positioned. The oxidation of decamethylferrocene was followed by in situ spectroscopy with the help of a spectrometer interfaced to an optical microscope. The fast progression of the reaction starting at the three-phase junction and advancing towards the middle of the droplet is explained on the basis of a simplified model that assumes a progressive activation of the working electrode|nitrobenzene interface due to the ingress of transferred anions and decrease of ohmic resistance inside the nitrobenzene phase.
A novel electrolyte additive 3-sulfolene (3SF) for graphite anode is proposed in this work according to the DFT calculation. The calculated electron affinity energy of the investigated solvents and additives reveals that 3SF shows the highest reductive activity, which is further confirmed by the cyclic voltammetry test. The characterization results from charge/discharge cycle, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and elemental mapping demonstrate that the preferential reduction of 3 wt% 3SF additive generates a thin and uniform SEI film on the graphite surface, which effectively suppresses the continuous co-insertion and reduction of PC-based electrolyte, resulting in high cyclic stability of Li/graphite cell in PC-based electrolyte. Importantly, the ability of 3SF on improving the interfacial stability of graphite/PC-based electrolyte is better than that of the prop-1-ene-1,3-sultone which is believed to be the most promising candidates to alternate vinylene carbonate.
The operating temperature of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) will change with seasons and places. Hence, the broad temperature adaptability of VRFB is one of the key issues which affect its large-scale practical application. In our previous work, we have reported the impact of temperature (−35°C–50°C) on the static stability, physicochemical and electrochemical properties of five typical vanadium electrolytes (Electrochim. Acta, 2016, 187, 525). As a follow-up study, VRFB single cells are evaluated in this paper at a broad temperature range under current density of 40–200mAcm−2. The results show that VRFB can operate from −20°C to 50°C with acceptable energy efficiency under appropriate current densities (e.g. 65%–78% at 100mAcm−2). Ohmic and polarization resistances of VRFB decrease with temperature while the voltage efficiency and electrolyte utilization present the opposite tendency. The fast crossover of the vanadium ions at high temperatures aggravates the capacity fading of the cell. Notably, VRFB suffers much more damage during alternate temperatures operation between moderate temperature and high temperature, which should be given special attention.
Abstract Autophagy, a conserved “self-eating” process aimed at maintaining cellular homeostasis, has diverse functions in host–pathogen interactions. Many viruses, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), have evolved strategies to subvert the host autophagic machinery and enhance their own replication. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism for the role of autophagy in HCV replication and whether autophagy modulates the innate immunity in HCV infection are still poorly understood. In a recent study, we showed that infection of hepatoma Huh7 cells with cell culture-derived HCVcc perturbs the autophagy pathway, which proceeds to fusion of the autophagosome with a lysosome, through the unfolded protein response (UPR), to promote HCV RNA replication. Deregulation of the UPR and autophagy by gene silencing or interference with complete autolysosome formation with inhibitors such as chloroquine and Bafilomycin A1 impeded HCV RNA replication. Interruption of the UPR and autophagy concurred with upregulation of the HCV pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) RNA-mediated cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene-I signaling and interferon beta (IFN-β)-mediated antiviral responses. With the battery of UPR and autophagy inducers, we demonstrated that activated UPR–autophagy signaling downregulates HCV PAMP RNA-mediated innate immunity even in a context without HCV infection. Moreover, disruption of the autophagic flux by chloroquine or individual knockdown of lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 and RAS-related GTP-binding protein 7, which are critical for fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, mitigated UPR- and autophagy-mediated suppression of innate antiviral immunity. Our results manifest that the UPR and autophagy machinery acts as a negative regulator in innate immunity, thus stimulating HCV replication. Our study will also benefit the development of efficacious anti-HCV therapeutic and intervention approaches targeting and/or modifying the UPR and autophagy signaling pathway.
With the ever-increasing power and energy needs in application of advanced consumer electronics and related technologies, developing electrode materials with both high energy and power densities holds the key for satisfying the urgent demand of energy storage worldwide. Herein, we report the successful preparation of NiCo2O4 nanowire arrays that are grown on nickel foam via a simple hydrothermal method followed by an annealing process. The electron microscopy images of the obtained NiCo2O4 nanowires reveal that the NiCo2O4 nanowires are uniformly distributed and anchored on the surface of nickel foam. Benefited from the unique structure of NiCo2O4 nanowires on a nickel foam substrate, the as prepared materials exhibit a high reversible capacity of 1048.8 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and show excellent rate performance for lithium storage.
Recycling of waste electronics to recover raw materials is beneficial for the environment, particularly for electronic devices containing expensive metals such as lithium-ion batteries, which use lithium and cobalt as the electro-active materials. Recycling of these resources is a critical issue for both environmental reasons and cost reduction of lithium-ion batteries. In this study, we introduce a combination of efficient direct physical and intermediate recycling processes to minimize the environmental burden of lithium-ion batteries. High-purity materials are required in the fabrication of lithium-ion batteries to avoid unwanted side reactions stemming from impurities that may lead to safety issues. To achieve this purification, we employ a method that uses the difference in the solubility of materials in several solvents at different temperatures. Using this method, we successfully refine lithium and cobalt compounds with high purity from waste electrodes. The obtained high-purity materials are compared with commercial materials to ensure that their physical and chemical properties are comparable. Finally, it is observed that the electrochemical performance of the electrode material prepared from the purified material is similar to that of the commercially available electrode materials.
The O2electrode in Li–O2cells was shown to exhibit gravimetric energy densities (considering the total weight of oxygen electrode in the discharged state) four times that of LiCoO2 with comparable gravimetric power. The discharge rate capability of Au-catalyzed Vulcan carbon and pure Vulcan carbon (VC) as the O2electrode was studied in the range of 100 to 2000 mA gcarbon−1. The discharge voltage and capacity of the Li−O2 cells were shown to decrease with increasing rates. Unlike propylene carbonate based electrolytes, the rate capability of Li−O2 cells tested with 1,2-dimethoxyethane was found not to be limited by oxygen transport in the electrolyte. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) showed lithium peroxide as the discharge product and no evidence of Li2CO3 and LiOH was found. It is hypothesized that higher discharge voltages of cells with Au/C than VC at low rates could have originated from higher oxygen reduction activity of Au/C. At high rates, higher discharge voltages with Au/C than VC could be attributed to faster lithium transport in nonstoichiometric and defective lithium peroxide formed upon discharge, which is supported by XRD and X-ray absorption near edge structure O and Li K edge data.
The aim of this work is to present practical tools to analyze energy, economic and environmental performances of energy generation systems, buildings and equipments in a community. The models and software tools presented are very different to each other and are designed to support different phases in an efficient community project implementation.
A novel hydrometallurgical process for recycling LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode materials harvested from spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is established in this work. The cathode material LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 is dissolved in a mixed acid containing phosphoric acid (leaching agent) and citric acid (leaching agent and reductant). Using 0.2 M phosphoric acid and 0.4 M citric acid with a solid to liquid (S/L) ratio of 20 g/L at 90 °C for 30 min, the proposed method results in a leaching efficiency of ca. 100% for Li, 93.38% for Ni, 91.63% for Co, and 92.00% for Mn, respectively. Kinetics of the leaching process is well described by the Avrami equation. It is found that the leaching process is controlled by surface chemical reactions, and the apparent activation energies (kJ/mol) are 45.83 for Li, 83.01 for Ni, 81.38 for Co and 92.35 for Mn, respectively. With aids of various advanced characterizations methods, including UV–Vis, FT-IR and TOC, we find that there are a great deal of citrates and a small amount of dihydrogen phosphates in the mixed acid leachate. This leaching method enjoys advantages of low acid consumption, short leaching time and no need to add extra reductant.
High cut-off voltage in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), now, is the vital threshold for further development of high energy density LIBs. In this work, the NASICON type solid electrolyte as high working voltage and unique ionic transfer rate material is introduced to facilitate the high cut-off performance of Ni-rich cathode material. Herein, considering the uniformity of coating outer layer, the charge attraction is employed as a coating method to form a homogeneous coating layer. The coating properties of LiTi2(PO4)3 coated LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 probed via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Typically, electrochemical tests show that LiTi2(PO4)3 was effectively promoting the electrochemical characters. The modified material preserves 94% after 100 cycles at 1C in voltage of 2.7–4.3 V. Especially, it maintains 92.3%/83.6% in high cut-off voltage of 2.7–4.5 V/2.7–4.8 V for 100 cycles, and keeps 117.4 mA h g−1/101.2 mA h g−1 after 500 long cycles.
The existing Personal Conditioning Systems (PCS) have a limited market potential in spite of their energy savings potential and improved thermal comfort due to a combination of factors like retrofit costs, cooling limited to regions near installation and addition to building heat loads. We propose a novel concept of Portable Personal Conditioning System (PPCS) to address these challenges. PPCS includes a cooling system on an automated platform, which follows occupants to keep them comfortable. Four such cooling systems are presented: a vapor compression system (VCS), a chilled water based system, an ice storage based system and a phase change material storage based system. First-principles-based, transient multi-physics models were constructed for each system using Modelica to gain a more complete understanding of system performance and to quantify performance criteria such as minimum system weight and battery life. The article quantifies the trade-offs from the use of each system and is expected to motivate the development of portable personal cooling devices. System weights range from 19 to 31 kg with the chilled water system being the heaviest. The VCS consumes 40% more battery while delivering 170 W cooling at roughly twice the price of the chilled water system. The ice and phase change material based systems have weights comparable to the VCS and power consumption comparable to that of the chilled water based system.