batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Li–O2 batteries have attracted significant interest in the past decade owing to their superior high specific energy density in contrast to conventional lithium ion batteries. An 8.7-Ah Li–O2 pouch cell with 768.5 Wh kg−1 was fabricated and characterized in this investigation and the factors that influenced the electrochemical performance of the Li–O2 pouch cell were studied. In contrast to coin/Swagelok-type Li–O2 cells, it was demonstrated that the high-loading air electrode, pulverization of the Li anode, and the large-scale inhomogeneity of the large pouch cell are the major reasons for the failure of Li–O2 batteries with Ah capacities. In addition, safety tests of large Li–O2 pouch cells were conducted for the first time, including nail penetration, crushing, and thermal stability. It was indicated that a self-limiting mechanism is a key safety feature of these batteries, even when shorted. In this study, Li–O2 batteries were investigated in a new size and capacity-scale, which may provide useful insight into the development of practical pouch-type Li–O2 batteries.
Thermoelectric generator (TEG) with water heating system, which utilizes solar energy with a high total energy conversion efficiency, is promising environmental technology for eco-housing and factories to reduce their carbon footprints. In this study, a newly developed cylindrical TEG consisting of ring-disk thermoelectric material is proposed showing that the total energy conversion efficiency is higher than that of a conventional pillar-type TEG. The cylindrical TEG is implemented using high-performance CoSb3-based filled skutterudite thermoelectric materials and a unique 45Ni-55Fe electrode as the hot-side junction. The solar TEG performance is demonstrated under the real sunlight, which is concentrated by a Fresnel lens. The maximum thermoelectric efficiency of the presented solar TEG is 1.8%, with a water heating efficiency of 59% when the temperature difference across the TEG is 428 °C. Further improvement should be achieved by lowering the internal resistance of the TEG and increasing the average dimensionless figure of merit of the thermoelectric materials.
Smart meter is an advanced energy meter that measures energy consumption in residential, commercial and industrial facilities with additional information related to the power system. This paper aims to review system functions of the latest smart meter technology which incorporates Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). The paper also proposes future smart meter with some modification and improvement of AMI technology by introducing Artificial Intelligence Metering (AIM) techniques where the energy consumed by consumers' appliances is fully supervised by AIM. The AIM function is almost the same as AMI technology, but with some enhancement including schedule of various appliance usage by customers, PV integration and power quality monitoring. These modifications can facilitate consumers to manage their energy usage wisely, meanwhile promoting green technology to the community.
Oxidized carbon nanotubes, oxCNTs, were formed when multi-walled carbon nanotubes were treated by chemical oxidation with acidic potassium permanganate. The synthesis and characterization of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes of five diameter ranges for use as anode materials in lithium-ion battery applications is detailed herein. Thermogravimetric analysis and typical spectroscopic methods confirmed extensive oxidation, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy comparisons provided quantification of specific components. Images from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicated a change in structure associated with the oxidation as X-ray diffraction peaks indicated broadening interplanar spacing. This study confirmed that the oxidative process successfully led to oxCNTs, with a reversible capacity demonstratively higher than their parent multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Higher capacities were demonstrated in smaller-diameter oxCNTs, and associated with structural and compositional differences between the samples.
A graphene/carbon nanotube (CNT)/sulfur (denoted GCS) hybrid with interconnected structure is prepared through a one-pot self-assembly approach initiated by l-ascorbic acid reduction under a mild condition. In such a solution-based assembly process, the formation of an interconnected graphene/CNT conductive network is accompanied by the uniform loading of sulfur, whose fraction is as high as of 70 wt%. The as-prepared GCS hybrid delivers an initial capacity of 1008 mAh g−1 at 0.3C and maintains 704 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Remarkably, at a high rate of 1.0C, the cathode shows an excellent cyclic performance with a capacity of 657 mAh g−1 after 450 ycles and the capacity decay is only 0.04% per cycle. Moreover, the superior rate performance of GCS hybrid is attributed to the conductive network formed by interconnected graphene sheets and CNT, which supply an unimpeded and continuous path for electron and Li ion transfer and accommodate the volume variation of sulfur during charge/discharge cycling. In addition, the residual functional groups on GCS can retain intimate contact of the conducting matrix with sulfur and effectively confine the diffusion of polysulfides. This study gives an eco-friendly and highly effective solution-based approach for carbon–sulfur electrode for lithium–sulfur battery.
The presence in waste of emerging pollutants (EPs), whose behaviours and effects are not well understood, may present unexpected health and environmental risks and risks for the treatment processes themselves. EP may include substances that are newly detected in the environment, substances already identified as risky and whose use in items is prohibited (but which may be present in old or imported product waste) or substances already known but whose recent use in products can cause problems during their future treatment as waste. Several scientific studies have been conducted to assess the presence of EP in waste, but they are mostly dedicated to a single category of substance or one particular waste treatment. In the absence of a comprehensive review focused on the impact of the presence of EP on waste treatment schemes, the authors present a review of the key issues associated with the treatment of waste containing emerging pollutants. This review presents the typologies of emerging pollutants that are potentially present in waste along with the major challenges for each treatment scheme (recycling, composting, digestion, incineration, landfilling and wastewater treatment). All conventional treatment processes are affected by these new pollutants, and they were almost never originally designed to consider these substances. In addition to these general aspects, a comprehensive review of available data, projects and future R&D needs related to the impact of nanoparticles on waste treatment is presented as a case study.
A model of a photovoltaic (PV) powered residence in stand-alone configuration was developed and evaluated. The model assesses the sizing, capital costs, control strategies, and efficiencies of reversible fuel cells (RFC), batteries, and ultra-capacitors (UC) both individually, and in combination, as hybrid energy storage devices. The choice of control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system is found to have a significant impact on system efficiency, hydrogen production and component utilization. A hybrid energy storage system comprised of batteries and RFC has the advantage of reduced cost (compared to using a RFC as the sole energy storage device), high system efficiency and hydrogen energy production capacity. A control strategy that preferentially used the RFC before the battery in meeting load demand allows both grid independent operation and better RFC utilization compared to a system that preferentially used the battery before the RFC. Ultra-capacitors coupled with a RFC in a hybrid energy storage system contain insufficient energy density to meet dynamic power demands typical of residential applications.
The use of surfaced-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in lithium-ion battery (LIB) and Li–O2 battery studies has proven to be a powerful tool for observing solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth, on the electrode's surface, that is crucial in determining the battery's electrochemical performance. Here, we report the use of SiO2-coated Au nanoparticles for in situ SERS studies during electrochemical cycling to directly observe SEI formation on the electrode. The comparison of silicon electrodes with and without the electrolyte additive vinylene carbonate (VC) shows the formation of VC-related reduction products on the electrode's surface before the reduction of ethylene carbonate. Further observation, using normal Raman and SERS, of the silicon band intensity shows different amorphization rates between bulk and surface. These successful proof-of-concept experiments should allow this technique to be extended to other electrode material studies in conjunction with other surface sensitive techniques to further our understanding of surface reactions that heavily influence overall battery performance.
Cycle performance of Li–O2 cells with N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethansulfony)imide (PP13TFSI)–LiClO4 electrolytes and vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) cathodes has been investigated. It is found that both the current density and the depth of discharge have great influence on the capacity utilization, voltage polarization and cycle life. Abacus-ball-shaped Li2O2 particles produced at discharge are identified, and their complete decomposition at charge is confirmed. Meanwhile, formation of Li carbonates around the VACNTs is detected after the first cycle. The carbonates accumulate and gradually become predominant over Li2O2 upon cycling, leading to decrease of the discharge capacity and increase of the cell resistance. These results indicate that reduction of the carbonates formed around the VACNTs is of critical importance for improving cycle performance of the cells investigated here.
Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising route for the renewable production of hydrogen fuel. This work presents the results of a technical and economic feasibility analysis conducted for four hypothetical, centralized, large-scale hydrogen production plants based on this technology. The four reactor types considered were a single bed particle suspension system, a dual bed particle suspension system, a fixed panel array, and a tracking concentrator array. The current performance of semiconductor absorbers and electrocatalysts were considered to compute reasonable solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies for each of the four systems. The U.S. Department of Energy H2A model was employed to calculate the levelized cost of hydrogen output at the plant gate at 300 psi for a 10 tonne per day production scale. All capital expenditures and operating costs for the reactors and auxiliaries (compressors, control systems, etc.) were considered. The final cost varied from $1.60–$10.40 per kg H2 with the particle bed systems having lower costs than the panel-based systems. However, safety concerns due to the cogeneration of O2 and H2 in a single bed system and long molecular transport lengths in the dual bed system lead to greater uncertainty in their operation. A sensitivity analysis revealed that improvement in the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of the panel-based systems could substantially drive down their costs. A key finding is that the production costs are consistent with the Department of Energy's targeted threshold cost of $2.00–$4.00 per kg H2 for dispensed hydrogen, demonstrating that photoelectrochemical water splitting could be a viable route for hydrogen production in the future if material performance targets can be met.
A room temperature ionic liquid consisting of N,N,N,N-cyanomethyl trimethyl ammonium (CTMA) cation and bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide (TFSI) anion was newly synthesized, and its electrochemical properties were investigated. This ionic liquid has a melting point of 35°C and an order of conductivity of 10−4 Scm−1. Lithium deposition/dissolution tests in 0.2moldm−3 LiTFSI/CTMATFSI electrolytes showed an improved cycle behavior compared with that of a Li electrolyte based on a tetraalkylammonium ionic liquid without a cyano group. It is suggested that such an improvement may be associated with the formation of a protective film on the lithium surface. Introducing a proper functional group is suggested to be effective to improve the interfacial properties of ionic liquid.
Effects of Pb and Sn additives on electrodeposition of Zn were investigated for the applications in Zn secondary battery, focused on their roles on morphological evolution. Similarly to well-known effect of Pb addition to smoothly electrodeposit Zn film surface, Sn also exhibited to suppress the formation of mossy structures, which were highly filamentous Zn electrodeposits to cause frequently battery failure. Pb significantly shifted deposition potential of Zn to negative value at concentration less than 1.0mmoldm−3, while Sn showed no substantial effect even at 50mmoldm−3. The morphological evolution analysis demonstrated that the addition of 1.0mmoldm−3 Pb significantly altered nucleation behavior of Zn at initial stages of deposition; stacking of layer-like structures (microsteps) were altered to discrete and uniform nuclei of Zn preferentially oriented to (002) direction. In contrast, with Sn additive, morphological features at the initial stage of deposition were similar to that without additive. However, microsteps evolution was gradually suppressed and relatively strong (002) texture of electrodeposited Zn was mitigated by Sn addition. These results suggested that the beneficial roles of Pb and Sn addition on Zn morphological evolution were ascribed to different reasons; Pb diminished the active growth sites of Zn surface by suppressing the deposition reaction of Zn, while Sn suppressed microsteps evolution by different texture evolution of Zn.
A distinct electrodeposition of copper on the external surface of carbon nanotubes (CNT) tissues is demonstrated in two copper electrolytic baths: acid copper sulfate (pH 0.5) and alkaline copper pyrophosphate (pH 8.6). Copper nucleation and growth on the CNT tissue was investigated while applying cathodic polarizations and current transients in a single-step and cost-effective processes. The established copper films are characterized with high uniformity, planarity and excellent adhesion to the densified and bundled CNT tissue substrates, while the surface morphology varies with the chemical composition of the electrolytic bath. Finally, the capability of the copper-coated CNT tissues to function as anode current collectors in a Li-ion battery is shown.
Publisher Summary The word transistor is an abbreviation of two words transferring and resistor. The chapter discusses the basic principles of transistors and biasing of transistors. The objective transistor biasing is to try to maintain the chosen operating point with changes in supply voltages–this is particularly true of battery operated equipment where the supply voltage changes considerably as the battery discharges. Further, the chapter provides review of field effect transistors; there are two main types of field effect transistors; the junction FET or JFET, and the metal oxide silicon FET or MOSFET. MOSFETs are sometimes also referred to as insulated gate field effect transistors, IGFETs. A high electron mobility FET is also known as I-IEMFET. This chapter reviews the operating principle of bi-polar transistors FETs and MOSFETs. It also reviews some transistor biasing methods.
In situ/in operando X-ray diffraction coupled with electrochemical cycling of ZnO based electrodes in KOH electrolyte has been used as a powerful tool in order to investigate the influence of additives. The technique has been performed in order to highlight the role of bismuth based conductive additives on the cycling ability of the electrode. It enables to clearly evidence the conversion of zinc oxide to zinc metal. During the first charge, it also helps to visualize the conversion of Bi2O3 additive into metallic bismuth prior to ZnO reduction which leads to the formation of an electronic pathway at the nanometer scale complementary from the current collector and the TiN percolation conductive network. Additionally, each Bi2O3 grain seems to be converted in a single bismuth grain which is not agglomerated with other bismuth particles even after 50 cycles. This behaviour leads to a steady capacity of the zinc based electrode compared to the same electrode without Bi2O3 additive. Subsequently, in situ XRD investigation of Zn based negative electrode in nickel–zinc batteries can be a powerful tool to design new composite electrode with long term cycling efficiency.
To guarantee the safety, high efficiency and long lifetime for lithium-ion battery, an advanced battery management system requires a physics-meaningful yet computationally efficient battery model. The pseudo-two dimensional (P2D) electrochemical model can provide physical information about the lithium concentration and potential distributions across the cell dimension. However, the extensive computation burden caused by the temporal and spatial discretization limits its real-time application. In this research, we propose a new simplified electrochemical model (SEM) by modifying the boundary conditions for electrolyte diffusion equations, which significantly facilitates the analytical solving process. Then to obtain a reduced order transfer function, the Padé approximation method is adopted to simplify the derived transcendental impedance solution. The proposed model with the reduced order transfer function can be briefly computable and preserve physical meanings through the presence of parameters such as the solid/electrolyte diffusion coefficients (Ds&De) and particle radius. The simulation illustrates that the proposed simplified model maintains high accuracy for electrolyte phase concentration (Ce) predictions, saying 0.8% and 0.24% modeling error respectively, when compared to the rigorous model under 1C-rate pulse charge/discharge and urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) profiles. Meanwhile, this simplified model yields significantly reduced computational burden, which benefits its real-time application.
Various organic compounds with heteroatoms (N, O, F, Si, P, S) were tested as overcharge protection additives for 4-V class lithium cells. It was found that trimethyl-3,5-xylylsilane exhibited preferable oxidation potential (E ox) as overcharge protection additive, and charge–discharge cycling efficiency (Eff) of lithium anode in electrolyte with arylsilanes was as high as tolyladamantanes, reported previously by us. From room temperature to 60°C, E ox of trimethyl-3,5-xylylsilane decreased only 0.07V. Difference in E ox among regioisomers of tolyltrimethylsilanes is smaller than that among tolyladamantanes. 1H NMR and UV spectra suggest the steric repulsion between tolyl group and trimethylsilyl group in o-tolyltrimethylsilane is smaller than that of the related substituents of o-tolyladamantane.
This paper examines the problem of optimizing the charge pattern of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), defined as the timing and rate with which the PHEV obtains electricity from the power grid. The optimization goal is to simultaneously minimize (i) the total cost of fuel and electricity and (ii) the total battery health degradation over a 24-h naturalistic drive cycle. The first objective is calculated for a previously-developed stochastic optimal PHEV power management strategy, whereas the second objective is evaluated through an electrochemistry-based model of anode-side resistive film formation in lithium-ion batteries. The paper shows that these two objectives are conflicting, and trades them off using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. As a result, a Pareto front of optimal charge patterns is obtained. The effects of electricity price and trip schedule on the optimal Pareto points and the PHEV charge patterns are analyzed and discussed.
In Brazil, the access to electricity is a right of all their citizens. The Brazilian government has endeavored to extend the electric grid wherever technically and economically feasible. For the remaining sites, PV systems can be a feasible option that is enforced by federal laws, standards and subsidies. For this reason, unlike other countries where renewable energy systems are donated or commercialized by NGOs and other entities, in Brazil these systems are mainly installed by utilities, making the country a unique case for study. This paper analyzes the main problems faced by PV systems for rural electrification. The methodology is based on field observation and literature survey. As a result, several issues of demand to be supplied, installation, operation and maintenance, and post-installation were identified. From these observations, it is clear that a greater attention should be payed to the management of the whole electrification project, by clearly delimiting the goals and the responsibilities of each stakeholder, and ensuring that the goals are met.
A full-scale burning test is conducted to evaluate the safety of large-size and high-energy 50 Ah lithium–iron phosphate/graphite battery pack, which is composed of five 10 Ah single cells. The complex fire hazards associated with the combustion process of the battery are presented. The battery combustion behavior can be summarized into the following stages: battery expansion, jet flame, stable combustion, a second cycle of a jet flame followed by stable combustion, a third cycle of a jet flame followed by stable combustion, abatement and extinguishment. The multiple jets of flame indicate serious consequences for the battery and pose a challenge for battery safety. The battery ignites when the battery temperature reaches approximately 175–180 °C. This critical temperature is related to an internal short circuit of the battery, which results from the melting of the separator. The maximum temperature of the flame can reach 1500 °C. The heat release rate (HRR) varies based on the oxygen generated by the battery and the Joule effect of the internal short circuit. The HRR and heat of combustion can reach 49.4 kW and 18,195.1 kJ, respectively. The state of charge of the battery has a significant effect on the maximum HRR, the overall heat generation and the mass loss of the battery.
Soil samples taken from excavated pits on traverses across New Zealand’s Scott Base, Antarctica, were leached with water and 0.01 M HNO3 and the leachates analysed for Ag, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. The soils had high conductivity and pH values generally increasing with depth and in the range 8.3–10.1. The water leachate generally contained most of the extractable metals except Mn and Cd, and As. Linear relationships were observed between some metals leached into alkaline solution and the Fe in those solutions. The ratios to Fe were comparable to those of the host basanite, and this observation is interpreted as showing that these metals are incorporated in fine mineral particulates derived directly from the rock mass. Outliers in leachable metal concentrations in the soils indicated appreciable contamination of the soil from anthropogenic sources with Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn as well as As. In some locations high concentrations of Ag and Cd correspond to specific sources and drainage channels. High concentrations of Pb were widely spread and in the top soil layers whereas the elevated concentrations of Zn were distributed throughout the soil profiles indicating atmospheric sources and different mobilities within the soils. Transport within the soils is evident for some metals, as is lateral movement over and through the soils.