batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Cobalt-based materials are regarded as important materials for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) in metal-air batteries and supercapacitors. However, the activity of oxygen electrocatalysis and the pseudocapacitive performance of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) in the reported works are usually inconsistent. To explore this issue, a series of Co3O4 nanoplates are fabricated using different calcination temperatures, and their morphologies, microstructures, and electrochemical behaviors in alkaline solutions are systemically characterized. It is found that the high calcination temperature destroys the hexagonal nanoplate morphology and leads to decreased surface areas and pore volumes. In addition, the activity of Co3O4 nanoplates toward the ORR and OER and the capacitance values decrease with an increase of the calcination temperature. From the ORR/OER activity and the specific capacitance normalized by the specific and electrochemical surface area, the intrinsic electrochemical performance may be correlated to the surface oxidation states of Co and O. The high calcination temperature leads to the high amounts of adsorbed oxygen species and Co3+ atoms on the surface, which may be the key for the high intrinsic ORR and OER activity based on the electrochemical surface area. However, the apparent performance is insufficient due to the greatly reduced surface area. For the pseudocapacitive performance, on the contrary, the greater amount of Co2+ on the surface is favorable. Hence, the inconsistent electrochemical performance of Co3O4 may originate from different geometries and surface oxidation states on the surface, which are affected by the calcination temperature in the synthesis process. This work provides insights into the design and optimization of non-precious materials in electrochemical systems, and offers a feasible strategy to improve the performance by using a low-temperature calcination method.
The present study set out to discover how Iranian learners of the English language learn L2 vocabulary through laptop based delivery of multimodal items. To that end, learners were placed into four different short term memory (STM) ability groups, using Visual and Verbal Short Term Memory Test. Upon treatment, they were evaluated on their recognition and recall of vocabulary items. The results indicated that except for low visual and low verbal group, the other three groups treated with vocabulary items with pictorial or written annotations performed significantly better on the tests. The results suggest considering learners’ cognitive styles in teaching vocabulary. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The lower urinary tract has two main functions: storage and periodic elimination of urine. These two functions are regulated by a complex neural control system involving a central pathway located in the spinal cord, pons and brain as well as by the peripheral autonomic and somatic neural pathways. Vesico-urethral dysfunction is a major problem in daily medical practice. Detrusor overactivity is characterized by involuntary detrusor contractions during the filling phase of a cystometrogram. But the definition is sometimes a symptom syndrome suggestive of lower urinary tract dysfunction characterized by urgency, usually with increased daytime frequency and nocturia. Neurogenic and idiopathic overactive bladder must be differentiated. In the case of a low risk for an upper urinary tract, conservative therapies are primarily discussed, and current pharmacological treatment involving the use of muscarinic receptor antagonists. Vanilloids drugs and botulinum toxin have shown promising results, but further injections may be required with repetitive catheterization. To restore retention (continence) and emptying (micturition), surgical techniques intervening in the peripheral or central nervous systems have always played an important role. Functional surgery such as the Brindley technique (anterior sacral root stimulation with posterior rhizotomy) is still the only technique for restoring bladder function, continence, and micturition. It is especially useful for patients with an overactive bladder, suffering from a complete spinal cord lesion. Sacral neuromodulation (sacral root stimulation with a low-frequency current) is indicated for idiopathic overactivity and sometimes for incomplete spinal lesions.
Developing earth-abundant-electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction is one of the promising ways to achieve efficient water-splitting for hydrogen production (a clean chemical fuel). This paper reviews the activity, stability and durability for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline medium of different types of recently reported electrocatalysts such as Ni, Co, NiCo, Fe, Se, Mo, Cu, Mn, Zn, V, Ti/Ta, and metal free based earth-abundant-electrocatalysts. Further, this paper reviews the strategies used to achieve the remarkably low overpotential (including η10: ≤100 mV), high long term stability (including ≥100 h) and high durability (including ≥5000 cycles) of earth-abundant-electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline medium and those are better or well comparable with the state-of-the-art IrO2 electrocatalyst2. Finally, this paper summarizes the efficient strategies such as preparing porous or nanostructured materials, preparing quantum sized materials, doping metals or heteroatoms, tuning the optimal crystal structure, preparing bimetallic/multi-metallic materials, preparing materials with oxygen vacancies/defects, preparing amorphous materials, preparing metal chalcogenides, preparing metal oxy hydroxides, and integrating electrocatalysts with carbon to enhance the activity, stability, and durability for OER.
In this study, we examined the electrochemical behavior of titanium and Ti4+ compounds in THF solutions. Tetra butyl ammonium chloride (TBACl) was used as supporting electrolyte in order to increase the ionic conductivity of the solutions. Electrodeposition of pure titanium could not be obtained. A variety of analytical techniques have been used in conjunction with electrochemical methods in order to analyze the reduction process of Ti4+. These included Raman and UV–vis spectroscopy, ICP and CHNS elemental analyses. Ti4+ is being reduced to Ti3+ in TiCl4/THF/TBACl solutions. In addition we show that metallic titanium can be electrochemically dissolved from an organo-metallic electrolyte solution comprising EtAlCl2 and LiCl in THF. The product is Ti4+. While LiCl is insoluble in THF it reacts with EtAlCl2 to form ionic species. Hence, these solutions possessed reasonable ionic conductivity. We could not obtain electroactive Ti4+ with TiBr4 or TiI4 as starting materials, in similar solutions.
Carbon-coated Sn powders were prepared from the powder mixtures of thermoplastic precursor PVA, SnO2 and MgO. The characterization of composite powders synthesized was carried out by XRD, TG, TEM, SEM and anodic performance measurement. SnO2 was reduced to metallic Sn by heating with PVA, and its particle size in carbon shell was around 30–100nm. MgO existence hindered the agglomeration of molten metallic Sn and made the dispersion of metallic Sn as fine particles possible. They showed high anodic performance in lithium ion batteries; high charge capacity as 500mAhg−1 even after tenth cycle and stable cyclic performance. The spaces left in carbon shell by MgO after its dissolution were supposed to absorb a large volume expansion of Sn metal particle by Li alloying during discharging. When carbon-coated Sn loaded onto graphite flakes, metallic tin contributed to the increase in capacity.
Supercapacitor with high energy density and super-long cyclic durability is attractive for the rechargeable energy storage devices. The combination of multiple pseudo-capacitive materials is favorable for improving the energy density of supercapacitor, but the rationally designed electrode structures are highly desirable for achieving the super-long cyclic durability. Here we realize a novel hierarchical NiS/NiTe/Ni positive electrode for supercapacitor, and the assembled asymmetric supercapacitor using the positive electrode demonstrates a super-long cycle life exceeding 200 000 cycles. In the positive electrode, a porous NiTe inner layer acts as the volumetric stain buffer layer between a rigid Ni substrate and a spongy NiS outer layer. In particular, the initiation of volumetric expansion from NiTe inner layer to NiS outer layer, along with the proceeding of volumetric shrinkage from the outer to the inner layer occurring in sequence on the positive electrode play crucial roles in the super-long cycle life, for which sheds a new light on the design/synthesis of multiple pseudo-capacitive materials to achieve the outstanding cyclic stability of supercapacitors.
Developing new electrode materials with high specific capacity for excellent lithium ion storage properties is very desirable. In this paper, we introduce a simple hydrothermal method for the growth of Mn3O4 nanoparticles onto nitrogen-doped graphene (N-doped graphene) for high-performance lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes. Hydrazine plays a fundamental role in the formation of such nanostructures as it can act both as a reducing agent and as a nitrogen source. In the synthesized composite, highly crystalline Mn3O4 nanoparticles with average sizes of 20–50nm are homogeneously dispersed on both sides of the N-doped graphene. The nitrogen content in the doped graphene is confirmed by elemental analyzer, and 2 wt% of the sample is found to be composed of nitrogen element. The as-prepared Mn3O4/N-doped graphene composites exhibit remarkable electrochemical performance, including high reversible specific capacity, outstanding cycling stability, and excellent rate capability (approximately 400mA h g−1 at 2.0 A g−1) when used as the anode material for LIBs. The improvement in the electrochemical properties of the material can be attributed to graphene, which acts as both an electron conductor and a volume buffer layer, and nitrogen doping allows for fast electron and ion transfer by decreasing the energy barrier. This type of metal oxide/N-doped graphene composites can be promising candidates for high-performance anode materials for LIBs.
Objective The influences of alexithymia and social support on depression among chronically ill patients were examined prospectively. Methods The study population was 230 outpatients receiving chronic hemodialysis (HD) therapy. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and two subscales of the Social Support Questionnaire were given to the subjects. The BDI-II was readministered after a 6-month interval, and subjects who showed deterioration in their depression score above the level predicted from their baseline score were identified. Multivariate logistic analysis adjusted for age, gender, cause of dialysis, and psychosocial variables were performed. Results Baseline depression was significantly and independently associated with alexithymia and low satisfaction with available support. Deterioration of depression after 6 months was predicted by alexithymia and poor available support. Conclusions Alexithymia and reduced social support might have independent associations with the presence and the prognosis of depression among HD patients.
In this paper, a composite membrane with nonwoven polyimide (PI) membrane as structural support and polyethylene (PE) particles coating layer as a thermal shutdown layer, is fabricated as the separator for lithium-ion battery. Different from PI nonwoven membrane, the PE coating PI nonwoven composite membrane (PE–PI–S) not only shows excellent thermal shutdown function, similar to traditional multilayer PP/PE/PP separator, but also exhibits much higher thermal stability, better wettability to the polar electrolyte and lower internal resistance than the PP/PE/PP separator. The electrolyte uptake and ionic conductivity of PE–PI–S increase from 58%, 0.84 mS cm−1 to 400%, 1.34 mS cm−1, respectively. Furthermore, the thermal shutdown function of PE–PI–S can be controlled widely in the temperature range from 120 °C to more than 200 °C while the multilayer PP/PE/PP separator only with a shutdown temperature range from 130 °C to 160 °C. Lithium ion battery with PE–PI–S nonwoven separator also shows excellent stable cycling and good rate performance.
Titanium carbide @ carbon-doped titanium dioxide (TiC@C-TiO2) core-shell nanostructures are designed, prepared and demonstrated for the application in lithium ion battery anode. Synthesis of these specific core-shell nanostructures is achieved via a facile, novel, and one-pot approach using oxidative growth of C-TiO2 onto TiC nanoparticles, which has a higher electrochemical activity than those of pure P25 and TiC nanoparticles. The core-shell nanostructured anodes exhibit a high lithium storage capacity (352.8 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1), good rate capability (253.6 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, 158.1 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), and outstanding cycle stability in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) (~ 150 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 after 400 cycles), which is about 48 times and 7 times higher than that of TiO2 electrode (~ 3.3 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) and TiC (~ 25 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1). According to the first-principle calculation, the ultrahigh capacity and cycle stability of the as-prepared anode is ascribed to the enhancement of Li+ absorption and diffusion ability through formation of C-TiO2 porous layer onto the conductive TiC particles. Moreover, the increase of electron density around the Fermi level is found to be mainly caused by the core-shell nanostructures. The results demonstrate that the presence of TiC plays an important role in providing high conductivity and the novel core-shell nanostructure can buffer the huge volume expansion and contraction during prolonged cycling, resulting in great potential applications in LIBs.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are at present in the forefront of all types of fuel cells because of the ‘quantum jumps’ in its technology since its application in the 1960s in NASAs Gemini space flights as an auxiliary power source. PEMFC technology since the 1960s highlights the ‘quantum jumps’ both in the fundamental areas of research (Part I) and in the engineering and technology and developmental (Part II), which are leading to the era of promising applications. This part of the review is on the ‘quantum jumps’ in the fundamental areas of research, which have enabled the rapid advances in the technology development, i.e. (i) transition from polystyrene sulfonic acid to perfluorosulfonic acid membranes; (ii) a 10- to 100-fold reduction in the platinum loading in electrode by using nanosize electrocatalyst particles supported on high surface area carbon and impregnation of the proton conducting electrolyte into the active layer of the electrode; (iii) optimization of structure of electrode and of membrane and electrode assembly to enhance power densities to 0.5–0.7Wcm−2 at desirable efficiencies; (iv) using perfluorosulfonic acid membranes for DMFCs instead of liquid electrolytes to attain reasonably good efficiencies and power densities. The vital scientific challenges needing resolution for further advances in the technology are also summarized.
Accumulation of toxic protein aggregates—amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles—is the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD). Aβ accumulation has been hypothesized to result from an imbalance between Aβ production and clearance; indeed, Aβ clearance seems to be impaired in both early and late forms of AD. To develop efficient strategies to slow down or halt AD, it is critical to understand how Aβ is cleared from the brain. Extracellular Aβ deposits can be removed from the brain by various clearance systems, most importantly, transport across the blood–brain barrier. Findings from the past few years suggest that astroglial-mediated interstitial fluid (ISF) bulk flow, known as the glymphatic system, might contribute to a larger portion of extracellular Aβ (eAβ) clearance than previously thought. The meningeal lymphatic vessels, discovered in 2015, might provide another clearance route. Because these clearance systems act together to drive eAβ from the brain, any alteration to their function could contribute to AD. An understanding of Aβ clearance might provide strategies to reduce excess Aβ deposits and delay, or even prevent, disease onset. In this Review, we describe the clearance systems of the brain as they relate to proteins implicated in AD pathology, with the main focus on Aβ.
Korean red ginseng and its extract have been used as traditional medicines and functional foods in countries worldwide. Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) was newly developed as a dietary supplement for obesity, diabetes-related renal dysfunction, etc. In this study, the safety of GS-E3D on acute toxicity and genotoxicity was evaluated. For acute study, Sprague-Dawley rats were administrated by oral gavage at a dose of 5000 mg/kg GS-E3D. To evaluate genotoxicity of GS-E3D, we conducted three-battery tests, which are Ames test using Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA pKM101) and Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537), chromosomal aberration test -using Chinese hamster lung cells, and micronucleus test using ICR mice. In acute toxicity studies, there were no dead animals or abnormal necropsy findings in the control group and GS-E3D (5000 mg/kg) treated group. GS-E3D did not induce mutagenicity in the bacterial test, chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster lung cells and micronuclei in bone marrow cells of mice. Conclusively, the approximate lethal dose of GS-E3D was greater than 5000 mg/kg bw and GS-E3D has no genotoxic potential in the three-battery tests on genotoxicity.
In this article we experimentally addressed the relationship between blood glucose levels and performance on cognitive processing and motor coordination tasks. We also aimed to test how are blood glucose levels modified following a 30minutes cognitive and motor strain. Blood glucose level was measured using an Accu-Chek blood-sugar meter before and immediately after the tasks were performed. We applied 3 samples: two of cognitive processing and one of motor coordination. The samples used are - COG test, STROOP and 2HAND COORDINATION of the Vienna Test System–Schuhfried testing battery. The 32 participants completed and signed participation agreements, a form that stated when they last ate or when they had consumed beverage with sugar in their composition, how many hours they slept the night before and how are they feeling/how is their health at the time.
Anoxic extractive membrane bioreactor Effects of pH and precipitation on autohydrogenotrophic denitrification A photovoltaic-powered sea-water reverse osmosis system Dehydration model for RO-membrane fouling Physical characterization of sintered stainless steel membranes Effects of design and operating parameters on permeate flux Corrosion properties of alumina and titania NF membranes Infrared reflectance measurements of zeolite film thickness Properties and separation performance of Ge-ZSM-5 membranes Effect of calcination temperature of kaolin as a support for zeolite membranes
We examined differences in co-occurring psychological symptoms and background characteristics among clinically referred youth with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) with and without anger/irritability symptoms (AIS) according to either parent or teacher (source-exclusive) and both informants (cross-informant), youth with noncompliant symptoms (NS) of ODD, and non-ODD clinic controls. Parents and teachers evaluated 1127 youth (ages 6–18) with a DSM-IV-referenced rating scale to assess ODD and co-occurring psychological symptoms. Parents also completed a background questionnaire (demographic, developmental, treatment, relationship, and academic characteristics) and teachers rated school functioning. Source-exclusive AIS groups were associated with different clinical features, and there was some evidence that cross-informant youth had more mental health concerns than source-exclusive groups. Findings varied to some extent among older (12–18 years) versus younger (6–11 years) youth. In general, the NS group (youth without AIS) was the most similar to clinic controls. AIS and NS are likely candidates for component phenotypes in ODD and continued research into their pathogenesis may have important implications for nosology, etiology, and intervention.
The periodic monitoring of drug treatments often involves the collection of biological specimens (e.g. blood, urine, synovial fluid) for the purpose of clinical laboratory assessment. The analysis of a particular specimen yields a vector of measurements from which judgments are made concerning the status of a subject and the effect of the drug. Typically, an observation vector is compared to “normal values” which may be conditioned on covariates such as age, gender, or other relevant characteristics. Under an assumption of multivariate normality of the data available, a method is presented for deciding whether a particular observed vector looks “normal”. The method, based on a predictive approach, is compared to other proposals and is shown to have optimality properties not possessed by standard procedures. Three different approaches are used in the discussion of optimality within the class of invariant methods. The first involves tolerance regions with smallest normalized expected volume, the second involves a decision theoretic comparison of predictive distributions, while the third involves the foundational notions of incoherence (Dutch book) and strong inconsistency.
Background The Drug Burden Index (DBI), a measure of exposure to anticholinergic and sedative medications, has been independently associated with physical and cognitive function in a cross-sectional analysis of community-dwelling older persons participating in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study. Here we evaluate the association between DBI and functional outcomes in Health, Aging and Body Composition study participants over 5 years. Methods DBI was calculated at years 1 (baseline), 3, and 5, and a measure of the area under the curve for DBI (AUCDB) over the whole study period was devised and calculated. Physical performance was measured using the short physical performance battery, usual gait speed, and grip strength. The association of DBI at each time point and AUCDB with year 6 function was analyzed in data from participants with longitudinal functional measures, controlling for sociodemographics, comorbidities, and baseline function. Results Higher DBI at years 1, 3, and 5 was consistently associated with poorer function at year 6. On multivariate analysis, a 1-unit increase in AUCDB predicted decreases in short physical performance battery score of .08 (P =.01), gait speed of .01 m/s (P =.004), and grip strength of .27 kg (P =.004) at year 6. Conclusion Increasing exposure to medication with anticholinergic and sedative effects, measured with DBI, is associated with lower objective physical function over 5 years in community-dwelling older people.
p-Toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (PTSI) has been used as a novel film-forming additive in tetramethylene sulfone (TMS)-based electrolytes and the mixed electrolytes have been examined for use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The ionic conductivities of the TMS/PTSI composite electrolytes with lithium salt are mostly in the order of 10−3 Scm−1 at ambient temperature and the electrochemical stability windows are in excess of 5.0V versus Li/Li+. Compared with pure TMS-based electrolyte, the mixed electrolytes show lower melting points, better wettability and enhanced battery performance. The improved battery performance is mainly attributed to the formation of an effective solid electrolyte interface layer formed by the reductive decomposition of PTSI. The battery performance is influenced strongly by the presence of sulfonyl groups in isocyanate and the addition of different lithium salts. Moreover, the mixed electrolytes exhibit good thermal stability and low combustibility. All of the results show that the sulfonyl isocyanate/sulfone mixed electrolytes are a promising choice for use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.