batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen could play an important role as an energy vector in the coming decades in the framework of Sustainable Development. It is the universe's most abundant element and thus a never-ending source of energy. Hydrogen can be directly converted into electric energy by using fuel cells without producing toxic gases. It can also be produced by renewable sources such as biomass, solar and wind energies with no impact for the environment. However, although hydrogen represents a promising eco-friendly solution for energy transition, several issues related to its storage and delivery remain to be solved if it is to be widely used in both stationary and automotive applications. Hydrogen has the lowest volumetric energy density among the commonly used fuels, i.e., 0.01079 MJ/L at atmospheric pressure. Compression is the direct solution to overcome this obstacle. High pressure levels can give satisfying energy densities. The present review summarises the state of the art of the most classical hydrogen compression technologies. We shall present the technical and design features of mechanical compressors, i.e., reciprocating, diaphragm, linear and ionic liquid compressors, as well as of innovative non-mechanical technologies specifically conceived for hydrogen applications, such as cryogenic, metal hydride, electrochemical and adsorption compressors. The basic operating principles and the potential performance levels for each compression technology are analysed. Specifically, their current uses in hydrogen applications and their technological limits are described along with proposals of possible ways of improving their performance levels.
The conventional automotive air conditioning system was driven by internal combustion engine or power battery, which increased the oil consumption and vehicle carbon emission. In this study, a direct current (DC) air conditioning system powered by solar photovoltaic module (PV) has been designed to solve the problem of temperature increasing inside the vehicle when stops in the broiling summer. The purpose of this work is to design a whole DC air conditioning system with R134a as refrigerant, replacing the power source with solar energy. The result shows that the environmental condition in the vehicle has obviously improved by the DC air conditioning system, meeting the requirements of human bodies. In addition, in the experiment, the minimum refrigerating capacity should be ∼1500 W, maintaining the thermal equilibrium inside the vehicle under the sun blazing, when the vehicle stops and no person inside. The work will prompt further research of solar energy and development of solar electric vehicle air conditioning system.
Though carbon-based porous materials have improved lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery performance remarkably, the poor adsorption of polysulfides and their sluggish reaction kinetics limits them from practical application. On the other hand, the presence of lithium metal especially under the highly reactive polysulfide environment causes safety concerns. Herein, we use electrocatalytically active cathode and metallic lithium-free anode to construct Li-ion polysulfide battery with enhanced reversibility and safety. Stabilizing lithium polysulfides and enhancing the reaction kinetics with minimal polarization using platinum/graphene composite holds the key to obtaining better performance, which is realized against conventional metallic lithium as well as pre-lithiated porous silicon electrodes. The electrocatalyst containing cathode composites are comparable with graphene-based electrodes regarding enhanced specific capacity retention and better reversibility in charge/discharge behavior. Furthermore, metallic lithium-free polysulfide batteries displayed exceptional performance with an energy density of 450 Wh kg−1 considering the weight of both the electroactive materials and a capacity retention of about 70% for 240 charge-discharge cycles.
Alzheimer's disease causes a progressive dementia that currently affects over 35 million individuals worldwide and is expected to affect 115 million by 2050 (ref. 1). There are no cures or disease-modifying therapies, and this may be due to our inability to detect the disease before it has progressed to produce evident memory loss and functional decline. Biomarkers of preclinical disease will be critical to the development of disease-modifying or even preventative therapies2. Unfortunately, current biomarkers for early disease, including cerebrospinal fluid tau and amyloid-β levels3, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging4 and the recent use of brain amyloid imaging5 or inflammaging6, are limited because they are either invasive, time-consuming or expensive. Blood-based biomarkers may be a more attractive option, but none can currently detect preclinical Alzheimer's disease with the required sensitivity and specificity7. Herein, we describe our lipidomic approach to detecting preclinical Alzheimer's disease in a group of cognitively normal older adults. We discovered and validated a set of ten lipids from peripheral blood that predicted phenoconversion to either amnestic mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease within a 2–3 year timeframe with over 90% accuracy. This biomarker panel, reflecting cell membrane integrity, may be sensitive to early neurodegeneration of preclinical Alzheimer's disease.
Accurate sizing is one of the most important aspects to take into consideration when designing a stand-alone photovoltaic system (SAPV). Various methods, which differ in terms of their simplicity or reliability, have been developed for this purpose. Analytical methods, which seek functional relationships between variables of interest to the sizing problem, are one of these approaches. A series of rational considerations are presented in this paper with the aim of shedding light upon the basic principles and results of various sizing methods proposed by different authors. These considerations set the basis for a new analytical method that has been designed for systems with variable monthly energy demands. Following previous approaches, the method proposed is based on the concept of loss of load probability (LLP)—a parameter that is used to characterize system design. The method includes information on the standard deviation of loss of load probability (σ LLP) and on two new parameters: annual number of system failures (f) and standard deviation of annual number of failures (σf ). The method proves useful for sizing a PV system in a reliable manner and serves to explain the discrepancies found in the research on systems with LLP<10−2. We demonstrate that reliability depends not only on the sizing variables and on the distribution function of solar radiation, but on the minimum value as well, which in a given location and with a monthly average clearness index, achieves total solar radiation on the receiver surface.
Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles were dispersed on iodinated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (I-MWNTs) by the aqueous solution reduction of Pd(NO3)2 with formaldehyde. The structure and nature of the resulting Pd-MWNT composites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrocatalytic properties of the Pd-MWNT modified glassy carbon electrode (Pd-MWNT/GCE) for formaldehyde oxidation have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry; high electrocatalytic activity of the Pd-MWNT/GCE can be observed. This may be attributed to the high dispersion of palladium catalysts and the particular properties of MWNT supports. The results imply that the Pd-MWNT composite has good potential applications in fuel cells.
ZnCo2O4/MnO2 nanocone forests with a mesoporous, hierarchical core-shell structure and a large surface area were hydrothermally grown on 3D nickel foam. The supercapacitor electrodes prepared from the unique structure exhibits exceptional specific capacitances of 2339 and 1526Fg−1 at current densities of 1 and 10Ag−1, respectively, and long-term capacity retention of ~95.9% after 3000 cycles at 2Ag−1 and 94.5% after 8000 cycles at 10Ag−1. These values are proven to be the highest when the capacitances are compared between the current study and similar core/shell-structured metal oxide electrodes taken from the literature. Many synergistic effects are identified to be responsible for the observations: namely, highly conductive 3D Ni foam substrate that totally eliminate binders and conductive additives; high crystalline quality of the ZnCo2O4 core which is directly grown on the conductive current collector, allowing fast electron transport; and the mesoporous MnO2 shell with a huge surface area for fast ion diffusion and intimate electrode/electrolyte contact. In addition, the nanostructured core and shell have redox reactions with anions and cations from the electrolyte, respectively, both of which contribute much to electrochemical charge storage.
Although activated carbon shows a higher maximum capacitance than that of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) in a conventional organic electrolyte, the latter material, characterized by high conductivity and a unique planar structure, is more suitable for use in an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte for supercapacitors. IL electrolytes consisting of various cations (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI+) and N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (BMP+)) and anions (bis(trifluoromethylsulfony) imide (TFSI−), tetrafluoroborate (BF4 −), and dicyanamide (DCA−)) are systematically studied. Among them, BMP-DCA IL is found to be the superior electrolyte, in which the GNS electrode exhibits a capacitance of 235Fg−1 and a satisfactory rate capability within a potential range of 3.3V at 25°C. This electrolyte is even more promising for elevated-temperature applications. At 60°C, a symmetric-electrode GNS supercapacitor with BMP-DCA IL is able to deliver maximum energy and power densities of 103Whkg−1 and 43.3kWkg−1 (based on the active material on both electrodes), respectively, which are much higher than 19Whkg−1 and 17.6kWkg−1 for a control cell with a conventional organic electrolyte.
This Article presents a battery with protons as the charge carrier, as opposed to Li-ion batteries, which rely on the transport of Li-ions. Protons are conducted by means of the Grotthuss mechanism in a hydrated Prussian blue analogue electrode, offering potential for ultrafast rate and long-life batteries.
Flexible and safe batteries, coupled with high performance and low cost, constitute a radical advance in portable and wearable electronics, especially considering the fact that these flexible devices are likely to experience more mechanical impacts and potential damage than well-protected rigid batteries. However, flexible lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are vastly limited by their intrinsic safety and cost issues. Here we introduce an extremely safe and wearable solid-state zinc ion battery (ZIB) comprising a novel gelatin and PAM based hierarchical polymer electrolyte (HPE) and an α-MnO2 nanorod/carbon nanotube (CNT) cathode. Benefiting from the well-designed electrolyte and electrodes, the flexible solid-state ZIB delivers a high areal energy density and power density (6.18 mW h cm−2 and 148.2 mW cm−2, respectively), high specific capacity (306 mA h g−1) and excellent cycling stability (97% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 2772 mA g−1). More importantly, the solid-state ZIB offers a high wearability and an extreme safety performance over conventional flexible LIBs, and performs very well under various severe conditions, such as being greatly cut, bent, hammered, punctured, sewed, washed in water or even put on fire. In addition, flexible ZIBs were integrated in series to power a commercial smart watch, a wearable pulse sensor, and a smart insole, which has been achieved to the best of our knowledge for the first time. These results demonstrate the promising potential of ZIBs in many practical wearable applications and offer a new platform for flexible and wearable energy storage technologies.
Publisher Summary Organic solar cells are a special kind of photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices that take advantage of inexpensive organic materials that can by photosynthesis trap sunlight and convert radiation into other forms of energy. The Ru-complex can be restored by a redox process in an electrolyte joining the other electrode, with use of a platinum catalyst. Because a mono-layer of even a very efficiently absorbing dye will absorb less than 1% of incoming solar radiation, the dye absorption layer is made three dimensional by adhering the dye to a nanostructured TiO2 network of nodules. The liquid electrolyte is introduced that is capable of penetrating into the cavities in the nanostructured, sensitized titanium dioxide and providing the necessary contact for transfer of the replacement electron to the dye. The effective absorption surface may be increased by three orders of magnitude and provides an overall cell efficiency to about 10%. It should still be possible for the TiO2 nodules to transfer the absorbed electron to the back electrode through a series of transport processes. The material presently favored for the anode nanoparticles is TiO2 in the form of anatase. Anatase better accommodates the dye molecules and forms nodules rather than flakes. Electron transport through the anatase layers follows conventional solid-state physics, except for the issue of nodule coherence. On the cathode side, a redox couple is used to supply the electron to replace the one being excited in the dye and transferred to the anatase before it decays back to the dye ground state. The electrolyte is typically acetonitrile and the redox couple is iodine/tri-iodine.
Ellen Williams served as Director of the US Department of Energy's ARPA-E (Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy) from December 2014 until January 2017. Nature Energy caught up with her shortly before the end of her tenure to learn more about the agency's role in energy technology innovation.
A novel family of low molecular-weight organic gels, 4,4′,4′′-tris(stearoylamino)triphenylamine (TSATA)/solvent and 4,4′4′′-tris(N-phenyl-N-4-stearoylaminodiphenylamino)triphenylamine (TSA-TDATA)/solvent systems, were developed. Ionic conductivities and electrochromic properties of these low molecular-weight organic gels containing tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate were investigated. Both the TSATA and TSA-TDATA gels were found to exhibit high ionic conductivities and reversible, clear colour changes on electrochemical oxidation and reduction. It is shown that low molecular-weight organic gels, having a redox moiety function, as a new type of potential electrochromic material systems.
Inspired by photosynthesis, solar water electrolysis uses sunlight to produce hydrogen, a clean, sustainable and storable fuel and a promising solution to the energy storage conundrum. Semiconductor silicon has been the basis for several generations of photovoltaic cells but its use in artificial photosynthetic devices is still in its infancy. Recent progress in this area encompasses nanostructured forms of silicon including anodised porous silicon, silicon nanoparticles and silicon nanowires. At the same time, efforts are underway to explore biosilica-derived silicon from marine diatoms for photocatalysis. It is anticipated that by using these nanostructured materials, the solar conversion efficiency as well as cost effectiveness of these devices will be greatly improved. Porous silicon, porous silicon nanoparticles and silicon nanowires have been fabricated based on hydrofluoric acid etching techniques, whereas diatom-derived silicon is a naturally nanostructured form of silica, which can be converted into silicon using a magnesiothermic processes. At present, the performance of synthetic silicon nanostructures is approaching that achieved by conventional solar water splitting technology, producing photocurrent densities of up to 36mA/cm2. The device performance reported for diatom-derived silicon to date has been far lower (14µA/cm2) but new electrode fabrication techniques offer significant scope for improvement. This review explores the fabrication, use and potential impact of diverse silicon nanoarchitectures for solar water electrolysis.
We report the design and synthesis of three dimensional flower-like molybdenum disulphide (f-MoS2) hierarchical structures, on reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotube (o-MWCNT) backbone (f-MoS2/RGO/o-MWCNT), through one-pot hydrothermal method. Control experiments reveal that the homogenously distributed o-MWCNTs on RGO play an essential role for the formation of such morphology. As an anode for lithium ion batteries, the f-MoS2/RGO/o-MWCNT hybrid delivers a high reversible capacity of 1275 mAh g−1 at the current density of 100 mA g−1, superior rate capability and excellent long cycle life, with capacity retention of 93% after 100 cycles. The outstanding electrochemical performance can be attributed to the large surface area, short diffusion length and continuous electron transport pathway, as a consequence of the intimate contact between f-MoS2, graphene, and o-MWCNTs.
A facile approach to fabricate a highly bendable plastic crystal composite electrolyte (PCCE) for use in shape conformable all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries is demonstrated. This strategy is based on integration of a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) matrix with a plastic crystal electrolyte (PCE, 1 M lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide in succinonitrile). In comparison to conventional carbonate-based electrolytes, salient benefits of the PCE are the thermal stability and nonflammability, which show promising potential as a safer electrolyte. The semi-IPN matrix in the PCCE is composed of a UV (ultraviolet)-crosslinked ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate polymer network and polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (as a linear polymer). Solid electrolyte properties of the PCCE are investigated in terms of plastic crystal behavior, mechanical bendability, and ionic transport. Owing to the presence of the anomalous semi-IPN matrix, the PCCE exhibits unprecedented improvement in bendability, along with affording high ionic conductivity. Based on this understanding of the PCCE characteristics, feasibility of applying the PCCE to solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries is explored. The facile ionic transport of the PCCE, in conjunction with suppressed growth of cell impedance during cycling, plays a crucial role in providing excellence in cell performance. These advantageous features of the PCCE are further discussed with an in-depth consideration of the semi-IPN matrix architecture and its specific interaction with the PCE.
The Mg-doped Li3V2− x Mg x (PO4)3 (x =0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.33, 0.50, 1.00 and 1.33) compounds have been prepared by a sol–gel method in reducing atmosphere (70%Ar+30%H2) using citric acid as a chelating agent and a carbon source coated on the samples. The Mg-doped effects on the structural and electrochemical performance of Li3V2(PO4)3 are investigated by X-ray diffraction, galvanostatic, charge/discharge and four-point probe measurement method. The Li3V2− x Mg x (PO4)3 solid solution phase can exist stable in the composition range between x =0.00 and 0.27. The simple improve mechanism of the electrochemical performance for Mg-doped Li3V2− x Mg x (PO4)3 system is discussed too. In the Mg-doped Li3V2− x Mg x (PO4)3 system, at a lower charge/discharge rate (0.1C), the cycle performance has no much improvement with the increasing Mg doping content. However, at higher rates, there has an excited improvement in both cycle performance and rate capability due to the increase of electrical conductivity (more than one order of magnitude). At 5C charge/discharge rate, for the Li3V1.95Mg0.05(PO4)3 sample, the discharge capacities for the 1st and 100th cycle were 138.9 and 123.3mAhg−1. The discharge capacity retention reached to 89% (more than 51% for undoped Li3V2(PO4)3 system). More important is that, except for the first 15 cycles, the discharge capacities kept almost a constant. Based on the excellent electrochemical performance, Li3V1.95Mg0.05(PO4)3 will be a promising cathode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
Copy number variation (CNV) related disorders tend to show complex phenotypic profiles that do not match known diseases. This makes it difficult to ascertain their underlying molecular basis. A potential solution is to compare the affected genomic regions for multiple patients that share a pathological phenotype, looking for commonalities. Here, we present a novel approach to associate phenotypes with functional systems, in terms of GO categories and KEGG and Reactome pathways, based on patient data. The approach uses genomic and phenomic data from the same patients, finding shared genomic regions between patients with similar phenotypes. These regions are mapped to genes to find associated functional systems. We applied the approach to analyse patients in the DECIPHER database with de novo CNVs, finding functional systems associated with most phenotypes, often due to mutations affecting related genes in the same genomic region. Manual inspection of the ten top-scoring phenotypes found multiple FunSys connections supported by the previous studies for seven of them. The workflow also produces reports focussed on the genes and FunSys connected to the different phenotypes, alongside patient-specific reports, which give details of the associated genes and FunSys for each individual in the cohort. These can be run in “confidential” mode, preserving patient confidentiality. The workflow presented here can be used to associate phenotypes with functional systems using data at the level of a whole cohort of patients, identifying important connections that could not be found when considering them individually. The full workflow is available for download, enabling it to be run on any patient cohort for which phenotypic and CNV data are available.
Aim of the study This research article examines the zootherapeutic uses of fish, shellfish and some other aquatic animals in two fishing villages in Bangladesh-one floodplain and one coastal. Materials and methods The floodplain fishing village Volarkandi is located within the Hakaluki wetland ecosystem in the northern Bangladesh and is inhabited mostly by Muslim fishers, whereas the coastal fishing village Thakurtala is located on Moheskhali island and most of the inhabitants are caste-based Hindu fishers. Participatory techniques were used to collect and validate information from the key informants. Results The research revealed that, historically, fishers have used fish and other aquatic animals not only as food items for nutrition, but also to solve a host of physical problems and diseases. Fish and shellfish are widely used for their galactogogue and aphrodisiac properties, for quick recovery from long-time sickness, to enhance the ‘intelligence level’ of children, and to prevent and treat a host of diseases like night blindness, chicken pox, dysentery, piles, muscular inflammation, fistula, malaria, skin diseases and ‘big belly’ syndrome in children. Depending on the objective of the use, different parts of the animal body, its derivatives, or the whole animal are used. The research also clarified different forms of the recipes used. The socio-cultural construction of the ethnomedicinal uses and the distinct gender roles of the fisherwomen were analyzed. Conclusion The research revealed that the aetiologies and the preventive measures against folk illness are socio-culturally embedded and such indigenous medical systems grow and are sustained as a situated body of knowledge within the boundaries of a typical world view framed by local culture and biodiversity.