batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Unavailability of grid based electricity is a major challenge facing a majority of developing countries, particularly the population in rural areas. Consequently, people are forced to use the kerosene lantern in much of the world for lighting. However, fuel-based lighting is contributing to global warming and causing serious health related problems. To address these issues, several developing countries are now encouraging the use of sustainable clean lighting systems – solar-powered light emitting diode system. In the present paper, barriers and mechanisms to boost the use of solar-powered lighting are discussed.
To improve the estimation accuracy of a battery’s inner state for a battery management system, an improved online model-based parameter identification algorithm is proposed. To reduce the computation cost, the existing methods regard the open circuit voltage over a certain time as a constant value. However, the battery state-of-charge (SoC) estimation error with the traditional method will deteriorate with larger sampling intervals. Compared with the existing parameter identification method, a new online estimation method is proposed, and both recursive least squares (RLS) and least mean square (LMS) algorithms are employed and compared systematically. The LMS algorithm, which requires less computational capability and storage space but performs worse than the RLS algorithm, is also invalid for the wide sampling interval in the traditional method. The improved method using LMS can maintain the maximum SoC estimation error at less than 10%. The simulation results show that the proposed approach can accurately identify the model parameters within 5% SoC estimation error. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop validation experiment is carried out to prove the accuracy and superiority of the improved method.
To investigate the pore structural effects on the electrochemical performance of ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) as anode materials for sodium ion battery (SIB), we prepared OMCs with various rod lengths from 350nm to 1300nm, and different pore sizes from 4.7nm to 6.5nm by changing the hydrochloric acid concentration in the P123/silica/glycerol composite system. The reversible capacities of OMCs with the average length of 350nm, 700nm, 900nm and 1300nm were 214mAhg−1, 217.4mAhg−1, 232.6mAhg−1, and 228.9mAhg−1 at 50mAg−1, respectively. Furthermore, the OMC with largest pore size (6.5nm) presented the highest capacity and even remained 100mAhg−1 after 1000 cycles at 500mAg−1 with the coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. We confirmed that the carbon with ordered mesostructure, bigger pore size and shorter length of pore channel exhibited higher capacity. The results propose an effective direction and strategy for designing mesoporous materials to enhance the electrochemical performance of SIB.
Batteries are prevalent energy providers for modern systems. They can also be regarded as storage units for renewable and sustainable energy. Failures of batteries can bring huge losses in terms of personnel, facility, environment, and reputation aspects. Therefore the accurate health estimation and high availability of batteries is urgently required by corresponding users, distributors, and manufactures. Fortunately, prognostics and health management (PHM) technique has been demonstrated the capability of supporting the improvement of the availability and reliability of batteries. In this paper, we gave a review on the state-of-the-art of the PHM study on batteries. We observed the increase of publication related to battery PHM in the past decade (2009–2018), especially in the past five years. Approaches related to battery performance prognostics are categorized into physics-based, data-driven and hybrid classes. Selection of the battery PHM approach requires to take the user requirement, data availability and degradation mechanisms attainability into consideration. Based on the survey, we also proposed research and development perspectives to conduct further studies on the battery PHM, including the approach selection, health management, performance evaluation, uncertainty treatment, application economics, as well as environmental issues. We focused on PHM of lithium-ion batteries, given the fact that several publications discussed other types of batteries (e.g., lead-acid batteries).
The molten salts, 1-methyl,3-ethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate salt, MeEtImTf) and 1-methyl,3-ethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (imide salt, MeEtImNTf2) are colourless ionic liquids with conductivities of the order of 10−2 S cm−1 at room temperature. DSC measurements revealed subambient melting and glass transition temperatures. Analysis of the anion and cation diffusion coefficients suggested that the cation was the dominant charge carrier and that the motion was largely independent of the anion. Haven ratios (H Rs) of 1 and 1.6 were determined for the imide and triflate salts, respectively, at 30°C (303 K). Values greater than one imply some degree of ionic association, suggesting that aggregation is present in the triflate salt. Mixing of the salts to form binary systems resulted in enhanced conductivities which deviated from a simple law of mixtures. Thermal analysis showed no evidence of a melting point with only a glass transition observed. Corresponding diffusion measurements for the binaries appeared to show a weighted average of the diffusion coefficients of the pure components. The increased conductivity can be attributed to an increase in the number of charge carriers as a result of decreased ion association in the binary.
The morphology, surface composition, wettability and the kinetic parameters of the electrochemically oxidized graphite electrodes obtained under different anodic polarization conditions have been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurements, steady-state polarization and cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests, with an attempt to investigate the inherent correlation between the physicochemical properties and the kinetic characteristics for carbon electrodes used in an all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). When the anodic polarization potential raises up to 1.8V vs. SCE, the anodic corrosion of the graphite might happen and a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups generate. The VO2 +/VO2+ redox reaction can be facilitated and the reaction reversibility tends to become better with the increasing anodic potential, possibly owing to the increased surface oxides and the resulting improved wettability of the electrode. Based on this, a real reaction kinetic equation for the oxidation of VO2+ has been obtained on the electrode polarized at 1.8V vs. SCE and it can be also well used to predict the polarization behavior of the oxidized electrode in vanadium (IV) acidic solutions.
Lithium intercalation and deintercalation processes occur through solid electrolyte interfaces (SEIs) on the zigzag and armchair faces of graphite. Such SEIs are formed by reaction of surface groups on the graphite with lithium upon charging. The nature of this interface to a large extent determines the reversible and irreversible capacities of the graphite. We have investigated the influence of mild oxidation of samples of natural graphite and carbon nanotubes on the surface characteristics of the films formed on these materials upon lithium intercalation. The surface groups formed upon oxidation have been characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The reversible and irreversible capacities of the thermally oxidized samples are discussed in terms of the surface film composition as well as enhanced surface area that contributes to increased number of sites for lithium intercalation.
Carbon nanotubes, in different forms and architectures, have demonstrated good promise as electrode material for Li-ion batteries, owing to large surface area, shorter Li-conduction distance and high electrical conductivity. However, practical application of such Li-ion batteries demands higher volumetric capacity, which is otherwise low for most nanomaterials, used as electrodes. In order to address this urgent issue, we have developed a novel 3-dimensional (3D) anode, based on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), for Li-ion batteries. The unique 3D design of the electrode allowed much higher solid loading of active anode material, MWCNTs in this case and resulted in more amount of Li+ ion intake in comparison to those of conventional 2D Cu current collector. Though one such 3D anode was demonstrated to offer 50% higher capacity, compared to its 2D counterpart, its ability to deliver much higher capacity, by geometrical modification, is presented. Furthermore, deposition of amorphous Si (a-Si) layer on the 3D electrode (a-Si/MWCNTs hybrid structure) offered enhancement in electrochemical response. Correlation between electrochemical performances and structural properties of the 3D anodes highlights the possible charge transfer mechanism.
Bimetallic CoNi2Se4 nanostructures on nickel-foam substrates were fabricated by a potentiostatic deposition method by adjusting the deposition solution pH, and used as electrode materials in battery-type supercapacitors. The electrodeposition solution pH had an important role in the fabrication of the desirable CoNi2Se4 nanostructures. At a deposition solution pH of 2.0, the synthesized product contained CoNi2Se4 nanoparticles. In contrast, a partially converted flake-like morphology was obtained at pH = 2.5. The appropriate flake-like morphology was formed by increasing the deposition solution pH to 3.0. The robust flake-like structure facilitated the electron transport during redox reactions, providing an excellent electrochemical behavior in terms of specific capacity, rate capability, and cyclic stability. A battery-type supercapacitor based on the flake-like CoNi2Se4 structure exhibited a maximum specific capacity of 632.5 C g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and excellent rate performance (capacity retention of 91%) in the range of 1 to 40 A g−1. The material retained 83.31% of its initial capacity after 3000 cycles of charging/discharging at a current density of 40 A g−1, which suggests a high long-term cycling stability. The excellent electrochemical performance of the CoNi2Se4 electrode material make it very promising for application in supercapacitors.
Herein we report a general dual-templating approach to prepare hierarchically macro-/meso-/microporous heteroatom-doped carbon materials using diverse low-cost biomass precursors. Nitrogen/oxygen-doped carbon materials with hierarchical porosity are first synthesized as an example using Mg5(OH)2(CO3)4/ZnCl2 as hard templates and glucose/urea as carbon and heteroatom sources through a high-temperature thermal reaction and subsequent etching treatment. This approach is very versatile and can be applied to produce many hierarchically structured heteroatom-doped carbon materials via pyrolysis of other biomass precursors, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits of various plants. Lastly, we demonstrate that the as-prepared hierarchically porous nitrogen/oxygen-doped carbon materials manifest enhanced electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline electrolyte.
This is the first study to report the synthesis of porous nickel phosphide (NiP) thin films with one-dimensional nano-pore channels via a porous template-free, single-step plating process. The nano-pores in the synthesized films were primarily formed in areas where multiple grain boundaries met during the island growth of three-dimensional grains. We investigated the factors that affect pore formation by considering the electroplating reaction mechanism of nickel phosphide and the pattern of grain growth over time, and we determined that grain size and gas generation were the dominant factors affecting pore density. Grain size and gas generation can be adjusted by altering the plating conditions, such as current density and electrolyte pH; we have demonstrated that by controlling these conditions, the pore density can be controlled in an expected manner.
Coupling transition metal oxides with nanocarbonaceous materials is an effective approach to construct high-efficiency anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In the present study, we demonstrate a novel in-situ redox strategy for facile and cost-effective synthesis of Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide (Fe3O4/rGO) composites as LIBs anodes. Fe3O4/rGO composites are facilely obtained through redox reaction between highly-oxidized graphene oxide and ferrous salt under basic atmosphere, followed by stabilization treatment ranging from 5 min to 5 h. Well crystallized Fe3O4 nanoparticles with diameters of 10–30 nm are tightly and homogeneously anchored on the flexible graphene substrate. Owing to the distinctive composite nanostructure, including strong integration, homogeneous distribution and surface modification effect, the as-prepared Fe3O4/rGO composites exhibit superior electrochemical lithium-storage performance, especially at high current densities. The Fe3O4/rGO-2h composite delivers a remarkable reversible capacity of 1024 mA h g−1 at the current density of 1000 mA g−1, and retains 584 mA h g−1 at 5000 mA g−1 even after 450 cycles. It is believed that the study will provide a feasible strategy to facilely produce transition metal oxide/carbon composite electrodes with superior electrochemical performance for LIBs.
The induction of hypothermia for cellular protection is well established in several clinical settings. Its role in trauma patients, however, is controversial. This review discusses the benefits and complications of induced hypothermia--emphasizing the current state of knowledge and potential applications in bleeding patients. Extensive pre-clinical data suggest that in advanced stages of shock, rapid cooling can protect cells during ischemia and reperfusion, decrease organ damage, and improve survival. Yet hypothermia is a double edged sword; unless carefully managed, its induction can be associated with a number of complications. Appropriate patient selection requires a thorough understanding of the pre-clinical literature. Clinicians must also appreciate the enormous influence that temperature modulation exerts on various cellular mechanisms. This manuscript aims to provide a balanced view of the published literature on this topic. While many of the advantageous molecular and physiological effects of induced hypothermia have been outlined in animal models, rigorous clinical investigations are needed to translate these promising findings into clinical practice.
One of Toyota's key suppliers, Toyota Tsusho Corporation, is to jointly develop a new lithium mining project in north-west Argentina with Australian miner Orocobre Ltd. Company estimates put exploitation costs at Salar de Olaroz at between $80 million and $100 million. The development signals the growing role that lithium is likely to play in the auto industry as electric cars develop. The global lithium ion battery market is expected to surge to $21.8 billion by 2015 and to around $70 billion by 2020 from $32 million last year.
Publisher Summary Energy transmission is used not only to deliver energy from the sites of generation to the dominant sites of energy use, but also to deal with temporal mismatch between (renewable) energy generation and variations in demand. Therefore, energy transmission and energy storage may supplement each other. Mechanical devices are used to transfer mechanical energy over short distances, but mechanical connections with moving parts are not practical for distances of transfer that may be considered relevant for transmission lines. Storage of energy allows adjustment to variations in energy demand. The characteristics of an ideal energy storage system include availability for rapid access and versatility of the form in which energy from the store is delivered. The economic feasibility of energy storage depends on the relative fixed and variable costs of the different converter types and on the cost and availability of different fuels.
Fuel cells face challenges related to performance and cost that stem in part from constraints of the conventional plate-and-frame architecture in vogue since Volta's time. Here, we present for the first time a cylindrical Swiss-roll mixed-reactant fuel cell (SR-MRFC) that addresses some of these challenges by eliminating ion exchange membranes and flow-field plates, to provide a light, compact multi-cell stack. We demonstrate the monopolar and bipolar SR-MRFC for the borohydride-oxygen system, using a liquid/gas mixture of 1 M NaBH4/2 M NaOH and O2. A 3D anode with Pt/C (or PtRu/C) on carbon cloth was coupled with a gas-diffusion Ag/C (or MnO2/C) cathode. At 323 K and atmospheric pressure, a peak power density of density of 1000 W m−2 was achieved with good performance stability. The reactor concept presented here is applicable to a variety of alkaline or acid fuel cell systems.
Fluorinated polymers are today investigated as possible alternatives to Nafion™ in PEM Fuel Cells. In this paper, we study the relationships between the microstructure and the proton transport of porous PVDF homopolymer membranes swollen by 11M aqueous solution of H3PO4. The analysis is performed on membranes with different nominal pores size values, d p. The membranes are thermally stable at least up to 250°C. A dependence of the proton transport on the pores size has been found, that is particularly evident for low d p values and at low relative humidity (R.H.). Conductivity values exceeding 0.1Scm−1 are obtained at 80°C even at 10% R.H. for d p ≥0.22μm. We show that the behaviour of the transport properties cannot be simply rationalized in terms of d p, but it requires an accurate knowledge of the membrane microstructure (tortuosity, pores interconnections and size distributions). 31P NMR spectroscopy also shows that anisotropic interactions take place between the components of the solution and at a lower extent, between the solution and the pores walls, also for d p values in the micrometer range. In order to make a preliminary check of the suitability of these membranes for applications in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs), studies of methanol crossover and diffusion through the membrane have been carried out and compared with those of Nafion™.
Boron carbide (B4C) added manganese dioxide (MnO2) used as a cathode material for a Zn–MnO2 battery using aqueous lithium hydroxide (LiOH) as the electrolyte is known to have higher discharge capacity but with a lower average discharge voltage than pure MnO2 (additive free). The performance is reversed when using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the electrolyte. Herein, the MnO2 was mixed with 0, 5, 7 and 10wt.% of boron carbide during the electrode preparation. The discharge performance of the Zn|LiOH|MnO2 battery was improved by the addition of 5–7wt.% boron carbide in MnO2 cathode as compared with the pure MnO2. However, increasing the additive to 10wt.% causes a decrease in the discharge capacity. The performance of the Zn|KOH|MnO2 battery was retarded by the boron carbide additive. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDS) results show evidence of crystalline MnO2 particles during discharging in LiOH electrolyte, whereas, manganese oxide particles with different oxygen and manganese counts leading to mixture of phases is observed for KOH electrolyte which is in agreement with X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. The enhanced discharge capacity indicates that boron atoms promote lithium intercalation during the electrochemical process and improved the performance of the Zn|LiOH|MnO2 battery. This observed improvement may be a consequence of B4C suppressing the formation of undesirable Mn(III) phases, which in turn leads to enhanced lithium intercalation. Too much boron carbide hinders the charge carrier which inhibits the discharge capacity.
The links between Stn DBS and advanced Parkinson disease, and between GPi DBS and dystonia are nearly universally accepted by the neurologists and neurosurgeons. Nevertheless, in some conditions, targets such as the ventral thalamus and the Zona Incerta may be considered to optimize the results and avoid the side effects. Positive and negative aspects of current DBS treatments justify the research of new targets, new stimulation programs and new hardware. Since 1993, at the Istituto Nazionale Neurologico “Carlo Besta” in Milan, 580 deep brain electrodes were implanted in 332 patients. 276 patients were affected by movement disorders. The DBS targets included Stn, GPi, Voa, Vop, Vim, CM–pf, cZi, IC. The long-term follow-up is reported and related to the chosen target. DBS gave a new therapeutic option to patients affected by severe movement disorders, and in some cases resolved life-threatening pathological conditions that would otherwise result in the death of the patient, such as in status dystonicus, and post-stroke hemiballismus. Nevertheless, the potential occurrence of severe complications still limit a wider use of DBS. At today, the use of DBS in severe movement disorders is strongly positive even if further investigations and studies are needed to unveil potential new applications, and to refine the selection criteria for the actual indications and targets. The experience of different targets may be useful to guide and tailor the target choice to the individual clinical condition.
The electrochemical behavior of alkali-treated soft carbon (ASC) has been investigated in organic electrolyte solutions with different compositions. So-called electrochemical activation phenomena, in which higher capacitive currents are observed after certain anodic or cathodic polarization in the electrolyte solutions, depended on the electrolyte composition as well as its polarization condition. The anodic polarization in tetraethylammonium tetrafuruoroborate (TEABF4) solutions induced higher capacitive currents in the positive potential region where the electrochemical adsorption/desorption of anion acts as a charge compensation process, while the activation by cathodic polarization in TEABF4 solutions increased the capacitive currents associated with the cation adsorption/desorption. The electrolyte solvent also affected the activation process, especially for the cathodic activation. Larger sizes of ions and solvent molecules were generally effective for the activation, while the smaller sizes of them were preferable to obtain higher capacitance for the resulting electrochemically activated carbon.
Richardson’s syndrome (RS) and progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism (PSP-P) are the most common subtypes of PSP. Post-mortem data suggests that the clinical presentation of the two subtypes differs especially in the first 2 years of disease and then converges. This hypothesis has, to our knowledge, never been confirmed in a living cohort. Medical history was used to define subtypes retrospectively in 23 consecutive PSP patients from our outpatient clinic specialized in movement disorders. 14 patients suffered from RS, and 9 from PSP-P. Using a prospective cross-sectional approach, clinical, cognitive, behavioral, speech and biochemical (cerebrospinal fluid tau levels) features were compared. RS patients showed shorter time from disease onset to diagnosis and more neuropsychological and neurobehavioral deficits than PSP-P patients, but differed not significantly with regard to clinical and biochemical features. RS and PSP-P show considerable symptoms overlap during the disease course when using routine assessments, with persisting differences regarding non-motor symptoms. Shorter disease duration of the comparably affected RS patients indicates that this subtype has an accelerated disease progression at early disease stages.