batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The chromatin remodeling gene CHD8 represents a central node in neurodevelopmental gene networks implicated in autism. We examined the impact of germline heterozygous frameshift Chd8 mutation on neurodevelopment in mice. Chd8+/del5 mice displayed normal social interactions with no repetitive behaviors but exhibited cognitive impairment correlated with increased regional brain volume, validating that phenotypes of Chd8+/del5 mice overlap pathology reported in humans with CHD8 mutations. We applied network analysis to characterize neurodevelopmental gene expression, revealing widespread transcriptional changes in Chd8+/del5 mice across pathways disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders, including neurogenesis, synaptic processes and neuroimmune signaling. We identified a co-expression module with peak expression in early brain development featuring dysregulation of RNA processing, chromatin remodeling and cell-cycle genes enriched for promoter binding by Chd8, and we validated increased neuronal proliferation and developmental splicing perturbation in Chd8+/del5 mice. This integrative analysis offers an initial picture of the consequences of Chd8 haploinsufficiency for brain development.
Basic studies to clarify the premature capacity loss (PCL) mechanism have been carried out. It was found that PCL is a phenomenon due to the increase of positive plate resistance, especially the interfacial resistance between the positive grid and the positive active material (PAM) by PbSO4 formation in the corrosion layer. PCL occurred when the adhesion between the grid and the PAM was poor, H2SO4 concentration at the interface between the grid and the PAM is high and the corrosion layer mainly consisted of β-PbO2.
The ability to regenerate energy when braking is a valuable advantage of hybrid and fully electric vehicles. The regeneration potential mainly depends on how a car is driven and on the capacity of the drivetrain. Detailed studies of the regeneration potential based on brake energy in real-world driving are needed to better understand the potential gains of car-electrification, since test cycles do not take individual driving characteristics or route elevation into account. This study uses a model of a normalized vehicle and a highly detailed and representative data set of individual car movements including elevation to analyze the potential for energy regeneration in cars when driven under current real-world Swedish conditions. The ultimate energy regeneration potential (defined as the braking energy at the wheels) varies by about a factor of six among individual movement patterns, with an average of 0.033kWh/km, corresponding to 27% of the total average energy supplied at the wheels. Earlier studies have shown a higher energy regeneration potential per km for cars driving under urban conditions with low average velocity and many starts and stops. Our results confirm this but also point out that a low average velocity and a high share of city driving are not very well correlated with the yearly energy savings; for this the yearly mileage is a more important indicator. This suggests that drivers who rack up the miles should be targeted as potential early adopters of regenerative technologies rather than city drivers per se. The results from real-world driving are compared to the NEDC and WLTP test cycles.
The prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become a real challenge due to its rising prevalence and the lack of an effective cure. Diet and nutrients have gained significant interest as potentially modifiable protective factors.
The spontaneous internal short circuit that sporadically occurs during operation is an unsolved safety problem that hinders the widespread application of lithium ion batteries. An online fault-diagnosis algorithm is an urgent requirement for early detection of the spontaneous internal short circuit of lithium-ion batteries to guarantee safe operation. This paper presents a model-based fault-diagnosis algorithm for online internal-short-circuit detection. Relying on the theory of model-based control, the algorithm transforms the measured voltage and temperature to the intrinsic electrochemical status that can reflect typical internal-short-circuit features, i.e. the excessive depletion of capacity and abnormal heat generation. The estimated status of the suspicious cell deviates from the average value of the battery pack, therefore the algorithm can capture the internal-short-circuit fault by evaluating the levels of deviation. Simultaneously considering the diagnosis result calculated from both the voltage and temperature signal helps enhance the robustness of the algorithm with few false alarms. Substitute internal-short-circuit tests confirm that the algorithm is capable of identifying the internal-short-circuit fault before it develops into a severe hazard, e.g., thermal runaway. The equivalent short resistance, which can reflect the level of the internal short circuit, can be estimated with small error by the online fault-diagnosis algorithm.
Due to the poor transportability of sodium ions, conventional sodium ion batteries (SIBs) cannot deliver sufficient capacity for high rate applications. Surface-induced capacitive processes (SCP) (e.g. capacitance and pseudocapacitance) could provide fast charge/discharge capacity in conjunction with the capacity provided by diffusion-controlled intercalation processes (DIP) to address this issue. For the first time, SCP was used to design a hierarchical layered graphene composite as an anode material for high rate SIBs. The contributions of the individual sodium storage processes were quantitatively evaluated, verifying the proposed mechanism. The resultant SCP-enhanced SIB delivers an outstanding rate capacity of 120mAh/g at 10A/g, which is among best of the state-of-the-art carbon-based SIBs. It also demonstrates exceptional cycling stability, retaining 83.5% capacity of 142mAh/g at 0.5A/g after 2500 cycles.
Major short-notice or sudden impact incidents, which result in a large number of casualties, are rare events. However health services must be prepared to respond to such events appropriately. In the United Kingdom (UK), a mass casualties incident is when the normal response of several National Health Service organizations to a major incident, has to be supported with extraordinary measures. Having the right type and quantity of clinical equipment is essential, but planning for such emergencies is challenging. To date, the equipment stored for such events has been selected on the basis of local clinical judgment and has evolved without an explicit evidence-base. This has resulted in considerable variations in the types and quantities of clinical equipment being stored in different locations. This study aimed to develop an expert consensus opinion of the essential items and minimum quantities of clinical equipment that is required to treat 100 people at the scene of a big bang mass casualties event.
People living with dementia in care homes frequently exhibit “behaviour that challenges”. Anti-psychotics are used to treat such behaviour, but are associated with significant morbidity. This study researched the feasibility of conducting a trial of a full clinical medication review for care home residents with behaviour that challenges, combined with staff training. This paper focusses on the feasibility of measuring clinical outcomes and intervention costs.
Objective To establish a model for better identification of patients in very early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, AD (including patients with amnestic MCI) using high-resolution EEG and genetic data. Methods A total of 26 patients in early stages of probable AD and 12 patients with amnestic MCI were included. Both groups were similar in age and education. All patients had a comprehensive neuropsychological examination and a high resolution EEG. Relative band power characteristics were calculated in source space (LORETA inverse solution for spectral data) and compared between groups. A logistic regression model was calculated including relative band-power at the most significant location, ApoE status, age, education and gender. Results Differences in the delta band at 34 temporo-posterior source locations (p <.01) between AD and MCI groups were detected after correction for multiple comparisons. Classification slightly increased when ApoE status was added (p =.06 maximum likelihood test). Adjustment of analyses for the confounding factors age, gender and education did not alter results. Conclusions Quantitative EEG (qEEG) separates between patients with amnestic MCI and patients in early stages of probable AD. Adding information about Apo ε4 allele frequency slightly enhances diagnostic accuracy. Significance qEEG may help identifying patients who are candidates for possible benefit from future disease modifying treatments.
Silver-modified La0.6Ca0.4CoO3 composites for molecular oxygen reduction and evolution reaction are prepared by a chemical reduction process using N2H4 as the reducing agent at room temperature. The La0.6Ca0.4CoO3 catalysts are modified with silver content that vary from 0.3 to 30wt.% without damaging their microstructure. The electrochemical behavior of La0.6Ca0.4CoO3 catalysts with different silver loadings is studied on classical bilayer gas diffusion electrodes. The electrocatalytic properties of these composites are evaluated by polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in alkaline electrolyte. The silver loading is found to have a significant impact on the electrode performances, which facilitate or block the electrochemical processes of the gas diffusion electrodes. The binary catalyst electrodes exhibit higher electrocatalytic activities than that of the electrodes with only La0.6Ca0.4CoO3 as the catalyst. In this paper, the best performance was achieved when the silver loading was 3.0wt.%.
Extremely high energy density and environment friendly reaction make Li-O2 batteries a promising energy storage system. In order to improve the energy efficiency and cycle life of Li-O2 battery, spinel mesoporous CuCo2O4 was successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method and investigated in Li-O2 batteries. The electrochemical measurements show that mesoporous CuCo2O4 possess higher oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution activity than bulk CuCo2O4 both in alkaline and non-aqueous solution. Owing to the inherent catalytic activity, high conductivity and facile mass transfer of mesoporous CuCo2O4, Li-O2 battery shows enhanced electrochemical performances, including much lower charge overpotential and a high capacity up to 5288 mAh g−1. When restricting the discharge capacity at 500 mAh g−1, it could operate over 80 cycles and exhibit superior cycle stability. These results indicate that mesoporous CuCo2O4 nanoparticles are appropriate bifunctional catalysts for Li-O2 batteries.
Few-layer black phosphorus (BP) is a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and favorable layered structure. However, practical implementation is hindered by sluggish reaction kinetics and large volume change during de/sodiation process. Especially, combining BP with large portion of low-capacity carbonaceous materials is a common strategy to improve the Na storage properties, but leading to reduced specific capacity based on the overall mass of the whole electrode. To address these challenges, nanoscale surface engineering of few-layer BP is herein performed by homogeneously depositing horizontally aligned Poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanofibers on specially surface-modified BP nanosheets. Such material design could achieve simultaneously: (1) enhanced charge transfer kinetics and (2) super surface wettability with electrolyte. Benefiting from the unique functionalization, the reaction kinetics are greatly enhanced accordingly for both sodium and lithium storage. Our strategy sheds light on designing advanced electrodes for high-performance rechargeable batteries and other energy storage/conversion devices.
We investigated the development of a novel lithium garnet-type oxide electrolyte, which is co-sinterable with a metal oxide cathode, for practical all-solid-state lithium ion batteries using metal oxide electrolytes. The sintering temperature of Li6.8(La2.95,Ca0.05)(Zr1.75,Nb0.25)O12 was found to significantly lower to 790 °C by addition of Li3BO3 and Al2O3, due to simultaneous interdiffusion of Al and Ca elements between garnet-type oxide and additives. The sintered electrolyte exhibited high lithium ion conductivity of 0.36 mS cm−1 at 25 °C despite of the low sintering temperature. An all-solid-state lithium ion battery was successfully prepared by co-sintering of the electrolyte and LiCoO2 (cathode), followed by coating of Li metal (anode), and confirmed to function well as a secondary battery with charge and discharge capacities of 98 and 78 mAh g−1, respectively. These results opened the potential for fabrication of all-solid-state lithium ion batteries by a simple and well-established co-sintering process.
Co3O4/RuO2·xH2O composites with various Ru content (molar content of Ru=5%, 10%, 20%, 50%) were synthesized by one-step co-precipitation method. The precursors were prepared via adjusting pH of the mixed aqueous solutions of Co(NO3)2·6H2O and RuCl3·0.5H2O by using Pluronic123 as a soft template. For the composite with molar ratio of Co:Ru=1:1 annealed at 200°C, Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) results indicated that the composite showed mesoporous structure, and the specific surface area of the composite was as high as 107m2 g−1. The electrochemical performances of these composites were measured in 1M KOH electrolyte. Compared with the composite prepared without template, the composite with P123 exhibited a higher specific capacitance. When the molar content of Ru was rising, the specific capacitance of the composites increased significantly. It was also observed that the crystalline structures as well as the electrochemical activities were strongly dependent on the annealing temperature. A capacitance of 642F/g was obtained for the composite (Co:Ru=1:1) annealed at 150°C. Meanwhile, the composites also exhibited good cycle stability. Besides, the morphologies and textural characteristic of the samples were also investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Aqueous Zn metal batteries (ZBs) have obtained increasing attention recently owing to their low-cost and environmentally friendly nature. Unfortunately, the sluggish Zn2+ de/intercalation in hosts often requires the nanostructural tailoring of cathode materials, which however degrades the tap density and accelerates the dissolution of active species. Herein, we propose a shallow-layer pillaring strategy to drive the superior zinc storage performance of V2O5 monolithic grains without the prerequisite of intentional nanoscale attenuation. The in situ polymerized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene chains only in the near-surface V2O5 interlayers are sufficient to activate a cascading effect to successively open the deeper interlayers during Zn intercalation. This synergic interlayer expansion mechanism leads to a thorough and quick redox process of bulk phase V2O5 even with micro-sized grains as opposed to the poor reaction kinetics in the non-pillared one. In contrast to excess pillaring or cation doping, the shallow-layer hybridization with a hydrophobic conductive polymer can suppress the dissolution of active species, reinforce the conductive contact between grains, lower the Zn2+ diffusion barrier (0.39 eV) and absorption energy (0.17 eV), and upgrade the pseudocapacitance contribution (>67%) and Zn2+ diffusion coefficient (1.43 × 10−9–1.81 × 10−8 cm2 s−1). This composite cathode enables an unprecedented cycling/rate performance (e.g. 388, 367 and 351 mA h g−1 even at 5, 8 and 10 A g−1 respectively, and 269 mA h g−1 after 4500 cycles at 10 A g−1), corresponding to high energy densities of 280.2 and 205.8 W h kg−1 under ultrahigh power densities of 700.5 and 5960 W kg−1, respectively. This concept of shallow-layer pillaring activation (especially via rich organic molecules) can be extended to more electrode systems with the preservation of the grain integrity.
The performance loss observed in vanadium redox flow batteries over time strongly depends on the material and the cycling conditions. We have chosen 1.65V and 1.8V as the cut-off voltages in order to compare the performance loss and the risk of evolving hydrogen on the negative side and CO2 on the positive side. The 1.8V experiment was expected to show stronger degradation because of the higher risk of hydrogen and CO2 evolution due to the higher maximum half-cell potentials. To address this issue we implemented a reference electrode at the inlet of the negative half-cell of a 10cm2 test cell. The discharge process on the negative half-cell was assumed to be the process with the highest overpotential after running 50 charge and discharge cycles. After 50 cycles the reduction of V(II) remained the favored reaction compared to the HER in the negative side, even though the overpotentials for both reactions increased significantly. As for the positive half-cell, the risk of CO2 evolution increased with increasing cut-off voltage. The higher cut-off voltage led to a higher rate of degradation, but it also showed a better overall performance. The potentials in the half-cells were changing dynamically with each cycle depending on the degradation rate of the electrode and the state of the electrolyte. An imbalance of the electrolyte could be observed by measuring the half-cell open circuit potential after each charge and discharge process. The obtained results can be used for the diagnostics and optimization of VRFB systems in order to achieve maximum system output at reasonable risks of parasitic reactions and degradation.
Reduced graphene oxide and nickel oxide composite was prepared by homogeneous coprecipitation and subsequent annealing. Characterizations show that NiO particles have a nanosheet-based microsphere structure and anchor uniformly on the surface of reduced graphene oxide platelets. As an anode for Li ion batteries, the composite has 1641mAhg−1 and 1097mAhg−1 specific capacities for the first discharge and charge, respectively, higher than the theoretical capacity of NiO. It shows an excellent cycling performance with a discharge capacity of 1041mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at a current of 100mAg−1, and has a good rate capacity with 727mAhg−1 at a current of 1600mAg−1. The results show a synergistic effect of nanosheet-based NiO microspheres and reduced graphene oxide platelets in the composite for improved electrochemical performance.
A novel organic catalyst has been synthesized that contains an anthraquinone moiety supported on a polymer backbone. This oxygen reduction catalyst was successfully incorporated in the cathode of Li-O2 batteries. The addition of the anthraquinone-based catalyst improved the cycleability of the Li-O2 battery when cycled in a tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether electrolyte. Computational studies coupled with a wide range of analytical techniques including differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedence spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to interrogate the Li-O2 battery with and without the organic catalyst present. This study suggests that organic catalysts may serve as light and inexpensive alternatives to the precious metals frequently used in Li-O2 batteries.
A test road constructed with municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash was monitored over a period of 36 months. Using chemical and toxicological characterisation, the environmental impact of leachates from bottom ash was evaluated and compared with leachates from gravel used as reference. Initial leaching of Cl, Cu, K, Na, NH4–N and TOC from bottom ash was of major concern. However, the quality of the bottom ash leachate approached that of the gravel leachate with time. Leachates from the two materials were compared regarding the concentration of pollutants using multivariate data analyses (MVDA). A standardized luminescent bacteria assay using Vibrio fischeri did not show any toxicity, most likely because saline contamination can mask the toxic response and stimulate luminescence in these marine bacteria. A mung bean assay using Phaseolus aureus revealed that the toxicity of bottom ash leachate collected at the very beginning of the experimental period (October 2001 and May 2002) might be attributed to the following components and their respective concentrations in mgl−1: Al (34.2–39.2), Cl (2914–16,446), Cu (0.48–1.92), K (197–847), Na (766–4180), NH4–N (1.80–8.47), total-N (12.0–18.5), and TOC (34.0–99.0). The P. aureus assay was judged as a promising environmental tool in assessing the toxicity of bottom ash leachate.
A three-dimensional analytical model is proposed to investigate the thermal response of batteries, with a plurality of thin electrodes, to heat generation during their operation. The model is based on integral-transform technique that gives a closed-form solution for the fundamental problem of unsteady heat conduction in batteries with orthotropic thermal conductivities, where the heat generation is a function of both temperature and depth-of-discharge. The full-field solutions take the form of a rapidly converging triple infinite sum whose leading terms provide a very simple yet accurate approximation of the battery thermal behavior with modest numerical effort. The accuracy of the proposed model is tested through comparison with numerical simulations. The method is used to describe spatial and temporal temperature evolution in a sample pouch type lithium-ion polymer battery during galvanostatic discharge processes while subjected to convective–radiative cooling at its surfaces (the most practical case is considered, when surrounding medium is at a constant ambient temperature). In the simulations, emphasis is placed on the maintenance of the battery operational temperature below a critical temperature. Through definition of a surface-averaged Biot number, certain conditions are highlighted, under which a two-dimensional thermal analysis is applicable.
Escherichia coli strains containing plasmid-borne fusions of Vibrio fischeri lux to the recA promoter–operator region were previously shown to be potentially useful for detecting genotoxicants. In an attempt to improve past performance, the present study examines several modifications and variations of this design, singly or in various combinations: (1) modifying the host cell's toxicant efflux capacity via a tolC mutation; (2) incorporating the lux fusion onto the bacterial chromosome, rather then on a plasmid; (3) changing the reporter element to a different lux system (Photorhabdus luminescens), with a broader temperature range; (4) using Salmonella typhimurium instead of an E. coli host. A broad spectrum of responses to pure chemicals as well as to industrial wastewater samples was observed. Generally, fastest responses were exhibited by Sal94, a S. typhimurium strain harboring a plasmid-borne fusion of V. fischeri lux to the E. coli recA promoter. Highest sensitivity, however, was demonstrated by DPD3063, an E. coli strain in which the same fusion was integrated into the bacterial chromosome, and by DPD2797, a plasmid-bearing tolC mutant. Overall, the two latter strains appeared to perform better and seemed preferable over the others. The sensor strains retained their sensitivity following a 2-month incubation after alginate-embedding, but at the cost of a significantly delayed response.