batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Redox flow batteries have the potential to provide low-cost energy storage to enable renewable energy technologies such as wind and solar to overcome their inherent intermittency and to improve the efficiency of electric grids. Conventional flow batteries are complex electromechanical systems designed to simultaneously control flow of redox active fluids and perform electrochemical functions. With the advent of redox active fluids with high capacity density, i.e., Faradaic capacity significantly exceeding the 1–2 M concentration equivalents typical of aqueous redox flow batteries, new flow battery designs become of interest. Here, we design and demonstrate a proof-of-concept prototype for a “gravity-induced flow cell” (GIFcell), representing one of a family of approaches to simpler, more robust, passively driven, lower-cost flow battery architectures. Such designs are particularly appropriate for semi-solid electrodes comprising suspensions of networked conductors and/or electroactive particles, due to their low energy dissipation during flow. Accordingly, we demonstrate the GIFcell using nonaqueous lithium polysulfide solutions containing a nanoscale carbon network in a half-flow-cell configuration and achieve round trip energy efficiency as high as 91%.
Lithium metal is a promising anode material owing to its very low electrochemical potential and ultrahigh specific capacity. However, the growth of lithium dendrites could result in a short lifespan, low coulombic efficiency, and potential safety hazards during the progress of lithium plating/stripping. These factors drastically hinder its application in lithium metal batteries. This review focuses on the use of three dimensional (3D) porous host frameworks to improve Li plating/stripping behaviors, accommodate the change in volume, and suppress or block lithium dendrite growth. Various 3D porous frameworks, including the conductive carbon-based, metal-based, and lithiophilic inorganic-compound frameworks are introduced and summarized in detail. The particular functions, relative developments, and optimized strategies of various 3D porous frameworks for lithium deposition/dissolution behaviors are discussed. Moreover, the challenges and promising developments in the field of Li metal anodes will be discussed at the end of this review.
The safety issues of potassium battery with nonaqueous electrolytes restrict its practical applications. On the other side, the active material dissolution of organic electrodes deteriorates the performance of organic batteries. As an alternative, all-solid-state potassium batteries comprising the cathode materials of organic compounds can solve the mentioned problems. We herein succeed in demonstrating an all-solid-state potassium battery based on 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylicacid-dianhydride (PTCDA) and solid polymer electrolyte(SPE) for the first time. The Poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC)-KFSI with cellulose nonwoven backbone SPE (PPCB-SPE) delivers an ionic conductivity of 1.36 × 10−5 S cm-1 at 20 °C. Furthermore, PTCDA cathode in all-solid-state battery provides an average discharge voltage of 2.3 V, a high initial capacity of 118 mA h g-1 at 10 mA g−1 and a stable cycling performance, showing favorable expectation for the commercial application.
Surface modification of LiCoO2 with the ultrathin film of solid state electrolyte of Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 (LATP) has been realized by a new and facile solution-based method. The coated LiCoO2 reveals enhanced structural and electrochemical stability at high voltage (4.5 V vs Li+/Li) in half-cell with liquid electrolyte. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that a dense LATP coating layer is covered on the surface of LiCoO2 uniformly with thickness of less than 20 nm. The LATP coating layer is proven to be able to prevent the direct contact between the cathode and the electrolyte effectively and thus to suppress the side reactions of liquid electrolyte with LiCoO2 surface at high charging voltage. As a result, dissolution of Co3+ has been largely suppressed over prolonged cycling as indicated by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. Due to this surface passivating feature, the electrochemical performance of 0.5 wt% LATP modified LiCoO2 has also been evaluated in an all solid lithium battery with poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymer electrolyte. The cell exhibits 93% discharge capacity retention of the initial discharge capacity after 50 cycles at the charging cut-off voltage of 4.2 V, suggesting that the LATP coating layer is effective to suppress the oxidation of PEO at high voltage.
Ultra-small Fe3O4 nanocrystals (NCs)/garphene nanosheets (GNSs) composites have been synthesized through a facile gel-like film (GF) assisted method in this work. Fe3O4 NCs with particle size ∼10nm homogeneously dispersed on 2D GNSs. Profiting from the ultra-small Fe3O4 NCs and GNSs, the composites demonstrate superior long-term and high-rate performance as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Even at the current density of 5Ag−1, the reversible capacity still maintains 323.4mAhg−1 after 700 cycles. This work might enlighten us on exploring preferable strategies to develop advanced metal oxides NCs/GNSs composites anode materials for lithium ion batteries or other energy storage devices.
The effects of SnSO4 as an electrolyte additive on the microstructure of positive plate and electrochemical performance of lead acid battery made from a novel leady oxide are investigated. The novel leady oxide is synthesized through leaching of spent lead paste in citric acid solution. The novel leady oxides are used to prepare working electrode (WE) subjected to electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests. Moreover, the novel leady oxides are used as active materials of positive plate assembled as a testing battery of 1.85 A h capacity. In CV tests, SEM/EDX results show that the major crystalline phase of the paste in WE after CV cycles is PbSO4. The larger column-shaped PbSO4 crystals easily generate in the paste of WE without an electrolyte additive of SnSO4. However, PbSO4 crystals significantly become smaller with the addition of SnSO4 in the electrolyte. In batteries testing, SEM results show that an electrolyte additive of SnSO4 could effectively decrease PbO2 particle size in the positive active materials of the teardown battery at the end of charging procedure. It is indicated that an electrolyte additive of SnSO4 could have a positive influence on restraining larger particles of irreversible sulfation in charge/discharge cycles of battery testing.
This article investigates an understudied aspect of online word-of-mouth (eWOM) — the effects of emotional expressions in eWOM. Two experiments investigate how consumers interpret emotional expressions in online user reviews and the subsequent impact on their product evaluations. The findings reveal that negative emotional expressions in a single negative review tend to decrease the reviews' informative value and make consumers' product evaluations less negative because consumers attribute the negative emotions to the reviewer's irrational dispositions. However, positive emotional expressions in a single positive review do not influence consumers' product evaluations significantly even though consumers attribute the positive emotions to the product. Next, when multiple convergent emotional expressions are present in multiple user reviews, both positive and negative emotional expressions increase informative value of the reviews and polarize consumers' product evaluations in the respective direction.
In the preparation of metal oxide composite materials, the common organic solvents limit the homogenous dispersion of guest component on substrate for their high viscosity, surface tension and low diffusivity. Herein, we take advantage of the unique properties of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) to successfully deposit uniform CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (CFO NPs) on the surface of graphene without need of surfactants or precipitants. The obtained CFO NPs are 8–10 nm in size and homogeneously anchored on graphene sheets as spacers to reduce the degree of graphene restacking. Additionally, the effects of pressure and solvent on the crystallinity, dispersion and particle size of the NPs are discussed. The CFO@G-CE composite synthesized in scCO2-expanded ethanol exhibits excellent cyclability and significantly improved rate capability than the CFO@G-E in pure ethanol and CFO@G-NE in the mixture of high pressure nitrogen and ethanol. It is certified, by the structural and morphological analyses of the intermediates and phase observations, that the reaction medium greatly affects the dispersion and size of the particles, and thus influences their electrochemical performances. The proposed strategy is shortcut (reaction time: 2 h) and effective in execution, hence, we hope that the presented strategy would encourage further studies on other hybrid nanomaterials fabrication.
Two experiments explored the effect of unobtrusively induced expressions of approach and avoidance on consumers’ evaluation of well-known products. In Study 1, valenced objects were presented moving horizontally or vertically on a screen, thereby inducing either head shaking or head nodding. Objects were also presented without movement. Induced nodding led to more favorable evaluations of positively valenced products but did not affect the evaluation of negatively valenced ones. Similarly, head shaking led to more unfavorable evaluations of negatively valenced products but did not affect the evaluation of positive ones. In Study 2, participants evaluated positively valenced products more favorably when they flexed their arms while making the evaluation and evaluated negatively valenced products more unfavorably when they extended their arms during evaluation. However, arm flexion had no effect on evaluations of negative products, and arm extensions had no effect on evaluations of positive ones. Participants’ willingness to buy the products followed a similar pattern. The theoretical implications and the applications of these body feedback effects are discussed.
Thin-film and emerging technologies in photovoltaics (PV) offer advantages for lightweight, flexible power over the rigid silicon panels that dominate the present market. One important advantage is high specific power (the power-to-weight ratio). Here we consider niche market size, price points and value propositions that can provide a path for new PV market entrants. Examining the cost–production experience curves of Si, CdTe and CIGS PV suggests that a minimum market size of US$0.2–1 billion is required to incubate a new market entrant. Several markets requiring high specific power meet this threshold. We assess the critical role of the substrate, packaging and interconnects and provide a quantitative assessment of pathways to maximize specific power. With all requisite components included, along with requirements for safety and reliability, we estimate a lower bound for a durable lightweight module at about 300–500 g m−2. Pairing this bound with a 15%-efficiency thin-film or 35%-efficiency III–V module would yield specific powers up to 500 W kg−1 or 1,167 W kg−1, respectively.
In rechargeable lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries, the porosity of porous carbon materials plays a crucial role in the electrochemical performance serving as oxygen diffusion path and Li ion transfer passage. However, the influence of optimization of porous carbon as an air electrode on cell electrochemical performance remains unclear. To understand the role of carbon porosity in Li-O2 batteries, carbon materials featuring controlled pore sizes and porosity, including C-800 (nearly 96% microporous) and AC-950 (55:45 micro/meso porosity), are designed and synthesized by carbonization using a triazine-based covalent organic polymer (TCOP). We find that the microporous C-800 cathode allows 120 cycles with a limited capacity of 1000 mAh g−1, about 2 and 10 times higher than that of mixed-porosity AC-950 and mesoporous CMK-3, respectively. Meanwhile, the specific discharge capacity of the C-800 electrode at 200 mA g−1 is 6003 mAh g−1, which is lower than that of the 8433 and 9960 mAh g−1 when using AC-950 and CMK-3, respectively. This difference in the electrochemical performance of the porous carbon cathode with different porosity causes to the generation and decomposition of Li2O2 during the charge and discharge cycle, which affects oxygen diffusion and Li ion transfer.
Na3V2(PO4)3 is an attractive electrode material for Na-ion batteries due to high ionic conductivity and good stability, but suffers from low electronic conductivity. Here, a graphene-bound Na3V2(PO4)3 film is fabricated by simple vacuum co-filtration and thermal treatment, which can be directly used as both cathode and anode for Na-ion batteries. In the film, Na3V2(PO4)3 nanoparticles are homogeneously bounded in a 3D continuous graphene network. As graphene acts as binder, conductive agent, and current collector simultaneously, the content of Na3V2(PO4)3 can easily reach up to about 93.3 wt%, promising a superior capacity calculated based on the total mass of the electrode. Furthermore, the 3D conductive graphene provides efficient electron pathways and buffers volume change during cycling. Therefore, the graphene-bound Na3V2(PO4)3 electrode exhibits high capacity (114.6 mAh g−1 at 1 C as cathode, 69.1 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 as anode), ultra-long cycle stability (only about 0.005% of the capacity is decayed per cycle during 10 000 cycles) and excellent rate performance (89.7 mAh g−1 at 30 C as cathode, 42.3 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 as anode). As a result, we believe the graphene-bound Na3V2(PO4)3 film is a promising candidate for Na-ion batteries.
A key function of battery management system (BMS) is to provide accurate information of the state of charge (SOC) in real time, and this depends directly on the precise model parameterization. In this paper, a novel multi-timescale estimator is proposed to estimate the model parameters and SOC for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) in real time. The model parameters and OCV are decoupled and estimated independently, effectively avoiding the possibility of cross interference between them. The analysis of model sensitivity, stability, and precision suggests the necessity of adopting different timescales for each estimator independently. Experiments are conducted to assess the performance of the proposed method. Results reveal that the model parameters are online adapted accurately thus the periodical calibration on them can be avoided. The online estimated terminal voltage and SOC are both benchmarked with the reference values. The proposed multi-timescale estimator has the merits of fast convergence, high precision, and good robustness against the initialization uncertainty, aging states, flow rates, and also battery chemistries.
This study was designed to examine the prevalence, cognitive profile, and home literacy experiences in subtypes of Spanish developmental dyslexia. The subtyping procedure used comparison with chronological-age-matched and reading-level controls on reaction times and accuracy responses to high-frequency words and pseudowords. Using regression-based procedures, 8 phonological dyslexics and 16 surface dyslexics were identified from a sample of 35 dyslexic fourth graders by comparing them with chronological-age-matched controls on reaction times to high-frequency word and pseudoword reading. However, when the dyslexic subtypes were defined by reference to reading-level controls, 12 phonological dyslexics were defined but only 5 surface dyslexics were identified. Both dyslexic subtypes showed a deficit in phonological awareness, but children with surface dyslexia also showed a deficit in orthographical processing assessed by a homophone comprehension task. This deficit was associated with poor home literacy experiences, with the group of parents with children matched in reading age, in comparison with the group of parents with children with surface dyslexia, reporting more literacy home experiences.
Due to massively growing demand arising from energy storage systems, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have been recognized as the most attractive alternative to the current commercialized lithium ion batteries (LIBs) owing to the wide availability and accessibility of sodium. Unfortunately, the low energy density, inferior power density and poor cycle life are still the main issues for SIBs in the current drive to push the entire technology forward to meet the benchmark requirements for commercialization. Over the past few years, tremendous efforts have been devoted to improving the performance of SIBs, in terms of higher energy density and longer cycling lifespans, by optimizing the electrode structure or the electrolyte composition. In particular, among the established anode systems, those materials, such as metals/alloys, phosphorus/phosphides, and metal oxides/sulfides/selenides, that typically deliver high theoretical sodium-storage capacities have received growing interest and achieved significant progress. Although some review articles on electrodes for SIBs have been published already, many new reports on these anode materials are constantly emerging, with more promising electrochemical performance achieved via novel structural design, surface modification, electrochemical performance testing techniques, etc. So, we herein summarize the most recent developments on these high-performance anode materials for SIBs in this review. Furthermore, the different reaction mechanisms, the challenges associated with these materials, and effective approaches to enhance performance are discussed. The prospects for future high-energy anodes in SIBs are also discussed.
Sodium titanate (Na2Ti6O13) cuboid is successfully prepared and employed for anode electrode materials in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Their sodium storage properties are presented by undertaking polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as different binders. At a current density of 0.1 C, the sodium titanate cuboid with CMC and PVDF exhibits discharge capacity of 269.5 mAh g−1 and 251.0 mAh g−1, respectively. At the 200th charge/discharge cycle, the reserved discharge capacity for Sodium titanate cuboid electrode with CMC binder is 173.6 mAh g−1, amounting to a capacity retention of 94.4%, much higher than that employing PVDF as binder (the discharge capacity of 69.3 mAh g−1 and the capacity retention of 54.1%). The rate capability test and the Coulombic efficiency data also manifest that the Sodium titanate cuboid utilizing CMC as binder is superior to the ones with PVDF. These enhanced electrochemical performance mainly derive from the strong cohesive strength of CMC binder and the swellability of PVDF binder, verifying the importance of a binder to the optimization of sodium storage behavior.
LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4 as a 5V cathode material, was prepared by low heating solid-state reaction with heating the mixed precursors at 500, 600, 700°C. X-ray diffraction patterns of the prepared samples are identified as the spinel structure with a space group of F d 3 ¯ m . Scanning electron microscope was used to study the morphology of the synthesized LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4 powders. The charge–discharge curves of the samples synthesized by low-heating solid-state reaction appear a plateau at 4.7V.
The poor conductivity, resulting from the low lithium-ion diffusion rate and low electronic conductivity in the LiFePO4 phase, has posed a bottleneck for commercial applications. Well-crystallized LiFePO4-based powders with vanadium addition were synthesized with solution method. The synthesized powders are coated with carbon. The powder containing the well-mixed LiFePO4 and Li3V2(PO4)3 phases (LFVP) with narrow distributed particle size ranging between 0.5 and 2.5μm exhibits improved electrochemical performance. The small particle size and the presence of the electronically conductive mixed phases can be the reasons why the cells containing LFVP exhibit the high discharge capacity of about 100mAhg−1 at 10C, whereas the samples with single phase, such as LiFePO4 and Li3V2(PO4)3, have the discharge capacity less than 80Ahg−1 at the same rate.
A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) that is a combination of a catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) for the anode and a catalyst-coated substrate (CCS) for the cathode is studied under air-blower conditions for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Compared with MEAs prepared by only the CCS method, the performance of DMFC MEAs employing the combination method is significantly improved by 30% with less methanol crossover. This feature can be attributed to an enhanced electrode|membrane interface in the anode side and significantly higher catalyst efficiency. Furthermore, DMFC MEAs designed by the combination method retain high power density without any degradation, while the CCM-type cell shows a downward tendency in electrochemical performance under air-blower conditions. This may be due to MEAs with CCM have a much more difficult structure of catalytic active sites in the cathode to eliminate the water produced by electrochemical reaction. In addition, DMFCs produced via combination methods exhibit a lower water crossover flux than CCS alternatives, due to the comparatively dense structure of the CCM anode. Hence, DMFCs with a combination MEA structure demonstrate the feasibility of a small fuel cell system employing the low noise of a fan, instead of a noisy and large capacity air pump, for portable electronic devices.
Fuel cells are being considered as an important technology that can be used for various power applications. For portable electronic devices such as laptops, digital cameras, cell phone, etc., the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is a very promising candidate as a power source. Compared with conventional batteries, DMFC can provide a higher power density with a long-lasting life and recharging which is almost instant. However, many issues related to the design, fabrication and operation of miniaturized DMFC power systems still remain unsolved. Fuel delivery is one of the key issues that will determine the performance of the DMFC. To maintain a desired performance, an efficient fuel delivery system is required to provide an adequate amount of fuel for consumption and remove carbon dioxide generated from fuel cell devices at the same time. In this paper, a novel fuel delivery system combined with a miniaturized DMFC is presented. The core component of this system is a piezoelectric valveless micropump that can convert the reciprocating movement of a diaphragm activated by a piezoelectric actuator into a pumping effect. Nozzle/diffuser elements are used to direct the flow from inlet to outlet. As for DMFC devices, the micropump system needs to meet some specific requirements: low energy consumption but a sufficient fuel flow rate. Based on theoretical analysis, the effect of piezoelectric materials properties, driving voltage, driving frequency, nozzle/diffuser dimension, and other factors on the performance of the whole fuel cell system will be discussed. As a result, a viable design of a micropump system for fuel delivery can be achieved and some simulation results will be presented as well.