batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
An empirical sulfation model for valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries is presented. The model is based on measurements of the internal resistance during cycling in different state of charge (SOC) ranges. Further influence factors like voltage, current and depth of discharge (DOD) are varied and their effect on the gradient of the internal resistance is investigated. The behavior of the internal resistance correlates to the charge acceptance which is related to the sulfation of the battery. The model is tested by separate measurements.
Mg-doped Li2FeSiO4/C is synthesized by using Fe2O3 nanoparticle as iron source. Through Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data, it is confirmed that Mg-doped Li2FeSiO4 owns monoclinic P21/n structure and Mg occupies in Fe site in the lattice. Through energy dispersive X-ray measurement, it is detected that Mg element is distributed homogenously in the resulting product. The results of transmission electron microscopy measurement reveal that the effect of Mg-doping on Li2FeSiO4 crystallite size is not obvious. As a cathode material for lithium-ion battery, this Mg-doped Li2FeSiO4/C delivers high discharge capacity of 190 mAh g−1 (the capacity was with respect to the mass of Li2FeSiO4) at 0.1C and its capacity retention of 100 charge-discharge cycles reaches 96% at 0.1C. By the analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it is concluded that Mg-doping can help to decrease the charge-transfer resistance and increase the Li+ diffusion capability.
Large-scale adoption of electric vehicles will only occur if the needs of individual drivers are met. Here the authors present a model of the energy consumption of personal vehicles in the USA, allowing an evaluation of the adoption potential of electric vehicles.
Although a commercial success, lithium ion batteries are still the object of intense research mainly aimed to the characterization of improved electrode and electrolyte materials. The recent advances in carbonaceous and alternative anodes, in medium and high-voltage cathodes and in liquid and polymer electrolytes are here reviewed and discussed.
We developed a simple strategy to prepare a multiwall carbon nanotube-nickel cobalt oxide nanosheet hybrid structure by using a microwave method followed by subsequent calcination in air. The structure and morphology of the material are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. When applied as electrode material in 2M KOH electrolyte for supercapacitors, the multiwall carbon nanotube-nickel cobalt oxide nanosheet structure shows a high specific capacitance of 1395Fg−1 at a current density of 1Ag−1 and excellent cycling stability over 5000 cycles. As an anode material for lithium ion battery applications, the hybrid material presents a high reversible capacity of 904mA h g−1, good rate capability and better cycling performance than nickel cobalt oxide nanosheets and pristine multiwall carbon nanotube. The improved performances of supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries could be accredited to the unique structural features, which support high electron conductivity and rapid ion/electron transport within the electrode and at the electrode/electrolyte interface, and also accommodate volume variation during charge-discharge cycling.
Two samples of commercial conducting carbon black and the carbon generated in situ during LiFePO4/C composite synthesis from citric acid are studied, with the aim of finding out whether carbon from the composite can fulfil the same function as carbon black in the electrode blend for a Li-ion battery. For this purpose, the carbon samples are analyzed by several techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, granulometry, BET specific area and conductivity measurements. Different cathode compositions and component proportions are tested for pellet and cast electrodes. Electrochemical results show that a moderate reduction of commercial carbon black content in both kinds of cathodes, by adding more LiFePO4/C composite, enhanced the electrochemical behaviour by around 10%. In situ generated carbon can partially replace commercial conducting carbon black because its high specific surface probably enhances electrolyte penetration into the cathode, but it is always necessary to maintain a minimum amount of carbon black that provides better conductivity in order to obtain a good electrochemical response.
High voltage spinel oxides with composition LiMn2− x M x O4 (M, a transition metal element) have remarkable properties such as high potential, high energy density and high rate capability. We believe that these positive electrode materials could replace the widespread commercial layered nickel cobalt oxides in some applications. The present assessment highlights electrochemical performance of optimized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and substituted counterparts, all having a spinel structure (cubic close-packed oxygen array) similar to the relative LiMn2O4. To fully emphasize the benefit from high potential spinel oxides, tests have been performed versus lithium metal, Li4Ti5O12 and graphite, using various electrode loadings (0.3–4.5mAhcm−2) and cycling rates (from C/20 to 60C rate). Steady capacity retention (130–140mAhg−1 for nearly 500 cycles) and flat voltage (4.7V vs. Li+/Li) have been obtained at C/5 rate at room temperature. Effect of cycling at high temperature has been shown to be less critical than for LiMn2O4. High voltage spinel oxides still sustain 100mAhg−1 and over after 400 cycles at 55°C at 1C rate. Rate capability is also excellent, with only 4% loss of capacity when comparing C/8 and 8C rates (thin electrodes).
The use of renewable energy requires a certain level of energy management in electricity distribution grids. Grid-connected energy storage batteries (ESBs) can be utilized to keep this level of management by charging and discharging them accordingly. Grid-connected ESB users schedule their usage based on time-of-use tariffs to follow economic charging cycles. However, charging several grid-connected ESBs during off-peak tariff interval may cause a decline of grid voltage below its limit. Therefore, this paper suggests a management scheme to maintain voltage-sag magnitude within its threshold, while minimizing the aggregated cost of charging the grid-connected ESBs. A sequential quadratic programming technique is employed to solve the objective function, considering an IEEE test system of 37 node. According to optimization results, the management scheme reduces the operational cost of different ESB penetration in the test system, taking into consideration ESB state of charge and grid voltage.
The relative energy of Li/SOCl2 battery whose electrolyte contains the transition metal phthalocyanines is used to evaluate the catalytic activity of the compounds. The energy of Li/SOCl2 battery whose electrolyte contains transition metal phthalocyanines-tetracarboxylic acid (MPcTc) and metal phthalocyanines-tetrasulfonic acid (MPcTs) (M=Mn2+, Ni2+) increases by approximately 62–106%, the energy of Li/SOCl2 battery whose electrolyte contains MPcTc and MPcTs (M=Fe2+, Co2+) increases by approximately 32–52%, and the energy of Li/SOCl2 battery whose electrolyte contains CuPcTc and CuPcTs is similar to that of the cell in the absence of these complexes. It shows that the electronic configuration of the central metal ion strongly influences the catalytic activity of metal phthalocyanine to Li/SOCl2 battery. To the same ligand, the compound whose central metal ion with electronic configuration d9 is inactive; the compound whose central metal ion with electronic configuration d4 or d8 exhibits relatively high catalytic activity; and the compound whose central metal ion with electronic configuration d5 or d7 exhibits relatively low catalytic activity. Three possible routes of catalytic reduction of SOCl2 by transition metal phthalocyanine compound are proposed to interpret the results.
Consequential works in cognitive neuroscience have led to the formulation of an interactive dual-stream model of language processing: the dorsal stream may process the phonological aspects of language, whereas the ventral stream may process the semantic aspects of language. While it is well-accepted that the dorsal route is subserved by the arcuate fasciculus, the structural connectivity of the semantic ventral stream is a matter of dispute. Here we designed a longitudinal study to gain new insights into this central but controversial question. Thirty-one patients harboring a left diffuse low-grade glioma—a rare neurological condition that infiltrates preferentially white matter associative pathways—were assessed with a prototypical task of language (i.e. verbal fluency) before and after surgery. All were operated under local anesthesia with a cortical and subcortical brain mapping—enabling to identify and preserve eloquent structures for language. We performed voxel-based lesion-symptom (VLSM) analyses on pre- and postoperative behavioral data. Preoperatively, we found a significant relationship between semantic fluency scores and the white matter fibers shaping the ventro-lateral connectivity (P < 0.05 corrected). The statistical map was found to substantially overlap with the spatial position of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) (37.7 %). Furthermore, a negative correlation was observed between semantic fluency scores and the infiltration volumes in this fasciculus (r = −0.4, P = 0.029). Postoperatively, VLSM analyses were inconclusive. Taken as a whole and when combined with the literature data, our findings strengthen the view that the IFOF plays an essential role in semantic processing and may subserve the direct ventral pathway of language.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between inflammatory parameters (CRP, c-reactive protein; AGP, α1-acid glycoprotein), iron status indicators (SF, serum ferritin; sTfR, soluble transferrin receptor) and body mass index (BMI) z-score, fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) in European adolescents. Differences in intake for some nutrients (total iron, haem and non-haem iron, vitamin C, calcium, proteins) were assessed according to BMI categories, and the association of nutrient intakes with BMI z-score, FM and FFM was evaluated.
Nanostructured CuO films with flower-like architectures were fabricated by immersing copper foils in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium dodecylsulfate, and subsequent heat treatment at low temperature. The as-prepared CuO films exhibited not only higher reversible capacity but also better rate capability than those of network-like counterpart as negative-electrodes of lithium ion batteries. The effect of surface morphology on the electrochemical performance of the CuO electrodes was discussed. It was confirmed that the unique flower-like structures are mainly responsible for the difference in electrochemical performance between the two kinds of electrodes. The result of this study provides an attractive electrode with high energy-density for lithium ion batteries via a simple and green procedure.
Electrophoretic NMR (eNMR) and pulsed-field-gradient NMR (PFG-NMR) methods were used to study transport processes in situ and in a chemically resolved manner in the electrolyte of an experimental direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) setup, constituted of several layers of Nafion 117. The measurements were conducted at room temperature for membranes fully swollen by methanol–water mixtures over a wide concentration interval. The experimental setup and the experimental protocol for the eNMR experiments are discussed in detail. The magnitude of the water and methanol self-diffusion coefficients show a good agreement with previously published data while the ratio of the two self-diffusion coefficients may indicate an imperfect mixing of the two solvent molecules. On the molecular level, the drag of water and methanol molecules by protons is roughly of the same magnitude, with the drag of methanol molecules increasing with increasing methanol content. The electro-osmotic drag defined on mass-flow basis increased for methanol from a low level with increasing methanol concentration while that of water remained roughly constant.
This paper presents a model predictive power management strategy for a novel anti-idling system, regenerative auxiliary power system (RAPS), designed for service vehicles. RAPS is able to utilize recovered braking energy for electrified auxiliary systems; this feature distinguishes it from its counterparts - auxiliary power unit (APU) and auxiliary battery powered unit (ABP). To efficiently operate the RAPS, a power management strategy is required to coordinate power flow between different energy sources. Thus, a model predictive controller (MPC) is developed to improve the overall efficiency of the RAPS. As an optimization-based approach, the MPC-based power management strategy usually requires the drive cycle or the drivers’ command to be known a priori. However, in this study, an average concept based MPC is developed without such knowledge. MPC parameters are tuned over an urban drive cycle; whereas, the robustness of this MPC is tested under different drive cycles (e.g. highway and combined). Analysis shows that, the presented MPC has a comparable performance as the prescient MPC regarding fuel consumption, which assumes knows the drive cycle beforehand. Meanwhile, with the help of the proposed MPC and RAPS, the service vehicle saves up to 9% of the total fuel consumption. The proposed MPC is independent of powertrain topology such that it can be directly extended to other types of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and it provides a way to apply the MPC even though future driving information is unavailable.
Keloid formation occurs in Caucasian, African, and Asian populations and is a severe psychosocial burden on patients. There is no permanent treatment for this problem as its pathogenesis is not properly understood. Furthermore, differences in keloid behavior between ethnic groups are not known. It has been hypothesized that keloids behave like benign tumors because of their uncontrolled growth. The present study evaluated the tumoricidal properties of human Wharton’s jelly stem cell-conditioned medium (hWJSC-CM) on fresh Asian keloid cells (AKCs).
The lithiation/delithiation of phosphate electrode materials in lithium ion batteries is often accompanied by an electrochemically driven phase transformation. The good understanding of phase transformation benefits for evaluation of SOC (state of charge) by OCV (open circuit voltage). A facile GITT (Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique) is attempted to investigate the phase transformation kinetics of multi-particles LiFePO4 (LFP) nanoparticles in different depth of charge/discharge. The process of charge/discharge is divided by 20 sections, in which the cell is charged/discharged by the 5% capacity at different C-rates and then gets rest for 30minutes. The polarization can include the kinetics of phase transformation and concentration diffusion. The detailed analysis of polarization data reflects the information of phase transformation, especially kinetics of phase transformation. Here, the result shows that the higher C-rates make quicker equilibrium of OCV in 30minutes rest. This is consistent with the phase transformation theory as proven in this paper that the higher C-rates make the faster phase transformation. It is also displays that phase transformation is different between two ends and middle parts, and dependent on C-rates. The proposed approach paves a facile and effective way to investigate the phase transformation of phosphate electrode.
Recent increases in the global demand for IT services have increased the power consumption, total ownership costs and environmental footprint of data centers. Recent efforts to reduce these effects have focused on either their cooling systems, or their power systems. In this paper, we have developed an integrated approach to minimize the total power demand of data centers, whilst their reliance on power imported from the grid is minimized. First, the power demand of data center has been reduced utilizing various air-side economizer-based cooling systems. Since the effectiveness of economizers significantly depends on the local weather conditions, 42 stations in major cities across the world have been considered. A more than 80% reduction in total cooling power consumption is achieved by using the most appropriate air-side economizer at each location. Second, the reliance of data centers on power imported from the grid is minimized utilizing on-site hybrid renewable power generation and energy storage. The on-site renewable power generation and capacity factors have been calculated for 1 MW wind and solar renewable power plants to identify the location with the highest renewable power generation capability. The optimal size of a hybrid renewable power plant, and associated battery energy storage system, is also determined for each data center using linear programming to minimize total levelized costs. Finally, the optimal location for constructing and operating the most energy efficient, cost-effective and sustainable data center has been identified by calculating its level of independence from the power grid. It is found that the level of grid independence increases as we move away from the equator, for example more than 50% grid independence can be achieved at Regina station located in Canada.
A series of electrochemical spinel compounds, LiCr x Ni0.5−x Mn1.5O4 (x=0, 0.1, 0.3), are synthesized by a sol–gel method and their electrochemical properties are characterized in the voltage range of 3.5–5.2V. Electrochemical data for LiCr x Ni0.5−x Mn1.5O4 electrodes show two reversible plateaus at 4.9 and 4.7V. The 4.9V plateau is related to the oxidation of chromium while the 4.7V plateau is ascribed to the oxidation of nickel. The LiCr0.1Ni0.4Mn1.5O4 electrode delivers a high initial capacity of 152mAhg−1 with excellent cycleability. The excellent capacity retention of the LiCr0.1Ni0.4Mn1.5O4 electrode is largely attributed to structural stabilization which results from co-doping (chromium and nickel) and increased theoretical capacity due to substitution of chromium.
The process of reducing acid leaching of manganiferous ore is aimed at the extraction of manganese from low grade manganese ores. This work is focused on the iron removal operation. The following items have been considered in order to investigate the effect of the main operating conditions on solid waste disposal and on the process costs: (i) type and quantity of the base agent used for iron precipitation, (ii) effective need of leaching waste separation prior to the iron removal operation, (iii) presence of a second leaching stage with the roasted ore, which might also act as a preliminary iron removal step, and (iv) effect of tailings washing on the solid waste classification. Different base compounds have been tested, including CaO, CaCO3, NaOH, and Na2CO3. The latter gave the best results concerning both the precipitation process kinetics and the reagent consumption. The filtration of the liquor leach prior to iron removal was not necessary, implying significant savings in capital costs. A reduction of chemical consumption and an increase of manganese concentration in the solution were obtained by introducing secondary leaching tests with the previously roasted ore; this additional step was introduced without a significant decrease of global manganese extraction yield. Finally, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests carried out on the leaching solid waste showed: (i) a reduction of arsenic mobility in the presence of iron precipitates, and (ii) the need for a washing step in order to produce a waste that is classifiable as not dangerous, taking into consideration the existing Environmental National Laws.
Clean energy conversion technologies require low-cost multifunctional catalysts. In this work, nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres with nanoporous shells (NHCS–W) are prepared by using the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride as a source of both carbon and nitrogen. A systematic investigation of the electrocatalytic performance and durability of NHCS–W reveals excellent performance and high stabilities for the oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, and hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline electrolytes. This multifunctionality facilitates promising practical applicability for NHCS–W. An alkaline exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) with NHCS–W as the cathode electrocatalyst has a peak power density of 109 mW cm−2, which is 7 mW cm−2 higher than that of an AEMFC with Pt/C (20%) as the cathode electrocatalyst. By using NHCS–W as an air electrode, two rechargeable Zn–air batteries in series can power a 5 mm red light-emitting diode (~2.2 V). Moreover, a cell voltage of only 1.61 V is needed to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in a water-splitting electrolyzer employing NHCS–W as both the cathode and anode catalysts. This work reveals the potential of ionic liquid precursors for constructing nitrogen-doped carbon-based materials for a wide variety of electrocatalytic applications.
Ammonia production is imperative to providing food for a growing world population. However, the primary method of synthetic ammonia production, the Haber Bosch process, is resource demanding and unsustainable. Here we report a novel ammonia production strategy, exemplified in an electrochemical lithium cycling process, which provides a pathway to sustainable ammonia synthesis via the ability to directly couple to renewable sources of electricity and can facilitate localized production. Whereas traditional aqueous electrochemical approaches are typically dominated by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), we are able to circumvent the HER by using a stepwise approach which separates the reduction of N2 from subsequent protonation to NH3, thus our synthesis method is predominantly selective for ammonia production. Density functional theory calculations for thermodynamic and diffusion energy barrier insights suggest that Li-based materials are well suited to carry out this process, though other materials may also be useful. The three steps of the demonstrated process are LiOH electrolysis, direct nitridation of Li, and the exothermic release of ammonia from Li3N, which reproduces the LiOH, completing the cycle. The process uses N2 and H2O at atmospheric pressure and reasonable temperatures, and, while approaching industrial level electrolytic current densities, we report an initial current efficiency of 88.5% toward ammonia production.
We studied the self-discharge of Li/Li x Mn2O4 battery cells in relation to the corrosion of aluminum cathode substrates. We determined the self-discharge of the cells from the decline of their open-circuit voltage, observed aluminum corrosion with use of voltammetry on electrochemical corrosion cells with an aluminum working electrode, and detected the existence and change of passivation films on the aluminum substrates with ac impedance measurement. The results showed that for the two salts LiPF6 and LiClO4 that formed the electrolytes with a binary solvent of ethylene carbonate–dimethoxyethane, the presence of LiPF6 reduced the self-discharge of the battery cells, retarded the corrosion of aluminum, and assisted the formation of a passivation film on aluminum. On the other hand, pre-treating aluminum to 480°C seemed to have similar but weaker effects. We therefore concluded that corrosion of aluminum played a significant role in the self-discharge of Li/Li x Mn2O4 batteries with an aluminum cathode substrate, but the corrosion could be greatly reduced by the formation of protection films on the aluminum. Such films could be formed by either having LiPF6 salt in the electrolyte in contact with the aluminum or by pre-treating the aluminum to a high temperature. However, films formed in the former fashion seemed much more stable when the aluminum was carrying an Li x Mn2O4 material.