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In this work lithium modified silica (Li-SiO2) nano-particles were synthesized and used as a single ion lithium conductor source in gel electrolytes. It was found that Li-SiO2 exhibited good compatibility with DMSO, DMA/EC (a mixture of N,N-dimethyl acetamide and ethylene carbonate) and the ionic liquid, N-methyl-N-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide ([C3mpyr][NTf2]). Several gel electrolytes based on Li-SiO2 were obtained. These gel electrolytes were investigated by DSC, solid state NMR, conductivity measurements and cyclic voltammetry. Conductivities as high as 10−3 S/cm at room temperature were observed in these nano-particle gel electrolytes. The results of electrochemical tests showed that some of these materials were promising for using as lithium conductive electrolytes in electrochemical devices, with high lithium cycling efficiency evident.
This report describes the preparation of two new hybrid inorganic–organic polymer materials to use as electro-active layers in micro-electronic devices. By reacting poly(3-butylthiophene) (PBT) with titanium tetrachloride in a nitrogen atmosphere the hybrid inorganic–organic [(Bu-Th)2TiCl2] n (A) complex (Bu-Th=3-butylthiophene) was prepared. {[(Bu-Th)2Ti(OH)2(H2O)2]·1.5(H2O)} n (B) was obtained by exposing A to the air. The materials’ morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FT-IR studies provided information about: (a) the structural characteristics of the products; (b) the degree of polymerization; (c) the interactions occurring between the aromatic rings of PBT macromolecular ligand and the titanium metal centers; (d) the effects of the hydration process on coordination geometry of Ti complexes and on the three-dimensional structure of the resulting hybrid inorganic–organic polymer. The thermal behaviour of materials was investigated by thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The electrical properties of pristine PBT, A and B materials were studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) in the 40Hz to 10MHz range, and in the range of temperatures from 173K to about 423K. The conductivity mechanism was interpreted in terms of charge carrier hoppings between different sites followed by polymer network reorganizations both in bulk grains, and inter-grain interfaces.
A new procedure for carbon anode preparation is described. First, carbon (graphite) particles are pretreated in an aqueous solution of gelatine. Then, the slurry is directly pressed on the copper substrate without addition of a special binder. It is shown that such anodes have lower irreversible loss (13–16%) than the classically prepared anodes. Efficiency reaches values close to 100% at latest in the third cycle. Reversible capacity can be as high as 340mAhg−1. Stability of the new anodes up to 20 cycles is satisfactory only at higher concentrations of gelatine solution used in the pretreatment. Optimization of the new anode is a subject of further investigation.
The exploration of highly-efficient, low-cost bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER) is critical for renewable energy storage and conversion technologies (e.g., fuel cells and metal–air batteries). Here we report the design and fabrication of free-standing nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (NCNT) arrays via a directed growth approach as a high-performance bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst. By virtue of the unique hierarchical nanoarray structure, uniform N-doping and decreased charge-transfer resistance, the as-prepared NCNT array exhibits rather high activity and stability in both ORR and OER, even superior to the mono-functional commercial Pt/C (for ORR) and IrO2 (for OER). A flexible, rechargeable all-solid-state zinc–air battery is successfully fabricated by using this self-supporting NCNT electrode as air-cathode, which gives excellent discharge-charge performance and mechanical stability.
Global solar PV capacity continues growing and this technology is a central solution for the global energy transition based on both economic growth and decarbonisation. PV technology is mainly being installed in distribution networks next to the consumption centres but it is an intermittent source which does not offer demand matching capability therefore calling for the redesign of distribution networks. In this study, battery storage and PV curtailment are compared as solutions for a residential area in Zurich (Switzerland) with large PV penetration from a techno-economic perspective. The techno-economic analysis focuses on the implications of the location (and related size) of battery storage and the type of curtailment control (fixed versus dynamic) for relevant stakeholders such as consumers and the distribution network operator. PV energy time-shift, the avoidance of PV curtailment and the upgrade deferral of the distribution transformer are the energy services provided by battery systems. Residential batteries offer more value for PV management than grid-scale solutions despite higher levelized cost but PV curtailment is the most cost-effective solution since only up to 3.2% of total PV electricity generation in energy terms should be curtailed for avoiding the transformer upgrading. We conclude that shared ownership models for PV curtailment could considerably improve its acceptance among consumers.
Supervised preoperative muscle strengthening programmes (prehabilitation) can improve recovery after total joint arthroplasty but are considered resource intensive. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been shown to improve quadriceps femoris muscle (QFM) strength and clinical function in subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA) however it has not been previously investigated as a prehabilitation modality.
The poultry industry is in need of effective antibiotic alternatives to control outbreaks of necrotic enteritis (NE) due to Clostridium perfringens.
Cognitive impairment has been suggested to be a core feature of a schizophrenia diagnosis. Many comprehensive neuropsychological batteries and experimental procedures have been used to assess cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. A few brief performance-based cognitive assessments have been developed to fulfill the need of a more feasible cognitive assessment for schizophrenia in clinical settings. However, their usability is in question. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), a brief cognitive assessment tool, has been used widely in different clinical settings because of its high sensitivity and specificity for detecting cognitive impairments. This study assessed cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia by using the MoCA tool. The results showed that the MoCA was sensitive enough to detect cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia. It also provided normative data for the MoCA in schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, the results revealed that cognitive impairment measured by the MoCA was correlated with their education level, severity of illness, and negative symptoms. Lastly, the MoCA total score could be a significant predictor of patients' length of stay in the facility.
Rod-like hierarchical nano/micro structured lithium rich materials (RH-LNMO), Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2, have been synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. The as-prepared samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), filed emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The rod-like hierarchical structures (1–3μm in width and 3–10μm in length) are assembled by nanoparticles with average sizes of 20–150nm. Electrochemical data demonstrates that lithium cells using this lithium rich material as the cathode exhibit excellent performances. This material retains a high discharge capacity of 212.5mAhg−1 (97% of the first discharge capacity) after 30 cycles at 1C-rate, and it yields an initial discharge capacity of 198mAhg−1 at 2C-rate. The superior performance is attributed to the merits of the hierarchical nano/micro structures.
There are a number of electronic, liquid crystal and infrared temperature measurement devices available for use in the axilla, tympanic, skin, temporal, rectal and abdominal region. However not only is agreement about the effectiveness of the various types of thermometers in the neonatal population remain unclear, ease of use, education and economy becomes a consideration when working in the developing world, however it is still important to understand the most devices and methods used in these countries, especially in the preterm and sick newborn, but also infants born at home with resource limited professional health care. Caregivers, volunteers, field and hospital workers also need to be aware of the various temperature measurement methods, devices and factors influencing neonatal temperature how to recognize hypothermia and to be able to rapidly care for infants who are cold. Evidence based practice remains important in developed and developing countries and studies need to continue into the accuracy and reliability of different temperature measurement devices and methods.
Deterioration of health related quality of life (HRQoL) is common in brain tumor patients. This study evaluated validity and reliability of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) in patients with brain tumors.
The paper presents an overview of the Grand Unified Theory, introduces the ten most important natural laws and surveys the mathematics involved in the Grand Unified Theory’s development and applications with more detail on the author’s recent contribution, the new real number system.
Aqueous supercapacitors represent an extremely attractive candidate for next-generation energy storage devices, attributed to their excellent high-power density, low cost, nonflammability and environmental friendliness. Nonetheless, compared with their nonaqueous counterparts, the main challenge of aqueous supercapacitors lies in their narrow operating cell voltages and lower energy densities. Here we demonstrate that such issues can be overcome via optimizing the electrolyte and electrode materials by using high concentration “water-in-salt” electrolyte and low electrocatalytic activity all-pseudocapacitive metal-oxide electrodes, respectively. The high operating voltage of 2.2 V can be achieved for hybrid supercapacitor with MnO2 and Fe3O4 as positive and negative electrode, combining with a “water-in-salt” electrolyte. This hybrid supercapacitor exhibits a maximum specific energy of 35.5 Wh kg total − 1 at a specific power of 151.9 W kg total − 1 based on the mass of total activate materials. In addition, the hybrid system retains 87% of its initial specific energy even after 3000 charge/discharge cycles.
The state of lithium in a novel hard-carbon optimized to the anode of large size Li ion secondary battery, which has been recently commercialized, was investigated and compared with other existing hard-carbon samples by 7Li NMR method. The new carbon material showed a peak at 85ppm with a shoulder signal at 7ppm at room temperature in static NMR spectrum, and the former shifted to 210ppm at 180K. The latter at room temperature was attributed to Li doped in small particles contained in the sample. The new carbon sample showed weaker intensity of cluster-lithium signal than the other hard-carbon samples in NMR, which corresponded to a tendency of less “constant voltage” (CV) capacity in charge–discharge curves of electrochemical evaluation. Smaller CV capacity and initial irreversible capacity, which are the features of the novel hard-carbon, are considered to correspond to a blockade of the diffusion of Li into pore of carbon.
Recently, there has been tremendous research efforts on the development of energy harvesters that can scavenge energy from ubiquitous forms of mechanical energy. The most studied mechanisms are based on the use of piezoelectric and triboelectric effects. Polypropylene ferroelectret (PPFE) is introduced here as the active material in an efficient, flexible, and biocompatible ferroelectret nanogenerator (FENG) device. PPFE is charged polymers with empty voids and inorganic particles that create giant dipoles across the material's thickness. Upon applied pressure, the change in the dipole moments generate a change of the accumulated electric charge on each surface of the PPFE film, resulting in a potential difference between the two electrodes of the FENG. The mechanical-electrical energy conversion mechanism in PPFE films is described by finite element method (FEM). Further investigation of the developed device shows that the magnitudes of the generated voltage and current signals are doubled each time the device is folded, and an increase with magnitude or frequency of the mechanical input is observed. The developed FENGs is sufficient to light 20 commercial green and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and realize a self-powered liquid-crystal display (LCD) that harvests energy from user's touch. A self-powered flexible/foldable keyboard is also demonstrated.
Transition metal based quantum dots (QDs) have great potential for electrode materials of advanced electrochemical energy storage due to their unique structural superiorities. Here, we develop a simple, green and scalable one-pot method for the synthesis of 10-g-scale monodisperse nickel sulfides QDs. Interestingly, the composition of the target QDs products can be precisely regulated through adjustment of the concentration of 6-mercapto-1-hexanol ligands in precursor solution and thus pure phase Ni3S4 QDs are obtained. Benefiting from the advantages of high specific area carrying more metallic active sites and rich pore structure in favor of the diffusion of electrolyte ions, the optimal Ni3S4 QDs manifest extraordinary electrochemical performance as advanced electrodes for both hybrid supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries. Impressively, the constructed hybrid supercapacitor achieves high energy density of 49.3 Wh·kg−1 and power density of 21718 W kg−1 with a robust stability of maintaining 91.7% after 8000 cycles. When applied to anode materials of lithium energy storage, Ni3S4 QDs can deliver a high reversible specific capacity of 647.5 mAh·g−1 at 100 mA g−1 with remarkable cyclic performance of losing only 2% reversible capacity value under 500 cycles.
Here, we report a facile approach for synthesizing nanocrystalline Li4Ti5O12 by microemulsion at ambient temperature following by annealing treatment at 600 °C for 2 h for the first time. The X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements are performed to characterize the structures and morphology of as-prepared sample. The as-prepared Li4Ti5O12 nanocrystalline around 30–50 nm in size and has high crystallinity, which displays excellent discharge/charge rate capability and cycling stability as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. More importantly, specific capacities for Li4Ti5O12 nanocrystalline achieved here are 173.7, 166.2, 136.2 and 130.2 mAhg−1 at 0.2, 1, 5 and 10 C after 50 cycles, respectively, indicating high potential application for Li-ion batteries.
Several high-power lead–acid batteries have been developed for automotive applications. A computer-aided optimization (CAO) technique has been used to obtain a low-resistance grid design. Unlike conventional computer simulation, the CAO technique does not require an unduly large number of designs to yield a good result. After introducing a pair of differential equations that are expected to be valid for the optimized design, the grid thickness is optimized by solving the boundary value problem of coupled differential equations. When applied for the grids of JIS B-size batteries, this technique reduces the potential drop of electrical resistance in a electrode by 11–14%.
An original carbothermal synthesis of ramsdellites phases under specific atmosphere (Ar, Ar/H2, N2, N2/H2) allowed creating in situ composites which showed good electrochemical properties as negative active materials of Li-ion batteries. The combination of chemical, XRD and electrochemical analyses enabled to identify the as-formed composite electrodes. It consists in ramsdellite/spinel for the synthesis under Ar/H2, TiO2 ramsdellite/Li2TiO3 for the synthesis under N2/H2, and Li2±x Ti3O7/Li2±x′Ti3O7 for the samples prepared under both N2 and Ar. Carbon is partially inserted inside channels of titanate structure for the sample obtained under Ar/H2. For the first time, one of these composites allowed reaching a specific capacity close to the theoretical value of 198mAhg−1.
Ultrathin microporous carbon (UMPC) for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) cathode with uniform pore width of approximately 0.6 nm and dozens nm in thickness is synthesized with graphene oxide as template by glucose hydrothermal carbonization and surfactant-assisted assembling method. The UMPC supplies desirable S pregnancy space and the intimate contact between UMPC and S, therefore improving the conductivity of S@UMPC composite and dynamic performance. Smaller sulfur molecules limited in UMPC thoroughly prevent the formation of electrolyte-soluble polysulfides, hence excellent cycling performance with 900 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles is kept. Ultrathin three-dimensional carbon nanosheets are significant to fast electron transfer and Li+ diffusion contributing to excellent dynamic performance (710 mAh g−1 at 3 C).
Background The prevalence of domestic violence (DV) in research subjects has not been evaluated. In the general population, about 25% of women report DV. We hypothesize that participants in research studies would report similar rates of abuse to women in the general population and that subjects in abortion studies would report higher rates of abuse than women in other gynecologic studies. Study design We included a modified abuse assessment questionnaire as a routine section of the medical history obtained for 256 women who were enrolling in abortion, contraceptive and other gynecologic research studies. Rates of reported recent or lifetime abuse, defined as physical or sexual violence, were compared for women in each study group by χ 2 analysis and Fisher's Exact Tests. A multivariable analysis with stepwise logistic regression was used to compare study groups. Results The overall rate of ever-experience DV was 18% for the study population. Lifetime rates of DV were 17%, 15% and 30% in women enrolling in abortion, contraceptive and other gynecologic research studies, respectively (p=.17). Abuse within the last 2 months was reported by 1%, 0% and 0% of women, respectively (p=.50). After controlling for age, race, ethnicity, gravity, parity and marital status, the rates of violence did not vary between study groups. Conclusion We found the rates of DV in women who volunteer for research studies are similar to those reported for women in the general population. Subjects in abortion research studies do not report DV more frequently than women in contraceptive or other gynecologic studies.
The anodic polarization behavior of aluminum (Al) as a current collector of lithium (Li) ion battery has been investigated in organic electrolyte solutions containing different lithium salts. The Al current collector has suffered serious corrosion in the solution containing Li(CF3SO3)2N (LiTFSI) under an anodic polarization condition, whereas, it was anodically stable in the LiPF6 solution. In the solution of Li(C2F5SO2)2N (LiBETI), the Al anode showed an intermediate character between those in the LiPF6 and LiTFSI solutions. The corrosion behavior of the Al electrode was much influenced by its surface condition. The addition of LiPF6 in the imide-salts (LiTFSI and LiBETI) solutions suppressed the anodic corrosion of Al. The results of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) experiments proved that the anodic processes on Al in the organic electrolytes consist of the formation of surface films and their dissolution. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis suggests that the anodic stability of the Al electrode in the imide-salts solutions containing LiPF6 is associated with the formation of a fluoride (AlF3)-rich film on the Al surface.
Imidazolium-grafted nitroxyl radical is synthesized through a simple two-step reaction route, and studied as redox-active catholyte for redox flow batteries. A discharge cell voltage of 1.64 V against a Zn2+/Zn anodic couple in aqueous electrolyte has been achieved. Compared to the commercial 4-OH-TEMPO and previous work, the excellent chemical and electrochemical stability of the newly synthesized compound has been confirmed from the enhanced and steady Coulombic efficiency over charge/discharge cycling. Moreover, stable cycling efficiencies and good capacity retention over long-term cycling have been observed.
Rancieite-type manganese oxide is synthesized by a mechanochemical method and its electrochemical characteristics as a cathode material for lithium secondary batteries are examined. The discharge capacity increases with milling time up to 45h with a maximum of 274mAhg−1. Further increase in milling time causes a decrease in capacity due to a phase transformation. Lithium insertion into the rancieite-type manganese cathode is composed of two processes, one between 2.0 and 4.0V and the other between 1.5 and 2.0V. The former is due to the reduction of Mn4+ to Mn3+, while the latter is due to the reduction of Mn3+ to Mn2+. These processes are identified by X-ray absorption spectra. The specific capacity of the rancieite-type manganese oxide shows good cycleability without transition to a spinel-like structure.
‘Jumping to conclusions’ (JTC) is a reasoning bias consisting of a tendency to take a decision without having enough information about an event. It has been related to the presence of delusions. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between three tasks differing in complexity and concept which assess JTC and cognitive functioning in a sample of people with schizophrenia and healthy participants. We also assessed which cognitive variables, after controlling for psychotic symptoms, explained the presence of JTC in each sample. A total of 43 patients with schizophrenia and 57 healthy participants were assessed with a cognition battery including executive function, verbal memory, and IQ. JTC was assessed with three tasks (probability of 85:15; 60:40, and 60:40 with emotional component). Patients were also assessed on psychotic and affective symptoms and the healthy participants on proneness to hallucinations and delusion. The present study demonstrates a clear relationship between JTC and cognitive functioning, especially in working memory, verbal memory, and cognitive processing speed in people with schizophrenia and in healthy participants. However no relationship was found in the emotional task of JTC. Hallucinations (in people with schizophrenia) and proneness to hallucinations (in the healthy participants) are related to JTC. Our results suggest that diverse psychological interventions such as cognitive remediation, cognitive behavioral therapy and meta-cognitive training might contribute to reducing JTC bias.
Hollow SiO2 microspheres coated with a nitrogen doped carbon layer are synthesized by using poly(acrylic acid) as a hollow structure template and dopamine as a carbon source. Based on a facile self-polymerization reaction, nitrogen doped carbon layer can be easily formed on the surface of hollow SiO2 microspheres, which can effectively increase the electronic conductivity of anode material. Moreover, the hollow structure and N doped carbon layer can improve lithium ion diffusivity and accommodate volume change of SiO2 anode simultaneously and hence exhibits excellent rate capabilities and superior cycling stability. For example, a high reversible specific capacity of 587 mA h g−1 can be remained at a current density of 1.0 A g−1 after 600 cycles, with 0.03% decade each cycle.