batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A novel energy index to assess plants capable of producing electricity from a renewable source is introduced in this paper. This index allows to evaluate the bidirectional energy flows on the external power grid, due the electricity exported to the grid from a renewable-based system and the electricity imported from the grid, in comparison to the electricity demand of a building. In this paper, attention is focused on a solar photovoltaic (PV) system satisfying the energy demands of an office building. Electricity from the solar PV system is partly used to operate a ground source heat pump to meet space heating and cooling demands, and partly used for other electrical loads. An energy, economic and environmental impact analysis of the proposed system is also reported. A sensitivity analysis varying the photovoltaic system capacity (2.5–10.0 kW) and the battery storage size (3.2–9.6 kWh) is also carried out. A saving in terms of primary energy and a carbon dioxide emission reduction can be obtained by a renewable-based system compared to a conventional one consisting of a natural gas fuelled boiler for space heating, an electric chiller for space cooling and the national power grid for electricity demand.
Aluminum-doped Na3V2-xAlx(PO4)3/C (0≤x≤0.3) samples were synthesized and characterized as cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy data unveiled high purity NASICON phosphate phases and amorphous carbon forming a homogenous matrix that enhances the electron conducting properties of the composite electrode material. For x≥0.2, the occurrence of a new voltage plateau at ca. 4.0V contributed favorably to the overall capacitance. The good kinetic response detected on galvanostatic cycling was interpreted in terms of low internal resistances at the cycled cells. Thus, Na3V1.8Al0.2(PO4)3 performed 96.8mAhg­−1 at 6C and preserved 103mAhg­−1 after decreasing to C/2 after 60 cycles.
Urchin-like α-Fe2O3/MnO2 hierarchical hollow composite microspheres have been synthesized by using carbon as sacrificial templates. By combining the advantages of Fe2O3 with high electrical conductivity and MnO2 with high theoretical capacity, the urchin-like α-Fe2O3/MnO2 composites present better electrochemical performances as a lithium ion battery anode compared with α-Fe2O3 hollow spheres and MnO2 hollow spheres. The α-Fe2O3/MnO2 composites exhibit high initial discharge capacity of 1531 mAhg−1 and excellent reversible capacity of 860 mAhg−1 after 150 cycles at 0.1Ag−1. Furthermore, the composites retain a discharge capacity of 494 mAhg−1 after 500 cycles at 0.5 Ag−1. The excellent performances may originate from reinforced structural stability, large surface area and good electrical conductivity. The urchin-like α-Fe2O3/MnO2 composite material may serve as a potential anode material for lithium-ion battery.
The electronic changes occurring upon electrochemical delithiation of the LiCo1−y Fe y O2 solid solution were characterised by means of in situ electrochemical 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy on plastic batteries for y =0.1, 0.2 and 0.4. For the y =0.1 and 0.2 pristine materials, two quadrupole doublets were observed in the Mössbauer spectra. The first one, with an isomer shift of 0.32–0.33mms−1, is ascribable to FeIII replacing CoIII in the octahedral sites of the CoO2 layer while the weaker second doublet, with an isomer shift of 0.24–0.19mms−1, shows the presence of FeIII in pseudotetrahedral sites of the Li2O layers. For y =0.4, all FeIII atoms are located on the octahedral sites of the CoO2 layer and the presence of α-LiFeO2 as impurity was detected (16%). During the delithiation process the FeIII →FeIV oxidation was clearly evidenced by the appearance of a new subspectrum with an isomer shift in the range −0.17 to −0.01mms−1 whose intensity increases with the amount of deintercalated lithium. In all cases the amount of oxidised iron FeIV does not exceed 56% of the total iron content, i.e. the oxidation of the FeIII does not continue to completeness. This means that the oxidation of FeIII and CoIII occurs simultaneously. The presence of iron in the Li2O layer and the difficulty of complete oxidation of FeIII can explain the poor reversibility of this process.
This paper aims to show an optimum sizing procedure of autonomous PV/wind hybrid energy system with battery storage and a break-even analysis of this system and extension of transmission line. We use net present value (NPV) method for the comparison of autonomous hybrid energy system and extension of transmission line cases. The case study is completed for the satisfaction of the electricity consumption of global system for mobile communication base station (GSM) at Izmir Institute of Technology Campus Area, Urla, Izmir, Turkey. First, we optimize the PV/wind energy system using response surface methodology (RSM) which is a collection of statistical and mathematical methods relying on optimization of response surface with design parameters. As a result of RSM, the optimum PV area, wind turbine rotor swept area, and battery capacity are obtained as 3.95m2, 29.4m2, 31.92kWh, respectively. These results led to $37,033.9 hybrid energy system cost. Second, break-even analysis is done to be able to decide the optimum distance where the hybrid energy system is more economical than the extension of the transmission line. The result shows that, if the distance between national electricity network and the GSM base station location where the hybrid energy system is assumed to be installed is at a distance more than 4817m, the installation of hybrid energy system is more economical than the electricity network.
A carbon nanotube-grafted-graphene (CNT-g-Gr) is developed for enhancements of electrical conduction and polysulfide (PS) absorption to improve rate performance and cycleability of lithium-sulfur battery. The CNT-g-Gr is prepared through CNT growth on Ni-deposited graphene sheet which is fabricated via pyrolysis of glucose in a molten salt. The obtained CNT-g-Gr shows much higher specific surface area and PS adsorption capability than graphene. The in-situ formed Ni nanoparticles on graphene sheet not only serve as the catalytic sites for CNT growth, but also function as the anchor-sites for polar PS absorption. The CNT-g-Gr contributes a superb PS adsorption capability arising from graphene and CNT absorbing weakly-polar PS species, and Ni nanoparticles absorbing the species with stronger polarity. The resultant Li-S battery with the CNT-g-Gr shows excellent cycleability and rate performance. A stable discharge capacity of 900 mAh g−1 (with low capacity degradation rate) and a rate capacity of 260 mAh g−1 at 30 C discharge rate have been achieved.
In comparison to standard applications, lifetimes of lead–acid batteries in photovoltaic (PV) systems are shorter than one might expect. This investigation aims to identify reasons for the accelerated ageing. A detailed mathematical model of current, potential and acid distribution within the electrodes during normal operation is developed and used. Results show that the rather small currents in PV applications (on an average between I 50 and I 100) and the limited charging time cause problems, which are of minor relevance for standard applications. Small currents in conjunction with acid stratification cause a significant undercharging of the lower part of the electrodes, which again causes accelerated sulphation. Further, the number of sulphate crystals decreases with decreasing discharge current used for a full charge of the battery. This reduces the overall surface of the sulphate crystals and results in higher polarisation during the charging. The time taken for a battery cell to be completely charged is dominated by the positive electrode because it shows a high polarisation well before the electrode is completely charged. Simulations show that the charging time could be reduced if positive electrodes with less inner surface were to be used in batteries for PV systems. It is worth mentioning that the requirements for power are rather small in PV systems. This paper focuses on the qualitative results of the simulations and their interpretation. No models are explained in detail.
Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite material has been firstly synthesized via a sol–gel method based on the composite chelating reagents of glycine and beta-cyclodextrin. The product is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and electrochemical method. In the range of 3.0–4.3V, the LVP/C electrode presents excellent cyclic performance at high discharge rates. The largest capacities of 87.1, 89.9 and 74.5mAhg−1 are delivered at 0.9C charge and 35C discharge rates, 0.7C charge and 40C discharge rates, 0.6C charge and 50C discharge rates, respectively. 86.8%, 89.7% and 90.8% of the largest values are retained for the LVP/C electrode at the three discharge rates in the 500th, 300th and 250th cycles, respectively. The unexceptionable high-rate and cyclic performance is attributed to the existence of the composite carbon sources and the small particle size of the Li3V2(PO4)3/C.
The electrochemical performance of Fe2Al5 was investigated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Fe2Al5 was prepared by arc melting the constituent elements, crushing to a suitable size and then ball milling. By removing samples from the ball mill at various times the effect of milling time on the electrochemical properties was examined. The highest discharge capacity (485mAh/g) observed was as a result of ball milling for 10,000min which is consistent with the theoretical capacity for formation of AlLi (543mAh/g). Cyclic voltammetry and differential capacity plots, however, do not offer conclusive evidence of the formation of AlLi. Both charge and discharge capacity improved with increasing milling but cycle life remained poor. Removal of lithium from the structure was difficult with charge capacities being quite low. The first charge capacities for instance were in the range of 20–40% of the first discharge capacity.
The present study investigated the effects of text structure in the acquisition of the concept of energy and the overcoming of specific preconceptions associated with it. Cypriot sixth-grade students read either a simple expository text that presented factual information or a refutation text that also explicitly addressed two common preconceptions and proceeded to refute them. Both texts were used as adjuncts to the standard science instruction that is typically provided in the Cypriot elementary school. Students who read the refutation text outperformed students who read the expository text and students who received standard instruction only. In contrast, the influence of the expository text was negligible and generally comparable to that of standard instruction. The implications of these results for the instructional use of refutational text structures were discussed.
When out of the office for conferences or other obligations, those who manage e-resources must often take their work with them. With the advent of Apple's iPad, the authors made the decision to investigate the possibilities and potential offered by this new device for mobile management of electronic resources. To accomplish this, the authors used iPads to test the various systems and tools utilized every day to manage and maintain the library's electronic resources to find out what worked, and what didn't. While the results vary by system, overall, the iPad is a useful but limited means for electronic resource management.
The purpose of this work is to present the development and experimental performance assessment of a new generation of spade drill bits. Rigorous point geometry and drilling force models that describe the topology of the drill and its cutting behaviour have guided the development of these new drills with unique topological features. It is shown, both analytically through simulations and through a systematic experimental study, that the performance of the newly developed topologies exceeds that of the commercially available designs. The new spade bits yield lower thrust and torque over the whole range of pragmatic operating conditions.
Developmental delay (delay) and co-morbidities like autism are common in children with epilepsy. We assessed the yield of routine screening for delay and autism in a hospital-based program. Parents completed developmental and autism screeners for 65 children (average age=2.5y; 38(58%) boys). Forty-nine (75%) were established epilepsy patients, and 16 (25%) were new patients. For development, 47 (72%) children screened positive and 8 (12%) had borderline results. Twenty-four (37%) scored positive for autism, all of whom also screened positive for developmental delay. Delays and neurologic deficits accounted for the positive autism results in 20 of the 24. Developmental findings were confirmatory (already receiving services) in 32/55 (58%) children and actionable in 17 (31%) (requiring further evaluation). Referrals for further evaluations were made for most with actionable findings. The yield of routine screening of children in a tertiary center is sufficiently high to support its use and to consider screening of all children seen with epilepsy.
The dissolution of Mn ions from Mn-containing cathodes and the growth of Na dendrites are two critical issues that deteriorate the life time of Na batteries. In this work, we develop a novel solid-state composite-polymer-electrolyte based on a polyvinylidene fluoride matrix and Na3Zr2Si2PO12 fillers to simultaneously tackle these two problems. Elemental and morphology analysis show that the composite-polymer-electrolyte effectively impedes the dissolution and migration of Mn ions from the Na0.67MnO2 cathode as well as facilitates the uniform deposition of Na on the anode. A facile interface modification is applied to improve the contact between the composite-polymer-electrolyte and electrodes, which reduces the interfacial resistances and greatly delays the growth of Na dendrites. Consequently, the Na0.67MnO2/Na cell with the composite-polymer-electrolyte displays a significant improvement in cyclic stability and rate performance, without sacrificing the specific capacity, compared to that of a cell using an organic-liquid-electrolyte. Therefore, this work provides an effective way to improve the cycle life of Na batteries by stabilizing both electrodes with a composite-polymer-electrolyte and can be readily applied to other batteries, e.g. Li batteries.
You may not be aware of it, you may not even consider it, but critical infrastructure allows for all of the modern-day conveniences we are used to. The health of the nation depends on the infrastructure that provides electricity, moves and controls water, provides gas and oil, and ensures the operation of our transportation and communication networks. When we flick a light switch, when we get a glass of water, when we pump gas into our cars, when we dial 9-1-1 in an emergency—all of these things that we may take for granted are available to us because of the infrastructure that supports the delivery of these goods and services.
An efficient synthesis is used for the first time to prepare CuO/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Initially, copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles are synthesized via a simple, facile and inexpensive microwave-assisted method within short reaction times (<20 min) and subsequent heat treatment at 500 °C for 5 h. The obtained pure CuO nanoparticles are mixed with 10 wt% of graphene nanosheets by the use of spex mill for 1 min. By short-time spex-milling, a unique CuO/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite is obtained with a microstructure of multi-scale CuO nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed in a graphene matrix. The synthesized samples are characterized using X-ray diffraction and field-emission transmission electron microscopy studies. The spex-milled nanocomposite anode exhibits better electrochemical performance with higher reversible capacity and excellent cyclability in comparison with pure CuO nanoparticles. The initial discharge capacity of the pure CuO nanoparticles and their nanocomposite are 785.2 mAh g−1 and 1043.3 mAh g−1 with reversible capacity retention of 392.1 mAh g−1 and 516.4 mAh g−1 after 45 cycles respectively. The excellent electrochemical performance of CuO/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite can be attributed to their unique structures, which intimately combine the conductive graphene nanosheets network with uniformly dispersed CuO nanoparticles.
In this study, a one-pot method of polymer-mediating process is proposed to synthesize high voltage spinels (LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4) with tunable particle size and high-crystallization. The primary particle size can be controlled from nanometer to micrometer via changing different type of polymer additives. Relationships between particle sizes and electrochemical performances at wide temperature ranges (−20 °C–55 °C) are investigated. Nano-sized spinel delivers a good rate capability and higher capacitance at both room and low temperatures, while the micro-sized spinel performs better in capacity retention, especially at elevated temperature. The correlations among the particle size, temperature durability and cycling stability are demonstrated. Besides, the influence of polymer-mediation on the morphology transformation of spinel is also probed and discussed.
Conducting polymer hydrogels (CPHs) represent a unique class of materials that synergize the advantageous features of hydrogels and organic conductors and have been used in many applications such as bioelectronics and energy storage devices. This perspective provides a brief overview of current research activities in the field of three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured CPHs for high-performance electrochemical devices. The synthesis methods of conventional conductive polymers (CPs) and hydrogels are outlined with emphasis on newly developed methods for the preparation of 3D nanostructured CPs and CPHs. Following this discussion is an outline of the applications of 3D CPH nanostructures with particular focus on those applications in which nanostructured CPHs are clearly advantageous over their conventional counterparts. Other potential applications of nanostructured CPHs are also discussed in this perspective along with the main challenges and future research directions for this new class of conductive hydrogels.
A series of LiFe1−x Mn x PO4/C materials with high Mn content (0.7≤ x ≤0.9) are synthesized by solid state reaction. The samples have mesoporous structure with an average pore size of 25nm, particle size around 200–300nm, crystalline size around 30nm and specific areas around 50m2 g−1. Their electrochemical performances are studied and the reversible capacity and rate performance decrease with the increase of Mn content. The redox potential of the Fe2+/Fe3+ and Mn2+/Mn3+ redox couple also shift accordingly. The overpotential value of the Mn2+/Mn3+ redox couple (80mV) is close to that of the Fe2+/Fe3+ couple (60mV) in all three compositions and shows a maximum (∼300mV) in the regions of voltage transition.
Magnesium-ion batteries hold promise as next-generation secondary battery systems owing to its low cost, safety and high volumetric capacity. Magnesium metal silicates exhibit potential electrode materials with high specific capacities. However, the strong electrostatic interaction between Mg2+ and host lattice due to its divalency as well as antisite cation exchange, induces slow intercalation kinetics of Mg ions within the crystal lattices. Thus, nanocrystalline particles with shortened Mg ion diffusion distance enable the insertion/extraction of Mg ions and improve specific capacities of the batteries. Herein, we report the low-temperature production of crystalline MgMnSiO4 and MgCoSiO4 nanoparticles by a rapid supercritical fluid processing. The extraction of magnesium ions from the olivine framework has been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, revealing its ability as active materials for magnesium-ion battery.
Fifteen years have passed since the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) international chemical identifier (InChI) project [1–8] was initiated in 2000. The increasing complexity of molecular structures was making conventional naming procedures inconvenient, and there was no suitable, openly available electronic format for linking chemical structures over the Internet. So, InChI was developed as a freely available, non-proprietary identifier for chemical substances that can be used in printed and electronic data sources, thus enabling easier linking of data compilations and unambiguous identification of chemical substances. It was developed under the auspices of IUPAC, with principal contributions from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and more recently, the InChI Trust [9]. The Trust is a not-for-profit organization that develops and improves on the current standard.
Changes in neurovascular coupling are associated with both Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in later life, but this may be confounded by cerebrovascular risk. We hypothesized that hemodynamic latency would be associated with reduced cognitive functioning across the lifespan, holding constant demographic and cerebrovascular risk. In 387 adults aged 18–85 (mean = 48.82), dynamic causal modeling was used to estimate the hemodynamic response function in the left and right V1 and V3-ventral regions of the visual cortex in response to a simple checkerboard block design stimulus with minimal cognitive demands. The hemodynamic latency (transit time) in the visual cortex was used to predict general cognitive ability (Full-Scale IQ), controlling for demographic variables (age, race, education, socioeconomic status) and cerebrovascular risk factors (hypertension, alcohol use, smoking, high cholesterol, BMI, type 2 diabetes, cardiac disorders). Increased hemodynamic latency in the visual cortex predicted reduced cognitive function (p < 0.05), holding constant demographic and cerebrovascular risk. Increased alcohol use was associated with reduced overall cognitive function (Full Scale IQ 2.8 pts, p < 0.05), while cardiac disorders (Full Scale IQ 3.3 IQ pts; p < 0.05), high cholesterol (Full Scale IQ 3.9 pts; p < 0.05), and years of education (2 IQ pts/year; p < 0.001) were associated with higher general cognitive ability. Increased hemodynamic latency was associated with reduced executive functioning (p < 0.05) as well as reductions in verbal concept formation (p < 0.05) and the ability to synthesize and analyze abstract visual information (p < 0.01). Hemodynamic latency is associated with reduced cognitive ability across the lifespan, independently of other demographic and cerebrovascular risk factors. Vascular health may predict cognitive ability long before the onset of dementias.
In this work, Ni(OH)2 and (BiO)4CO3(OH)2 microspheres are synthesized by solvothermal method. Then, a novel alkaline rechargeable Ni/Bi battery is assembled for the first time using the synthesized Ni(OH)2 and (BiO)4CO3(OH)2 as the positive electrode and negative electrode materials, respectively. As a result, the assembled Ni/Bi battery delivers a high specific capacity of 113 mAh g−1 at a discharge rate of 0.2C based on the total mass of the electrode materials, as well as a high energy density of 92 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 27.3 W kg−1.