batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this work, we present a comprehensive study on the effect of adding different conductive salt additives including LiPF6, LiBF4 and LiDFOB, as well as the fluorinated solvent additive methyl difluoroacetate (MDFA) to a bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI)-based ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte, i.e. Pyr14FSI/LiFSI, to protect the Al current collector (ACC) from anodic dissolution and, thus, enable reversible charge/discharge cycling in a high performance dual-ion cell. Chronocoulometry and scanning electron microscopy measurements were conducted to evaluate the specific ACC passivation ability of each electrolyte. Furthermore, the influence of these additives on anion intercalation behavior into the graphite positive electrode with special emphasis on the Coulombic efficiency (CE), reversible capacity, as well as capacity retention is presented. Overall, we can show that the addition of small amounts of LiPF6, LiBF4 and MDFA (0.5 wt%) into the FSI-based IL electrolyte significantly increases the overall cell performance, whereas LiDFOB as electrolyte additive deteriorates the dual-ion cell performance. In addition, an excellent cycling performance for 1000 cycles is obtained for the Pyr14FSI electrolyte having 5 wt% LiPF6, displaying an average reversible capacity of 40 mAh g−1, a CE exceeding 98% and a capacity retention of 91%, which has not been reported so far.
Microporous organic polymers with triphenylamine segments were employed as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. YPTPA with the highest surface area exhibits a discharge plateau at ∼3.6 V vs. Li/Li+, an initial Coulombic efficiency of 96.8% at 50 mA g−1 and a discharge capacity of 105.7 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1. Compared to the homo-coupled polymer of OPTPA with relatively low surface area (66 m2 g−1), SPTPA and YPTPA with higher surface area (544 and 1557 m2 g−1, respectively) show enhanced rate performances and energy densities. YPTPA can deliver 97.6 mAh g−1 within less than 3 min at high rate of 2000 mA g−1 and the energy density of 334 Wh kg−1 under an ultrahigh power density of 6816 W kg−1, while OPTPA only presents 48.2 mAh g−1 at 2000 mA g−1 with an energy density of 155 Wh kg−1 under 6414 W kg−1. The great improvement in electrochemical properties of SPTPA and YPTPA demonstrates that increasing surface area of polymer cathodes by interweaving the redox-active units into microporous polymer skeleton is an efficient way to develop advanced polymer cathode materials with outstanding electrochemical performance.
Objective Recent developments in transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) provide a powerful approach to establish the functional roles of neuronal oscillatory activities in the human brain. Here, we investigated whether tACS can reach and modulate the excitability of the visual cortex in a frequency-dependent manner. Methods We measured the cortical excitability of the visual cortex using single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while delivering tACS to the occipital region at different frequencies (5, 10, 20 and 40Hz). Results We found that tACS at 20Hz decreased TMS–phosphene threshold (i.e., increased the excitability of the visual cortex) during the stimulation, whereas other frequencies did not affect TMS–phosphene thresholds. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate direct interactions of tACS with the visual cortex in a frequency-dependent manner. Significance Our present work provides further demonstration of the potential of tACS as a method to selectively modulate the excitability of the visual cortex.
Armed with a strong toolkit of knowledge and skills, institutional research (IR) professionals often serve as collaborators with campus colleagues who may need assistance with survey design, statistical analysis, program review, and assessment of individual programs or the institution. This paper discusses the role that an IR professional played in a comprehensive and high profile study of undergraduate research. The project was grounded in educational theory and principles of academic assessment. It consumed many long hours, but it also yielded gains in IR visibility, heightened professional relationships with campus colleagues, a second sizable grant, and multiple publications. Implications for the IR practitioner, contributions to the scholarship of assessment, and institutional synergy are discussed.
The electrochemical behavior and surface characterization of manganese dioxide (MnO2) containing titanium disulphide (TiS2) as a cathode in aqueous lithium hydroxide (LiOH) electrolyte battery have been investigated. The electrode reaction of MnO2 in this electrolyte is shown to be lithium insertion rather than the usual protonation. MnO2 shows acceptable rechargeability as the battery cathode. The influence of TiS2 (1, 3 and 5wt%) additive on the performance of MnO2 as a cathode has been determined. The products formed on reduction of the cathode material have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is found that the presence of TiS2 to ≤3wt% improves the discharge capacity of MnO2. However, increasing the additive content above this amount causes a decrease in its discharge capacity.
Li-ion batteries are widely used in energy storage systems, electric vehicles, communication systems, etc. The State of Health (SOH) of batteries is of great importance to the safety of these systems. This paper presents a novel online method for the estimation of the SOH of Lithium (Li)-ion batteries based on Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs). The structure of the DBN model is built according to the experience of experts, with the state of charges used as hidden states and the terminal voltages used as observations in the DBN. Parameters of the DBN model are learned based on training data collected through Li-ion battery aging experiments. A forward algorithm is applied for the inference of the DBN model in order to estimate the SOH in real-time. Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective and efficient in estimating the SOH of Li-ion batteries.
Nanosized silicon (Si) has been widely investigated as a promising material for next generation lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes because of its ultrahigh capacity. However, only a few results can satisfy all aspects towards practical application, particularly the problems like low initial Coulombic efficiency, low volumetric capacity, huge volume change (>290%), complicated fabrication methods, and especially low production remain unsolved. Here, we propose a 3D plum-pudding-like Si/C micro-/nano- composite (SiNS/C) design for an anode via quasi-industrial-scale production that tackles all these problems: large-scale production of ~300g/h, ultra-high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 88%, high volumetric capacity of ~1244mAhcm−3, and improved rate capability have been achieved. An in-situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) probing has testified that a design of Si/C nanospheres with the appropriate size enables only small volume variations (upon lithiation), e.g. ~48% for 50nm Si/C spheres in the SiNS/C particles as required for the practical applications, and leads to the formation of a stable thin SEI layer on the outer surface of carbon coating layer.
An electrochemical study of several azo–azulene compounds (Az–NN–Y, where Y=substituted phenyl, pyridine, thiazole) was performed with cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry, as well as rotating-disk electrode methods. The objective of this work was to characterize their electrochemical properties and establish the influence of donor and acceptor substituents on azulene and azo group behaviour. Calculations were performed, using quantum mechanics-based methods, to correlate electrochemical reactivity with structure. Satisfactory correlations were found between experimental oxidation and reduction potentials as well as calculated ionization potentials and LUMOs.
A novel electrolyte additive, dimethyl phenylphosphonite (DMPP), is reported in this paper to be able to improve significantly the cyclic stability of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode of high voltage lithium ion battery at elevated temperature. When experiencing charge/discharge cycling at 50 °C with 1C (1C = 146.7 mAh g−1) rate in a standard (STD) electrolyte (1.0 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC), EC/DMC = 1/2 in volume), LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 suffers serious discharge capacity decaying, with a capacity retention of 42% after 100 cycles. With adding 0.5% DMPP into the STD electrolyte, the capacity retention is increased to 91%. This improvement can be ascribed to the preferential oxidation of DMPP to the STD electrolyte and the subsequent formation of a protective film on LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, which suppresses the electrolyte decomposition and protects LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 from destruction. Theoretical calculations together with voltammetric analyses demonstrate the preferential oxidation of DMPP and the consequent suppression of electrolyte decomposition, while the observations from scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirm the protection that DMPP provides for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4.
Rational engineering of photoelectrode materials that are highly efficient, stable, and simple in fabrication is of importance for developing a viable photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting device. The recent years have seen the surge in the development of multinary semiconductor materials for promising solar hydrogen generation, owing, in part, to the limitations of binary oxides, namely, TiO2, WO3, and Fe2O3. With three or more different atomic constituents the number of material candidates far exceeds that of binary oxides, thereby increasing the opportunity to find candidates with suitable band structures, stabilities, and carrier lifetimes, which promises a higher solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency. However, further engineering of these promising semiconductors is imperative to overcome their remaining limitations for viable PEC water splitting. In this review, we survey the most recent developments in the engineering of multinary semiconductors for improved PEC performance, in which we mainly discuss the progress on semiconductor-liquid junctions rather than photovoltaic-electrolysis. We first present their fundamental advances and disturbing aspects for PEC applications of the representative promising multinary semiconductors including metal oxides, metal oxynitrides, copper chalcogenides, phosphides and nitrides. Then we analyze five common engineering protocols that have been effectively adopted for the improved PEC performance, including nanostructuring, doping, surface modification, heterostructuring, and photonic management. The progress on assembling them in PEC tandem devices is also discussed. We present finally an outlook on the future efforts as well as the challenges that have to be tackled in the way of pursuing viable PEC multinary semiconductors.
Carbon felt electrodes belong to the key components of redox flow batteries. The purpose of this techno-economic assessment is to uncover the production costs of PAN- and rayon-based carbon felt electrodes. Raw material costs, energy demand and the impact of processability of fiber and felt are considered. This innovative, interdisciplinary approach combines deep insights into technical, ecologic and economic aspects of carbon felt and carbon fiber production. Main results of the calculation model are mass balances, cumulative energy demands (CED) and the production costs of conventional and biogenic carbon felts supplemented by market assessments considering textile and carbon fibers.
Although the M1 muscarinic receptor is a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on its wide spread distribution in brain and its association with learning and memory processes, whether its receptor response is altered during the onset of AD remains unclear. A novel [35S]GTPγS binding/immunocapture assay was employed to evaluated changes in M1 receptor function in cortical tissue samples harvested from people who had no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or AD. M1 function was stable across clinical groups. However, [3H]-oxotremorine-M radioligand binding studies revealed that the concentration of M1 cortical receptors increased significantly between the NCI and AD groups. Although M1 receptor function did not correlate with cognitive function based upon mini-mental status examination (MMSE) or global cognitive score (GCS), functional activity was negatively correlated with the severity of neuropathology determined by Braak staging and NIA-Reagan criteria for AD. Since M1 agonists have the potential to modify the pathologic hallmarks of AD, as well as deficits in cognitive function in animal models of this disease, the present findings provide additional support for targeting the M1 receptor as a potential therapeutic for AD.
With the occurrence of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) now a seasonal problem in the United States, increased research is needed to ascertain the potential transmission of this disease among soybean (Glycine max L.) in major growing regions throughout the nation. The fungal disease spores are deposited on leaves in the lower region of the canopy through rain events or wind transport from nearby plants during the growing season and must then have moist conditions on the lower trifoliolates for several hours in order to infect the plant. These moist conditions can be achieved through any form of wetness. This wetness was measured in a soybean canopy at West Lafayette, IN, during the summer of 2007 using resistance-grid wetness sensors located at three heights representative of the top, mid-level, and lowest trifoliate of the canopy. Temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and precipitation measurements were used to determine the cause of wetness. Over the course of the experiment, wetness events were classified as dew, rain, or neither. The dew events were then compared to rain events with an emphasis on differences in vertical and horizontal duration of wetness. Dew events were found to be the dominant wetness source in the upper canopy. Rain events were the most dominant cause of wetness in the lower canopy. Upper canopy wetness events had the longest duration. Horizontal variation in wetness and wetness duration was large.
Nowadays, road accidents are very frequent. Anxiety plays an important role in traffic safety. In this study, we tried to prove that the Unifying Creative-Meditation Technique has a beneficial effect on anxiety which was measured through physiological parameters. The participants were 30 drivers (for the experimental group) and 30 drivers (for the witness group) that have been selected from our Department's students. The subjects had been part of the experimental group were asked to have the driving license for minimum one year. Results The research was conducted on a period of two months and the results were tested using SPSS statistical analysis program by applying the T test procedure for testing the mean of the experimental and the witness group. Conclusions Considering this results we can say that the Unifying Creative Meditation Technique have a significant effect on reducing drivers anxiety all this reflecting on a high level on safety and performance in driving.
Two small organic molecules, namely potassium terephthalate (K2TP) and potassium 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylate (K2PC), were newly exploited as the highly efficient organic anodes in K-ion batteries. Both K2TP and K2PC exhibited the clear and reversible discharge and charge platforms in K-ion half cells, which were resulted from the redox behavior of organic para-aromatic dicarboxylates. The satisfactory and reversible specific capacities were realized in the K2TP- and K2PC-based K-ion cells, with average values of 181 and 190mAhg−1 for 100 cycles, respectively. The currently-obtained achievement of organic anodes could make a forward step for the further development of rocking-chair K-ion batteries.
The cooperation between the European Union (EU) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) should be broadened, deepened and become more interactive due to GCC states’ accession to the Kyoto protocol in 2005. Nowadays, the GCC states start putting climate change and its business opportunities on the top of their priorities’ list towards the accomplishment of the sustainable development goals. However, the level of development of sustainable energy investments (renewable energy, CO2 sequestration and rational use of energy) is low until now in the GCC. For the above reason, the assessment of appropriate investments needs to be taken into account both by the governments in order to design the appropriate framework for supporting them and the project investors to identify the commercially profitable ones. In this framework, the aim of this paper is the identification and assessment of sustainable energy investments in the framework of the EU–GCC co-operation.
In this work, NiCo2O4 coral-like porous crystals, nanoparticles and submicron-sized particles have been systematically prepared via a facile sol–gel method, using citric acid as the chelating ligand and H2O (H2O-DMF) as solvent. The experimental results reveal that the initial molar concentration of reactants, reaction time and solvent species involved are crucial for preparing the target products. The as-obtained samples were characterized by means of XRPD, FESEM, HRTEM, EDS and SAED techniques. Finally, the electrochemical performances of NiCo2O4 crystals with distinct morphologies were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling techniques. The results show that submicron-sized NiCo2O4 particles exhibit the best capacitive properties with high specific capacitance and excellent cycle stability. At a high mass loading (5.6mgcm−2), specific capacitance value of submicron-sized NiCo2O4/Ni electrode reaches as much as 217Fg−1, and 96.3% of which can be still maintained after 600 charge–discharge cycles. Therefore, NiCo2O4 crystal is very promising for real application in supercapacitors.
The diffusion coefficient of Li-ions (D Li + ) within carbon-rich silicon-oxycarbide ceramic anodes of specific chemical composition SiO0.95C3.72 is determined by potentiostatic and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT, GITT) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The estimated values for D Li + range between 10−9 and 10−11 cm2 s−1, dependent on the applied method. The observed variation of D Li + is in a comparable range as reported for disordered carbons, well reflecting the Li-ion storage in the segregated free carbon phase in the amount of about 43 wt-% within the SiOC microstructure. However, in contrast to graphite and disordered carbons, the diffusion coefficient of lithium within carbon-rich SiOC is less potential dependent. This feature is discussed with respect to the particular morphology of the free carbon phase.
This study reviews the main problems of high air pollution levels at many urban cities and sustainability of the transportation fuels, and addressing their control measures using hydrogen energy system. In the world, majority of the transportation vehicle fleets consume the fuels derived from fossil resources. The development of economy activities indicate the increase in transportation services resulting in increased fuel consumption and high emissions, especially unregulated emission carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas (GHG). Therefore, utilization of hydrogen as fuel in vehicle fleet would improve energy security and reduce the GHG emission. A feasibility of hydrogen energy system, which includes its resources, production technologies, storage, fuel transportation, dispensing and utilization, is analysed for the road transportation sector. In addition to this, the study highlights the technical issues and its control strategy for addressing the problems of the transportation system using the hydrogen. Moreover, hydrogen is the cleanest fuel, especially when coupled with renewable energy sources. The road transportation sector with hydrogen energy system would give the desirable results including high energy efficiency and zero carbon based emission (CO, CO2, HC, PM) resulting in strengthening of sustainability of the system. The Governments of many countries have made ambitious policies and provide strong financial support to research organizations including universities and institutions for development of hydrogen energy system. Many companies express strong interest in the commercialization of hydrogen fuelled vehicles either internal combustion engines based, fuel cell based or hybrid technology.
In this work, three-dimensional mesoporous NiO nanostructures have been synthesized by a simple ethylene glycol (EG)-mediated self-assembly route and subsequent calcination process. The synthesized nickel alkoxide precursors annealed at 300 and 500°C exhibit different surface area, crystallinity and pore distribution, which have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. The electrochemical properties of these NiO mesoporous nanostructures are investigated including the cycling and rate performance as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. It is indicated that mesoporous NiO nanospheres synthesized at 500°C exhibit better electrochemical performance than that obtained at 300°C. The NiO nanospheres annealed at 500°C present a reversible specific capacity of 518mAhg−1 at a current density of 0.1Ag−1 after 60 cycles. With varying the rate from 0.1 to 8.0Ag−1, the capacity remains at 535mAhg−1 at 2Ag−1 after 30 cycles and resumes to 582mAhg−1 at 0.1Ag−1 after 60 cycles. The results indicate that our mesoporous NiO nanospheres are promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
The aim of this study was to determine whether there was any relationship between hippocampal volume, and glucocorticoid regulation, and cognitive dysfunctions in drug-naïve major depressive disorder (MDD) patients during their first episode. Twenty drug-free female MDD patients in their first episode and 15 healthy females as control subjects were included in the study. All subjects underwent 3.0 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), comprehensive neuropsychological testing and dexamethasone suppression tests (DST). The volumes of the right and left hippocampus of the patients were found to be significantly smaller than those of the controls. Patients were found to have significantly lower scores on measures of attention, working memory, psychomotor speed, executive functions, and visual and verbal memory fields. The performance of the patients only in the recollection memory and memory of reward-associated rules were positively correlated with hippocampal volumes. The volumes of the left and right hippocampus did not correlate with basal or post-dexamethasone cortisol levels. Our findings indicate that depressed patients have smaller hippocampi even in the earlier phase of their illness. Further research efforts are needed to explain the mechanisms that are responsible for the small hippocampus in depressed patients.