batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This is a systems application paper regarding how sensor systems may use future technology FPAs. A historical perspective is discussed along with lessons learned from previous technologies. Future system requirements for strained super-lattice (SLS), quantum dots (QDOT) and traditional quantum well infrared photo-diodes (QWIP) arrays will be presented from both a commercial and military perspective. New potential markets will open up in the future if certain FPA technologies can reduce cost and provide higher sensitivities at higher operating temperatures.
A self-assembly approach is used to fabricate a graphene-coated mesoporous carbon/sulfur composite. The graphene coating on the surface of the composite is 15–20nm in thickness, and sulfur is well dispersed in the pores of mesoporous carbon and the interfaces between the mesoporous carbon and graphene sheets after a heat treatment at 300°C. The graphene coating helps to increase the sulfur content and retard the diffusion of polysulfides. The galvanostatic charge–discharge tests show that the graphene-coated sulfur electrode presents good cycling stability. Specific discharge capacities up to 650mAhg−1 over 100 cycles at 0.1C is achieved with enhanced coulombic efficiency, representing a promising cathode material for lithium–sulfur battery.
This paper presents the results of an experimental analysis of the influence of high-frequency injected ripple currents on the Dynamic Charge Acceptance (DCA) performance of lead-acid batteries. A wide-bandwidth battery model, derived from real-world data is described, this being a hybrid of the standard Randles model and a high-frequency model previously presented in literature. A bespoke test procedure is introduced, based on the existing DCA Short Test profile (EN50342-6). The results demonstrate that the injection of ripple currents can significantly improve charge acceptance, whilst having no appreciable effect on the State of Charge (SoC) of the battery. This study further demonstrates the importance of knowledge of the impedance spectrum of the battery if the improvements in DCA performance are to be achieved with maximum efficiency and effectiveness.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) arises from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a consequence of oxidative stress. Herein we report that the development of NASH is greatly accelerated in mice lacking transcription factor Nrf2 when they are challenged with a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet. After 14 days of feeding on an MCD diet, livers from Nrf2 −/− mice showed a substantial increase in macro- and microvesicular steatosis and a massive increase in the number of neutrophil polymorphs, compared to livers from wild-type mice treated similarly. Livers of Nrf2 −/− mice on the MCD diet suffered more oxidative stress than their wild-type counterparts as assessed by a significant depletion of reduced glutathione that was coupled with increases in oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde. Furthermore, livers from Nrf2 −/− mice on the MCD diet suffered heightened inflammation as judged by an ∼10-fold increase in the amount of nuclear NF-κB p65 protein and ∼5-fold increases in the levels of mRNA for interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, cyclooxygenase 2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase compared with livers from similarly treated wild-type mice. Thus, impairment of Nrf2 activity may represent a major risk factor for the evolution of NAFLD to NASH.
Electroreduction of CO2 into liquid fuels is an appealing strategy to alleviate energy and environmental crisis. However, the poor product selectivity and insufficient energetic efficiency of current catalysts for CO2 electroreduction severely hinder their widespread applications. Herein, a partially reduced Sn/SnO2 porous hollow fiber (PHF) is, for the first time, proposed to electroreduce CO2 into formate with high selectivity, efficiency and durability. The Sn/SnO2 PHF is synthesized via a facile combination of electrospinning and reduction process. The partial reduction can efficiently tune the electronic structure of Sn and create abundant oxygen vacancies, and consequently tailors the electrocatalytic ability. Importantly, Sn/SnO2 PHF demonstrates a high formate faradaic efficiency of 82.1% and a considerable formate partial current density of ∼22.9 mA cm−2, favorably rivals most state-of-the-art catalysts for electroduction CO2 into formate. This study provides new insights into exploring efficient catalysts for CO2 electroreduction, and it suggests that the rational design of metal/metal oxide heterostructure shows great potential as a promising type of electrocatalysts.
As a contribution to the development program of rural areas in Palestine, this paper presents three energy supply alternatives for a remote village represented in PV system, diesel generator and electric grid. Design of these systems and the associated costs of their utilization are illustrated. A computer-aided dynamic economic evaluation method with five indicators is used to compare the economic-effectiveness of these energy systems. The results show that, utilizing of PV systems for rural electrification in Palestine is economically more feasible than using diesel generators or extension of the high voltage electric grid. The obtained results represents also a helpful reference for energy planers in Palestine and justify the consideration of PV systems more seriously.
Reactors based on particle suspensions for the capture, conversion, storage, and use of solar energy as H2 are projected to be cost-competitive with fossil fuels. In light of this, this review paper summarizes state-of-the-art particle light absorbers and cocatalysts as suspensions (photocatalysts) that demonstrate visible-light-driven water splitting on the laboratory scale. Also presented are reactor descriptions, theoretical considerations particular to particle suspension reactors, and efficiency and performance characterization metrics. Opportunities for targeted research, analysis, and development of reactor designs are highlighted.
We report on potential step experiments into the oxygen reduction region in combination with differential mass spectroscopy (DEMS) and the rotating ring disc electrode technique (RRDE). We can thus distinguish between the one electron reduction path leading to superoxide and the 2 electron process leading to lithium peroxide. The evolution of the mass spectroscopic response in the DEMS experiments and evolution of the current at the ring electrode discloses that the deposition of lithiumperoxide hampers the capacity of the electrode for the consecutive transition of two electrons. The latter is required to form Li2O2 on a direct electrochemical pathway. Instead, superoxide becomes the main product of oxygen reduction. A proportionality between coverage with Li2O2 and the share of oxygen reduced to superoxide is observed at platinum. The effect of the Li2O2-deposit is less severe at large overpotentials. However, completion of a single monolayer of Li2O2 on platinum and two monolayers on gold inhibit further oxygen reduction. We suggest that growth of larger Li2O2 structures observed by other authors is caused by a chemical rout to Li2O2 via superoxide disproportionation. Experimental evidence for the latter reaction is provided. In addition, we observe a non-monotonic faradaic current transient typical for nucleation after steps to certain potentials at the gold electrode and ascribe this to the formation of 2D Li2O2. This implies that nuclei of Li2O2 have to form before the solid phase can grow uninhibited. Evidently the involved surface energies cause a crystallisation overpotential and therefore impair the formation of solid Li2O2.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is recognized as one of the most promising high-energy-density storage system. However, the poor cycle life and low sulfur utilization originating from the shuttling process involving lithium polysulfide (LiPSs) significantly hinder the practical application of Li-S battery. Various approaches have been introduced to retard the shuttle of LiPSs. Herein, a polar cobalt disulfide embedded in porous nitrogen doped carbon frameworks (CoS2-N-C) is synthesized from a single metal-organic framework ZIF-67. When used as a sulfur host for Li-S battery cathode, the CoS2-N-C frameworks can not only limit the dissolution of LiPSs by chemisorption, but also buffer the volume expansion during cycling. More importantly, the electrochemical reaction kinetics is greatly improved. As a result, the Li-S battery based on the S/CoS2-N-C electrode exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 1288 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and a superior long cycle life for 500 cycles with a degradation rate as low as 0.064% per cycle at 1 C rate. Even with a high sulfur loading of 5.25 mg cm−2, the battery still delivers a better cycle performance.
Lithium polymer composite electrolytes, formed by a blend of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), LiCF3SO3 lithium salt and a selected, nanoparticle ceramic filler, were prepared by hot-pressing through a solvent-free procedure. These dry, ionically conducting membranes were characterized in terms of ionic conductivity in the 30–105°C temperature range. The influences of several parameters such as the temperature, PEO molecular mass, the EO/Li molar ratio, and the nature and the content of ceramic filler were carefully evaluated.
The ionic diffusion rate and the electrochemically accessible surface area of the cathode, consisting of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), were studied by means of ac impedance techniques. A simplified transmission line model was applied in the numerical fitting. The relationship between the pore size distribution and the ionic diffusion rate was investigated, as well as the pore size distribution and the cathode ‘spring-back’. EMD with a considerable volume of large pores was found to be beneficial not only for the high-rate discharge, but also for the cathode process during cell manufacture.
More than 10years ago, the vagus nerve stimulator became the first device approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in persons with epilepsy. The vagus nerve stimulator has subsequently served to spearhead the concept of neurostimulation for seizures. Chronic intermittent electrical stimulation of the left vagus nerve is the foundation for vagus nerve stimulation, yet little is known about its capability to deliver acute, on-demand, activation of stimulation through use of a magnet. Thus far, clinical use of magnet-induced vagus nerve stimulation has not been elucidated. In an effort to help guide management, we highlight current and potential uses of acute abortive therapy with vagus nerve stimulation. We review the current evidence that is available for vagus nerve stimulator magnet use, discuss potential clinical applications that exist, offer a protocol for magnet application within the institutional setting, provide our approach to titrating the magnet parameters, and make recommendations for magnet use that support an evolving standard of care.
A hierarchical poly (ether sulfone) (PES) porous membrane is facilely fabricated via a hard template method for vanadium flow battery (VFB) application. The construction of this hierarchical porous membrane is prepared via removing templates (phenolphthalein). The pore size can be well controlled by optimizing the template content in the cast solution, ensuring the membrane conductivity and selectively. The prepared hierarchical porous membrane can combine high ion selectivity with high proton conductivity, which renders a good electrochemical performance in a VFB. The optimized hierarchical porous membrane shows a columbic efficiency of 94.52% and energy efficiency of 81.66% along with a superior ability to maintain stable capacity over extended cycling at a current density of 80 mA cm−2. The characteristics of low cost, proven chemical stability and high electrochemical performance afford the hierarchical PES porous membrane great prospect in VFB application.
Electrode–electrolyte composite materials were prepared by coating a highly conductive Li2S–P2S5 solid electrolyte onto LiCoO2 electrode particles using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Cross-sections of the composite electrode layers of the all-solid-state cells were observed using a transmission electron microscope to investigate the packing morphology of the LiCoO2 particles and the distribution of solid electrolyte in the composite electrode. All-solid-state cells based on a composite electrode composed entirely of solid-electrolyte-coated LiCoO2 were fabricated, and their performance was investigated. The coating amounts of Li2S–P2S5 solid electrolytes on LiCoO2 particles and the conductivity of the coating material were controlled to increase the capacity of the resulting all-solid-state cells. All-solid-state cells using LiCoO2 with thick solid electrolyte coatings, grown over 120min, had a capacity of 65mAhg−1, without any addition of Li2S–P2S5 solid electrolyte particles to the composite electrode. The capacity of the all-solid-state cell increased further after increasing the conductivity of the Li2S–P2S5 solid electrolyte coating by heat treatment at 200°C. Furthermore, an all-solid-state cell based on a composite electrode using both a solid electrolyte coating and added solid electrolyte particles was fabricated, and the capacity of the resulting all-solid-state cell increased to 95mAhg−1.
ADHD is regarded as a construct that subsumes multiple potentially dissociable but overlapping cognitive profiles. The objective of the current study was to reconsider the impairment on executive function (EF) in ADHD on the light of distinction between affective/motivational (“hot”) and more purely cognitive aspects (“cool”) of EF, examining the performance on a neuropsychological battery. Twenty-five children with ADHD and 25 healthy controls were administered measures of estimated intellectual ability, sustained attention, set shifting, inhibitory control, delay aversion, and decision-making. Behavioural ratings were obtained. The controls were matched in gender, age and IQ with the ADHD group. ADHD children performed worse than controls in all tasks. A discriminant analysis was conducted, the combination of the entire measures discriminated correctly the 88% of both groups. There was an overlapping distribution of impairment based on percentage of individuals in each group “impaired” (>1.5 SD). Twenty percent of children with ADHD showed dysfunction only in “hot” EF, 8% in “cool” EF, and 60% had dysfunction in both. The probability of impairment in “hot” and “cool” EF was independent. The presence of impairments in incentive, motivational and reward-related processing suggests that both ‘hot’ and ‘cool’ EF deficits are present in children with ADHD.
Design and fabrication of advanced functional materials is essential but still a challenge for current energy storage devices. Herein, polypyrrole coated highly porous vanadium oxide (V2O5@Ppy) nanorod and nanoplate arrays with large mass loadings, have been successfully constructed on carbon felt (CF) via a facile solvothermal reaction followed by in-situ polymerization technique. Interestingly, the structure of the V2O5 thin films can be simply tuned from porous nanoplates to nanorods with controlled calcination time. In addition, MnO2 nanowires with Ppy coating were also grown on the CF substrates to form MnO2@Ppy/CF electrode through the similar method. As integrate electrodes for energy storage devices, V2O5@Ppy/CF nanorods demonstrate more superior electrochemical properties compared to V2O5@Ppy/CF nanoplates. By virtue of their intriguing structural features and uniformly Ppy coating, a solid-state flexible hybrid device (SFHD) based on V2O5@Ppy/CF and MnO2@Ppy/CF as the negative and positive electrode, respectively, manifests outstanding cycling stability (approximately 89% retention even after 20,000 cycles), excellent mechanical flexibility, and remarkable energy density (28.6Whkg−1 at power density of around 200Wkg−1), which makes it hold great potential to be unexceptionably flexible devices for portable and wearable electronics.
Abstract The single-particle model is a useful mathematical representation for state-of-charge observation, parameter identification and control of lithium-ion batteries. This model is a simplified electrochemical formulation where ionic intercalation, described as a diffusive process, is considered as the dominant dynamics. In the search for a more efficient numerical solution of the involved partial differential equations, many approximations have been reported. However, most of them are valid just under restricted operating conditions. In this paper, spatial semidiscretization is reintroduced as the precision of approximations could be arbitrarily chosen with this approach. Three discretization methods are applied in a classical fashion, evaluated and compared in both time and frequency domains: finite difference, finite element and differential quadrature. In addition, two commonly used low order approximations are tested against semidiscretization approximations. The best results are obtained with the differential quadrature method in its polynomial version. Two model truncation criteria are also explored, one is based on bandwidth selection and the other on residue analysis, where the first resulted to be more conservative. Finally, simulations of representative reduced order approximations of the single-particle model are compared against experimental data found in the literature.
Our study shows that 3, 3′-sulfonyldipropionitrile (SDPN), as an electrolyte additive, can dramatically enhance the performance of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/graphite lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) at high voltages (3.0–4.6 V vs. Li/Li+). After adding 0.2 wt% SDPN to the electrolytes; i.-e., 1.0 M LiPF6-EC/DMC/EMC, the capacity for the LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/graphite cell to retain power was significantly increased from 59.5% to 77.3% after only 100 cycles, which shows the promising application of SDPN at higher voltages. Density functional theory calculation results indicate that SDPN had reduced oxidative constancy compared to ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). The effects of SDPN on cell performance are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The testing results indicate that the improvement in cycling activity could be ascribed to the thinner cathode electrolyte interface film originated from SDPN on the LIB using LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, which reduced the interfacial resistance at a high voltage, but also protected the decomposition of electrolytes and suppressed transition metal dissolution.
A small amount of thiophene or ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT) is introduced into the liquid electrolyte of lithium-ion cells as an additive. These organic additives are electrochemically oxidized to form a thin conductive polymer film on the surface of the cathode at high potential. With the liquid electrolyte containing different additives, the lithium-ion cells composed of carbon anode and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode are assembled, and their cycling performances are evaluated. Adding small amounts of thiophene or EDOT to the liquid electrolyte is found to reduce the interfacial resistance in the cells and thus the cells containing an organic additive exhibit less capacity fading and better high-rate performance. Differential scanning calorimetric studies show that the thermal stability of the charged Li1−x Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode is also enhanced in the presence of an organic additive.
Structural defects, e.g. Mn3+/oxygen non-stoichiometry, largely affect the electrochemical performance of both Li2MnO3 and lithium-rich manganese-rich (LMR) layered oxides with Li2MnO3 as one of the key components. Herein, Li2MnO3 samples with different amount of structural defects of Mn3+/oxygen non-stoichiometry are prepared. The results clearly demonstrate that the annealed Li2MnO3 (ALMO), quenched Li2MnO3 (QLMO), and quenched Li2MnO3 milled with Super P (MLMO) all show pure C2/m monoclinic phase with stacking faults. MLMO shows the largest amount of Mn3+, followed by the QLMO and then the ALMO. The increased amount of Mn3+ in Li2MnO3 (such as sample MLMO) facilitates the activation of Li2MnO3 and leads to the highest initial discharge specific capacity of 167.7mAhg−1 among the samples investigated in this work. However, accelerated activation of Li2MnO3 also results in faster structural transformation to spinel-like phase, leading to rapid capacity degradation. Therefore, the amount of Mn3+ needs to be well controlled during synthesis of LMR cathode in order to reach a reasonable compromise between the initial activity and long-term cycling stability. The findings of this work could be widely applied to explain the effects of Mn3+ on different kinds of LMR cathodes.
Ni(OH)2 nanosheets are directly grown on nickel foam by a simple template-free growth process. Their microstructure and surface morphology are studied by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The XRD and SEM results show that Ni(OH)2 has a β-phase structure and covers the nickel foam skeleton with nanosheets. This β-Ni(OH)2/Ni-foam electrode exhibits a high specific electric quantity of 790.3 C g−1 approaching the theoretical value (1040.6 C g−1) and high electrochemical activity. Asymmetric supercapacitor has been fabricated successfully using β-Ni(OH)2/Ni-foam nanosheets as positive electrode and activated carbon as negative electrode in a KOH aqueous electrolyte. The electrochemical capacitances of this supercapacitor are investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. An asymmetric supercapacitor AC/6 mol L−1 KOH/β-Ni(OH)2/Ni-foam could be cycled reversibly in the high-voltage region of 0–1.6 V and displays intriguing performances with a specific capacitance of 105.8 F g−1 and high energy density of 36.2 W h kg−1. Importantly, this asymmetric supercapacitor device exhibits an excellent long cycle life along with 92% specific capacitance retained after 1000 cycles.
Compact zero-mass pulsatile jet actuators are proposed for low-speed maneuvering and station keeping of small underwater vehicles. 1 1 Our research in this area was reported as the cover story of the New Scientist on October 23, 2004 (Frost Gorder, 2004, science writer). The flow field of such jets are initially dominated by vortex ring formation. Pinched-off vortices characterize the extremum impulse accumulated by the leading vortex ring in a vortex ring formation process. Relevant parameters in this process are identified in order to design simple and low cost zero-mass pulsatile jet actuators. Thrust optimization of synthetic jets for maximal thrust generation is achieved by enforcing the jet formation number to be around 4. Prototypes of such actuators are built and tested for underwater maneuvering and propulsion. The actuators could be used in two ways: (i) to improve the low-speed maneuvering and station keeping capabilities of traditional propeller driven underwater vehicles, and (ii) as a synthetic jet for flow control and drag reduction at higher cruising speeds. A model for calculating the rotation rate of the underwater vehicle is also proposed and verified.