batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Understanding the structure properties in deep delithiated states and electrochemical kinetics in the high potential window of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) cathode materials is essential to advance their performance in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for 5V chemistry. Here we report a layered single-phase NCM showing great structural reversibility and without H3 phase formation when charged up to 4.8V at least for 5 cycles. However, the poor cluster scale conductivity results in inactive material in thick electrode during cycling, approximately 10% (w/w), may corresponding to the reduced capacity respective to thin electrode. The Co3+/Co4+ redox peaks are found clear and stable for cycles, lying between 4.5∼5.0V. That is tightly correlated to the fast Li-ion kinetic, i.e., the electrochemical behaviour of the NCM material is not limited by Li+ diffusion but behaving like in a thin layer. That is very different from previously reports on charge transfer mechanisms of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Many parameters may control the growth and the characteristics of the interphase, such as surface structure and morphology, structural defects, grain boundaries, surface reactions, etc. However, polycrystalline surfaces contain these parameters simultaneously, resulting in a quite complicated system to study. Working with model electrode surfaces using crystallographically oriented crystalline thin films appears as a novel and unique approach to understand contributions of preferential orientation and rugosity of the surface. In order to rebuild the interphase architecture along electrochemical cycling, LiFePO4 epitaxial films offering ideal 2D (100) interfaces are here investigated through the use of non-destructive depth profiling by Angular Resolved X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (ARXPS). The composition and structure of the interphase is then monitored upon cycling for samples stopped at the end of charge and discharge for various numbers of cycles, and discussed in the light of combined XPS and X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements. Such an approach allows describing the interphase evolution on a specific model LiFePO4 crystallographic orientation and helps understanding the nature and evolution of the LiFePO4/electrolyte interphase forming on the surface of LiFePO4 poly-crystalline powder.
Devices in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have limited power resources and may be equipped with different transmission technologies. These characteristics make MANET traditional routing protocols inconvenient in a heterogeneous environment. Hence, the need for designing routing protocols that support interoperability between heterogeneous nodes and efficiently uses the available resources. In this paper, we propose a power aware routing protocol for a MANET formed of heterogeneous nodes. The proposed approach takes into consideration the battery status of nodes when building the routing table; in addition, in case of the existence of multiple routes between two nodes, the route that consumes least power is selected and the nodes falling on this route will be added to the routing table. Also, the proposed approach ensures fair distribution of routing load among the nodes and avoids exhausting nodes that are falling on optimal routes across the network, thus providing better connectivity and extending the network lifetime. We implemented the protocol as an extension to JiST/SWANS network simulator, and compared its performance to other heterogeneous and power aware routing protocols found in the literature.
The maintenance of postural control is fundamental for different types of physical activity. This can be measured by having subjects stand on one leg on a force plate. Many studies assessing standing balance have previously been carried out in patients with ankle ligament injuries but not in patients with ankle fractures. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether patients operated on because of an ankle fracture had impaired postural control compared to an uninjured age- and gender-matched control group.
This paper introduces a novel application of model predictive control (MPC) to cell-level charging of a lithium-ion battery utilizing an equivalent circuit model of battery dynamics. The approach employs a modified form of the MPC algorithm that caters for direct feed-though signals in order to model near-instantaneous battery ohmic resistance. The implementation utilizes a 2nd-order equivalent circuit discrete-time state-space model based on actual cell parameters; the control methodology is used to compute a fast charging profile that respects input, output, and state constraints. Results show that MPC is well-suited to the dynamics of the battery control problem and further suggest significant performance improvements might be achieved by extending the result to electrochemical models.
Herein we detail the development of a new high-density polyethylene-(HDPE)-based radiation-grafted anion-exchange membrane (RG-AEM) that achieves a surprisingly high peak power density and a low in situ degradation rate (with configurations tailored to each). We also show that this new AEM can be successfully paired with an exemplar non-Pt-group cathode.
The basis for determining whether the cell needs to be balanced is generally the voltage or SOC (state of charge), the voltage balancing control scheme is simple but performs poorly, the SOC balancing control scheme performs well but needs to estimate the SOC of all cells. Based on the analysis why existing naive approaches are not effective for voltage balancing control scheme, the voltage-SOC balancing control scheme is proposed, which has the advantages of simple of voltage balancing control scheme and well performance of SOC balancing control scheme. By utilizing the difference of voltage of cell and SOC of battery pack, the difference of SOC between two cells can be obtained indirectly, and the transition from voltage balancing control scheme to SOC balancing control scheme can be realized, while the advantages of voltage balancing control scheme and SOC balancing control scheme are retained. The 4 experiments designed show that the estimated errors of the difference between the SOCs of the two cells are 0.24%, 5.3%, -5%, and 0.8%, respectively, which proves the excellent performance of voltage-SOC balancing control scheme.
The hydrogen adsorption properties of two isostructural copper-based microporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) materials which differ in the length of the bridging ligands were investigated over the 50–100 K and 0–40 bar ranges. The measured excess adsorption isotherms were analyzed in terms of adsorption enthalpies, adsorbed phase densities and volumes. The characteristic excess maximum was found to be displaced to lower pressures and to vary less as a function of temperature on the material with the shorter ligand. This behaviour could be explained, on the basis of enthalpy calculations, by an enhanced hydrogen affinity in smaller pores. On the other hand, it was also found that the material with the shorter ligand has a reduced storage capacity. This observation could be explained, from measurements near saturation, by a reduction of both adsorbed phase density and volume. Despite their structural difference, both MOFs adsorbed hydrogen near saturation under an incompressible phase reaching bulk liquid densities. These properties suggest that repulsive forces may ultimately limit the packing of supercritical molecules in small pores despite apparently stronger solid–gas interactions.
Manganese oxide (Mn3O4) is considered one of the most promising materials for high-performance supercapacitors due to its extraordinary theoretical specific capacitance, low-cost, environmental benignity and natural abundance. Mn3O4 thin films have been deposited by spray pyrolysis using aqueous/organic solvent mixture. These films were characterized for structural, morphological, optical and electrical measurements. The electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor was studied by using cyclic voltammetry curves recorded at different scan rates. The porous Mn3O4 thin film electrode exhibits significantly improved supercapacitive performance in 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte with highest specific capacitance of 394Fg−1 at scan rate of 10mVs−1 for film deposited at 350°C. The specific energy and specific power are found to be 8.27Whkg−1 and 850Wkg−1, respectively, at a current density of 1Ag−1. The specific capacitance of the Mn3O4 electrode maintains 93.01% of its initial value after 1000 cycles, at a current density of 1Ag−1 showing a good cycling stability.
Monolithic interwoven composite of V2O5 nanobelts and carbon nanotubes (designated as VNTs⊂CNTs-40) is prepared via one-pot hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent vacuum filtration. The strong synergistic effect between versatile CNTs and in situ produced V2O5 nanobelts in hydrothermal process leads to the formation of 3D interwoven mesh intermediate with relatively loose and well-reticulated channels which facilitate mass transfer in ultrafast hetero-assembly (∼30s) of film-like monolithic VNTs⊂CNTs-40 composite during vacuum filtration. The interconnected CNTs network and interstitial porous channels in the monolithic VNTs⊂CNTs-40 composite not only improve charge transport during the redox reactions of the active materials, but also serve as a robust and flexible buffer to accommodate the volume change during repetitive ion insertion/extraction. In the evaluation of binder-free cathodes in alkali-ion batteries, the monolithic VNTs⊂CNTs-40 composite exhibits outstanding alkali-ion storage properties such as high initial capacity (215.2/295.8 mAhg−1 for SIBs/LIBs at a current density of 200 mAg−1), high-rate capability (137.8/156.2 mAhg−1 for SIBs/LIBs at a current density of 800/2000 mAg−1), and superior cycling stability (167/223.5 mAhg−1 for SIBs/LIBs at a current density of 200 mAg−1 after 200 cycles). The monolithic VNTs⊂CNTs-40 composite has large potential in high-performance alkali-ion batteries.
Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), which can detect surface mass change inng scale, was employed to investigate the deposition of Li–O2 species on a gold electrode upon reduction of oxygen in a DMSO solution containing Li+ cation. In relatively positive potential region, the mass per mol-electron (mpe) calculated from the slope of the relation between mass change and accumulated charge was 37g/mol-e, indicating the deposition of lithium superoxide (LiO2) with the reaction of O2 +e− +Li+ →LiO2. As the potential became more negative, where superoxide ( O 2 - ) was formed in Li+ free solution, the mpe became much smaller (ca. 7g/mol-e), suggesting the formation of O 2 - , some of which were diffused away.
LiMPO4 (M=Mn, Fe) and LiMn0.4Fe0.6PO4 thin-films have been fabricated by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) combined with sol–gel method, in which P2O5 was used as a phosphorous resource in Li–M–P–O alcohol precursor solution. Analyses of LiMPO4 solid films using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the formation of an olivine phase of space group Pmnb with nanocrystalline morphology. The prepared LiMPO4 films were evaluated electrochemically by cyclic-voltammetry and charge/discharge measurements. The results showed that thin-film electrode of LiMn0.4Fe0.6PO4 exhibited better electrochemical performance than that of pure LiFePO4 and LiMnPO4.
The Mn(II)/Mn(III) couple has been recognized as a potential anode for redox flow batteries to take the place of the V(IV)/V(V) in all-vanadium redox battery (VRB) and the Br2/Br− in sodium polysulfide/bromine (PSB) because it has higher standard electrode potential. In this study, the electrochemical behavior of the Mn(II)/Mn(III) couple on carbon felt and spectral pure graphite were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, steady polarization curve, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, transient potential-step experiment, X-ray diffraction and charge–discharge experiments. Results show that the Mn(III) disproportionation reaction phenomena is obvious on the carbon felt electrode while it is weak on the graphite electrode owing to its fewer active sites. The reaction mechanism on carbon felt was discussed in detail. The reversibility of Mn(II)/Mn(III) is best when the sulfuric acid concentration is 5M on the graphite electrode. Performance of a RFB employing Mn(II)/Mn(III) couple as anolyte active species and V(III)/V(II) as catholyte ones was evaluated with constant-current charge–discharge tests. The average columbic efficiency is 69.4% and the voltage efficiency is 90.4% at a current density of 20mAcm−2. The whole energy efficiency is 62.7% close to that of the all-vanadium battery and the average discharge voltage is about 14% higher than that of an all-vanadium battery. The preliminary exploration shows that the Mn(II)/Mn(III) couple is electrochemically promising for redox flow battery.
Three-dimensional porous Cu/Cu2O, CuO, CuO/NiO were prepared on Ni foam by a simple two step method which consist of a replacement reaction and subsequent thermal treatment method at various temperature. The morphology and microstructure of the samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical properties of the samples were evaluated by galvanostatic discharge–charge cycling, cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectral measurements on cells with lithium discs as counter electrode and reference electrode. Compared to Cu/Cu2O and CuO/NiO, the sample of CuO obtained at 400°C exhibited the best electrochemical performance which delivered a reversible capacity of 605.3mAhg−1 (89.8% of the theoretical capacity) after 50 cycles at the current density of 100mAg−1, without noticeable capacity fading. The excellent electrochemical performance of porous CuO can be attributed to the three-dimensional porous structure, which cannot only provide large surface area but also facilitate Li+ and electron transfer, and the strong connection between active materials and Ni foam can promote better intrinsic kinetics.
LiFePO4–Li3V2(PO4)3 composite cathode material is synthesized by aqueous precipitation of FeVO4·xH2O from Fe(NO3)3 and NH4VO3, following chemical reduction and lithiation with oxalic acid as the reducer and carbon source. Samples are characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. XRD pattern of the compound synthesized at 700°C indicates olivine-type LiFePO4 and monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 are co-existed. TEM image exhibits that LiFePO4–Li3V2(PO4)3 particles are encapsulated with a carbon shell 5–10nm in thickness. The LiFePO4–Li3V2(PO4)3 compound cathode shows good electrochemical performance, and its discharge capacity is about 139.1 at 0.1C, 135.5 at 1C and 116mAhg−1 at 3C after 30 cycles.
A hydroxide-conducting polymer, HMT-PMBI, which is prepared by methylation of poly[2,2′-(2,2′′,4,4′′,6,6′′-hexamethyl-p-terphenyl-3,3′′-diyl)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole] (HMT-PBI), is utilized as both the polymer electrolyte membrane and ionomer in an alkaline anion-exchange membrane fuel cell and alkaline polymer electrolyzer. A fuel cell operating between 60 and 90 °C and subjected to operational shutdown, restarts, and CO2-containing air demonstrates remarkable in situ stability for >4 days, over which its performance improved. An HMT-PMBI-based fuel cell was operated at current densities >1000 mA cm−2 and power densities of 370 mW cm−2 at 60 °C. When similarly operated in a water electrolyzer with circulating 1 M KOH electrolyte at 60 °C, its performance was unchanged after 8 days of operation. Methodology for up-scaled synthesis of HMT-PMBI is presented, wherein >½ kg is synthesized in six steps with a yield of 42%. Each step is optimized to achieve high batch-to-batch reproducibility. Water uptake, dimensional swelling, and ionic conductivity of HMT-PMBI membranes exchanged with various anions are reported. In the fully-hydrated chloride form, HMT-PMBI membranes are mechanically strong, and possess a tensile strength and Young's modulus of 33 MPa and 225 MPa, respectively, which are significantly higher than Nafion 212, for example. The hydroxide anion form shows remarkable ex situ chemical and mechanical stability and is seemingly unchanged after a 7 days exposure to 1 M NaOH at 80 °C or 6 M NaOH at 25 °C. Only 6% chemical degradation is observed when exposed to 2 M NaOH at 80 °C for 7 days. The ease of synthesis, synthetic reproducibility, scale-up, and exceptional in situ and ex situ properties of HMT-PMBI renders this a potential benchmark polymer for energy conversion devices requiring an anion-exchange material.
This paper analyzes the performance of a system for automatic recovery and consolidation of energy from partially spent batteries. The objective for this system is to minimize the stockpile of batteries needed to run a suite of portable electronic devices on a daily, mission-oriented, basis. This system adapts to various battery types and allows the user to conveniently choose between charging and discharging specific batteries without changing the battery positions. The control algorithm is able to automatically select which secondary batteries should preferentially be charged. The control algorithm also continuously adjusts the discharging current of each battery according to its estimated state-of-charge. This concept is then verified by numerical simulation in the Virtual Test Bed (VTB) environment, which shows that the system is able to recover most of the energy from several partially spent batteries simultaneously. The effects of the discharge rate of the batteries on the overall system efficiency and the total discharging time are discussed.
Among lithium-ion battery applications, the relationship between state of charge (SoC) and open circuit voltage (OCV) is used for battery management system operation. The path dependence of OCV is a distinctive characteristic of lithium-ion batteries which is termed as OCV hysteresis. Accurate estimation of OCV hysteresis is essential for correct SoC identification. OCV hysteresis test procedures used previously do not consider the coupling of variables that show an apparent increase in hysteresis. To study true OCV hysteresis, this paper proposes a new test methodology. Using the proposed methodology, OCV hysteresis has been quantified for different lithium-ion cells. The test results show that a battery's OCV is directly related to the discharge capacity. Measured battery capacity can vary up to 5.0% depending on the test procedure and cell chemistry. The maximum hysteresis was found in a LiFePO4 (LFP) cell (38 mV) and lowest in the LTO cell (16 mV). A dynamic hysteresis model is used to show how better prediction accuracy can be achieved when hysteresis voltage is a function of SoC instead of assuming as a constant. The results highlight the importance of the testing procedure for OCV characterisation and that hysteresis is present in other Li-ion batteries in addition to LFP.
Asymmetric movements, in which the probability of moving from patch i to patch j is not necessarily the same as moving in the opposite direction, may be the rule more than the exception in nature where organisms move through spatially heterogeneous environments. Empirical tests of dispersal asymmetries are rare with even fewer tests of the mechanisms driving such patterns.
Battery strings are operated in a partial-state-of-charge mode (PSoC) in several new and changing applications for lead–acid batteries, in which the battery is seldom, if ever, fully charged or discharged. The lead battery industry faces new challenges as additional failure modes become evident in these PSoC applications. Without overcharge, cell imbalances caused by variations in cell temperature will cause premature failures. Valve-regulated lead−acid batteries are especially susceptible because of the heat generated by oxygen recombination at the negative plate. Improved thermal properties are shown by a proprietary battery design that combines absorptive glass mat and gelled acid technologies. Well-designed power systems are also required to reduce cell-to-cell temperature variations and, thereby, increase battery life.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the developmental effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol in the forms of ethanol (EtOH) and methanol (MeOH). The consumption of beer, wine, or spirits during pregnancy can have a profound impact on the processes of normal child development. The effects of EtOH are dose dependent, and children born to alcoholic or EtOH‐abusing mothers are at the highest risk for poor developmental outcome. Developmental effects are widespread and range from structural malformations to delays in physical growth and deficits in neurobehavioral development (learning, memory, language, and social behavior). The most serious outcome for the children of drinking mothers is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). In addition to microcephaly, facial features caused by the syndrome include short palpebral fissures, flattened midface, indistinct philtrum, thin upper lip, and upturned nose. Common features of the FAS face that are not required for a formal diagnosis include epicanthal folds, low nasal bridge, minor ear anomalies, and micrognathia. The maternal inhalation of MeOH may be related to a subtle but systematic disturbance in the timing of labor and delivery in pregnant nonhuman primates. While no clear pattern of adverse effects is found on neurobehavioral development, visually coordinated reaching and early memory is disrupted in an exposed offspring.
Lithium secondary batteries with high energy density are key devices for portable electrical equipments. The specific capacity of metal oxide-based positive active materials is considerably lower than that of lithium metal. Organosulfur compounds, such as disulfide compounds are useful as a positive active material for lithium secondary cells. We prepared modified poly(N-methylpyrrole) (PMPy) with pentathiepin rings (S-PMPy) from PMPy and disulfur dichloride at room temperature. The S-PMPy electrode showed electrochemical responses in the organic electrolyte solution (mixture of propylene carbonate (PC) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) (1:1, v/v) containing 1moldm−3 LiClO4). The maximum capacity of the test lithium secondary cell with the S-PMPy electrode was 14.8Ahkg−1 (per kilogram of S-PMPy) and the average capacity was 11.5Ahkg−1 (10 cycles) under the constant charge–discharge current condition at room temperature.
In contrast to typical magnetic energy generators that use electromagnetic induction, which are bulky and have low generation efficiency under small magnetic fields at low frequency, magneto-mechano-electric (MME) generators utilizing the magnetoelectric (ME) coupling effect and magnetic interactions are considered promising candidates. MME generators will serve as a ubiquitous autonomous energy source converting stray magnetic noise to useful electric energy for applications in wireless sensor networks (WSN) for the Internet of Things (IoT) and low-power-consuming electronics. The key component in a MME generator is the ME composite consisting of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials, which elastically couples the electric and magnetic behaviour of the respective constituent. Here, we report a MME generator consisting of a crystallographically oriented Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 piezoelectric single crystal macro-fibre composite and a highly textured magnetostrictive Fe–Ga alloy, which exhibits an exceptionally high rectified DC output power density of 3.22 mW cm−3. The large energy generation in this structure is ascribed to the coupling between the strong anisotropic properties of the piezoelectric single crystal fibres and textured Fe–Ga magnetostrictive alloy. A smart watch with IoT sensors was driven by the MME generator under a 700 μT magnetic field.