batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
2-dimensional Co nanoparticles embedded in N-doped carbon nanosheets (NCNS) are derived from indium-based frameworks which are impregnated with discrete [Co(NH3)6]3+ ions by high-temperature pyrolysis as a new approach to convert a 3-dimensional porous metal-organic frameworks (CPM-5) to 2-dimensional functional nanosheets. The as-made porous Co, N-doped carbon nanosheets (NCNS–Co 0.5 In 0.5 ) perform the excellent ORR catalytic activity with a half wave potential of 0.82 V in comparison with the commercial Pt/C. Meanwhile, it also owns good stability and methanol tolerance as a suitable catalyst for zinc-air batteries with a high power density of 132.2 mW cm−2. This method can easily be extended to other In-based MOFs, including QMOF-2, In-MIL-68, InOF-1, in which all the corresponding derived materials exhibit efficient ORR performance. Especially, the porous Co, N-doped carbon nanosheets annealed from InOF-1 (InOF-1-Co-800) display an Eonset of 0.93 V, a half-wave potential of 0.85V, and a diffusion-limited current of 5.40 mA cm−2 density. Our work provides a new path to tune the morphology and catalytic performance of MOF derivatives.
In the paper, a new type of wind-solar hybrid system was proposed, in which multiple small wind turbines took the place of a bigger one. The electricity performance of the multi-turbine wind-solar hybrid system was studied in comparison with the traditional system. Two types of wind-solar hybrid system with the same capacity were set up in Tianjin, and the power output of the two systems were measured and simulated by the TRNSYS software. The results showed that, at low wind speed, the multi-turbine wind-solar hybrid system has more power production than the reference system. The simulated results agreed well with the experiment results. Then, the electricity performance of the multi-turbine wind-solar hybrid system was studied under various climates in China by the TRNSYS. The simulation results showed that the power output of the wind turbines in multi-turbine wind-solar hybrid system increases by 18.69%, 31.24% and 53.79%, when used in Shenyang, shanghai and Guangzhou, respectively, compared with the reference system.
Photovoltaic technologies represent one of the leading research areas of solar energy which is one of the most powerful renewable alternatives of fossil fuels. In a common photovoltaic application the batteries play a key role in storage of energy generated by solar panels. Although it will take time for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and batteries based on biopolymer electrolytes to take their places in the market, laboratory studies prove that they have a lot to offer. Most efficient DSSCs and batteries available in market are based on liquid electrolytes. The advantages of liquid electrolytes are having high conductivity and good electrode-electrolyte interface whereas, disadvantages like corrosion and evaporation limit their future sustainability. Biopolymer electrolytes are proposed as novel alternatives which may overcome the problems stated above. In this review, we focus on fabrication, working principle as well as up to date status of DSSCs and batteries using biopolymer electrolytes. The effects of structural and electrical properties of biopolymer based electrolytes on the solar energy conversion efficiencies of DSSCs and their compatibility with lithium or other salts in battery applications are summarized. Biopolymer electrolyte based DSSCs are categorized on the basis of types of additives and recent outcomes of author's laboratory studies on biopolymer electrolyte based DSSCs and batteries are also presented.
The effect of convective mass transfer in electrolyte solution on the lead-acid battery performance is studied through computer simulation. For this purpose, the battery performance predicted from a model that considers full mass transport equations is compared to that predicted from a model that considers only mass transport due to diffusion and migration. To generalize the results, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to elucidate the dependency of the effect of convective mass transfer to the electrode thickness, electrode initial porosity, and initial acid concentration. In the range of the battery design and operating conditions investigated, the convective mass transfer may affect the battery specific power and energy up to 1%, the state of charge up to 2.4%, and the salt concentration in the positive electrode up to 50%.
Building integrated photovoltaic (BiPV) systems generate electricity, but also heat, which is typically wasted and also reduces the efficiency of generation. A heat recovery unit can be combined with a BiPV system to take advantage of this waste heat, thus providing cogeneration. Two different photovoltaic (PV) cell types were combined with a heat recovery unit and analysed in terms of their life-cycle energy consumption to determine the energy payback period. A net energy analysis of these PV systems has previously been performed, but recent improvements in the data used for this study allow for a more comprehensive assessment of the combined energy used throughout the entire life-cycle of these systems to be performed. Energy payback periods between 4 and 16.5 years were found, depending on the BiPV system. The energy embodied in PV systems is significant, emphasised here due to the innovative use of national average input–output (I–O) data to fill gaps in traditional life-cycle inventories, i.e. hybrid analysis. These findings provide an insight into the net energy savings that are possible with a well-designed and managed BiPV system.
Silicon alloys composed of silicon nanoparticles embedded in inert Cu-Al-Fe matrix phases were synthesized and encapsulated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets. Successful synthesis of the silicon alloys and their encapsulation with rGO were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopic analyses. The silicon alloy encapsulated with an optimal amount of rGO delivered an initial discharge capacity of 1140.7mAhg−1 with good capacity retention and exhibited excellent rate capability. This superior performance could be attributed to the unique structure of silicon alloy encapsulated by rGO, which could effectively accommodate the large volume change during cycling and provide continuous electronic conduction pathway in the electrode.
Electrochemical capacitors (EC) also called ‘supercapacitors’ or ‘ultracapacitors’ store the energy in the electric field of the electrochemical double-layer. Use of high surface-area electrodes result in extremely large capacitance. Single cell voltage of ECs is typically limited to 1–3 V depending on the electrolyte used. Small electrochemical capacitors for low-voltage electronic applications have been commercially available for many years. Different applications demanding large ECs with high voltage and improved energy and power density are under discussion. Fundamental principles, performance, characteristics, present and future applications of electrochemical capacitors are presented in this communication.
Electrochemical AFM technique has been used for the in situ study of the electrogeneration-deposition process of polybithiophene at varying the polymerisation conditions, such as supporting electrolyte, i.e., LiClO4 or tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, and polymerisation procedure, i.e., either potentiostatic or potentiodynamic method. In order to better follow the evolution of the morphology of the deposit, particularly during the early stages of the polymer film growth, a suitable home-made electrochemical cell has been used.
Imaging studies indicate that experimental pain is processed in multiple cortical areas which are often characterized as a network. However, the functional connectivity within the network and the other properties of the network is poorly understood. Substantial evidence demonstrates that synchronous oscillations between two cortical areas may indicate functional connectivity between those areas. We test the hypothesis that cortical areas with pain-related activity are functionally connected during attention to a painful stimulus. We stimulated with a painful, cutaneous, laser stimulus and recorded the response directly from the cortical surface (electrocorticography – ECoG) over primary somatosensory (SI), parasylvian (PS), and medial frontal (MF) cortex through subdural electrodes implanted for treatment of epilepsy. The results demonstrate synchrony of ECoGs between cortical structures receiving input from nociceptors, as indicated by the occurrence of laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) and/or event-related desynchronization (ERD). Prior to the stimulus, directed attention to the painful stimulus consistently increased the degree of synchrony between SI and PS regions, as the subject anticipated the stimulus. After the laser stimulus, directed attention to the painful stimulus consistently increased the degree of synchrony between SI and MF cortex, as the subject responded by counting the stimulus. Therefore, attention to painful stimuli always enhanced synchrony between cortical pain-related structures. The pattern of this synchrony changed as the patient switched tasks from anticipation of the stimulus to counting the stimulus. These results are the first compelling evidence of pain networks characterized by rapidly switching, task-specific functional connectivity.
Most drug delivery vehicles lack thrust that propels them to disease sites for payload delivery. Herein, a microrod comprising a zinc (Zn) core and a positively-charged poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT+) shell incorporating an anionic model drug, which form a “galvanic cell” in an electrolyte solution, is proposed as a battery-driven drug delivery device. Upon immersion of the proposed Zn-based batteries in a physiological environment, two sets of redox reactions that compete with each other in a manner determined by the local pH occur spontaneously. At low pH, the reduction of H+ to H2 bubbles, which are essential to propel the Zn batteries as micromotors, prevails, while at higher pH, the reduction of PEDOT+ to actuate galvanically payload release dominates. Observations in mice suggest that the self-powered Zn batteries may rapidly react and move in the gastric fluid after oral administration, considerably improving their penetration and retention in the mucus layer for localized drug release, similar to those directly injected into the subcutaneous tissue. None of the investigated tissues exhibits any significant inflammation or cell apoptosis, revealing that the developed Zn-based batteries have potential to serve as safe drug delivery devices.
Free-standing electrodes have stood out from the electrode pack, owing to their advantage of abandoning the conventional polymeric binder and conductive agent, thus increasing the specific capacity of lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, their practical application is hampered by inferior electrical conductivity and complex manufacturing process. To this end, we report here a facile approach to fabricate a flexible 3D N-doped carbon foam/carbon nanotubes (NCF@CNTs) hybrid to act as the current collector and host scaffold for TiO2 particles, which are integrated into a lightweight free-standing electrode (NCF@CNTs-TiO2). In the resulting architecture, ultra-fine TiO2 nanoparticles are homogeneously anchored in situ into the N-doped NCF@CNTs framework with macro- and meso-porous structure, wrapped by a dense CNT layer, cooperatively enhances the electrode flexibility and forms an interconnected conductive network for electron/ion transport. As a result, the as-prepared NCF@CNTs-TiO2 electrode exhibits excellent lithium storage performance with high specific capacity of 241 mAh g−1 at 1 C, superb rate capability of 145 mAh g−1 at 20 C, ultra-long cycling stability with an ultra-low capacity decay of 0.0037% per cycle over 2500 cycles, and excellent thermal stability with ∼94% capacity retention over 100 cycles at 55 °C.
The present study was aimed at investigating the impact of hippocampal and temporal cortical lesions on remote autobiographical memories in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Episodic specificity, episodic richness, and personal semantic memory from different life periods were assessed using a modified version of the Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) (M.D. Kopelman, A.E. Wilson, A. Baddeley, The autobiographical memory interview. Bury St. Edmunds: Thames Valley Test Co.; 1990) in 47 patients with unilateral mesial or lateral TLE and 38 healthy controls. Patients with TLE performed significantly more poorly than controls. Patients with left and right mTLE were equally moderately impaired, but patients with left lateral TLE had the most severe episodic memory deficits, particularly for childhood memories. With respect to personal semantic memory, patients with left TLE were significantly more impaired than those with right TLE, most pronounced for childhood memories. Both autobiographical memory aspects, episodic and personal semantic memory, were significantly intercorrelated, but both did not correlate with anterograde memory, indicating a structural dissociation between both functions.
Application of Social Network Analysis (SNA) to acoustic telemetry is a useful approach to examine social behavior in fish. Atlantic Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) are ancient, long-lived anadromous finfish. Although Atlantic Sturgeon have been the subject of numerous telemetry studies, none have used SNA to analyze their co-occurrence behavior. During 2010–2014 Atlantic Sturgeon (n = 103) that were later genetically identified as being from the Saint John River, Canada and the Kennebec River, US were captured by otter trawl and brush weir in Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy, Canada, and acoustically tagged. Using data from moored acoustic receivers within foraging habitat in Minas Basin, we tested if Atlantic Sturgeon formed social associations that were random or structured during 2012 to 2014; and whether these co-occurrences consisted of individuals from the same river of origin or capture date.
A combination of step potential electrochemical spectroscopy (SPECS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been used to examine the electrochemical cycling behaviour of a well-characterized birnessite-phase manganese dioxide sample for use in electrochemical capacitors. The resistance and interfacial properties of the macroscopic electrode were found to be irreversible with cycling. However, the corresponding properties for the individual particles were more reversible, although they did show substantial hysteresis in their behaviour during cycling. This behaviour was discussed in terms of the structural, conductivity and morphological characteristics of the birnessite at different depths of discharge.
Nickel–tin foams with a graded micro-porous framework and nano-porous walls are created by an electrochemical deposition method for use as the anode in rechargeable lithium batteries. The resulting electrodes react readily with lithium electrochemically and deliver a reversible capacity of more than 470mAhg−1 for up to 50 cycles. In addition, they show outstanding rate performance: their reversible capacity at a discharging rate of 20C is about 70% of the capacity at a rate of 1C, due mainly to their unique structure which allows facile lithium-ion transport and fast surface reactions. The reversible capacity and rate capability show strong dependence on the thickness of the deposit and this is associated with the accessibility of lithium ions inside the porous structure.
The electrochemical stability of lithium bis(oxatlato) borate (LiBOB) containing solid polymer electrolyte has been evaluated both by inert electrode and real cathodes. Enhanced intrinsic anodic stability and decreased interface impedance, are obtained by addition of nano-sized MgO to PEO20–LiBOB. It is also found that the LiBOB-containing SPEs exhibit prominent kinetic stability between 3.0 and 4.5V. For cells using SPEs as the separators, good cycling performance is obtained for real 4V class cathodes material LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and LiCoO2. The Li|PEO20–LiBOB|LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cell takes an initial capacity of 156.8mAhg−1, with retention of 142.5mAhg−1 after 20 cycles at 0.2C-rate. The cell also works well up to 1C-rate. The addition of nano-sized MgO into PEO20–LiBOB readily reduces the irreversible capacity per cycle, both for LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and LiCoO2 cathodes. In addition, the critical role of LiBOB in obtaining kinetic stability and passivating ability towards cathodes are specially discussed.
The present paper draws on the specific results of a vocational guidance battery of tests which are relevant to a newly created test of Block Design. This study involved 366 pupils at secondary school and high school levels (average mean of age was 16.1 years old, SD 1.80) and reveals information on the intrinsic psychometric qualities of the new Block Design Test. In addition, it offers insight into the specific aspects of the test that come as a result of its inter-relationship with other tests of the battery of intelligence used.
Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes composed of high molecular weight poly(oxyethylene) PEO as a matrix, LiTFSI as lithium salt and ramie, cotton and sisal whiskers with high aspect ratio and sisal microfibrils (MF), as reinforcing phase were prepared by casting-evaporation. The morphology of the composite electrolytes was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and their thermal behavior (characteristic temperatures, degradation temperature) were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Nanocomposite electrolytes based on PEO reinforced by whiskers and MF sisal exhibited very high mechanical performance with a storage modulus of 160MPa at high temperature. A weak decrease of the ionic conductivity was observed with the incorporation of 6wt% of whiskers. The addition of microfibrils involved a larger decrease of the conductivity. This difference may be associated to the more restricted PEO mobility due to the addition of entangled nanofibers.
We have compared the local structure of electrochemically lithiated SnO with Sn/Li alloys using 7Li to study the environment of the Li ion and extended X-ray absorption fine structure to study the environment of the Sn ion. Although a widely accepted simple model suggested that the electrochemically lithiated SnO should be similar to Sn/Li alloys of corresponding composition, we find this is true only at low Li concentrations. The addition of more Li to the structure produces, for both the Li and the Sn, features which are difficult to reconcile with the simple model, and suggest the presence of direct Sn–O interactions.
In recent years bacteria have shown much more potential to develop antimicrobial resistance. This mandates not only to the development of new drugs but also to the re-evaluation of already existing ones. Present study is sought to evaluate the in vitro activity of a few newer antibiotics which are not marketed in many countries at present. This study evaluates the in vitro activity of newer antibiotics i. e arbekacin, cefminox, fosfomycin and biapenem against clinical isolates Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. The minimum inhibition concentration of antibiotics was determined by the agar dilution method. The main finding of the present study is that fosfomycin was active against both E. coli and K. pneumoniae where as cefminox exhibited an insignificant intermediate level activity against both E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Biapenem was more active on E. coli than other tested organisms. Colistin showed inhibition for the entire organisms in present study. The present study suggests that colistin and fosfomycin are promising antibiotics for future use; however clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings and to evaluate potency of these four antibiotics.
Gel polymer electrolytes containing 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and a small amount of additive (vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, and ethylene carbonate) are prepared, and their electrochemical properties are investigated. The cathodic limit of the gel polymer electrolytes can be extended to 0V vs. Li by the formation of a protective solid electrolyte interphase on the electrode surface. Using these gel polymer electrolytes, lithium metal polymer cells composed of a lithium anode and a LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode are assembled, and their cycling performances are evaluated at room temperature. The cells show good cycling performance, comparable to that of a cell assembled with gel polymer electrolyte containing standard liquid electrolyte (1.0M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate/diethylene carbonate). Flammability tests and differential scanning calorimetry studies show that the presence of the ionic liquid in the gel polymer electrolyte considerably improves the safety and thermal stability of the cells.
Li metal exhibits considerable morphological changes during its plating/stripping, and in particular, the formation of needle-like Li or “dead Li” during plating/stripping has limited the widespread the use of Li metal as a secondary battery anode material. In recent attempts to suppress dead-Li formation during Li plating/stripping, the method of hosting Li metal in a stable structure in plating process has attracted considerable attention. Although many types of conductive Li host materials have been introduced to improve the electrochemical properties of Li metal anodes, the mechanism by which conductive Li hosting materials inhibit dead Li in each system has not been precisely investigated. In this study, we introduce a vapor-grown carbon-nanofiber-based protective layer on the Li metal surface and investigate the effects of the protective layer on the formation of dead Li. To this end, we investigate the adhesion properties of the plated Li and the morphological changes of the Li metal anodes with the protective layer during plating. Furthermore, the effects of the protective layer on the electrochemical properties of Li metal anodes are investigated. The protective layer firmly holds the plated Li over entire area, which results in reduced amounts of dead Li during repeated cycling.
Potassium-ion batteries are attracting intense attention as a promising energy storage system for grid-level applications due to their much lower cost compared with that of lithium-ion batteries. However, the lack of appropriate cathode materials becomes the most challenging issue caused by the contradiction between the higher difficulty on the controlled synthesis of K-based cathode candidates and the more rigorous requirement on the size, morphology and structure modulation in order to resist the drastic variation during the K insertion/extraction. In this work, we develop a scalable two-step self-templating strategy to synthesize P3–K0.5MnO2 hollow submicrospheres, in which largely optimized K-ion storage performance with superior cycling stability can be achieved benefitting from the synergistic effect of size, morphology and hollow interior. More importantly, the feasibility of the practical applications is further demonstrated via assembling the P3–K0.5MnO2 hollow submicrospheres cathode//graphite anode potassium-ion full cell and a high energy density of 100.7 Wh kg−1 is acquired based on the mass of cathode and anode, which highly strengthens the confidence on the future development of potassium-ion battery technology.