batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In lithium batteries, a porous separator filled with an electrolyte is placed in between the electrodes. Properties of the separator such as porosity and wettability strongly influence the conductivity of the electrolyte-separator composite. This study focuses on three commercial separators: a single layer polypropylene (Celgard 2500), a trilayer polypropylene-polyethylene-polypropylene (PP-PE-PP), and a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Electron microscopy was used to characterize the pore structure, and these experiments reveal large differences in pore morphology. The separators were soaked in both carbonate- and perfluoropolyether-based electrolytes. The conductivity of the neat electrolytes (σ 0) varied from 6.46 × 10−6 to 1.76 × 10−2 S cm−1. The porosity and wettability of the separator affect the electrolyte uptake that in turn affect the conductivity of electrolyte-separator composites. The conductivity of the electrolyte-separator composites (σ) was found to follow a master equation, σ = 0.51·σ 0·ϕ c 3.2±0.2, where ϕ c is the volume fraction of the electrolyte in each separator.
The present study investigates the application of clamped cell connectors for 18650 battery cells with focus on the electrical contact resistance (ECR). The ECR, which occurs at the contact interface, is one of the crucial criterion to design a battery cell joint. A poor connection with an increased contact resistance can lead to a significant heat generation and can subsequently cause a heat transfer into the battery cell. A positive terminal of a Panasonic NCR18650B Li-Ion cell is used for ECR measurements and for an investigation of the mechanical properties. A load test indicates that the positive terminal undergoes an elastic deformation up to a force of about 400N and can therefore be used for clamped joints without any damage. To investigate the dependencies of ECR, the applied force on the joint is varied from 25 to 400N and five different materials with three different surface roughnesses are used as cell connectors. Furthermore, the influence of aged surfaces is investigated. The obtained data show that the ECR of clamped cell connectors is reduced to about 50μΩ. Thus, the ECR is in the range or even lower than for welded contacts.
Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) is a radiation-free alternative to the 99mTc-HDP bone scan (BS) for the detection of bone metastasis. The major drawback is the long examination time and application of gadolinium enhancer. The aim of this study is to analyze (i) the performance of WB-MRI versus the BS and (ii) the diagnostic benefit of gadolinium (WB-MRI + Gd) compared to a non-enhanced protocol (NE WB-MRI).
A dynamic in situ X-ray absorption study, in the energy dispersive mode, has revealed short-range structural changes taking place during the discharge of a nickel hydroxide film electrode. A Jahn–Teller distortion has been identified in the first Ni–O shell at overcharge, which diminishes during the discharge process. Throughout discharge, the first Ni–Ni shell moves antagonistically to Ni–O coordination. These structural changes and Ni K-edge shifts have been used as measures of Ni valency during film discharge. Correlation of the results with electrode charge leads to a simple mechanism, in terms of electron population at Ni sites, for the discharge process.
As the consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for the transportation and consumer electronic sectors continues to grow, so does the pile of battery waste, with no successful recycling model, as exists for the lead–acid battery. Here, we exhibit a method to recycle LIBs using deep eutectic solvents to extract valuable metals from various chemistries, including lithium cobalt (
Li4Ti5O12 and Al3+ doped Li(4−x/3)Al x Ti(5−2x/3)O12 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) are synthesized at 750, 850, 950 °C via solid state reaction using TiO2-rutile, Li2CO3 and Al2O3 as precursors. The samples at 850, 950 °C have better phase purity than those at 750 °C. The preliminary charge–discharge cycling test of undoped and Al3+ doped Li4Ti5O12 reveals that the electrochemical performance of the electrode prepared at 850 °C is better than that at 750, 950 °C. Therefore, the optimum calcination temperature is found to be 850 °C. Li(4−x/3)Al x Ti(5−2x/3)O12 (x = 0.01, 0.05, 0.1), which is the low Al-doped sample, exhibits a higher discharge capacity and rate performance than the high Al-doped Li4Ti5O12 (x = 0.15, 0.2) sample. The first discharge capacities at 0.2, 0.5, and 1 C are 174.4, 161.9, and 153.8mAhg−1, respectively for Li(4−x/3)Al x Ti(5−2x/3)O12 (x = 0.1). These values are similar to those of Li(4−x/3)Al x Ti(5−2x/3)O12 (x = 0.01, 0.05). The capacity retention ratio of Li(4−x/3)Al x Ti(5−2x/3)O12 (x = 0.01, 0.05, 0.1) is over 99.3% after 30 cycles. The capacity increase and good rate performance in the optimum Al-doped Li4Ti5O12 are discussed in relation to the stability of the spinel structure and the resulting ease of lithium insertion.
Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been found to improve working memory (WM) performance in both healthy and clinical participants. However, whether this effect can be enhanced by cognitive activity undertaken during tDCS has not yet been explored. Objective This study aimed to explore whether tDCS applied to the left DLPFC during the persistent performance of one WM task would improve performance on a subsequent WM task, to a greater extent than either tDCS or cognitive activity alone. Methods Ten healthy participants took part in three counterbalanced conditions. The conditions involved 10 minutes of either anodal tDCS while completing an n-back task, anodal tDCS while at rest, or sham tDCS while completing an n-back task. The n-back that was used in this study was a computer-based letter WM task that involved 5 minutes of two-back, followed by 5 minutes of three-back. Digit span forward and backward was administered immediately before and after each treatment, and performance change (pre- to posttreatment) calculated and compared across conditions. The digit span tasks involved a series of numbers being read to the participant, and the participant was required to repeat them back, either in the same order (Digits forward) or in the reverse order (Digits backward). Results tDCS applied during completion of the n-back task was found to result in greater improvement in performance on digit span forward, compared with tDCS applied while at rest and sham tDCS during the n-back task. This finding was not evident with digit span backward. Conclusions These results indicate that there may be potential for the use of adjunctive cognitive remediation techniques to enhance the effects of tDCS. However, further research needs to be undertaken in this area to replicate and extend this finding.
We have investigated the crystallographical, morphological, and electrochemical behaviors of synthesized four different compositions of xLi2MnO3·(1−x)Li[Mn y Ni z Co1−y−z ]O2 cathode active materials using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and galvanostatic cycler. The four different compositions of cathode active materials demonstratea commonly angular shape of primary particles, but agglomerated spherical shape in appearance. All the attempted compositions of xLi2MnO3·(1−x)Li[Mn y Ni z Co1−y−z ]O2 cathodes deliver a specific discharge capacity of between 220 and 242mAh/g at room temperature when cycled between 2.5 and 4.6V versus Li/Li+ at C/10 rate.
The current study tested a path model examining the impact of fears of compassion in the adoption of disordered eating and whether social safeness and body shame would mediate this relationship.
NH4V3O8 with belt-like morphology has been synthesized via a hydrothermal process, using acetic acid as acidulant. The resulting phase-pure NH4V3O8 microcrystals have smooth surfaces and are typically 25–45μm long, 2–15μm wide, and 0.6–1.2μm thick. Electrochemical studies by means of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling show that the pristine material is a suitable host for reversible Li+ de-/intercalation. Analysis of the peak currents from cyclic voltammetry by means of the Randles-Sevcik equation suggests that the Li+ de-/intercalation is diffusion-controlled with D ∼5·10−15 cm2 s−1. The maximum discharge capacity, at 20mAg−1, amounts to 299mAhg−1. At 90mAg−1, it is still 201mAhg−1 with a capacity retention of 90% in the 100th cycle, indicating the belt-like NH4V3O8 being a promising candidate for application as cathode material in secondary lithium-ion batteries.
The symptom of bloating and sometimes associated increase in abdominal girth (distension) is often described by patients as very intrusive, significantly impacting their quality of life. Indeed many patients rank it as their most bothersome symptom, even above abdominal pain. Despite this fewer patients appear to seek medical attention for this problem compared with other gastrointestinal symptoms. This has been attributed to the fact that most sufferers usually have other symptoms, such as abdominal pain, which they may perceive as potentially more serious, and hence seek preferential medical advice and treatment. This review aims to clarify the meaning of the terms bloating and distension, explores their association with constipation, and discusses possible pathophysiologies, in particular the relevance of intraluminal gas handling.
This paper aims to study the techno-economical feasibility of a photovoltaic–diesel–battery hybrid energy system (HES) destined to electrify a research unit (UDES) located in the north of Algeria. For this aim several scenarios have been studied for a photovoltaic penetration varying from 0% to 100% including a stand-alone diesel system and a stand-alone photovoltaic system. For each scenario, the power system has been designed and optimized to get a maximum output power at a low cost. The performance of these systems has been analysed based on some determinant criteria such as net present cost, the cost of energy, energy excess, load satisfaction, fuel consumption savings, maintenance and operation costs of diesel generators, CO2 and pollutants saving rates. The impact of the storage battery bank size on the total cost of the power system has also been studied; it has been found that this parameter is a decisive factor that determines the optimum share of the solar resource in the hybrid system. Results showed that 25% PV–diesel–battery HES is the optimal configuration, which presents the best compromise between PV penetration efficiency, energy cost and the system stability. A sensitivity analysis has been performed on the optimal HES in order to study the effect of some parameters׳ variation (global solar radiation, diesel price, real interest rate and load consumption) on its total cost, the cost of energy, photovoltaic resource penetration and fuel intake.
Electrochemical storage systems are increasingly employed in stationary and automotive applications. The lithium-ion technology nowadays shows the best features and future development prospects. Nevertheless, lithium-ion chemistries are a lot and there is the need to know in deep their behaviour in relation to the final applications. Among the most used Lithium technologies, the CNR-ITAE has selected two different Lithium technologies: Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LiFePO4) and Lithium-Polymers to be tested and compared. Indeed, several electrical vehicles developers and electrical network operators are choosing these specific chemistries for their safety, relatively low cost and flexibility in creating customized battery pack. This paper reports the results of several tests carried out in order to investigate the features of each battery technology for stationary and automotive applications. In particular, the capacity reduction (Peukert effect) and the cell efficiency were analysed. Furthermore, tests showed the different relax time effect and the dynamic behaviour of cells subjected to different load profiles compliant with IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) tests procedures. A final analysis was carried out comparing the main performance indicators (Capacity, Amperometric and Energetic Efficiency, working temperatures, etc.).
In this work, the synthesis of Co–Fe–Se ultrathin nanosheet-fabricated microspheres was reported for the first time as electrocatalysts toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The Co–Fe–Se ternary compounds exhibited high electrocatalytic activity of HER with low onset potential in acid media due to the high specific surface area of Co–Fe–Se ultrathin nanosheet-fabricated microspheres. The presence of multiwall carbon nanotubes improved the immobilization effect of Co–Fe–Se catalysts and electron transfer between catalysts and electrode surface, leading to the improved stability and HER electrocatalysis. The non-noble metal-based ternary compounds of Co–Fe–Se obtained from earth-abundant elements may enlighten a new way of exploring cost-effective catalysts for HER to develop hydrogen energy.
Stannate, CoSnO3, which mixes the elements Co and Sn evenly at the atomic level, was used as precursor to prepare CoSnC by a modified carbothermal reduction method. The synthesis process was characterized by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The particle feature was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated the as-prepared composite has a well-coated carbon layer that effectively prevents the encapsulated, low melting point alloy from out-flowing in a high-temperature treatment process. In addition, this structure, CoSn x grains surrounded by carbon, prevents aggregation and pulverization of nanosized, tin-based alloy particles during charge/discharge cycling and improves the cycling stability of the alloy. The synthesized CoSnC integrates the merits of intermetallic compounds and nanosized anode materials and delivers a reversible capacity of 450mAhg−1 with a capacity retention of 72% after 50 cycles.
Performance-based measures of the ability to perform social and everyday living skills are being more widely used to assess functional capacity in people with serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Since they are also being used as outcome measures in pharmacological and cognitive remediation studies aimed at cognitive impairments in schizophrenia, understanding their measurement properties and potential sensitivity to change is important. In this study, the test–retest reliability, practice effects, and reliable change indices of two different performance-based functional capacity measures, the UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA) and Social Skills Performance Assessment (SSPA) were examined over several different retest intervals in two different samples of people with schizophrenia (n's=238 and 116) and a healthy comparison sample (n =109). These psychometric properties were compared to those of a neuropsychological assessment battery. Test–retest reliabilities of the long form of the UPSA ranged from r =63 to r =80 over follow-up periods up to 36months in people with schizophrenia, while brief UPSA reliabilities ranged from r =66 to r =81. Test–retest reliability of the NP performance scores ranged from r =77 to r =79. Test–retest reliabilities of the UPSA were lower in healthy controls, while NP performance was slightly more reliable. SSPA test–retest reliability was lower. Practice effect sizes ranged from .05 to .16 for the UPSA and .07 to .19 for the NP assessment in patients, with HC having more practice effects. Reliable change intervals were consistent across NP and both FC measures, indicating equal potential for detection of change. These performance-based measures of functional capacity appear to have similar potential to be sensitive to change compared to NP performance in people with schizophrenia.
Background Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are considered neurobiological disorders which share some clinical, cognitive and neuroimaging characteristics. Studying child and adolescent offspring of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BDoff) or schizophrenia (SZoff) is regarded as a reliable method for investigating early alterations and vulnerability factors for these disorders. This study compares the neuropsychological characteristics of SZoff, BDoff and a community control offspring group (CC) with the aim of examining shared and differential cognitive characteristics among groups. Methods 41 SZoff, 90 BDoff and 107 CC were recruited. They were all assessed with a complete neuropsychological battery which included intelligence quotient, working memory (WM), processing speed, verbal memory and learning, visual memory, executive functions and sustained attention. Results SZoff and BDoff showed worse performance in some cognitive areas compared with CC. Some of these difficulties (visual memory) were common to both offspring groups, whereas others, such as verbal learning and WM in SZoff or PSI in BDoff, were group-specific. Conclusions The cognitive difficulties in visual memory shown by both the SZoff and BDoff groups might point to a common endophenotype in the two disorders. Difficulties in other cognitive functions would be specific depending on the family diagnosis.
A method to measure the dynamic-performance of sodium/nickel chloride research cells under various dynamic load profiles, such as the Simplified Federal Urban Driving Schedule (SFUDS) has been described. The dynamic performance of various Na/NiCl2 research cells is measured in various power profiles in which the duration, intensity, and ratios of the power levels (mW/cm2) in the SFUDS-like profiles are varied. Performance parameters such as area-specific impedance and specific-area energy are obtained by discharging these cells under actual conditions that exist in the full-size battery during the intended applications. The performance parameters measured by this method are employed in relatively simple scale-up calculations to project performances of full-size battery.
Nickel–metal hydride batteries (Ni–MH) contain not only the base metals, but valuable rare earth metals (REMs) viz. La, Sm, Nd, Pr and Ce as well. In view of the importance of resource recycling and assured supply of the contained metals in such wastes, the present study has focussed on the leaching of the rare earth metals from the spent Ni–MH batteries. The conditions for the leaching of REMs from the spent batteries were optimized as: 2M H2SO4, 348K temperature and 120min of time at a pulp density (PD) of 100g/L. Under this condition, the leaching of 98.1% Nd, 98.4% Sm, 95.5% Pr and 89.4% Ce was achieved. Besides the rare earth metals, more than 90% of base metals (Ni, Co, Mn and Zn) were also leached out in this condition. Kinetic data for the dissolution of all the rare earth metals showed the best fit to the chemical control shrinking core model. The leaching of metals followed the mechanism involving the chemical reaction proceeding on the surface of particles by the lixiviant, which was corroborated by the XRD phase analysis and SEM–EDS studies. The activation energy of 7.6, 6.3, 11.3 and 13.5kJ/mol was acquired for the leaching of neodymium, samarium, praseodymium and cerium, respectively in the temperature range 305–348K. From the leach liquor, the mixed rare earth metals were precipitated at pH∼1.8 and the precipitated REMs was analyzed by XRD and SEM studies to determine the phases and the morphological features.
Sodium-metal chloride batteries have been highlighted as one of the massive energy storage systems for its intrinsically excellent safety and the use of abundant sodium. Nickel and sodium chloride have been the most studied for cathode materials because this chemistry allows high open-circuit voltage and high energy density among the candidates. However, there is a need to reduce the material cost due to costly nickel powders which are used in large quantities for the electrical connection in the cathode. This study proposes an electrochemically activated Na/ZnCl2 battery using less-expensive carbon felt to maintain efficient electron percolation in the cathode and evaluates the charge-discharge behavior and cell impedance. The Na/ZnCl2 cell, which has a capacity of 220 mAh with a new cathode configuration, significantly reduces the charge transfer resistance compared to conventional cells by approximately 42% and 62% at the 10th and 51st cycles, respectively. When the designed capacity increases to 440 mAh with the constant active area of an electrolyte, the reduction of resistance becomes apparent. This enhancement occurs because the carbon felt sufficiently conducts electrons in the cathode compartment and results in a uniform electrode reaction, which is also revealed in our analysis of the microstructure of the electrode.
p-Toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (PTSI) is introduced as electrolyte additive in a bid to enhance the electrochemical performances of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode materials under high voltage. A less resistive and stable film on the cathode surface derived from PTSI oxidation which taken place prior to the carbonate solvents is formed. As a result, the discharge capacity retention of Li/LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cell is elevated from 71.4% to 86.2% after 100 cycles at room temperature, and from 32.3% to 54.5% after 100 cycles at 55 °C. In addition, the Li/LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 half cell with PTSI exhibits superior rate capability compared to that in baseline electrolyte. The improved performance is not only ascribed to the thin protective layer originated from PTSI decomposition which prevent the successive breakdown of the electrolyte on cathode surface, but it is also attributed to the SO group in PTSI serves as the weak base site to restrain the reactivity of PF5, resulting in the suppression of LiF formation and HF generation.
Two of the most widely emphasized contenders for carbon emissions reduction in the electricity sector are nuclear power and renewable energy. While scenarios regularly question the potential impacts of adoption of various technology mixes in the future, it is less clear which technology has been associated with greater historical emission reductions. Here, we use multiple regression analyses on global datasets of national carbon emissions and renewable and nuclear electricity production across 123 countries over 25 years to examine systematically patterns in how countries variously using nuclear power and renewables contrastingly show higher or lower carbon emissions. We find that larger-scale national nuclear attachments do not tend to associate with significantly lower carbon emissions while renewables do. We also find a negative association between the scales of national nuclear and renewables attachments. This suggests nuclear and renewables attachments tend to crowd each other out.
We first report the pure HxMoO3 nanobelts as anode for lithium-ion batteries by a facile hydrothermal with ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate ((NH4)6Mo7O24∙4H2O) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). Owing to hydrogen-doping, Mo5+ exists in the HxMoO3 nanobelt, which may release extra electrons. Therefore, the electric conductance of HxMoO3 nanobelt is enhanced greatly. Moreover, the content of hydrogen can’t be high, since the ordered structure deteriorates when amount of hydrogen increasing. The H0.28MoO3 nanobelts we designed exhibit outstanding specific capacity and rate performance. The stable capacity of 920mAhg−1 is obtained after 25 charge/discharge cycles at 100mAg−1. At high current densities such as 1, 2, 5 and 10Ag−1, the H0.28MoO3 electrode delivers specific capacities of about 600, 500, 420, 300mAhg−1, respectively. Even after 450 charge discharge cycles at 1Ag−1, the performance of our materials can maintain the capacity of about 550mAhg−1. Furthermore, we provide more discussion about the lithium storage mechanism of HxMoO3 nanobelts through ex situ XRD and FESEM. By comparing HxMoO3 with different X, we find that low content of hydrogen can greatly improve the performance of α-MoO3 electrodes in Li-ion batteries.