batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) into the electric vehicle (EV) charging system has been on the rise due to several factors, namely continuous reduction in the price of PV modules, rapid growth in EV and concerns over the effects of greenhouse gases. Despite the numerous review articles published on EV charging using the utility (grid) electrical supply, so far, none has given sufficient emphasis on the PV charger. With the growing interest in this subject, this review paper summarizes and update all the related aspects on PV–EV charging, which include the power converter topologies, charging mechanisms and control for both PV–grid and PV-standalone/hybrid systems. In addition, the future outlook and the challenges that face this technology are highlighted. It is envisaged that the information gathered in this paper will be a valuable one-stop source of information for researchers working in this topic.
A combined electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and probe beam deflection (PBD) instrument was used to monitor the mobile species transfers associated with the redox processes of thin (Γ≅100–150 nmol cm−2) α- and β-nickel hydroxide films exposed to aqueous LiOH solution. A comparison of the measured PBD signal with the predicted PBD profiles, calculated by temporal convolution analysis of the current and mass responses, enabled the contributions to redox switching of anion (OH−) and solvent (H2O) transfers to be discriminated quantitatively. The responses from the combined instrument are reconciled in terms of H+ deintercalation/intercalation within the nickel hydroxide structure as OH− ions enter/exit the film. Hydroxide ion movement is associated with a counterflux of water. Thin nickel hydroxide films show a gradual α→β phase transformation with continuous voltammetric cycling, especially when the films are exposed to high concentrations of electrolyte. α-Films are characterised by OH− transfers that dominate the H+ and H2O movements; β-films are characterised by an increased participation of water and protons to the exchange dynamics.
A new polymeric gel electrolyte system conducting magnesium ion has been proposed. The gel electrolytes consisted of poly(ethylene oxide)-modified polymethacrylate (PEO-PMA) dissolving ionic liquid mixed with magnesium salt, Mg[(CF3SO2)2N]2. The polymeric gel films were self-standing, transparent and flexible with enough mechanical strength. The ionic conductance and the electrochemical properties of the gel films were investigated. Thermal analysis results showed that the polymeric gel is homogeneous and amorphous over a wide temperature range. The highest conductivity, 1.1 × 10−4 Scm−1 at room temperature (20°C), was obtained for the polymeric gel containing 50wt.% of the ionic liquid in which the content of the magnesium salt was 20mol%. The dc polarization of a Pt/Mg cell using the polymeric gel electrolyte proved that the magnesium ion (Mg2+) is mobile in the present polymeric system.
To improve the safety of lithium-ion batteries, a new type of positive electrode, which contains a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) compound consisting of a carbon black/polyethylene composite as the conductive material, was fabricated. The relation between the positive electrode composition and both the discharge characteristics and safety was investigated. The discharge capacity of PTC cells increased as the PTC compound ratio decreased or the acetylene black (AB) ratio increased. In an external short-circuit test, the maximum short-circuit current decreased with an increase in the PTC compound ratio, or with a decrease in the AB ratio. Moreover, in an overcharge test, the voltage of the PTC cells with any composition increased earlier than that in a conventional cell and a cell with a high PTC compound ratio showed high overcharge tolerance. Based on the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements for the positive electrodes of PTC cells, it was clear that there was inadequate oxidation of the active material, since the Li+ extraction reaction from Li x CoO2 hardly progress at the part of the active material which contacts the PTC compound due to an increase in the resistance of the PTC compound at the high temperature.
Amorphous FeOOH and α-FeOOH were synthesized by simple solvothermal methods and used as the reactants to prepare iron oxide-based cathode materials. Amorphous FeOOH transforms to α-Fe2O3 at temperatures as low as 80°C, and is stable enough to avoid the transformation to α-LiFeO2 even at 200°C in LiOH ethanol solution under solvothermal condition. α-FeOOH transforms to α-LiFeO2 in the same reaction system at 140°C. Both α-Fe2O3 and α-LiFeO2 demonstrate good electrochemical performances, especially α-Fe2O3, which delivers a high reversible capacity (105 mAh/g at 100mA/g after 50 cycles) in the voltage range from 1.5 to 4.5V. The electrochemical performances of α-Fe2O3 were found to be influenced by the solvent, temperature, reaction duration and alkali concentration of the solvothermal reactions. It was found that ethanol solution, low temperature, and moderate reaction duration and alkali concentration lead to α-Fe2O3 with reversible capacity of about 100 mAh/g.
The poor electrochemical performance of Li-ion batteries at low temperature is one of the major technical barriers to their practical application as energy sources. Here we report an attempt to improve the low-temperature electrochemical behavior of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anodes by replacing pristine Super-P with a Cu/Super-P composite in the electrodes composition. The composite, consisting of copper nanoparticles supported on Super-P carbon (Cu/Super-P), has been synthesized via a fast one-pot microwave-assisted polyol procedure. The comparison between the electrochemical performances of electrodes manufactured with pristine Super-P and of those that used the Cu/Super-P shows that the synthesized composite is indeed effective in enhancing the low-temperature electrochemical behavior of LTO anodes. Galvanostatic cycling demonstrates that much higher capacities are obtained within the investigated temperature range (from 20 to −30°C), regardless of the applied C-rate. Furthermore, the study of the differential capacity plots clearly shows that lower polarization is achieved when the Cu/Super-P composite replaces pristine Super-P.
The direct oxidation of glucose to produce electrical energy has been widely investigated because of renewability, abundance, high energy density and easy handling of the carbohydrate. Most of the previous studies have been conducted in extreme conditions in order to achieve complete glucose oxidation to CO2, neglecting the carbohydrate chemical instability that generally leads to useless by-products mixtures. The partial oxidation to gluconate, originally studied for implantable fuel cells, has the advantage of generating a commercially valuable chemical. In the present paper we optimized fuel composition and operating conditions in order to selectively oxidize glucose to gluconate, maximizing the power density output of a standard commercial platinum based anode material. A deep electrochemical characterization concerning reversible potential, cyclic voltammetry and overpotential measurements have been carried out at 25°C in the d-(+)-glucose concentration range 1.0×10−2 to 1.0M. NMR and EIS investigation clarify the role of the buffer in enhancing the electrochemical performance.
In this paper we present an adaptive application-driven power management (AADPM) strategy with online idle period length distribution learning capability for the IEEE 802.11b WLAN. We discuss its design and evaluate the performance in comparison with other power management strategies using the network simulator NS2. We simulated both the single user and multiple user scenarios. Experimental results have shown that, compared with other power management methods examined in this paper, AADPM achieved the highest energy saving in all cases and it demonstrated strong adaptability to network congestion.
Proton conducting composites have been prepared by loading heteropolyacids, namely tungstophosphoric (TPA) acid and molybdophosphoric (MPA) acid, into MCM-41 molecular sieve. The synthesis procedure was optimized to ensure maximum loading of TPA and MPA with negligible leaching of solid acids. The proton conductivity of the composite powdered materials was found to depend on the loading of the heteropolyacids and strongly affected by the presence of water in the solid. The highest proton conductivity of the order of 10−2 Scm−1 at room temperature was found for the TPA loaded MCM-41. The prepared materials have been characterized by FTIR, SEM and X-ray diffraction, which confirm the presence of heteropolyacids into MCM-41 molecular sieve structure. Leaching study carried out on the composite solids confirmed that the material leached out through the composite solids was negligible and hence almost complete loading of heteropolyacids into the MCM-41 structures was ensured. The new material combines the high thermal and structural stability of MCM-41 with outstanding conductivity of heteropolyacids. The high conductivity and negligible leaching of this material makes it suitable for use in the preparation of membranes for use in fuel cells and other electrochemical devices.
The ePartogram is a tablet-based application developed to improve care for women in labor by addressing documented challenges in partograph use. The application is designed to provide real-time decision support, improve data entry, and increase access to information for appropriate labor management. This study’s primary objective was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of ePartogram use in resource-constrained clinical settings.
This chapter on styrenic plastics covers a broad category of polymeric materials of which styrene is an important part. Chemical structures, manufacturers, and trade names along with typical end uses of the plastics are included besides extensive tabular and graphical permeation properties. Plastics included in this section are acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS), acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA), and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer.
In order to know the coefficients of thermal expansion in lithium manganese oxide spinels Li[Li x Mn2−x ]O4 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1/3, X-ray diffraction measurements are performed in the temperature (T) range from 400 to 100 K. The crystal structure for x = 0 changes from the high-T cubic phase ( F d 3 ¯ m ) into the low-T orthorhombic phase (Fddd) below 285 K due to a cooperative the Jahn–Teller transition. Hence, the average coefficients of linear thermal expansion (α L) in x = 0 are very different between the three orthorhombic axes; α L = 1.3(1) × 10−6 K−1 along the a o-axis, α L = 13.1(1) × 10−6 K−1 along the b o-axis, and α L = 5.7(1) × 10−6 K−1 along the c o-axis, where a o, b o, and c o are the lattice parameters of orthorhombic phase. On the other hand, the crystal structure for the samples with x ≥ 0.05 keeps the cubic phase ( F d 3 ¯ m ) down to 100 K. The α L value is almost independent on x at x ≥ 0.05, i.e. α L ∼ 7.0 × 10−6 K−1. This suggests that the bond strength between Mn(Li) and O2− ions does not increase by the partial substitution of Li ions for Mn ions.
Hollow NiO nanotubular material is prepared by a facile bio-template engaged route using filter paper as the template for Li-ion batteries and optimizing the reaction conditions. The as-obtained products keep the structure of filter paper, resulting in the formation of hollow NiO nanotube aggregates with strong framework and loose hollow mesoporous structure. As anode material for lithium ion batteries, it exhibits a stable reversible capacity of 620mAhg−1 and keeps over 600mAhg−1 after 100 cycles except for the first cycle at current density of 200mAg−1. The NiO eletrode also exhibits good rate capability. The nanostructured characteristics of NiO particles embedded in the nanotube ensure the high capacity in the electrode. The unique hollow structures can shorten the length of Li-ion diffusion and offer a sufficient void space, which sufficiently alleviates the mechanical stress caused by volume change. Herein, the hollow NiO nanotubular electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance.
This work represented the electrocatalytic properties of Ni-doped titania hollow sphere materials in hydrogen and oxygen evolution during water electrolysis from acidic media. Titania hollow sphere particles were synthesized using poly(styrene-methacrylic acid) latex as template material, and various amount of nickel were doped over the sphere using nickel (II) sulfate as the precursor of nickel. The presence of rutile TiO2 and NiO phases were revealed during XRD analysis, indicating the critical growth of nickel on the surface of the hollow sphere catalysts. BET surface area results also shown the 166.76 m2 g−1 value for 30 wt% Ni/TiO2 hollow sphere sample. The SEM and TEM images were confirmed the hollow sphere structure of the catalysts with diameter of 0.8–0.9 μm. The cyclic voltammetric studies proved the presence of both hydrogen and oxygen evolution peaks for all the hollow sphere samples. The anodic peak current density value, which usually represents the oxygen evolution phenomenon, was revealed as 13 mA cm−2 for 25 wt% Ni-loaded sample; whereas, the hydrogen evolution peak was most intense for 30 wt% Ni/TiO2 material with cathodic peak current density of 32 mA cm−2. The average value of −1.42 were determined as the reaction order of the system irrespective of the nickel loading and heating duration in the synthesis of hollow sphere materials. During photocatalytic water splitting, 30 wt% Ni/TiO2 hollow sphere sample yielded the highest amount of hydrogen in all irradiation time span.
The development of electrode materials which improve both the energy density and cycle life is one of the most challenging issues facing the practical application of sodium-ion batteries today. In this work, FeTiO3/C nanoparticles are synthesized as negative electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance and charge-discharge mechanism of the FeTiO3/C negative electrode are investigated in an ionic liquid electrolyte at 90 °C. The FeTiO3/C negative electrode delivers a high reversible capacity of 403 mAh g−1 at a current rate of 10 mA g−1, and exhibits high rate capability and excellent cycling stability for up to 2000 cycles. The results indicate that FeTiO3/C is a promising negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries.
A platinum electrode modified with lanthanum hexacyanoferrate (LaHCF) was prepared by electrochemical scanning and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and voltammetry. The results show that the deposit on the platinum substrate is composed of lanthanum potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) tetrahydrate. The electrochemical behavior of the LaHCF modified electrode was investigated preliminarily by voltammetry, and the experiments showed that hydrogen ion has a considerable effect on the electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode.
The reactive stability and energy density of magnesium-manganese oxides for high-temperature thermochemical energy storage have been investigated. Three variations of material with molar ratios of manganese to magnesium of 2/3, 1/1, and 2/1 were prepared using solid-state reaction synthesis and were tested for thermochemical reactive stability and energy storage capability. Results show that oxygen released and absorbed (standard cm3 g−1) by the materials remains unchanged over 20 cycles when cycled between 1200 and 1500 °C under an oxygen partial pressure (PO2) of 0.2 atm, indicating excellent reactive stability at high temperatures. Additional confirmation of reactive stability was obtained through testing over 10 energy storage cycles between 1000 and 1500 °C. The energy density of the material between 1000 and 1500 °C was determined through a combination of acid-solution calorimetry and drop calorimetry. The total volumetric energy densities (chemical, phase change, and sensible) obtained for samples of Mn/Mg of 2/3, 1/1, and 2/1 cycled between 1000 and 1500 °C are 1596, 1626 and 1654 MJ m-3, respectively.
We provide an overview of the different data-collection approaches that are commonly used in carrying out clinical, public health, and translational research. We discuss several of the factors that researchers need to consider in using data collected in questionnaire surveys, from proxy informants, through the review of medical records, and in the collection of biologic samples. We hope that the points raised in this overview will lead to the collection of rich and high-quality data in observational studies and randomized controlled trials.
We build upon the concept that nucleation of lithium dendrites at the lithium anode-solid state electrolyte interface is instigated by the higher resistance of grain boundaries that raises the local electro-chemical potential of lithium, near the lithium-electrode. This excess electro-chemo-mechanical potential, however, is reduced by the mechanical back stress generated when the dendrite is formed within the electrolyte. These parameters are coalesced into an analytical model that prescribes a specific criterion for dendrite formation. The results are presented in the form of current limit diagrams that show the “safe” and “fail” regimes for battery function. A higher conductivity of the electrolyte can reduce dendrite formation.
Heterogeneous, multi-layered electrodes based on high power Li4Ti5O12 interleaved with a smaller fraction of high capacity Si were fabricated using layer-by-layer spray printing, with the goal of achieving a balance of power and capacity for Li-ion storage technologies. The faradaic charge/discharge behavior of the multi-layered hybrid electrodes was investigated as a function of (i) the thickness of the discrete Si layer within the multi-layered electrode, and (ii) the location of the Si layer within the electrode: on the top of the Li4Ti5O12 (closest to the separator), between two layers of Li4Ti5O12 (sandwich configuration) or at the Li4Ti5O12 base (next to the current collector but furthest from the separator). The optimum arrangement of Si spray printed on Li4Ti5O12 offered outstanding electrochemical performance at high current densities of 4000 mA/g and after 500 cycles when in a full Li-ion battery configuration coupled with a spray printed LiFePO4 cathode. The optimized multi-layered electrode was reliably reproduced as a double-sided coating over large area current collectors (≥20 cm × 15 cm). Sprayed printed electrodes were also readily patterned in-plane as well as through-thickness, offering the prospect for selective additions of high capacity Si or other active or inactive electrode components at specific locations to provide new Li-ion battery performance characteristics.
An accurate battery remaining useful life (RUL) estimation can facilitate the design of a reliable battery system as well as the safety and reliability of actual operation. A reasonable definition and an effective prediction algorithm are indispensable for the achievement of an accurate RUL estimation result. In this paper, the analysis of battery terminal voltage curves under different cycle numbers during charge process is utilized for RUL definition. Moreover, the relationship between RUL and charge curve is simulated by feed forward neural network (FFNN) for its simplicity and effectiveness. Considering the nonlinearity of lithium-ion charge curve, importance sampling (IS) is employed for FFNN input selection. Based on these results, an online approach using FFNN and IS is presented to estimate lithium-ion battery RUL in this paper. Experiments and numerical comparisons are conducted to validate the proposed method. The results show that the FFNN with IS is an accurate estimation method for actual operation.
This research aims at identifying the precursors of mathematics learning at the beginning of primary school. There are few experimental studies on this topic and existing ones use between-subjects designs and correlation analysis. This paper analyses longitudinal data to investigate whether the relationship between basic abilities and mathematics learning is causally interpretable, rather than one where cognitive abilities are correlated to early mathematics learning in a cross-section design. The present study tested 170 children at the beginning and the end of first year of primary school. Linear structural relations, causally interpreted, were used to analyse the relations between cognitive abilities and mathematic achievement. The model showed that tests of working memory and counting ability are the most discriminating and efficient as precursors of early mathematics learning. In our data, phonological ability is not involved in mathematics learning ability, and in the presence of the cognitive measures included in the model, intelligence level does not directly influence mathematics capacity.
Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations have been measured in indoor environments of various public spaces (railway station, airport, shopping center, libraries, underground parking garage, etc.) of Strasbourg area (east of France). In addition, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde propionaldehyde and hexanal concentrations have been measured in 22 private homes in the same area. In most of the sampling sites, indoor and outdoor formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations were measured simultaneously. Gaseous aldehydes levels were quantified by a conventional DNHP-derivatization method followed by liquid chromatography coupled to UV detection. Outdoor formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations were both in the range 1–10μgm−3, the highest values being measured at the airport and railway station. Indoor concentrations were strongly dependant upon the sampling sites. In homes, the average concentrations were 37μgm−3 (living rooms) and 46μgm−3 (bedrooms) for formaldehyde, 15μgm−3 (living rooms) and 18μgm−3 (bedrooms) for acetaldehyde, 1.2μgm−3 (living rooms) and 1.6μgm−3 (bedrooms) for propionaldehyde, 9μgm−3 (living rooms) and 10μgm−3 (bedrooms) for hexanal. However, concentrations as high as 123, 80 and 47μgm−3 have been found for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and hexanal respectively. In public spaces, the highest formaldehyde concentration (62μgm−3) was found in a library and the highest concentration of acetaldehyde (26μgm−3) in the hall of a shopping center. Additional measurements of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were made inside a car both at rest or in a fluid or heavy traffic as well as in a room where cigarettes were smoked. Our data have been discussed and compared with those of previous studies.
This perspective discusses theories of polymer thermoelectrics, identifying combinations of electronic charge carrier energies and thermal conductivity mechanisms that could lead to the highest efficiencies. Structures, electrical conductivities, Seebeck coefficients, and figures of merit are summarized for some recently devised polymer-based thermoelectric materials. Foundational equations that define these quantities are presented, and are related to thermal conductivities as well. Finally, approaches to polymer composite design that optimize thermoelectric performance in light of the theoretical models are proposed.