batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Tin–graphite materials were prepared by chemical reduction of SnCl4 by t-BuONa-activated NaH. TEM imaging showed that the crude material is composed of an amorphous organic matrix containing tin present either as nanosized particles deposited on the graphite surface or as free aggregates. Subsequent washings with ethanol and water allow removal of side products as well as most part of the organic matrix. Electrochemical insertion of lithium occurred in graphite and in tin. The initial reversible massic capacity of 630mAhg−1 decayed to a stable value of 415mAhg−1 after 12 cycles. This capacity value was lower than the expected maximum one of 650mAhg−1 corresponding to a Sn/12C molar composition and assuming the formation of LiC6 and Li22Sn5. Even if this massic capacity is not much improved by comparison with that of graphite, it must be pointed out that the volume capacity of this graphite/Sn material is much larger (2137mAhcm−3) than that corresponding to graphite (837mAhcm−3). It was hypothesized that the part of tin bound to graphite could be responsible for the stable reversible capacity. To the contrary, graphite unsupported tin aggregates would contribute to the observed gradual decline in the storage capacity. Therefore, the improvement in cycleability, compared to that of massive metals, could be attributed both to the nanoscale dimension of the metal particles and to interactions between graphite and metal the nature of which remaining to be precised.
While the field of thermoelectricity continues developing, the academic world is still debating its applicability for wide-scale implementation. The main concerns revolve around its low energy conversion efficiency (5–10%), compared to photovoltaics (up to 46%), and the environmental impact of commonly used materials (e.g. Bi2Te3, PbTe). Although less scrutinized, other fields such as photoelectrochemistry and catalysis have suffered from similar drawbacks. In light of the recent developments, the question arises, if the introduction of hybrid devices combining those renewable energy sources is preferable to the current divided efforts. Several new papers bring arguments in favor of this combined approach, with an efficiency of 16% reported for a triboelectric–thermoelectric–photovoltaic water splitting cell.
Patients with chemosensory dysfunction experience significant quality of life disruptions, including reduced enjoyment of eating. While chemosensory dysfunction has been associated with eating disorders, the relationship is poorly understood. This systematic review aims to characterize psychophysical gustation and olfaction in patients with eating disorders.
A detailed three-dimensional thermal model has been developed to examine the thermal behaviour of a lithium-ion battery. This model precisely considers the layered-structure of the cell stacks, the case of a battery pack, and the gap between both elements to achieve a comprehensive analysis. Both location-dependent convection and radiation are adopted at boundaries to reflect different heat dissipation performances on all surfaces. Furthermore, a simplified thermal model is proposed according to the examination of various simplification strategies and validation from the detailed thermal model. Based on the examination, the calculation speed of the simplified model is comparable with that of a one-dimensional model with a maximum error less than 0.54K. These models successfully describe asymmetric temperature distribution inside a battery, and they predict an anomaly of temperature distribution on the surface if a metal case is used. Based on the simulation results from the detailed thermal model, radiation could contribute 43–63% at most to the overall heat dissipation under natural convection. Forced convection is effective in depressing the maximum temperature, and the temperature uniformity does not necessarily decrease infinitely when the extent of forced convection is enhanced. The metal battery case serves as a heat spreader, and the contact layer provides extra thermal resistance and heat capacity for the system. These factors are important and should be considered seriously in the design of battery systems.
Electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs, also known as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors) are energy storage devices that possess very long cycle life and high power density, but typically have lower energy density than lithium-ion cells. Applications that require both high energy and power density may use hybrid energy-storage systems built using a combination of EDLC and lithium-ion cells. Optimal controls for such systems must be physics-based to optimize the performance they deliver while maximizing life, as performance and degradation are determined by electrochemical variables internal to the devices and not by externally measurable values. Further, for practical application, the models used in the controls must be simple and share a common framework. Accordingly, in this paper we develop a reduced-order physics-based model of a non-Faradaic EDLC that has the same form as a model previously reported for a lithium-ion cell. We show how to determine model parameter values from simple laboratory tests using standard lab equipment, not requiring device teardown to do so. We validate the model against data collected from a commercial EDLC.
The changing energy-chemistry nexus is discussed in this perspective paper about the future of sustainable energy and chemical production to identify the priorities and open issues on which focus research and development. Topics discussed regard (i) the new sustainable energy scenario, (ii) the role of energy storage (from smart grids to chemical storage of energy), (iii) the outlooks and role of solar (bio)refineries and solar fuels, (iv) how to integrate bio- and solar-refineries to move to new economy, (v) the role of methanol at the crossover of new energy-chemistry nexus, (vi) the role of chemistry in this new scenario, (vii) the role of nanomaterials for a sustainable energy, (viii) the use of nanocarbons to design advanced energy conversion and storage devices, and (ix) possibilities and routes to exploit solar energy and methane (shale gas). The contribution provides a glimpse of the emerging directions and routes with some elements about their possible role in the future scenario, but does not provide a detailed analysis of the state of the art in these directions.
Enhancing vitamin D-induced human osteoblast (hOB) maturation at bone biomaterial surfaces is likely to improve prosthesis integration with resultant reductions in the need for revision arthroplasty consequent to aseptic loosening. Biomaterials that are less appealing to microorganisms implicated in implant failures through infection are also highly desirable. However, finding surfaces that enhance hOB maturation to active vitamin D yet deter bacteria remain elusive. In addressing this, we have sought to bio-functionalise titanium (Ti) with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and related, phosphatase-resistant, LPA analogues. The impetus for this follows our discovery that LPA co-operates with active vitamin D3 metabolites to secure hOB maturation in vitro including cells grown upon Ti. LPA has also been found, by others, to inhibit virulence factor production and biofilm formation of the human opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Collectively, selected LPA species might offer potential dual-action surface finishes for contemporary bone biomaterials. In attaching a phosphatase-resistant LPA analogue to Ti we took advantage of the affinity of alkane phosphonic acids for TiO2. Herein, we provide evidence for the facile development of a dual-action Ti surface for potential orthopaedic and dental applications. Successful conjugation of an LPA analogue (3S)1-fluoro-3-hydroxy-4-(oleoyloxy)butyl-1-phosphonate (FHBP) to the Ti surface was supported through physiochemical characterisation using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. hOB maturation to active vitamin D3 was enhanced for cells grown on FHBP-Ti whilst these same surfaces exhibited clear antiadherent properties towards a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB5-type MH alloys with Mm (Misch metal) as the A part (with varied rare earth contents in Mm) were investigated for rare earth by XRF analysis and battery performance by life cycle tests with an objective of understanding the influence of rare earth content on electrochemical hydrogen storage. The La/Ce ratio was found to vary from 0.51 to 18.73. The capacity output varied between 179 and 266mAhg−1. The results show that the La/Ce ratio has a strong influence on the performance, with the best performance realized with samples having an La/Ce ratio of around 12. La enhancement facilitates easy activation due to refinement in grain size and interstitial dimensions. Also, an orderly influence on crystalline structure could be seen. The study demonstrates that the rare earth content is an essential factor in determining the maximum capacity output because of its influence on crystal orientation as well as an increase in the radius of the interstitials, lattice constants and cell volumes.
A network of Co x Ni y Al z layered triple hydroxides (LTHs) nanosheets was prepared by the potentiostatic deposition process at −1.0V (vs. Ag/AgCl) onto stainless steel electrodes. X-ray diffraction patterns show that the Co x Ni y Al z LTHs belong to the hexagonal system with layered structure. Cyclic voltammetry and charge discharge measurements in the potential range of −0.1 to 0.5V and 0.0–0.4V, respectively, vs. Ag/AgCl in 1M KOH electrolyte indicate that Co x Ni y Al z LTHs have excellent supercapacitive characteristics. The maximum specific capacitance of ∼1263Fg−1 was obtained for Co0.59Ni0.21Al0.20LTH. The impedance studies indicated highly conducting nature of the Co x Ni y Al z LTHs.
The Raman spectra of two systems, namely titanium-doped lithium iron and lithium nickel phosphates have been investigated. At room temperature, Li3Fe2(PO4)3 is reported having a monoclinic structure with P21/n space group, and transforms to a rhombohedral structure (γ-phase) with Pcan space group above 513K. An orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group is reported for LiNiPO4 and Ti-doped LiNiPO4 polycrystalline samples. The Raman spectra of the first system, specifically Li3Fe2(PO4)3 and Ti-doped Li3Fe2(PO4)3, are assigned with respect to band positions reported in the literature for Li3Fe2(PO4)3 and Fe2(SO4)3 and, Nasicon-type compounds Li3In2(PO4)3 and Na3Fe2(PO4)3. Although spectra show a marked change in the broadness and number of bands observed, the overall profile is similar to α-Li3Fe2(PO4)3 which indicates up to 20mol% solubility of titanium in the Li3Fe2(PO4)3 phase. The second LiNiPO4 system shows mixed phase behaviour and is composed of orthorhombic LiNiPO4 and a secondary phase, likely a titanium phosphate. With increasing Ti-dopant concentration up to 20mol%, there is an increase in the relative proportion of the secondary phase, characterised by a strong band at 784cm−1.
Industry leaders are setting the goal of sustainable products and services. The question is how this necessary but ambitious goal can be met. The author focuses on the environmental aspect of the expression “sustainable”. Strategies like eco-innovation, re-designs, and product improvements are discussed using examples such as the development of fuel cell vehicles, and the use of renewable and recycled materials. Major single actions (e.g. the development of new propulsion systems) as well as small improvements create a significant environmental benefit in total if “environmental economies of scale” are reached through mass production. Life cycle strategies, service instead of product strategies, as well as the link between “old” and “new” economy are described. The opportunities and challenges of these strategies for sustainable products are discussed. The author believes that it is necessary to look at a combination of all these strategies in order to reach the goal of sustainable products and services. In future, increasing numbers of life cycle stakeholders may have to be involved in these efforts, as their involvement is key to providing very efficient and effective additional positive effects.
Electroless copper deposits were made on the surface of LaNi4.7Sn0.3 particles with the aim of studying the influence on the charge/discharge performance of this metal hydride alloy. Cu layers were produced using formaldehyde and hydrogen as reducing agents and the near-range order and composition investigated as a function of deposition method by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The electroless layer deposited using formaldehyde was shown to be mainly in the metallic state (Cu0). The copper layer prepared using hydrogen resulted in a mixed phase formed by metallic and oxidized copper species. Results also indicated that the copper layer protects the Ni atoms against corrosion, but this does not help in capacity retention during the charge/discharge cycling of the alloy. The electrode coated with the hydrogen reduced copper layer had lower discharge overpotentials relative to the uncoated electrode, implying an increase in the exchange current density for the process.
Lithium–sulfur (Li-S) batteries are promising energy storage devices owing to their high energy density and the low cost of sulfur. However, they are still far from being applied commercially because of the detrimental capacity fade caused by the dissolution of lithium polysulfide (LPS) in liquid electrolyte. In this study, we introduced a new polymer binder having a redox-mediating function that assists in the reduction of soluble LPS to Li2S at the cathode to suppress the shuttle effect as well as enhance sulfur utilization. An amine group containing benzo(ghi)perylene imide (BPI) was synthesized and grafted onto poly(acrylic acid) to produce a redox-mediating polymer binder. An Li-S cell fabricated using the new redox-mediating polymer binder demonstrated a capacity decay retention of 0.036% per cycle up to 500 cycles at 0.5 C with a coulombic efficiency of 98%.
One dimensional Li2MoO4 nanostructures including nanorods and nanotubes have been successfully fabricated via a simple sol-gel method adding Li2CO3 and MoO3 powders into distilled water with citric acid as an assistant agent and carbon source. Our experimental results show that the formation of the one dimensional nanostructure morphology is evaporation and crystallization process with self-adjusting into a rod-like hexagonal cross-section structure, while the citric acid played an important role during the formation of Li2MoO4 nanotubes under the acidic environment by capping, stabilizing the {1010} facet of Li2MoO4 structure and controlling the concentration of H+ (pH value) of the aqueous solution. Finally, basic electrochemical performance of these one dimensional Li2MoO4 nanostructures including nanorods and nanotubes evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are discussed, for comparison, the properties of carbon-free powder sample synthesized by solid-state reaction are also displayed. Experimental results show that different morphology and carbon-coating on the surface have an important influence on electrochemical performance.
This paper reviews the separators used in liquid electrolyte Li-ion batteries. According to the structure and composition of the membranes, the battery separators can be broadly divided as three groups: (1) microporous polymer membranes, (2) non-woven fabric mats and (3) inorganic composite membranes. The microporous polymer membranes are characterised by their thinness and thermal shutdown properties. The non-woven mats have high porosity and a low cost, while the composite membranes have excellent wettability and exceptional thermal stability. The manufacture, characteristics, performance and modifications of these separators are introduced and discussed. Among numerous battery separators, the thermal shutdown and ceramic separators are of special importance in enhancing the safety of Li-ion batteries. The former consists of either a polyethylene (PE)–polypropylene (PP) multilayer structure or a PE–PP blend which increases safety by allowing meltdown of the PE to close the ionic conduction pathways at a temperature below that at which thermal runway occurs. Whereas the latter comprises nano-size ceramic materials coated on two sides of a flexible and highly porous non-woven matrix which enhances the safety by retaining extremely stable dimensions even at very high temperatures to prevent the direct contact of the electrodes.
This paper presents the development of an energy management strategy of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). In this case, a rule-based optimal controller selects the appropriate operation mode. Furthermore, advantages and drawbacks of such vehicles are compared with respect to other vehicles powered by the most popular powertrain architectures. Simulations are carried out for three predefined drive cycles repeated over different geographic regions with varying CO2 intensities. The results reveal that the proposed controller is able to switch the vehicle’s operating mode according to previous established criteria.
Pure Sn nanoparticles electrode with Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-fluorenone-co-methylbenzoic ester) (PFM) conductive binder was prepared and tested in sodium ion battery. It showed higher specific capacity and higher cycling stability without any carbon black compared with Sn/CMC (carboxy methylated cellulose) and Sn/PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) electrode. The Sn in Sn/PFM electrodes delivered 806 mAh g− 1 at C/50 and 610 mAh g− 1 at C/10. After 10 cycles at C/10, the capacity of Sn had no decay. SEM and TEM images showed that the Sn particles in Sn/PFM electrode were still in good conductive network despite big volume change, but parts of Sn particles in Sn/CMC or Sn/PVDF electrode are electrically isolated.
Compared to other energy storage types, capacitive energy-storage serves increasingly significant roles in shortening reversible cycling times and enlarging high power than traditional batteries. It still suffers from the low pseudo-capacitive level and short of electrodes, along with low energy density. Considering the great theoretical capacity, here 1D chain-like Co3O4 is prepared though the thermal oxidation of the self-assembled rod-like Co-precursor. Followed by in-situ polymerization of pyrrole monomer, the Co3O4 were encapsulated in the transparent PPy shell. Particle size-tuning, 1D architecture-altering, conducting PPy introduction could effectively broaden the energy distribution of ions, increase the speed of ions directional transferring and improve the conductivity with protecting electrode materials. As Li-storage anodes, Co3O4/PPy delivers a stable capacity of 816.6 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 300 cycles. 801.3 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1. The capacity of full-cell still delivers 526 mAh g−1 at 3.0 A g−1 after 50 loops. Supported by detailed kinetic analysis of CV curves, it is confirmed, (1) the nature of Co3O4 approaches to capacitor-like behavior; (2) its electrochemical properties are dominated by capacitive contributions with increased current density as well as cycling. This work provides an in-depth sight on Co3O4, and further improving its pseudo-capacitive behaviors.
Drive for leanness (DL), a motivating interest in having low body fat and toned muscles, is hypothesized to be less maladaptive than drives for thinness (DT) and muscularity (DM), which has implications for its inclusion in eating- and health-related prevention and treatment programs; however, little research has explored this hypothesis. The current study investigated DL’s uniqueness from these other drives, as well as simultaneously explored if associations of DL and a range of health-related outcomes supported that it may be less maladaptive than DT and DM.
Porous ceramic microstructures play an important role in enhancing the performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The development of SOFCs that can generate high power densities requires improvements in the electrodes. The engineering of the highly porous electrodes is required to maximize the number of electrochemical reaction sites and to facilitate the gas diffusion. Various sacrificial template methods are capable of generating appropriate porous microstructures and can give a strict control over the porosity amount, pore sizes, and morphology. The present review provides a broad overview on SOFCs from the perspectives of creating porous electrodes using sacrificial template methods as a state of the art strategy. In addition, the manufacturing processes for the production of SOFCs are overviewed and described with focus on the advantages and limitations of each method.
Na0.44MnO2 (NMO) is one of the most promising positive electrode materials for the development of sodium ion secondary batteries. In this work, a NMO orthorhombic compound was prepared by a soft chemistry modified Pechini method and characterized. The material exhibits a good discharge capacity (about 110mAh/g) at low current rate (11mA/g, C/25) which decreases to 65mAh/g at high rate (275mA/g, 1C). The electrochemical behavior was investigated by the extensive use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis. It was observed that the kinetic limitations are mainly due to the low diffusion coefficient of Na+ ions in the structure (in the range 10−13/10−14 cm2/s) and to the high values of the surface resistance which is the sum of two contributes attributed to the charge transfer process and the presence of a passivating layer. The diffusion coefficient as well as the charge transfer resistance depends on the sodium amount in the electrode.
It is generally assumed that distance in the gravity model strictly reflects frictions impeding bilateral trade. However, distances North–South could also reflect differences in factor endowment that provide opportunities for profitable trade. This paper investigates the hypothesis that if we control for distance in the ordinary sense, differences North–South promote international trade. The hypothesis receives ample support. Moreover, the significance of differences North–South survives a battery of robustness tests, concerning period, distinctions between differences in latitude North–North, North–South and South–South, and controls for other measures of differences in factor endowment, such as differences in per capita output and differences in average temperature, rainfall, and seasonal range in temperature. The impact of differences North–South on bilateral trade has also been falling. This decline, in turn, might be partly responsible for the weakening of the influence of distance that has been occurring since World War II. This last hypothesis receives confirmation as well. Finally, the paper examines the impact of internal distance and remoteness on trade. Since both variables are country-specific, this is done by studying their impact on the country fixed effects themselves in the earlier estimates. Internal distance turns out to have a far greater impact than remoteness—by an order of 10.