batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Battery-like materials have recently been proposed as relevant bridge materials between pseudo-capacitance and battery materials. These composites have widely been used as electrodes in hybrid supercapacitors. In this account, MnCo2O4 (MCO), active carbon (AC) and a series of MnCo2O4@active carbon (MCO@AC) composites were investigated as electrodes of hybrid supercapacitors in aqueous alkaline electrolytes. MCO@AC200 achieved the highest specific capacity of 443.5 C g−1 at current density of 0.5 A g−1. This composite also overcame the low utilization of active material and difficult electron transport caused by thickness of high mass-loading conditions, yielding elevated volumetric capacity of 527.13 C cm−3 at 0.5 A g−1. However, MCO@AC200 was found to suffer from poor cycle stability. To clarify the electrochemical behaviors of all hybrid electrode materials and figure out the reasons behind the short-coming, the electrochemical kinetics were analyzed by means of cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and valence states of elements. The charge storage behaviors of MCO and AC in MCO@AC composites were found to be mutually independent. MCO as battery-like material showed irreversible phase transition, leading to deteriorated cycle stability. Overall, both electrode structure design and irreversible phase transition should be considered when developing hybrid supercapacitors with high volumetric capacity.
The growth of Pistia stratiotes in an industrial effluent obtained from a battery factory was investigated over time. This was to access its suitability for use as a bioindicator of heavy metal pollution. An assay of the concentrated effluent showed that Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn) were found to be present at 0.415 mg/l and 0.80 mg/l respectively. The plants were grown in full and half strength concentrations of the effluent. By the third day, plants grown in full concentration of the effluent showed signs of stress and chlorotic by the seventh day. The plant parts analysed showed that the leaves and roots of the young plants took up high quantities of the heavy metals than the mature plants with the roots however took up more heavy metals than the leaves. Pistia stratiotes can be used as a bioindicator of Cd and Zn pollution streams as it responds quickly to their presence in water.
The high penetration of distributed generators, most of them based on renewable energy sources, is modifying the traditional structure of the electric distribution grid. If the power of distributed generators is high enough to feed the loads of a certain area, this area could be disconnected from the main grid and operate in islanded mode. Microgrids are composed by distributed generators, energy storage devices, intelligent circuit breakers and local loads. In this paper, a review of the main microgrid architectures proposed in the literature has been carried out. The microgrid architectures are first classified regarding their AC or DC distribution buses. Besides, more complex microgrid architectures are shown. Both advantages and disadvantages of each one of the microgrid families are discussed.
The present study compared the gross motor skills of 7- to 12-year-old children with learning disabilities (n =104) with those of age-matched typically developing children (n =104) using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2. Additionally, the specific relationships between subsets of gross motor skills and academic performance in reading, spelling, and mathematics were examined in children with learning disabilities. As expected, the children with learning disabilities scored poorer on both the locomotor and object-control subtests than their typically developing peers. Furthermore, in children with learning disabilities a specific relationship was observed between reading and locomotor skills and a trend was found for a relationship between mathematics and object-control skills: the larger children's learning lag, the poorer their motor skill scores. This study stresses the importance of specific interventions facilitating both motor and academic abilities.
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has emerged as a promising technology for large-scale storage of intermittent power generated from renewable energy sources due to its advantages such as scalability, high energy efficiency and low cost. In the current study, a three-dimensional(3D) Lattice Boltzmann model is developed to simulate the transport mechanisms of electrolyte flow, species and charge in the vanadium redox flow battery at the micro pore scale. An electrochemical model using the Butler-Volmer equation is used to provide species and charge coupling at the surface of active electrode. The detailed structure of the carbon paper electrode is obtained using X-ray Computed Tomography(CT). The new model developed in the paper is able to predict the local concentration of different species, over-potential and current density profiles under charge/discharge conditions. The simulated capillary pressure as a function of electrolyte volume fraction for electrolyte wetting process in carbon paper electrode is presented. Different wet surface area of carbon paper electrode correspond to different electrolyte volume fraction in pore space of electrode. The model is then used to investigate the effect of wetting area in carbon paper electrode on the performance of vanadium redox flow battery. It is found that the electrochemical performance of positive half cell is reduced with air bubbles trapped inside the electrode.
Using analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques reveal a zigzag layer on surface of the cycled particles of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode after 300 discharge/charge cycles. The Ni, Mn content in the zigzag layer of the cycled particle has decreased rapidly from interior to edge of the zigzag layer of the cycled particles. The structure of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 oxide was gradually destructed from hexagonal cell with P3112 at interior region to fcc lattice of α-NaFeO2 at edge of the zigzag layer of the cycled particles. These experimental data provide the compositional and structural origins of the capacity decrease in the Li-ion battery.
Recent advances in experimental techniques (micro-CT scans, automated serial sectioning, electron back-scatter diffraction, and synchrotron radiation X-rays) have made it possible to characterize the full, three-dimensional structure of real materials. Such new experimental techniques have created a need for software tools that can model the response of these materials under various kinds of loads. OOF (Object Oriented Finite Elements) is a desktop software application for studying the relationship between the microstructure of a material and its overall mechanical, dielectric, or thermal properties using finite element models based on real or simulated micrographs. OOF provides methods for segmenting images, creating meshes of complex geometries, solving PDE's using finite element models, and visualizing 3D results. We discuss the challenges involved in implementing OOF in 3D and create a finite element mesh of trabecular bone as an illustrative example.
We report a simple approach to modulate the electron transport (ETp) band gap of protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) by doping other molecule (theophylline, TPY). The doping was first confirmed by both the theoretical simulation (molecular docking) and experimental characterization (fluorescence spectra), which demonstrated the formation of the TPY–BSA complex with the TPY positioned inside a hydrophobic cavity at subdomain IIA of BSA. The TPY–BSA was then immobilized on an Au substrate surface with the same orientation via the –SH group of the Cys34 on the protein surface. The current-voltage (I V) results show that doping TPY can improve the ETp ability of BSA with its conduction band (CB) lowering and valence band (VB) raising, and thus achieve the purpose of modulating the protein ETp band gap. The results presented in this work may provide a general approach to regulate protein ETp band gaps with wide variability by preselecting the doping molecule. The doped protein may further serve as a suitable material for configuring nanoscale solid-state bioelectronic devices.
The electrochemical mechanism and performance of FeSi4P4, vs. Na and Li were studied using a combination of operando X-ray diffraction, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and SQUID magnetometry. This silicon- and phosphorous-rich material exhibits a high capacity of 1750 mAh/g, retaining 1120 mAh/g after 40 cycles, and reacts through an original reversible mechanism surprisingly involving only slight changes in the chemical environment of the iron. Magnetic measurements and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy at low temperature reveal the reversible but incomplete change of the magnetic moment upon charge and discharge. Such a mild reversible process without drastic phase transition (with the exception of the crystalline to amorphous transition during the first lithiation) can explain the satisfying capacity retention. The electrochemical mechanism appears thus to be significantly different from the classical conversion or alloying/dealloying mechanisms usually observed in Lithium ion batteries for p-group element based materials. The same iron silicon phosphide electrode shows also interesting but significantly lower performance vs. Na, with a limited capacity retention 350 mAh/g.
Wind energy is an abundant source of the pollution free energy. The conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas are exhausting day by day and wind energy can be the alternative of fossil fuels. Wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) are very vulnerable to the disturbances, faults and low grid voltages. Therefore, modern WECSs are required and designed to the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability in the line fault condition. There are several approaches to maintain the grid code requirements in the line fault condition. The aim of the paper is to overview some popular approaches of the LVRT capability enhancement in the line fault condition. The fault protection schemes are analyzed using different types of WECSs. The advantages and disadvantages are also analyzed in this paper. To protect the WECSs during the line fault condition, energy storage based approaches are proposed in many literatures but these approaches require an additional system cost. Therefore, some control approaches are proposed for the LVRT capability in literatures without energy storage system which can be reduced the system cost significantly. Among various types of control approaches, in recent, the chopper circuit based fault protection method is gaining interest for the simplicity and fault protection capability without energy storage system.
The costs of intermittent renewable energy systems (IRES) and power storage technologies are compared on a level playing field to those of natural gas combined cycle power plants with CO2 capture and storage (NGCC–CCS). To account for technological progress over time, an “experience curve” approach is used to project future levelised costs of electricity (LCOE) based on technology progress ratios and deployment rates in worldwide energy scenarios, together with European energy and technology cost estimates. Under base case assumptions, the LCOE in 2040 for baseload NGCC–CCS plants is estimated to be 71€2012/MWh. In contrast, the LCOE for electricity generated intermittently from IRES is estimated at 68, 82, and 104€2012/MWh for concentrated solar power, offshore wind, and photovoltaic systems, respectively. Considering uncertainties in costs, deployment rates and geographical conditions, LCOE ranges for IRES are wider than for NGCC–CCS. We also assess energy storage technologies versus NGCC–CCS as backup options for IRES. Here, for base case assumptions NGCC–CCS with an LCOE of 90€2012/MWh in 2040 is more costly than pumped hydro storage (PHS) or compressed air and energy storage (CAES) with LCOEs of 57 and 88€2012/MWh, respectively. Projected costs for battery backup are 78, 149, and 321€2012/MWh for Zn–Br, ZEBRA, and Li-ion battery systems, respectively. Finally, we compare four stylised low-carbon systems on a common basis (including all ancillary costs for IRES). In the 2040 base case, the system employing only NGCC–CCS has the lowest LCOE and lowest cost of CO2 avoided with CO2 emissions of 45kg/MWh. A zero CO2 emission system with IRES plus PHS as backup is 42% more expensive in terms of LCOE, and 13% more costly than a system with IRES plus NGCC–CCS backup with emissions of 23kg CO2/MWh. Sensitivity results and study limitations are fully discussed within the paper.
Effects of temperature and pH of the plating baths, potential ranges and scan rates of cyclic voltammetry, and concentrations of RuCl3·xH2O on the deposition rate and the physicochemical properties of hydrous ruthenium oxide (i.e. RuO y ·nH2O) are investigated systematically. For the RuO y ·nH2O deposition, the apparent reaction order of RuCl3·xH2O is 1 while effects of pH are very complicated, probably due to the influence on the structure of the dissolved chloro–hydroxyl–ruthenium species, rendering a change in deposition mechanism. The redox transitions of oxyruthenium species between different oxidation states within the RuO y ·nH2O deposits are electrochemically reversible while the electrodes covered with a very thin RuO y ·nH2O film exhibit a less reversible characteristics. Surface morphologies and crystalline information of these RuO y ·nH2O deposits are examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively.
The design and engineering of original cryptographic solutions is a major concern to provide secure information systems. In a previous study, we have described a generator based on chaotic iterations, which uses the well-known XORshift generator. By doing so, we have improved the statistical performances of XORshift and make it behave chaotically, as defined by Devaney. The speed and security of this former generator have been improved in a second study, to make its usage more relevant in the Internet security context. In this paper, these contributions are summarized and a new version of the generator is introduced. It is based on a new Lookup Table implying a large improvement of speed. A comparison and a security analysis between the XORshift and these three versions of our generator are proposed, and various new statistical results are given. Finally, an application in the information hiding framework is presented, to give an illustrative example of the use of such a generator in the Internet security field.
In recent time, the concern for grid integration of wind power has been a subject of discussion in the academic community. At present, the penetration level is still moderate for most grids to accommodate. As the penetration level increases, wind power may cause additional problems to the grid due to its intermittent nature. One of the intending solutions to this problem is the adoption of energy storage. This paper examines the state of the art energy storage technology options that are capable of mitigating wind power intermittency on the grid and their challenges. It also highlighted the existing policies that aided the development of wind power and discusses the limitations of its integration into the grid. It was found that, the ability of storage technology to be effectively utilised in mitigating the wind power intermittency depends on the ramp rate of the technology, response delay time, duration of storage, maturity of technology, installation cost, efficiency of the technology, its environmental impact and the suitability of the site topology. Therefore, no single storage technology is capable of providing total solution at mitigating the effect of wind power intermittency on the grid. The effectiveness of the storage technology lies in the hybridization of the storage technologies depending on the level of cost and technical requirements.
Freiherr Christian Johann Dietrich Theodor von Grotthuss (1785-1822) lived and worked in Lithuania. Inspired by Volta's pile he proposed the first theory of water electrolysis, which was published in 1805 in Rome. Michael Faraday acknowledged T. Grotthuss for this theory in his further investigations of electrolysis processes. Having studied in Germany and France Grotthuss brought science to province by establishing his laboratory in Gedučiai village in his mother's real estate. Lithuanian scientists are proud that life of Theodor von Grotthuss was related to this country. Many events to remember this prominent scientist are organised in Vilnius and other places. His works and example provided a good basis for further development of electrochemical science in Lithuania. Grotthuss insights into the mechanism of proton transport still are of great relevance to such areas of modern science as membrane biochemistry, energy conversion and storage.
The Mo-doped LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes are successfully synthesized by citric acid-assisted sol–gel method. The result demonstrates that the Mo-doped LiMn1.4Ni0.55Mo0.05O4 cathodes present the improved electrochemical performance over pristine LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. At the 2 C rate after 80 cycles, the discharge capacities are 68.5 mAh g−1 for the pristine LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 material (53.9% of the capacity at 0.1 C), 107.4 mAh g−1 for the LiMn1.425Ni0.5Mo0.05O4 material (82.1% at 0.1 C), and 122.7 mAh g−1 for the LiMn1.4Ni0.55Mo0.05O4 material (90.5% at 0.1 C). Mo-doping is favorable for reducing the electrode polarization, suggesting that Mo-doped LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrodes have faster lithium insertion/extraction kinetics during cycling. Mo-doped LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrodes show lower charge-transfer resistance and higher lithium diffusion coefficients. In addition, LiMn1.4Ni0.55Mo0.05O4 cathode exhibits the smallest particle size, the lowest charge-transfer resistance and the highest lithium diffusion coefficient among all samples, indicating that it has a high reversibility and good rate capability.
We report a comparative study of two silica-based ionogel electrolytes for electrochemical cycling applications. The ionogels considered represent two classes of gel networks, a covalently formed network generated by the polymerization of tetramethoxysilane catalyzed by formic acid, and a network formed by weak intermolecular forces obtained by mixing fumed silica nanopowder with ionic liquid. In both cases, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide is utilized as the ion conductor in the gel network. With increasing temperature it is shown that the electrochemical stability window is reduced, the conductivity of the electrolyte is increased, and the double layer capacitance is increased for both types of ionogels. Long-term stability of the two ionogels is excellent, with 90% capacitance retained after 10,000 repetitive CV cycles at 100 °C. Our results indicate that both of these ionogel electrolytes are promising for application in solid-state electrochemical systems at high temperature.
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have been limited by low energy density and high cost. Here, we employ highly-soluble, inexpensive and reversible polysulfide and iodide species to demonstrate a high-energy and low-cost all-liquid polysulfide/iodide redox flow battery (PSIB). In contrast to metal-hybrid or semi-solid approaches that are usually adapted for high-energy RFBs, the all-liquid characteristic of the PSIB is crucial to enable practical scale-up development. Combining the achieved energy density (43.1WhL−1 Catholyte+Anolyte) and the inherent low materials cost of sulfur and iodine compared to vanadium, the PSIB system demonstrates a significantly lower materials cost per kilowatt hour ($85.4kWh−1) compared to the state-of-the-art vanadium-based redox flow batteries ($152.0–154.6kWh−1). Operando UV-Visible spectroscopy reveals superior electrochemical reversibility of both electrolytes. With its demonstrated energy density, inherent low material cost and benign chemical natures, the all-liquid PSIB offers a promising solution for high-energy-density and low-cost energy storage applications.
Natural copper minerals covellite and chalcocite have been investigated using different electrochemical methods (galvanostatic, potentiostatic, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) from the point of view of their capacitive behavior. The highest value of capacitance (about 200Fcm−2) was obtained on chalcocite in electrolyte containing 1M H2SO4 and 0.5M CuSO4, but with unacceptable high leakage current. Optimal system from the both criteria is chalcocite in 1M H2SO4 and 0.1M CuSO4, where the capacitance of about 110Fcm−2 has been obtained. Copper sheet served as a counter electrode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method had to be adopted for the systems containing high capacitances. The existence of reaction product on the surface of investigated minerals has been established by optical and electron microscopy.
Electrochemical reactions of lithium with Ni3Sn4- and CoSn2-based anodes for Li-ion batteries are analysed from a combined experimental and theoretical approach. We have found that the first discharge consists in the nanostructuration of the pristine materials into metallic and Li7Sn2 nanoparticles. Then, the basic mechanism of the charge and discharge cycles is the reversible transformation of Li7Sn2 into Ni3Sn4 or CoSn2 particles. Finally, the large irreversible capacity loss observed at the beginning of the first discharge is explained from interfacial reactions.
2N5 commercial grade aluminum (99.5% purity) leads to the lower aluminum–air battery performances than 4N high pure grade aluminum (99.99% purity) due to impurities itself and formed impurity complex layer which contained Fe, Si, Cu and others. The impurity complex layer of 2N5 grade Al declines the battery voltage on standby status. It also depletes discharge current and battery efficiency at 1.0 V which is general operating voltage of aluminum–air battery. However, the impurity complex layer of 2N5 grade Al is dissolved with decreasing discharge voltage to 0.8 V. This phenomenon leads to improvement of discharge current density and battery efficiency by reducing self-corrosion reaction. This study demonstrates the possibility of use of 2N5 grade Al which is cheaper than 4N grade Al as the anode for aluminum–air battery.
One of the key challenges of energy research is finding solid electrolytes with high lithium conductivities comparable to those of liquid electrolytes. In this context, developing new structural families of potential Li+ ion conductors and identifying structural descriptors for fast Li+ ion conduction to occur is key to expand the scope of viable Li+ ion conductors. Here, we report that the layered material Li0.6[Li0.2Sn0.8S2] shows a Li+ ion conductivity comparable to the currently best lithium superionic conductors (LISICONs). Li0.6[Li0.2Sn0.8S2] is composed of layers comprising edge-sharing Li/SnS6 octahedra, interleaved with both tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated Li+ ions. Pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR studies on powder samples show intragrain (bulk) diffusion coefficients DNMR on the order of 10−11 m2 s−1 at room temperature, which corresponds to a conductivity σNMR of 9.3 × 10−3 S cm−1 assuming the Nernst–Einstein equation, thus putting Li0.6[Li0.2Sn0.8S2] en par with the best Li solid electrolytes reported to date. This is in agreement with impedance spectroscopy on powder pellets, showing a conductivity of 1.5 × 10−2 S cm−1. Direct current galvanostatic polarization/depolarization measurements on such samples show negligible electronic contributions (less than 10−9 S cm−1) but indicate significant contact resistance (d.c. conductivity in a reversible cell is 1.2 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 298 K). Our results suggest that the partial occupation of interlayer Li+ positions in this layered material is beneficial for its transport properties, which together with tetrahedrally coordinated Li sites provides facile Li+ ion diffusion pathways in the intergallery space between the covalent Sn(Li)S2 layers. This work therefore points to a generic design principle for new layered Li+ ion conductors based on the controlled depletion of Li+ ions in the interlayer space.