batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objectives In childhood (>6 years-old) and adolescence, fitness testing is feasible, reliable and related to later health. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and reliability of a field-based fitness-test battery in preschool children. Design Repeated measures. Methods A total of 161 preschoolers aged 3 to 5 years participated in the study. Anthropometry, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and motor fitness were tested twice (2 weeks apart) using weight, height, waist circumference, PREFIT 20m shuttle run, handgrip strength, standing long jump, 4×10m shuttle run and one-leg stance tests, respectively. Results The main results indicated that all tests are feasible and highly reliable (mean differences, weight=0.04kg, height=0.22cm, waist circumference=−0.08cm, PREFIT 20m shuttle run=2.00 laps, handgrip strength=−0.24kg and 4×10m shuttle run=0.12s), in preschool children, except for the standing long jump test and one-leg stance test (mean differences of −7.31cm and 8.01s). After some methodological adaptations, reliability for standing long jump was improved in a replication study (i.e. from −7 to −2cm). We observed evidence of heteroscedasticity in the 4×10m shuttle run and one-leg stance tests. Conclusions The PREFIT battery is a feasible and reliable tool to assess physical fitness in preschool children yet standing long jump has shown mixed findings and requires further studies. The one-leg stance test showed poor reliability in our study and if confirmed by future studies, its use in 3 to 5 years-old would not be recommended. Future studies should consider the mean differences provide in this study to explain the changes in test performance.
A series of gallium-doped lithium trivanadates, LiV3−x Ga x O8 (x =0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08), were prepared as cathode materials by a sol–gel method. The characterizations of the crystal structures and microstructures were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) mapping. Charge–discharge cycling performance, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were also used to characterize their electrochemical properties. The charge–discharge tests show that the electrochemical performance of LiV3O8 improved with Ga3+ doping and that LiV2.94Ga0.06O8 has the best electrochemical properties, exhibits a high discharge capacity of 277(±3)mAhg−1 and maintains a stable capacity of 226(±3)mAhg−1 within 50 cycles at the charge–discharge rate of 0.1C and in the voltage range of 1.8–4.0V. The LiV2.94Ga0.06O8 electrode also shows better electrochemical performances at higher rates. The EIS results show that both the charge-transfer resistance and the resistance of the lithium ion diffusion decreased greatly after doping, which is favorable for fast lithium-ion intercalations/deintercalations in bulk materials.
Lithium-rich layered oxides are promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high reversible capacities (more than 250 mAh g−1). Nevertheless, in operation, the oxygen lattice would be transformed into O2 gas with phase transformation. Thus, to suppress O2 gas, it is necessary to pre-generate the oxygen vacancies in the surface of materials. Herein, for facile and scalable pre-generation of oxygen vacancies, pristine Li2MnO3·LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 oxide (PLR-NCM) is treated directly by CO2 gas just at the room temperature. The modified material (MLR-NCM), with rich oxygen vacancies in the surface and no obvious structural change inside, shows a discharge capacity of 321 mAh g−1 based on half-cells at 55 °C and 0.1 C (1.0 C = 250 mA g−1), and 240 mAh g−1 as full cells at the room temperature. In addition, it also exhibits high cycling and rate performance owing to the significantly improved lithium ion and electron diffusion efficiencies. Importantly, by real-time monitoring of structural evolution using in situ XRD technique, we find that the O2 gas release of the modified material is successfully suppressed. This facile method proposed in our work provides a new strategy for greatly improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries.
High Li-content lithium garnet oxides are promising solid electrolyte materials for lithium batteries. Being the highest Li-content lithium garnet oxides, Li7La3Zr2O12 has been reported to crystallize in either the tetragonal or cubic phase with no consensus on the exact conditions under which these two phases are formed, which may be due to unintentional Al contamination and air exposure. In this work, the effects of Ta substitution and H2O/CO2 exposure have been studied under Al-contamination free conditions with minimal air exposure. We showed that 1) the Ta-substitution induced phase transition occurred through a two-phase mechanism and a minimum 0.6 mol of Ta substitution to Zr is needed to stabilize the cubic phase; 2) H2O and CO2 can individually induce the tetragonal-cubic phase transition in Li7La3Zr2O12 through proton exchange and Li extraction, respectively, which can have great influence on the transport properties of Li7La3Zr2O12.
To boost the commercialization of high energy density lithium ion batteries (LIBs) used for electric vehicles, the development of electrode materials with high volumetric capacity is of great significance. In this work, a novel Si/slightly exfoliated graphite (SEG)/carbon composite used as anode for LIBs with high volumetric capacity is fabricated. The Si nanoparticles are uniformly intercalated in the squashed interlayers of SEG which are then further filled by amorphous carbon. The SEG acts as a conductivity skeleton, while the spaces between squashed interlayers(folds) in SEG function as buffer spaces for the expansion of Si nanoparticles during lithiation reactions. The amorphous carbon connects the Si nanoparticles with SEG to form a 3D conductive network. Owing to the high packing density (0.7gcm−3) and unique structure, this material possesses a high volumetric capacity of 1050mAhcm−3. Meanwhile, the Si/SEG/C composite also exhibits excellent rate and cyclic performance, presenting a reversible capacities of 1456 and 1056mAhg−1 at 100 and 500mAg−1 with capacity retention of 84.7% after 50 cycles at 500mAg−1. This work opens up an avenue to craft the Si/C composite with high volumetric energy densities and rate performance.
An electrolyte mixture containing 1 M LiPF6 in sulfolane:ethylmethyl carbonate 3:7 with vinylene carbonate and other electrolyte additives exhibited promising cycling and storage performance in high voltage Li(Ni0·4Mn0·4Co0.2)O2/graphite pouch type Li-ion cells tested to 4.5 V. Voltage drop during storage, coulombic efficiency, charge endpoint capacity slippage during ultra high precision cycling, charge-transfer resistance after storage or cycling, gas evolution during storage and cycling as well as capacity retention during long-term cycling were examined. The results for cells with sulfolane-based electrolytes were compared with those for cells with ethylene carbonate-based electrolytes containing state-of-the-art electrolyte additives. This survey showed that the combination of vinylene carbonate and triallyl phosphate as electrolyte additives in sulfolane:ethylmethyl carbonate electrolyte yielded cells capable of better performance during tests to 4.5 V than cells with ethylene carbonate-based electrolytes. These results suggest that sulfolane-based electrolytes may be promising for high voltage Li-ion cells.
To evaluate via scanning electron microscopy the amount of smear layer generated during the use of sonic and ultrasonic activation systems with standardized short-term intentional contacts with the canal walls.
Early detection of an internal short circuit (ISC) in lithium ion batteries has become a crucial task for battery management, as ISC is believed to be the root cause of several large format lithium ion battery fire accidents. In this paper, a scheme of on-line detection of ISC is proposed, and the online ISC detection problem is addressed from a model parameterization and parameter estimation perspective. Using a 3D electrochemical-thermal-ISC coupled model, we explore the correlation between the measured voltage, current, and temperature data and the ISC status. It is identified that the abnormal depletion in the state-of-charge (SOC) and excessive heat generation associated with ISC affect the voltage and temperature responses, and that the correlation can be captured by a properly parameterized phenomenological model. The ISC detection is then recast as a parameter estimation problem, for which a model-based estimation algorithm is proposed and evaluated. It is shown that the estimation algorithm can track the parameter variations in real-time, thereby making it feasible to track ISC incubation status or to detect instantaneously triggered ISC. Moreover, it is observed that the recorded temperature profile is not affected by the location where the ISC occurs, due to the oval shape of the temperature distribution caused by anisotropic heat conduction of the battery core. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can detect the ISC, regardless of its physical location within the battery.
Direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) have attracted much attention in the last few years for portable electronic devices, due to their potential of being high efficiency power sources. They have the potential to replace the state-of-the-art batteries in cell phones, PDAs, and laptop computers if their power density and durability can be improved. In the present investigation, the influence of increased anode catalyst layer porosity on DFAFC power density performance is studied. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) was used as a pore-former in this study because of its facile and complete removal after catalyst layer fabrication. The anode catalyst layers presented herein contained unsupported Pt/Ru catalyst and Li2CO3 (in the range of 0–50wt%) bound with proton conducting ionomer. Higher DFAFC performance is obtained because of the increased porosity within the anode catalyst layer through enhanced reactant and product mass transport. The maximum power density of DFAFC increased by 25% when pore-former was added to the anode catalyst ink. The formic acid onset potential for the anode catalyst layer with 17.5wt% pore-former was reduced by 30mV. A constant phase element based equivalent-circuit model was used to investigate anode impedance spectra. Fitted values for the anode impedance spectra confirm the improvement in performance due to an increase in formic acid concentration inside the anode catalyst layer pores along with efficient transport of reactants and products.
Background The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism has been associated with both overall schizophrenia risk and severity of negative symptoms. This study examined whether schizophrenia patients homozygous for the risk allele (T/T) exhibit greater impairment in executive function, and determined the extent to which MTHFR's effects on negative symptoms underlie this relationship. Methods 200 outpatients with chronic schizophrenia were evaluated with the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST), and California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Performance was stratified by MTHFR C667T genotype. Path analysis determined the extent to which MTHFR effects on negative symptoms mediated the relationship between genotype and cognitive measures. Results T/T subjects exhibited significantly greater deficits on the VFT and had more difficulty achieving the first category on the WCST. Genotype groups did not differ in CVLT performance. C677T effects on negative symptoms contributed to, but did not fully account for, genotype effects on VFT. Negative symptoms did not mediate WCST performance. Conclusions MTHFR C677T genotype contributes to certain executive function deficits in schizophrenia. These deficits remained significant when taking into account mediating effects of negative symptoms. Although the intermediate mechanisms for C677T effects remain uncertain, these results suggest that MTHFR-related cognitive impairment and negative symptoms reflect differing neural substrates.
To answer the demand of increased autonomy in transportation applications, the energy density of battery electrode need to be enhanced. The porous electrode microstructure needs to be controlled to optimize battery performance and prevent electrode degradation (e.g., Li plating). Graphite negative electrodes generally consist of anisotropic particles that exhibit a preferred orientation. Graphite particles tend to stack perpendicular to ionic pathways which results in transport issues and reduces overall battery power capability. In this context, a method based on X-ray diffraction is described to quantify the preferred orientation of graphite particles in actual electrodes. A step orientation-distribution function is used to describe the pole-density profile of the diffracting graphite crystallites. A fraction of graphite particles oriented parallel to the electrode current collector within a tilt tolerance is derived from the step function. An application of this method is presented on a set of graphite electrodes that underwent different calendering conditions.
A fibrous catalyst of titania oxynitride and carbon is prepared and its catalytic behavior in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are investigated in both HClO4 and KOH aqueous solutions. TiO2 particles are successfully deposited on activated carbon fibers by a liquid phase deposition technique using (NH4)2TiF6 and H3BO3. The catalyst obtained after subsequent ammonia nitridation at 1273 K had a fibrous structure with TiO x N y and TiN components. Interestingly, the product demonstrates catalytic activity for the ORR in not only HClO4 but also KOH aqueous solution. The onset potential in HClO4 solution is assumed to be moderate, at 0.85 V; on the other hand, that in KOH solution is relatively high at 0.95 V. Furthermore, it is considered from the Tafel plot analysis of the KOH solution result that the ORR mechanism follows a peroxide intermediate pathway and the rate-determining step would be a one-electron-transfer reaction to oxygen molecules adsorbed on the active site.
Ti2Nb2x O4+5x compounds are very popular negative-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high specific capacities, safe operating potentials and high cycling stability. Nevertheless, their poor electronic conductivities and insufficient Li+ diffusion coefficients limit the rate capabilities. Herein, we explore highly conductive CrNb11O29 with a high theoretical capacity (401 mAh g−1) and an open Wadsley–Roth shear structure as a new intercalating negative-electrode material having the same advantages of Ti2Nb2x O4+5x but a high rate capability. CrNb11O29 nanorods (CrNb11O29-R) with lengths of 500–1000 nm and very small diameters of 30–50 nm are prepared based on a novel hydrothermal method. Due to the free electrons in Cr-3d orbitals and the large ionic radius of Cr3+, CrNb11O29 exhibits a high electronic conductivity and large Li+ diffusion coefficients, respectively. In-situ X-ray diffraction analyses confirm its high structural stability. These conductivity, structural and architectural advantages in CrNb11O29-R lead to its significant pseudocapacitive contribution (82.0% at 1.1 mV s−1), prominent rate capability (high reversible capacities of 343 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and 228 mAh g−1 at 10C), and outstanding cycling stability (only 8.9% capacity loss at 10C over 400 cycles).
This work studies the redox reactions of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMcT) on bare platinum single crystal electrodes and platinum electrodes modified by a thin film of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) using as electrolyte the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Emmim][NTf2]). It was found that the redox reactions of DMcT are more reversible in [Emmim][NTf2] than in electrolytes dissolved in acetonitrile. Finally, it was found that the redox reactions of DMcT are surface sensitive on both bare and PEDOT modified Pt single crystal electrodes.
A reduced graphene oxide/β-Ni(OH)2 composite with excellent supercapacitive performance was prepared by a facile chemical precipitation. Reduced graphene oxide was ultrasonically dispersed in a Ni(NO3)2 solution, forming a suspension. Then let the prepared suspension stand for 0.5h and 24h, respectively, followed by stirring and adding NaOH solution into it for obtaining two types of composites. It was found that the standing time notably affected morphology and supercapacitive performance of the resulting composites. The composite derived from the 24h-standing suspension presented an ideal morphology with nano-sized β-Ni(OH)2 particles homogeneously growing on the reduced graphene oxide sheets. The composite exhibited ultra-large specific capacitance, high rate capability and good cycling stability in 6molL−1 KOH electrolyte. Its maximum specific capacitance was 2134Fg−1 at a scan rate of 2mVs−1, and a large specific capacitance of 882Fg−1 was still preserved at a high scan rate of 70mVs−1. After 2000 cycles at a current density of 10Ag−1, the composite delivered a specific capacitance of 1141Fg−1, retaining about 81% of its initial capacitance. The high performance and the simple synthesis route allowed the obtained composite to be promising for supercapacitor applications.
The Ni-Al layered double hydroxide (Ni-Al LDH) as an anode in nickel-metal hydride batteries is synthesized by liquid phase deposition (LPD) and the interlayer distance of the Ni-Al LDH is enlarged by the anionic exchanges from F− form to halide anion forms, oxo anion forms, complex anion forms, and surface-active agent anion forms, namely, ca. from 320 p.m. to a maximum of 2500 p.m. Then, we fabricate electrodes from the anion-exchanged LDH and study the relations between interlayer distance and internal resistance. The interlayer distances of the Ni-Al LDH, which are calculated from d 003, increase with the diameter of the intercalated anions. The interlayer distance of the LDH depends on the molecular shape and size of the intercalated anions. The charge transfer resistance(R ct) decreases by half when the LDH interlayer distance increases to about 400 p.m., and the activation energy for charge transfer(ΔE a) also decreases with increasing LDH interlayer distance. Furthermore, the electron transfer and the ion transport between the collector (i.e., Ni foam) and the active material especially contribute to the decrease of R ct and ΔE a of the electrode compared with those between the conductive assistant (i.e., carbon black powder).
Effect of electrolysis conditions on properties of electroplating of lead and its alloys is studied. It is shown that two-layer electroplating (the first layer of lead–tin–zinc alloy and the second layer of lead) using nitrilotriacetate-electrolyte (NTA-electrolyte) applied to expanded copper mesh grid (ECMG) of negative electrodes ensures reliable copper protection against the contact with storage battery electrolyte and makes it possible to use ECMG in sealed storage batteries.
Publisher Summary An estimated 7–10 billion laboratory tests of all types are performed each year in the USA alone. Very few others of those have a more direct effect on decisions critical to prevent human mortality than rabies laboratory tests. Rabies diagnostic evaluation is most frequently performed for the post-mortem examination of animals that have bitten a person or have otherwise potentially caused human exposure to the disease. These examinations constitute the most important diagnostic contributions to the control and prevention of rabies. Evidence of rabies virus infection, based on a positive diagnostic test, prompts administration of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to the exposed person, preventing the onset of the almost invariably fatal infection. Demonstration of rabies virus infection also initiates proper management of exposed domestic animals, including booster vaccination of previously immunized animals and euthanasia or quarantine of unvaccinated animals. Prompt and reliable negative results, on the other hand, can be used to prevent the initiation of unnecessary PEP in humans, avoiding the small but inherent associated risks and the squandering of expensive and often scarce biologics.
Waste heat recovery system plays a pivotal role for heat extractions in every energy consuming sector. Thermo-Electric Module converts this waste heat into useful work done as “electric energy”. Electric energy thus produced possesses many promissory benefits, such as: (a) energy storage in DC batteries, (b) running various loads in residential, commercial and industrial sector, (c) exporting power to grid, thus earning valuable revenues, (d) maintain economic growth of plant, and (e) environment friendly system. Recently, among various renewable energy technologies, Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) is paid much consideration in commercial, residential, and industrial sectors. In past decade, a number of WHR technologies are developed and improved. In this paper, relevant research works are reviewed regarding existing technologies of WHR. Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) is one of extensively emerging WHR technique among existing technologies. TEG with promising features, such as: simpler structure, vast scalability, solid state operation, the absence of toxic residuals, a long life span of reliable operation, no noise or vibration, and lack of chemical reaction or moving parts. Basic principle of TEG with its series and parallel arrangement for voltage and current enhancement is also reviewed. Our work described a standalone thermoelectric module generate 1–125W whose modular arrangement produces ~ 5kW and the wattage improvement is defendant on array size. The potential application of TEG in various applications are comprehensively discussed and described. A detailed description to Pakistan energy status and WHR potential especially in Cement Industry is assessed in this survey. Finally, the TEGs model in Matlab/SimScape for direct heat energy harvesting with DC/DC converter is simulated, as a case study of “Officer Colony, Abbottabad, Pakistan”.
Diagnosing the state-of-health of lithium ion batteries in-operando is becoming increasingly important for multiple applications. We report the application of differential thermal voltammetry (DTV) to lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells for the first time, and demonstrate that the technique is capable of diagnosing degradation in a similar way to incremental capacity analysis (ICA). DTV has the advantage of not requiring current and works for multiple cells in parallel, and is less sensitive to temperature introducing errors. Cells were aged by holding at 100% SOC or cycling at 1C charge, 6D discharge, both at an elevated temperature of 45 °C under forced air convection. Cells were periodically characterised, measuring capacity fade, resistance increase (power fade), and DTV fingerprints. The DTV results for both cells correlated well with both capacity and power, suggesting they could be used to diagnose SOH in-operando for both charge and discharge. The DTV peak-to-peak capacity correlated well with total capacity fade for the cycled cell, suggesting that it should be possible to estimate SOC and SOH from DTV for incomplete cycles within the voltage hysteresis region of an LFP cell.
We have developed a seafloor acoustic ranging system as a possible future application to monitoring seafloor crustal movement with the DONET (Development of Dense Ocean-floor Network System for Earthquake and Tsunami) cabled observatory system. In 2007 we carried out an experiment for the seafloor acoustic ranging system. We deployed two precision acoustic transponders (PXPs) with about 750m spacing in Kumano-nada at a water depth of about 2035m. We collected 660 ranging data in this one-day experiment. The round-trip travel time shows a variation with peak-to-peak amplitude of about 25mm in the range. It was confirmed that most of the variation could be explained by the change in sound speed estimated from measured temperature and pressure. The remaining fluctuation in the acoustic measurements is ±2mm.