batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A carbon coated commercial lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12; LTO) was acoustically mixed with nano-sized AlF3 and heat treated to form a simultaneous coating layer of carbon and AlF3 on LTO particles. The surface modified LTO samples were characterized by a variety of means such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, high-resolution transmission electron microscope, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results indicate that both carbon and AlF3 layers exist on the surface of LTO particles and that the distribution of the carbon and AlF3 differs depending on post heat treatment temperature. The carbon and AlF3 coating layers formed by optimal post heat treatment at 350°C significantly improves electrochemical performance, which increases charge capacity by 30% over the pristine LTO after 50cycles at a high current density of 5C. Thus, LTO with a simultaneous coating layer of carbon and AlF3 formed by acoustic mixing and post heat treatment shows a potential to further improve commercially-optimized carbon-coated LTO by alleviating its inherently low conductivity. This is an effective way to stabilize the interface between LTO particles and electrolyte, and is a practical approach to promote the wide usage of LTO, one of the most potent anode materials.
One-dimensional nanotubes constructed from interconnected Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 secondary particles of diameters measuring ca. 40 nm, were synthesized by a one-pot electrospinning method. Novel electrodes were constructed from (a) nanoparticles only, and (b) hollow nanofibres, and employed as cathodes in Li-ion batteries. The nanotube cathode exhibited impressive specific charge capacity, good cycling stability, and excellent rate capability. A discharge capacity of 140 mAh g−1 with capacity retention of 89% at 3 C was achieved after 300 cycles. The significant improvement of electrochemical performance is attributed to the high surface area of the nanotubes, well-guided charge transfer kinetics with short ionic diffusion pathways, and large effective contact area with the electrolyte during the cycling process.
We report a simple microwave-assisted method to fabricate high-quality two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin NiCo2O4 nanosheets with a geometrically graphene-like architecture. The unique large-area nanostructures represent an ultrahigh surface atomic ratio with almost all active elements exposed outside for surface-dependent electrochemical reaction processes. Experimental results reveal that the as-synthesized ultrathin NiCo2O4 nanosheets show excellent electrochemical performances for lithium storage application. The ultrathin NiCo2O4 nanosheets could deliver a high first discharge capacity (1287.1mAhg−1) with initial Coulombic efficiency of 80.0% at 200mAg−1 current density. The reversible lithium storage capacity still retains at 804.8mAhg−1 in the 100th cycle, suggesting a good cycling stability. The excellent electrochemical properties of the as-synthesized NiCo2O4 nanosheets could be ascribed to the unique ultrathin 2D architecture, which could offer large exposed active surface with more lithium-insertion channels and significantly reduce lithium ion diffusion distance. The cost-efficient synthesis and excellent lithium storage properties make the 2D NiCo2O4 nanosheets as a promising anode material for high-performance lithium ion batteries.
The present work demonstrates the preparation of NiO nanoflakes via potentiodynamic electrodeposition method. The structural and morphological analyses of the film have been presented. The pseudocapacitive properties are tested using cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The maximum value of specific capacitance obtained is 222Fg−1.
The purposes of the present study are to determine the prevalence and demographic features of rapid eye movement (REM)-related sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in Korean adults with newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and determine if REM-related SDB is associated with depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in OSA patients.
LiMn2O4/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 composite with LiMn2O4 substrate and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 surface layer is proposed and prepared through sol–gel method. The resulting samples have been characterized by XRD and SEM measurements, in terms of which the impurity-free phase, uniform particle morphology have been proved. Charge–discharge test, XPS measurement combining with TEM observation confirm the existence of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 surface layer. Comparing with the bare LiMn2O4, the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-coated LiMn2O4 phase presents significantly improved cycling stability, especially at 60°C. Additionally, the rate capability and thermal safety of LiMn2O4 are greatly enhanced after being coated by LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. ICP-AES measurement, structural analysis, and impedance experiment indicate that the improved electrochemical property of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-coated LiMn2O4 should be attributed to the alleviated dissolution loss of manganese, strengthened structural stability, and improved SEI property.
The high performance of α–MnO2/NGNF catalyzed air cathode for Li–O2 battery is reported in this article. The α–MnO2 nanorods are successfully grown on highly conductive nitrogen doped graphite nanofibers with caterpillar like morphology by a simple hydrothermal technique. The as–prepared α–MnO2/N–GNF catalyst exhibits better electrocatalytic performance in terms of oxygen reduction and evolution reactions in the air cathode exhibiting comparatively low overpotential. In addition to the low overpotential, α–MnO2/NGNF catalyzed Li–O2 battery also show high capacity, reversibility and rate capability. The combined effect of α–MnO2 and N–GNF for facilitating electrochemical reactions between Li and O2 is described for improving energy and columbic efficiency of Li–O2 battery.
Can commentary driving produce safer drivers? Producing a verbal commentary of potential hazards during driving has long been considered by the police to improve hazard perception skills. In this study we investigated whether learner drivers would benefit from being trained to produce a commentary drive. All learners were initially assessed on a virtual route in a driving simulator that contained 9 hazards. One group of drivers was then trained in commentary driving, and their subsequent simulated driving behaviour was compared to a control group. The results showed that the trained group had fewer crashes, reduced their speed sooner on approach to hazards, and applied pressure to the brakes sooner than untrained drivers. Conversely the untrained drivers’ behaviour on approach to hazards was symptomatic of being surprised at the appearance of the hazards. The benefit of training was found to be greater for certain types of hazard than others.
Objective Efficient detection of neurocognitive disorders is a key diagnostic challenge. We explored how simple bedside tests of attention, vigilance and visuospatial function might assist in identifying delirium in hospitalized patients. Methods Performance on a battery of bedside cognitive tests was compared in elderly medical inpatients with DSM-IV delirium, dementia, comorbid delirium-dementia, and no neurocognitive disorder. Results 193 patients [mean age 79.9±7.3; 97 male] were assessed with delirium (n =45), dementia (n =33), comorbid delirium-dementia (n =65) and no neurocognitive disorder (NNCD) (n =50). The ability to meaningfully engage with the tests varied from 84% (Spatial Span Forwards) to 57% (Vigilance B test), and was especially problematic among the comorbid delirium-dementia group. The NNCD was distinguished from the delirium groups for most tests, and from the dementia group for the Vigilance B test and the Clock Drawing Test. The dementia group differed from delirium groups in respect of the Months Backward Test, Vigilance A and B tests, Global assessment of visuospatial ability and the Interlocking Pentagons Test. Overall, patients with delirium were best identified by three tests – the Months Backward Test, Vigilance A test and the Global Assessment of visuospatial function with failure to correctly complete any two of these predicting delirium status in 80% of cases. Conclusion Simple bedside tests of attention, vigilance and visuospatial ability can help to distinguish neurocognitive disorders, including delirium, from other presentations. There is a need to develop more accurate methods specifically designed to assess patients with neurocognitive disorder who are unable to engage with conventional tests.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Pyungwi-san (PWS, Heii-san in Japanese) is a mixture of six herbs and is traditionally used in Northeast Asia (especially Korea and Japan) for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorder, such as dyspepsia and inappetance induced by gastric dilatation and gastrointestinal catarrh. Aim of the study Although PWS is a widely used herbal prescription in Korea and Japan, little information is available in the literature on the safety and toxicity of PWS. As part of a safety evaluation of PWS, the present study evaluated the potential genotoxicity of PWS using a standard battery of test. Materials and methods We prepared PWS using a water extraction method and simultaneously extracted three compounds from PWS using high performance liquid chromatography. The PWS extract that was obtained was assayed for genotoxicity using the standard three tests recommended by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. These tests included the bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test), the chromosomal aberration test using China hamster lung cells, and the micronucleus test using ICR mice. Results The Ames test showed that the PWS extract did not induce an increase in the number of revertant colonies compared with vehicle control at any dose in all of tester strains. In the micronucleus test, no significant increase was observed in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) at any dose of PWS extract compared with vehicle control. Conversely, chromosomal aberration test showed that the PWS extract at a dosage of 4500μg/mL induced an increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations in the 6h group with metabolic activation compared with the vehicle control. Conclusion PWS extract exhibits genotoxicity, based on the results of the chromosomal aberration test. Thus, further detailed experiments will be needed to identify the ingredient responsible for inducing this genotoxicity and to determine its mechanism.
Nanosize LiNi x Fe1−x PO4 solid solution and LiNi x Fe1−x PO4/C nanocomposites were prepared via a solid state reaction method under argon atmosphere. A single phase olivine-type structure with Pnma space group was determined by X-ray diffraction. Crystallite sizes were found to be around 50nm. A linear relationship was observed between lattice parameters and chemical composition which follows Vegard's law. Synthesized materials displayed electronic conductivity similar to previous reported values of LiFePO4. Carbon coating further increased the overall conductivity of nanocomposites to the order of 10−3 S/cm. Chemical delithiation via NO2BF4 oxidant extracted more than 95% of lithium from the solid solution material accompanied by a decrease in lattice parameters.
Development of in vitro models to identify sensitizing chemicals receives public interest since animal testing should be avoided whenever possible. In this article we analyze two essential properties of sensitizing chemicals: skin penetration and dendritic cell (DC) activation. Activation of immature DC derived from peripheral blood monocytes was evaluated by flow cytometric analysis of CD86 positive cells and quantitative measurement of interleukin-1β and aquaporin P3 gene expression. The sensitizer 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid induced a concentration-dependent response for all parameters, whereas the irritant sodium lauryl sulfate did not. When two related aromatic amines, p-toluylenediamine (PTD) and hydroxyethyl-p-phenylenediamine (HE-PPD) were tested, both induced substantial DC activation indicating their potential sensitizing properties. These findings contrasted with in vivo results: in murine local lymph node assays (LLNA) PTD, but not HE-PPD, was sensitizing using acetone/aqua/olive oil as vehicle. Skin penetration measurement revealed that this was due to bioavailability differences. On retesting HE-PPD in the LLNA using the penetration enhancer dimethylsulfoxide as vehicle, it induced a specific response. We conclude that in vitro analysis of DC activation capability of the two selected chemicals demonstrates that prediction of skin sensitization potential is possible provided that skin penetration data indicate sufficient bioavailability of the test compound.
Aluminum is an ideal material for metallic fuel cells. In this research, different grain sizes of aluminum anodes are prepared by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at room temperature. Microstructure of the anodes is examined by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hydrogen corrosion rates of the Al anodes in 4 mol L−1 NaOH are determined by hydrogen collection method. The electrochemical properties of the aluminum anodes are investigated in the same electrolyte using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization curves. Battery performance is also tested by constant current discharge at different current densities. Results confirm that the electrochemical properties of the aluminum anodes are related to grain size. Finer grain size anode restrains hydrogen evolution, improves electrochemical activity and increases anodic utilization rate. The proposed method is shown to effectively improve the performance of Al–air batteries.
This study assesses the energy reduction associated with Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) compared to conventional vehicles (CVs) for real-world driving conditions in a specific geographic region (Beijing, China). To understand the driving patterns in Beijing, a passenger car travel survey has been conducted since 2012, including over 1000 vehicles. The initial results from driving range distribution have been calculated. In this study, first, a Utility Factor and the typical driving cycles based on 2000days’ worth of Global Position System (GPS) data are analyzed. Next, the real-world energy consumption of CVs, HEVs, PHEVs and BEVs are simulated. Finally, the fuel consumption of vehicles under different driving patterns is compared to provide data on the optimal electric vehicles and reliable test cycles for Beijing. We find that electric vehicles in Beijing, including HEVs, PHEVs and BEVs, yield more fuel reduction benefits than in the U.S. because of the severe driving conditions and short driving ranges. For PHEVs in Beijing, smaller batteries, corresponding to a 30–50km Charging Depleting (CD) range, are preferred to meet the demands of most drivers and add less extra cost to the vehicle. We also confirm that the Chinese current suggested label values based on NEDC cycle underestimate the fuel consumption of vehicles and fuel reduction benefits of electric vehicles in Beijing. This study addresses the importance of developing and using the real-world driving cycles in designing and evaluating electric vehicles.
The essential demand for functional materials enabling the realization of new energy technologies has triggered tremendous efforts in scientific and industrial research in recent years. Recently, high-entropy materials, with their unique structural characteristics, tailorable chemical composition and correspondingly tunable functional properties, have drawn increasing interest in the fields of environmental science and renewable energy technology. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of this new class of materials in the energy field. We begin with discussions on the latest reports on the applications of high-entropy materials, including alloys, oxides and other entropy-stabilized compounds and composites, in various energy storage and conversion systems. In addition, we describe effective strategies for rationally designing high-entropy materials from computational techniques and experimental aspects. Based on this overview, we subsequently present the fundamental insights and give a summary of their potential advantages and remaining challenges, which will ideally provide researchers with some general guides and principles for the investigation and development of advanced high-entropy materials.
A series of lithium difluoro-2-fluoro-2-alkyl-malonatoborate salts have been used as additives in conventional 1.0M LiPF6/ethylene carbonate (EC)-dimethyl carbonate (DMC)-diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1-1-1, by v) electrolyte for high voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) based lithium metal and lithium ion batteries. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) reveal that the electrolytes with additives can significantly suppress the co-intercalation of solvents into the graphene layers during the first cycle due to their sacrificial reductions on the surface of the graphite electrode above 1.0V vs Li/Li+. In addition, CVs reveal that the electrolyte without additive suffers from extensive electrolyte oxidation on the surface of the LNMO electrode during the first cycle, resulting in the biggest increase of the total cell impedance. Furthermore, electrochemical floating test shows less oxidation current in the electrolytes with additives at voltages above 5.0V, proving good passivation by the additives. More importantly, the presence of additives can effectively increase the first cycle coulombic efficiencies and cycling stability in the LNMO based lithium metal and lithium ion batteries. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show that with additives compact solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and thinner passivation layer are formed on the surfaces of the graphite and LNMO electrode, respectively. Finally, these salt additives can better protect the current collector from corrosion, further confirming their effectiveness in conventional electrolytes for high-voltage lithium metal and lithium ion batteries.
Layered LiNiO2 cathode has been considered as an applicable cathode candidate for high energy density and low-cost lithium-ion batteries. However, unsatisfactory cyclability and rate capability impede its large-scale applications. We report here nano-ZrO2 modified LiNi0·92Co0·08O2 cathode, designing to provide an effective and practical strategy for solving the thorny problems. Combination of Li2ZrO3 coating layer with concentration gradient of Zr4+ doping on LiNi0·92Co0·08O2 cathode is achieved through addition of moderate nano-ZrO2 during two-stage sintering process. It is found that the LiNi0·92Co0·08O2–Zr2.0% cathode exhibits optimal electrochenmical performance with an initial discharge capacity of 200.3 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C within the voltage window of 2.8–4.3 V and a capacity retention ratio of 82.90% is obtained after 100 cycles. In contrast, LiNi0·92Co0·08O2 cathode delivers a higher initial capacity of 204.4 mAh g−1, but only a capacity of 59.01% is retained. Speciallly, a discharge capacity of 175.7 mAh g−1 (&164.3 mAh g−1) at 5 C (&10 C) rate confirms excellent rate capability of LiNi0·92Co0·08O2–Zr2.0% cathode. Feasible industrialization of bifunctional modification by nano-ZrO2 provides an effective solution for rapid capacity decay issue of nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes.
The need for efficient, lightweight, flexible, stable and eco-friendly portable electric power delivery has placed research on supercapacitor electrode materials at the forefront of endeavors to provide future energy storage. Graphene-based materials and composites have been shown to be promising materials toward this goal. In this review, we describe recent progress in the development of electrode materials by the covalent functionalization of graphene. Covalent graphene derivatives are an emerging and potentially large class of very efficient materials, whose structural and physicochemical properties can be tailored according to the specific needs of capacitive charge storage. They also open doors to new composites and hybrids, which may further advance the field-encoding properties and other features as yet unexplored.
The incremental capacity (IC) analysis method is widely used to analyze the aging origins and state of health (SOH) of lithium ion batteries. This paper analyzes the technical difficulties during the application of the IC analysis method at first. A universal capacity model based on charging curve is then proposed, which not only inherits the advantages of IC analysis method but also avoids the tedious data preprocessing procedure, to estimate SOH of lithium ion batteries. The feasibility and accuracy of the model are demonstrated. To verify the accuracy and flexibility of the proposed capacity model, it is applied on different types of lithium ion batteries including LiFePO 4 , LiNi 1 / 3 Co 1 / 3 Mn 1 / 3 O 2 , and Li 4 / 3 Ti 5 / 3 O 4 . Furthermore, the proposed capacity model is applied on the aged cells to validate the model accuracy during the whole life span of lithium ion batteries. The results show that the model error is less than 4% of the nominal capacity for each case.
The theoretical study of the titled model acceptor-bridge-donor molecular series based on 9H-fluoren-9-ylidenemethyl and 1,3,4-oxadiazole heterocycles is presented. The subunits are linked through a thienyl moiety, and the second α-site of oxadiazole was modified. The quantum chemical model indicated that the electron-donating properties of 9H-fluoren-9-ylidenemethyl were significantly supported or suppressed by the terminal substitution of 1,3,4-oxadiazole which affected the possible semiconductivity. Finally, the possible synthesis of selected molecules is described, and the prepared derivatives were fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and elemental analysis together with optical and electrochemical measurements.
Most colorectal carcinomas are driven by an activation of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway, which promotes the expression of multiple target genes mediating proliferation inavasion and invasion. Upon activation of the Wnt signalling pathway its key player β-catenin translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and binds to members of the T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF-1) family namely LEF-1 and TCF4 which are central mediators of transcription. In this study we investigated the expression of β-Catenin, LEF1 and TCF4 in colorectal carcinomas and their prognostic significance.
Soft carbon with a high reversible capacity has been proposed as an anode material for high-power lithium ion batteries. In this work, we investigate the effect of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) addition during preparation on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of soft carbon. H3PO4 facilitates the formation of nanopores by terminating C-C bonding and forming C-Ox-P (0<x≤4) chemical bonds. The newly integrated nanopores are mainly responsible for increasing the reversible capacity of soft carbon and maintaining excellent cycle performance and rate capability. In addition, the proposed synthetic route is simple and cost-effective, which will be helpful for successfully employing soft carbon on a commercial scale.
The specific conductances of LiClO4, LiPF6 and LiAsF6 in concentrated solutions of propylene carbonate (PC)–diethyl carbonate (DEC) mixtures at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C were measured and the data were treated with an empirical equation. Specific conductances, against concentration, temperature, and solvent composition plots are given, as well as concentration that corresponds to the maximum specific conductance, against concentration. Activation energies were also calculated from temperature dependence of specific conductance. The three salts mentioned above, as well as LiBF4, were tested as electrolyte solutions with PC–DEC, in Li/Li1.05Mn2O4 cells.