batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The performance of alkali-metal-ion batteries largely depends on the migration behavior of alkali metal ions in the electrodes. Probing the atomic structure of the reaction interface and the dynamic process during ion transport in the electrodes will help better understand the underlying electrochemical mechanisms and inspire rational electrode designs. In this study, by combining in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and aberration-corrected scanning TEM (STEM), we track the reversible lithium ion transport in MoS2 nanostructures to reveal the atomic structure and dynamic behaviors of the reaction interface. We find that lithium ions insertion triggers complex phase transformations. Three different phases co-exist at the interface: a pristine 2H phase, a 1T phase with a shrank lattice constant of − 3.3% ( ± 2.3%), and a distorted 1T phase (called 1Tˊ phase) with an expanded lattice constant of 5.5% ( ± 2.5%). The atomically resolved Z-contrast image shows that the expanded 1Tˊ phase has distorted Mo arrangements. Furthermore, the lithium ions migration causes defects at the reaction front, and the diffusion on the surface is faster than that inside, forming a core-shell structure at the reaction interface. The diffusivity of lithium ions is directly measured to be ~1000–30,000 nm2/s, which is significantly higher than that of sodium insertion (~10–20 nm2/s). The atomic-scale observations of lithium-ion-migration-induced complex structural evolutions would help understand the properties of MoS2 nanostructures and shed light on the design of alkali-metal-ion batteries with general transition-metal dichalcogenide electrodes.
A novel capacitor electrode auxiliary, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), is applied to an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) containing an aqueous 3.5M NaBr electrolyte. The present electrode is composed of activated carbon (95wt.%) and DNA (2.5wt.%) with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a binder (2.5wt.%). An EDLC cell with the DNA-loading electrodes exhibits improved rate capability and discharge capacitance. An EDLC cell with DNA-free electrodes cannot discharge above a current density of 3000mAg−1 (of the electrode), while a cell with the DNA-loading electrodes can work at least up to 6000mAg−1. Moreover, an open-circuit potential (OCP) of the DNA-loading electrode sifts negatively with ca. 0.2V from an OCP of the corresponding electrode without DNA. It is noteworthy that a small amount of DNA loading (2.5wt.%) to the activated carbon electrode not only improves the rate capability but also adjusts the working potential of the electrode to a more stable region.
Layered double oxides (LDOs) samples derive from layered double hydroxides (LDHs) by thermal treatment at different temperatures are prepared in this paper. The as-prepared LDOs samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The results show that the LDHs are decomposed to ZnO with amorphous aluminium species dispersed in the lattice. After calcinations, LDOs inherit the lamellar structure of LDHs. LDOs with thermal treatment at different temperature are tested as the anode active materials for Zn/Ni secondary battery. Cyclic voltammetries (CV) and Tafel curves measurements reveal that the calcined products have better electrochemical performances, lower polarization and better reversibility. Galvanostatic charge/discharge shows that the calcined products have excellent cycle stability and higher specific discharge capacity. More interesting, the sample calcined at 500°C exhibits the best electrochemical performances among all samples. These findings promote new opportunities for anode materials as Zn/Ni batteries and other energy-storage devices.
Results of a cage aquaculture experiment conducted in Charan beel (a floodplain wetland), district Morigaon,
Assam, India to determine optimum stocking density of Labeo rohita fry are discussed. Locally available bamboo and other low-cost construction materials were used for constructing a battery of ten cages (individual cage dimensions 2 × 2 × 2 m and effective water volume 6 m3). Labeo rohita fry (average length 4.0 ± 0.04 cm, average weight 1.05 ± 0.03 g) were stocked at five different stocking densities, viz. 50 (SD1), 100 (SD2), 150 (SD3), 200 (SD4) and 250 (SD5) fry/m3 with two replicates each. Reared fry were fed twice daily with a formulated feed containing 33.16 % crude protein for 2 months. The physico-chemical parameters of sediment were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by stocking density. Different stocking densities significantly (p < 0.05) affected the growth parameters of reared fish. The final weight, weight gain percent and specific growth rate were highest in the lowest stocking density of 50 fry/m3. These responses remained unaffected (p > 0.05) at SD2 to SD4, but at SD5 there was significant reduction of growth. Feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, apparent net protein utilization and energy retention value were adversely affected with the increase in stocking densities. The net benefit and benefit-cost ratio were highest in SD4. Therefore, economics of cage culture was considered as the most important criterion in judging SD4 (200 fry/m3) to be the optimal stocking density for raising L. rohita fry in cages in seasonally open floodplain wetlands of Assam, India.
We have developed and tested cell for laboratory operando diagnostics of Li-ion cathode materials. Local atomic and electronic structure of LiFe1-xMnxPO4 olivine cathode was studied by means of Fe and Mn K-edges XAS and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Analysis of XAS data allows us to follow the structural and oxidation state changes occurring during the cell cycling. Together with operando Mössbauer spectroscopy sensitive to the fine Fe ions local coordination distortions escaping from laboratory XANES, we are able to prove the homogeneity of Fe and Mn ions distribution.
The novel porous separator based on PVdF (poly(vinylidene fluoride)) and a PE (polyethylene) non-woven matrix is prepared by coating PVdF/NMP solution on the matrix (NMP: N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone). The pore structure is generated in the PVdF region by phase inversion of the polymer solution. The PE non-woven matrix imparts mechanical strength and a thermal shut-down property to the separator, while the PVdF component provides a hydrophilic ionic conducting phase. The physical properties of the separator, such as morphology, pore size and its distribution, porosity and mechanical strength, are measured. The ionic conductivity of the separator is 8.9 × 10−4 Scm−1 at 25°C. The capacity at the C/2 rate is maintained at about 86% of the initial value on the 100th cycle at the room temperature. The electrolyte is stable up to 4.5V in the presence of the novel separator.
Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2001;30:89-140.
Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) solid electrolytes with Zr site partially substituted by Ta and Nb elements were prepared via the conventional solid-state reaction. All the compositions could lead to the cubic garnet-type structure after sintering at 1150 °C. The use of γ-Al2O3 as a sintering aid in the preparation of doped LLZ was studied. It was shown that Al could help to improve the micro-structure for Nb doping, but not necessary for Ta doping. The Ta and Nb doping enhanced the ionic conductivity at 25 °C to 4.09 × 10−4 S cm−1 and 4.50 × 10−4 S cm−1, respectively. A conductivity as high as 1.23 × 10−3 S cm−1 was obtained when measured at 50 °C in air for the Nb-doped LLZ. All-solid-state batteries with LLZTa and LLZNb solid electrolytes were assembled and tested. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement indicated the successful working of the batteries.
“Iron-Dome” is an anti-rocket air defense system placed around major urban areas of Israel. It was created to provide citizens with greater deal of protection against hostile rocket attacks. A study was conducted to examine whether civilians' experience with the “Iron-Dome” system affects people's perceived reliability of it, their trust in it, and their complacency to hostile rocket alerts. During the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict (operation “Protective Edge”), an online questionnaire was used to measure civilian respondents' perceptions and actions. Results indicated that people living in geographical areas who had more experience with rocket attacks and thereby with the “Iron-Dome” system, perceived it as less reliable, had lower trust in it, and were less complacent. These results show that people's interaction with the “Iron-Dome” corresponds to the common prediction of theoretical models of human-automation interaction. This understanding may assist in planning of implementation programs and guidance of civilians for other mass protection systems in the future.
A novel microbial fuel cell (MFC) anode is fabricated by electrochemically reducing graphene oxide (ERGNO) first and coating polyaniline (PANI) nano-fibers afterward on the surface of carbon cloth (CC). ERGNO/CC is prepared using an electrochemical synthesis method reducing graphene oxide by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH = 6.9). Combining the advantages of PANI and ERGNO, PANI–ERGNO/CC yields a maximum power density of 1390 mW m−2 when used as the MFC anode, which is 3 times larger than that of the MFC with the CC anode. The electrodes are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical activities have been investigated by CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The great improvement is attributed to the fact that graphene not only serves as a highly conductive support material, but also provides large surface for PANI. High conductivity and large specific surface area greatly improve the charge transfer efficiency and the bacterial biofilm loading. In this work, a practical and promising synthesis method is developed to fabricate high-performance MFC anodes.
Lithium metal polymer batteries have attracted extensive interest spurred by the pursuit of high safety as well as high-energy power sources. In this work, we report, a flexible, all-solid-state lithium metal polymer battery composed of the 4V-class, LiNi1-xCo0.2MnxO2 cathode, lithium anode and PEO10-LiTFSI-PYR14TFSI2 ternary solid polymer electrolyte. Compared with LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2, the Ni-rich LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode composite showed considerably more stable cycling performance and C-rate capability, as a result of the more homogeneous particle distribution that provides better electronic and ionic conductivity, and, most important, more stable interfacial impedance with smaller values upon cycling resulting from the formation of quickly stabilized SEI and the significantly alleviated phase transitions. Through the systematic investigation, this work herein provides a valid assessment of the potential use of 4V-class Ni-rich NCM for practical lithium metal polymer batteries.
A new type of electrode for lithium–sulphur batteries is introduced based on vertical-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on a nickel foil without any binder. The electrodes are synthesized by employing a catalyst layer and a CVD process. The CNTs directly synthesized on the Ni current collector are sulphur infiltrated using different approaches and the results are examined by SEM. Furthermore, cycle tests (1.0–3.0 V) with various electrolytes (liquid organic, ionic liquid and solid) are performed. The binder free CNT cathodes contain the highest so far published total ratio of sulphur (90%) in the electrode. Additionally the sulphur mass per cm² electrode can be more than three times as high as in regular slurry-based sulphur electrodes, thus doubling the volumetric energy density.
One of the promising approaches to alleviate the problems associated with energy crisis and global warming is through photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbon fuels. Ultimately, photocatalytic processes utilize solar energy to convert CO2 into hydrocarbon fuels by deploying effective photocatalysts. Among the solar fuels produced from CO2 photoconversion, methanol is a versatile feedstock for producing numerous chemicals in the industry. The success of a photocatalytic conversion process hinges on the type of photocatalyst material. Although TiO2 is considered a very viable candidate due to its availability, non-toxicity, ease of synthesis and affordability, its large band gap and inability to absorb in the visible region has necessitated research into other materials. For several years researchers have reported different viable materials for this process leading to improvements in the catalytic activity. However, actualizing the conversion efficiency desired from the solar energy to produce fuels still requires modification of existing materials and discovery of new ones. The objective of this review is to provide an in-depth systematic information on different photocatalysts that have been used over the years and discuss factors that influence their effectiveness. Various modification methods for tuning the properties and improving the performance of photocatalysts are discussed. Composites or heterostructures synthesized through these modification methods are also evaluated. Comparative analysis of the performance of these composites or heterostructures with that of TiO2 is presented in this review followed by useful, applicable suggestions and recommendations for future progress.
Lithium metal is a promising anode for high-energy-density batteries owing to its large theoretical capacity and highly negative electrochemical potential. However, its commercial application is stalled by the undesired dendritic growth of lithium during cycling. Here we report a facile one-step electrodeposition process for low-cost, scalable fabrication of copper current collectors with 3-D architected porous structures composed of interconnected nanoparticles of Cu. Li anode deposited onto this porous current collector exhibits good cycling stability of > 340 h in symmetric cells without short-circuit. When tested in full cells with liquid or solid-state electrolyte, the Li anode hosted on the 3-D Cu current collector demonstrates excellent cycling performance with no dendrites formation. This process is extremely simple and scalable for mass production of dendrite-free and high capacity current collector for Li-batteries, which can be easily incorporated into the roll-to-roll manufacturing processes of battery industries.
Resumen Introducción Las alteraciones práxicas en pacientes con demencia tipo Alzheimer son comúnmente exploradas y reportadas (Rapcsak et al, 1989; Ochipa et al, 1992), mientras que la presencia de apraxia no ha sido estudiada sistemáticamente en la demencia frontotemporal variante frontal. Objetivo Los objetivos de este trabajo son buscar evidencia de apraxia en demencia frontotemporal variante frontal e identificar si existen distintos patrones de rendimiento práxico en pacientes con demencia tipo Alzheimer y demencia frontotemporal variante frontal. Pacientes y métodos Se evaluó a 50 pacientes con diagnóstico de demencia tipo Alzheimer probable y a 40 pacientes con diagnóstico de demencia frontotemporal variante frontal con la batería de evaluación cognitiva de praxias (Politis, 2003). Resultados El 90% de ambos grupos de pacientes mostró alteraciones en al menos una prueba de la batería de praxias. La prueba U de Mann-Whitney comprobó la existencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el rendimiento práxico en la prueba de imitación de gestos no familiares, con peor rendimiento del grupo demencia tipo Alzheimer. Conclusiones Estos hallazgos son consistentes con el reporte de un marcado déficit en la imitación de gestos no familiares en población con demencia tipo Alzheimer (Ska et al, 1990; Mozaz et al, 1999). La codificación del movimiento subyacente a la repetición de una acción activaría fundamentalmente áreas parietales. Las diferencias en el rendimiento en la prueba de imitación de gestos no familiares en los grupos demencia tipo Alzheimer y demencia frontotemporal variante frontal se explicaría a partir de un compromiso diferencial de áreas parietales.
This paper is aimed to present an experimental criterion that allows researchers and designers to evaluate the performance of DC micro-grids dedicated to charging operations of full EV. The laboratory methodology is explained through tests on a demonstrator of power architecture, specifically designed as simplified case study of a DC charging station for fully-electrified low-power two-wheeler, such as: electric scooters and bikes. This experimental prototype is composed by a 20kW AC/DC bidirectional grid-tied converter, which realizes the DC conversion stage, and two DC/DC power converters, interconnected with the micro-grid through a DC bus. The power architecture provides on one hand the charging operations of electric two-wheeler battery packs and on the other hand the integration of the micro-grid with an ES buffer, which has the main function of supporting the main grid while an electric vehicle is on charge. The performance of the considered architecture is characterized and analyzed in different operative conditions, through a specific management of the energy fluxes. The laboratory tests evaluate efficiency, charging times and impact on the main grid, with specific reference to the DC charging operations of electric scooters. The obtained experimental results show the advantages of adopting the DC buffer architecture, compared with an AC commercial battery charger, considered as reference in this work. Finally, the numerical data of this paper, related to the single power components and to the experimental results evaluated for the whole demonstrator, effectively support the lack of knowledge in the literature about charging stations for EVs. In fact, these pieces of information, based on experimental tests, are expected to support the building of simulation models and the identification of the best energy management and control strategies to be adopted in a smart-grid scenario, characterized by distributed generation systems including renewable energy sources.
The market diffusion of self-consumption technologies, such as photovoltaic and battery systems, is an important aspect in the transition towards a sustainable energy system. Most studies, which address this issue, focus solely on economic aspects and neglect the influence of individual electricity consumption behaviour and consumer preferences on the individual benefit of a self-consumption system. Yet, preferences and behaviour have a significant impact in the market uptake of new technologies, as can be seen in the current sales figures of batteries for the purpose of self-consumption enhancement. The technology is purchased, even though it is still far from economically viable. In this study, a market diffusion model is proposed that is based on 415 individual electricity load profiles, which define the homeowners’ consumption behaviour. Additionally, the results of a market survey are included to explicitly model different user groups and map their varying willingness to pay. The results show that homeowners who are likely to adopt a self-consumption technology are on average characterised by higher annual electricity consumption. The consumption behaviour, and therefore the load profiles are heterogeneous within each user group and therefore, also the individual utility of a battery for self-consumption enhancement differs significantly. The results show that the suggested modelling approach is able to explain the past development of battery installations in private households in Germany. Up until 2030, the model simulations suggest a moderate development of battery enhanced self-consumption, resulting in a battery of 2GWh in private households in 2030.
Al2O3-coated spinels were investigated with respect to their electrochemical characteristics. A Al2O3 coating on commercial LiMn2−x M x O4 (Nikki, Japan, M=Zr) was prepared by using the sol–gel method. AA analysis showed that manganese and lithium dissolution occurred during the coating process. XRD patterns show that increase in the lattice parameter of Al2O3-coated spinels is related to formation of a solid solution on the surface of active materials. Impedance results revealed that Al2O3-coated spinel has electronic resistance. However, The cell performance was enhanced with the Al2O3 coating. Al2O3 is regarded as a coating material for stable cycling performance.
In cooperation with renowned manufacturers of casting cells, Rösler has developed a complete solution for die-casting and shot blasting, including workpiece handling by robot. As this smart die-casting/shot blasting cell requires a production space of only a few square meters and requires no operator, it can be optimally integrated into a fully automated manufacturing line. The swing chamber shot blasting machines can be easily integrated into existing or new manufacturing lines. Fully automatic workpiece loading and unloading minimizes costly  non-productive times. © Rösler
Background Spina bifida is a complex neuroembryological disorder resulting from incomplete closure of the posterior neural tube. Morbidity in the different fields of motor and cognitive neurodevelopment is variable in nature and severity, and often hard to predict. Aims The current study investigates the relationship between cognitive functioning, fine motor performance and motor quality in children with spina bifida myelomeningocele (SBM) and SB-only, taking into consideration the cerebral malformations. Material and methods Forty-one children were included (22 girls and 19 boys aged between 6 and 14 years, mean age 10;0 years) in the study. A comprehensive assessment was conducted of cognitive functioning and motor profile, including fine motor and visual-motor functioning, and motor quality. The performance outcomes were analyzed for the total group of children and separately for the nonretarded children (FSIQ≥70, N =30) to eliminate the influence of global intellectual impairment. Results Although the children with spina bifida showed increased incidence of cognitive and fine motor impairment, and impaired motor quality, after exclusion of the overall retarded children no associations were found between cognitive functioning and motor profile. In the comparison of SBM to SB-only specific differences were found for performance IQ, visual-motor functioning and motor quality, but not fine motor functioning. Conclusion Our findings underscore the role of cerebral malformation in spina bifida and its consequences for neuropsychological functioning. The complicated developmental interactions found strengthen the need for an individualized management of children with SB.
Complexation ability for two various macrocyclic receptors applied previously as anion receptors to poly(ethylene oxide)-based solid polymer electrolytes was studied by means of FTIR spectroscopy. We have proved that the interactions between neutral species (solvent) and receptors depend both on the donor properties of the solvent and type of the functional groups in receptor. For solvent characterized by similar dielectric constant and coordinating properties (donor and acceptor numbers) like 1,2-dimethoxyethane and its high molecular weight analogues–poly(ethylene oxide) interactions are also affected by steric effect.