batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The structure and electrochemical kinetics properties of La0.90−x Ce x Pr0.05Nd0.05Ni3.90Co0.40Mn0.40Al0.30 (x =0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50) hydrogen storage alloys have been investigated. XRD shows that the alloys consist of LaNi5 phase with hexagonal CaCu5 structure. With increase in Ce content, the parameter a and cell volume decrease remarkably, but the parameter c increases slightly. The limiting current density I L and the hydrogen diffusion coefficient D increase, and the exchange current density I 0 increases firstly from 201.4mA/g (x =0.10) to 277.9mA/g (x =0.30) and then decreases to 208.5mA/g (x =0.50). Meanwhile, high rate dischargeability (HRD) at 1440mA/g increases from 44.1% (x =0.10) to 59.9% (x =0.30), and then decreases to 44.2% (x =0.50). As the amount of Ce increases, the plateau pressure of P–C isotherms increases gradually, the capacity retention of the alloys increases firstly and then decreases, the alloy with x =0.30 has the higher capacity retention and cycling stability, but the maximum discharge capacity of alloys decreases. Ce is a vital element in favor of kinetics properties of rare earth-based AB5-type alloys, and the substitution of La with Ce in suitable amount could improve the HRD by increasing kinetics.
In our previous work, Nafion/SiO2 hybrid membrane was prepared via in situ sol–gel method and used for the vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) system. The VRB with modified Nafion membrane has shown great advantages over that of the VRB with Nafion membrane. In this work, a novel Nafion/organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL) hybrids membrane was prepared via in situ sol–gel reactions for mixtures of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and diethoxydimethylsilane (DEDMS). The primary properties of Nafion/ORMOSIL hybrids membrane were measured and compared with Nafion and Nafion/SiO2 hybrid membrane. The permeability of vanadium ions through the Nafion/ORMOSIL hybrids membrane was measured using an UV–vis spectrophotometer. The results indicate that the hybrids membrane has a dramatic reduction in crossover of vanadium ions compared with Nafion membrane. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) analysis of the hybrids membrane reveals that the ORMOSIL phase is well formed within hybrids membrane. Cell tests identify that the VRB with Nafion/ORMOSIL hybrids membrane presents a higher coulombic efficiency (CE) and energy efficiency (EE) compared with that of the VRB with Nafion and Nafion/SiO2 hybrid membrane. The highest EE of the VRB with Nafion/ORMOSIL hybrids membrane is 87.4% at 20mAcm−2, while the EE of VRB with Nafion and the EE of VRB with Nafion/SiO2 hybrid membrane are only 73.8% and 79.9% at the same current density. The CE and EE of VRB with Nafion/ORMOSIL hybrids membrane is nearly no decay after cycling more than 100 times (60mAcm−2), which proves the Nafion/ORMOSIL hybrids membrane possesses high chemical stability during long charge–discharge process under strong acid solutions. The self-discharge rate of the VRB with Nafion/ORMOSIL hybrids membrane is the slowest among the VRB with Nafion, Nafion/SiO2 and Nafion/ORMOSIL membrane, which further proves the excellent vanadium ions blocking characteristic of the prepared hybrids membrane.
Electrochemical behavior of zinc and thin polyaniline (PANI) polymerized from 0.1M HCl to 0.1M aniline on graphite electrode, in 0.2M ZnCl2 and 0.50M NH4Cl (chloride electrolyte) and with addition of 0.33M Na-citrate (chloride/citrate electrolyte) were investigated. In the chloride/citrate comparing with chloride containing electrolyte zinc electrode shows negative shift of the open circuit potential of ∼130mV, decreases of exchange current density for more than order of magnitude and increase of cathodic Tafel slope, due to the zinc ions complexation. In citrate/chloride electrolyte zinc dendrite formation were suppressed. In the range of investigated charge/discharge current densities of 0.25–1mAcm−2, initially obtained specific capacity was in the range of 140–85mAhg−1, respectively. In cycling regime specific capacity and columbic efficiency were affected with anodic potential limits. For anodic potential limits of 0.32V (SCE) citrate/chloride electrolyte shows better characteristic than chloride electrolyte, due to the influence of citrate ions on negative shift of doping reaction. Increasing anodic potential limit to 0.5V (SCE), leads to faster decrease of specific capacity in citrate/chloride than in chloride electrolyte, which was. explained by higher hydrophilic effect of citrate anions.
The electrochemical lithiation–delithiation reaction was examined for LiMnPO4 in which different cations were substituted for part of Mn. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that LiMnPO4 is tolerant, to some extent, to substitution of Mg2+, Ca2+ and Zr4+. The substitution of Mg2+ and/or Zr4+ led to an increased reversible capacity and a reduced polarization, whereas Ca2+ substitution had a detrimental effect on the electrochemical properties. The potential transient analysis showed that LiMn0.88Mg0.1Zr0.02PO4 has higher lithium diffusivities than pure LiMnPO4, indicating facilitated diffusion kinetics in the substituted material. Upon the first charge–discharge cycle, LiMn0.88Mg0.1Zr0.02PO4 suffered less irreversible capacity loss when compared with LiMnPO4, and smaller amounts of electrolyte salt-based species were detected on the electrode surface of LiMn0.88Mg0.1Zr0.02PO4.
Monoclinic lithium vanadium phosphate, Li3V2(PO4)3, has been successfully synthesized using LiF as lithium source. The one-step reaction with stoichiometric composition and relative lower sintering temperature (700°C) has been used in our experimental processes. The solid-state reaction mechanism using LiF as lithium precursor has been studied by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The Rietveld refinement results show that in our product sintered at 700°C no impurity phases of VPO4, Li5V(PO4)2F2, or LiVPO4F can be detected. The solid-state reaction using Li2CO3 as Li-precursor has also been carried out for comparison. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that impurities as Li3PO4 can be found in the product using Li2CO3 as Li-precursor unless the sintering temperatures are higher than 850°C. An abrupt particle growth (about 2μm) has also been observed by scanning electron microscope for the samples sintered at higher temperatures, which can result in a poor cycle performance. The product obtained using LiF as Li-precursor with the uniform flake-like particles and smaller particle size (about 300nm) exhibits the better performance. At the 50th cycle, the reversible specific capacities for Li3V2(PO4)3 measured between 3 and 4.8V at 1C rate are found to approach 147.1mAh/g (93.8% of initial capacity). The specific capacity of 123.6mAh/g can even be hold between 3 and 4.8V at 5C rate.
In 1860, the Frenchman Gaston Planté (1834–1889) invented the first practical version of a rechargeable battery based on lead–acid chemistry—the most successful secondary battery of all ages. This article outlines Planté’s fundamental concepts that were decisive for later development of practical lead–acid batteries. The ‘pile secondaire’ was indeed ahead its time in that an appropriate appliance for charging the accumulator was not available. The industrial success came after the invention of the Gramme machine. In 1879, Planté obtained acceptance for his work by publishing a book entitled Recherches sur l’Electricité. He never protected his inventions by patents, and spent much of his fortune on assisting impoverished scientists.
Poor performance in neurocognitive tasks is consistently found across studies in all stages of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and is interpreted as an underlying, brain function-related, neurocognitive deficit. However, neurocognitive test performance in schizophrenia might be compromised by patients' increased stress level. We investigated group-differences in neurocognitive performance while accounting for psychophysiological (salivary cortisol, heart rate, skin conductance level) and self-reported stress. We included 35 patients with schizophrenia, 29 participants with attenuated psychotic symptoms, 26 first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia and 28 healthy controls. Participants completed a neurocognitive test battery that assessed processing speed, task switching, attention, working memory, verbal episodic memory, and verbal comprehension. Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) were calculated to test for main effects of group on neurocognitive performance thereby not accounting versus accounting for confounding effects of stress. As expected, patients with schizophrenia scored lower than the other groups in all neurocognitive domains. Participants with attenuated psychotic symptoms, first-degree relatives and healthy individuals did not differ from each other in their performance. After accounting for heart rate and self-reported stress, the multivariate effect of group on neurocognition remained significant, but was rendered non-significant for specific domains - working memory capacity, episodic memory, and long-term memory. The findings imply that stress is relevant to neurocognitive performance and this should be taken into account when interpreting the origin of performance deficits in schizophrenia patients.
The hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in electric vehicle (EV) requires power allocation for optimal performance. Recent researches show that the Markov decision process (MDP) provides promising characteristics for the energy management. However, the power fluctuation, which is rarely considered, can significantly affect the performance of HESS. The paper adopts the bilinear interpolation to smooth the MDP-based strategy. In this way, the power fluctuation can be mitigated, meanwhile the computation cost is not greatly increased. Given the battery and the ultracapacitor, two types of DC/DC converters are employed and the model of the HESS including the battery capacity degradation is introduced. Considering the energy loss and the energy reserve in the HESS, the reward function is built. Utilizing the cumulative reward function, the effect of ultracapacitor pack size on the performance of power allocation is analyzed in detail, the appropriate ultracapacitor size can be obtained further. Simulation results show that MDP strategy with the bilinear interpolation can not only reduce the energy loss by 5–10%, but also prolong the battery cycle life. Finally, the experimental workbench is built. The master-slave strategy is utilized to achieve the power allocation and DC/DC converter control. The proposed strategy is verified by the experimental results.
The charging time-consuming and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries have always been the bottleneck for the tremendous application of electric vehicles. In this paper, cycle life tests are conducted to reveal the influence of different charging current rates and cut-off voltages on the aging mechanism of batteries. The long-term effects of charging current rates and cut-off voltages on capacity degradation and resistance increase are compared. The results show that there exists a critical charging current and a critical charging cut-off voltage. When the charging stress exceeds the critical value, battery degradation speed will be greatly accelerated. Furthermore, battery aging mechanisms at various charging currents and cut-off voltages are investigated using incremental capacity analysis. It is indicated that charging current and cut-off voltage should be reduced to retard battery degradation when the battery degrades to a certain extent. The time when the loss of electrode material accelerates is taken as the crisis to reduce charging current and the time when the loss of lithium inventory accelerates is taken as the crisis to reduce charging cut-off voltage. Moreover, an experiential model quantitatively describing the relationship between capacity degradation rate and charging stresses at different aging states is established.
The growth of lithium dendrite is one of the major problems that need to be solved before the application of metallic lithium anode to commercial rechargeable lithium batteries. The three-dimensional host framework with well-defined architecture acting as current collector has been proved to be able to regulate the lithium plating/stripping behavior and thus to suppress the dendrite growth. In this work, a surface-patterned lithium electrode (spLi) with hexagonal arrays of micro-sized holes has been successfully fabricated by micro-fabrication methods. By employing scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope, the lithium plating/stripping behavior on spLi was directly visualized. The electrochemical performances of the spLi electrode were evaluated in Li symmetric cell and Li|LiCoO2 half-cell using carbonate ester and ether based electrolyte. It is found that the geometry of the hole has a strong influence on the lithium plating/stripping behavior, and the deposited lithium perfers to fill in the micro-sized holes due to the favorable kinetics. The hole structure preserves throughout battery cycling with no obvious dendrite growth and surface roughness after multiple plating/stripping cycles. These phenomena can well explain the excellent electrochemical performances of the surface-patterned lithium electrode (spLi) compared with bare lithium electrode. This research also demonstrates that lithium metal can serve as stable framework to host lithium plating/stripping, nevertheless, efforts are still needed to further optimize the architecture to achieve more evenly lithium plating/stripping.
The performance of natural graphite-fibers/PEO-based gel electrolyte/LiFePO4 cells (7mAh, 4cm2) is reported. The gel polymer electrolytes were produced by electron-beam irradiation and then soaked in a liquid electrolyte. The natural graphite-fiber composite anode in gel electrolyte containing 1.5M LiFSI-EC/GBL (1:3) exhibited high reversible capacity (361mAhg−1) and high Coulombic efficiency (92%). The LiFePO4 cathode in the same gel polymer exhibited a reversible capacity of 161mAhg−1 and 93% Coulombic efficiency. A 1.5M solution of LiFSI in ethylene carbonate (EC)/γ-butyrolactone (GBL) (1:3, v/v) mixed solvent is advantageous for use as the electrolyte in the laminated film bag because of its high flame point (135°C), high boiling point (219°C), low vapor pressure and high conductivity (10.2mScm−1 at 20°C). The Li-ion gel polymer battery shows a very low capacity fade of 5% after 500cycles and also has high-rate capability. The Li-ion gel polymer cell using LiFePO4 cathodes is suitable for HEV applications.
Bismuth-based materials are promising alloy-type materials as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) anode with a high theoretical capacity of about 385 mAh g−1 (Li3Bi). However, the severe volume change during the charge/discharge process limits their applications in LIBs. Nanostructured design is an effective strategy to relieve the volume change. Here, Bi5Ni3O15 nanowires are designed and fabricated via a sample electrospinning technique. When used as anode material, the Bi5Ni3O15 nanowires exhibit a charge/discharge capacity of 372 and 636 mAh g−1 at current density of 100 mA g−1. After 100 cycles, it still retains a capacity of 267 mAh g−1, revealing a good electrochemical performance. This is mainly attributed to the nanostructured design, which can suppress the pulverization resulting from volume variation during the repeated alloy/dealloy process and offers shorter lithium-ion diffusion path together. In addition, in-situ X-ray diffraction experiments are carried out to explore the phase change and lithium storage mechanism. The exploration of Bi5Ni3O15 nanowires as LIBs anode demonstrates that nanostructured design is an effective approach to improve electrochemical performance of alloy-type anodes, which will speed up the process to develop novel alloy-type anodes.
Undoped MnO2 thin films have been prepared by a modified spray pyrolysis technique under various deposition conditions and the effects of different variables on electrical and optical properties have been studied in detail. It is found that substrate temperature, spray rate, solution concentration, carrier air pressure and post-deposition heat-treatment, spray outlet to substrate distance play important role in obtaining optimum films. Electrical conductivity study shows an anomaly in conductivity at a temperature 323K and its thickness dependent resistivity follows Fuchs–Sondheimer theory. The Hall effect and thermoelectric studies indicate that the deposited sample is an n-type semiconductor. Optical study in the entire wavelength 0.3–2.5μm range exhibits a high transmittance in the visible as well as in the near infrared. Calculation from optical data, the sample exhibits a band gap at 0.28eV, which also supports the value obtained from the Hall effect study. These studies may be of importance for the applications of this material in energy efficient surface coating devices.
Nanometer level surgical work requires novel energy sources to extend the therapeutic potential of medical devices. Inverse mass ratio batteries are an advance in energy production that deploy an “irrigant within water” designed from the scientific discipline of Engineered Irrigants. This report discusses the derivation of inverse mass ratio batteries from alternating current redox magnetohydrodynamics as developed to power the physiochemical scalpel; a tissue rescue energy-based device system for wound healing that enables precision resection, advantageous extracellular matrix modifications, and initiation of biosynthetic tissue assembly.
Acoustic biotelemetry sensors have been fully integrated into a broad range of mobile autonomous platforms; however, estimates of detection efficiency in different environmental conditions are rare. Here, we examined the role of environmental and vehicle factors influencing detection range for two common acoustic receivers, the VEMCO mobile transceiver (VMT) and a VEMCO cabled receiver (VR2c) aboard a Teledyne Slocum glider. We used two gliders, one as a mobile transmitting glider and one as a mobile receiving glider during the fall in the mid-Atlantic coastal region.
Mechanical pressure applied to the plate group is known to increase the cycle life of lead-acid batteries. However, the mechanism of the active material stabilisation process is not completely understood yet. The evolution of mechanical pressure in a lead-acid battery during a cycle and through cycle life is also a topic with still many open questions. Additionally, the separation systems available today are not able to exert high compression on the electrode plates: glass mats crush when compressed too much and the gel design does not allow any significant pressure generation at all. Daramic have developed the new acid jellying separator (AJS) allowing the application of mechanical pressure on the plate group. This paper reports on 1. The capacity evolution during cycling for cells with different separation systems namely AGM, gel and AJS, under a variety of initial compression levels. 2. The evolution of mechanical pressure on the cell walls during a cycle and through cycle life for different separation systems, and initial compression levels. 3. The condition of the active materials at the end of life for cells cycled under compression. 4. The effect of the addition of phosphoric acid to the electrolyte. 5. The effect of the application of mechanical pressure on the corrosion of pure lead based on cyclic voltammetry measurements under compression. The results of these studies are presented together with some conclusions about the mechanism and effect of compression on a VRLA battery.
The goal of the present 1-year long longitudinal study was to determine which home literacy variables were effective in stimulating early reading skills of children with cerebral palsy (CP) directly or indirectly via the reading precursors. Parents of 35 children with CP completed questionnaires regarding aspects of the home literacy environment (HLE). The reading precursors: Vocabulary, Syntactic skills and phonological awareness, i.e., Rhyme and Phonemic awareness, were assessed at the end of Kindergarten and the end of Grade 1, while the early reading skills Letter knowledge and Word recognition were assessed only at the end of Grade 1. Three HLE variables were found to be related to reading precursors and early reading skills: Parent literacy mediation, Word orientation and Story orientation activities during shared book reading. Path analyses showed that these three HLE variables were not directly related to early reading skills in Grade 1, but indirectly via the reading precursors, in particular phonological awareness.
In an attempt to respond to the requirement to provide promising anode material of Li-ion battery for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) we examined mesophase-pitch-based cokes. The coke was heat treated at several temperatures where turbostratic structure is formed. Cyclic voltammograms (CV) were measured in 1:2 (v/v) mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) containing 1M LiClO4 for all the samples, and the peak height was plotted against the square root of the potential scanning rate. The slopes of the plotting differed depending on the heating temperature and 1800°C heated sample gave the steepest slope implying the diffusion coefficient of Li is the highest. For activating the electrochemical reaction site of the prepared electrode we adopted a novel method to expose the coated electrode in the glow discharge field in the presence of small amount of oxygen. As the result the CV peak height was increased by about two times as compared with that before the treatment.
The authors show that the transcription factor UNC-3 acts via a common cis element to regulate the battery of genes that confer cholinergic identity on a subset of motor neurons in the nematode. This study provides further insight into the mechanisms by which the coordination of genetic programs acts to specify neuronal subtypes.
Mass balance calculations and analysis of the redox species in the aqueous and solid phases are used to assess the behavior and removal rates of the oxy-anions of arsenic, selenium, and molybdenum during primary sedimentation, activated sludge, and anaerobic digestion processes of three full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The dominant form of the oxy-anion found in any treatment system was, to a large extent, controlled by slow oxidation rates and interactions at solid-water interfaces. The removal of the oxy-anions of the three elements was limited by the form in which they were loaded into the WWTPs and by internal recycling processes. Under anaerobic conditions, the formation of stable sulfide, organic and carbonate (with arsenic only) complexes resulted in significant release of the elements from the solid phase back into solution. Formation of volatile compounds resulted in the loss of up to 50% of the selenium loading into one facility, suggesting that WWTPs may be a significant source of selenium emitted to the atmosphere.