batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
As lithiated–metal alloys such as Li–Si or Li–Sn are of great interest as high energy density anodes for Li-ion rechargeable batteries, a fundamental understanding on how the metals behave upon lithiation is important. X-ray diffraction and HREM experiments in this work reveal that the crystallization of equilibrium inter-metallic compounds (e.g. Li–Si) is inhibited during lithiation at room temperature, and that formation of highly lithiated glass instead occurs. This glass is shown to be metastable with respect to the equilibrium crystalline phases. We show that the mechanism of electrochemical alloying is electrochemically-driven solid-state amorphization (ESA), a process closely analogous to the diffusive solid-state amorphization (SSA) of thin films. Experimental results on the diffusive reaction of Li and Si bilayer films support the proposed mechanism.
The effect of quaternary ammonium on discharge characteristic of Li/O2 cells was studied by using Super-P carbon as air cathode, a 0.2molkg−1 LiSO3CF3 1:3 (wt.) PC/DME solution as baseline electrolyte, and tetrabutylammonium triflate (NBu4SO3CF3) as an electrolyte additive or a co-salt. Results show that Li/O2 cells can run normally in an electrolyte with NBu4SO3CF3 as the sole conductive salt. However, such cells suffer lower voltage and capacity as compared with those using the lithium ionic baseline electrolyte. This is due to the larger molar volume of quaternary ammonium cation, which results in less deposition of oxygen reduction products on the surface of carbon. When used as an electrolyte additive or a co-salt, the ammonium is shown to increase capacity of Li/O2 cells. The plot of differential capacity versus cell voltage shows that the Li/O2 cell with ammonium added has broad and scatted differential capacity peaks between the voltages of two reactions of “2Li+O2 →Li2O2” and “2Li+Li2O2 →2Li2O”. This phenomenon can be attributed to the phase transfer catalysis (PTC) property of quaternary ammonium on the second reaction. Due to inverse effects of the cation geometric volume and the PTC property of ammonium ions on the discharge capacity, there is an optimum range for the concentration of ammonium. It is shown that the addition of NBu4SO3CF3 increases discharge capacity of Li/O2 cell only when its concentration is in a range from 5mol% to 50mol% vs. the total of Li/ammonium mixed salt, and that the optimum concentration is about 5mol%. In this work we show that the addition of 5mol% NBu4SO3CF3 into the baseline electrolyte can increase discharge capacity of a Li/O2 cell from 732mAhg−1 to 1068mAhg−1 (in reference to the weight of Super-P carbon) when the cell is discharged at 0.2mAcm−2.
Aluminium and silicon, when coupled with an air cathode in an electrochemical cell may provide theoretical specific energies of up to 8146 mWh/g and 8470 mWh/g. Proof of concept for the discharge in cells with ionic liquid EMIm(HF)2.3F electrolyte had been established in 2009 for silicon and in 2015 for aluminium. The objective of the present work is the investigation of discharge behavior and corrosion in this type of cell using binary Al/Si alloys as anodes. Al/Si alloys with nine different compositions were prepared by an arc melting process and shaped to anodes. Microstructure of the anodes in the initial state was evaluated with respect to the fractions of its constituents. Al/Si–air primary full cells were investigated with respect to voltages during OCV and discharge during intermediate term (20 h) runs under current densities of 250 μA/cm2. Voltages decrease with Si-content in the alloys following trends with quantitatively different characteristics for the hypoeutectic, intermediate hypereutectic and the alloys with high Si content. SEM analysis of surface morphology of the anodes after discharge experiments indicates that for all alloys the discharge capacity results mostly from the oxidation of the aluminium. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements were conducted in order to determine corrosion potentials for the alloys and analyzed with approaches based on mixed potential theory including galvanic coupling. The results are discussed in terms of Evans diagrams; thereby approaches based on alternative scenarios for the galvanic coupling are examined.
A semiconductor chip, coupled to an ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) pH sensor, can amplify and quantitate DNA in real time without dyes, cameras and external heating devices.
Hybrid electric propulsive systems (HEPSs) attract increasing research interest due to their environmental and economic merits. However, the design optimization of HEPSs with the single objective of fuel saving may result in increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and high cost. The present study proposes a multi-objective optimization method to obtain an optimal trade-off with respect to fuel consumption, GHG emission, and lifecycle cost. Due to high convergence in solving constrained multi-objective optimization problems, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is developed to explore an optimal design space. Performance tests are conducted on a real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform. The hybrid diesel/battery/shore power system on an anchor handling tug supply vessel is considered as a study case. The results of the proposed NSGA-II are compared with those from a single-objective optimization pursuing minimum fuel consumption. The proposed method outputs designs that can significantly reduce GHG emission and lifecycle cost by sacrificing low fuel consumption when compared with that of single objective optimization. Furthermore, the HEPS designed by the proposed method exhibits advantages over the conventional propulsive system in terms of all the three aspects.
Aqueous lithium ion batteries (ALIBs) receive increasing attention due to their intrinsic non-flammable nature. Their practical application, however, has been prevented by the poor electrochemical stability of aqueous electrolytes, which severely restricts the choice of anode and cathode materials for such batteries and leads to low energy densities. It has been demonstrated that “water-in-salt” electrolytes can provide an expanded voltage window of ∼3.0 V, which can accommodate electrode materials that were otherwise forbidden in conventional aqueous electrolytes. In this study, we showed that the presence of an additive could further stabilize the aqueous electrolyte at a high voltage cathode surface. By forming a cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) through electrochemical oxidation of tris(trimethylsilyl) borate (TMSB), we successfully stabilized LiCoO2 in water-in-salt electrolyte at a high cut-off voltage that corresponds to 0.7e electron charge transfer. To the best of our knowledge, this is also the first electrolyte additive known to form an interphase in aqueous electrolytes. The formed CEI significantly suppressed electrolyte oxidation as well as cobalt dissolution from LiCoO2 into electrolytes, allowing LiCoO2 to be stably charged/discharged at a higher cut-off voltage with a high capacity utilization of 170 mA h g−1. When paired with an Mo6S8 anode, the 2.5 V aqueous full cell delivered a high energy density of 120 W h kg−1 for 1000 cycles with an extremely low capacity decay rate of 0.013% per cycle.
The objective of the study is characterization of novel calcium and zinc-loaded electrospun matrices to be used for periodontal regeneration.
The paper reports and discusses the results of electrochemical tests carried out according to the DOE Battery Test Manual for plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) on laboratory high-voltage graphite/LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 cells with electrode formulation and mass-loading suitable for scale-up, and mixed ethylene carbonate–dimethyl carbonate with two diverse lithium salts, lithium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate and LiPF6, as electrolytes. The cells, assembled with two different separators, a polypropylene monolayer separator (Celgard®2400) and a reinforced polyvinylidene fluoride macroporous membrane (PVdF-NCC), were also tested by deep charge/discharge cycles. The results show the strong impact of the separator on high-rate cell functioning in PHEVs.
The carbon aerogel (CA) uniformly doped neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) nanoparticle was synthesized by an effective in-situ method via acid catalyzing and used as the cathode matrix for lithium-sulfur batteries. The doped materials with interconnected pore structure of CA and evenly dispersed Nd2O3 offer crucial confinement role to anchor sulfur and suppress the loss of polysulfide ions for interrelate function of S/polysulfides by Nd2O3. The composited sulfur electrodes present high electrochemical performances and initial discharge capacities, especially, the Nd2-CA/S sample gains initial discharge capacity of 1327mAhg−1 at 0.2 C and remains at 1082mAhg−1 after 100cycles. Meanwhile, it still remains capacity of about 907mAhg−1 at 0.5 C after 300cycles. The enhanced electrochemical performances can be ascribed to the crosslink mesoporous CA materials and well distributed neodymium oxide. Furthermore, the metal additive also takes promoting effect on redox reactions of the Li/S batteries presenting higher discharge voltages.
In this chapter, the use of the models developed in Chapters 10 and 11 is extended to interpret the results from simple diffusion tests in which no voltage is applied. The general approach used was to solve the Nernst–Planck equation numerically for two physical ideal states that define the possible conditions under which chlorides will move through concrete. These conditions are named here as voltage control and current control. For each condition, experiments and simulations were carried out in order to establish the importance of electrical variables such as voltage and current in modelling chloride transport in concrete.
Despite the significant advances in nanostructured supporting materials used for metal-based catalysts, intractable problems including poor dispersion and the agglomeration of metal nanoparticles (NPs) within their complicated structure limit the practical applications. We report herein on a facile polyethyleneimine (PEI)-assisted strategy for the high dispersion and controllable coverage of Pt catalysts onto a 3-dimensional mesoporous carbon material, referred to as a “bio-inspired carbon nanosphere (BCN)”. The PEI adsorbed on the carbon surface serves as anchoring sites for metal ions and as templates for metal nanoparticle growth. The resulting spherical Pt NPs are highly dispersed on the surface to the center of the BCN without any agglomeration even after a thermal annealing. The amount of loaded Pt can be adjusted from 7.3 to 27.7wt% independently, which can be easily controlled by adjusting the precursor concentrations. Given their open pore structures and large surface area, Pt/BCN composites exhibit promising properties for use as electrocatalysts with high electrochemical active surface areas (84.9m2 g−1) and oxygen reduction reaction activity. The results suggest that this strategy can be widely applied to the deposition of metal NPs on highly controlled 3-D nanostructures.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the history of psychological theory and research in mental retardation since World War II. The concepts of mental retardation are quite ancient, modern scientific psychology, including its concern with mental retardation, developed only in the late 19th century. There was a time when the main clinical activity of psychologists working in mental retardation was administering intelligence tests. Their work in counseling and therapy with retarded persons and their families was not supported by research evidence. The development of applied behavior analysis, such as in the treatment of psychopathology, including aggression, self-injurious behavior, stereotypies, and autism, as well as self-help and communicative skills and in persons with retardation, spearheaded change. The use of psychotropic medications in institutions for persons with retardation is discussed in this chapter. Phenothiazines, such as chlorpromazine, had first been introduced in France in the early 1950s and were widely used to treat patients with schizophrenia. The study of psychopathology in mental retardation has moved from a state of ignorance, regarding the relationship of these two types of disorders, to the realization that they overlap substantially. Interventions, both behavioral and pharmacological, have been developed and studied rigorously.
In layered LiNixMnyCozO2 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, the spins of transition metal (TM) ions construct a two-dimensional triangular networks, which can be considered as a simple case of geometrical frustration. By performing neutron powder diffraction experiments and magnetization measurements, we find that long-range magnetic order cannot be established in LiNixMnyCozO2 even at low temperature of 3 K. Remarkably, the frustration parameters of these compounds are estimated to be larger than 30, indicating the existence of strongly frustrated magnetic interactions between spins of TM ions. As frustration will inevitably give rise to lattice instability, the formation of Li/Ni exchange in LiNixMnyCozO2 will help to partially relieve the degeneracy of the frustrated magnetic lattice by forming a stable antiferromagnetic state in hexagonal sublattice with nonmagnetic ions located in centers of the hexagons. Moreover, Li/Ni exchange will introduce 180° superexchange interaction, which further relieves the magnetic frustration through bringing in new exchange paths. Thus, the variation of Li/Ni exchange ratio vs. TM mole fraction in LiNixMnyCozO2 with different compositions can be well understood and predicted in terms of magnetic frustration and superexchange interactions. This provides a unique viewpoint to study the Li/Ni ions exchange in layered Li(NixMnyCoz)O2 cathode materials.
Electrochemical oxidative carbonylation of methanol with CO to dimethyl carbonate from heterogeneous electrocatalyst was studied at normal temperature and pressure. For the purpose of decrease the crystalline size and the agglomerative force of metal-organic framework (MOF), this paper first introduced graphite oxide (GO) into MOF/GO hybrid material with enhanced electrocatalytic performance and the stability of electrocatalyst for the dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis. The introduction of GO is important to build the hybrid materials with synergistic properties. The composite materials and its parent materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and the electrochemical property of the samples was measured. The results show that the MOF/GO was active for the electrolytic reaction and could be reused at least five times. A plausible Cu(II)/Cu(I) electrocatalytic cycle mechanism was proposed.
A spirally-wound electrode has been designed, constructed and applied to VRLA cells. Because of its unique construction: high strength, light-weight lead-coated glass fibre mesh as the grid, comparatively thin plates and sufficient internal compression, this new design provides significant advantages over the conventional prismatic type of VRLA battery. The total weight of grids and top lead used in a battery can be reduced by 40% compared with conventional cast grids. There was no positive active-material softening and expansion until after over 300 deep cycles. Substantial improvement in sustaining the cycleability has been achieved. This technique also provides a convenient process for manufacturing a spirally-wound VRLA battery in a simple and cost competitive way.
Deep brain neurostimulators (DBS) have enabled thousands of individuals to overcome movement disorders, thus offering them a new chance for social integration while enhancing their self-esteem. A classic DBS consists of a central implantable pulse generator (IPG) and its respective wires and leads that extend to the scalp to reach the brain. The classic positioning of the generator is currently subcutaneous, usually just below the clavicle or in the abdominal wall. As DBS systems are of a substantial size, this subcutaneous placement leads to unsightly and visible devices, particularly in thin patients. We report two cases of female patients who benefited from our technique to hide the IPG under the breast parenchyma. IPGs were placed through an inframammary incision in a subglandular pocket, similar to the technique used for implant-based breast augmentation. In the first case, the devices were implanted in a subglandular pocket and replaced 5 years later due to battery life limitation. In the second case, the devices were replaced from a subclavicular position to a submammary one. No major or minor complications were observed. Both patients reported an excellent level of satisfaction with the aesthetic and functional outcome. Despite the significant quality of life improvement of patients with DBS, the ideal implantation of the generator should also take into consideration the comfort and cosmetic aspects. Our approach has the potential to markedly improve the aesthetic outcome of such an intervention.
The electrochemical rate properties of Li2FeS2 synthesized via a low cost solid state method have been investigated. Apparent diffusion coefficients calculated from EVS and GITT measurements show rate limitations upon charge with distinct differences between the iron redox and sulfur redox regions. These differences between the iron and sulfur redox reactions are not mimicked upon discharge. The apparent diffusion coefficients are greater upon discharge than charge and this is reflected in the rate capabilities as measured by galvanostatic discharge and charge measurements.
Novel lithium polyelectrolyte-ionic liquids have been prepared and characterized of their properties. Poly(lithium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propanesulfonate) (PAMPSLi) and its copolymer with N-vinyl formamide (VF) also has been prepared as a copolymer. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide (emImTCM) and N,N-dimethyl-N-propyl-N-butyl ammonium tricyanomethanide (N1134TCM) which are chosen because of the same with the anion of ionic liquid were prepared. The ionic conductivity of copolymer system (PAMPSLi/PVF/emImTCM: 5.43×10−3 Scm−1 at 25°C) exhibits about over four times higher than that of homopolymer system (PAMPSLi/emImTCM: 1.28×10−3 Scm−1 at 25°C). Introduction of vinyl formamide into the copolymer type can increase the dissociation of the lithium cations from the polymer backbone. The ionic conductivity of copolymer with emImTCM (PAMPSLi/PVF/emImTCM) exhibits the higher conductivity than that of PAMPSLi/PVF/N1134TCM (2.48×10−3 Scm−1). Because of using the polymerizable anion it is seen to maintain high flexibility of imidazolium cation effectively to exhibit the higher conductivity. And also the viscosity of emImTCM (19.56cP) is lower than that of N1134TCM (28.61cP). Low viscosity leads to a fast rate of diffusion of redox species.
Three phase battery energy storage (BES) installed in the residential low voltage (LV) distribution network can provide functions such as peak shaving and valley filling (i.e. charge when demand is low and discharge when demand is high), load balancing (i.e. charge more from phases with lower loads and discharge more to phases with higher loads) and management of distributed renewable energy generation (i.e. charge when rooftop solar photovoltaics are generating). To accrue and enable these functions an intelligent scheduling system was developed. The scheduling system can reliably schedule the charge and discharge cycles and operate the BES in real time. The scheduling system is composed of three integrated modules: (1) a load forecast system to generate next-day load profile forecasts; (2) a scheduler to derive an initial charge and discharge schedule based on load profile forecasts; and (3) an online control algorithm to mitigate forecast error through continuous schedule adjustments. The scheduling system was applied to an LV distribution network servicing 128 residential customers located in an urban region of South East Queensland, Australia.
Under the new U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Cancer Risk Assessment Guidelines [U.S. EPA, 2005. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. EPA/630/P-03/001B, March 2005], the quantitative model chosen for cancer risk assessment is based on the mode-of-action (MOA) of the chemical under consideration. In particular, the risk assessment model depends on whether or not the chemical causes tumors through a direct DNA-reactive mechanism. It is assumed that direct DNA-reactive carcinogens initiate carcinogenesis by inducing mutations and have low-dose linear dose–response curves, whereas carcinogens that operate through a nonmutagenic MOA may have nonlinear dose–responses. We are currently evaluating whether the analysis of in vivo gene mutation data can inform the risk assessment process by better defining the MOA for cancer and thus influencing the choice of the low-dose extrapolation model. This assessment includes both a temporal analysis of mutation induction and a dose–response concordance analysis of mutation with tumor incidence. Our analysis of published data on riddelliine in rats and dichloroacetic acid in mice indicates that our approach has merit. We propose an experimental design and graphical analysis that allow for assessing time-to-mutation and dose–response concordance, thereby optimizing the potential for in vivo mutation data to inform the choice of the quantitative model used in cancer risk assessment.
A nanosized LiFePO4/C composite with a complete and thin carbon-shell is synthesized via a ball-milling route followed by solid-state reaction using poly(vinvl alcohol) as carbon source. The LiFePO4/C nanocomposite delivers discharge capacities of 159, 141, 124 and 112mAhg−1 at 1C, 5C, 15C and 20C, respectively. Even at a charge–discharge rate of 30C, there is still a high discharge capacity of 107mAhg−1 and almost no capacity fading after 1000 cycles. Based on the analysis of cyclic voltammograms, the apparent diffusion coefficients of Li ions in the composite are in the region of 2.42×10−11 cm2 s−1 and 2.80×10−11 cm2 s−1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique are also used to calculate the diffusion coefficients of Li ions in the LiFePO4/C electrode, they are in the range of 10−11–10−14 cm2 s−1. In addition, at −20°C, it can still deliver a discharge capacity of 122mAhg−1, 90mAhg−1 and 80mAhg−1 at the charge–discharge rates of 0.1C, 0.5C and 1C, respectively.
The authors regret that the Y-axis of Figure 17 should read “Specific Pack Cost ($/kWh)” and NOT “Cathode coating thickness (microns)”. The corrected figure is shown below.Image 1 Fig. 17: Optimal pack level specific cost for each vehicle in base case and variable yield scenarios. Error bars represent optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. Vehicle all-electric-range (AER) shown in miles. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.