batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In Taiwan, vendors and businesses that sell products belonging to six classes of recyclable materials are required to provide recycling containers at their local retail stores. The integration of these private sector facilities with the recycling depots established by local authorities has the potential to significantly improve residential access to the recycling process. An optimization model is accordingly developed in this work to assist local authorities with the identification of regions that require additional recycling depots for better access and integration with private facilities. Spatial accessibility, population loading and integration efficiency indicators are applied to evaluate whether or not a geographic region is in need of new recycling depots. The program developed here uses a novel algorithm to obtain the optimal solution by a complete enumeration of all cells making up the study area. A case study of a region in Central Taiwan is presented to demonstrate the use of the proposed model and the three indicators. The case study identifies regions without recycling points, prioritizes them based on population density, and considers the option of establishing recycling centers that are able to collect multiple classes of recycling materials. The model is able to generate information suitable for the consideration of decision-makers charged with prioritizing the installation of new recycling facilities.
We present implementation details and analyze convergence of a two grid solver forming the core of a fully automatic hp-adaptive strategy for electromagnetic problems. The solver delivers a solution for a fine grid obtained from an arbitrary coarse hp grid by a global hp-refinement. The classical V-cycle algorithm combines an overlapping block Jacobi smoother with optimal relaxation, and a direct solve on the coarse grid. A theoretical analysis of the two grid solver is illustrated with numerical experiments. Several electromagnetic applications show the efficiency of combining the fully automatic hp-adaptive strategy with the two grid solver.
The paper deals with the issue of innovation from the viewpoint of applied product development, as motivated by experimental design of both concepts and products. We begin with the limitations in the food and beverage industries (the nature of the product world and the nature of the customer being served). We move on to a discussion of the corporate structure involved with consumers (sensory analysis, market research), review methods currently in use, and then finish with one area that has worked well, systematic variation of ideas and products. We conclude with a discussion of the limits to the innovation process.
Several approaches have been tried to reduce Al corrosion in primary and secondary alkaline batteries. The most successful to date has been the addition of ZnO to the electrolyte, which results in the spontaneous deposition of a protective metallic Zn film on the Al surface. However, there is a limited understanding in the literature of the structure of this Zn film and how that structure (i) influences the protection of Al, and (ii) is influenced by the electrolyte composition. This work aims to develop a fundamental understanding of the protection mechanism against Al corrosion when zincate is added to KOH electrolytes. This was accomplished through morphological studies of the resulting Zn film using SEM, XRD, N2 adsorption, and measurements of H2 gas evolution as well as electrochemical characterization during discharge. It was found that adding saturated ZnO to KOH electrolytes provides the most protective Zn film with good adherence and high density, which can lower the Al corrosion rate by 2 orders of magnitude. Moreover, configurations with a capacity near the Al theoretical capacity were achieved.
Supercapacitors use nanoporous electrodes to store large amounts of charge on their high surface areas, and use the ions in electrolytes to carry charge into the pores. Their high power density makes them a potentially useful complement to batteries. However, ion transport through long, narrow channels still limits power and efficiency in these devices. Proper design can mitigate this. Current collector geometry must also be considered once this is done. Here, De Levie's model for porous electrodes is applied to quantitatively predict device performance and to propose optimal device designs for given specifications. Effects unique to nanoscale pores are considered, including that pores may not have enough salt to fully charge. Supercapacitors are of value for electric vehicles, portable electronics, and power conditioning in electrical grids with distributed renewable sources, and that value will increase as new device fabrication methods are developed and proper design accommodates those improvements. Example design outlines for vehicle applications are proposed and compared.
This work is a comparative study on two well-known binder systems for silicon-based negative composite electrodes for Li-ion batteries: polyacrylic acid (PAA) and carboxymethyl cellulose/citric acid (CMC/CA). The electrode slurry rheological properties and the dry electrode morphology and physical properties are studied as a function of the binder content. The electrochemical behavior of the electrodes is also studied as a function of the active mass loading (from 1 to 4.5 mg cm−2). Increasing the binder content from 4 to 12 wt% improves the 1st cycle efficiency, which is clearly related to its contribution as a pre-formed artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. The enhancement of the mechanical strength of the composites with increasing binder content is reflected in the better cyclability of the electrodes with active mass loading higher than 1 mg cm−2. CMC/CA is more efficient as a binder at low content while PAA is more efficient at high content, which could be related to their molecular structure. Finally, for both binders the influence of a post-processing treatment of the electrodes (called maturation) is shown to improve the electrochemical performance. This is however more significant with CMC/CA than with PAA.
Despite its importance in lithium batteries, the mechanism of Li dendrite growth is not well understood. Here the authors study three representative solid electrolytes with neutron depth profiling and identify high electronic conductivity as the root cause for the dendrite issue.
High blood pressure (BP) or hypertension is the single most crucial adjustable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and monitoring the arterial blood pressure (ABP) is an efficient way to detect and control the prevalence of the cardiovascular health of patients. Therefore, monitoring the regulation of BP during patients’ daily life plays a critical role in the ambulatory setting and the latest mobile health technology. In recent years, many studies have been conducted to explore the feasibility and performance of such techniques in the health care system. The ultimate aim of these studies is to find and develop an alternative to conventional BP monitoring by using cuff-less, easy-to-use, fast, and cost-effective devices for controlling and lowering the physical harm of CVDs to the human body. However, most of the current studies are at the prototype phase and face a range of issues and challenges to meet clinical standards. This review focuses on the description and analysis of the latest continuous and cuff-less methods along with their key challenges and barriers. Particularly, most advanced and standard technologies including pulse transit time (PTT), ultrasound, pulse arrival time (PAT), and machine learning are investigated. The accuracy, portability, and comfort of use of these technologies, and the ability to integrate to the wearable healthcare system are discussed. Finally, the future directions for further study are suggested.
This study compares a miniaturized, portable, sequential, pneumatic compression device (ActiveCare continuous enhanced circulation therapy [CECT] system) (Medical Compression Systems Ltd, Or Aqiva, Israel), with a nonmobile, nonsequential device on the ability to prevent postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after joint arthroplasty. All patients were treated with low-molecular-weight heparin, application of 1 of the 2 devices perioperatively, and routine duplex screening. The CECT system had better compliance (83% of the time vs 49%), lower rates of DVT (1.3% compared with 3.6%), reduction in clinically important pulmonary embolism (0 compared to 0.66%), and shorter length of hospital stay (4.2 vs. 5.0 days). The portable CECT system proved significantly more effective than the standard intermittent pneumatic compression when used in conjunction with low-molecular-weight heparin for DVT prevention in high-risk orthopedic patients.
With the increasing use of progenitor cell transplantation in older patients defining predictors of outcomes in this patient population will be important to guarantee the appropriate use of this procedure. Comorbidity assessments are not sufficiently sensitive in determining outcomes, functional assessment tools such as those used in rehabilitation medicine could be useful not only in predicting outcomes, but as another dimension of quality of life. These tools have rarely been used in the setting of hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation. In this session we will review current trends in predicting transplant outcomes, the use of functional assesment tools in predicting morbidity post medical interventions, as well as potential strategies of improving functional status using growth hormone agonists.
Intravenous drug infusions in critically ill patients require accurate syringe infusion pumps (SIPs). This is particularly important during transportation of critically ill patients by helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS), where altitude may influence device performance. Because weight is a real concern in HEMS, new low-weight devices are very appealing.
Ambient intelligence is an emerging discipline that brings intelligence to our everyday environments and makes those environments sensitive to us. Ambient intelligence (AmI) research builds upon advances in sensors and sensor networks, pervasive computing, and artificial intelligence. Because these contributing fields have experienced tremendous growth in the last few years, AmI research has strengthened and expanded. Because AmI research is maturing, the resulting technologies promise to revolutionarize daily human life by making people’s surroundings flexible and adaptive. In this paper, we provide a survey of the technologies that comprise ambient intelligence and of the applications that are dramatically affected by it. In particular, we specifically focus on the research that makes AmI technologies “intelligent”. We also highlight challenges and opportunities that AmI researchers will face in the coming years.
A micro-porous polymer blend electrolyte based on polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexa fluoropropylene (PVdF-co-HFP) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was prepared by phase inversion technique with different compositions. The ionic conductivity of micro-porous polymer blend electrolyte films were studied by varying the PAN content in the (PVdF-co-HFP) matrix. It was observed that the ionic conductivity of micro-porous polymer blend electrolyte increases with increase in PAN content. The effect of lithium salt concentrations was studied for the micro-porous polymer blend electrolyte by measuring the conductivity at different temperatures in the range of 301–353K. The micro-porous polymer blend electrolyte was subjected to XRD, SEM and TG/DTA analysis to determine the amorphosity nature, surface morphology and thermal stability of the polymer electrolyte, respectively. Linear sweep voltammetry and dc-polarization studies were also performed to find the stability and lithium transference number of micro-porous polymer blend electrolyte, respectively. Finally, charge–discharge studies were carried out in an assembled cell with carbon anode and LiSr0.25Mn1.75O4 cathode and micro-porous polymer blend electrolyte in between the above electrodes.
The battery is a key component in Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) whose degradation should be considered in vehicle modeling and if the battery pack is to be used in a Vehicle to Grid (V2G) smart grid studies. Several researchers have proposed different methodologies for PEV batteries degradation modeling from various aspects. Most of the battery degradation literature consists of empirical-based studies with results extracted from experimental tests in laboratories. As such, the results have been presented in non-formulated forms and are of less effectiveness for smart grid researchers. Furthermore, the impact of battery degradation in V2G smart grid have not been examined in smart grid studies. This paper reviews and compares different battery technologies focusing on Lithium-ion batteries which dominant in today and future vehicle applications. After that the most prominent degradation models are assessed, the effects of degradation factors on battery performance are examined. The literature shows that the degradation causes can be categorized into two groups namely calendar ageing and cycling ageing. Generally, the calendar ageing is influenced by temperature, time, and state of charge, while the cycling ageing is influenced by cycle number, charge rate and depth of discharge. Finally, in this work a conceptual framework for battery degradation modeling is proposed that can be easily used in smart grid studies, without necessarily requiring a detailed understanding of fundamental electrochemical processes. The proposed framework considers not only the battery degradation modeling, but also that of other related components in a smart grid.
Needle coke, the remaining material after refining petroleum, is used as an anode of a lithium-ion secondary battery. Sulfur is separated from the needle coke to below 0.1wt.% using the molten caustic leaching (MCL) method developed at the Korea Institute of Energy Research. The needle coke with high-purity is carbonized at various temperatures, namely 0, 500, 700 and 900°C. The coke treated at 700°C gives a first and second discharge capacity of more than 560 and 460mAhg−1, respectively, between 0 and 2.0V. By contrast, the first and second discharge capacity of untreated coke is over 420 and 340mAhg−1, respectively, between 0.05 and 2.0V.The first discharge capacity of 560mAhg−1 is beyond the theoretical maximum capacity of 372mAhg−1 for LiC6. Though the cycle efficiency is not consistent, the needle coke heat-treated at 700°C persistently maintains an efficiency of over 90% until the 50th cycle, except on the first cycle. This study demonstrates that the needle coke with high-purity could be a good candidate for an anode material in fabricating high-capacity lithium-ion secondary batteries.
The electrochemical performance and stability of lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl) imidazolide (LiTDI), which is a promising lithium salt for electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries, are discussed. The power capability of LiTDI in EC/DEC (3/7 v/v) in half cells was evaluated with standard anodes used in the lithium-ion battery industry: graphite and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO). The effects of two additives, vinylene carbonate (VC) and fluoro-ethylene carbonate (FEC), were investigated (2% weight in EC/DEC) and compared with a reference electrolyte, 1 M LiPF6 (EC/DEC + 2%VC). LiTDI forms a thin SEI with FEC that is uniformly deposited on graphite, which allows high power capability with 93.9% of the specific capacity at 10C (92.3% for 1 M LiPF6 + 2%VC). Excellent results were also obtained for LiTDI with LTO, 91.1% of the specific capacity was recovered at 10C vs. 91.5% for LiPF6. The stability of LiTDI was evaluated in pouch-cells: LFP/LTO (1C-rate) and NMC/LTO (C/4-rate). The results show that the performance of LiTDI is comparable to that of LiPF6, 85.4% of the capacity was recovered after 900 cycles (87.6% for LiPF6) for LFP/LTO, and 85.8% of capacity was obtained after 450 cycles (86.3% for LiPF6) for NMC/LTO.
The European Union has made it a strategic objective to develop its biofuels market in order to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, to help mitigate climate change and to address energy insecurity within the transport sector. Despite targets set at national and supranational levels, lignocellulosic bioethanol production has yet to be widely commercialized in the European Union. Here, we use techno-economic modeling to compare the price of bioethanol produced from short rotation coppice (SRC) poplar feedstocks under two leading processing technologies in five European countries.
Hierarchical materials supported on metal substrates present promising applications in flexible energy storage and conversion devices. Compared to Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Ti, W and their alloys, Al, the most abundant metal in the crust has been less used in supercapacitors due to its high activity which makes it unstable in acid and base electrolytes. In this paper, we explore a novel Al/C/MnO2 sandwich structured material for the first time for supercapacitor. Owing to the highly porous and open surface structure and the highly conductive Al/C double core current collector on nanoscale, the Al/C/MnO2 sandwich nanowall arrays supported on Al foil show excellent capacitance performance with a maximum area specific capacitance of 1008.3 mF cm−2 and a high energy density of 35.2 μWh cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2. Moreover, a supercapacitor device with 4 supercapacitors connected in series can power a LED lamp. The present study demonstrates a novel electrode architecture based on Al foil with remarkably high area specific capacitance and stability for promising supercapacitor applications. Our strategy provides a new approach to the fabrication of hierarchical electrode materials from Al metal (could also be extend to other metal substrates) for supercapacitors and other energy storage and conversion devices.
The mechanism of precipitation for substances produced by the reductive decomposition of a nonaqueous electrolyte solution (NES) at a graphite electrode (GE) was investigated with the help of classical thermodynamics in this paper. It was found that the substances tend to precipitate from a supersaturated NES by overcoming a Gibbs free energy barrier. This requires the atoms or molecules of the substances to initially aggregate into a stable solid nucleus, which will grow continuously into a macroscopic solid particle subsequently. When the Gibbs free energy barrier is reduced to zero under a certain condition, the substances will precipitate from the supersaturated NES as a two-dimensional (2D) solid layer on the GE surface in a nucleationless manner. Moreover, when the sum of the substance–NES interaction and the substance–GE interaction is stronger than the GE–NES interaction, the substances will even precipitate from an unsaturated NES as a 2D solid layer on the GE surface, provided the unsaturation potential is not too high.
CoS2/CNTs composites were prepared by a facile and simple hydrothermal growth of CoS2 in the presence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as a novel approach of synthesizing cathode composites for thermal battery fabrication. The incorporation of CNTs in the CoS2 cathode materials thus synthesized effectively improved the electrical conductivity and discharge performance of the resultant cathode, without significantly compromising its thermal stability. The thermal battery cell fabricated with such a composite cathode and with a common Li–Si anode showed all functional features of a proper thermal battery cell. The specific discharge capacity at a cut-off voltage of 1.7 V was 219.8 mA h g−1, and the corresponding energy density was 387.2 W h kg−1. With a pulse current density of 500 mA cm−2, the battery delivered a pulse power of 2.45 W, and maintained 64% of this power after 30 pulses. Regarding thermal stability, the CoS2/CNTs cathode was stable at least at 625 °C.
Technology for the reforming of heavy hydrocarbons, such as diesel, to supply hydrogen for fuel cell applications is very attractive and challenging due to its delicate control requirements. The slow reforming kinetics of aromatics contained in diesel, sulfur poisoning, and severe carbon deposition make it difficult to obtain long-term performance with high reforming efficiency. In addition, diesel has a critical mixing problem due to its high boiling point, which results in a fluctuation of reforming efficiency. An ultrasonic injector (UI) have been devised for effective diesel delivery. The UI can atomize diesel into droplets (∼40μm) by using a piezoelectric transducer and consumes much less power than a heating-type vapourizer. In addition, reforming efficiencies increase by as much as 20% compared with a non-UI reformer under the same operation conditions. Therefore, it appears that effective fuel delivery is linked to the reforming kinetics on the catalyst surface. A 100-We, self-sustaining, diesel autothermal reformer using the UI is designed. In addition, the deactivation process of the catalyst, by carbon deposition, is investigated in detail.
The large volume change during cycles, extreme low electronic/ionic conductivity of sulfur and lithium sulfide, and high solubility of high-order polysulfide (PS) in electrolyte are three major barriers for practical applications of Li–S batteries. Current strategy to migrate these three issues is to physically and/or chemically encapsulate the sulfur into porous carbon host (PCH), which is only suitable for a low S loading cathode. The large volume change during charge-discharge process especially in a thicker electrode with high areal S loading will detach the carbon/Li2S particles apart from each other, resulting in fast capacity decay. Although incorporation of large amount of S into 3D carbon paper (CP) can maintain the electrode integration, it cannot effectively immobilize soluble PS. In this work, we chemically bond the PS to both doped PCH and 3D doped CP current collector to suppress the shuttle reaction of PS, and also maintain the electronic/ionic connection during prolonged cycles. The S, N doped CP/doped PCH/S cathode with high areal sulfur loading of 9.0mgcm−2 provide a high capacity of 1013mAhg−1 with a slow capacity fading rate of 0.074% per cycle for 300 cycles, presenting one of the best cycling stability at the similar S loading reported to date. Moreover, systematic investigations demonstrated that chemical bonding of PS to CP current collector can more effectively enhance the cycling stability of high sulfur loading cathode, compared to the current method by chemical bonding of PS to PCH. This sulfur cathode by filling a large amount of S/C composites into functionalized CP matrix bring a new and promising direction to realization of high energy lithium-sulfur batteries.
An amphoteric ion-exchange membrane (AIEM) from fluoro-methyl sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) bearing content-controlled benzimidazole moiety, was firstly fabricated for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB). The AIEM and its covalently cross-linked membrane (AIEM-c) behave the highly suppressed vanadium-ion crossover and their tested VO2+ permeability are about 638 and 1117 times lower than that of Nafion117, respectively. This is further typically verified by the lower VO2+ concentration inside AIEM that is less than half of that inside Nafion117 detected by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, in addition of the nearly 3 times longer battery self-discharge time. The ultra-low vanadium ion diffusion could be ascribed to the narrower ion transporting channel originated from the acid-base interactions and the rebelling effect between the positively-charged benzimidazole structure and VO2+ ions. It is found that, VRB assembled with AIEM exhibits the equal or higher Coulombic efficiency (99.0% vs. 96.4%), voltage efficiency (90.7% vs. 90.7%) and energy efficiency (89.8% vs. 87.4%) than that with Nafion117 and keeps continuous 220 charge–discharge cycles for over 25 days, confirming that the AIEM of this type is a potentially suitable separator for VRB application.