batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this study, the performance of a forced convection mixed-mode solar dryer with thermal energy storage is experimentally analyzed. The main goal was to develop an efficient and cost effective dryer that maintains drying process after sunset. The dryer mainly consists of a solar collector/absorber, drying chamber and a fan. A photovoltaic panel and battery storage are also integrated with the dryer to supply the required electrical energy. The experiments are carried out to dry fresh apricot slices at different working conditions. The effect of using phase change material to store thermal energy during daytime is analyzed. It is concluded that the performance of the solar collector is improved and the drying process is effectively extended when solar energy was not available. It is also observed that the rate of drying is almost constant along the drying chamber. The moisture pick-up efficiency and the overall thermal efficiency of the dryer are about 10% and 11%, respectively.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous condition characterized by social, repetitive, and sensory behavioral abnormalities. No treatments are approved for the core diagnostic symptoms of ASD. To enable the earliest stages of therapeutic discovery and development for ASD, robust and reproducible behavioral phenotypes and biological markers are essential to establish in preclinical animal models. The goal of this study was to identify electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral phenotypes that are replicable between independent cohorts in a mouse model of ASD. The larger goal of our strategy is to empower the preclinical biomedical ASD research field by generating robust and reproducible behavioral and physiological phenotypes in animal models of ASD, for the characterization of mechanistic underpinnings of ASD-relevant phenotypes, and to ensure reliability for the discovery of novel therapeutics. Genetic disruption of the SHANK3 gene, a scaffolding protein involved in the stability of the postsynaptic density in excitatory synapses, is thought to be responsible for a relatively large number of cases of ASD. Therefore, we have thoroughly characterized the robustness of ASD-relevant behavioral phenotypes in two cohorts, and for the first time quantified translational EEG activity in Shank3B null mutant mice.
Mechanical pencil leads were studied as disposable, low-cost electrodes. Lateral surfaces of mechanical pencil leads branded as “polymer” show high electron transfer rates for hexaamineruthenium chloride, potassium ferricyanide, ascorbate, ferric chloride and dopamine electrochemical probes, and are significantly better electrode materials than either classic woodcase clay–graphite pencil compositions or non-polymer mechanical pencil leads. Best polymer leads outperform glassy carbon, basal and edge graphite and boron-doped diamond electrodes. In addition to electrochemical experiments, the studied pencil leads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. High content of sp3 hybridized carbon (up to 80%) with a low degree of surface oxidation and occurrence of silicon monoxide (SiO) on the surfaces of the polymer pencil leads were found using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Low double layer capacitance values of similar magnitude as that found for boron-doped diamond electrodes are at the origin of favourably low background currents on the polymer pencil lead electrodes. SiO containing polymer pencil lead electrodes allow electrochemical analysis that is more sensitive than common carbon electrodes, as demonstrated by voltammetry of adenine and xanthine.
This research improves the field's understanding of subsistence consumers by investigating how low socioeconomic class relates to expectations of complexity from new products. The study tests a model of the relationship between consumer socioeconomic class, self-esteem, self-assessed capabilities, and knowledge about product domains, and the influence of self-esteem, self-assessed capabilities, and product domain knowledge on consumer expectations of complexity when facing a new product technology. A sample of 266 Colombian consumers representing different socio-economic classes is used to test the model using structural equation modeling. The results show that self-esteem, self-assessed capabilities, and product domain knowledge are predictive of expectations of complexity, with low self-esteem, low capabilities, and low product knowledge leading to higher complexity expectations. Socioeconomic status relates closely to self-esteem, self-assessed capabilities, and product domain knowledge and can be used as a surrogate for the individual-level constructs.
Clinical response to brain stimulation treatments for depression is highly variable. A major challenge for the field is predicting an individual patient’s likelihood of response. This review synthesises recent developments in neural predictors of response to targeted brain stimulation in depression. It then proposes a framework to evaluate the clinical potential of putative ‘biomarkers’.
A facile, cost-effective and scaleable method is presented for the fabrication of thin film α-MoO3/SWCNT-COOH composite electrodes with a high charge storage capacity in LiClO4/propylene carbonate in a 1.5–3.5V (versus Li/Li+) working electrochemical window. α-MoO3 nanobelts were synthesized using an established hydrothermal method and composite thin film electrodes incorporating interwoven single walled carbon nanotubes as an electrical conductive additive within a network of α-MoO3 nanobelts were manufactured by spray deposition. The composite electrode showed a maximum charge storage/capacitance of 697.7Cg−1 (193.8mAhg−1)/ 348.7Fg−1 at 0.1mVs−1 (per unit mass of composite electrode) with a contribution to charge storage from capacitive and diffusion controlled processes of 443Cg−1 and 463.2Cg−1 (per unit mass of α-MoO3), respectively, which is comparable to charge storage attained by electrodes manufactured by more costly and non-scaleable templating methods previously reported. Cyclic voltammetry showed capacitances of 167Fg−1 and 75Fg−1 at 10mVs−1 and 50mVs−1, respectively, suggesting a potential application as electrochemical capacitor electrodes of moderate power densities. On the other hand, a charge storage of 697.7Cg−1 (193.8mAhg−1) attained at 0.1mVs−1, and a capacity of 596.8mAhg−1 achieved at 10mAg−1 in galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments supports a potential application of α-MoO3 as a Li-ion battery cathode.
Ex situ and time-resolved in operando neutron powder diffraction (NPD) has been used to study the structural evolution of the graphite negative electrode and LiFePO4 positive electrode within ANR26650M1A commercial batteries from A123 Systems, in what to our knowledge is the first reported NPD study investigating a 26650-type battery. Batteries with different and accurately-known electrochemical and storage histories were studied, enabling the tell-tale signs of battery degradation to be elucidated using NPD. The ex-situ NPD data revealed that the intensity of the graphite/lithiated graphite (LixC6 or LiyC) reflections was affected by battery history, with lower lithiated graphite (LiC12) reflection intensities typically corresponding to more abused batteries. This indicates that the lithiation of graphite is less progressed in more abused batteries, and hence these batteries have lower capacities. In operando NPD allows the rate of structural evolution in the battery electrode materials to be correlated to the applied current. Interestingly, the electrodes exhibit different responses to the applied current that depend on the battery cycling history, with this particularly evident for the negative electrode. Therefore, this work illustrates how NPD can be used to correlate a battery history with electrode structure.
Brief intervention programs for subacute low back pain (LBP) result in significant reduction of sick leave compared to treatment as usual. Although effective, a substantial proportion of the patients do not return to work. This study investigates predictors of return to work in LBP patients participating in a randomized controlled trial comparing a brief intervention program (BI) with BI and physical exercise.
LiMnPO4 has attracted massive interests due to its appropriate redox potential and the success of its iron comparative in the lithium ion batteries. The bulk substitution has been widely used to address the poor electrochemical activity of LiMnPO4, which is much lower than that of LiFePO4. In this work, we compare the performance of the core-shell structure and the homogeneous substitution with the same Mn/Fe molar ratio of LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4. The core-shell phosphate material after carbon coating is composed of a core part of quasi-single LiMnPO4 phase, and a 3–4 nm shell layer of quasi-single LiFePO4-phase, separated by the phase boundary with 1–2 nm thickness. It is interesting to reveal that the core-shell samples exhibit capacities of 156.4, 144.5, 128.2 mAh g−1 under 0.1C, 1C and 5C respectively, which are 5–10% higher than that of the homogenous substituted LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4 at the corresponding rates, while both of these samples present excellent cyclic stability, still retaining ∼95% of the initial capacities after 1000 cycles under 1C discharging rate. Our results demonstrate that the main reason for LiMnPO4's poor electrochemical activity should be emphasized on the surface polarization, whereas the tardiness on bulk transportation is not as serious as it was presumed.
The aim of our study was to investigate the cross-cultural differences in working memory. The sample included 289 adolescents from Russia and Kyrgyzstan. Working memory was measured using the Spatial Working Memory task from the CANTAB battery. We have not found any significant differences in working memory measures by culture reference. At the same time, Kyrgyz males outperform females in the Spatial Working Memory task. There was no significant age-by-country interaction. In both groups working memory performance increases with age.
Continuing his coverage of the 2005 Plansee Seminar, Ken Brookes looks at two contrasting papers on interlocking themes - improvements to cobalt binders for hardmetals and nanoparticles. The first involves the finest possible cobalt as binder for fine or ultrafine tungsten carbide, the second comparatively thick cobalt binder layers for coarse hardmetal, but hardened and toughened by the presence of minute particles of “theta” cobalt-tungsten double carbide…
A separator plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, commercial separators are mainly based on microporous polyolefin membranes, which possess serious safety risks, such as their thermal stabilities. Although many efforts have been made to solve these problems, they cannot yet fully ensure the safety of the batteries, especially in large-scale applications. Herein, we report a rational design of separator with substantially enhanced thermal features. We report how, by a simple dip-coating process, polydopamine (PDA) formed an overall-covered self-supporting film, both on the ceramic layer and on the pristine polyolefin separator, which made the ceramic layer and polyolefin separator appear as a single aspect and furthermore, this layer amended the film-forming properties of the separator. Combining the function of the ceramic and PDA, the developed composite-modified separator displays substantially enhanced thermal and mechanical stability, with no visual thermal shrink and can maintain its mechanical strength up to 230 °C when the polyethylene separator acts as the pristine separator.
Heat pipe building integrated photovoltaic/thermal system (heat pipe BIPV/T system) can produce both the electrical and thermal energies at the same time, which have been paid enormous attentions since the energy crisis in the 1970s. In this paper, the heat pipe BIPV/T system with the metal wires filling into the space between the finned heat pipes and insulation has been proposed, which will be expected to enhance the heat transfer and improve the electrical generation of the system. To investigate the thermal performance of the system, the variations of the temperatures, e.g., flat-plate glass cover, PV panel, filling space, heat pipe, and tank water, as well as the ambient temperature, were measured, and the system’s thermal efficiency was calculated and studied for different simulated solar radiations and water flow rates. It was found that the temperatures of the flat-plate glass cover, PV panels, filling space, and heat pipe presented the similar variation pattern when the ambient temperature was stable. The tank water temperature could reach the maximum of 53.83°C when the simulated solar radiation was at 900W/m2 and the water flow rate was at 200l/h. The linear relation between the system efficiency and (Tmean − Tamb )/I had been setup. The maximum thermal efficiency was found at 44.04% with the simulated solar radiation of 300W/m2 and water flow rate of 200l/h, and 7.9% for the maximum electrical efficiency. Compared with the traditional systems of the previous research, the proposed system performed well with additional features, e.g., low cost, waste materials recycling. This research will be helpful in indicating the potential research area of the low-carbon-emission and energy-saving technology for the researchers overseas and domestic.
The formation of dendrites in alkali and alkaline earth-metal batteries leads to short circuit and catastrophic battery failure which hinders the development of high-energy-density battery technology. Herein, we investigate the thermodynamic origin of this complex phenomenon and show that kinetic transport limitation of metal cations in the electrolyte is not the only factor controlling the formation of dendrites. The specific behavior of Li, Na and Mg electrodes towards dendritic growth is straightforwardly deduced from the shape of their electro-capillary diagrams, as computed from a grand canonical DFT approach. The whisker and dendrite morphologies associated with the different growth regimes are fully rationalized by the present methodology and the critical parameters controlling the dendritic growth on metallic surfaces are clearly identified. Further improving the description of the interface by means of a simplified yet realistic SEI built on carbonate-based decomposition products, we show that the over-potentials at which each growth regime is expected to occur can be predicted at a quantitative level, hence allowing the design of chemical strategies to prevent dendrite growth at metallic surfaces. More specifically, high surface tension associated with low surface capacitance and low potential of zero-charge is the target triptych to favor safe battery operation and can be obtained through appropriate chemical engineering.
An effective fabrication method for rod-shaped γ-LiA1O2 particles for molten carbonate fuel cell matrices via the synthesis of porous β-LiAlO2 agglomerates that are easily washed and dispersed with deionized water has been investigated. In order to make large pores and high porosity in the reaction mixture, powder types of carbon and ammonium carbonate that make little ash and undesired material during the whole process are utilized. Regardless of the kind of pore-formers used, most of the rod-shaped β-/γ-LiAlO2 particles are 1μm in diameter and 10–15μm long (aspect ratio of 10–15). The crystal structure of rod-shaped γ-LiAlO2 particles synthesized from the reaction mixture with pore-formers coincides exactly with that of commercial γ-LiAlO2 powders. As a consequence, cell performance using rod-shaped γ-LiAlO2 particle reinforced matrices is highly improved in comparison with non-reinforced standard matrices.
As most consumers do not have pre-existing knowledge of electric vehicles (EVs), and current market conditions favour petrol and diesel vehicles, car dealership experiences may strongly influence EV purchasing decisions. Here, we show that car dealerships pose a significant barrier at the point of sale due to a perceived lack of business case viability in relation to petrol and diesel vehicles. In 126 shopping experiences at 82 car dealerships across Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, we find that dealers were dismissive of EVs, misinformed shoppers on vehicle specifications, omitted EVs from the sales conversation and strongly oriented customers towards petrol and diesel vehicle options. Dealers' technological orientation, willingness to sell and displayed knowledge of EVs were the main contributors to likely purchase intentions. These findings combined with expert interviews suggest that government and industry signalling affect sales strategies and purchasing trends. Policy and business strategies that address barriers at the point of sale are needed to accelerate EV adoption.
A well designed hybrid energy system can be cost effective, has a high reliability and can improve the quality of life in remote rural areas. The economic constraints can be met, if these systems are fundamentally well designed, use appropriate technology and make use effective dispatch control techniques. The first paper of this tri-series paper, presents the analysis and design of a mixed integer linear mathematical programming model (time series) to determine the optimal operation and cost optimization for a hybrid energy generation system consisting of a photovoltaic array, biomass (fuelwood), biogas, small/micro-hydro, a battery bank and a fossil fuel generator. The optimization is aimed at minimizing the cost function based on demand and potential constraints. Further, mathematical models of all other components of hybrid energy system are also developed. This is the generation mix of the remote rural of India; it may be applied to other rural areas also.
A single species redox flow battery employing a new class of cobalt(II) complexes with ‘tunable’ tridentate azole-pyridine type ligands is reported. Four structures were synthesised and their electrochemical, physical and battery characteristics were investigated as a function of successive substitution of the ligand terminal pyridyl donors. The Co(II/I) and Co(III/II) couples are stable and quasi-reversible on gold and glassy carbon electrodes, however redox potentials are tunable allowing the cobalt potential difference to be preferentially increased from 1.07 to 1.91 V via pyridine substitution with weaker σ-donating/π-accepting 3,5-dimethylpyrazole groups. The charge-discharge properties of the system were evaluated using an H-type glass cell and graphite rod electrodes. The complexes delivered high Coulombic efficiencies of 89.7–99.8% and very good voltaic efficiencies of 70.3–81.0%. Consequently, energy efficiencies are high at 63.1–80.8%, marking an improvement on other similar non-aqueous systems. Modification of the ligands also improved solubility from 0.18 M to 0.50 M via pyridyl substitution with 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, though the low solubility of the complexes limits the overall energy capacity to between 2.58 and 12.80 W h L−1. Preliminary flow cell studies in a prototype flow cell are also demonstrated.
This paper describes an easy-to-administer test of productive vocabulary. The test requires Ss to produce a set of word association responses to a small set of stimulus words. The stimulus words are chosen so that with native speaker Ss they typically generate a wide range of responses, and a high proportion of low frequency responses. The paper argues that a test of this sort might tap the extent of non-native speakers' productive vocabulary more effectively than some other tests in current use.
A widespread misconception in the lithium ion battery literature is the equality of the energy difference of HOMO and LUMO of the solvent with the electrochemical stability window. HOMO and LUMO are concepts derived from approximated electronic structure theory while investigating electronic properties of isolated molecules, and their energy levels do not indicate species participating in redox reactions. On the other hand, redox potentials are directly related to the Gibbs free energy difference of the reactants and products. While redox potentials in some cases show strong correlation with HOMO energies, the offset can be of several eVs. Presence of electrolytes and other molecules can also significantly affect the redox potentials of the solvent leading to offset as high as 4 eV from the HOMO energies. In this opinion we provide a correct thermodynamic representation for the electrochemical stability of the electrolyte, based on redox potentials and Fermi level of the electron in solution, and demonstrate that the use of terms HOMO and LUMO should be avoided when talking about the electrochemical stability of electrolytes. Instead, it is more correct to speak of potential of electrolyte reduction at negative potentials, and of potential of solvent oxidation at positive potentials.
Direct fuel cells (DFCs) are receiving increased interest for portable power applications. Cell and stack architecture is a vital technical issue for portable DFCs. The architecture of a DFC not only has to meet particular application requirements such as a compact size and easy handling, but also has to ensure desired performance, reliability and fabrication costs. In this paper, the most recent advances related to portable DFCs and their architecture are reviewed. The current status of system architecture, stack/unit cell architecture, flow-field designs and MEA morphology strategies along with analysis are surveyed. In addition, promising methods of passive fuel delivery are also presented.
Physics-based models of electrochemical cells are of great interest for the future battery management systems (BMSs), due to their accuracy and capability to predict cell physical states. One of their main disadvantages, when compared to equivalent circuit models, is the fact that they rely on numerous parameters. The identification of these parameters is difficult and usually needs the tear-down of the cell and detailed electrochemical analyses. In this work, we address this issue by developing a novel non-invasive procedure for the parameter identification of a single-particle model (SPM) of a Li-ion cell. The main contributions are: (i) the reformulation of the SPM in order to achieve a minimum number of grouped parameters to be identified; (ii) the formulation of a series of experimental tests capable to identify individually and non-invasively given subsets of these parameters. Notably, we craft specific tests to identify separately the parameters related to equilibrium, intercalation and diffusive phenomena that occur within the cell; (iii) the validation of the reformulated SPM and the associated parameter identification procedure through comparison of simulation results with both synthetic and experimental data. The former are obtained from a detailed pseudo-2-dimensional (P2D) model of a MCMB-LiCoO2 cell. The latter are obtained through experimental tests performed on a Lithium-titanate cell. Both are cycled with current profiles representative of power-grid and electric-vehicles (EVs) operating conditions. For these profiles, the model identified versus synthetic data achieves a root-mean-square error lower than 0.3% on the cell states and lower than 0.75% on the cell voltage. The model identified versus experimental data achieves a root-mean-square error on cell voltage lower than 1%.