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To enhance the specific capacitance, cycling stability and material utilization of manganese dioxide (MnO2) for supercapacitor, MCM-41 (mesoporous silica) was firstly synthesized by hydrothermal method, and then FexSnyMn1-x-yO2 layer deposited on MCM-41 was formed through coprecipitation of MnCO3, SnCl4 and FeCl3, followed by calcination to finally obtain FexSnyMn1-x-yO2@MCM-41 electrodes (FS-MnO2@M electrodes). The structure and composition of FS-MnO2@M electrodes were characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), nitrogen adsorption (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-Ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). These results of characterization about FS-MnO2@M particles show FS-MnO2 coatings are successfully deposited on the surface of MCM-41and the average coating thickness of FS-MnO2 is around 50nm. The electrochemical performances of FS-MnO2@M electrodes are evaluated and researched by galvanostatic charge-discharge test, cyclic voltammogram (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that FS-MnO2@M electrodes with porous structure display superior cycling stability at large current work condition in charge-discharge tests and good capacitance performance at high scanning rate in CV tests and FS-MnO2@M electrodes indicate the smaller internal resistance through EIS. And the specific capacitance of FS-MnO2@M reaches 319Fg−1 at current density of 2Ag−1 with the value remaining 88.37% after 10000 cycles. Therefore, the FS-MnO2@M electrode is desirable to become a novel MnO2 electrode for electrochemical supercapacitor.
The thermodynamic properties of calcium–magnesium alloys were determined by electromotive force (emf) measurements using a Ca(in Bi)|CaF2|Ca(in Mg) cell over the temperature range 713–1048K. The activity and partial molar Gibbs free energy of calcium in magnesium were calculated for nine Ca–Mg alloys, calcium mole fractions varying from x Ca =0.01 to 0.80. Thermodynamic properties of magnesium in calcium and the molar Gibbs free energy of mixing were estimated using the Gibbs–Duhem relationship. In the all-liquid region at 1010K, the activity of calcium in magnesium was found to range between 8.8×10−4 and 0.94 versus pure calcium. The molecular interaction volume model (MIVM) was used to model the activity coefficient of Ca and Mg in Ca–Mg liquid alloys. Based on this work, Ca–Mg alloys show promise as the negative electrode of a liquid metal battery in which calcium is the itinerant species: alloying with Mg results in both a decrease in operating temperature and suppression of Ca metal solubility in the molten salt electrolyte.
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) filled polypropylene separators (GFPSs) are designed by means of thermal cross-linking of entrapped poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) as gel constituents. The intrinsic properties of GFPS and their corresponding gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) are characterized by DSC, SEM, contact angle and electrochemical methods. It is found the stability of liquid electrolyte uptake in GPE could be improved obviously. For the GPE prepared from GFPS with filled polyether content of 14.3wt%, the ionic conductivity could reach 1.12×10−3 Scm−1 while the electrochemically stable window reach 5.0V (vs. Li/Li+). These primary results show great promise of this simple method to prepare GPE for practical application in lithium ion batteries.
A high temperature thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system is modeled and its system level performance is assessed in the context of concentrated solar power (CSP) with thermal energy storage (TES). The model includes the treatment of the emitter and the heat transfer fluid that draws thermal energy from the TES, which then allows for the identification and prioritization of the most important TPV cell/module level properties that should be optimized to achieve maximum performance. The upper limiting efficiency for an idealized system is then calculated, which shows that TPV with TES may one day have the potential to become competitive with combined cycle turbines, but could also offer other advantages that would give CSP an advantage over fossil based alternatives. The system concept is enabled by the usage of liquid metal as a high temperature heat transfer and TES fluid. The system concept combines the great economic advantages of TES with the potential for low cost and high performance derived from TPV cells fabricated on reusable substrates, with a high reflectivity back reflector for photon recycling.
Mesopore-enriched activated carbon nanofiber mats incorporating RuO2 (RuPM-ACNF) are prepared by a simple electrospinning method with the help of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and their electrochemical property electrodes are investigated as a supercapacitor electrode. The microstructure of RuPM-ACNF is changed in terms of high specific surface area, narrow pore size distribution, and tunable porosity. The textural parameters affect the electrochemical properties significantly through the variation in PMMA concentration. The active sites, RuO2 and abundant mesopore structures of RuPM-ACNF not only increase the specific capacitance but also enhance the high-rate electrochemical performance by fast electrolyte ion diffusion into the pores with increasing PMMA concentration. The RuPM-ACNF electrode also exhibits good cycling stability after 3000 charge–discharge cycles, which demonstrates the good stability, long lifetime and high degree of reversibility in repetitive charge–discharge cycling of the RuPM-ACNF electrodes. Therefore, the cooperation of large mesopores induced by PMMA and RuO2 in the ACNF electrode materials synergistically improves the electrochemical performance because of the electric double-layer capacitance of porous ACNFs and the pseudocapacitance of RuO2, resulting in high rate capability, high capacitance, and long cycling life.
Spherical Ni x Co(1−2x)Mn x (OH)2 (x =0.333, 0.4, 0.416, 0.45) precursors with Co concentration-gradient were prepared by co-precipitation from sulfate solutions using NaOH and NH4OH as precipitation and complexing agents. Then, well-ordered spherical LiNi x Co(1−2x)Mn x O2 was synthesized by sintering the mixture of as-prepared precursor and Li2CO3 at 950°C for 16h in air. EDXS results indicated that the concentration of cobalt decreased gradually inside out of the spherical precursor particle, and it was uniform in spherical LiNi x Co(1−2x)Mn x O2 particle obtained by sintering with Li2CO3. According to Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns, the LiNi x Co(1−2x)Mn x O2 synthesized from Co gradient precursor showed lower degree of cation disorder than that prepared from conventional precursor. The well-ordered LiNi x Co(1−2x)Mn x O2 from Co gradient precursor delivered much better high-rate capability than conventional one. The decrease of cation disorder of LiNi x Co(1−2x)Mn x O2 is attributed to the cobalt-rich in core of the precursor particles. Both abundant Co3+ and Li+ can restrain cation mixing effectively. Since Li+ needs long time to reach core during calcining, cobalt-rich in core of the precursor particle is very important for restraining cation mixing. Concentration-gradient precursor is helpful to prepare well-ordered LiNi x Co(1−2x)Mn x O2 with good high-rate capability, and the total content of expensive and toxic cobalt does not need to be increased.
Hierarchical LiFePO4 microflowers have been successfully synthesized via a solvothermal reaction in ethanol solvent with the self-prepared ammonium iron phosphate rectangular nanoplates as a precursor, which is obtained by a simple water evaporation method beforehand. The hierarchical LiFePO4 microflowers are self-assemblies of a number of stacked rectangular nanoplates with length of 6–8μm, width of 1–2μm and thickness of around 50nm. When ethanol is replaced with the water–ethanol mixed solvent in the solvothermal reaction, LiFePO4 micro-octahedrons instead of hierarchical microflowers can be prepared. Then both of them are respectively modified with carbon coating through a post-heat treatment and their morphologies are retained. As a cathode material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries, the carbon-coated hierarchical LiFePO4 microflowers deliver high initial discharge capacity (162mAhg−1 at 0.1C), excellent high-rate discharge capability (101mAhg−1 at 10C), and cycling stability, which exhibits better electrochemical performances than carbon-coated LiFePO4 micro-octahedrons. These enhanced electrochemical properties can be attributed to the hierarchical micro/nanostructures, which can take advantage of structure stability of micromaterials for long-term cycling. Furthermore the rectangular nanoplates as the building blocks can improve the electrochemical reaction kinetics and finally promote the rate performance.
Vanadium pentoxide is considered as a candidate of cathode material for lithium-ion batteries owing to its high specific capacity, large potential window, and short diffusion pathway. However, vanadium pentoxide has its own limitations such as insufficient electronic conductivity, sluggish ion diffusion, and volume expansion. In order to resolve these problems, we demonstrate spray frozen assembly into hierarchically structured open-porous vanadium pentoxide/reduced graphene oxide composite microballs for high performance lithium-ion battery cathodes. The uniform distribution of vanadium pentoxide particles immobilized onto the open-porous surface of reduced graphene oxide microballs is associated with the short ion diffusion pathway, the percolated electronic conduction, and the buffering space. Accordingly, vanadium pentoxide/reduced graphene oxide composite microballs achieve the initial discharge capacity of 273 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 which is higher than those of reduced graphene oxide (78 mAh g−1) and vanadium pentoxide (214 mAh g−1). When the current density increases from 100 to 1000 mA g−1, the capacity retention of vanadium pentoxide/reduced graphene oxide composite microballs is 51.3%, much greater than 36.4% of vanadium pentoxide particles. The capacity retention of 80.4% with the Coulombic efficiency of 97.1% over 200 cycles is twice greater than that of V2O5 particles, indicating improved cyclic stability.
The transportation impact on pollution and global climate change, has forced the automotive sector to search for more ecological solutions. Owing to the different properties of Fuel Cell (FC), real potential for reducing vehicles’ emissions has been witnessed. The optimization of FC integration within Electric Vehicles (EVs) is one of the original solutions. This paper presents an innovating solution of multi-stack Fuel Cell Electrical Vehicle (FCEV) in terms of efficiency, durability and ecological impact on environment. The main objective is to illustrate the interest of using the multi-stack FC system on the global autonomy, cycling, and efficiency enhancement, besides optimizing its operation performance.
In order to secure the energy future and protect the environment, the U.S. is looking for renewable resources to meet the increasing energy demands for its electricity sector (which accounts for ≈ 40% of total U.S. energy consumption in 2011). The overall aim of this article is to summarize the possible approaches that can be used to improve and optimize the utilization of renewables for electricity generation in the United States. First, an overview is presented about the resource potential, current usage, and technical status of electricity generation from renewables (in the United States). Second, a number of economic, operational, regulatory, sustainability, and technical challenges that are likely to be encountered are identified. Third, strategies are outlined that can be used to minimize costs, deal with the spatial nature of renewables, smooth temporal variations associated with intermittency, and achieve successful integration of electricity generated from renewable resources into the U.S. power grid. Fourth, a sustainability assessment framework for renewable resource deployment (for electricity generation in the U.S.) is discussed. The framework considers multiple criteria (including cost, environmental and social impacts), thus giving a comprehensive assessment of each renewable energy resource (for electricity generation in the United States). Fifth, the current U.S. renewable energy policy is analyzed, and rigorous recommendations are made for optimizing future U.S. renewable energy policy that can permanently induce a long-term sustainable shift towards electricity generation from renewables. Finally, directions for future research are highlighted.
The publisher regrets that in the above article the incorrect version of Figs 1, 4 and 5 were published.The correct versions will follow:
Sizing electrodes is an important step during Lithium-ion battery manufacturing processes since poor cut edge affects battery performance significantly and sometime leads to fire hazard. Mechanical cutting could result in a poor cut quality with defects. The cutting quality can be improved by using a laser, due to its high energy concentration, fast processing time, small heat-affected zone, and high precision. The cutting quality is highly influenced by operating parameters such as laser power and scanning speed. Thus, we studied a numerical simulation to provide a guideline for achieving clear edge quality. In order to simulate electrodes laser cutting for Lithium-Ion batteries, understanding the behavior of current collectors is crucial. This study focuses on current collectors, such as pure copper and aluminium. Numerical studies utilized a 3D self-consistent mathematical model for laser–material interaction. Observations of penetration time, depth, and threshold during laser cutting processes of current collectors are described. The model is validated experimentally by cutting current collectors and single side-coated electrodes with a single mode fiber laser. The copper laser cutting is laser intensity and interaction time dependent process. The aluminium laser cutting depends more on laser intensity than the interaction time. Numerical and experimental results show good agreement.
This paper presents a study of recycling stations in the municipality of Borlänge, Sweden. The main objectives were to measure volume weights of recyclables, to facilitate future planning of collection intervals and bin/container volume, and to investigate the general attitudes among the public towards waste management in general and recycling stations in particular. Volume weights measured in bins/containers were: paper/newsprint: 297 kg/m3, glass packaging: 297 kg/m3, metal packaging: 81.7 kg/m3, paper packaging: 27.8 kg/m3, plastic packaging: 28.1 kg/m3. The recycling stations have been in use since 1994. Most visitors (90%) arrived by car but said the visit to the recycling station was not the main purpose of the trip. The results from the interviews indicated that the people who use the recycling stations have found ways to incorporate waste sorting into their everyday lives, with the help of information, design of the collection system and environmental concerns.
Na3MnCO3PO4 (NMCP) particles were synthesized via ball milling of Mn(NO3)2.4H2O, Na2HPO4.2H2O and Na2CO3.H2O powders. The particles were anchored onto reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets during hydrothermal reduction process under stirring. Materials produced were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric (TG) measurement and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. Results showed that dissolution of ball milling products in DI water is an effective method for separation of NMCP from byproducts. Best milling time for production of pure NMCP of minimum particle aggregation was 60min. After preparing the composite, the needle-like NMCP particles of ∼15 nm diameter were anchored onto rGO sheets. As a promising cathode candidate for Na-ion batteries, NMCP and NMCP/rGO electrodes displayed initial capacities of 103 and 141mAhg−1 at C/30 rate with capacity retention of 71% and 81% after 15 cycles, respectively. Improvement of the cycling performance at higher rates attributed mainly to the extremely fine NMCP nanoparticles and their almost uniform distribution on rGO conducting network which resulted in electronic and ionic conductivity enhancement and therefore improved the reversibility of intercalation/deintercalation reactions.
The electrochemical kinetics of battery electrodes at the single-particle scale are measured as a function of state-of-charge, and interpreted with the aid of concurrent transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) of the evolving particle microstructure. An electrochemical cell operating with near-picoampere current resolution is used to characterize single secondary particles of two widely-used cathode compounds, NMC333 and NCA. Interfacial charge transfer kinetics are found to vary by two orders of magnitude with state-of-charge (SOC) in both materials, but the origin of the SOC dependence differs greatly. NCA behavior is dominated by electrochemically-induced microfracture, although thin binder coatings significantly ameliorate mechanical degradation, while NMC333 demonstrates strongly increasing interfacial reaction rates with SOC for chemical reasons. Micro-PITT is used to separate interfacial and bulk transport rates, and show that for commercially relevant particle sizes, interfacial transport is rate-limiting at low SOC, while mixed-control dominates at higher SOC. These results provide mechanistic insight into the mesoscale kinetics of ion intercalation compounds, which can guide the development of high performance rechargeable batteries.
As the installed capacity of residential rooftop PV systems increases in the UK, the likelihood that LV networks will experience periods of unacceptably high voltage or line utilization increases also. Whilst the use of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for violation management has been explored in previous work, the robustness and cost effectiveness of utilizing existing customer owned BESSs for such purposes has not been extensively examined on UK LV networks. In this paper, we use mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming (MIQCP) formulations to determine optimal BESS takeover for violation control at various PV and ASHP ownership fractions, whilst implementing Monte-Carlo methods to explore the multiple possible technology ownership patterns that may occur at each penetration level. We compare the cost of feasible BESS takeover solutions to the cost of the reconductoring works that would be required to mitigate the same violations, where novel mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations are used to determine the optimum reconductoring strategies. We perform the analysis on two models of real urban feeders located in the north west of England, and find that whilst BESS control may sometimes compete economically with reconductoring, BESS takeover control cannot consistently and adequately mitigate violations at the majority of PV and ASHP ownership fractions when BESSs are available at fewer than 100% of PV array owners residences.
Publisher Summary A daunting bioethical challenge for engineers is that change is very rapid. Anything that changes rapidly is difficult to measure. Those who are engaged in the research and the practice of new technologies may not recognize the hazards and pitfalls. In fact, those directly involved in the advancement may be the worst at appraising its worth and estimating its risks. The innovators have a built-in conflict of interest that works against the ability to serve as society's honest brokers of emerging technologies. The difference between success and failure often hinges on very subtle hints in the design process. Every failure results from a unique series of events. Human factors must always be considered in any design implementation. In fact, the mathematics and statistics of failure analysis are very complicated, relying on nonlinear approaches and chaos theory, making use of nontraditional statistical methods, such as the Bayesian theory.
Lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB) is investigated as an additive for the stabilization of a high-voltage cathode–electrolyte interface. It is found that the electrochemical performance of Li/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cells with a LiBOB additive is improved at 60°C. To confirm the effects of LiBOB on electrolyte oxidative decomposition, the surface chemistry of separators and high-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes cycled in electrolytes with and without a LiBOB additive are examined using ex situ attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 prepared by a spray drying method exhibited poor cyclic performance when it was operated at rates of 0.5C and 2C in 3–4.6V. A metal oxide (ZrO2, TiO2, and Al2O3) coating (3wt%) could effectively improve its cyclic performance at both 0.5C and 2C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies suggested that both the surface resistance and the charge transfer resistance of the bare LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 significantly increase after 100 cycles, whose origin is mainly related to the change in both the particle surface and electrode morphologies. The presence of a thin metal oxide layer could remarkably suppress the increase in the total resistance (sum of the surface resistance and the charge transfer resistance), which was attributed to the improvement in good cyclic performances.
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by severe behavioural and physiological symptoms. RTT is caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene in about 95% of cases and to date no cure is available. The endocannabinoid system modulates several physiological processes and behavioural responses that are impaired in RTT and its deregulation has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders which have symptoms in common with RTT. The present study evaluated the potential therapeutic efficacy for RTT of cannabidivarin (CBDV), a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid from Cannabis sativa that presents antagonistic properties on the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), the most recently identified cannabinoid receptor. Present results demonstrate that systemic treatment with CBDV (2, 20, 100 mg/Kg ip for 14 days) rescues behavioural and brain alterations in MeCP2-308 male mice, a validated RTT model. The CBDV treatment restored the compromised general health status, the sociability and the brain weight in RTT mice. A partial restoration of motor coordination was also observed. Moreover, increased levels of GPR55 were found in RTT mouse hippocampus, suggesting this G protein-coupled receptor as new potential target for the treatment of this disorder. Present findings highlight for the first time for RTT the translational relevance of CBDV, an innovative therapeutic agent that is under active investigation in the clinical setting.