batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Cost-effective and eco-friendly battery system with high energy density is highly desirable. Herein, we report a seawater battery with a high voltage efficiency, in which a chloride ion-capturing electrode (CICE) consisting of Ag foil is utilized as the cathode. The use of Ag as the cathode leads to a sharp decrease in the voltage gaps between charge and discharge curves, based on reversible redox reaction of Ag/AgCl (at ∼2.9 V vs. Na+/Na) in a seawater catholyte during cycling. The Ag/AgCl reaction proves to be highly reversible during battery cycling. The battery employing the Ag electrode shows excellent cycling performance with a high Coulombic efficiency (98.6–98.7%) and a highly improved voltage efficiency (90.3% compared to 73% for carbonaceous cathode) during 20 cycles (total 500 h). These findings demonstrate that seawater batteries using a CICE could be used as next-generation batteries for large-scale stationary energy storage plants.
We have reported a straightforward strategy to fabricate Li4Ti5O12 composites coated with N-doped carbon layer by using NH3 as N source and sugar as C source, which is a benefit for optimizing carbon layer thickness and tuning atomic ratio of N/C. The composite was synthesized by a conventional solid state reaction with ball milled mixture of TiO2, Li2CO3, and sugar as the precursor, then followed by a high temperature annealing in the atmosphere of Ar and NH3. The choice of titanium source has an impact on the Li4Ti5O12 surface morphology as well as electrochemical properties. N-doped TiO2 can lead to the generation of uniform N-doped C-coating layer, resulting in improved electrochemical performances at high current rate. The N-doped C-coating Li4Ti5O12 obtained by using Anatase TiO2 produces a serrated thin carbon layer, showing the best electrochemical behaviors with the discharge capacity of 100 mAh g−1 at high rate of 24 C and 92.2% of initial capacity after 800 cycles at 12 C, which should be one of the promising anode materials for hybrid electric vehicles.
Publisher Summary Disposability and continuous redesign dominate device design, especially in the consumer electronics industry. This philosophy means that modern ubiquitous computing products typically have little expandability, limited opportunities for personalization, and shallow user experiences. The continuing progress of Moore’s Law arguably will further contribute to expectations that digital devices need to be disposable. Undeniably, the rising computing power of the average chip has lowered the price of ubiquitous computing devices and distributed information processing technology to millions of people. But it has also led to decision making that favors small, rapid, marginally incremental release cycles at the expense of flexibility and longevity. The race for faster processors for general purpose computers has slowed as more of what people value in experiences is provided by services, and more technologies are built into objects and environments designed to last for decades. Thus, the challenge for designers who work in situations of short-term thinking is to imagine the long term—to create experiences made with information processing that have the longevity and adaptability of traditional materials.
Li4Ti5O12 is a very promising anode material for lithium secondary batteries. To improve the material's rate capability and pile density is considered as the important researching direction. One effective way is to prepare powders composed of spherical particles containing carbon black. A novel technique has been developed to prepare spherical Li4Ti5O12/C composite. The spherical precursor containing carbon black is prepared via an “outer gel” method, using TiOCl2, C and NH3 as the raw material. Spherical Li4Ti5O12/C powders are synthesized by sintering the mixture of spherical precursor and Li2CO3 in N2. The investigation of TG/DSC, SEM, XRD, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) testing, laser particle size analysis, tap-density testing and the determination of the electrochemical properties show that the Li4Ti5O12/C composite prepared by this method are spherical, has high tap-density and excellent rate capability. It is observed that the tap-density of spherical Li4Ti5O12/C powders (the mass content of C is 4.8%) is as high as 1.71gcm−3, which is remarkably higher than the non-spherical Li4Ti5O12. Between 1.0 and 3.0V versus Li, the initial discharge specific capacity of the sample is as high as 144.2mAhg−1, which is still 128.8mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 1.6mAcm−2.
This is the first report about supercapacitive performance of hybrid film of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and polyaniline (PANI) in an organic electrolyte (1.0M LiClO4 in acetonitrile). In this work, a high surface area and conductivity of active carbon (AC) electrode is used as a substrate for PANI/MnO2 film electro-codeposition. The redox properties of the coated PANI/MnO2 thin film exhibit ideal capacitive behaviour in 1M LiClO4/AN. The specific capacitance (SC) of PANI/MnO2 hybrid film is as high as 1292Fg−1 and maintains about 82% of the initial capacitance after 1500 cycles at a current density of 4.0mAcm−2, and the coulombic efficiency (η) is higher than 95%. An asymmetric capacitor has been developed with the PANI/MnO2/AC positive and pure AC negative electrodes, which is able to deliver a specific energy as high as 61Whkg−1 at a specific power of 172Wkg−1 in the range of 0–2.0V. These results indicate that the organic electrolyte is a promising candidate for PANI/MnO2 material application in supercapacitors.
Anode performance in lithium ion rechargeable batteries (LIBs) was studied on four kinds of graphite powders, including synthetic graphite. Carbon-coated synthetic graphite gave a smaller irreversible capacity of about 20mAhg−1 and a better cyclic performance in an electrolyte solution of EC/DMC than natural graphite, though its discharge capacity of about 300mAhg−1 is a little smaller than natural graphite. Even in a PC-containing solution as EC/PC=3/1, carbon-coated synthetic graphite had almost the same anode performance as in the solution without PC. Carbon coating of above 5mass% on graphite particles was found to be effective to improve the anode performance at a low temperature of −5°C, high retention in discharge capacity of about 90% being obtained. On both natural and synthetic graphite powders, carbon coating by the amount of 3–10mass% at a temperature of 700–1000°C was found to be optimum for the improvement of anode performance in LIBs, to have a lower irreversible capacity and higher retention in discharge capacity at −5°C than without carbon coating.
We report a low temperature facile approach to control the nanostructure morphologies of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) for high performance lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Nanorods and nanoflowers of MoO3 can be obtained by simply controlling the acidity of the precursor solution during sonication. We have found that the nanostructures play a key role in determining the performance of LIBs. Particularly, the LIB with MoO3 nanoflowers as the anode can achieve a specific capacity up to 1020mAhg−1 at a discharge current density of 550mAg−1. This capacity is close to the theoretical limit and is among the highest reported with MoO3-based anodes, it suggests the nanostructures is efficient for ion intercalation during the charge and discharge processes. The LIBs using the MoO3 nanoflower anode also show superior cycling performance; 78% of the maximum capacity can be retained even after 100 charge/discharge cycles. Since the presented low-cost and simple synthesis approach can be easily implemented in large scale, it has a large potential for the application of high performance lithium ion batteries.
Despite the fact that ZnFe2O4 has various advantages as promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), ZnFe2O4 chronically suffers from limited cycle life, originating from poor electronic conductivity and huge volume changes. In this study, we address these traditional issues of ZnFe2O4 by fabricating a mesoporous nanorod structure through a novel, facile and scalable co-precipitation approach followed by thermal decomposition. The unique nanostructure not only effectively shortens the pathway for Li+ diffusion, but also provides a high porosity to effectively tolerate volume variation during charge/discharge processes. The reversible capacity of ZnFe2O4 can still reach 983 mAh g−1 at a specific current of 100 mA g−1 after 50 cycles. Mesoporous ZnFe2O4 nanorod could be demonstrated as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Carbonaceous nickel oxide powder samples have been synthesized from an adducted nickel β-ketoester complex used as a “single source precursor” through a solution-based microwave-assisted chemical route. Comprehensive analysis of the resulting powder material has been carried out using various characterization techniques. These analysis reveal that, depending on the solvent used, either NiO/C or Ni/NiO/C composites are formed, wherein Ni and/or NiO nanocrystals are enveloped in amorphous carbon. As the components emerge from the same molecular source, the composites are homogeneous on a fine scale, making them promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. Electrochemical capacitive behavior of these oxide composites is studied in a three-electrode configuration. With a specific capacitance of 113 F g−1, Ni/NiO/C is superior to NiO/C as capacitor electrode material, in 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. This is confirmed by impedance measurements, which show that charge-transfer resistance and equivalent series resistance are lower in Ni/NiO/C than in NiO/C, presumably because of the presence of metallic nickel in the former. The cyclic voltammograms are nearly rectangular and the electrodes display excellent cyclability in different electrolytes: Na2SO4, KOH and Ca(NO3)2·4H2O. Specific capacitance as high as 143 F g−1 is measured in Ca(NO3)2·4H2O electrolyte.
In order to improve the cyclic property of Si as anode for lithium-ion battery, Si x –Co0.6B0.6Al0.2/modified graphite sphere composites (labeled as Si x –Co0.6B0.6Al0.2/MGS, x =0.72, 1.12, 1.68) were synthesized using high energy ball milling (HEBM) technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the compositions and morphology of composite materials. The electrochemical behaviors of Si x –Co0.6B0.6Al0.2/MGS were investigated by galvanostatic charge–discharge technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate that Co, B, Al and MGS have a good synergistic effect in improving the electrochemical performance of Si powder-based electrode. Compared to Si/MGS and Si1.12–Co0.6B0.6Al0.2, the cyclic performance and coulombic efficiency of Si1.12–Co0.6 B0.6Al0.2/MGS are significantly enhanced from the 2nd cycle. The first reversible capacity of Si1.12–Co0.6B0.6Al0.2/MGS is 533mAhg−1 and 90% of the capacity may be obtained after 80 cycles. EIS and SEM measurements indicate that the microstructural stability of the composite during cycling appears to be the main reason contributing to the good cycleability.
Three models used in electrochemical literature to fit experimental data for insertion/extraction processes investigated by the potential step chronoamperometry (PSCA) technique are examined and compared in this article. The first model (MI) gives a theoretical expression of Faradaic current transient taking reaction kinetics at the electrode surface, diffusion process in the host material and Ohmic drop effects into consideration. The ‘cell-impedance controlled diffusion’ constraint is used in the second model (MII) together with the diffusion equations and boundary conditions. Finally, the third model (MIII) applies when the diffusion flux of injected/extracted species at the electrode surface is limited by interfacial charge transfer kinetics represented by the Butler–Volmer equation. The use of a finite-difference method is required to numerically solve models MII and MIII. First, the theoretical predictions from models MI, MII and MIII are compared when a small potential step is applied on the electrode. It is stated that the theoretical expression of current transient derived from model MI is the analytical solution of both models MII and MIII under small-signal (linearization) conditions. Next, the three models are numerically compared under Langmuir isotherm conditions, assuming a constant diffusion coefficient of guest species in the host material. It is shown that the ‘cell-impedance controlled diffusion’ constraint used in model MII does not work very well when a large potential step is applied on the electrode. Finally, an alternative formulation of the boundary condition at the host material|electrolyte interface (model MIII) is used to study the influence of Ohmic drop, together with the use of large potential steps.
Ferrocene can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of carbon-coated α-Fe2O3 nano-particles. The pyrolysis of ferrocene leads to the formation of a compound that can be fully converted into carbon-coated α-Fe2O3 nano-particles via a simple oxidation in air. This simple, fast and cheap synthetic route enables the realization of carbon-coated nano-particles with particle size in the range of 50–150nm. Moreover, varying the oxidation temperature, it is possible to control precisely the carbon coating present on the nano-particles. The so obtained carbon-coated α-Fe2O3 nano-particles can be easily processed in water to realize composite electrodes with a composition suitable for practical application. When used in combination with conventional electrolytes such electrodes display high specific capacity (over 800mAhg−1 at 0.13Ag−1), excellent cycling retention (higher than 99% after 50 cycles), and remarkable rate performance (over 400mAhg−1 at 5Ag−1).
Rod-like α-MoO3 is successfully designed by alternating voltage induced electrochemical synthesis (AVIES) approach. The morphology and texture of MoO3 is effectively controlled by applying various calcination temperature of 300–600°C. Notably, the α-MoO3 microrods growing along [001] direction have the high aspect ratio, and the randomly stacked structure can facilitate the charge transfer and offer more active sites for sodium storage. When utilized for sodium-ion batteries, it presents the high charge capacities of 305mAhg−1 at 1C and 143mAhg−1 at 10C. Even after 3000 cycles at 10C, a significant capacity of 108mAhg−1 is still delivered, highlighting its marvelous electrochemical properties. This work may be a compelling exploration for developing metal/metal oxides materials for sodium storages by AVIES.
The optimum conditions for the electrochemical preparation of poly(1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone), PAAQ, films in environmentally safe aqueous solutions were investigated. The conducting polymer films were prepared by electrochemical oxidation of 1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone, AAQ, in sulfuric acid solutions in the potential range from 0.0 to +1.3V. The influence of scan repetition, scan rate, and monomer concentration on the formation process and the properties of the polymer film were studied. The electrochemical response of the formed polymer film was investigated in both aqueous and non-aqueous media. The polymer films were found to be stable in aqueous acidic media. In non-aqueous solutions, like acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide and dioxin, the polymer films showed remarkable degradation. The best electrochemical response of the PAAQ films was found to be in the potential range between +0.3 and +0.9V. The presence of quinone units in the polymer film chain suggests promising applications of these conducting polymers in lightweight (rechargeable) batteries, electrochromic display devices, and biosensor and corrosion protection.
Molten sodium (Na) anode high temperature batteries, such as Na-NiCl2 and Na-S, draw attentions to be used in stationary electricity storage applications. Recent efforts are exerted to lower their operating temperatures down to below 200 °C in order to adopt ultra-low cost cell production, establish easier maintenance, pursue enhanced safety, and more. One of main challenges in lowering the operation temperature is radical decrease in ionic conductivity of their solid electrolytes. Na3Zr2Si2PO12 (Nasicon) is considered as a solid electrolyte for the lower temperature operation. Here we report Na ionic conductivity of Nasicon at 150 °C increases by adding Ge element. The ionic conductivity of Ge-added sample (Na3[Zr2-δGeδ]Si2PO12, δ = 0.1, 0.2) is measured as high as 1.4 × 10−2 S cm-1 at 150 °C which is about two times higher than those of the bare Nasicon. The phase transition temperature of the Ge-added samples is lowered, thereby the volume fraction of the rhombohedral phase, which is stable at higher temperatures and exhibits higher Na ion conductivities, increases. This finding provides a useful guideline to further increase the ionic conductivity of Nasicon solid electrolytes, which can advance materialization of lower temperature operating Na batteries.
Executive dysfunction is reported in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). However, batteries employed in previous studies included no more than three tests of executive function. In this study, we aimed to assess executive and attentional functions in JME using a comprehensive battery of eight tests (encompassing fifteen subtests). We also evaluated neuropsychological profiles using a clinical criterion of severity and correlated these findings with epilepsy clinical variables and the presence of psychiatric disorders. We prospectively evaluated 42 patients with JME and a matched control group with Digit Span tests (forward and backward), Stroop Color-Word Test, Trail Making Test, Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test, Matching Familiar Figures Test and Word Fluency Test. We estimated IQ with the Matrix Reasoning and Vocabulary subtests of the Wechsler Abbreviated Intelligence Scale. The patients with JME showed specific deficits in working memory, inhibitory control, concept formation, goal maintenance, mental flexibility, and verbal fluency. We observed attentional deficits in processes such as alertness and attention span and those requiring sustained and divided attention. We found that 83.33% of the patients had moderate or severe executive dysfunction. In addition, attentional and executive impairment was correlated with higher frequency of seizures and the presence of psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, executive dysfunction correlated with a longer duration of epilepsy. Our findings indicate the need for comprehensive neuropsychological batteries in patients with JME, in order to provide a more extensive evaluation of attentional and executive functions and to show that some relevant deficits have been overlooked.
In this communication, an attempt has been made to investigate the performance assessment of a solar photovoltaic (PV) array system based on electrical energy output and power conversion efficiency. Simplified mathematical expressions for evaluating performance indices using experimental observations for entire PV array and its individual component subarrays on daily, monthly and annual basis have also been developed. Experiments have been carried out on two individual 1.2kWp and 1.12kWp component subarrays of 2.32kWp stand-alone PV array system for climatic condition of New Delhi (latitude: 28°35′N, longitude: 77°12′E and an altitude of 216m above mean sea level). Individual performances of both component subarrays were evaluated and its effect on the actual performance of entire PV array has been presented. Numerical computation was carried out for a typical clear day in the month of July 2010. It was found from experimental results that daily power conversion efficiency of entire PV array and its component subarrays1 and 2 were 6.24%, 9.5% and 3.9% respectively. For more effective performance assessment of PV array/subarrays, on field experimental performance results have been compared with the rated (max.) results estimated at STC and also with the maximum performance results estimated for actual climatic conditions as obtained during experimentation.
Low back pain remains a costly quality-of-life-related health problem. Microdiscectomy is often the surgical procedure of choice for a symptomatic, single-level, lumbar disc herniation in younger and middle-aged adults. The question of whether a post-microdiscectomy exercise program enhances function, quality of life, and disability status has not been systematically explored. Thus, the overall purpose of this study is to assess immediate and long-term outcomes of an exercise program, developed at University of Southern California (USC), targeting the trunk and lower extremities (USC Spine Exercise Program) for persons who have undergone a single-level microdiscectomy for the first time.
Hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs) are typically associated with pharmacologically intractable gelastic seizures, which often develop into complex partial and/or generalized tonic–clonic seizures. The transcallosal, anterior interforniceal (TAIF) approach to HH resection has been shown to be safe and to result in good seizure frequency reduction. We documented postsurgical cognitive functioning and examined whether using the TAIF approach with older adolescents and adults affected long-term cognitive outcome. Six older adolescents and adults, who had undergone resection of an HH using the TAIF approach, underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment at least 2years postoperatively. Four of these individuals also had neuropsychological evaluation preoperatively. All participants who were assessed pre- and postoperatively demonstrated long-term improvement in perceptual/visuospatial function after surgery. Three of the four participants also demonstrated lasting reduction in memory function postoperatively. The TAIF approach to HH resection is associated with a high risk of long-term memory impairment in older adolescents and adults.
Abstract Small wind turbines have been used for mechanical grain grinding, water pumping, cathodic protection, battery charging, and electricity generation. The critical issue in selecting a wind turbine is to find one that meets the anticipated load. Because there are a wide range of small wind turbine sizes available, the evaluation of the anticipated load is necessary. Some of the more popular applications are presented along with a method of determining the needed power to perform the required task or tasks. Small wind systems used for generation of utility-grade electricity, connected to the electric utility, are included.
The KATRIN experiment aims to determine the neutrino mass scale with a sensitivity of 200 meV/c2
The KArlsruhe Tritium Neutrino experiment KATRIN [1] aims to measure an ‘effective mass’ of the electron anti-neutrino, given by an incoherent sum over the mass eigenstates [2]. It performs kinematic measurements of tritium β
The outline of the KATRIN experiment is depicted in Fig. 1 [1, 2]. Molecular tritium is fed into the 10m long beam tube of the windowless gaseous tritium source (WGTS [6]). Superconducting magnets along the beam line create an adiabatic guiding field in a 191Tcm2
A precise knowledge of the transmission properties of the KATRIN main spectrometer is crucial to limit systematic uncertainties and reach the desired neutrino mass sensitivity. The transmission properties are affected by inhomogeneities of the electromagnetic fields in the main spectrometer. In addition to simulations, dedicated measurements are necessary to determine the spectrometer transmission function over the complete magnetic flux tube. Such measurements require a mono-energetic and angular-selective electron source, which we present in this work. A pulsed electron beam allows us to access additional information from the electron time-of-flight (ToF) [19].