batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Here we report an all-nanosheet-based Li-ion full battery using ZnMn2O4–graphene hybrid nanosheet and LiFePO4 nanosheet as anode and cathode, respectively. The short Li ion diffusion length and open charge transport channel of these two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures enable rapid charge and discharge rate. The all-nanosheet-based full battery exhibits superior rate capability and cycling stability, compared to the control full battery using conventional graphite anode and commercial LiFePO4 cathode. Furthermore, flexible full batteries using these 2D nanostructured electrodes are fabricated in pouch cell form, and exhibit impressive electrochemical stability without structural failure and performance loss under various mechanical bending states.
Publisher Summary The chapter discusses “real-life” experiences in using semi-structured interviews in qualitative research. The reasons for using semi-structured interviews, the design and development of the questionnaire used, the process of interviewing and choice of interviewees, and some of the problems encountered and overcome are presented in the chapter. The chapter describes the process of conducting the interviews that includes writing up the interviews and other activities, and explores additional problems in interviewing abroad. The chapter first covers a U.K. study and using it as the foundation, draws some contrasts from an EU study. The chapter concludes that the use of semi-structured interviews provides a valuable means to allow researchers to explore their horizons.
A local electro-thermal model for a spiral-wound lithium ion battery is developed to provide detailed and local insights of electrochemistry, transport phenomenon and heat transfer processes in spiral-wound geometries. The discharging potential, bulk heat generation rate, battery surface temperature and the temperature distribution within battery predicted by the model are used to verify a lumped electro-thermal model. The results show good agreement between the lumped electro-thermal model and the local electro-thermal model. The edge effect is investigated using the local electro-thermal model. And the results indicate that a novel battery with porous current collector sheets has a higher utilization rate of porous electrode materials than a commercial battery with normal current collector foils. The novel battery with porous current collector sheets is also investigated using the local electro-thermal model, simulation results show smaller liquid phase potential gradient and smaller liquid concentration gradient in the novel battery. The increased electrical resistance has minor effect on the overall heat generation within the battery when the porous current collector is employed, while it reduces the discharging potential of the battery.
A new fabricating approach of Cu nanoneedle with nanoengineered PtRuCu ternary alloy surface grown directly on Cu foam using an in situ integration strategy is proposed in this work. The obtained three−dimensional bifunctional electrode exhibits unique compositional benefits, including good catalytic activity endowed by PtRuCu ternary alloy, high conductivity of base metal, highly−porous and free−standing structure by Cu nanoneedle/Cu foam. The resulting electrode exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity and stability for both oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in terms of a positive half-wave potential of 0.78 V for oxygen reduction reaction, a small overpotential of 240 mV for oxygen evolution reaction and a high current density retention over 80 h. The obtained Zn−air battery exhibits a high open−circuit voltage of 1.48 V, a high discharge peak power density of 169 mW cm−2, high specific capacity of 782.9 mA h g−1 at 30 mA cm−2, better mechanical rechargeability, good cycling stability for 120 h at 30 mA cm−2. This work holds great promise for the development of high power and energy density metal−air batteries.
A novel partly fluorinated solvent for lithium ion batteries, N,N-dimethyl trifluoracetamide (DTA), is presented. The physical properties and the electrochemical behaviour of this compound are investigated. With its low viscosity and high boiling point and flash point it could replace low viscosity solvents (thinners) such as dimethyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate currently used in lithium ion battery electrolytes to achieve the demand for safer lithium ion batteries. The outstanding filming properties allow to use the DTA even in mixtures with PC in amounts of 10%. With both solvents having a freezing point below −40°C, the mixture is promising as low temperature electrolyte.
To improve the accuracy of estimation of the energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs) and to enable the alleviation of range anxiety through the introduction of EV charging stations at suitable locations for the near future, multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models were used in this study to estimate the actual energy efficiency of EVs. The impacts of the heterogeneity in driving behaviour among various road environments and traffic conditions on EV energy efficiency were extracted from long-term daily trip-based energy consumption data, which were collected over 12months from 68 in-use EVs in Aichi Prefecture in Japan. Considering the variations in energy efficiency associated with different types of EV ownership, different external environments, and different driving habits, a two-level random intercept model, three two-level mixed-effects models, and two three-level mixed-effects models were developed and compared. The most reasonable nesting structure was determined by comparing the models, which were designed with different nesting structures and different random variance component specifications, thereby revealing the potential correlations and non-constant variability of the energy consumption per kilometre (ECPK) and improving the estimation accuracy by 7.5%.
Background: Individuals with heightened risk for psychosis demonstrate difficulties in cognitive functions. However, concerning specific cognitive domains, some results have been replicated while others have not. We aimed to investigate the neuropsychological functioning of subjects with familial risk for psychosis in a population based birth cohort. Methods: The subjects of the study were members of the Northern Finland 1986 Birth Cohort. All cohort members having a parent with psychosis or A-type personality disorder according to the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register were invited to participate in the study during years 2007-2009 (28% of whom participated). A 2% random sample of the rest of the cohort members were invited as a control group (46% of whom participated). 74 familial risk and 79 control subjects were included in the analyses after excluding the subjects having had a psychotic episode according to the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS). The neuropsychological assessment consisted of five tests of Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): Paired Associates Learning (PAL), Spatial Working Memory (SWM), Stockings of Cambridge (SOC), Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) and Information Sampling Task (IST). Results: Our results show that one form of executive functioning - spatial planning, as assessed by SOC - is worse in the familial risk group compared to the control group (p=0.047). Visual learning and memory (PAL), working memory (SWM), attention (RVP) and decision making (IST) did not differentiate these two groups. Discussion: Spatial planning, a complex cognitive function depending largely on prefrontal brain processes, is impaired in persons with genetic vulnerability for psychosis. Future follow-up of these individuals will show whether this finding has value in predicting conversion to psychosis.
In order to construct flexible lithium-ion batteries, stainless steel (SUS) fabric is used as a current collector for the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries. TiO2 is coated onto the SUS fabric by liquid-phase deposition to construct an electrode consisting of an SUS wire core and a TiO2 shell. A folding test is then conducted to assess the robustness of TiO2-coated SUS fabric, during which no detachment of TiO2 particles from the SUS current collector is observed; the negative electrode shows a consistent electrochemical cycle performance even under severe physical duress. The TiO2-SUS fabric integration shows excellent flexibility without loss of electrochemical efficacy under mechanical stress, which occurs owing to three main factors. First, the mechanical stress imposed by folding is effectively dissipated by the 3-dimensional structure of the SUS fabric. Secondly, the TiO2 electrode itself is free from mechanical stress owing to negligible volume change during electrochemical cycling. Thirdly, the high interfacial adhesion strength between TiO2 and SUS fabric due to covalent bond formation during liquid-phase deposition prevents the loss of active material from the negative electrode during the folding tests.
Bismuth fluoride (BiF3) is a promising positive electrode material for fluoride shuttle batteries (FSBs) owing to its high theoretical specific capacity (302mAhg−1). However, it exhibits low practical capacity. The methods for preparing the electrode are known to have significant effects on battery performance. The mixture between BiF3 and carbon, BiF3/C, prepared by high energy ball milling method has been already approved in lithium ion batteries. With this method, a significant improvement over the discharge and charge capacities of the BiF3/C electrode has been achieved. In this work, for the first time, BiF3/C electrode has been used for FSB. Using BiF3/C electrode significantly increased the discharge and charge capacities. To confirm the progress of the discharge and charge reactions of BiF3/C electrode, the crystal structure of active materials and oxidation state of Bi for the BiF3/C electrode during discharging and charging has been investigated by X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure. The results reveal that, with higher capacity values, discharge and charge reactions related to BiF3/C have been realized.
A porous Ni3(PO4)2 thin film as binder-free anode of a lithium ion battery was prepared using a new plasma assisted electrolytic deposition process. The total synthesizing time needed was only around two minutes. The reversible capacity reached 1400μAh/cm2 and remained at 750μAh/cm2 under 400μA/cm2 after 40cycles. Even a high charge/discharge current density (1200μA/cm2) was applied, the capacity could stay at 600μAh/cm2, higher than that of most anodes reported. Apart from the high performance, the advantages in environmentally-friendly fabrication process and cost effectiveness suggest that the Ni3(PO4)2 thin film has potential to be used as improved lithium ion battery anodes.
Background Although many endophenotypes for schizophrenia have been studied individually, few studies have examined the extent to which common neurocognitive and neurophysiological measures reflect shared versus unique endophenotypic factors. It may be possible to distill individual endophenotypes into composite measures that reflect dissociable, genetically informative elements. Methods The first phase of the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS-1) is a multisite family study that collected neurocognitive and neurophysiological data between 2003 and 2008. For these analyses, participants included schizophrenia probands (n =83), their nonpsychotic siblings (n =151), and community comparison subjects (n =209) with complete data on a battery of 12 neurocognitive tests (assessing domains of working memory, declarative memory, vigilance, spatial ability, abstract reasoning, facial emotion processing, and motor speed) and 3 neurophysiological tasks reflecting inhibitory processing (P50 gating, prepulse inhibition and antisaccade tasks). Factor analyses were conducted on the measures for each subject group and across the entire sample. Heritability analyses of factors were performed using SOLAR. Results Analyses yielded 5 distinct factors: 1) Episodic Memory, 2) Working Memory, 3) Perceptual Vigilance, 4) Visual Abstraction, and 5) Inhibitory Processing. Neurophysiological measures had low associations with these factors. The factor structure of endophenotypes was largely comparable across probands, siblings and controls. Significant heritability estimates for the factors ranged from 22% (Episodic Memory) to 39% (Visual Abstraction). Conclusions Neurocognitive measures reflect a meaningful amount of shared variance whereas the neurophysiological measures reflect largely unique contributions as endophenotypes for schizophrenia. Composite endophenotype measures may inform our neurobiological and genetic understanding of schizophrenia.
This paper outlines an investigation of the electrochemical behaviour of polymeric divinylferrocene (PDVF) produced by direct polymerisation of divinylferrocene (DVF) monomer on a glassy carbon substrate. The findings indicate that PDVF undergoes reversible reduction/oxidation in neutral and acidic aqueous media containing perchlorate (ClO4 −) and sulfhate (SO4 2−). The anodic peak potential of the PDVF shifts linearly to less positive potentials as the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentration is increased from 1 to 5M. The polymer film strongly adheres to the glassy carbon surface and is electrochemically stable when subjected to repeated voltammetric cycling in the potential range of −0.2 to +0.8V vs. Ag|AgCl. The potential of the partially oxidized film of PVDF on a glassy carbon substrate against a Ag|AgCl/KCl reference electrode in sulfuric acid solution is stable, reproducible and varies linearly with the acid concentration in the range of 1–5M. This observation may be suitable for potentiometrically measuring the state-of-charge of lead–acid batteries.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serious and common human pathogen that can cause diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis, and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). This study evaluated the enrichment, detection and confirmation procedures for the isolation of E. coli O157:H7 from raw ground beef and raw drinking milk. The purpose of this investigation was to compare Rainbow® Agar O157 (RB, Biolog, Hayward, USA), Biosynth Culture Medium® O157:H7 (BCM O157:H7; Biosynth, Staad, Switzerland) and Fluorocult HC® (HC; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) with the conventional Sorbitol MacConkey Agar (SMAC, Merck) using mEC+n (raw ground beef) and mTSB+n (raw milk) enrichment media. Single-path GLISA® test (Gold Labeled Immuno Sorbent Assay; Merck) was used as the confirmation test. Growth of 466 strains of Gram-negative rods isolated from food samples and 46 known E. coli strains from type culture and other collections (34 E. coli O157:H7 strains and 12 serotypes other than E. coli O157:H7) was examined on the agar media. The E. coli O157:H7 strains could readily be isolated and recognized uniquely by their typical black/grey colonies on RB and blue/black colonies on BCM O157:H7. Examination of the 46 known strains of E. coli reference strains showed false negative results on BCM O157:H7 (3.0%), RB (8.8%), HC (5.9%) and SMAC (5.9%) agars. On BCM O157:H7 no false negative results were found with the typical E. coli O157:H7 (β-d-glucuronidase and sorbitol negative strains). One of two atypical E. coli O157:H7 strains (β-d-glucuronidase positive) showed similar colouration to the typical strains and was mis-identified by each of the three media (RB, BCM O157:H7, and SMAC agar media). None of the 60 food samples tested yielded E. coli O157:H7. Examination of the food samples, showed that RB gave the lowest number of false positives. The percentages were RB (2.1%), BCM O157:H7 (3.3%), HC (6.2%), and SMAC (57.3%).
This study shows how the simple modulation of the cathode/anode mass ratio, in a Li-ion capacitor based on activated carbon (AC) and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), results in a drastic increase in performance. Starting with a device balanced in the classical way (with an AC/LTO mass ratio of 4.17), the cathode/anode mass ratio has been reduced to 1.54 and then to 0.72. At a high power density, the device with a cathode/anode mass ratio of 0.72 shows the highest energy density. In fact, at 2.3 kW L−1, it delivers an energy density of 31 Wh L−1, which is almost 10 times greater than the energy obtained with a capacitor balanced with an AC/LTO ratio of 4.17 (3.68 Wh L−1). Moreover, the reduction in the cathode/anode mass ratio from 4.17 to 0.72 improves the cycling stability with a factor of 4.8 after 1000 cycles at 10C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that the better power performance is due to reduced diffusion and charge transfer resistances. In addition, the anode polarization is less pronounced for the system with a lower AC/LTO mass ratio, leading to a minimization in electrolyte decomposition on the anode surface and therefore limiting the increase in the electrode resistance during cycles.
A novel Li3V2(PO4)3/C nanofibers composite has been first prepared by a facile and environmentally friendly electrospinning method using NH4VO3, CH3COOLi, poly (4-vinyl) pyridine (PVP) and citric acid aqueous solution as raw materials. The composite is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical tests. The Li3V2(PO4)3/C nanofibers composite exhibits excellent cycle performance and good rate capability in the voltage range of 3.0–4.8 V. The composite displays a high discharge capacity of 190 mAh g−1 (close to theoretical capacity of 197 mAh g−1) at 0.1 C (19.7 mA g−1). Even at a high-rate of 20 C, the composite presents the discharge capacity of 132 mAh g−1 and good cycle performance. The outstanding electrochemical performance is attributed to the particular morphology and microstructure of Li3V2(PO4)3/C nanofibers composite that dispersive Li3V2(PO4)3 nanofibers and carbon nanofibers aggregate to form nanofibers composite with mesopores and large surface area.
Glucose detection is extremely necessary in several zones like foodstuff industries, analytical field, clinical diagnostics and biotechnology. In particular, diabetes mellitus which is a common chronic disease that threatens to the human health. To avoid this trouble, glucose recognition is significant. In this work, a novel vanadium dioxide (VO2) was developed by means of basic thermal decomposition method and the nanocomposites such as VO2/2%PVA, VO2/4%PVA and VO2/6%PVA were also synthesized by using PVA (Poly vinylalcohol (wt% = 2, 4 & 6)) as a capping agent. The constructed nanocomposites were exploited for non-enzymatic glucose detection in 0.1 M of NaOH medium and showed better electro-catalytic activity than, PVA, VO2, VO2/2%PVA and VO2/4%PVA modified electrodes. The built glucose biosensor of vanadium dioxide-PVA nanocomposites possess high selectivity, stability, sensitivity (614.35 µA mM−1 cm−2), lowest detection limit (1.45 µM), low cost and minimal effort for the quick identification of glucose.
Cognitive slowing is a known but comparatively under-investigated neuropsychological complication of the epilepsies in relation to other known cognitive comorbidities such as memory, executive function and language. Here we focus on a novel metric of processing speed, characterize its relative salience compared to other cognitive difficulties in epilepsy, and explore its underlying neurobiological correlates. Research participants included 55 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and 58 healthy controls from the Epilepsy Connectome Project (ECP) who were administered a battery of tests yielding 14 neuropsychological measures, including selected tests from the NIH Toolbox-Cognitive Battery, and underwent 3T MRI and resting state fMRI. TLE patients exhibited a pattern of generalized cognitive impairment with very few lateralized abnormalities. Using the neuropsychological measures, machine learning (Support Vector Machine binary classification model) classified the TLE and control groups with 74% accuracy with processing speed (NIH Toolbox Pattern Comparison Processing Speed Test) the best predictor. In TLE, slower processing speed was associated predominantly with decreased local gyrification in regions including the rostral and caudal middle frontal gyrus, inferior precentral cortex, insula, inferior parietal cortex (angular and supramarginal gyri), lateral occipital cortex, rostral anterior cingulate, and medial orbital frontal regions, as well as three small regions of the temporal lobe. Slower processing speed was also associated with decreased connectivity between the primary visual cortices in both hemispheres and the left supplementary motor area, as well as between the right parieto-occipital sulcus and right middle insular area. Overall, slowed processing speed is an important cognitive comorbidity of TLE associated with altered brain structure and connectivity.
This paper presents a multi-agent architecture that facilitates the development of real-time multi-agent systems based on the SIMBA approach. The approach allows the integration of unbounded deliberative processes with critical real-time tasks. CBP-BDI deliberative agents collaborate with ARTIS agents in order to solve real-time problems efficiently. The proposal has been successfully tested and evaluated in a case study based on the use of mobile robots for mail delivery.
Composite polymer electrolytes composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), BaTiO3 as a ceramic filler, LiN(CF3CF2SO2)2 as a lithium salt, and hyperbranched polymer (HBP) (poly[bis(triethylene glycol)benzoate] capped with an acetyl group) as a platicizer were examined as the electrolyte for all solid-state lithium polymer batteries and the ionic conductivity was optimized. The optimized 90wt.% [(80wt.% PEO–20wt.% HBP)12(LiN(CF3CF2SO2)2)]–10wt.% BaTiO3 electrolyte, where the PEO with Mn of 60×104, HPB with Mn of 15,000, and BaTiO3 with a particle size of 0.5μm were used, showed the ionic conductivity of 1.3×10−4 S/cm at 30°C and 1.6×10−3 S/cm at 80°C, respectively. The optimized composite polymer electrolyte has an electrochemical stability window of 4.0V and also it was stable until 307°C under air. Interfacial stability of the LiN(CF3CF2SO2)2-based composite polymer electrolyte for a lithium metal electrode was found to be better than that of LiN(CF3SO2)2-based one.
A very large increase in the [Os(bpy)3]2+ cathodic peak was observed when an electrode modified with a Ni–Al–Cl LDH film was cycled in solution of the cation. The cathodic charge increased from 0.16mC to 3.0mC when the switching potential was increased from 0.9 to 1.4V. This was not observed for Zn–Al–Cl LDH films. Addition of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ resulted in an additional doubling the [Os(bpy)3]2+ cathodic peak. Similar results were obtained for [Co(bpy)3]2+. When [Os(bpy)3]2+ was added to a [Co(bpy)3]2+ solution however, the enhancement of [Co(bpy)3]2+ cathodic peak was completely suppressed at the expense of the [Os(bpy)3]2+ cathodic peak. This is the first report on the electrochemistry of metal bipyridyl cations, or of any electroactive cations at LDH-modified electrodes. Since LDHs have positively charged layers separated by exchangeable anions, they were not expected to adsorb large amounts of cations. This was confirmed by UV–Visible spectroscopy and elemental analysis of films that had been soaked in solution of the metal bipyridyl cations. The large voltammetric peaks observed for the bipyridyl complexes are therefore attributed to mediation of the oxidation or reduction of the LDHs nickel sites by the trace amounts of theses cations that were present at the interface between the films and the solutions. Preliminary measurements show that a similar mediation occurs for [Fe(CN)6]4− anions and for a mixture of [Fe(CN)6]4− and [Ru(bpy)3]2+.