batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Clear description on the O2 reduction chemistry in aprotic media during discharge in Li–O2 batteries is critical to the development of nonaqueous Li–O2 batteries. Understanding the solvent's role in the discharge process would conduce to choose appropriate electrolyte for nonaqueous Li–O2 batteries. The electrodeposits in dimethoxyethane (DME) and the mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were characterized by ex situ Raman spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Change between the fresh and discharged DME electrolyte also had been examined by FTIR. All results showed that the mixture of EC and DEC are easily undergoing the decomposition to form Li2CO3 and CH3CH2OCO2Li in the presence of O2 reduction species such as superoxide ion. Although DME-based electrolyte demonstrated much higher discharge capacity and seemed to be more stable to O2 reduction species, it also decomposed after a long time exposed to O2 because of the formation of peroxide. The main discharge products in DME electrolyte were Li2O2 crystalline and amorphous Li2CO3. Continuous consumption of solvents caused both carbonate and ether-based electrolytes incompetence for the nonaqueous Li–O2 batteries.
The preliminary design of a biologically inspired flapping UAV is presented. Starting from a set of initial design specifications, namely: weight, maximum flapping frequency and minimum hand-launch velocity of the model, a parametric numerical study of the proposed avian model is conducted in terms of the aerodynamic performance and longitudinal static stability in gliding and flapping conditions.
The model shape, size and flight conditions are chosen to approximate those of a gull. The wing kinematics is selected after conducting an extensive parametric study, starting from the simplest flapping pattern and progressively adding more degrees of freedom and control parameters until reaching a functional and realistic wing kinematics. The results give us an initial insight of the aerodynamic performance and longitudinal static stability of a biomimetic flapping UAV, designed at minimum flight velocity and maximum flapping frequency.
Alkanes are potential precursors to many value-added chemicals such as olefins and other petrochemicals. However, the conversion of light alkanes can be challenging due to their strong C–H bonds. Chemical looping technology based on cyclic redox schemes is an attractive platform that utilizes metal oxides as oxygen carriers for clean and effective fuel processing. Chemical looping systems can potentially be operated over a wide range of reaction conditions with a lower capital and operating cost under a reduced energy and environmental penalty. The reactivity and long-term performance of the oxygen carriers are key for the successful deployment of the chemical looping technology. This work reviews the recent advances in chemical looping alkane utilization including chemical looping partial oxidation (CLPO) of methane, chemical looping oxidative coupling of methane (CLOCM) and oxidative dehydrogenation (CLODH) of ethane, propane and butane. In particular, material design, mechanistic insights of the reactions, and associated reactor configurations for the reactions are discussed. The perspective viewpoints are also given on the viability of the cyclic redox schemes for shale gas dehydrogenation/reforming applications.
Using metal anodes could in principle boost the energy density of batteries but their electrodeposition often negatively impacts battery performance. Here the authors propose an oxygen-mediated metal–substrate bonding strategy to regulate metal deposition and demonstrate highly reversible Al and Zn anodes.
The presence of LiCoO2 and LiCo x Ni(1− x)O2 in the cathodic material of Li-ion and Li-polymer batteries has stimulated the recovery of Co and Ni by hydrometallurgical processes. In particular, the two metals were separated by SX method and then recovered by electrochemical (galvanostatic and potentiostatic) processes. The metallic Ni has been electrowon at 250 A/m2, pH 3–3.2 and 50 °C, with 87% current efficiency and 2.96 kWh/kg specific energy consumption. Potentiostatic electrolysis produces a very poor Ni powder in about 1 h with current efficiency changing from 70% to 45% depending on Ni concentration in the electrolyte. Current efficiency of 96% and specific energy consumption of 2.8 kWh/kg were obtained for Co at 250 A/m2, pH 4–4.2 and 50 °C, by using a solution containing manganese and (NH4)2SO4. The Co powder, produced in potentiostatic conditions (−0.9 V vs. SCE, pH 4, room temperature) appears particularly suitable for Co recycling as cobaltite in new batteries.
Background The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high and low velocity knee extension training on changes in muscle strength and mobility status in high-functioning older adults. Methods Twenty-six (16 female, 10 male) older adults (mean age of 65) were randomized to either 6weeks of low velocity resistance training (LVRT) performed at 75°/s or high velocity resistance training (HVRT) performed at 240°/s. Both groups performed 3 sets of knee extension exercises at maximal effort, 3 times a week. Muscle strength was assessed through a range of testing velocities on an isokinetic dynamometer. Mobility status was assessed with the short physical performance battery (SPPB) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) transcript levels were quantified via qRT-PCR. Results From baseline to post-training, there were several significant (P <0.05) differences in muscle strength and functional characteristics in LVRT (n=13) and HVRT (n=13) groups. From baseline to post-training, MyHC-α mRNA and MyHC-IIa mRNA showed a significant (P <0.05) increase within HVRT but MyHC-IIx mRNA did not change significantly. Our results demonstrate HVRT provides a greater number of muscular enhancements when compared to LVRT, particularly under conditions of high velocity muscle contraction. Conclusion HVRT is emerging as the optimal training stimulus for the older adult. The present study demonstrates, in addition to increased strength and functional outcomes, HVRT elicits a potentially therapeutic (i.e., slow to fast) transcriptional response in MyHC.
Lithium metal orthosilicates are attracting a lot of attention owing to their potential as high capacity and high energy-density cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. Although a number of studies have been performed on lithium metal silicates, understanding of the structure and electrochemical behaviour of Li2CoSiO4 has remained elusive. Herein, homogeneous nanocrystalline Li2CoSiO4/C composites have been synthesized directly by a sol-gel method using water-soluble silicon compounds. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the Li2CoSiO4 was well-crystallized in β I phase with Pbn21 space group. From the high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image, the lattice fringes of {001} and {100} are well-resolved. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern reveal the highly crystalline nature of Li2CoSiO4 and HRTEM image shows the carbon layer coating on particle surface. The Li2CoSiO4 cathode materials delivered an initial discharge capacity of 112 mAhg−1 at C/10 rate with good cyclic performance. The discharge profile of Li2CoSiO4 shows a plateau at 4.1V, revealing its importance as high potential voltage cathode for high energy-density battery.
An ethanol dehydration procedure has been used to precipitate gel-like citrate precursors containing cobalt and manganese transition metal ions. Further annealing led to the Mn x Co3−x O4 spinel oxide series (x: 1, 1.5, 2, 3). Annealing temperature and treatment time were also evaluated to optimize the performance of the oxides as active electrode materials in lithium cells. The manganese–cobalt mixed oxides obtained by this procedure were cubic or tetragonal phases depending on the cobalt content. SEM images showed spherical macroporous aggregates for MnCo2O4 and hollow spheres for manganese oxides. The galvanostatic cycling of lithium cells assembled with these materials demonstrated a simultaneous reduction of cobalt and manganese during the first discharge and separation of cobalt- and manganese-based products on further cycling. As compared with binary manganese oxides, a notorious electrochemical improvement was observed in the mixed oxides. This behavior is a consequence of the synergistic effect of both transition metal elements, associated with the in-situ formation of a nanocomposite electrode material when cobalt is introduced in the manganese oxide composition. Values higher than 400mAh/g were sustained after 50 cycles for MnCo2O4.
Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy have been applied for the study of the electrical double layer of the magnetron sputtered thin film Pb|1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate room-temperature ionic liquid system. A wide potential range of ideal polarizability has been established for the system between −1.6 and −0.1V vs. Ag|AgCl in the same ionic liquid, in which the differential capacitance-potential curve is shown to have two maxima with a minimum at the perceived potential of zero charge. The first application of the in situ SEIRA technique for the study of Pb electrodes in an electrolyte solution is shown and the results are put into context of the latest developments concerning screening of metal interfaces in ionic liquid medium. Slow kinetics of oxide reduction reaction is demonstrated, which may limit the application of dry ionic liquids in lead-acid batteries.
Neuropsychological change after 6weeks of clozapine treatment was examined in 18 treatment-refractory patients to test anticipated domain-specific cognitive improvements. The first aim of this study was to test the assumption that increased homogeneity of sample and treatment would yield an experimental design with sufficient sensitivity to detect general intellectual changes with clozapine that were not apparent in one previous investigation. The second aim was to test predictions derived from a domain-specific review of all other investigations with clozapine suggesting salient gains on tests sensitive to motor and mental speed, visual spatial manipulation, and new learning of verbal material. The results showed that the comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was sensitive to general cognitive changes with clozapine, and supported the hypothesized domain-specific gains on tests of motor and mental speed, visual spatial manipulation and new verbal learning. Novel gains were also apparent on tests of new learning with nonverbal material. The results are discussed in relation to aspects of experimental design necessary for the evaluation of prospective medication-induced changes in cognitive skill, particularly in future investigations designed to differentiate between second-generation antipsychotic medications.
Microturbines are a relatively new distributed generation technology. Combined heat and power, known as cogeneration, can be considered the most economical attractive investment in microturbines. Latest technologies and increasing energy prices are propelling this technology to the forefront. This study aims to review the current state of utilization of microturbines in distributed generation as a standalone system or within a hybrid system to supply loads. It is found that more research and development effort is needed to improve the performance of microturbines, integrate them with other energy sources and adopt standards and regulations to connect them with the utility grid. These standards shall be developed to serve all parties and take into account regional and international requirements. Furthermore, complete mathematical modeling, especially for fuel consumption is still required. The development of small scale units within the range of kilowatts for in-house use as a backup source of residential PV system is also needed.
In the electricity market, customers have many choices to reduce electricity cost if they can economically schedule their power consumption. Renewable hybrid system, which can explore solar or wind sources at low cost, is a popular choice for this purpose nowadays. In this paper optimal energy management for a grid-connected photovoltaic-battery hybrid system is proposed to sufficiently explore solar energy and to benefit customers at demand side. The management of power flow aims to minimize electricity cost subject to a number of constraints, such as power balance, solar output and battery capacity. With respect to demand side management, an optimal control method (open loop) is developed to schedule the power flow of hybrid system over 24h, and model predictive control is used as a closed-loop method to dispatch the power flow in real-time when uncertain disturbances occur. In these two kinds of applications, optimal energy management solutions can be obtained with great cost savings and robust control performance.
This paper analyzes thermal history dependent conductivity data of a PEO:LiBF4-TiO2 (20wt.%) electrolyte to understand the origin of conductivity enhancement in polymer-ceramic composite electrolytes. The polymer-ceramic composite electrolytes are proposed to comprise of an assemblage of molecular dipoles whose orientations are dependent upon temperature, prior thermal history, and electric field. One of the major factors contributing to the conductivity is the orientation of these dipoles. Oriented dipoles augment conductivity; however, thermal energy at higher temperatures tends to randomize their orientation. A specimen cooled rapidly from high temperature exhibits low conductivity, and if held isothermally its conductivity increases with time. The conductivity enhancement has been attributed to the ordering of dipole moments. A reduction in conductivity as a function of time may also be observed in these electrolytes, which is attributed to crystallization of the polymer phase.
A model for statewide dissemination of evidence-based treatment (EBT) for traumatized youth was piloted and taken to scale across North Carolina (NC). This article describes the implementation platform developed, piloted, and evaluated by the NC Child Treatment Program to train agency providers in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy using the National Center for Child Traumatic Stress Learning Collaborative (LC) Model on Adoption & Implementation of EBTs. This type of LC incorporates adult learning principles to enhance clinical skills development as part of training and many key implementation science strategies while working with agencies and clinicians to implement and sustain the new practice.
Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were synthesized using chemical evaporation deposition (CVD). The morphology and microstructure of MWNTs were observed via HRTEM. The multiwall carbon nanotubes are entangled to bundles with a diameter of several tens of nanometers. Electrochemical properties of MWNTs were examined via a variety of electrochemical testing techniques. The MWNTs electrode demonstrated a reversible lithium storage capacity of 340mAh/g with good cyclability at moderate current density. The kinetic properties of lithium insertion in MWNTs electrodes were characterized via ac impedance measurements. It was found that the lithium diffusion coefficient D Li decreases with an increase of Li-ion concentration in MWNTs electrodes.
Pelvic lateral compression fractures are the most stable of the unstable fractures. Therefore, decision making regarding operative or non-operative therapy is still a matter of debate.
We report the development of three-dimensional (3D) porous sponge-like ionic liquid (IL)–graphene hybrid material by integrating IL molecules and graphene nanosheets via self-assembly process. The as-obtained IL–graphene architecture possesses high surface area, efficient electron transport network and fast charge transfer kinetics owing to its highly porous structure, and unique hydrophilic properties derived from the IL anion on its surface, which endows it with high desire for supercapacitor application. Redox-active polyaniline (PANI) nanorods are further decorated on IL–graphene scaffold by electropolymerization. When utilized as freestanding 3D electrode for supercapacitor, the resultant PANI modified IL–graphene (PANI–IL–graphene) electrode exhibits a specific capacitance up to 662 F g−1 at the current density of 1.0 A g−1, with a high capacitance retention of 73.7% as current densities increase from 1.0 to 20 A g−1, and the capacitance degradation is less than 7.0% after 5000 charge–discharge cycles at 10 A g−1.
The purpose of the present study was to analyze treatment outcome with a full-occlusion biofeedback (BFB) splint on sleep bruxism (SB) and TMD pain compared with treatment with an adjusted occlusal splint (AOS).
Much effort has been expended in the search for new lithium-containing anode materials. Alloy anodes based on tin are known for their high specific capacity and safety characteristics. The theoretical specific capacities of alloy anodes are 2–10 times that of graphite. The second merit of alloy anodes is their moderate operation potential versus lithium. For example, Sn anodes have an onset-voltage potential of 0.6 V above that of Li/Li+. This moderate potential averts the danger of lithium deposition which is present in the case of graphite anodes (∼0.05 V vs. Li). This study is directed to the synthesis and characterization of nanotin powders supported by multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Modified electroless deposition (ELD) was used for the preparation of high-surface area tin-alloy nanosized anodes. In this work, it was found that the use of nanoparticles of tin deposited on multiwall carbon nanotubes, enables prolonged cycling of a tin-composite anode in a lithium-ion battery.
Eleven patients with right hemisphere damage (RHD), 11 left hemisphere damaged (LHD) nonaphasic subjects, and 11 neurologically intact controls were given three story description tasks. The two brain-damaged groups had no language, visuospatial, memory, or conceptual deficits on standardized neuropsychological testing. In the first experiment, the subjects were asked to retell previously read stories. In the second they had to tell stories which were depicted in cartoon-like fashion. In the third experiment, the story content was also depicted but pictures were given unordered so that the participants had first to arrange them in a plausible sequence. The elicited narratives were analyzed with a method which allowed examining within-sentence (lexical selection and syntactic complexity) and between-sentence (cohesion and coherence) processing abilities of the three groups. In the first experiment all groups performed quite well on both within- and between-sentence measures. In the two picture description tasks, however, the performances of the right hemisphere damaged subjects were poorer than those of normal controls when examined in terms of information content or coherent and cohesive aspects of narrative production. These findings agree with the hypothesis that RHD subjects are impaired in deriving from visual information the mental model of a story. They also indicate that clinical methods for analyzing structural aspects of discourse are suitable to identify these symptoms.
The promise of fuel cell systems using liquid fuels, such as the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC), to complement or substitute for existing batteries is becoming recognized, along with their potential as a future technology for mobile and portable power supplies. The key issue is which type of fuel cell is more competitive for such power supplies: DMFC or DBFC? To answer this question, the present study analyzes and discusses the relative competitiveness of these two systems given the current status of the technologies and assuming some generally accepted conditions. The findings confirm that the DBFC system is superior to the DMFC system in terms of cell size and fuel (or fuel solution) consumption. Thus, the DBFC system is better suited to applications that require small operational space. On the other hand, the total operating costs of DBFC systems are higher than those of DMFC systems. According to the total cost formulae derived in the analysis, the DBFC system becomes relatively uneconomic at higher power outputs and longer operation times, but may be more favourable in specific portable applications such as miniaturized or micro power systems with short operational time spans.
The basis for the observed mutagenicity of cyclohexanone oxime in the presence of hamster liver S9 in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1535, but not in TA100, was explored. While the chemical had no effect on the appearance of the background lawn in either strain, it did cause a reduction in mutant colony counts in strain TA100, raising the possibility of selective toxicity to this strain. Viability of the two strains was determined directly by titering the cells in background lawns over a 3 day period. In order to do this, cells embedded in top agar overlays were released by extruding agar plugs through small holes in the bottoms of centrifuge tubes, followed by vigorous vortexing. Viable cell counts in background lawns of strain TA100, but not strain TA1535, were greatly reduced in the presence of cyclohexanone oxime. Most of the loss of viable TA100 cells occurred on days 2 and 3 following plating, after the cells had exhausted the histidine in the medium and stopped growing. Therefore, the observed loss of background lawn viable cells is unlikely to be the cause of the non-mutagenicity of cyclohexanone in strain TA100. Analysis of reversion spectra showed that cyclohexanone oxime-induced C→T transitions in the second position of the CCC triplet at the his mutation site in strain TA1535, but had no significant effect on any transition or transversion in strain TA100.
The realization of using lithium metal as an anode for secondary lithium batteries has been hindered by the formation of lithium dendrites during cycling, which can cause loss of active material, increased impedance, and even cell failure. In this study, lithium is coated onto a carbon cloth modified with lithiophilic ZnO coating. The Li/ZnO-coated carbon cloth is tested as a lithium metal anode and compared to lithium-metal foil. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy examinations reveal that lithium is successfully plated onto the modified carbon cloth. Galvanostatic cycling with symmetric cells and full cells containing a LiCoO2 cathode demonstrates that the Li/ZnO-coated carbon cloth electrode has superior cycling stability at various current densities compared to the lithium metal foil while maintaining the original electrode shape after cycling. Analysis of our electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data also confirms that the Li/ZnO-coated carbon cloth has much lower interfacial resistance than the lithium metal foil. The surfaces of the cycled electrodes are examined by scanning microscopy, which shows that the Li/ZnO-coated carbon cloth electrode is very effective for suppressing dendrite growth and dead lithium formation.