batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Sick children need a continuous monitoring, but this involves high costs for the government and for the parents. The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) jointly with artificial intelligence and smart devices can reduce these costs, help the children and assist their parents. This paper presents a smart architecture for children's chronic illness monitoring that will let the caregivers (parents, teachers and doctors) to remotely monitor the health of the children based on the sensors embedded in the smartphones and smart wearable devices. The proposed architecture includes a smart algorithm developed to intelligently detect if a parameter has exceeded a threshold, thus it may imply an emergency or not. To check the correct operation of this system, we have developed a small wearable device that is able to measure the heart rate and the body temperature. We have designed a secure mechanism to stablish a Bluetooth connection with the smartphone. In addition, the system is able to perform the data fusion in both the information packetizing process, which contributes to improve the protocol performance, and in the measured values combination, where it is used a stochastic approach. As a result, our system can fusion data from different sensors in real-time and detect automatically strange situations for sending a warning to the caregivers. Finally, the consumed bandwidth and battery autonomy of the developed device have been measured.
Composite membranes were fabricated consisting of aligned domains of Nafion® 1100 surrounded by a supporting matrix of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-b-polystyrene (SEBS). The structure of the composite was controlled via the application of an electric field during solvent casting. Nafion® domains were aligned across the membrane thickness to provide paths for proton conduction. The surrounding SEBS domain limits methanol permeability. Compared to randomly structured Nafion®/SEBS composites, the membranes with field-aligned domains display significantly enhanced performance in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The membranes with field-aligned domains display DMFC performance better than commercial Nafion® 117 membranes under high methanol fuel concentration.
During extended shelf storage and accelerated aging, low carbon steel may corrode producing soluble iron species that cause internal cell shorting and/or gassing (leakage), thus undermining battery reliability. Soluble iron may be generated from the active/passive and/or transpassive dissolution of the battery can steel. To minimize corrosion effects in commercial battery applications, NiCo plated steel is typically used. This report focuses on corrosion behavior of pure metals (iron, nickel, and cobalt) in 40% KOH at temperatures between 20°C and 80°C. A marked difference is found for the elements regarding the actual passivating behavior with time and temperature. As expected, nickel spontaneously passivates at all temperatures under study (20–80°C). Cobalt on the other hand, is active at all temperatures but shows an active/passive-transition. Iron spontaneously passivates only at temperatures below 60°C and activates at temperatures >60°C. At sufficiently anodic potentials, passivity of Fe is lost by transpassive Fe dissolution to form ferrates [FeO4]2−. The latter is considered the most likely cause for corrosion-induced failure in alkaline batteries.
PE-g-MMA membranes with different degrees of grafting (DG) were prepared by electron beam radiation-induced graft copolymerization of methylmethacrylate (MMA) monomer onto polyethylene (PE) separator. The grafted membranes (GMs) were characterized using SEM, FTIR. The new polymer electrolytes based on GMs were prepared through immersion in a solution of LiPF6-EC/DMC (1:1 by volume). It was found that the GMs with different DG exhibited the different uptake and retention ability of liquid electrolyte. Moreover, the ion conductivities of activated polymer electrolytes (APEs) were also found to vary with the different DG and reached a magnitude of 10−3 Scm−1 at the DG of 42%. Compared with those containing PE separators, the LiCoO2-MCMB coin cells containing GMs demonstrated better cycle life and excellent rate performance.
Flower-like hematite (α-Fe2O3) has been successfully prepared by heat-treatment from the iron(III)-oxyhydroxide precursor, which is obtained by the hydrolysis of FeCl3 solution in the presence of NaClO. In this process, no templates or catalysts are required. SEM and TEM characterizations confirm that micro-flowers are composed of several dozen self-assembled nanopetals with the thickness of about 20nm. On the basis of the morphology investigations in time-dependent experiments, the possible growth mechanism of the flower-like α-Fe2O3 is proposed, which is similar to a two-stage growth process. Furthermore, as an anode electrode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the flower-like α-Fe2O3 exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, which can be attributed to the high surface area induced by the flower-like structure, the short lithium diffusion length and the restriction of volume change of the Li+ insertion/extraction.
Small, portable electronic devices need power supplies that have long life, high energy efficiency, high energy density, and can deliver short power bursts. Hybrid power sources that combine a high energy density fuel cell, or an energy scavenging device, with a high power secondary battery are of interest in sensors and wireless devices. However, fuel cells with low self-discharge have low power density and have a poor response to transient loads. A low capacity secondary lithium ion cell can provide short burst power needed in a hybrid fuel cell–battery power supply. This paper describes the polarization, cycling, and self-discharge of commercial lithium ion batteries as they would be used in the small, hybrid power source. The performance of 10 Li-ion variations, including organic electrolytes with Li x V2O5 and Li x Mn2O4 cathodes and LiPON electrolyte with a LiCoO2 cathode was evaluated. Electrochemical characterization shows that the vanadium oxide cathode cells perform better than their manganese oxide counterparts in every category. The vanadium oxide cells also show better cycling performance under shallow discharge conditions than LiPON cells at a given current. However, the LiPON cells show significantly lower energy loss due to polarization and self-discharge losses than the vanadium and manganese cells with organic electrolytes.
The paper is a response to William Newman’s rebuttal of a critique of his account of the origins of modern chemistry by Alan Chalmers. A way in which the nature of science can be illuminated by history of science is identified and an account of how this can be achieved in the context of a study of the work of Boyle defended in the face of Newman’s criticism. Texts from the writings of Boyle that are cited by Newman as posing problems for Chalmers’ thesis are interpreted as in fact supporting it.
A (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)CO3 precursor with an uniform, spherical morphology was prepared by coprecipitation using a continuously stirred tank reactor method. The as-prepared spherical (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)CO3 precursor served to produce dense, spherical Li1+x (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)1−x O2 (0≤ x ≤0.15) cathode materials. These Li-rich cathodes were also prepared by a second synthesis route that involved the use of an M3O4 (M=Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3) spinel compound, itself obtained from the carbonate (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)CO3 precursor. In both cases, the final Li1+x (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)1−x O2 products were highly uniform, having a narrow particle size distribution (10-μm average particle size) as a result of the homogeneity and spherical morphology of the starting mixed-metal carbonate precursor. The rate capability of the Li1+x (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)1−x O2 electrode materials, which was significantly improved with increased lithium content, was found to be better in the case of the denser materials made from the spinel precursor compound. This result suggests that spherical morphology, high density, and increased lithium content were key factors in enabling the high rate capabilities, and hence the power performances, of the Li-rich Li1+x (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)1−x O2 cathodes.
Electrode materials with a three-dimensional (3D) layered framework and excellent electrochemical stability can provide a new avenue for enhancing the overall performance of promising sodium ion batteries. Here, we show that layered monoclinic (m) - ZnV2O6 nanobelts with high chemical activity for Na-ion energy storage have been effectively fabricated via a rapid microwave irradiation method over the reaction time of 8h, in which the fabricating efficiency is 24.5 times greater in comparison with the traditional hydrothermal method. The morphology and phase evolutions were verified by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. This study also proposes the “topotactic transformation−Ostwald ripening” mechanism in layered m-ZnV2O6 nanobelts, from one-dimensional (1D) m-Zn2V2O7 with tunnel structure to a 3D m-ZnV2O6 layered structure. In particular, the m-ZnV2O6 nanobelt anode exhibited a high discharge capacity of 480.5mAhg−1 at a current density of 10mAg−1, and maintained the considerable discharge capacity of 246.9mAhg−1 at the 100th cycle. The very preliminary results are promising and confirming that layered metallic vanadium can give a new insight into designing novel anode materials for high-efficiency energy storage in sodium ion batteries.
A three-dimensional model for thermal analysis has been developed to gain a better understanding of thermal behavior in a vanadium flow battery (VFB). The model is based on a comprehensive description of mass, momentum, charge and energy transport and conservation, combining with a global kinetic model for reactions involving all vanadium species. The emphasis in this paper is placed on the heat losses inside a cell. A quasi-static behavior of temperature and the temperature spatial distribution were characterized via the thermal model. The simulations also indicate that the heat generation exhibits a strong dependence on the applied current density. The reaction rate and the over potential rise with an increased applied current density, resulting in the electrochemical reaction heat rises proportionally and the activation heat rises at a parabolic rate. Based on the Ohm’s law, the ohmic heat rises at a parabolic rate when the applied current density increases. As a result, the determining heat source varies when the applied current density changes. While the relative contribution of the three types of heat is dependent on the cell materials and cell geometry, the regularities of heat losses can also be attained via the model. In addition, the electrochemical reaction heat and activation heat have a lack of sensitivity to the porosity and flow rate, whereas an obvious increase of ohmic heat has been observed with the rise of the porosity. A lower porosity or a faster flow shows a better uniformity of temperature distribution in a VFB. Thus, the model proposed in this paper shows good prospect in heat and temperature management for a VFB aiming at eliminating any crisis of internal heat accumulation.
Personal exposure to particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter under 2.5 μm (PM2.5) was monitored using a DustTrak nephelometer. The battery-operated unit, worn by an adult individual for a period of approximately one year, logged integrated average PM2.5 concentrations over 5 min intervals. A detailed time-activity diary was used to record the experimental subject’s movement and the microenvironments visited. Altogether 239 days covering all the months (except April) were available for the analysis. In total, 60 463 acceptable 5-min averages were obtained. The dataset was divided into 7 indoor and 4 outdoor microenvironments. Of the total time, 84% was spent indoors, 10.9% outdoors and 5.1% in transport. The indoor 5-min PM2.5 average was higher (55.7 μg m−3) than the outdoor value (49.8 μg m−3). The highest 5-min PM2.5 average concentration was detected in restaurant microenvironments (1103 μg m−3), the second highest 5-min average concentration was recorded in indoor spaces heated by stoves burning solid fuels (420 μg m−3). The lowest 5-min mean aerosol concentrations were detected outdoors in rural/natural environments (25 μg m−3) and indoors at the monitored person’s home (36 μg m−3). Outdoor and indoor concentrations of PM2.5 measured by the nephelometer at home and during movement in the vicinity of the experimental subject’s home were compared with those of the nearest fixed-site monitor of the national air quality monitoring network. The high correlation coefficient (0.78) between the personal and fixed-site monitor aerosol concentrations suggested that fixed-site monitor data can be used as proxies for personal exposure in residential and some other microenvironments. Collocated measurements with a reference method (β-attenuation) showed a non-linear systematic bias of the light-scattering method, limiting the use of direct concentration readings for exact exposure analysis.
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a neuronal-anchored glycoprotein that has been associated with various functions in the CNS such as synaptic plasticity, cognitive processes and neuroprotection. Here we investigated age-related behavioral and neurochemical alterations in wild-type (Prnp+/+), PrPC knockout (Prnp0/0) and the PrPC overexpressing Tg-20 mice. Three- or 11 month-old animals were submitted to a battery of behavioral tasks including open field, activity cages, elevated plus-maze, social recognition and inhibitory avoidance tasks. The 11 month-old Prnp+/+ and Prnp0/0 mice exhibited significant impairments in their locomotor activity and social recognition memory and increased anxiety-related responses. Remarkably, Tg-20 mice did not present these age-related impairments. The i.c.v. infusion of STI1 peptide 230–245, which includes the PrPC binding site, improved the age-related social recognition deficits in Prnp+/+. In comparison with the two other age-matched genotypes, the 11 month-old Tg-20 mice also exhibited reduced activity of seric acetylcholinesterase, increased expression of the protein synaptophysin and decreased caspase-3 positive-cells in the hippocampus. The present findings obtained with genetic and pharmacological approaches provide convincing evidence that PrPC exerts a critical role in the age-related behavioral deficits in mice probably through adaptive mechanisms including apoptotic pathways and synaptic plasticity.
The performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells fabricated with different catalyst loadings (20, 40 and 60wt.% on a carbon support) was examined. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of the catalyst coated membrane (CCM) type was fabricated without a hot-pressing process using a spray coating method with a Pt loading of 0.2mgcm−2. The surface was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The catalysts with different loadings were characterized by X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry. The single cell performance with the fabricated MEAs was evaluated and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to characterize the fuel cell. The best performance of 742mAcm−2 at a cell voltage of 0.6V was obtained using 40wt.% Pt/C in both the anode and cathode.
Mn evolution has long been considered critical for understanding the capacity fading of spinel electrodes in batteries. However, the detailed mechanism is still under debate; chemical evolution and distribution of the detrimental Mn is yet to be experimentally clarified. Here we perform a comparative soft X-ray absorption spectroscopic study on two batches of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with the same bulk spinel phase, but different electrochemical performance. By virtue of the sensitivity of soft X-ray to the transition-metal 3d states and oxygen 2p states, evolutions of Ni, Mn, and O in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 are compared between the two batches of electrodes. In the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with fast capacity fading, Mn2+ is evidently observed in the initial charge cycle. Strikingly, the Mn2+ content is notably high at the fully charged state. This sharply contradicts the conventional wisdom that Mn2+ evolves from a disproportional reaction favored in the discharged state. Additionally, the shallow probe depth of soft X-ray spectroscopy enables another finding that Mn2+ manifests itself mostly on the side of the electrode facing separator. Our comparative study provides direct experimental evidence on the association between Mn2+ and performance failure. It strongly suggests that Mn2+ formation is mostly determined by electrode-electrolyte surface reactions, instead of disproportional reactions.
Medium-temperature sodium-bromine and sodium-iodine battery systems operating at 3.5V and 3.0V, respectively, are presented. The rechargeable molten-sodium systems work at approx. 100°C and use aqueous bromine/bromide or iodine/iodide solutions as catholyte and sodium-ion conductive NaSICON (Na3Zr2Si2.3P0.7O11.85) as solid electrolyte. The free halogen, which is formed upon charge, is complexed as highly soluble tribromide and triiodide, respectively. These systems can work in both, static and redox-flow setup, respectively, and aim at stationary energy storage applications. The sodium-halogen batteries were shown to run with high coulombic efficiency over several hundred hours. Long-term stability of the NaSICON ceramic material in contact with aqueous electrolytes, however, is still a concern. The sodium-bromine system suffers from a considerable bromine vapour pressure of the tribromide, whereas the sodium-iodine system was shown to operate in a stable manner with a catholyte allowing for a high total iodine concentration (≥2.0M). Catholyte concentrations up to 2.75M total iodine in redox-flow setup and up 3.7M in static setup are possible without iodine precipitation and correspond to specific energies of 198Whkg−1 and 228Whkg−1, respectively, on total active material level.
Directly harnessed solar power is an attractive primary energy source for integration into fully wire-free, self-sufficient, portable electronic devices. Maximum power (MPP) tracking of photovoltaic (PV) cells is an essential part of PV energy harvesting and several methods are available to track MPP efficiently. With more than one cell, power-balancing is also a significant concern and global MPP tracking, parallel connection of PV cells, and active array reconfiguration are all techniques designed to address this issue. This work shrinks array reconfiguration from two-dimensional arrays of PV cells to a single string of PV cells, which are particularly relevant to portable systems. Each string element has individual MPP tracking and power balancing at low circuit complexity using a modular, time-domain array-reconfiguration (TDAR) approach. Both, a discrete control loop that demonstrates the concept and a 150 μW microchip that implements TDAR for three PV cells were developed. The energy harvesting efficiency of the TDAR approach is more than 80% improved compared to static (non-reconfigurable) strings of PV cells. While other array reconfiguration approaches can offer comparable improvements in efficiency, the reduced complexity of the TDAR approach makes it the only scalable approach that can be practically applied to array reconfiguration in portable systems.
This is the first report on the use of the Social Attribution Task — Multiple Choice (SAT-MC) to assess social cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. The SAT-MC was originally developed for autism research, and consists of a 64-second animation showing geometric figures enacting a social drama, with 19 multiple choice questions about the interactions. Responses from 85 community-dwelling participants and 66 participants with SCID confirmed schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders (Scz) revealed highly significant group differences. When the two samples were combined, SAT-MC scores were significantly correlated with other social cognitive measures, including measures of affect recognition, theory of mind, self-report of egocentricity and the Social Cognition Index from the MATRICS battery. Using a cut-off score, 53% of Scz were significantly impaired on SAT-MC compared with 9% of the community sample. Most Scz participants with impairment on SAT-MC also had impairment on affect recognition. Significant correlations were also found with neurocognitive measures but with less dependence on verbal processes than other social cognitive measures. Logistic regression using SAT-MC scores correctly classified 75% of both samples. Results suggest that this measure may have promise, but alternative versions will be needed before it can be used in pre–post or longitudinal designs.
Infrared imaging sensors that operate without cryogenic cooling have the potential to provide the military or civilian users with infrared vision capabilities packaged in a camera of extremely small size, weight and power consumption. We present here the uncooled bolometric sensor on the basis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) polymer composite with enhanced sensitivity. The voltage responsivity of device working at room temperatures exceeds 150V/W. The absorption coefficient of single-wall carbon nanotubes was increased by involving Forster type energy transfer from polymer film to dispersed SWNT. The temperature gradient of resistivity was substantially improved by chemical functionalization of SWNT.
A lithium metal rechargeable battery system has been developed using a compacted lithium powder electrode. Lithium powders were made by the droplet emulsion technique (DET). The cycle life of a compacted lithium powder cell was more than double and the internal resistance was lower than those of a lithium foil cell, respectively. Also, the cycling efficiency of a compacted lithium powder cell was considerably improved in comparison with a lithium foil cell.
The vanadium crossover through the membrane can have a significant impact on the capacity of the vanadium redox flow battery (VFB) over long-term charge–discharge cycling. The different vanadium ions move unsymmetrically through the membrane and this leads to a build-up of vanadium ions in one half-cell with a corresponding decrease in the other. In this paper, a dynamic model is developed based on different crossover mechanisms (diffusion, migration and electro osmosis) for each of the four vanadium ions, water and protons in the electrolytes. With a simple to use approach, basic mass transport theory is used to simulate the transfer of vanadium ions in the battery. The model is validated with own measurements and can therefore predict the battery capacity as a function of time. This is used to analyse the battery performance by applying an overflow from one half-cell to the other. Different constant overflow rates were analysed with regard to an impact of the performance and electrolyte stability. It was observed that a continuous overflow increases the capacity significantly but that the electrolyte stability plays an essential role using a membrane with a big vanadium crossover. Even with a good performance, a complete remixing of the tanks is necessary to prevent electrolyte precipitations. Therefore, a dynamic overflow was determined in such a way that the capacity of the battery is maximised while the electrolytes remain stable for 200 cycles.
The Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI) score was developed to assess disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). So far, validation studies on the QOLIBRI were only conducted in cohorts with traumatic brain injury. This study investigated the longer-term residuals in severely injured patients, focusing specifically on the possible impact of major TBI.