batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is caused by selective neurodegeneration of the language-dominant cerebral hemisphere; a language deficit initially arises as the only consequential impairment and remains predominant throughout most of the course of the disease. Agrammatic, logopenic and semantic subtypes, each reflecting a characteristic pattern of language impairment and corresponding anatomical distribution of cortical atrophy, represent the most frequent presentations of PPA. Such associations between clinical features and the sites of atrophy have provided new insights into the neurology of fluency, grammar, word retrieval, and word comprehension, and have necessitated modification of concepts related to the functions of the anterior temporal lobe and Wernicke's area. The underlying neuropathology of PPA is, most commonly, frontotemporal lobar degeneration in the agrammatic and semantic forms, and Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology in the logopenic form; the AD pathology often displays atypical and asymmetrical anatomical features consistent with the aphasic phenotype. The PPA syndrome reflects complex interactions between disease-specific neuropathological features and patient-specific vulnerability. A better understanding of these interactions might help us to elucidate the biology of the language network and the principles of selective vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases. We review these aspects of PPA, focusing on advances in our understanding of the clinical features and neuropathology of PPA and what they have taught us about the neural substrates of the language network.
Bimetallic transition-metal selenides have emerged as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, they suffer from rapid capacity fading which is originated from significant chemical and mechanical degradation during lithiation/delithiation processes. Herein, nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel (NGA) with high porosity is prepared via a templated method and serves as the matrix for the uniform growth of sheet-like binary transition-metal selenides (MoSe2–CoSe2). The porous NGA with high specific surface area provides a stable and conductive network, which can accelerate electron transmission and shorten the diffusion distance of Li ions. Furthermore, the MoSe2–CoSe2 nanosheets can offer adequate specific capacity because of its high accessibility and multiple redox properties. As a result, the MoSe2–CoSe2/NGA-10 composite delivers high Li-ion storage capacity (1260 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), excellent rate capability (702 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1), and stable cycling performance (914 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 200 cycles), demonstrating its great potential for LIB applications.
A substantial burden associated with MI has been reported. Thus, how survivors experience their quality of life (QOL) is now being given increasing attention. However, few studies have involved women and a comparison with the general population. The aims of this study were to determine the QOL of female MI survivors, to investigate whether their QOL differed from that of the general population, and to evaluate the clinical significance of the findings.
Perovskite LaMnO3 is reported to be a superior electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in terms of the onset potential and intrinsic activity. However, traditionally prepared LaMnO3 is characterized to exhibit a low specific surface area and a limited pore volume. Herein, we synthesize a three-dimensional ordered macroporous LaMnO3 that features ordered and interconnected porous structure, in order to increase catalytic sites. The obtained three-dimensional ordered macroporous LaMnO3 exhibits an increased specific surface area of 20.328 m2 g−1 and pore volume of 0.126 cm3 g−1. Rotating-ring-disk electrode measurement reveals a more positive onset potential (0.827 V) and half-wave potential (0.686 V), and a much higher current-limited density (5.90 mA cm−2) of the three-dimensional ordered macroporous LaMnO3 compared to counterparts, as well as a high electron transfer number (∼4) and a better stability. Furthermore, a LiO2 battery employing the three-dimensional ordered macroporous LaMnO3 as air electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with a higher initial discharge capacity (5592 mAh g−1), a smaller discharge-charge voltage gap (1.56 V), and a higher coulombic efficiency (∼100%) in comparison with the carbon electrode. Our results suggest that traditional perovskite oxides could be effectively optimized for efficient electrocatalytic reactions.
The hydrogen absorption characteristics and the electrochemical behavior of the Zr0.9Ti0.1Mn0.66V0.46Ni1.1 alloy were studied. The pressure–composition isotherms for the alloy show a high hydrogen storage capacity and a steep slope with a slight plateau instead of the horizontal plateau corresponding to the two-phase equilibrium. This feature is attributed to the presence of small amounts of secondary phases due to microsegregation of alloying elements during solidification. The plateau tendency is enhanced upon homogenization annealing of the alloy. The activation of the Zr0.9Ti0.1Mn0.66V0.46Ni1.1 alloy electrode in alkaline solution at 30°C was evaluated by using the cyclic voltammetry technique. For comparison, the Zr0.9Ti0.1CrNi alloy was also studied. The discharge capacities are about 330mAh/g for both as-melted alloys, but the activation is faster for Zr0.9Ti0.1Mn0.66V0.46Ni1.1 than for Zr0.9Ti0.1CrNi, indicating that the substitution of Cr by Mn and V enhances the rate of activation due to the formation of metal surface oxides that can be reduced more easily, which increases the reaction surface area. For the annealed Zr0.9Ti0.1Mn0.66V0.46Ni1.1 alloy, large charge–discharge overpotentials and a significant decrease in discharge capacity are observed, which is ascribed to the disappearance of catalytic secondary phases present in the as-melted alloy.
Carbon-coated Li2MnSiO4 nanocrystallites are synthesized via a solid state reaction, and their cathode and anode performance is comparatively studied. The Li2MnSiO4 cathode shows an initial charge/discharge capacity of 405/134mAhg−1 at a current density of 16.6mAg−1, and a low charge/discharge capacity of 93/66mAhg−1 during the 20th cycle. Partial Li2MnSiO4 cathode decomposes at 4.56V (vs Li+/Li) during the initial charge. Interestingly, the Li2MnSiO4 anode exhibits a high initial discharge/charge capacity of 658/388mAhg−1 at a current density of 20mAg−1, and a discharge/charge capacity of 459/456mAhg−1 during the 50th cycle. Li2MnSiO4 anodes also have stable and good rate capabilities. The Li2MnSiO4 crystallites as anode decompose during cycling, and their capacity increases simultaneously. It is proposed that Li2MnSiO4 anode converts energy via a reversible conversion reaction.
Layered Nd-doped LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) compounds were successfully synthesized via a coprecipitation-assisted solid-phase method in this work. The effects of Nd doping on the crystal structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties were characterized thoroughly using XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, and electrochemical tests. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction data indicated that the Nd-doped samples had lower cation mixing than the raw NCM523. The SEM and EDX mapping characterization results demonstrated that Nd atoms were uniformly distributed in NCM523. At 1C and 10C, the Li(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)0.992Nd0.008O2 materials exhibited initial discharge capacities of 189.7 and 101.5mAhg−1, respectively, with capacity retentions of 83.3% and 88%, respectively, compared to those of NCM523 (68.1% and 52.5%, respectively) with a cutoff voltage of 4.8V after 100 cycles. It was found that NCM523 doped with Nd3+ ions can expand lithium ion diffusion channels in the layered structure and stabilize the structure of the material.
Around the world there is no doubt about the increasing importance of recycling and the connected issue of sustainable development. In Brazil the new 2000 regulations have prompted society to discuss the future of spent batteries. Worldwide, different battery collection systems and recycling processes have been applied in the last 10 years. This paper presents the options applied in Europe and in the USA and compares the world situation to the current Brazilian reality.
Rate equation of LiFePO4 formation via solid-state reaction has been studied by using a model system: Li(CH3COO)+FePO4 in a reducing atmosphere. Kinetic data were acquired by using in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique, and the analysis was based on a non-isothermal methodology, which shows that the reaction rate is well described by the rate-equation: [F 0.7/(1− F)0.7]=1.56×1011 exp(−24,100/T)t, where F is the fractional conversion to LiFePO4, T, the calcination temperature (K), and t is the calcination time (min). The equation indicates that the formation of LiFePO4 is intrinsically a fast reaction: 95% conversion can be achieved between 550 and 600°C in a few hours. Nevertheless, the reaction could be significantly hindered if gas-phase diffusion processes of reactant/product species become rate-limiting, and the gas-flow pattern relative to the powder bed during synthesis thus has a decisive effect on the reaction rate in large-scale synthesis. Single-phased, nanocrystalline LiFePO4 powder having an average crystal size of 35nm can be synthesized by calcination using flow-through configuration at 600°C in merely 2h, and the powder exhibits a capacity of ∼140mAhg−1.
A cross-linked porous polymer membrane using vinyl-functionalized aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles was prepared and used as a separator for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) was first blended with a mixture solution containing poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEMA), vinyl-functionalized Al2O3 nanoparticles (VTMO@Al2O3) as the cross-linker and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as the pore-forming agent. Subsequently, the membrane was obtained by free radical copolymerization of the above-mentioned mixture and after-treatment. The preparation and properties of the membranes were investigated. It has been found that, under the action of the pore-forming agent of PVP, the obtained membrane (PMAv) had high ionic conductivity (1.37 mS cm−1) at ambient temperature. On account of the existence of the Al2O3 as cross-linking points, the PMAv membrane showed good mechanical strength of 30.4 MPa and excellent thermal stability at 180 °C. Moreover, comparing with the system without PVP or Al2O3 samples, the cell with the PMAv membrane showed the best discharge capacity and most stable capacity retention and cycle performance, indicating that the PMAv membrane is a good polymer separator for LIBs.
The first part of this paper describes in detail the electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) films monitored by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). These films are either doped only with a Keggin-type heteropolyanion (HPA), SiMo12O40 4−, or co-doped with such polyanions and sulphate ions. It is evidenced that this HPA catalyses the electropolymerisation of the pyrrole since it is able to oxide pyrrole monomer, and on the other hand, that HPAs are definitively entrapped into the polypyrrole film as shown by their electrochemical response. All the PPy film is electroactive. When the co-doped film is obtained by potentiodynamic method, its anion composition is not homogeneous in depth, there is a concentration gradient of the doping anions. In the second part of this paper, the morphology of the films is shown as well as their electrochemical characterisations that were carried out by EQCM in order to focus on the charge compensation process that occurs during SiMo12 reduction and re-oxidation. In a wide domain of potentials, only the HPA response is observed, the polymer remains in its conducting form. The SiMo12O40 4− doped PPy films are cationic films. When several types of cations are present in the medium, the influence of the pH on the nature of the cations implied in the charge compensation that occurs during SiMo12 reduction and re-oxidation is important. When the PPy film is co-doped, it is possible to obtain a mixed PPy film. Another important finding is the stability of trapped SiMo12 ions in contact with solutions of pH higher than 4, on the contrary to what occurs when they are in solution.
In behind-the-meter application, battery storage system (BSS) is used to reduce a commercial or industrial customer's payment for electricity use, including energy and demand charges. The potential value of BSS in payment reduction and the optimal size can be determined by formulating and solving standard mathematical programming problems. In such mathematical programming methods, users input system information such as load profiles, energy/demand charge rates, and battery characteristics to construct a standard programming problem, which typically involves a large number of constraints and decision variables. The problems are then solved by optimization solvers to obtain numerical solutions. Such kind of methods cannot directly link the obtained optimal battery sizes to input parameters and requires case-by-case analysis. In this paper, we present an objective quantitative analysis of costs and benefits for customer-side BSS, and thereby identify key factors that affect optimal sizing. We then develop simple but effective guidelines for determining the most cost-effective battery size. The proposed analytical sizing methods are innovative, and provide engineering insights on how the optimal battery size varies with system characteristics. We illustrate the proposed methods using practical building load profile and utility rate. The obtained results are compared with the ones using mathematical programming based methods for validation.
The neurophysiological and neuroanatomical foundations of developmental language disorder (DLD) are still a matter of dispute. A main argument is that children with DLD show atypical anatomical asymmetries of speech-relevant brain areas, which possibly affect efficient language processing. In contrast to previous anatomical studies in DLD children, this study employed voxel based morphometry (VBM) in order to search for brain anomalies outside the classical language areas. Children with DLD (n =21) and healthy children (n =21) matched for age, sex, hand preference, and education were studied using high-resolution MRI scans. Using a new variant of the voxel-based morphometry technique (augmented VBM), the brains of children with DLD and control children were compared with respect to white matter (WM) and grey matter (GM) differences. In addition, simple hand motor tests were used to uncover possible motor impairments in DLD children. We found decreased WM volumes in a left-hemispheric network comprising the motor cortex, the dorsal premotor cortex, the ventral premotor cortex, and the planum polare on the superior temporal gyrus. In addition, DLD children exhibited motor impairments in most of the applied motor tests. These results provide strong evidence that children with DLD have anomalous anatomy in a left-sided network comprising motor and language areas. Thus, this study supports the suggestion that motor and language functions are equally impaired because the underlying anatomical underpinnings are regionally identical.
Despite their growing popularity, the potential respiratory toxicity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) remains largely unknown. One potential aspect of e-cigarette toxicity is the effect of e-cigarette vapor on lung surfactant function. Lung surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins that lines the alveolar region. The surfactant layer reduces the surface tension of the alveolar fluid, thereby playing a crucial role in lung stability. Due to their small size, particulates in e-cigarette vapor can penetrate the deep lungs and come into contact with the lung surfactant. The current study sought to examine the potential adverse effects of e-cigarette vapor and conventional cigarette smoke on lung surfactant interfacial properties.
Background Deficits in emotion perception have been extensively documented in schizophrenia and are associated with poor psychosocial functioning. However, little is known about other aspects of emotion processing that are critical for adaptive functioning. The current study assessed schizophrenia patients' performance on a theoretically-based, well-validated, multidimensional measure of emotional intelligence, the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D.R., 2002. Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT): User's Manual. Multi-Health Systems, Inc., Toronto, Ontario). Methods 50 schizophrenia outpatients and 39 non-psychiatric controls completed the MSCEIT, a performance measure comprised of subtests that assess four components (branches) of emotional intelligence: Identifying, Using, Understanding, and Managing Emotions. Among patients, associations between MSCEIT scores and measures of clinical symptoms as well as functional outcome were evaluated. Results The MSCEIT demonstrated good psychometric properties in both groups. Schizophrenia patients performed significantly worse than controls on the total MSCEIT score, and on three of the four subtests: Identifying, Understanding, and Managing Emotions. Among patients, lower MSCEIT scores significantly correlated with higher negative and disorganized symptoms, as well as worse community functioning. Conclusions The MSCEIT is a useful tool for investigating emotion processing in schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate deficits across multiple domains of emotion processing. These deficits have significant links with clinical symptoms of schizophrenia and with how patients function in their daily lives. Further research is required to understand the links between emotional intelligence, clinical symptoms, and functional outcome in schizophrenia.
A novel seawater pressure energy conversion system that utilizes seawater pressure to generate electricity has been studied in this paper. The energy conversion system utilizes the pressure difference between the pressurized seawater and the empty pressure container to drive hydraulic motor and the coaxially coupled generator to generate electric power. The output electric energy is recorded by the data logger throughout the process. In the current study, technical analysis is performed with the emphasis on conversion efficiency between seawater pressure energy and output electric energy. The analysis is conducted at various pressure differences through the throttle valve so as to obtain maximum conversion efficiency. Research shows that the optimum pressure difference through the throttle valve and the maximum conversion efficiency can be theoretically calculated when the properties of the conversion system are given. Simulation results have demonstrated the influence of pressure difference on conversion efficiency. The test apparatus has been designed, built and tested in 2004. It successfully generated electric energy of approximately 0.85kWh at the depth of 2400m with empty pressure container's holding capacity of 200L in the voyage “DY105-16” in South China Sea on June 12, 2004. The actual conversion efficiency from seawater pressure energy to electric energy reaches as high as 63.8% which is attractive for underwater equipments. The success of the experiment has tested the feasibility of utilizing seawater pressure energy and brings a new power supply way for long-term in-situ underwater equipments.
A 500 mAh Li–Air battery is assembled using cell components and a structure that enable the construction of a high specific energy battery. Carbon nanotubes are used in the cathode so that the pore volume can be adjusted to reduce the amount of electrolyte while a high specific capacity of the cathode is maintained. Polymer ionic liquid is used in the electrolyte layer, and the weight of the cathode and electrolyte layer is 5.5 mg cm−2. The cell structure, which is prepared by folding a three-layer assembly of Li metal/electrolyte layer/cathode, reduces the weight contribution of the sealing and manifold materials. By folding the three-layer assembly ten times, a 500 mAh Li–Air battery with dimensions of 7 cm × 1 cm × 0.23 cm is prepared. The battery yields an areal capacity of 3.6 mAh cm−2 and a specific capacity of 4400 mAh gcarbon −1, and the resulting specific energy and energy density are 1230 Wh kg−1 and 880 Wh L−1, respectively. The battery is able to cycle seven times at 500 Wh kg−1 before an abrupt decrease in its capacity is noted.
To investigate the influence of anion structure on physical properties of electrolytes we used five different anions, namely (FSO2)2N (FSI, FSA), (CN)2N (DCA), (CF3SO2)2N (TFSI, TFSA), CF3SO3 (TfO) and (CF3SO2)N(CN) (TFSAM), and investigated them in a series of polyelectrolytes, ionic liquid (IL)/Li salt mixtures and in ternary ion gels (poly(ionic liquid)/ionic liquid/Li salt), respectively. Both the poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDADMA) and the ILs employed in the study have the same pyrrolidinium anion. To isolate solely the effect of the anion a common chloride precursor PIL was used to maintain constant the average degree of polymerization (DPn ) and chain dispersity. The systems were analyzed in terms of ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability vs Li+/Li, ion diffusion (multinuclear Pulsed Field Gradient NMR) and local lithium ion dynamics (7Li spin lattice relaxation rates). Concerning optimization of any of these parameters, different orders of the anion series are obtained and discussed in terms of structural aspects and ion coordination. In particular, the coordination strength of the –CN group to the lithium ion is higher than the coordination strength of the oxygens of the –SO2CF3 fragment. As a result the lithium ion in the TFSAM samples is primarily coordinated by the –CN group. Detailed structure/property relationship analysis demonstrated that for those applications of ion gels (capacitors, sensors, etc.) where a high conductivity is a primary demand, while the electrochemical stability is not essential, the FSI anion will be the best choice. However, for energy storage systems such as Li metal batteries preferably TFSI but also TFSAM anions will represent the best compromise of relevant parameters.
In this study, praseodymium barium cobalt oxide nanofiber interfacial layer was sandwiched between Au and n-Si. Frequency and voltage dependence of ε′, ε′, tanδ, electric modulus (M′ and M″) and σ ac of PrBaCoO nanofiber capacitor have been investigated by using impedance spectroscopy method. The obtained experimental results show that the values of ε′, ε′, tanδ, M′, M″ and σ ac of the PrBaCoO nanofiber capacitor are strongly dependent on frequency of applied bias voltage. The values of ε′, ε″ and tanδ show a steep decrease with increasing frequency for each forward bias voltage, whereas the values of σ ac and the electric modulus increase with increasing frequency. The high dispersion in ε′ and ε″ values at low frequencies may be attributed to the Maxwell–Wagner and space charge polarization. The high values of ε′ may be due to the interfacial effects within the material, PrBaCoO nanofibers interfacial layer and electron effect. The values of M′ and M″ reach a maximum constant value corresponding to M ∞ ≈1/ε ∞ due to the relaxation process at high frequencies, but both the values of M′ and M″ approach almost to zero at low frequencies. The changes in the dielectric and electrical properties with frequency can be also attributed to the existence of N ss and R s of the capacitors. As a result, the change in the ε′, ε″, tanδ, M′, M″ and ac electric conductivity (σ ac) is a result of restructuring and reordering of charges at the PrBaCoO/n-Si interface under an external electric field or voltage and interface polarization.