batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Publisher Summary Waste oil valorization in a refinery must be considered only after having done a complete feasibility evaluation. Wherever the waste oil is introduced, it should not modify the properties of the refinery products, or the normal operations or functions of the rerefining units. Most oil refineries are complex industrial sites characterized by a very large treated tonnage, a permanent operation of a continuous flow of products from desalination and atmospheric distillation upstream to the storage of finished products downstream passing through all the intermediate refining steps, and the necessity of adapting the units' operating conditions to the treated crude to maintain a good level of quality for the finished products. Other priorities include the need to increase the severity of operating conditions of hydrotreatment to produce gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil from direct distillation or from thermal or catalytic cracking to comply with the standards for sulfur and aromatic compounds. These constraints provide a better understanding of the importance of alternative valorization routes.
State of energy (SOE) is an important index for the electrochemical energy storage system in electric vehicles. In this paper, a robust state of energy estimation method in combination with a physical model parameter identification method is proposed to achieve accurate battery state estimation at different operating conditions and different aging stages. A physics-based fractional order model with variable solid-state diffusivity (FOM-VSSD) is used to characterize the dynamic performance of a LiFePO4/graphite battery. In order to update the model parameter automatically at different aging stages, a multi-step model parameter identification method based on the lexicographic optimization is especially designed for the electric vehicle operating conditions. As the battery available energy changes with different applied load current profiles, the relationship between the remaining energy loss and the state of charge, the average current as well as the average squared current is modeled. The SOE with different operating conditions and different aging stages are estimated based on an adaptive fractional order extended Kalman filter (AFEKF). Validation results show that the overall SOE estimation error is within ±5%. The proposed method is suitable for the electric vehicle online applications.
A simple and versatile approach has been implemented for the preparation of some manganese oxide (MnxOy)-based lithium-ion battery anode materials from low-cost electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD). Depending on the additive, calcination temperature and time used in the preparation, the raw EMD exhibits different nano−/micro-structure morphologies, confirmed from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The specific capacity (obtained at 100mAg−1) of the MnO2 nano-rods/wires, Mn2O3 nano-particles and Mn3O4 of mixed morphology (i.e., nano-rods/wires and nanoparticles) were approximately 710, 830 and 850mAhg−1, respectively. Of the various MnxOy investigated, the Mn3O4 nanowires obtained at 600°C within 2h showed enhanced rate capability properties, long-term cycling stability and the best Li-ion and electronic transportation, suggesting that the formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) film during the first cycle protected these anode materials against possible electrolyte decomposition. The high-performance of this Mn3O4 anode material is ascribed to its 1-D nanostructures (nano-rods/wires) which confers on it high aspect ratios, large pore size as well as the ability to serve as efficient electron transport channels or interconnects. This study provides the first insight into the viability of Mn3O4 as an anode material for lithium-ion battery, and opens doors of opportunity for the development of energy storage materials from the low-cost EMD precursor.
This study evaluates the concurrent validity of an on-line Yes/No test of recognition vocabulary as a placement tool at an Australian English language school. Newly entering students (n =88) completed a Yes/No test, which measured accuracy and speed of response, and a school placement battery consisting of grammar, writing, speaking and listening measures. Yes/No test accuracy performance approximated that of the listening and grammar placement tests, discriminating between placement levels and correlating with overall placement decisions. Placement level decisions correlated with Yes/No accuracy (r =.6) and the discrete-point placement measures listening (.7) and grammar (.8). Yes/No test accuracy showed a consistently strong correlation (.6) across all test measures, indicating that recognition vocabulary knowledge is a fundamental element in all tests. Response time as an independent measure followed the same pattern as the accuracy results but was less sensitive to differences in placement levels. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that when combined with accuracy, response times account for an additional amount of unique variance in the placement decision. The usefulness the on-line Yes/No test format in placement testing is discussed.
Objective The aims of this study are to characterize the levels of emotional distress and quality of life among caregivers of lung transplant candidates and to examine the relation of coping styles and perceived caregiver burden to caregivers' self-reported emotional distress. Methods A consecutive series of primary caregivers of potential lung transplant candidates completed a battery of psychosocial measures, including the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire (MCMQ), Scale for Caregiver Burden (SCB), and Medical Outcomes Survey, Short Form-36 (SF-36). Results Only 12 of the 82 caregivers (14.6%) who volunteered for the study reported clinically significant levels of depression (BDI-II ≥14), and only 2 caregivers (2.4%) reported clinically significant levels of anxiety (STAI ≥60). Passive coping strategies were associated with higher levels of emotional distress; specifically, resignation was associated with increased depression (r=.27, P<.04), while avoidance was associated with increased anxiety (r=.29, P<.04). In addition, caregivers who reported greater perceived caregiver burden experienced higher levels of depression (r=.45, P<.001) and anxiety (r=.43, P<.01). Moreover, the social functioning of caregivers of lung transplant patients was more than one standard deviation from a normative sample of the population (Cohen's d=1.16), indicating that caregivers of transplant patients experienced greater impairment in this area. Discussion Although most caregivers of transplant patients do not report significant impairment in functioning, assessing caregivers' coping strategies and caregiving burden may identify those caregivers who experience increased emotional distress.
Ordered mesoporous MoO2 is prepared employing silica KIT-6 as hard template. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance is utilized to investigate the charge storage mechanism of mesoporous MoO2 in aqueous LiOH electrolyte solution. The dominating working ions are proved to be Li+ ions. Mesoporous MoO2 exhibits excellent supercapacitive behavior in the potential range of −1.2 to −0.5 V vs. SCE, rendering it a promising anode material for aqueous supercapacitors.
Star-branched poly(ethylene oxide) with PG-PPO core has been synthesized. The branched structure had on average 18 poly(ethylene oxide) arms with average molecular weight of 1680. The chain ends were capped with OH groups which were then substituted with lithium-containing P(O)(OLi)2, COOLi and SO3Li groups. The substitution level ranged from 30% to 95%. Characterization of physical properties was carried out by various methods, including differential scanning calorimetry and impedance spectroscopy. The results show that polymers with functional groups containing lithium are characterized by relatively high ionic conductivity. The highest ionic conductivity, reaching 8×10−6 S/cm at 20°C was obtained for polymer with P(O)(OLi)2 groups, which demonstrates possibility of using these polymers as polyelectrolyte. It has been also found, that the presence of end groups can decrease crystallinity and lower glass transition temperature of polymer. Electrolytes formed by adding LiN(CF3SO2)2 salt to polymers with functional groups containing lithium had higher ionic conductivity and lower glass transition temperature than electrolytes based on polymer without such groups.
A poly(vinylidene fluoride)/ethyl cellulose and amino-functionalized nano-SiO2 (PVDF-EC-(A-SiO2)) composite coated on polyethylene (PE) is developed as the functional separator of 5 V high-voltage lithium ion batteries with enhanced performance. Compared with the PE separator, the composite membrane has a uniform interconnected structure, an increased melting temperature from 138 °C (PE) to 140.8 °C, a decreased contact angle from 49.5° to 23.2°, and higher ionic conductivity from 0.34 mS cm−1 to 0.79 mS cm−1. In particular, the electrochemical window is raised to 5.3 V (vs. Li/Li+). LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li batteries with this separator display a high discharge capacity of 131.6 mAh g−1 and a superior cycling stability with a capacity retention of 95.7% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C. Those results demonstrate that the PVDF-EC-(A-SiO2)/PE composite separator exhibits a good-performance in cycling stability and thermal stability, implying promising potential application in high-voltage lithium ion batteries.
The iron precursor of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is highly prone to oxidation to Fe3+ during the hydrothermal synthesis. The Fe3+ impurities in LiFePO4 restrict the conduction path of Li+ ions in LiFePO4, which negatively affect the cell performance. In this paper, we report that ferrocenecarboxylic acid possessing an extremely stable Fe2+ species and as carbon source has been used successfully to suppress Fe3+ impurities in LiFePO4. The X-ray diffraction results reveal that Li2CO3 first reacts with (NH4)2HPO4 to form Li3PO4 at low temperatures, which above 160°C further reacts with ferrocenecarboxylic acid to give LiFePO4. The infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis results show that the carbon sources during calcination of LiFePO4 are derived from polymers through sequential [4+2] cycloaddition reactions of cyclopentadiene and 1,3-cyclopentadiene-1-carboxylic acid during decomposition of ferrocenecarboxylic acid. The electron paramagnetic resonance results show that the percentage of Fe3+ in the synthesized LiFePO4 is as low as 0.5 mol%. A plausible reaction mechanism for the hydrothermal synthesis of LiFePO4 is also proposed. The as-synthesized LiFePO4 shows an orthorhombic olivine with a discharge capacity of 158mAhg−1 at a discharge rate of 0.1C. The cell also shows excellent C-rate and cycle-life performances.
With the increasing demand for advanced energy storage, redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a rapidly growing market and research area. Carbon fibre based materials like graphite felts (GFs) are commonly used in RFBs as electrodes due to their electrochemical activity, high permeability for liquids, high surface area and relatively low cost. Previous characterisation of GFs has involved flow systems, which can be complicated to replicate and expensive. Using pre-treatment techniques to ensure sufficient wetting, GFs can be used effectively in quiescent electrochemistry. By combining the experimental voltammograms with digital simulations, key properties such as capacitance, electrode kinetics, average pore size and electrochemical surface area can be determined. This allows for the rapid and low cost examination of multiple GFs and pre-treatment methods, providing a useful tool for RFB development. In addition, the GF electrodes used in the study show promising limit of detection values, with initial experiments suggesting these electrodes may have applications in electroanalysis.
Electrochromic (EC) devices with reversible transmittance switching have promising prospects in the applications of photoelectric displays. Herein, a novel air-stable and high contrast solution-phase electrochromic device based on new viologen derivative (DPB) with A-D-A structure (A: acceptor; D: donor) was demonstrated. Devices possessed simple configuration of ITO/EC solution/ITO. Ferrocene and polycarbonate (PC) were selected as the complementary material and solvent, respectively. All of the fabrications and performance testing work were conducted in normal air condition. The DPB-based device showed deep magenta color in colored state and exhibited high optical contrast of ∆T of 72.2% (517 nm) and good coloration efficiency of 102.2 cm2/C at 1.8 V. The device appeared only slight degradation of ∆T (ΔT = 69.6% or retained 96.7% of its initial ΔT after 5000 s constant switching) under the normal air atmosphere, which was even better than some reported well-packaged viologen-based solution ECDs. Additionally, the UV–vis reflective spectra were also conducted to assess the reflectance property of the devices. The reflectance peak (ΔR = 2.6%) and absorption peak matched accurately, which indicated that the new viologen derivative possesses the potential application in reflective electrochromic devices.
The transient transport of electrolytes in thermally-activated batteries is studied using electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), demonstrating the robust capability of EPMA as a useful tool for studying and quantifying mass transport within porous materials, particularly in difficult environments where classical flow measurements are challenging. By tracking the mobility of bromine and potassium ions from the electrolyte stored within the separator into the lithium silicon anode and iron disulfide cathode, we are able to quantify the transport mechanisms and physical properties of the electrodes including permeability and tortuosity. Due to the micron to submicron scale porous structure of the initially dry anode, a fast capillary pressure driven flow is observed into the anode from which we are able to set a lower bound on the permeability of 10−1 mDarcy. The transport into the cathode is diffusion-limited because the cathode originally contained some electrolyte before activation. Using a transient one-dimensional diffusion model, we estimate the tortuosity of the cathode electrode to be 2.8 ± 0.8.
Pectin is a natural polymer present in plants and, as all natural polymers has biodegradation properties. Chemically, pectin is a polysaccharide composed of a linear chain of 1→4 linked galacturonic acids, which is esterified with methanol at 80%. The pectin-based gel electrolytes in a transparent film form were obtained by a plasticization process with glycerol and addition of LiClO4. The films showed good ionic conductivity results, which increased from 10−5 S/cm for the samples with 37wt.% of glycerol to 4.7×10−4 S/cm at room temperature for the sample with 68wt.% of glycerol. The electrochemical behaviors of the samples were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Nyquist graphs are showed and discussed. The obtained pectin-based samples also presented good adherence to the glass, flexibility, homogeneity (SEM) and transparency (about 70% in the vis) properties. They are good candidates to be applied as gel electrolytes in electrochromic devices.
A new type of highly conductive organic–inorganic hybrid polymer electrolytes has been synthesized by the reaction of poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether), 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and alkoxysilane precursor 3-(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, followed by doping of LiClO4. The 13C and 29Si solid-sate NMR results confirm the successful synthesis of the organic–inorganic hybrid structure. The solid hybrid electrolyte thus obtained exhibits a maximum ionic conductivity of 1.6 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C, which is the highest among the organic–inorganic hybrid electrolytes. The hybrid electrolytes are electrochemically stable up to 4.2 V. The prototype electrochromic device with such a solid hybrid electrolyte demonstrates a good coloration efficiency value of 183 cm2 C−1 with a cycle life over 200 cycles. For the lithium-ion battery test, the salt free solid hybrid membrane is swelled with a LiPF6-containing electrolyte solution to reach an acceptable ionic conductivity value of 6.5 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 30 °C. The battery cell carries an initial discharge capacity of 100 mAh g−1 at 0.2C-rate and a coulombic efficiency of about 95% up to 30 cycles without the sign of cell failure. The present organic–inorganic hybrid electrolytes hold promise for applications in electrochromic devices and lithium ion batteries.
Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-co-HFP)) composite membranes are prepared and investigated in detail for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) application. With the high hydrophobicity and stability of P(VDF-co-HFP), the properties of composite membranes such as mechanical property and vanadium ion permeability are effectively improved, showing good trends with the increasing of P(VDF-co-HFP) mass ratio. The VRFB single cell assembled with the composite membrane of 15 wt.% P(VDF-co-HFP) (SPEEK-15% membrane) exhibits higher coulombic efficiency (CE, 95.4%) and energy efficiency (EE, 83.8%) than that assembled with Nafion 117 membrane (CE 91.1% and EE 78.4%) at the current density of 80 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the SPEEK-15% membrane maintains a stable performance during 100 cycles at the current density of 80 mA cm−2. Therefore the SPEEK/P(VDF-co-HFP) composite membrane could be used as low-cost and high-performance membrane for VRFB application.
Infrared and Raman spectroscopy have been used to investigate the Li-ion battery cathode materials Li x (Mn y Fe1−y )PO4 for 0< x ≤1 and y =0.0, 0.5 and 1.0. In the Raman spectrum of Li(Mn0.5Fe0.5)PO4, the frequency of the P O 4 3 − symmetric stretching mode is very similar to that found in LiFePO4 and LiMnPO4, suggesting that the P–O bond lengths are similar across the entire Li(Mn y Fe1−y )PO4 solid-solution series. The more localized ν1 and ν3 bands (symmetric and antisymmetric P O 4 3 − stretching modes, respectively) in the infrared spectra exhibit two-mode behavior for all three Li(Mn y Fe1−y )PO4 compositions studied, whereas the P O 4 3 − antisymmetric bending modes (ν4) and the Li+ cage mode frequencies vary with Mn2+ concentration. The vibrational modes in Li x (Mn0.5Fe0.5)PO4 are sensitive to lithium content (x) and are, thus, used to investigate changes in the (Mn0.5Fe0.5)PO4 framework under cycling. The lack of spectral changes during the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple (3.7V versus Li+/Li) suggests that the P O 4 3 − anions have similar local environments in Li(Mn0.5 (II)Fe0.5 (II))PO4 and Li0.5(Mn0.5 (II)Fe0.5 (III))PO4. Two-phase behavior is confirmed during the Mn2+/Mn3+ redox couple (4.2V), and the infrared spectrum for (Mn0.5 (III)Fe0.5 (III))PO4 is similar to that of FePO4 since both phases contain P O 4 3 − anions coordinated only to trivalent transition metal ions. However, the P O 4 3 − anions are much more distorted in (Mn0.5 (III)Fe0.5 (III))PO4 compared to FePO4, probably as a result of deformation of the MnO6 octahedra induced by Jahn–Teller active Mn3+ ions in the (Mn0.5 (III)Fe0.5 (III))PO4 structure. Raman spectra suggest that the carbon layer coating the Li(Mn0.5Fe0.5)PO4 particles (to improve electronic contact between particles) is predominantly composed of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms.
Fine-grained place logging with Wi-Fi beacon signatures provides a useful tool for delivering various semantic location-aware services such as reminders and advertisements. Existing solutions however heavily rely on energy-hungry periodic Wi-Fi scanning for place detection in resource limited mobile devices. In this paper, we present PlaceWalker, a scheme that uses a low-power duty-cycled accelerometer in the background to continuously monitor user’s significant physical activity changes (e.g., walking to resting) as it provides a useful clue to the change of place. Unlike existing schemes, PlaceWalker triggers Wi-Fi scanning only when such an activity shift is detected and then determines a change of place by comparing Wi-Fi signatures. Our experimental results verify that detecting significant activity intensity changes can precisely capture arrival/departure times, and PlaceWalker substantially lowers the energy consumption by as much as 60.9%, when compared with the state-of-the-art method. We also analyze the experimental results with a simple analytic model and validate its efficiency under varying parameter settings.
The aims of this study were to compare the application of three geriatric medication screening tools to the Beers Criteria alone for potentially inappropriate medication quantification and to determine feasibility of a pharmacist-led polypharmacy assessment in a geriatric oncology clinic.
Electric vehicles (EVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are often considered as better options in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption compared to internal combustion vehicles. However, making any decision among these vehicle options is not a straightforward process due to temporal and spatial variations, such as the sources of the electricity used and regional driving patterns. In this study, we compared these vehicle options across 50 states, taking into account state-specific average and marginal electricity generation mixes, regional driving patterns, and vehicle and battery manufacturing impacts. Furthermore, a policy scenario proposing the widespread use of solar energy to charge EVs and PHEVs is evaluated. Based on the average electricity generation mix scenario, EVs are found to be least carbon-intensive vehicle option in 24 states, while HEVs are found to be the most energy-efficient option in 45 states. In the marginal electricity mix scenario, widespread adoption of EVs is found to be an unwise strategy given the existing and near-future marginal electricity generation mix. On the other hand, EVs can be superior to other alternatives in terms of energy-consumption, if the required energy to generate 1kWh of electricity is below 1.25kWh.
Solar parabolic trough collectors are key to current commercial application of concentrating solar thermal power plants. Although other concentrators promise higher concentration factors and higher system efficiencies, parabolics continue to pave the way for concentrating solar power.
A number of fuel cell systems have been recently developed to meet the U.S. Army's soldier power requirements. The operation and performance of these systems are discussed based on laboratory results and limited soldier evaluation. The systems reviewed are primarily intended for soldier use in an austere environment with minimum access to resupply and vehicular transportation. These applications require high power and energy density sources that are portable (300 W) and wearable (20 W) to minimize the soldier's load burden. Based on soldier field evaluations of portable fuel cell systems, improvements in power density and compatibility with logistical fuels are required to be successfully deployed. For soldier worn applications, a novel chemical hydride system has shown significant advances in power and energy density while maintaining a small form factor. The use of a high energy dense fuel cartridge (800 Wh kg−1) based on AlH3 (Alane) thermolysis, allows a power density of (28 W kg−1) which offers promising weight savings compared to the standard military batteries.