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A novel structure that ZnO nanoparticles encapsulated in a 3D hierarchical carbon framework (ZnO@CF) has been fabricated through hydrothermal method and subsequent post-processes. In this structure, the surface carbon coating layer combines with the inside carbon to form a stable 3D carbon framework that encapsulated and anchored the ZnO nanoparticles. The developed ZnO@CF structure can not only improve electronic conductivity, but also alleviates the structural strain associated with repeating Li+ insertion/extraction processes so as to maintain structural stability. When used as anode for lithium ion battery, the ZnO@CF electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 850mAhg−1 at a current density of 0.1Ag−1 after 200 cycles. Moreover, it shows good rate capability even when cycled at 2Ag−1.
Every company is buzzing “innovation” these days, while continuously launching new products. Yet previous studies point to high failure rates and suggest that most innovations get rejected due to consumers' innovation resistance. Within this respect, prior research acknowledges the role of passive innovation resistance as significant inhibitor for the adoption of new products. However, empirical evidence on whether and how different types of passive innovation resistance (i.e., cognitive and situational passive resistance) affect new product adoption still lacks. Using a scenario-based experiment (n =307), this study delivers first empirical evidence that both resistance types are strong inhibitors for new product adoption. Results show that consumers with high cognitive or situational passive resistance show negative effects that are similar in their magnitude, whereas consumers with high levels of both dimensions exhibit the strongest predisposition to resist innovations. Hence, these consumers represent the most critical segment when launching new products.
Density functional theory was applied to study the adsorption of some volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) such as hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and ethyl mercaptan on the black phosphorene (BP) nanosheets doped with some transitional atoms (Sc, V, Co, and Ni) at B97D/6-31G(d) level of the theory. Results indicated that doping transition metals in BP nanosheet remarkably reduced the energy gap and enhanced electronic properties of the sheet for the gas detection. Adsorption energies of H2S, MeSH, and EtSH over M-doped BP sheets showed strong chemisorption in comparison of the pristine BP exhibiting weak interaction with the gases. Maximum value of the adsorption energy was found during the interaction with V-BP sheet for all gases. It was also found that adsorption energies increased with the size of the chain bonded with thiol (–SH) and the distance between the doped metal and S atom in the gas decreased with the atomic number of the metal.
The paper describes the principles of cell impedance measurement method, which, unlike other impedance techniques used for cell examination, operates on-line. In order to present the capabilities of the proposed method, experimental results are shown. The conducted experiment was cyclic charging and discharging of the lead cell in 4.8M H2SO4 with simultaneous impedance measurement. The variations of electric parameters, obtained as the result of impedance spectrums analysis, are highly correlated with the state of charge, as well as with the number of cycles.
Crystallinity and surface areas play important roles on the energy storage performances of electroactive materials. Herein, a Ni-based metal-organic framework (MCF-35) is employed as the template to fabricate hierarchical Ni(OH)2 for supercapacitor applications. By careful controlling of reaction time and pH of the reaction media, the crystallinity and surface areas of prepared Ni(OH)2 could be tuned and an optimizing structure with balanced crystalline and surface area could be obtained. Such a structure offers high electrochemical active sites and efficient pathways for ion migration and electron transportation. Thus, a remarkable and excellent capacity of 250.6 mA h g−1 (2255 F g−1) at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 is achieved. Meanwhile, using active carbon and the optimized Ni(OH)2 as electrodes, a hybrid supercapacitor is fabricated which exhibits an energy density of 42.54 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 370.8 W kg−1.
Using an inverted spontaneous deposition method, unsupported Ru and carbon-supported 40% Ru nanoparticles were decorated with platinum after surface Ru oxides were reduced in the hydrogen atmosphere at 25 °C for 1h. All samples that we produced in this way yielded high catalytic activity towards methanol oxidation at an electrode potential of interest to DMFC fuel cells. In the chronoamperometric experiment, the activity increased with the uptake of platinum to high Pt packing density values. The 40% C/Ru/Pt catalyst with an optimized packing density shows higher reactivity than that of an equivalent commercial, carbon-supported Pt/Ru catalyst. Reduction of Ru (and Ru/Pt) nanoparticles at higher than ambient temperature induced unacceptable level of sintering, and was avoided.
Background Inflammatory states, hypovitaminosis D and secondary hyperparathyroidism may have a role in the age-related loss of muscle mass, and physical performance in healthy old people. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in muscle mass, strength and physical performance in healthy, active elderly females over a 3-year follow-up, correlating them with any inflammatory states and PTH and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels. Methods One hundred healthy females over 65years of age routinely attending a twice-weekly mild fitness program were eligible for the study. Clinical history, serum parameters, body composition by DEXA, handgrip strength, knee extensor isometric/isotonic strength and functional performance measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) were evaluated at the baseline and after 3years. Results After 3years, the women had a significant decrease in weight (∆:−0.8±3.1kg; p<0.05) and height (∆:−0.4±0,6cm; p<0.001), while their BMI and body composition parameters did not change. Only IL-6 (∆: 0.6±2.0; p<0.01) and PTH (∆: 30.7±29.2ng/L; p<0.001) increased significantly, while there were no changes in 25-OHD levels. There was a significant decrease in all the SPPB results and in muscle strength. ∆ PTH only correlated with the variation in 4-meter walking speed (r: 0.41; p<0.01). Conclusions With advancing age, physical performance declines even in healthy, active females despite a spare of muscle mass. The increase in PTH seems to have a role in this decline, that could be clarified by further investigations.
The ethylene bis-carbonate compounds formation is responsible for the earliest change in electrolyte composition which can be one of the reasons for battery performance decay. In this study, liquid GC/MS technique is used to detect their formation in electrolytes based on solvent mixtures of EC and different linear carbonates (DMC, DEC and EMC), after the first cycle in full cells composed of synthetic graphite powder/commercial positive films. These compounds stem from linear carbonate electrochemical reduction leading to alkoxide compounds and can be quantified using a selective bicyclic boron ester Lewis acid as an electrolyte additive. Moreover, a quantitative study on ethylene bis-carbonate compounds for which the generation profile is different depending on the linear carbonate type, shows that either in batteries or in a simple chemical mixture of electrolyte and lithium alkoxide, their formation stops when it reaches a threshold concentration due to the thermodynamic equilibrium. The overall information is useful for investigating the passivation ability and the dissolution of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) that is formed on the negative electrode material. Finally, the passivation property of the SEI freshly formed with four additives - Vinylene Carbonate (VC), Vinyl Ethylene Carbonate (VEC), Fluoro Ethylene Carbonate (FEC) and 1,3-Propane Sultone (1,3-PS)- is studied.
This paper investigates the stress levels and behavior of wild animals when approached by remote-operated vehicles versus humans for data collection in field research
Oxidized stainless steel electrodes containing chromium oxides without any conducting additives or binder have been successfully cycled at high temperatures (up to 100 °C) in organic solvent-based electrolytes with high reversibility. Cycling at high temperature results in an enhancement of the capacity at lower voltages, which is maintained upon cycling. After studying different electrolyte candidates, the best results were obtained using lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) dissolved in ethylene carbonate.
MWCNT-based supercapacitors (SC) containing methylene blue (MB) as redox active electrolyte were studied. MWCNTs were employed as model of electrode active material due to their ideal double-layer behavior facilitates the investigation of the energy storage mechanisms involved. MB led to a cell capacitance enhancement equal to 4.5 times the original cell capacitance of MWCNTs in sulphuric acid with a capacitance reduction of only 12% after 6000 charge–discharge cycles. The potential evolution of each electrode during galvanostatic cycling revealed that MB redox reaction develops in both electrodes simultaneously in the voltage range of 0–0.104V and that this is the main cause of cell capacitance enhancement. Beyond this voltage range, the Faradaic contribution from the MB redox reaction decreases because the anode behaves as a capacitative electrode with a rather reduced charge-capacity due to the small surface area of MWCNTs. By means of a modified assembly composed of a Nafion membrane and MB and sulfuric acid solutions located in the cathode and anode compartments, respectively, it was demonstrated the limiting role of the capacitative electrode in the cell charge-capacity in this type of hybrid devices.
Directional construction of high-rate anode is of great importance for the development of next-generation large-power lithium ion batteries. In the present work, we report a powerful combined strategy for smart construction of omnibearing conductive networks composed of TiC/C arrays core and N-doped carbon (NC) shell to sandwich Ti2Nb10O29 (TNO) nanoparticles forming integrated NC-TNO@TiC/C core/shell arrays. Except for good electronic conductivity and high rigidity from TiC/C arrays skeleton, lower energy barrier of Li ion is obtained via the N-doped carbon layer facilitating the ion/electron transport kinetics according to DFT results. Accordingly, the NC-TNO@TiC/C electrode shows preeminent high-rate capacities (318 mA h g−1 at 1 C and 202 mA h g−1 at 50 C) and a long cycle life with a capacity retention of 85% after 10,000 cycles at 10 C, better than other TNO counterpart due to the positive synergistic effect on enhanced ion/electron transfer and reinforced structure from conductive NC outer layer and TiC/C skeleton. The full cell assembled by NC-TNO@TiC/C anode and LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode also shows excellent electrochemical properties with promising application prospect. This polybasic structure design could offer guidelines for fabrication of other hybrid high-rate electrodes for energy storage devices.
Here we report the formation of iron in hexavalent state, Fe VI O 4 2 - in ozonalysis of iron(III) in alkaline medium. The formation of tetrahedral Fe VI O 4 2 - ion is confirmed by UV–Visible and Mössbauer spectroscopic techniques. The value of isomer shift, δ, of the tetra-oxy anion is consistent with known δ values for various salts of iron(VI) ion.
The PM10 and PM2.5 levels have been measured inside trains on four routes and on platforms at five stations in the Taipei Rapid Transit System using TSI Model 8520 DustTrak monitors. In this study, the TSI DustTrak was calibrated with a Met One E-BAM sampler within the metro station. Experimental results suggest that the TSI DustTrak overestimated PM10 and PM2.5 levels by about 2.0 and 2.2 times, respectively, compared with those measured by the Met One E-BAM sampler. Measurement results show that average PM10 levels inside trains and on station platforms were 10–97μgm−3 and 11–137μgm−3, respectively, and average PM2.5 levels were 8–68μgm−3 and 7–100μgm−3, respectively. Moreover, experimental results demonstrate that PM levels inside trains and on platforms were lower than those measured for other subway systems worldwide. Additionally, the PM10 and PM2.5 levels measured by ambient air-quality monitoring stations near selected metro stations correspond to PM levels in the urban atmospheric environment in Taipei. Statistical results demonstrate that average PM10 and PM2.5 levels in metro stations were about 0.65–1.53 times and 0.89–1.75 times, respectively, those for urban ambient air. The PM levels inside stations and outdoors are positively correlated, indicating that PM levels in the metro system are influenced significantly by outdoor ambient PM levels.
A fuel cell-based energy storage system allows separation of power conversion and energy storage functions enabling each function to be individually optimized for performance, cost or other installation factors. This ability to separately optimize each element of an energy storage system can provide significant benefits for many applications. Various fuel cell/electrolyzer-based energy storage concepts and applications that employ these concepts using hydrogen as the energy storage medium are examined here. Technology and product development status of relevant PEM fuel cells, electrolyzers and complete regenerative fuel cell systems will be reviewed together with the status of various hydrogen storage technology options.
This review summarizes the effects of prehabilitative exercise interventions on the physical, psychosocial, and biological outcomes among patients with cancer. Current gaps and future directions in prehabilitative exercise research will be addressed.
In many applications it is essential to predict the remaining capacity of a battery reliably, accurately and simply. Several existing techniques for predicting the remaining capacity of a lead-acid battery discharged with a variable current are based on variants of Peukert's empirical equation, which relates the available capacity to a constant discharge current. This paper presents a critical review of these techniques in the light of experimental tests that were carried out on two lead-acid commercial batteries. The relevance of these Peukert's equation based techniques to lithium-ion batteries is also discussed in the light of tests carried on a lithium-ion power battery. The basic conclusion of the paper is that Peukert's equation cannot be used to predict the state of charge of a battery accurately unless it is discharged at a constant current and constant temperature.
Acetylene black–based sulfur electrodes with different amount (up to 5wt%) of nano–Al additive were fabricated and the influence of the additive contents on the electrochemical properties were investigated. Due to much improved electrical conductivity in the modified cathode materials, better reaction kinetics was demonstrated in comparison with the conventional sulfur electrode. Overall, the electrochemical performances significantly increased between 0 and 1.25wt% of the nano–Al additive, then decreased successively between 1.25 and about 5wt%. Maximal electrochemical activity was observed for about 1.25wt%, and the resultant revealed highest rate capacity and cyclic stability. Specifically, the prepared electrode can deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 978 mAh g−1 and remain a reversible capacity of 696 mAh g−1 after 300cycles at a charge–discharge rate of 0.2C. With nano–Al content higher than 1.25wt%, the electrochemical performances tend to be negatively affected due to the reduction in sulfur–carbon interfaces and more obstruction in Li+ ion migration and diffusion.
SnO powders with different particle sizes have been examined as hosts for lithium insertion and extraction. The finer powder shows a better cycle performance. The high irreversible capacity of the SnO electrodes in the first cycle can be compensated by adding Li2.6Co0.4N into the electrodes. The mixed-host electrode demonstrates a reversible capacity over 600mAh/g and good cycling performance.
In this study, porous micrometer-sized MnO cubes have been designed and synthesized by hydrothermal treatment followed by high temperature annealing. The pore size is controlled by changing annealing temperature in order to achieve good electrochemical performance. The cube edge length is about 10μm and the pore size changes from mesoporous to macroporous. The presence of pores in the MnO cubes is able to accommodate the volumetric changes during electrochemical cycling, and enables electrolyte easy penetration so that to improve the electrochemical performance. The porous micrometer-sized MnO cubes prepared by hydrothermal treatment at 100°C followed by annealing at 700°C delivers the best long-term and rate cyclability owing to its stable porous structure serving as lithium ion rapid transfer channels and enough pore volume to accommodate volumetric changes during electrochemical cycling. The reversible capacity in the first cycle is 615.9mAhg−1at 0.2Ag−1, slightly decreases to 404.6mAhg−1 at 1.0Ag−1in the 6th cycle and remains at 425.5mAhg−1 at 1.0Ag−1 even after 495 cycles. The same porous micrometer-sized MnO cube electrode delivers high rate reversible specific capacities of 201.8 and 50.4mAhg−1 at 5.0 and 10.0Ag−1 respectively.
Pseudo-two dimensional electrochemical thermal (P2D-ECT) model contains many parameters that are difficult to evaluate experimentally. Estimation of these model parameters is challenging due to computational cost and the transient model. Due to lack of complete physical understanding, this issue gets aggravated at extreme conditions like low temperature (LT) operations. This paper presents a Bayesian calibration framework for estimation of the P2D-ECT model parameters. The framework uses a matrix variate Gaussian process representation to obtain a computationally tractable formulation for calibration of the transient model. Performance of the framework is investigated for calibration of the P2D-ECT model across a range of temperatures (333 K263 K) and operating protocols. In the absence of complete physical understanding, the framework also quantifies structural uncertainty in the calibrated model. This information is used by the framework to test validity of the new physical phenomena before incorporation in the model. This capability is demonstrated by introducing temperature dependence on Bruggeman's coefficient and lithium plating formation at LT. With the incorporation of new physics, the calibrated P2D-ECT model accurately predicts the cell voltage with high confidence. The accurate predictions are used to obtain new insights into the low temperature lithium ion cell behavior.
Maiden attempt has been made for the direct estimation of the contributions of silver and copper ions to the ionic conductivity in superionic solids obtained in CuI-doped silver oxysalt systems. The application of the combined electrolysis and EDS techniques towards qualitative and quantitative analyses of the mobile ionic species in solid electrolyte systems having more than one possible mobile ion is reported. These studies confirmed that these electrolyte materials are purely Ag+ conducting up to 50mol% CuI in xCuI–(100− x)[2Ag2O–0.7V2O5–0.3B2O3] and xCuI–(100− x)[Ag2O–0.7MoO3–0.3WO3] systems and small fraction of t Cu+ exists above 60mol% CuI. These solid electrolyte materials exhibited a high ionic transport numbers (t i) of >0.985 and the t i increases when two glass formers are used.
The effects of tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane (TPFPB) additive in electrolyte at the LiFePO4 cathode on the high temperature capacity fading were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), cyclability, SEM and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). According to the study results, tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane has the ability to improve the cycle performance of LiFePO4 at high temperature. LiFePO4 electrodes cycled in the electrolyte without the TPFPB additive show a significant increase in charge transfer resistance by EIS analysis. SEM and FTIR disclose evidence of surface morphology change and solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation. FTIR investigation shows various functional groups are found on the cathode material surface after high temperature cycling tests. The results showed an obvious improvement of high temperature cycle performance for LiFePO4 cathode material due to the TPFPB additive. The observed improved cycling performance and improved lithium ion transport are attributed to decreased LiF content in the SEI film.
Orthorhombic single crystal V2O5 sheets with lateral dimensions of 4–6μm were synthesized by a facile one-pot organics-assisted pyrolysis method. TG-MS measurements revealed the intrinsic reaction mechanism of the as-prepared V2O5 sheets. As cathode materials for the lithium ion batteries (LIBs), V2O5 sheets delivered high initial discharge capacity of 310mAhg−1 and the coulombic efficiency remained close to 100% during the 50 charge-discharge cycles. Good electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique sheet structure, which increases the contact area between the active material and the electrolyte. Moreover, the structure greatly facilitates intercalation and deintercalation of Li+ ions and electron transport. Developed approach is simple, low cost and has excellent scalability for preparing V2O5 sheets as high-performance LIBs cathodes.
Hybrid energy systems using nuclear heat sources can economically produce load-following electrical power by exploiting their surplus generation capacity, available at night or seasonally, to make synthetic fuel. Vehicle fuel is the only current energy use large enough to absorb all the energy capacity that might be diverted from the power industry, and its ease of storage obviates problems with discontinuous synfuel production. The potential benefits and challenges of synfuels integration are illustrated by the production of methanol from natural gas (as a source of carbon) using steam from a light water nuclear power reactor which is assumed to be available in accord with a year's worth of power demand data. The synthesis of methanol is easily adapted to using 300 °C heat from a light water reactor and this simple compound can be further processed into gasoline, biodiesel (to esterify vegetable oils), or dimethyl ether, fuels which can be used with the current vehicle fleet. A supplemental feed to the methanol process of natural gas (for energy) allows operation at constant full rate when the nuclear heat is being used to produce electrical power. The higher capital costs of such a system are offset by a lower cost of heat and power production from a large base load type of plant and by reduced costs associated with much lower CO2 emissions. Other less tangible economic benefits of this and similar hybrid systems include better use of natural resources for fuels and greater energy supply reliability from the domestic production of vehicle fuel.
Nickel hydroxide and manganese dioxide are used in alkaline cells as positive electrode materials. Positive electrodes comprising a nickel oxyhydroxide/manganese dioxide composite, with modification by Bi2O3, deliver a combined reversible discharge capacity of 2.25e per metal atom (650mAhg−1 metal content), which is higher than that realized from electrodes of either component taken singly. The composite discharges with two potential plateaux, the first appearing at 325mV corresponds to the discharge of the nickel component, whereas the second at −600mV is due to the manganese component. Composites of NiO(OH)/MnO2 can be used as a new electrode material with higher discharge capacity than conventional electrodes.