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NiO/RuO2 composite materials were prepared for use in electrochemical capacitors (ECs) by co-precipitation method followed by heat treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra indicated that no new structural materials were formed and ruthenium oxide particles were coated by NiO particles. RuO2 partly introduced into NiO-based electrode had improved its electrochemical performance and capacitive properties by using electrochemical measurements. A maximum specific capacitance of 210F/g was obtained for NiO-based composite electrode with 10wt.% RuO2 in the voltage range from −0.4 to 0.5V in 1mol/l KOH solution. By comparison of effect of modified modes on the specific capacitance, chemically modified composite electrodes had more stable cycling properties than those of physically modified electrodes. After 200 cycles, specific capacitance of NiO-based chemical composite electrode with 5wt.% RuO2 kept 95% above, while that of physical electrode was only 79% of initial specific capacitance.
In Western Australia (WA), health policy recommends encouraging the use of active self-management strategies as part of the co-care of consumers with persistent low back pain (LBP). As many areas in WA are geographically isolated and health services are limited, implementing this policy into practice is critical if health outcomes for consumers living in geographically-isolated areas are to be improved.
The interest on microgrid has increased significantly triggered by the increasing demand of reliable, secure, efficient, clean, and sustainable electricity. More research and implementation of microgrid will be conducted in order to improve the maturity of microgrid technology. Among different aspects of microgrid, this paper focuses on controls of microgrid with energy storage. A comprehensive review on current control technology is given with a discussion on challenges of microgrid controls. Basic simulation results are also presented to enhance and support the analysis. Finally, research needs and roadmap for microgrid control are also described.
Fuel cells and hydrogen storages, eventually integrated in hybrid power systems with hydrogen production from renewables, represent an interesting option for small stationary applications such as power generation in remote sites beyond the grid or back up power for telecom stations. This paper deals with the CESI RICERCA experiences on a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) power system fuelled with the hydrogen supplied by a metal hydride storage. The power system consists of three ReliOn Independence 1000 PEFC units, a battery bank and a 3.3kWe DC–AC converter (inverter). The hydrogen storage is made of LaNi5 type powders and can supply more than 6Nm3 of hydrogen per discharge cycle. The PEFC units, the inverter and the hydrogen storage performances were characterised. These subsystems were integrated into an automated power generation system and connected to a local grid including other power generators, power quality analysers, energy storage systems and electrical loads. The main features of the integrated system are analysed herein. In particular the overall system stability upon cycling, the heat transfer issues and the possibility of recovering the fuel cell waste heat to extract hydrogen from the metal hydrides are discussed. Finally, during grid-connected operations, the power quality indexes were measured and found in agreement with the EN 50160 standard.
This paper focused on the transport studies of PVA–chitosan blended electrolyte system and application in proton batteries. The electrolytes were prepared by the solution cast technique. In this work, 36wt.% PVA and 24wt.% chitosan blend doped with 40wt.% NH4NO3 exhibited the highest room temperature conductivity. The conductivity value obtained was 2.07×10−5 Scm−1. EC was then added in various quantities to the 60wt.% [60wt.% PVA–40wt.% chitosan]–40wt.% NH4NO3 composition in order to enhance the conductivity of the sample. The highest conductivity obtained was 1.60×10−3 Scm−1 for the sample containing 70wt.% EC. The Rice and Roth model was applied to analyze the conductivity enhancement. The highest conducting sample in the plasticized system was used to fabricate several batteries with configuration Zn//MnO2. The open circuit potential (OCP) of the fabricated batteries was between 1.6 and 1.7V.
In this manuscript is reported an investigation on lithium-ion battery composite anodes based on nanotube titanium oxide active material obtained from electrochemical oxidation of titanium metal substrates. Nanotube TiO2 showed a good nominal capacity, particularly taking into account that no electronic conductive additive as well as no binder was incorporated into the TiO2 material. The performance of nanotube titanium oxide anode tapes was compared with that of electrodes based on TiO2 both commercially available and obtained from laser pyrolysis. Cycling tests have indicated that the anodes based on electrosynthesized nanotube TiO2 exhibit the best performance in terms of capacity values and rate capability in combination with very good capacity retention and coulombic efficiency leveling 100% even at high rates.
Experimental investigations are performed on novel magnesium ion-conducting gel polymer electrolyte nanocomposites based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), dispersed with nanosized magnesium oxide (MgO) particles. The nanocomposite materials are in the form of free-standing films. Various physical and electrochemical analyses demonstrate promising characteristics of these films, suitable as electrolytes in rechargeable magnesium batteries. The optimized material with 3wt.% MgO offers a maximum electrical conductivity of ∼8×10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature (∼25°C) with good thermal and electrochemical stabilities. The ion/filler–polymer interactions and possible conformational changes in host polymer PVdF-HFP due to the liquid electrolyte entrapment and dispersion of nanosized MgO are examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) methods. The Mg2+ ion conduction in the gel film is confirmed from the cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy and transport number measurements. The Mg2+ ion transport number (t +) is enhanced substantially and found to have a maximum of ∼0.44 for the addition of 10wt.% MgO nanoparticles. The enhancement in t + is explained on the basis of the formation of space-charge regions due to the presence of MgO:Mg2+-like species, that supports Mg2+ ion motion.
Objective Previous findings have been mixed in terms of identifying a distinct pattern of neuropsychological deficits in children with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) and in those with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The current study investigated the neuropsychological similarities and differences across these two pediatric medically intractable localization-related epilepsies. Method Thirty-eight children with FLE, 20 children with TLE, and 40 healthy children (HC) participated in this study. A comprehensive battery of standardized tests assessed five neuropsychological domains including intelligence, language, memory, executive function, and motor function. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to distill our neuropsychological measures into latent components to compare between groups. Results Principal component analysis extracted 5 latent components: executive function (F1), verbal semantics (F2), motor (F3), nonverbal cognition/impulsivity (F4), and verbal cognition/attention (F5). The group with FLE differed from the HC group on F1, F2, F4, and F5, and had worse performance than the group with TLE on F1; the group with TLE had lower performance relative to the HC group on F2. Conclusion Our findings suggest that, in comparison with neurotypically developing children, children with medically intractable FLE have more widespread neuropsychological impairments than do children with TLE. The differences between the two patient groups were greatest for the factor score most clearly related to executive function. The results provide mixed support for the concept of specificity in neuropsychological dysfunction among different subtypes of localization-related medically intractable childhood epilepsies.
In the development of high-voltage lithium-ion batteries, unwanted interfacial side reactions between delithiated cathode materials and liquid electrolytes pose a formidable challenge that needs to be urgently resolved. In this study, as a simple and effective approach to improve cell performance and thermal stability of high-voltage cells, we demonstrate direct surface modification of a cathode by UV-cured nanothickness poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGDA) gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). Herein, the UV-crosslinking of EGDA oligomers is conducted directly on as-formed cathode (LiCoO2 (LCO) is chosen as a model system), instead of application to LCO powders. This unusual coating process allows the successful formation of the conformal PEGDA nanocoating layer on the LCO surface without disrupting the preformed physical architecture of the LCO cathode (specifically, electronic networks and porous structure to be filled with liquid electrolyte). Owing to the structural novelty, the PEGDA-coated LCO cathode improves the cycling performance of high-voltage (=4.4V) cells and suppresses the exothermic reaction between the delithiated LCO and liquid electrolyte, as compared to the pristine LCO cathode. These results underline that the conformal PEDGDA nanocoating layer proposed herein acts as a new ion-conductive protection film that effectively mitigates the undesired interfacial side reactions.
We have synthesized a composite of MoO2@Cu@CusingathermolysistemplateofPOM@MOFcrystal(POM=polyoxometalates, MOF=Metal⿿organic frameworks), in which the Keggin-type Mo-based POMs with negative charges exist as secondary building units of Cu-based MOF. In addition, the material is confirmed to exhibit an excellent capacity of 28.33mAhg⿿1 at a current density of 1Ag⿿1, which is much higher than MoO2-based supercapacitors reported before. Moreover, we have fabricated a symmetrical flexible all-solid-state device with the MoO2@Cu@C electrode using PVA-KOH gel polymer as electrolyte and separator, and it shows outstanding sTable performance retaining 91% of its highest charge capacity maintained after 5000 cycles. The present study displayed a novel thermolysis template in the term of POM@MOF and provided an accessible foundation for investigations of MoO2-based supercapacitors.
As a cost-effective element, Mg has been applied as doped inactive atom to improve the electrochemical performance of sodium-ion cathode materials. Herein, we report Mg-substituted Na0.67Mn0.65Ni0.2Co0.15-xMgxO2 composites as high-performance cathode for sodium-ion batteries and investigate the underlying working mechanism using in situ investigation techniques to monitor the operando changes of electrodes. In situ X-ray diffraction investigation demonstrates P2-type structure is well preserved even charged to 4.3 V and the changes of lattice parameters and unit cell volume of Na0.67Mn0.65Ni0.2Mg0.15O2 are alleviated via Mg replacement. As a result, the capacity retention increases from 62% in Na0.67Mn0.65Ni0.2Co0.15O2 to 94% in Na0.67Mn0.65Ni0.2Mg0.15O2. Meanwhile, less CO2 evolution was detected in the coin cell with Na0.67Mn0.65Ni0.2Mg0.15O2 electrode than in that with Na0.67Mn0.65Ni0.2Co0.15O2 electrode in online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry test, suggesting a depressed side reaction between electrode and electrolyte after Mg completely replacing Co. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy investigation further proves Mg is beneficial for the interfacial conductivity enhancement compared to Co, which provides evidence for enhanced high rate capabilities. These comprehensive results provide new viewpoints to explain the improved cycling and rate capabilities from the aspects of crystal structure evolution, coin cell gas evolution and electrolyte/electrode interface conductivity during charge/discharge process.
We use longitudinal dynamics and simulation models to study the feasibility of deploying electric buses in place of conventional ones. The longitudinal dynamics model estimates energy use by an electric bus operating on different lines consisting of a mixture of urban and suburban driving. The simulation model is used to study the effect of the type and number of chargers deployed and the queuing policy used on queuing and charging times when buses must recharge their batteries. We use a case study based on the bus service operated on The Ohio State University campus and focus on six of the seven lines which operate around the center of campus. We demonstrate that all 22 of the buses on these lines can be made electric and that one 500kW or two 250kW chargers are sufficient to maintain reasonable service frequencies.
This study investigated the social cognitive functioning of patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), using a range of procedures that have shown impairments in patients following focal prefrontal brain lesions. Fourteen participants with FLE were compared with 14 healthy controls on story tests of theory of mind (ToM), faux pas appreciation, mental and physical state cartoon humor appreciation, facial emotional recognition, and the ability to perceive eye gaze expression. They were not impaired on story tests of ToM and showed only a trend toward impairment on a test of faux pas appreciation. They were impaired on humor appreciation, with both mental and physical state cartoons, and on their recognition of facial emotion and perception of eye gaze expression. Hence the patients with FLE exhibited impairments on tests of social cognition following a distinct pattern, with relatively preserved ToM, but impaired humor appreciation and ability to detect emotional expression.
As a result of the continuous change in the design and function of consumer electrical and electronic products, the mechanical and material properties of the obsolete products, called waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE), are highly variable. The variability within WEEE is explained by the number of different appliances, and the heterogeneity in composition of any given appliance. This paper reports on an extended investigation of the properties of WEEE, in particular small appliances. The investigation focuses on the analysis of the composition of about 700 single appliances. Firstly, analytical methods to characterize the waste equipment are described. The results of the experimental analyses show that the mechanical properties, the material composition, the polymer composition and the chemical composition of WEEE vary not only between equipment types with different functions, but also between single appliances within one equipment type. Data on hazardous and valuable substances in selected equipment types are presented. Using detailed data on the composition of individual appliances to calculate rates of recovery for assumed recycling processes demonstrates that the performance of recycling processes depends strongly on the composition of WEEE. Recycling-oriented characterization is, therefore, a systematic approach to support the design and the operation of recycling processes.
Spherical NiO-C composite was prepared by dispersing spherical NiO in glucose solution and subsequent carbonization under hydrothermal conditions at 180°C. The microstructure and morphology of the NiO-C and NiO powders were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties of the electrodes were measured by galvanostatic charge–discharge tests, cyclic voltammetric analysis (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). SEM images showed that the amorphous carbon not only coated on the surface but also filled the inner pores of the NiO spheres. Electrochemical tests showed that the NiO-C composite exhibited higher initial coulombic efficiency (66.6%) than NiO (56.4%), and better cycling performances. The improvement of these properties is attributed to the carbon, as it can reduce the specific surface area of porous sphere, and enhance the conductivity of porous NiO.
Hierarchical δ-MnO2 nanosheets as electroactive materials have been directly deposited on nickel foam substrate by one-pot chelation-mediated aqueous method. The morphological evolution process has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at different time intervals in detail. The hierarchical δ-MnO2 electrodes which are synthesized at 30°C, 40°C and 50°C are directly served as binder- and conductive-agent-free electrodes for supercapacitors and have been explored by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. With the decrease of reaction temperature the specific capacitance of δ-MnO2 electrode increases. The vertically aligned δ-MnO2 nanosheets which have been synthesized at 30°C exhibit a highest capacitance of 325Fg−1 at the current density of 1Ag−1. The capacitance loss is less than 15% after 1000 cycles at the scan rate of 30mVs−1. Furthermore, it is found that the equivalent series resistance and charge transfer resistance of the electrode are 0.36Ω and 1.7Ω, respectively. Such superior electrochemical performance of the electrode made by directly growing porous δ-MnO2 nanosheets on nickel foam makes it has very promising applications in high-performance supercapacitors.
Lithium-manganese-rich cathode material Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 is prepared by combustion method, and then coated with nano-sized LiFePO4 and nano-sized Al2O3 particles via a wet chemical process. The as-prepared Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2, LiFePO4-coated Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 and Al2O3-coated Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy shows the agglomeration of the materials and their nanoparticle size ∼100 nm. The transmission electron microscopy confirms that LiFePO4 forms a rough mat-like surface and Al2O3 remain as islandic particles on the surface of the Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 material. The Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 coated with LiFePO4 and Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 coated with Al2O3 exhibits improved electrochemical performance. The initial discharge capacity is enhanced to 267 mAhg−1 after the LiFePO4 coating and 285 mAhg−1 after the Al2O3 coating compared to the as-prepared Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 material that has an initial discharge capacity of 243 mAhg−1. Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests at C/10 display longer activation of Li2MnO3 phase and higher capacity retention of 88% after 20 cycles for Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2-LiFePO4 compared to Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2-Al2O3 of 80% after 20 cycles and LMNC of 80% after 20 cycles. Meanwhile Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2-LiFePO4 also shows higher rate capability compared to Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2-Al2O3.
In this work, the performance recovery phenomenon when aging high-power lithium-ion batteries used in HEV application is highlighted. This phenomenon consists in the increase on the battery capacity when power-cycling is stopped. The dependency of this phenomenon on the stop-SOC value is demonstrated. Keeping battery at a fully discharged state preserves a large amount of charge from the SEI-electrolyte interaction when they are in the positive electrode during rest time. Results from power cycling and combined aging, calendar/power-cycling, of a 12Ah-commercialized lithium-ion battery, at two temperatures (45°C and 55°C), are presented and obtained results are discussed.
In this study, a three-dimensional silicon@cyclized-polyacrylonitrile@graphite (Si@c-PAN@G) nanocomposite structure, consisting of core-shell Si(core)@c-PAN(shell) deposited on a graphite matrix, is fabricated using simple high-energy ball milling (HEBM) followed by heat-treatment. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, which is a thin layer (∼2.5 nm) of c-PAN coated on Si nanoparticles, it efficiently accommodates a large volume change of Si particles, inhibiting the pulverization and maintaining an appropriate contact with the current collector. At the same time, the graphite functions as a matrix for Si@c-PAN nanoparticles, which not only prevents the agglomeration of Si@c-PAN particles, but also provides an efficient electron transport during cycling, resulting in an outstanding electrochemical performance for Si@c-PAN@G. This novel electrode exhibits an excellent initial capacity (∼1580 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 79%), highly stable cyclic performances (1422 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 with capacity retention of 90% after 50 cycles and 1071 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 with capacity retention of 85% after 100 cycles), high rate capability (capacity retention of ∼95% at 3.0 A g−1 compared with the capacity at 0.2 A g−1), and low charge transfer resistance (<30 Ω) compared with other Si-based composite electrodes. To achieve these, a new post-annealing strategy for electrode film, the appropriate binder and the optimum weight ratio between c-PAN and graphite are further investigated.
To address some of the fundamental questions regarding the functions of cathodes and anodes (e.g., iron and granular active carbon) and what happens when numerous particles (microscopic galvanic cells) are combined in the widely used and efficient wastewater treatment of an internal microelectrolysis (IME) reactor, we employed a specifically designed dual-cell IME reactor with single-couple electrodes and a narrow cell IME reactor with multi-couple electrodes. The simultaneous removal of 6.36mgL−1 and 2.93mgL−1 of 2,4-dichlorophenol within 30min from the graphite cathode and the iron anode cells, respectively, was observed in the dual-cell reactor. The innovative concept behind this phenomenon is that the anode, which is generally believed to be oxidative, could probably be reductive in an IME reactor. Thus, it is important to understand the unique performance of IME reactors. The group effect, which provides a 45% increase of open-circuit potential with just two additional electrode couples in aqueous solution, was tested and verified in a multi-couple electrode reactor. It suggests a complex potential distribution in the IME reactor and that compounds even with high redox potential could possibly be reduced, which was generally believed to be difficult to accomplish.
A micro–macro homogeneous mathematical model is developed for a rechargeable Li–air battery using a concentrated binary electrolyte theory. The dynamic behaviour of the porous cathode is determined by a numerical solution of the combined continuity, transport and kinetics equations. This model considers the time and space dependence of the battery system, including the mass transport along the depth of the cell, the local mass transfer between lithium peroxide (Li2O2) layer inside the cathode and active surface morphology changing with the Li2O2 growth. The model predicts that the battery capacity and discharge potential are sensitive not only to the solubility of oxygen, which is predominantly limited by depletion of the oxygen concentration, as well as to the cathode porosity, the cathode structure and kinetic parameters. In addition, the charging behaviour is simulated by modelling the dissolution of solid Li2O2 product. The model suggests that the charging voltage can be lowered depending on capability of electrolyte to dissolve the Li2O2 discharge products. As a result, a simulation of electrode behaviour is obtained.
Charging and discharging Li-metal batteries (LMBs) at low temperatures is problematic due to the sluggish charge-transfer process. Here the authors discuss the roles of solvation structures of Li-ions in the charge-transfer kinetics and design an electrolyte to enable low-temperature operations of LMBs.
The causal link between chemotherapy and cognitive impairment is unclear. We studied testicular cancer patients’ objective and subjective cognitive function longitudinally, comparing a surgery group with a surgery + chemotherapy group, addressing prior methodological issues using a computerized test to limit assessment issues, and controlling for confounding variables.