batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Neurocognitive deficits are believed to be important predictors of functional outcome in chronic psychotic disorders, but few supporting studies have utilized prospective designs and adequate control. The aim of this study was to estimate the relative influence of symptoms and neurocognitive deficits on the development of social behavior skills in a cohort of individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder recovering from acute symptom exacerbations. Forty-six individuals were recruited upon discharge from an inpatient unit and completed assessments of symptoms, neurocognitive function, and social behavior at 3-month intervals for 1 year. Correlational analyses and random regression models were used to model social behavioral capacities longitudinally. Social behavior improved modestly (10% improvements in ratings) over the follow-up period for the group as a whole. Disorganized and negative symptoms, as well as neurocognitive deficits in short-term and working memory predicted changes in social behavior over time. Individuals with better working memory function showed significantly greater abilities to recover social behavior skills, whereas those with working memory deficits showed no functional improvement over time. Both symptoms and neurocognitive deficits are important determinants of functional outcome in schizophrenia. It is proposed that clinicians should consider neurocognitive thresholds for treatment response when developing rehabilitation plans.
Various factors affect biomarkers in fish, both pollution-related and environmental. Determining those changes in biomarkers that can be attributed to each factor is thus crucial for the correct assessment of the overall condition of aquatic environments, because ignoring environmental influence may lead to a biased image of pollution. In this research, the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on selected biomarkers, most of which are often measured in various pollution-related studies, have been studied in silver eel (Anguilla anguilla). For this purpose, two experiments were conducted, using a specially designed hyperbaric chamber system. In each of the experiments, 7 female fish were subjected to the HHP of 5MPa (corresponding to 500m depth) for 3 and 7days, respectively. The fish were kept in normoxic conditions and at constant temperature. A comprehensive battery of biomarkers were measured in the liver (EROD, GST, CAT, SOD, LP, POx, PY), and in gills (Na+/K+-ATPase), and relevant gross indices (HSI, GSI) were also calculated. Only a few biomarkers in the HHP groups statistically differed from control. In the 3day long experiment, a decrease was observed in hepatic LP and PY, and an increase in HSI. In the 7day long experiment, inhibition was found in LP, and induction in POx. No statistically significant changes were encountered in the other biomarkers, which suggest either fish adaptation to the HHP or lack of influence of HHP on these biomarkers.
The MEG (Mu to Electron Gamma) experiment has been running at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Switzerland since 2008 to search for the decay μ+→e+γ by using one of the most intense continuous μ+ beams in the world. This paper presents the MEG components: the positron spectrometer, including a thin target, a superconducting magnet, a set of drift chambers for measuring the muon decay vertex and the positron momentum, a timing counter for measuring the positron time, and a liquid xenon detector for measuring the photon energy, position and time. The trigger system, the read-out electronics and the data acquisition system are also presented in detail. The paper is completed with a description of the equipment and techniques developed for the calibration in time and energy and the simulation of the whole apparatus.
The development of water splitting technology is severely impeded by the limited strategies for preparing efficient photocatalyst with optimal structure. Herein, a facile structure and doping engineering strategy is proposed to obtain the atomic-thin mesoporous graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets with a large specific surface area of 212.5 m2 g−1, an ultra-large pore volume of 1.55 cm3 g−1, high C and O contents of ∼51.4 and 4.8% via an acid-assisted exfoliation route without any hard templates. The theoretical calculation reveals that the introduction of additional C/O atoms into g-C3N4 matrix would boost the charge transfer rate and charge separation efficiency due to the enhanced electronic polarization effect (Bader Charge) and shortened bond lengths. Additionally, the electronic conductivity is demonstrated to be enhanced due to the formation of delocalized π-bonding both experimentally and theoretically. The synergic contribution of textural and electronic features renders an excellent photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance with 50–60 times larger photocurrent in comparison with the pristine g-C3N4 and high hydrogen evolution rates of 830.1 and 115.5 μmol g−1 h−1 under the solar- and visible-light irradiation, respectively. This in-situ exfoliation approach demonstrates a facile yet efficient method to synthesize highly porous carbon nitride materials with optimal structure and composition for efficient water splitting.
A thick film cathode has been fabricated by a screen-printing technique using LiCoO2 paste to improve the discharge capacity in lithium ion micro-batteries. The LiCoO2 thick film (about 6μm) was obtained by screen-printing, but high discharge capacity and a suitable surface roughness of printed LiCoO2 film cathodes could not be obtained by adding carbon black only to the LiCoO2 paste. On the other hand, the printed cathode which was prepared using the mixture of carbon-coated LiCoO2 powders and carbon black showed a typical discharge curve of a LiCoO2 cathode with a high discharge capacity (179μAhcm−2).
Treatment of highly concentrated organic wastewater is characterized as cost-consuming. The conventional technology uses the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process (A2/O), which does not produce hydrogen. There is potential for energy saving using hydrogen utilization associated with wastewater treatment because hydrogen can be produced from organic wastewater using anaerobic fermentation. A 50m3 pilot bio-reactor for hydrogen production was constructed in Shandong Province, China in 2006 but to date the hydrogen produced has not been utilized. In this work, a technical-economic model based on hydrogen utilization is presented and analyzed to estimate the potential improvement to a citric wastewater plant. The model assesses the size, capital cost, annual cost, system efficiency and electricity cost under different configurations. In a stand-alone situation, the power production from hydrogen is not sufficient for the required load, thus a photovoltaic array (PV) is employed as the power supply. The simulated results show that the combination of solar and bio-hydrogen has a much higher cost compared with the A2/O process. When the grid is connected, the system cost achieved is 0.238US$t−1 wastewater, which is lower than 0.257US$t−1 by the A2/O process. The results reveal that a simulated improvement by using bio-hydrogen and a FC system is effective and feasible for the citric wastewater plant, even when compared to the current cost of the A2/O process. In addition, lead acid and vanadium flow batteries were compared for energy storage service. The results show that a vanadium battery has lower cost and higher efficiency due to its long lifespan and energy efficiency. Additionally, the cost distribution of components shows that the PV dominates the cost in the stand-alone situation, while the bio-reactor is the main cost component in the parallel grid.
Objective The purpose of this study is to expand our understanding of how the human auditory brainstem encodes temporal and spectral acoustic cues in voiced stop consonant–vowel syllables. Methods Auditory evoked potentials measuring activity from the brainstem of 22 normal learning children were recorded to the voiced stop consonant syllables [ga], [da], and [ba]. Spectrotemporal information distinguishing these voiced consonant–vowel syllables is contained within the first few milliseconds of the burst and the formant transition to the vowel. Responses were compared across stimuli with respect to their temporal and spectral content. Results Brainstem response latencies change in a predictable manner in response to systematic alterations in a speech syllable indicating that the distinguishing acoustic cues are represented by neural response timing (synchrony). Spectral analyses of the responses show frequency distribution differences across stimuli (some of which appear to represent acoustic characteristics created by difference tones of the stimulus formants) indicating that neural phase-locking is also important for encoding these acoustic elements. Conclusions Considered within the context of existing knowledge of brainstem encoding of speech–sound structure, these data are the beginning of a comprehensive delineation of how the human auditory brainstem encodes perceptually critical features of speech. Significance The results of this study could be used to determine how neural encoding is disrupted in the clinical populations for whom stop consonants pose particular perceptual challenges (e.g., hearing impaired individuals and poor readers).
Zinc oxide (ZnO)-based porous carbon composite nanofibers (ZnO–CCNFs) are prepared by one-step electrospinning and subsequent thermal treatment using zinc acetate, as the pore generator and ZnO precursor. In particular, the PAN-based nanofiber paper contains in-frame incorporated nitrogen surface functionalities, due to its large residual nitrogen content in the char. The N functionalities doped at the graphite edges enhances their capacitance by the pseudocapacitive effect. Therefore, the ZnO–CCNFs showed higher capacitance (163Fg−1 at 1mAcm−2) and energy density (20.80–14.80Whkg−1 in the power density range of 400–20,000Wkg−1) than the control sample of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in aqueous electrolyte. The combination of the high surface area of CNFs with the large capacity of surface functional groups such as N, O, and ZnO as the faradic electrode material affords the advantages of both the double layer capacitance and the pseudocapacitance, thereby offering potential applications for supercapacitors.
In order to reduce the environmental impact of human activities especially transportation and portable electronics, a more sustainable way is required to produce and store electrical energy. Actually lithium battery is one of the most promising solutions for energy storage. Unfortunately this technology is based on the use of transition metal-based active materials for electrodes which are rare, expensive, extracted by mining, can be toxic and hard to recycle. Organic materials are an interesting alternative to replace inorganic counterparts due to their high electrochemical performances and the possibility to produce them from renewable resources. A quinone derivative is synthetized and investigated as novel active material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries which shows higher performances.
Two β-glucosidase/xylosidase genes, Rubg3A and Rubg3B, were cloned from yak rumen uncultured microorganisms by metagenome method and function-based screening. Recombinant RuBG3A and RuBG3B purified from Escherichia coli were characterized for enzymatic properties, and they exhibited activity against 4-nitrophenyl-β-
The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the type and extent of composite fillings in a high risk pediatric caries population and analyze restoration survival probability in relation to severity of decay, Black classification, and composite type.
In this paper, we highlight the field of nano-ionics which in contrast to the well established field of nano-electronics is still in status nascendi. We present some of our recent findings of different physical phenomena in the field of nano-ionics with special emphasis in the context of lithium batteries, addressing the following anomalies in various properties: (a) enhanced storage, Coulombic efficiency and excess storage at low potential due to interfacial insertion reaction, (b) thermodynamic aspects giving rise to excess cell voltage and curved shapes instead of plateau regions during multiphase co-existence and (c) transport behavior in a new class of soft matter electrolytes that combines high ionic conductivities at room temperature with the favorable properties of ‘soft matter’. Thus we emphasise here that the nano-ionics is relevant not only for fundamental science, but also important for technological applications.
Episodic memory formation depends on information about a stimulus being integrated within a precise spatial and temporal context, a process dependent on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Investigations of putative functional interactions between these regions are complicated by multiple direct and indirect hippocampal–prefrontal connections. Here application of a pharmacogenetic deactivation technique enabled us to investigate the mnemonic contributions of two direct hippocampal–medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) pathways, one arising in the dorsal CA1 (dCA1) and the other in the intermediate CA1 (iCA1). While deactivation of either pathway impaired episodic memory, the resulting pattern of mnemonic deficits was different: deactivation of the dCA1→mPFC pathway selectively disrupted temporal order judgments while iCA1→mPFC pathway deactivation disrupted spatial memory. These findings reveal a previously unsuspected division of function among CA1 neurons that project directly to the mPFC. Such subnetworks may enable the distinctiveness of contextual information to be maintained in an episodic memory circuit.
Knowledge on lithium-ion battery aging and lifetime estimation is a fundamental aspect for successful market introduction in high-priced goods like electric mobility. This paper illustrates the parameterization of a holistic aging model from accelerated aging tests. More than 60 cells of the same type are tested to analyze different impact factors. In calendar aging tests three temperatures and various SOC are applied to the batteries. For cycle aging tests especially different cycle depths and mean SOC are taken into account. Capacity loss and resistance increase are monitored as functions of time and charge throughput during the tests. From these data physical based functions are obtained, giving a mathematical description of aging. To calculate the stress factors like temperature or voltage, an impedance based electric-thermal model is coupled to the aging model. The model accepts power and current profiles as input, furthermore an ambient air temperature profile can be applied. Various drive cycles and battery management strategies can be tested and optimized using the lifetime prognosis of this tool. With the validation based on different realistic driving profiles and temperatures, a robust foundation is provided.
The objective of the present work is to design and fabricate a thermal management system (TMS) that commands a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) based cogeneration system to generate the electricity and hot water efficiently. Parametric studies include the external load (P L ) and the regenerative temperature (T R ). A thermostat valve is employed to optimize the stack operation temperature, while a thermal regenerative unit (TRU) containing a planar heat exchanger is used to recover the heat dissipated by the stack. First, the dynamics of thermal and electrical characteristics such as voltage, current, power, coolant temperature, coolant flow rate, and hydrogen flow rate are measured to check the reliability of the TMS. Then, the effectiveness of the planar heat exchanger is determined to verify the cooling ability of the TRU. Moreover, the transient system efficiencies, including electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency, and overall efficiency are determined. Furthermore, the effect of the regenerative temperature on the time-averaged system efficiencies is examined under different external loads. Finally, an empirical correlation for time-averaged overall efficiency is proposed for helping in design of the PEMFC cogeneration system.
The characteristics of polymer electrolytes based on a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) blend are reported. The PVC/PEMA based polymer electrolyte consists of an electrolyte-rich phase that acts as a conducting channel and a polymer-rich phase that provides mechanical strength. The dual phase was simply developed by a single-step coating process. The mechanical strength of the PVC/PEMA based polymer electrolyte was found to be much higher than that of a previously reported PVC/PMMA-based polymer electrolyte (poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA) at the same PVC content, and even comparable with that of the PVC-based polymer electrolyte. The blended polymer electrolytes showed ionic conductivity of higher than 10−3 Scm−1 and electrochemical stability up to at least 4.3V. A prototype battery, which consists of a LiCoO2 cathode, a MCMB anode, and PVC/PEMA-based polymer electrolyte, gives 92% of the initial capacity at 100cycles upon repeated charge–discharge at the 1C rate.
Patients with adrenal insufficiency are usually treated with conventional hydrocortisone replacement therapy which fails to mimic the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion. Dual-release hydrocortisone (DR-HC) resembles the daily normal cortisol profile improving metabolic parameters and quality of life. However, currently little is known about its impact on cognitive function. Aim of this study was to evaluate cognitive function and well-being in DR-HC treated patients compared to healthy controls and conventional HC treatment.
Gradients in lithium ion concentration distribution in carbon fiber are accompanied by non-uniform fiber swelling leading to development of mechanical stresses. During lithium deintercalation these stresses may lead to initiation and growth of radial cracks in the fiber. The subsequent cycle of intercalation may result in arc-shaped cracks deviating from the tip of the radial cracks. These phenomena decrease the mechanical properties of fibers if used in structural batteries and reduce the charging properties of the battery by decreased diffusivity of lithium ions and by exfoliating layers on the fiber surface. The crack propagation and possible damage evolution scenarios are analyzed using linear elastic fracture mechanics. The crack geometry dependent ion concentration distributions and the elastic stress distributions were found using finite element software ANSYS.
The enhanced electrochemical performance of the lithium-rich solid solution Li1.2[Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 (LMNCO) cathode is enhanced by sulfur incorporation. Various sulfur contents are introduced by adding (NH4)2SO4 into the raw material. The effects of different sulfur contents on the structure, morphology and electrochemical performance are investigated. The original sample (as-received sample) and the sulfur incorporated samples were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrochemical performance such as charge/discharge capacity and rate capability was assessed with lithium ion cells. XRD patterns show that a new phase of Li2SO4 was formed and distributed on the surface of the particle. The electrochemical performance of the sulfur incorporated LMNCO samples is significantly improved due to the formation of the new phase on the surface of the particles. In comparison with the original material, the modified materials show an improved rate performance attributed to the interface between LMNCO and the second phase, which may provide fast diffusion channels for lithium ion.
One of the keys to understanding automated lighting, or any lighting, for that matter, is to follow the flow of energy from the input to the output. A fundamental law of nature is that energy can be neither created nor destroyed; it can only change forms. Electricity is one form of energy, and the job of any lighting system is to take electrical energy and efficiently convert it to light energy. In the real world, only a fraction of the energy put into a lighting system comes out as visible light. Most is lost to heat, some is lost to mechanical energy, and some is converted to invisible light waves.
Porous carbon materials are widely used as adsorbent and electrode materials due to its high specific surface area and low cost, while vanadium nitride, with excellent conductivity, good environmental stability and high reaction selectivity has been widely used as electrode material. Herein, the interconnected porous carbon derived from the precursor polystyrene is used as adsorbent to adsorb vanadate ions, and the carbon/vanadium complex is further heat-treated under ammonia atmosphere to convert it to vanadium nitride. The final obtained hybrid composite of interconnected porous carbon@vanadium nitride consists of vanadium nitride nanoparticles on the surface of porous carbon. The electrode material prepared with the hybrid composite exhibits a high specific capacitance of 260 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and a good rate capability with capacitance retention of 74.6%. Furthermore, the hybrid supercapacitor assembled with Ni (OH)2 exhibits a high specific capacitance of 129 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1. Remarkably, it delivers an energy density of 40.5 Wh kg−1 and a high power density of 3760.7 W kg−1.
In this work, various nickel cobalt double hydroxide nanoflowers with different Ni/Co ratios (denoted as NixCo(1−x)(OH)2), assembled by filmy nanoflakes, are prepared via a facile template-free hydrothermal process. The sizes of these nanoflowers are easily tuned by the Ni/Co ratio in the precursors. The formation mechanism of flower-like nickel cobalt hydroxide, based on the synergistic effect of ammonia complexation, Ni/Co ratios, precipitators and solvents in the template-free hydrothermal system, is demonstrated in detail. As the battery materials, the as prepared flower-like nickel cobalt double hydroxides exhibit excellent specific capacities and high rate performance. Ni0.28Co0.72(OH)2 displays the highest capacity of 206.7mAhg−1 at 1mVs−1 and 174.3mAhg−1 at 1Ag−1, respectively. The capacity retention of Ni0.28Co0.72(OH)2 is 59.1% (from 206.7 to 122.2mAhg−1) at the potential scan rate from 1 to 25mVs−1. Due to the high rate performance corresponding to high power energy, Ni0.28Co0.72(OH)2 is used as positive material to assemble the hybrid device (asymmetric supercapacitor) with activated carbon as negative material. The as-prepared asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits 19.4Whkg−1 at 80.5Wkg−1, and even 20.6Whkg−1 at 3.93kWkg−1.