batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Lately, the depletion as well as negative environmental impacts of fossil fuels have directed the vehicle technology towards new alternative systems. Accordingly, the studies on electric vehicles (EVs) utilizing electric motor (EM) instead of conventional vehicles using fossil fuel consumer internal combustion engines (ICEs) have gained increasing importance. The EV technology firstly developed with the hybrid vehicles using both ICE and EM. Today, plug-in hybrid vehicles that can be charged via the grid have a leading position. Studies realized in many countries all over the world manifest the result of future widespread EV utilization. However, the power management and grid connection of EVs still comprise many unsolved problems. In this study, a power management is realized in order to reduce the battery stress of EVs and to solve the possible problems that can be faced while providing grid connection. In order to realize power management in charging process, smart grid is strongly necessary. For this reason, smart grid compatible relevant power converters are employed. A power conditioning unit is designed for the grid connection of EV enabling a controlled charge of the EV. With the utilization of the proposed power conditioning unit within the EV, the possibilities of solving the energy quality problems at the charging point, increasing the voltage quality, decreasing total harmonic distortion (THD) and even providing reactive power compensation by EV are obtained. The relevant results are discussed within simulation studies followed by a pre-evaluation of the proposed method with experimental real-time test bench based applications.
Acoustic telemetry is a commonly used tool to gain knowledge about aquatic animal ecology through the study of their movements. In telemetry studies researchers must make inferences regarding the movements and the fates of tagged animals. Until recently, predation has been inferred in telemetry data using a variety of methods including abrupt changes in movement patterns or habitat use. An acoustic telemetry transmitter has been developed to detect predation events of tagged animals, and while they have performed well in controlled laboratory trials, literature regarding the application of these novel transmitters in field settings is limited. The objective of this research was to describe the detection data obtained from field studies using predation tags and propose methods to incorporate this information in decision-making about the fate of tagged animals. We implanted 60 yellow perch (Perca flavescens) with predation transmitters and evaluated their spatial use in a receiver array (34 ha) using a combination of centres of activity, roaming indices, and step length measures to examine detection data.
The carbon coated monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP/C) cathode materials are synthesized via a sol–gel method using oxalic acid as a chelating reagent and maltose as a carbon source. The effect of carbon content on the synthesis of LVP/C composites is investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, galvanostatic charge/discharge and DC resistance measurements. The results show that, among the LVP/C powders with different carbon content (5.7, 9.6, 11.6 and 15.3wt.%), the sample with 11.6wt.% carbon content gives rise to the corresponding (LVP/C) ∥Li half cell with a low DC resistance and superior electrochemical performance, especially with excellent rate capability. Its discharge capacity decreases by only 7.2% from 125mAhg−1 at 0.5C to 116mAhg−1 at 5C between 3.0 and 4.3V. The maltose-based sol–gel method is feasible for the preparation of LVP/C composites for high power lithium ion batteries.
Porous NiO/Ni foam electrode is fabricated by a simple two-step method. Firstly, nickel hydroxide hydrate nanoflakes are deposited on Ni foam via a chemical liquid deposition (CLD) method. Then NiO/Ni architecture is obtained by subsequent graft growth in air atmosphere at 350°C. Galvanostatic battery testing shows that NiO electrode exhibits fine capacity retention and good rate performance. It exhibits high initial discharge and charge capacity of 1.94 and 1.36mAhcm−2, maintaining of 1.41 and 1.38mAhcm−2 after 140 cycles under a discharge/charge rate of 0.4C. It delivers high discharge capacity retention of 70% (comparing with that of 0.2C) even at a high rate of 2.5C. After that, the discharge capacity can gradually resume along with the decrease of discharge/charge rate, showing capacity retention of 105% when lowering the discharge/charge rate to 0.2C. The fine electrochemical performance of NiO/Ni is due to the maintenance of porous architecture and the prevention of active nano-sized NiO from aggregation in cycling, which is relevant to both the interweaved structure of NiO nanoflakes and the graft growth between NiO and Ni.
Students usually have difficulties to understand abstract concepts of electric circuits. Various electric circuit models are used to build comprehensive bridges between reality and models. In this study, effect of using the water circuit analogy on students’ conceptual understanding is explored. Sample divided into three groups. For experimental group I, electric circuit mental-models animated in their mind and applied. For experimental group II, electric circuit mental models and water circuit analogy were applied. For control group, traditional teaching method was used. The results indicate statistically significant differences between two experimental groups and the control group. The use of electric circuit mental models and water circuit analogy as teaching aids were more effective in electricity concepts than traditional teaching method.
In this study, ultra-thin nanobelts of Ag2V4O11/Ag were successfully synthesized. The synthesized ultra-thin nanobelts of Ag2V4O11/Ag are highly crystalline and the thickness is found to be about 5nm. A lithium battery using ultra-thin nanobelts of Ag2V4O11/Ag as the active materials of the positive electrode exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 276mAhg−1, corresponding to the formation of Li x Ag2V4O11 (x =6). With increased cycling, the electrode made of ultra-thin nanobelts of Ag2V4O11/Ag tends to loose electrochemical activity due to Ag+ ions in the ultra-thin nanobelts of Ag2V4O11 were reduced and new phase was formed.
Porous manganese oxide (Mn2O3) microspheres have been successfully fabricated through annealing the solvothermal lab-made MnCO3 precursor. Experimental results reveal that polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) plays a pivotal role in controlling the size and uniformity of the MnCO3 microspheres. The carbon-coated MnO porous microspheres (MnO@C) with a specific surface area of 45.6m2 g−1 and pore size of ca. 30nm were obtained by carbonization of pyrrole coated porous Mn2O3. The carbon layer with a thickness of ca. 3nm was deposited on the surface and the inner wall of pores. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the as-prepared porous MnO@C electrode materials possessed a reversible capacity of 525.4mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1 and the capacities of 590.6, 478.8, 353.8 and 238.2mAhg−1 at 100, 200, 400, and 800mAg−1, respectively. The MnO@C porous materials exhibit higher cycling and rate performances than the corresponding porous Mn2O3 mainly attributed to the carbon coating, which could efficiently buffer the volume change during the lithiation/delithiation and improve the electronic conductivity among MnO particles.
Gel polymer electrolytes were prepared by two different techniques, casting and phase inversion methods. The conductivity of them showed almost the same behavior as a function of temperature. The diffusion coefficients obtained from the pulsed-field gradient NMR revealed characteristic features depending on the kinds of gel. The gels by phase inversion method showed two components in diffusion process. This reflects the presence of two phases in the initial state of the gel, one is of the electrolyte solution in the cavities of the polymer and the other is the swollen polymer by the solution which is present among the polymer chains. The gel in the equilibrium condition after ageing revealed one component of diffusion coefficient. The mobilities of the lithium ion and the anion using the electric applying NMR were 3.6×10−5 and 9.4×10−5 cm2 s−1 V−1, respectively.
A series of novel and high-performing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts based on N/S-Me-doped (Me=Fe, Co, Ni) hierarchical porous carbons (N/S-Fe-HPC, N/S-Co-HPC and N/S-Ni-HPC) have been synthesized by a green and cost-effective method combining a simple silicate templated two-step graphitization of the impregnated carbon. After optimization of the porous structures and enlargement of the BET specific surface area by combining the silicate template and the Fe-, Co- and Ni-metal sulfates, the obtained N/S-Me-HPC catalysts exhibit excellent ORR performance in both alkaline and acidic media. In particular, N/S-Fe-HPC shows superior catalytic ORR performance compared to commercially available 20% Pt/C in alkaline medium reflected by the onset potential of 0.98V and half-wave potential of 0.86V, and comparable ORR activity in acidic media with the onset potential of 0.84V and half-wave potential of 0.73V. In addition, the N/S-Fe-HPC catalyst exhibits excellent long-term stability and a high methanol tolerance. The outstanding electrochemical performance of such catalysts thereby makes it possible for these non-noble catalysts to replace the commercial Pt/C in both fuel cell and metal–air battery applications.
Although there is consensus that both grid extensions and decentralized projects are necessary to approach universal electricity access, existing electrification planning models that assess the costs of decentralized solar energy systems do not include metrics of reliability or quantify the impact of reliability on costs. We focus on stand-alone household solar systems with battery storage in sub-Saharan Africa using the fraction of demand served to measure reliability, and develop a multistep optimization to compute efficiently the least-cost system with the fraction of demand served as a design constraint, and take into account the daily variation in solar resources and costs of solar and storage. We show that the cost of energy is minimized at approximately a 90% fraction of demand served, that current costs increase, on average, by US$0.11 kWh–1 for each additional ‘9’ of reliability, and that this reliability premium could be as low as US$0.03 kWh–1 in a plausible future price scenario.
The aim of this study was to measure the accuracy of porosity of the mandibular cortex on dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) in diagnosis of osteoporosis, alone and in combination with a clinical risk index. Six hundred seventy-one women (45–70yr) were recruited in the study, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the hip and lumbar spine was performed. A clinical index of osteoporosis risk (OSIRIS) and a DPR were obtained for each subject. The cortical appearance on the DPR was classified using the mandibular cortical index (MCI) by 5 observers. receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed with calculation of area under the ROC curve (AUC) and sensitivity and specificity at various thresholds. Complete data were available for 653 subjects, of whom 21.6% had osteoporosis. The AUC for OSIRIS was 0.838. When used alone as the diagnostic test, MCI AUC for the 5 observers ranged from 0.560 to 0.670, significantly less than OSIRIS. Intraobserver and interobserver repeatability of MCI assessment was inconsistent. We conclude that MCI has limited value for osteoporosis diagnosis, being most appropriate as a method of fortuitous case-finding.
Purpose To compare selection for fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria between 1-day and 3-day application of topical moxifloxacin 0.5%. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. Methods After investigative review board approval, patients scheduled for ocular surgery were randomized to receive topical moxifloxacin 0.5% drops 4 times a day for 1 day or 3 days preoperatively. Conjunctival cultures were obtained at baseline and after antibiotic application. Bacteria were identified and tested for resistance to a battery of antibiotic agents using the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method. The differences in resistance distributions for the most commonly isolated bacteria between baseline (T0) and after antibiotic administration (T1) were compared between the 2 treatment groups. Results Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) were the most common bacteria isolated at T0 and T1. At T0, the proportion of CNS isolated in the 1-day group (n = 63) that was resistant to fluoroquinolones ranged from 4% to 22% depending on the antibiotic agent tested. After 1-day treatment with moxifloxacin, the percentage of resistant bacteria increased significantly (range 13% to 67%) for all fluoroquinolones except gatifloxacin (P<.05). Resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin also increased significantly. However, patients treated for 3 days (n = 57) showed no differences in bacterial resistance rates to any antibiotic agent tested. Conclusion Prophylactic topical moxifloxacin 0.5% treatment starting 1 day before ocular surgery resulted in a significant increase in fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria, while a 3-day antibiotic regimen did not select for resistant organisms.
A sealed, symmetrical, lithium optical cell, which enables optical images of lithium surface deposits and in situ Raman spectra to be obtained simply and conveniently during charge–discharge cycling of lithium metal electrodes, has been designed and tested. A conventional aprotic liquid, 1M lithium hexafluorophosphate in propylene carbonate, and an experimental ionic liquid, 20mol% lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide in 1-ethyl 3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide, are investigated as electrolyte solutions. Images obtained from the cell with the former electrolyte solution demonstrate the problems associated with cycling lithium metal electrodes. Images obtained with the latter electrolyte solution provide clear evidence that continued investigation of ionic liquids for use with lithium metal electrodes is warranted. Operation of the cell with the conventional electrolyte yields Raman spectra of good quality. The spectra display vibrational modes which arise from the electrolyte, as well as several additional modes which are associated with the deposits formed during cycling.
The share of the renewable energy sources (RES) in the global electricity market is substantially increasing as a result of the commitment of many countries to increase the contribution of the RES to their energy mix. However, the integration of RES in the electricity grid increases the complexity of the grid management due to the variability and the intermittent nature of these energy sources. Energy storage solutions such as batteries offer either short-term storage that is not sufficient or longer period storage that is significantly expensive. This paper introduces an energy management approach which can be applied in the case of power and desalinated water generation. The approach is based on mathematical optimization model which accounts for random variations in demands and energy supply. The approach allows using desalination plants as a deferrable load to mitigate for the variability of the renewable energy supply and water and/or electricity demands. A mathematical linear programming model is developed to show the applicability of this idea and its effectiveness in reducing the impact of the uncertainty in the environment. The model is solved for the real world case of Saudi Arabia. The optimal solution accounts for random variations in the renewable energy supply and water and/or electricity demands while minimizing the total costs for generating water and power.
Radio and satellite telemetry collars have been used across taxa, including with elephants, in situ for decades to collect data used for various analyses. To quantify the movement patterns of African elephants, Loxodonta africana, in a zoo, we modified a Real-Time Location System using active Radio Frequency Identification tags originally developed for inventory and asset tracking in warehouses. This is the first phase of a multi-phase project that we have termed the Real-Time Observer of Animal Movement. It allows for the continuous data collection and data analytics of elephant movement and space use in a mixed-species African savanna habitat at the Dallas Zoo. This system could prove to be a useful remote welfare tool for a variety of animal species at multiple facilities.
In recent years the concept of “more electric aircrafts” has established itself increasingly and the electrical power systems for aircrafts are in progress. In this context, fuel cells represent a valid source of electric power for the advantages in terms of pollution emissions, noise reduction and fuel consumptions. In this study, the authors analyzed the feasibility, from the specific energy point of view, in using a PEM fuel cell power system as APU unit in a more electrical aircraft with respect to a battery system installation. The proposed fuel cell system has a modular architecture and consists of fuel cell stacks, air compressors, heat exchangers, compressed hydrogen tanks and auxiliary batteries. The analysis has been performed by applying a design methodology based on an optimization procedure concerning the size and the efficiency of each power system component in order to reach the maximum specific energy (higher than 500Wh/kg). Moreover, a “black-box”-type model of the power system has been developed to support the optimization methodology in the evaluation of its performance in terms of electric power production, heat production, auxiliary systems consumption and hydrogen consumption. Results pointed out the advantages of the PEM fuel cell application in a more electric aircraft; as a matter of fact for assigned mission requirements, according to the specifications defined in the Long Endurance Demonstrator (LED) project promoted by CIRA (Italian Aerospace Research Centre), the specific energy of the designed power system results to be equal to 0.51kWh/kg. This value is very interesting if compared to the specific energy of commercial LiPo batteries characterized by 0.2kWh/kg.
The relation between neuroradiological findings and upper limb function was examined in 53 children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP). CT and MRI images of the children were classified into four groups (malformations, periventricular lesions, congenital cortical–subcortical lesions and postnatally acquired lesions). Additionally, each single affected neuroanatomical structure was noted. Clinical assessments included measures of activity (Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function and House Classification) and body functions (motor and sensory impairments). Comparative statistics and correlation analysis were used. Three children had a malformation, 28 a periventricular lesion, 14 a cortical–subcortical lesion and eight a postnatally acquired lesion. Children with periventricular lesions obtained the best motor functioning. Within this group, children with pure periventricular lesions performed significantly better compared to mixed lesions. The differences between congenital cortical–subcortical lesions and acquired lesions were not significant. Results further showed that middle cerebral artery infarctions and basal ganglia/thalamic lesions were significantly correlated to a worse performance. The type of lesion determined by the timing of the brain insult, and the location of the lesion distinguish children with hemiplegic CP regarding upper limb function. These insights are valuable for prognosis and may contribute to a better delineation of therapeutic interventions.
Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) have a strong potential for future stationary storage, in view of the rapid expansion of renewable energy sources and smart grids. Their development and future success largely depend on the research on new materials, namely electrolytic solutions, membranes and electrodes, which is typically conduced on small single cells. A vast literature on these topics already exists. However, also the technological development plays a fundamental role in view of the successful application of RFBs in large plants. Despite that, very little research is reported in literature on the technology of large RFB systems. This paper presents the design, construction and early operation of a vanadium redox flow battery test facility of industrial size, dubbed IS-VRFB, where such technologies are developed and tested. In early experiments a peak power of 8.9 kW has been achieved with a stack specific power of 77 W kg−1. The maximum tested current density of 635 mA cm−2 has been reached with a cell voltage of 0.5 V, indicating that higher values can be obtained. The test facility is ready to be complemented with advanced diagnostic devices, including multichannel electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for studying aging and discrepancies in the cell behaviors.
Li4Ti5O12/carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) composite was prepared by sol–gel method while Ti(OC4H9)4, LiCH3COO·2H2O and the n-heptane containing CNTs were used as raw materials. The characters of Li4Ti5O12/CNTs composite were determined by XRD, SEM, and TG methods. Its electrochemical properties were measured by charge–discharge cycling and impedance tests. It was found that the prepared Li4Ti5O12/CNTs presented an excellent rate capability and capacity retention. At the charge–discharge rate of 5C and 10C, its discharge capacities were 145 and 135mAhg−1, respectively. After 500 cycles at 5C, the discharge capacity retained as 142mAhg−1. It even could be cycled at the rate of 20C. The excellent electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12/CNTs electrode could be attributed to the improvement of electronic conductivity by adding conducting CNTs and the nano-size of Li4Ti5O12 particles in the Li4Ti5O12/CNTs composite.
African Americans (AA) are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD) than Caucasians (CC). Dietary modification may have the potential to reduce the risk of developing AD.
The rough set (RS) theory can be seen as a new mathematical approach to vagueness and is capable of discovering important facts hidden in that data. However, traditional rough set approach ignores that the desired reducts are not necessarily unique since several reducts could include the same value of the strength index. In addition, the current RS algorithms have the ability to generate a set of classification rules efficiently, but they cannot generate rules incrementally when new objects are given. Numerous studies of incremental approaches are not capable to deal with the problems of large database. Therefore, an incremental rule-extraction algorithm is proposed to solve these issues in this study. Using this algorithm, when a new object is added up to an information system, it is unnecessary to re-compute rule sets from the very beginning, which can quickly generate the complete but not repetitive rules. In the case study, the results show that the incremental issues of new data add-in are resolved and a huge computation time is saved.
Spinel LiMn2O4 is an inexpensive, eco-friendly and highly abundant cathode material for lithium ion batteries. Here, we report a synthesis of nanoporous LiMn2O4 cathode material using a simple vacuum induced self-assembly reaction. Ammonia molecules play a key role in the formation of the nanoporous structure in our method. The galvanostatic charge/discharge results show that the nanoporous LiMn2O4 delivers a high specific capacity at high power rates. About 95.9% of its initial capacity (94.5mAhg−1) is retained after 100 cycles at 10C. The enhanced kinetics of nanoporous LiMn2O4 with low apparent activation energies indicates that the nanoporous structure provides short Li-ion diffusion paths and a continuous three-dimensional network of pathways for the transport of Li-ions and electrons. These results reveal that the nanoporous spinel LiMn2O4 material is a promising cathode candidate for next generation of high-power lithium ion battery.