batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The high-frequency resistance, R HF, or internal resistance, of 45Ah flooded tubular lead-acid battery (LAB) cells was monitored during cycling at constant rates between C/100 and C/10 in order to understand the origin of the R HF variations and to evaluate the feasibility of monitoring the state-of-charge (SOC) with this parameter. It is shown that the R HF variations did not depend on the electrolyte-conductivity variations, as usually indicated in the literature. At a low discharging rate (C/100), R HF increased only at low SOCs, with a high final value, while at a high rate (C/10) R HF increased progressively from the beginning of the discharge, with a low final value. This has been interpreted as the consequence of the shape and size of the PbSO4 crystals in the pores of the active material, which are the result of the continuous competition between crystal nucleation and crystal growth. R HF informs on the structure of the PbSO4 layer, and therefore, depends strongly on the history of the previous cyclings of the cell. Monitoring the SOC from the single value of R HF was found to be impossible since, for different cycling rates, distinct values of SOC may correspond to the same value of R HF. Fluctuations of R HF were also measured at different SOC: they allow detection of gas evolution in the cell and could provide complementary information for estimating the SOC of LABs.
Lithium deposition was carried out on a Ni substrate in a 1M solution of lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (LiBETI) dissolved in propylene carbonate(PC) at room temperature and at an elevated temperature of 80°C. The morphologies of lithium deposits were compared using in situ atomic force microscopy. The cycling efficiency for lithium deposition and dissolution at 80°C was higher than that at room temperature in 1M LiBETI/PC. Large masses of deposits were observed after lithium deposition at room temperature. However, the surface of lithium deposited at 80°C was smooth and uniform throughout lithium deposition and dissolution. It was shown that temperature is one of the important factors that affect the cycling efficiency.
Herein, we present the electrochemical characterization of carbon-coated TiO2 nanorods, obtained by carbonizing RAFT (reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer) polymerization derived block copolymers anchored on anatase TiO2 nanorods. These carbon-coated TiO2 nanorods show an improved electrochemical performance in terms of first cycle reversibility, specific capacity, cycling stability, and high rate capability. More importantly, however, the structural disordering observed in the uncoated TiO2 nanorods by means of galvanostatic and potentiodynamic cycling as well as ex situ XRD analysis, does not occur for the carbon-coated material. Preventing this structural disordering does not only result in a stabilized cycling performance but, moreover, in substantially enhanced energy storage efficiency (86% vs. only 68% at the 100th cycle) due to the preserved characteristic potential profile of anatase TiO2.
Arithmetical deficits in right-hemisphere damaged patients have been traditionally considered secondary to visuo-spatial impairments, although the exact relationship between the two deficits has rarely been assessed. The present study implemented a voxelwise lesion analysis among 30 right-hemisphere damaged patients and a controlled, matched-sample, cross-sectional analysis with 35 cognitively normal controls regressing three composite cognitive measures on standardized numerical measures. The results showed that patients and controls significantly differ in Number comprehension, Transcoding, and Written operations, particularly subtractions and multiplications. The percentage of patients performing below the cutoffs ranged between 27% and 47% across these tasks. Spatial errors were associated with extensive lesions in fronto-temporo-parietal regions -which frequently lead to neglect- whereas pure arithmetical errors appeared related to more confined lesions in the right angular gyrus and its proximity. Stepwise regression models consistently revealed that spatial errors were primarily predicted by composite measures of visuo-spatial attention/neglect and representational abilities. Conversely, specific errors of arithmetic nature linked to representational abilities only. Crucially, the proportion of arithmetical errors (ranging from 65% to 100% across tasks) was higher than that of spatial ones. These findings thus suggest that unilateral right hemisphere lesions can directly affect core numerical/arithmetical processes, and that right-hemisphere acalculia is not only ascribable to visuo-spatial deficits as traditionally thought.
Ocular conditions are common following stroke and frequently occur in combination with pre-existing ophthalmologic disease. The Medicare International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) coding system for identifying vision related health conditions provides a much higher level of detail for coding these complex scenarios than the previous ICD-9 system. While this new coding system has advantages for clinical care and billing, the degree to which providers and researchers are utilizing the expanded code structure is unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of ICD-10 vision codes in a large cohort of stroke survivors.
A novel magnetically responsive CuFe2O4/fatty acids/polyester composite was produced by rapid in situ synthesis approach to develop thermal energy storage as a sustainable energy source along with magnetic effectiveness. Fabrication of such composite without complex techniques or materials as well as separate application of phase change material and discrete synthesis of nanoparticles is the advantage of the present work. A series of fatty acids containing palmitic-lauric and myristic-stearic acids as phase change materials was directly incorporated into support fibers coinciding with in situ formation of copper ferrite nanoparticles as magnetic fillers. The thermal energy storage capacities of the composites were 46.3–57.2 and 45.8–56.5 J/g for fusion and freezing cycles with related operating temperatures of 37.2–53.8 and 27.5–34.5 °C. A 104.2% promotion was resulted in thermal conductivity of the samples by introducing copper ferrite nanoparticles into the composites. Besides, the samples displayed good thermal endurance and reliability after 100 thermal cycles with excellent leakage-proof properties. A very promising magnetic performance was also observed with the saturation magnetization of 2.56–5.71 emu/g for the diverse samples. The composites produced via the suggested technique have good potential for applying in various industries for the both thermal energy regulation and magnetic effectiveness.
Mechanical–biological and biological–mechanical treatment (MBT/BMT) are effective methods for reducing biogenic additions to landfill, producing fuel products and recovering recyclate from residual waste. However, large amounts of contamination in the non-biological outputs reduce their market value. The aim of this study was therefore to identify the principal drivers and barriers to the marketability of ferrous metals (MBTFe) and heavy inert rejects (MBTr) recovered from four UK MBT/BMT plants. The plants were either using biodrying or anaerobic digestion (AD-MBT) for biological processing. Samples were collected at the different recovery stage processes and characterised for elemental composition and particle size distribution. Results showed that processes at the two biodrying plants produced MBTFe with 10% less contamination by non-target materials than the two AD-MBT plants. Further to this, approximately 10% of the MBTFe fraction sampled at all four facilities comprised non-target material which had become entrapped in the folds of metal food containers. A possible cause is waste comminution in the cutting gap of the low-speed high-torque cutting mills. Upgrading MBTFe outputs could save the UK MBT/BMT industry up to £4.4 million per annum which equates to £230,000 per annum for an average sized facility (i.e. capacity 108,000tpa). Glass content in the MBTr samples ranged between 44% and 62%, however all plants showed approximately 85% combined content of glass, bricks, stones and ceramics. The biodegradable content in the MBTr samples indicated that only minimal upgrade would be required to achieve the Landfill Directive requirements for inert waste. Again valorisation of MBTr could save the UK MBT/BMT industry up to £1.9 million pa which equates to £160,000 per annum for an average sized facility.
Cobalt-free perovskites, Ln0.5Sr0·5Fe0·8Cu0·2O3−δ (Ln = La, Pr, and Nd), are systematically evaluated as the cathode materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) using Gd0.1Ce0·9O1.95 as the electrolyte. The samples exhibit an orthorhombic perovskite structures, and their cell volumes decrease as the ionic radius of Ln decreases. Both the oxygen vacancy content and the magnitude of lattice oxygen release per formula unit increase in the temperature range from 370 °C to 850 °C as the ionic radius of Ln decreases. Ln0.5Sr0.5Fe0.8Cu0.2O3−δ is chemically and thermally compatible with the Gd0.1Ce0·9O1.95 electrolyte. In the temperature range of 600 °C-750 °C, Nd0.5Sr0·5Fe0·8Cu0·2O3−δ possesses the highest catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction with area specific resistance values of 0.071 Ω cm2 and 0.141 Ω cm2 at 750 °C and 700 °C, respectively. The maximum power densities of the anode-supported single cells at 800 °C and 700 °C are 1003.7 mW cm−2 and 516.7 mW cm−2 for Pr0.5Sr0·5Fe0·8Cu0·2O3−δ and 944.5 mW cm−2 and 530.2 mW cm−2 for Nd0.5Sr0·5Fe0·8Cu0·2O3−δ, respectively. Ln0.5Sr0.5Fe0.8Cu0.2O3−δ is shown to be a promising cathode material for IT-SOFCs.
Civic duty is a central concept in the study of turnout, yet little attention has been paid to how it should be measured. After a careful review of previous measures we constructed an original battery of 13 questions that were administered in a survey conducted in seven countries at the time of the 2014 European election. We show that the battery indeed taps the duty construct. We then propose a reduced battery of four questions. We show that the four questions achieve good fit measures and pass several tests of robustness and validity across the seven countries. We invite researchers to implement this battery in future research.
Electrospun, non-woven membrane of high molecular weight poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) is demonstrated as an efficient host matrix for the preparation of gel polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. Electrospinning process parameters are optimized to get a fibrous membrane of PAN consisting of bead-free, uniformly dispersed thin fibers with diameter in the range 880–1260nm. The membrane with good mechanical strength and porosity exhibits high uptake when activated with the liquid electrolyte of 1M LiPF6 in a mixture of organic solvents and the gel polymer electrolyte shows ionic conductivity of 1.7×10−5 Scm−1 at 20°C. Electrochemical performance of the gel polymer electrolyte at 20°C is evaluated in lithium-ion cell with lithium cobalt oxide cathode and graphite anode. Good performance with a low capacity fading on charge–discharge cycling is demonstrated.
Euro PM2011, considered the pinnacle of the annual powder metallurgy calendar, set attendance records as well as the stage for industry growth. Joe Capus reports…
S-doped mesoporous carbon fibres with an S content as high as 14.0 atom % (29.4wt. %) are synthesized by carbonization of sucrose using MgSO4-containing porous whiskers as templates and S source. The ultrahigh S concentration is obtained at an optimized condition, including a calcination temperature of 600°C, whisker templates with a smaller diameter and a relatively lower carbon source to template ratio (1:5). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates that the bonding configurations of S are mainly assigned to thiophene-S (C-S-C). Raman spectra demonstrate that the amount of defects rise with the increase of S content. As electrodes for supercapacitors, the specific capacitance of the S-doped mesoporous carbon fibres significantly increases as the S content increasing, reaching 221Fg−1 at the scan rate of 10mVs−1 with an area-normalized capacitance of 38μFcm−2. And the capacitance retention maintains 95% even after 500 cycles, exhibiting excellent cycling stability. Our results indicate that S-doped mesoporous carbons with ultrahigh S concentration can be potential candidates as high quality electrode materials for supercapacitors.
A water quenching (WQ) method was developed to synthesize LiFePO4 and C-LiFePO4. Our results indicate that this synthesis method ensures improved electrochemical activity and small crystal grain size. The synthetic conditions were optimized using orthogonal experiments. The LiFePO4 sample prepared at the optimized condition showed a maximum discharge capacity of 149.8mAhg−1 at a C/10 rate. C-LiFePO4 with a low carbon content of 0.93% and a high discharge specific capacity of 163.8mAhg−1 has also been obtained using this method. Water quenching treatment shows outstanding improvement of the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4.
The need for energy storage systems (ESS) is increasing with expanding demand for energy and with newly emerging renewable energy technologies. Following this growth in ESS, the environmental impacts of such technologies are crucial and must be carefully studied and evaluated. Multiple aspects to disposal and after-use treatment of different ESS can have adverse effects on the environment and the ecological systems. Scientists, governmental agencies, and non-governmental organizations are attempting to address issues of disposal of ESS waste as well as their environmental impact. This paper lists the types of ESS and the environmental impacts associated with each type; while also highlighting the disposal and recycling of batteries and the corresponding regulations governing their disposal in different regions. The European Union's Directive 2006/66/EC, the United States of America's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Australian's Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act are all statuets for ESS waste classification and management. The EU and the US have implemented and enforced those regulations while they are less so in Australia. Jordan, a country located in the Middle Eastern region and part of the Basel Convention, faces an ESS waste management problem where the Ministry of Environment claims to follow the EU rules and regulation, yet none are implemented or enforced. This is made worse by the decreasing number of batteries disposed of at specialized landfills where spent batteries are stored, which there is only one of its kind in Jordan. While recycling technology is known, social awareness is vital in encouraging the Jordanian population to properly dispose of ESS waste and to incentivise safe collection, treatment, and recycling.
An approach called chemo-optical modulation of epigenetically regulated transcription (COMET) combines azobenzene-based photochromic HDAC inhibitors with microprocessor-controlled LED plates to regulate gene expression profiles in a light-dependent manner.
Since it has been demonstrated that urban effluents can have adverse effects on aquatic organisms, a multibiomarker study was used to evaluate the effects of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents discharged into the marine and freshwater environments on clams in Cádiz, Spain. One bioassay was performed in the Bay of Cádiz, exposing Ruditapes philippinarum (marine) to a reference site as well as two sites close to WWTP discharges for 14 days. A second bioassay was performed in the Guadalete River, exposing Corbicula fluminea (fresh water) to three sites for 21 days. The biomarkers analysed included defence mechanisms and various toxic effects. Results indicated that WWTP effluents activated defence mechanisms and induced toxic effects in clams exposed to both environments, thus indicating bioavailability of contaminants present in water. Elevated enzymatic activity was found in clams deployed in La Puntilla and El Trocadero compared to control clams and those exposed to the reference site, and 96% of clams deployed at G2 in the Guadalete River died before day 7. Clams exposed to G1 and G3 indicated significant differences in all biomarkers analysed with respect to control clams (p < 0.05). Both species were sensitive to contaminants present in studied sites. This is the first time that these species were used in cages to assess the environmental risk of wastewater effluent discharges in freshwater and marine column environments. The multibiomarker approach provided important ecotoxicological information and is useful for the assessment of the bioavailability and effect of contaminants from WWTP effluents on marine and fresh water invertebrates.
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) from longitudinal splitting of multiwalled carbon nanotubes are used as a conducting additive in LiFePO4 (LFPO) at the first time. Both SEM and TEM images show that LFPO particles are wrapped closely by GNRs with electrostatic interaction and embedded into a flexible network matrix of GNRs. Electrochemical experiments demonstrate that wrapping of GNRs is more effective to improve the electrochemical reaction activity of LFPO than mixing of carbon nanotubes. The comparative investigations on multiwalled carbon nanotubes and GNRs as a conducting additive in LFPO prove that longitudinal splitting of multiwalled carbon nanotubes will be a new way to prepare superior carbon conducting additives for high-rate lithium-ion batteries.
The increasing availability of pen-based tablets, and pen-based interfaces opened the avenue for computer graphics applications that can utilize sketch recognition technologies for natural interaction. This has led to an increasing interest in sketch recognition algorithms within the computer graphics community. However, a key problem getting in the way of building accurate sketch recognizers has been the necessity of creating large amounts of annotated training data. Several authors have attempted to address this issue by creating synthetic data, or by building easy-to-use annotation tools. In this paper, we take a different approach, and demonstrate that the active learning technology can be used to reduce the amount of manual annotation required to achieve a target recognition accuracy. In particular, we show that by annotating few, but carefully selected examples, we can surpass accuracies achievable with equal number of arbitrarily selected examples. This work is the first comprehensive study on the use of active learning for sketch recognition. We present results of extensive analyses and show that the utility of active learning depends on a number of practical factors that require careful consideration. These factors include the choices of informativeness measures, batch selection strategies, seed size, and domain-specific factors such as feature representation and the choice of database. Our results imply that the Margin based informativeness measure consistently outperforms other measures. We also show that active learning brings definitive advantages in challenging databases when accompanied with powerful feature representations.
Cobalt vanadates have been demonstrated as superior anode candidates for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their unique advantages, such as superb specific capacity, low operating potential, and excellent cycling stability. Among the cobalt vanadates, Co3V2O8 manifests tremendous potential of commercialization because of their controllable particle size and morphology. In this study, we readily synthesized both hollow and solid Co3V2O8 micro-pencils and thoroughly compared their electrochemical properties. Employed as anode for LIBs, the hollow Co3V2O8 exhibited much higher initial specific capacity than the solid ones (∼1200 mAhg−1 vs. ∼680 mAhg−1). When tested at 1000 mAg−1, the hollow Co3V2O8 displayed superior reversible capacity over the solid ones (∼650 mAhg−1 vs. ∼450 mAhg−1 after 300 cycles), benefiting from the hollow architecture. Moreover, the hollow micro-pencils showed better rate performance, with outstanding stability and capacity loss when higher current density was applied. The comparative study demonstrated the hollow Co3V2O8 is more efficient than the solid ones for LIB anodes. Based on the comparison on pure micro-pencils, further approach (e.g. graphene coating) can be exploited for superior performance towards ultimate application in lithium-ion batteries.
Lithium–sulfur cells are fabricated in a dry room, and comprise a positive (cathode) active material of sulfur, a negative (anode) active material of lithium metal, and an electrolyte of 1M LiCF3SO3 dissolved in tetraglyme (TG)/1,3-dioxolane (DIOX). For types of electrolyte with different contents of TG and DIOX are prepared. The electrochemical properties of the batteries are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, ac impedance experiments, and charge–discharge tests. The conductivity of the four different electrolytes are investigated. The conductivity of an electrolyte of 1M LiCF3SO3 dissolved in TG/DIOX (50:50, vol.) is greater than that of the other three types of electrolyte with different volume ratios (70:30, 30:70) and a single solvent (TG). A cell with 1M LiCF3SO3 dissolved in TG/DIOX (50:50, vol.) gives the best reversibility and cycle performance.
Electrical energy can be obtained from the controlled mixing of fresh (river) and saline (sea) water. Existing technologies such as pressure retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis make use of ion-exchange membranes which must be crossed by either the water or the ions. Recently a new physical principle has been experimentally demonstrated, which allows extraction of electrical energy without making use of membranes, based on the temporary storage of ions inside two porous electrodes kept at different electrical potentials, and the repeatable expansion/contraction of the electrostatic double layers formed inside the electrodes upon changing the salt concentration [D. Brogioli, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2009, 103, 058501]. To make further investigations and to improve the energy recovery, we developed a simple prototype cell of much larger dimensions. Because of the larger dimensions (thus higher currents), testing is more facile, while this design can be the basis for further scaling-up of this technology. In order to reduce the internal resistance of the cell, the electrodes are no longer placed side-by-side, but parallel to one another, separated only by a 250 μm-thick open spacer channel to form a “sandwich”-like flow cell. In a lab-scale experimental stack consisting of 8 such cells (with outer dimensions 6 × 6 × 1 cm3) we extract about 2 J per charging/discharging cycle in 500 mM/1 mM NaCl salt solution, an amount which is 20 times higher per cycle per unit electrode mass than previously obtained. The extracted energy increases with the operating voltage, in line with predictions of the Gouy-Chapman-Stern model for double layer formation.