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The electrochemical properties and working mechanisms of dimethoxydiphenylsilane (DDS) as an electrolyte additive for overcharge protection of lithium ion batteries have been investigated by microelectrode cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling, and SEM observation on both the cathode and separator of the overcharged cells. DDS can be electrochemically polymerized when the cell was overcharged to 4.9 V (vs. Li/Li+), resulting in a polymer layer on the electrode and the separator, which increases the internal resistance of the cell and postpones the voltage rising up during the overcharge process. Therefore, the safety issue of lithium-ion batteries during overcharge state can be significantly improved by utilization of DDS. Furthermore, incorporation of DDS does not significantly degrade the performance of the cell as there is only a small capacity loss during the normal charge–discharge process.
Oxygen reduction and evolution have been studied with respect to the development of bifunctional air/oxygen electrode (BFE). Three groups of catalysts have been prepared: (i) Cu x Co3−x O4 by thermal decomposition of mixed nitrate and carbonate precursors; (ii) thin films of Co–Ni–Te–O and Co–Te–O were deposited by vacuum co-evaporation of Co, Ni and TeO2 and (iii) Co x O v /ZrO2 films were obtained by electrochemical deposition. The electrochemical behavior of the chemically synthesized catalysts was studied on classical bilayered gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs), where the catalyst is in form of powder. The GDE catalyzed with vacuum deposited catalysts was prepared by direct deposition of the catalyst on gas-supplying layer, thus creating a ready-to-use gas diffusion electrode. Catalysts prepared electrochemically were first deposited on Ni foam and than pressed onto the gas-supplying layer. Different catalysts deposited on classical and originally designed GDEs were compared by their electrochemical performances. Cu0.3Co2.7O4 deposited on a classical bilayered GDE with loading of 50mgcm−2 exhibits stable current–voltage characteristics after 200 charge–discharge cycles in a real metal hydride-air battery. The electrochemically and vacuum deposited Co x O v /ZrO2, Co–Ni–Te–O and Co–Te–O films exhibit much higher mass activity compared to Cu0.2Co2.8O4 for both oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. The difference is that the loading of electrochemically and vacuum deposited films is 0.06mgcm−2 only, which is a substantial advantage from a practical viewpoint.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses hydrothermal synthesis and growth of coordinated complex crystals like silicates, germanates, phosphates, vanadates, and borates. There is a close relationship between crystal chemistry and crystal growth of these compounds. The primary requirement for any material/crystal/mineral with a device potential is the understanding of its scientific foundation, particularly the consequences of the submicroscopic crystal structure, i.e., the spatial arrangement of atoms, ions, molecules, and the types of chemical bonds between them. It is the chemical bond more than anything else that determines the structure and the properties of a crystal. A crystal chemical knowledge helps in tailoring a given phase or a given structure that is to optimize chemical classification, crystal structure, and defect structure with respect to the desired properties.
Converting low-grade waste heat into electrical energy helps alleviate the increasingly tense energy crisis. Here, we present a feasible approach for low-grade waste heat recovery, called bimetallic thermally-regenerative ammonia-based flow battery (B-TRAFB), realizing high-voltage discharge and low-voltage charge at the same temperature. The performance of a cost-effective and structure-compact copper/zinc bimetallic thermally-regenerative ammonia-based battery (Cu/Zn-TRAFB) is investigated comprehensively. A peak power density of ∼280 W m−2 is achieved by a single Cu/Zn-TRAFB cell, and with this case, the net energy density is about 1280 Wh manolyte −3 with a thermoelectric conversion efficiency of 0.34% (2.7% of the Carnot efficiency). The power density obtained herein is much higher than those previously reported for ammonia-based batteries and other liquid-based heat-to-electricity technologies. The cell voltages, currents and power densities can be boosted by adding stacked cells in series or parallel. The energy conversion efficiency can be promoted to 1.64% (27% of the Carnot efficiency) by optimizing the thermal regeneration process.
In this study, we report on the electrocatalytic behaviour of a polypyrrole/magnetite hybrid electrode towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The electrocatalytic activity of the composite electrode was demonstrated by cyclic voltammetric and chrono-amperometric measurements in comparison with the identically prepared neat polymer film. The stationary reduction currents, measured at an appropriately chosen potential (here at E =−0.3V), plotted against the peroxide concentration gave a perfect linear correlation in nitrogen atmosphere in the micromolar concentration range. The performance of the composite electrode was not affected by the presence of sulphate, nitrate or chloride anions. In the presence of dissolved oxygen a complex electrocatalytic activity was observed, involving the reduction of both oxygen and H2O2. However, a linear dependence was found also in oxygen containing media, although with much higher currents, but with the same slope (even at different oxygen concentrations). This fact may trigger the development of such hybrid electrodes towards hydrogen peroxide sensors in different aqueous (including natural) samples.
By examining Parkinson's disease patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) implantation surgery, this study shows that therapeutic DBS acts on the primary motor cortex to reversibly reduce excessive coupling between the phase of the beta rhythm and the amplitude of broadband activity over a similar time course as the reduction in parkinsonian motor signs.
This paper shows a new advanced control approach for operations in hybrid systems equipped with solid oxide fuel cell technology. This new tool, which combines feed-forward and standard proportional–integral techniques, controls the system during load changes avoiding failures and stress conditions detrimental to component life. This approach was selected to combine simplicity and good control performance. Moreover, the new approach presented in this paper eliminates the need for mass flow rate meters and other expensive probes, as usually required for a commercial plant. Compared to previous works, better performance is achieved in controlling fuel cell temperature (maximum gradient significantly lower than 3K/min), reducing the pressure gap between cathode and anode sides (at least a 30% decrease during transient operations), and generating a higher safe margin (at least a 10% increase) for the Steam-to-Carbon Ratio. This new control system was developed and optimized using a hybrid system transient model implemented, validated and tested within previous works. The plant, comprising the coupling of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell stack with a microturbine, is equipped with a bypass valve able to connect the compressor outlet with the turbine inlet duct for rotational speed control. Following model development and tuning activities, several operative conditions were considered to show the new control system increased performance compared to previous tools (the same hybrid system model was used with the new control approach). Special attention was devoted to electrical load steps and ramps considering significant changes in ambient conditions.
High charge storage/injection capacity, stability, and biocompatibility are the essential criteria to be satisfied by a neural electrode to ensure the function and longevity of implantable microelectrodes for chronic neural stimulation. In this paper, electrochemical deposition of Poly (3, 4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) composite films on custom fabricated 32 channel gold Microelectrode array (MEA) is reported. The existence of MoS2 in the electrodeposited film is verified using standard material characterization techniques. The effect of the weight percentage of MoS2 in PEDOT is studied. The optimum conditions required for electropolymerization for attaining higher cathodic Charge Storage Capacity (CSC) and the effect of variation in electropolymerization conditions are determined using a custom made gold macro electrode of size 1 cm × 1 cm. The optimized conditions have resulted in a high cathodic CSC of ~375 mC/cm2, the low impedance of 118 Ω at 1 kHz and average charge injection capacity (CIC) of 25 mC/cm2 with an electropolymerization charge density of 58 mC/cm2 when PEDOT/MoS2 is electrodeposited onto a 32 channel gold MEA. Mechanical and cyclic stability of the electrodes coated with PEDOT/MoS2 is assessed using charge injection capability study before and after ultra-sonication and percentage of CSC retention after 1000 scanning cycles, respectively. The biocompatible nature of electrodes, verified using fibroblasts cell lines of Mouse origin (L929 Cell lines), indicates the suitability of these hybrid nanocomposites as efficient electrode coatings for neural electrode applications.
Modified natural graphite is synthesized by surface coating and graphitizing process on the base of spherical natural graphite. The modified natural graphite is examined discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency for the initial charge–discharge cycle. Modification process results in marked improvement in electrochemical performance for a larger discharge capacity and better coulombic efficiency. The mechanism of the enhancement are investigated by means of X-ray powder diffraction, scan electron microscopy, and physical parameters examination. The proportion of rhombohedral crystal structure was reduced by the heat treatment process. The modified natural graphite exhibits 40mAhg−1 reduction in the first irreversible capacity while the reversible capacity increased by 16mAhg−1 in comparison with pristine graphite electrode. Also, it has an excellent capacity retention of ∼94% after 100 cycles and ∼87% after 300 cycles.
Three-dimensional graphene/carbon nanotube (GR-CNTs) aerogels was fabricated by the freeze-drying process, in which polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was empolyed as an organic binder. The electrochemical energy storage properties of aerogels were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests, which indicated that GR-CNTs aerogels electrode possessed high specific capacitances of 375 F/g in 6 M KOH solution with a capacity retention of about 88% and 94.8% after 5000 cycles, respectively. Moreover, The GR-CNTs aerogels was also identified to be a support matrix for the decoration of ultrafine Pt nanoparticles. Noticeably, exceptional electrocatalytic properties including high activity, good antipoisoning capacity, and outstanding durability were achieved for the Pt/GR-CNTs catalyst due to its unique three-dimensional interconnected porous structure and high specific surface area.
Supercapacitors are usually used as energy storage devices that work at a high current rate. This operating mode is often accompanied by the production of large amounts of heat inside the cell. Therefore, health monitoring of supercapacitors is still needed to avoid overheating and subsequent destruction. This paper presents a new method to determine the heat generation and the resulting temperature development of an aqueous hybrid capacitor based on extensive measurement data. We concentrate not only on the Ohmic power loss but also on heat phenomenon originating from side and overcharge reactions as well as entropy effects. The bearing of the final state of charge and the charging current on the temperature development is demonstrated. Finally, the temperature parameters of air and water cooled capacitors are simulated. The temperature distribution within the cell as a function of time is presented and discussed. The great advantage of the developed evaluation method is that it is an inexpensive method which can be realised in most test laboratories and that the measurements and simulations consider all crucial origins of power loss. The results obtained can be used to evaluate appropriate cooling systems. The method can be applied to capacitors and batteries.
The study examines the agreement among raters on children's problematic behaviors. A multitrait–multimethod (MTMM) matrix was applied to a normative sample of elementary school-aged children (N =841). The participants were rated by their physical educators, using the Motor Behavior Checklist for children (MBC; Efstratopoulou, Janssen, & Simons, 2012). Teachers and parents rated the same students using the Teacher Report Form (TRF; Achenbach, 1991b), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1991a) and the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (DuPaul, Power, Anastopoulos, & Reid, 1998). The resulting matrix revealed significant correlations for the Rules Breaking, Lack of Attention, Hyperactivity/Impulsivity, Lack of Social interaction problem scale and for the Internalizing, Externalizing and Total scores. Convergent validity of the specific MBC subscales was supported by significant correlations with the corresponding subscales of TRF, CBCL and ADHD Rating Scale-IV. Findings underscore the importance of taking child's settings and observer influences into account and suggest that MBC is a new promising instrument that can provide valid ratings on externalizing behavior and social problems in children when used by physical educators in school settings.
We report the synthesis of CuO nanostructures by metal organic framework (MOF) based approach. Spherical shaped, phase pure CuO nanoparticles are obtained by controlled pyrolysis of Cu-based MOF. Electrochemical properties are evaluated in half-cell assembly and it is found that ∼1.6mol of Li (∼538mAhg–1) is cycleable via conversion reaction. Further, MOF derived CuO retained ∼90% of initial reversible capacity after 40 cycles. Rate performance studies showed the deliverable reversible capacity of ∼210mAhg–1 at high current rate of 2Ag–1.
First principles computation methods play an important role in developing and optimizing new energy storage and conversion materials. In this review, we present an overview of the computation approach aimed at designing better electrode materials for lithium ion batteries. Specifically, we show how each relevant property can be related to the structural component in the material and can be computed from first principles. By direct comparison with experimental observations, we hope to illustrate that first principles computation can help to accelerate the design and development of new energy storage materials.
Rural electrification to help rural communities improve their quality of life needs to be designed in a sustainable manner with the intention of keeping village culture and environment from eroding. Micro-hydropower systems (MHS), especially run-of river schemes, are examples of renewable energy projects that, if managed well, can be socially and environmentally sustainable. This paper presents the results of a field survey conducted in Ba'Kelalan, in Sarawak, Malaysia, where several MHS have been implemented by various funding agencies using different planning mechanisms as well as different design and operational procedures. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used in a case study comparison of two MHS in Ba'Kelalan based on criteria such as system loads, electricity tariff, the level of community involvement in the project, and the arrangements put in place for maintenance. Several barriers to sustainability were found in the operation and maintenance of the MHS due to a lack of knowledge by unskilled operators. The key lessons learnt from the case study are that sustainable development of MHS requires financial and load distribution management at the beginning of the project, as well as capacity building for both operation and maintenance personnel, as well as the community.
Cognitive dysfunction is a common feature of schizophrenia and deficits are present before the onset of psychosis, and are moderate to severe by the time of the first episode. Controversy exists over the course of cognitive dysfunction after the first episode. This study examined age-associated differences in performance on clinical neuropsychological (NP) and information processing tasks in a sample of geriatric community living schizophrenia patients (n =172). Compared to healthy control subjects (n =70), people with schizophrenia did not differ on NP tests across age groups but showed evidence for age-associated cognitive worsening on the more complex components of an information-processing test. Age-related changes in cognitive function in schizophrenia may be a function of both the course of illness and the processing demands of the cognitive measure of interest. Tests with fixed difficulty, such as clinical NP tests, may differ in their sensitivity from tests for which parametric difficulty manipulations can be performed.
An increasing number of gastrointestinal cancer (GI) patients suffer from  side effects of cancer treatment that can affect their  mood states and quality of life. Despite its demonstrated effectiveness in female cancer patients, Supportive Expressive Group Therapy (SEGT) has not been tested in male cancer patients. The current study sought to examine the longitudinal effects of a professionally-led, men-only SEGT on mood states, coping, and quality of life (QoL) in male GI cancer patients.
This review provides a detailed overview of the energy harvesting technologies associated with piezoelectric materials along with the closely related sub-classes of pyroelectrics and ferroelectrics. These properties are, in many cases, present in the same material, providing the intriguing prospect of a material that can harvest energy from multiple sources including vibration, thermal fluctuations and light. Piezoelectric materials are initially discussed in the context of harvesting mechanical energy from vibrations using inertial energy harvesting, which relies on the resistance of a mass to acceleration, and kinematic energy harvesting which directly couples the energy harvester to the relative movement of different parts of a source. Issues related to mode of operation, loss mechanisms and using non-linearity to enhance the operating frequency range are described along with the potential materials that could be employed for harvesting vibrations at elevated temperatures. In addition to inorganic piezoelectric materials, compliant piezoelectric materials are also discussed. Piezoelectric energy harvesting devices are complex multi-physics systems requiring advanced methodologies to maximise their performance. The research effort to develop optimisation methods for complex piezoelectric energy harvesters is then reviewed. The use of ferroelectric or multi-ferroic materials to convert light into chemical or electrical energy is then described in applications where the internal electric field can prevent electron–hole recombination or enhance chemical reactions at the ferroelectric surface. Finally, pyroelectric harvesting generates power from temperature fluctuations and this review covers the modes of pyroelectric harvesting such as simple resistive loading and Olsen cycles. Nano-scale pyroelectric systems and novel micro-electro-mechanical-systems designed to increase the operating frequency are discussed.
Water-dispersed hybrid-metal hexacyanoferrates (h-MHCFs) nanoparticle inks containing different ratios of copper, cobalt and nickel, were prepared by wet chemical precipitation. These inks can be simply spin-coated on plate electrode to form nanoparticle films. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Detector (EDX) were used to characterize h-MHCFs nanoparticles. The CV results indicated that the nanoparticle films held higher current responses and mass density of reactive sites in comparison with electrodeposited films. The nanoparticle structure of the h-MHCF film was determined by XRD patterns and FE-SEM images. The prepared h-MHCF existing within the film as a new phase not a simple mixture of corresponding single-metal hexacyanoferrates (s-MHCFs) was demonstrated by characteristic CV curves, distinct vibrational bands, no splitting diffraction peaks etc. Long-term potential cycling in various electrolytes illustrated long cycle life and strong stability of h-MHCFs nanoparticle films modified electrodes, especially for the hybrid-cobalt/nickel hexacyanoferrate showing 99% capacitance retention after 300 cycles. On comparing properties of s-MHCFs, it can be revealed that the h-MHCF films inherited corresponding s-MHCFs' physical/chemical characteristics and have a hybrid vigor in crosses of them.
Schizophrenic patients suffer from more metabolic or sleep problems. Little is known about risk factors. We recruited 17 patients with chronic schizophrenia from the rehabilitation center in a medical center in Taiwan and measured their demographic data, cognitive performance, and physical fitness, metabolic profiles and sleep parameters. They were divided into two groups according to clinical severity, then compared in terms of metabolic and sleep parameters.
The phase changes occurring in magnetite (Fe3O4) during lithiation and voltage recovery experiments are modeled using a model that simulates the electrochemical performance of a Fe3O4 electrode by coupling the lithium transport in the agglomerate and nano-crystal length-scales to thermodynamic and kinetic expressions. Phase changes are described using kinetic expressions based on the Avrami theory for nucleation and growth. Simulated results indicate that the slow, linear voltage change observed at long times during the voltage recovery experiments can be attributed to a slow phase change from α-LixFe3O4 to β-Li4Fe3O4. In addition, the long voltage plateau at ∼1.2V observed during lithiation of electrodes is attributed to conversion from α-LixFe3O4 to γ-(4 Li2O+3 Fe). Simulations for the lithiation of 6 and 32nm Fe3O4 suggest the rate of conversion to γ-(4 Li2O+3 Fe) decreases with decreasing crystal size.
To overcome the existing technical barriers of pulverization and fast capacity fading of Si/C composite anodes in lithium ion batteries and to low their production cost, we have developed a facile method for preparing Si/C nano-branches (Si/C NBs) by reacting commercial Si microparticles directly with CH3Cl gas over Cu-based catalyst particles followed by a simple post treatment. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the diameter and the length of Si/C NBs were ∼70 nm and ∼6 μm, respectively. When used as the anode materials for lithium ion batteries, they displayed excellent electrochemical properties with an average specific capacity of 849 mA h g−1 at a current density of 50 mA g−1. The much improved electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique branched nanostructure and the coated carbon layer on the surface, which can effectively increase the electrical conductivity and buffer the volume change. This work provides a simple and low-cost route to prepare Si/C anode materials with novel branched nanostructure for lithium ion batteries.
This study establishes a key role for the developmental transcription factors Lmx1a/b in the maintenance of midbrain dopamine neurons. The authors show that postmitotic ablation of Lmx1b in mice leads to cellular and functional abnormalities resembling Parkinson's disease, most notably in a dysfunction in the autophagic-lysosomal pathway that results in abnormal dopaminergic synaptic connections and neuronal degeneration.