batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A series of polyimides, which contain polyethylene glycol (PEG) segments with different molecular weight in the polymer chains, are synthesized through a facile one-pot method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The main part of polyimides is originated from trimellitic anhydride chloride (TMAC) and 4,4′-methylenedianiline, onto which PEG segments are introduced through an esterification reaction with TMAC. These obtained polyimides, which acquire excellent water solubility after being neutralized by triethylamine, are applied as water-soluble binders to silicon negative electrodes for lithium ion batteries, and significantly improve the electrochemical performance of silicon anodes. Specially, the PI-200 (polyimide copolymerized with PEG-200) based silicon electrode exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 2989.7 mAh g−1 and remains about 2235.5 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at the current density of 0.1 C (420 mA g−1).
The Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System Series K (EHCSS) produces smoke through the controlled electrical heating of tobacco. Evaluation of the EHCSS was accomplished by comparison with commercial and reference cigarettes, using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and alternative puffing regimens based on nicotine exposures measured in a short-term clinical study. Using the alternative puffing regimen and compared with conventional cigarettes on a per cigarette basis, the EHCSS had 50–60% reductions in tar and nicotine; at least 90% reductions in carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrylonitrile, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, hydrogen cyanide, aromatic amines, tobacco specific nitrosamines, and phenol; and least a 40% reduction in 2-nitropropane. Other important smoke constituents in EHCSS smoke were reduced as well. The in vitro studies showed similar large reductions in biological activity. Ames mutagenicity of total particulate matter (TPM) from the EHCSS was reduced by 70–90%; cytotoxicity of the TPM was reduced by approximately 82% and 65% for the gas–vapor phase. In vivo testing under ISO smoking conditions in the mouse skin painting assay demonstrated later dermal tumor onset, lower dermal tumor incidence, reduced dermal tumor multiplicity, and a lower proportion of malignant dermal tumors in EHCSS smoke condensate-exposed mice. Thirty-five day and 90-day nose-only inhalation studies in rats showed reductions in pulmonary inflammation and other biological activity, including histopathological endpoints. We conclude that under the conditions of these in vitro and in vivo studies, the EHCSS demonstrated significantly lower biological activity compared to conventional cigarettes, and may suggest the potential for reductions in human smokers.
Nanostructured Li4Ti5O12 is always synthesized under relatively low temperature to prevent crystal growth, however, low-temperature treatment leads to low crystallinity. In this work, we use a chemical vapor deposition strategy to synthesis uniformly carbon layer coated Li4Ti5O12 nanowire. This method allows calcining Li4Ti5O12 nanowire under high temperature to obtain high crystallinity of Li4Ti5O12 without destroying its morphology. The Li4Ti5O12 displays excellent rate capacity. Also, the carbon coated layer could protect the Li4Ti5O12 surface from side reaction with electrolyte. The carbon coated Li4Ti5O12 nanowire shows excellent capacity retention during charge/discharge under elevated temperature of 55°C due to high crystallinity and reduced side-reaction.
Low energy density of the supercapacitors is considered as a roadblock for its application in or as a primary power source. While, utilization of high energy density battery-type electrode materials in an asymmetrical configuration was expected to resolve this hurdle, however, its inferior rate performance and poor cycling stability hinder the overall device performance. Incomplete utilization of active material at elevated current density was identified as the root for poor rate performance. Herein, we developed a hierarchical NiS microspheres build by the self-assembly of hexagonal nanoplates via trimethylamine (TEA) assisted hydrothermal method. The optimized sample exhibited a superior specific capacitance of 606 C/g at 0.5 A/g. More interestingly, the electrode was able to retain 50% (302 C/g at 20 A/g) of its maximum capacity even when the current density was multiplied 40-fold relative to 18% (50 C/g at 20 A/g) shown by control sample prepared without TEA. Excellent rate performance of the electrode could be attributed to the increment in the electrolyte-accessible surface area by morphological modifications. Owing to its porous nature, optimized sample was able to retain 93% of its original capacity at the end of 2000 continuous cycles of charge-discharge. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor with NiS-C as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode delivered a high energy density of 35.07 Wh/kg at a power density of 0.420 kW/kg within an operating voltage window of 1.5 V.
Cr-doped Li2FeSiO4 was prepared by a sol–gel method. The effects of Cr doping on the characteristics of Li2FeSiO4 were carefully investigated. Compared with the XRD pattern of the Li2FeSiO4 sample, the XRD patterns of the Cr-doped samples have no extra reflections. This indicates that Cr enters the structure of Li2FeSiO4 rather than forming impurities. As indicated by the charge–discharge measurements, the highest capacity is obtained by 3% Cr doping. The particle size of the Li2Fe0.97Cr0.03SiO4 sample was smaller than that of the Li2FeSiO4 sample, and the BET surface area of the Li2Fe0.97Cr0.03SiO4 sample was more than twice as high as that of the Li2FeSiO4 sample. Compared with the Li2FeSiO4 sample, the Li2Fe0.97Cr0.03SiO4 sample shows faster activation, higher reversible capacity, and better rate capability, which can be attributed to the smaller particle size and larger surface area as well as the crystal defects induced by Cr doping.
Chronic alcohol consumption disrupts psychomotor and cognitive functions, most of which are subserved by the dysfunction of hippocampus. Dysregulated excitatory glutamatergic transmission is implicated in repeated alcohol induced psychomotor and cognitive impairment. Ginsenoside Rg1, one of the main active ingredient of the traditional tonic medicine Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), has been used to treat cognitive deficits. Particularly, Rg1 has been demonstrated to improve hippocampus-dependent learning in mice and attenuate glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in vitro. Thus, in the present research, we sought to investigate the therapeutic effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 on repeated alcohol induced psychomotor and cognitive deficits in hippocampal-dependent behavioral tasks and unravel the underpinnings of its neuroprotection.
Nitrogen doped holey graphene (NHG), with in-plane holes in its sheet plate, has been synthesized in this work through the potassium hydroxide (KOH) etching and ball milling of nitrogen doped graphene (NG). It shows that the KOH etching and ball milling does not distinctly alter the elemental composition and the relative percentages of functional groups in NG, but produce holes in its in-plane sheet plate. The obtained NHG can then be used as an active electrode material for supercapacitors and as an active electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction, and exhibits significantly higher electrochemical performance than the corresponding NG. Its improved electrochemical performance could be attributed to its specific holey structure in the sheet plate and porous structure in its randomly stacked solid, which provide it with more active edge atoms, better accessibility to electrolyte, larger accommodation space for ions, faster electrolyte diffusion and movement and so on.
The development of deployable water-splitting devices is hindered by the cost of electricity and the lack of stable ion conducting membranes that can operate across the pH scale, impose low ionic resistances and avoid product mixing. The membrane-less approach developed in this work breaks this paradigm and demonstrates for the first time an electrolyzer capable of operating with lower ionic resistance than benchmark membrane-based electrolyzers using virtually any electrolyte. Our method separates product gases by controlling the delicate balance between fluid mechanic forces in the device. The devices presented here are able to split water at current densities over 300 mA cm−2, with more than 42% power conversion efficiency, and crossover of hydrogen gas into the oxidation side as low as 0.4%, leading to a non-flammable and continuous hydrogen fuel stream. Furthermore, ability to use buffered electrolytes allows for the incorporation of earth-abundant catalysts that can only operate at moderate to high pH values.
LiMn2O4 and LiMg x Sn y Al z Mn2−x−y−z O4 (x, y, z =Mg, Sn, Al) (x =0.01–0.09; y =0.04–0.1; z =0.35–0.20) powders have been synthesized via the sol–gel method for the first time using glutamic acid as the chelating agent. The synthesized samples have been subjected to physical and electrochemical characterization. SEM images of parent LiMn2O4 show that the majority of the grains are 1μm in size. The LiMg0.01Sn0.04Al0.35Mn1.6O4 and LiMg0.04Sn0.06Al0.30Mn1.6O4 particles present a low degree of agglomeration and the primary particles are 1μm in size. TEM images of the spinel LiMn2O4 and LiMg x Sn y Al z Mn2−x−y−z O4 ascertain that the synthesized particles are nano-sized with uniform surface morphology. The LiMn2O4 samples calcined at 850°C deliver a discharge capacity of 122mAhg−1 in the first cycle. Among the compositions investigated, LiMg0.01Sn0.06Al0.30Mn1.6O4 delivers 115mAhg−1 in the first cycle and exhibits stable cycling performance with a low capacity fade of 1mAhg−1 cycle−1 over the 10 cycles investigated.
In fuel cells, the formation of platinum oxides on the Pt surface interferes with the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). The chemical composition of Pt oxides formed on carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles has been postulated for the first time to be hydroxylated platinum PtOH and hydroxylated platinous PtOH+ species. The thermodynamics of electrocapillary was applied to determine the charge number for Pt oxidation in various pH under a constant ionic strength perchlorate solutions. The charge number of the Pt oxide increased with the holding potential from −0.9 up to −1.5 electrons/H+ at 0.765 and 0.89V vs. SHE, respectively. This indicates the coexistence of multi oxides, where PtOH is initially formed and is further converted at higher potentials to PtOH+. The charge number for H adsorption was measured as expected to be +1, increasing the confidence in the technique. The charge number allows the calculation of individual oxide coverages, explaining the previously intriguing reports that the fraction coverage was larger than 1 under the simplified assumption of one-electron transfer per Pt atom and without the need to assume a place-exchange mechanism. It is concluded that under increasing holding potential the coverage of PtOH+ increases while that of PtOH decreases. The formation of both oxides can be periodically reversed by a short switch to lower potentials, E <0.6V vs. SHE. The reduction of the oxides and consequently the recovery of Pt activity are found to be relatively fast.
In this work, a facile and novel approach is presented to maintain stoichiometry, to achieve stable nanostructure and high surface area manganese oxide (α-MnO2). The synthesis of α-MnO2 nanorods forest has been carried out using reactive DC magnetron sputtering technique without use of surfactant/wet chemical procedure. The structural parameters, vibrational response and surface morphology of the α-MnO2 nanorods are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Photoluminescence spectroscopy (XPS), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission electron miscopy (TEM) and BET surface area. The α-MnO2 nanorods have smooth surface and uniform diameters. The high surface area with lower lattice energy of poly nano-crystalline structure is expected to enhance the utilization ratio of electrode materials and facile de-intercalation process. The Mn-O-Mn bonded, MnO6 octahedral based and the well-developed tetragonal α-MnO2 with (2×2) tunnel is obtained. The mesopores in α-MnO2 provide wide channels, which is extremely suitable to transport ions into micropores present in α-MnO2. The electrochemical measurements are performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) techniques. The MnO2 electrode exhibits high specific capacitance (346Fg−1 at 0.71Ag−1 in 1M aqueous Na2SO4) and good cycling stability (86.6% retention after 1500 cycles). The present approach opens a new avenue to design an efficient chemical reaction free nanorods.
We report an effective synthesis of surfactant-free multimetallic Pd nanosponges with tunable compositions using EDTA as the structure-directing reagent and NaBH4 as the reducing reagent. Among the mono-metallic Pd, binary PdNi and PdAu, ternary PdAuNi nanosponges and commercial Pt/C catalysts studied, Pd62Au21Ni17 nanosponges exhibit excellent activities and are the most efficient nanoparticle catalysts ever reported for both ethylene glycol and glycerol oxidation reactions.
The present work aims at identifying, locating and quantifying the industrial and domestic waste dump sites located in and around Bangalore urban and rural districts of Karnataka state, India. Bangalore has a population of 6 million and has more than 2000 industries working at various industrial estates and other locations around the city. It was reported that about 1500 tons of municipal waste per day is being generated from Bangalore city. Studies reveal that there is no scientific treatment and disposal facility for scientific management of the waste generated. The waste from industries and community areas is disposed in an unscientific manner at several open dump sites across the city. There are more than 60 dump sites consisting of both municipal and industrial waste existing in and around Bangalore city; the locations are totally unhygienic. Based on the experience gained from field visits, physical observation of the waste disposed, quantity and nature of the waste disposed, each site was given with a grading based on polluting potential of the site. For selected sites, ground water samples were collected from nearby surface or bore wells and analysed for possible contamination. From the study, it was found that the site needed immediate attention and comes under severe impact category of 27 numbers and that of medium and low impact are 18 and 6 numbers, respectively. The disposal sites have got tremendous potential of spreading the epidemics/diseases to the people living in their immediate vicinity and at nearby places.
Lithium vanadium metasilicate (LiVSi2O6) with pyroxene structure has been exploited as an electrode material for Li-ion batteries. Galvanostatic charge and discharge tests show that LiVSi2O6 is able to deliver a capacity of 85mAhg−1 at 30°C, and a high capacity of 181mAhg−1 at 60°C. The high capacity is believed to be due to the reactions of V3+/V4+ and V2+/V3+redox couples, accompanied by the excess 0.42 Li+ insertion into the lattice forming a Li-rich phase Li1.42VSi2O6. High-energy synchrotron XRD combined with the Rietveld refinement analysis confirms that the electrochemical delithiation–lithiation reaction proceeds by a single phase redox mechanism with an overall volume variation of 1.9% between LiVSi2O6 and its delithiated state, indicating a very stable framework of LiVSi2O6 for Li+ ions extraction–insertion.
This work analyses the impact of different support schemes on the retail price of micro-combined heat and power units based on solid oxide fuel cells in the residential sector. The implications of each incentive toward the technical implementation of the technology are also analyzed. A detailed techno-economic assessment of the micro-combined heat and power unit is provided considering the best-in-class ceramic fuel cell technology and today’s costs for gas and electricity in the residential sector. The Italian case study was used to evaluate the impact of different supporting schemes. In order to further extend the validity of our research, scenarios for Germany and Denmark are simulated and discussed. For large-family residential users consuming 9000kWh of electricity yearly, the retail price that yields a five year pay-back-time – without any incentive – is ∼2500€. Under the same assumptions, for the average family with a consumption of around 3500kWh, the required price is ∼650€. In both cases, a retail price that is four and seven time higher respectively is achieved with the Feed-in Tariff (FIT) scheme of the type currently in use in the United Kingdom. A modified Feed-in Tariff is finally proposed to support on-site consumption rather than generation with export to the grid.
Background and purpose: Insomnia and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS) are the two most common sleep disorders, and both have significant associated health costs. Despite this, relatively little is known about the prevalence or impact of insomnia in those with OSAHS, although a recent study suggested there may be substantial comorbidity between these disorders [Chest 120 (2001) 1923–9]. The primary aim of this study was to further explore the prevalence of insomnia in OSAHS. A secondary aim was to assess the effect of factors that may impact on both conditions, including mood and sleep-beliefs. Patients and methods: Consecutive patients referred to an accredited Sleep Investigations Unit (n=105) completed a brief standardized battery of validated questionnaires assessing sleep-related variables and mood. Results: Results showed a high rate of prevalence of clinical insomnia in this OSAHS population, and a strong positive correlation between OSAHS and insomnia symptom severity. Further, OSAHS patients with comorbid insomnia had increased levels of depression, anxiety and stress compared to patients with OSAHS-only, and both patient groups reported similar and significant levels of dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. Findings in relation to habitual sleep, assessed using subjective (diary) and objective criteria (polysomnogram), were mixed but generally showed greater sleep disturbance among those with OSAHS-insomnia compared to those with OSAHS-only. Conclusions: Overall these findings suggest that comorbidity of insomnia in OSAHS patients may lead to increased OSAHS severity and that patients with both conditions may experience more symptoms relating to depression, anxiety and stress. These findings underscore the need for insomnia assessment and management services, even in clinics that primarily service patients with OSAHS.
Control methods are important for stationary energy systems, especially for those based on so called second life batteries, due to asymmetrical system design and a mix of batteries from different capacities and aging levels. This study provides a theoretical analysis and simulation results of power flow and control methods in stationary energy storage systems. The theoretical part of this work develops a hierarchical control scheme comprising several levels and methods for computing the target variables of the control strategy based on optimisation. The simulation study focuses on the implementation of a stationary energy storage system, comprising four BMW i3 battery units connected to four DC/DC converters, and three DC/AC inverters. For this system four control strategies are developed in detail and compared. Three algorithms are based on feedback through a finite state machine, while the fourth uses linear programming and model predictive control techniques developed in this work. All methods are tested on two application profiles (artificial rectangle profile, frequency regulation profile) and the control schemes are compared in terms of performance, efficiency, and service life. The results suggest that optimisation based methods provide the flexibility to design a control strategy that weighs the three control objectives.
Experimental results obtained from the study of 12V, 40Ah, valve regulated lead/acid (VRLA) batteries indicated that reduction in capacity during cycling can be attributed to changes in the positive electrode. Corrosion layer (CL) growth has been identified as a key factor that can lead to a reduction in performance and eventual battery failure. In this paper, a selection of results concerned with the positive grid CL are presented. These can be used to suggest ways of improving the present positive electrode design and also to outline some of the different types of defect that form during operation. In addition, reduction in oxygen concentration through the thickness of the layer towards the grid surface was detected indicating an increase in resistivity and thus internal resistance of the cell.
We report on the potential and temperature dependences of the differential intercalation capacitance, C dif, and the chemical diffusion coefficient, D, during Li intercalation into a graphite anode by a combined application of slow-scan rate cyclic voltammetry (SSCV) and the potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT). Drastically different behavior was observed within the short-time ranges of the PITT response measured for a two-phase coexistence domain and a solid solution of phases 4 and 3. Electroanalytical evidence for small droplet formation (nucleation) of a new phase in the bulk of the old one was found for the former domain, showing good correlation with in situ XRD studies. SSCV data obtained in the 25–80 °C temperature range were in excellent agreement with the published temperature–concentration phase diagrams built on the basis of detailed XRD characterizations. The simultaneous appearance of maxima on C dif versus E plots and minima on the related log D versus E plots in the two-phase domains was rationalized in terms of a lattice gas model with single site energy, and highly attractive interactions between the intercalated guest atoms. The electroanalytical behavior of graphite within the solid-solution domain (a mixture of phases 4 and 3) was interpreted semi-quantitatively on the basis of a model that took into account the presence of two sub-lattices of different energy (a model of “energetic heterogeneity”) for Li accommodation, and attractive interactions between the guest atoms on each sub-lattice, or, alternatively, due to in-plane order–disorder transitions because of short-range repulsive interactions between the intercalated guest species.