batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Systematic data regarding early neurodevelopmental functioning in Smith-Magenis syndrome are limited. Eleven children with Smith-Magenis syndrome less than 3 years of age (mean, 19 months; range, 5-34 months) received prospective multidisciplinary assessments using standardized measures. The total sample scored in the moderately to severely delayed range in cognitive functioning, expressive language, and motor skills and exhibited generalized hypotonia, oral-motor abnormalities, and middle ear dysfunction. Socialization skills were average, and significantly higher than daily living, communication, and motor abilities, which were below average. Mean behavior ratings were in the nonautistic range. According to exploratory analyses, the toddler subgroup scored significantly lower than the infant subgroup in cognition, expressive language, and adaptive behavior, suggesting that the toddlers were more delayed than the infants relative to their respective peers. Infants aged approximately 1 year or younger exhibited cognitive, language, and motor skills that ranged from average to delayed, but with age-appropriate social skills and minimal maladaptive behaviors. At ages 2 to 3 years, the toddlers consistently exhibited cognitive, expressive language, adaptive behavior, and motor delays and mildly to moderately autistic behaviors. Combining age groups in studies may mask developmental and behavioral differences. Increased knowledge of these early neurodevelopmental characteristics should facilitate diagnosis and appropriate intervention.
Discharged lithium–O2 battery cathodes are investigated with different catalysts present including Pd, α-MnO2 and CuO, and containing two different electrolyte solvents, 1:1 ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME). Solid-state 6Li magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy has been used identify lithium products that are formed in the cathodes and differences between products formed with the different catalysts and solvents. There are significant differences in the products formed in Li–O2 cathodes with the two different solvents, EC/DMC and TEGDME. Due to the small chemical shift range of lithium it is difficult to determine exact speciation from 6Li MAS NMR data alone. Fitting of the 6Li NMR peaks with tested Li-oxide powder standards indicates that Li–O2 cathodes discharged in EC/DMC produce primarily Li2CO3 as a lithium product and those discharged in TEGDME produce mainly Li2O2. Solution 2D correlation 1H–13C NMR spectroscopy techniques allow for determination of side-products produced in Li–O2 cathodes.
Single-ionic conductors, which display lithium ion migration exclusively (without anion migration), have been realized as the polymeric solid electrolytes with lithium orthoaluminate repeating units carrying oligo(oxyethylene) main chain and two side chains of endomethoxy{oligo(oxyethylene)}. The ionic conductivity of the aluminate polymer complexes is about 10−6–10−7 S/cm at room temperature. Thin film lithium secondary batteries were fabricated into 5.5cm×4.5cm×0.02–0.03cm (thick) cells from lithium foil (anode), aluminate polymer complex (electrolyte) and TiS2 (cathode). These batteries show minimal decay of output voltage upon constant current discharging and their capacity of first cycle was about 146mAh/g of active cathode material. By contrast typical bi-ionic conductor of (aluminate polymer complex+5% LiClO4) hybrid system showed, on the contrary, rapid decay of output voltage, due to polarization.
The single crystalline LiMn2O4 rods are synthesized by solid state reaction at varying temperatures (450 °C and 550 °C) using γ-MnOOH rods as self-templates, which are obtained by a typical hydrothermal process. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical tests are thoroughly conducted/performed to investigate its structure and properties. XRD, SEM and TEM observations show that LiMn2O4 spinel-type powders have good crystallinity and similar rods morphology with the width of 300–400 nm and the length of 500 nm–5 μm. As the cathode material for lithium batteries, LiMn2O4 synthesized at 450 °C delivers higher initial discharge capacity of 123.2 mA h g−1 at 0.1C and retains 84.0 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 10C rate. Even at a high current density of 40C, the material still presents an excellent discharge capability of 95.2 mA h g−1. The probable effect of structure and prepared-temperature is analyzed in detail.
This article aims to present the synthesis and the characterization of a novel hybrid material, based on silica nanoparticles, and which can be used as a sensitive element for the electrochemical detection of iron (III). This material was obtained by grafting an iron ligand-based calix[4]arene structure onto nanosized silica particles. The covalent anchoring of the chelator was obtained by nucleophilic coupling reaction between the modified calix[4]arene and the chloropropyl functionalized silica. The grafting reaction was confirmed by FTIR (DRIFT), solid-state 13C Cross-Polarization MAS (CPMAS) NMR and thermal analysis. The interaction between the material and the dissolved iron (III) was demonstrated though potentiometric measurements. A linear evolution of the open circuit potential, which can be used analytically for iron (III) detection, has been obtained.
Researchers in the USA at Pennsylvania State University have developed a new type of 3D printing which, they claim, will make it possible for the first time to rapidly prototype and test polymer membranes that are patterned for improved performance. This approach has the potential to enable rapid advances in membrane technology.
A thermal-modulated electrodeposition technique is proposed for enhancing the physico-chemical characteristics of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD). Synthesis is conducted on the basis of non-isothermal electrode heating at ambient pressure. Electrode substrates are heated continuously during the anodic deposition processes in boiling sulfuric acid solutions. Bath temperatures and deposition parameters are held constant. Anode temperatures are varied in the range 98–150°C. Two series of products, one deposited on a lead and the other on a Ti cylinder, are investigated. These are compared with EMD prepared by the conventional isothermal method which is similarly produced in a boiling solution. At optimized anode temperatures (120–135°C), both series of products display enhanced charge–discharge performance. This is consistent with the compact surface morphologies which are obtained for thin layers of EMD deposited on graphite substrates. The positive effects of localized heating are detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Several physico-chemical parameters of the solvent, as well as of the electrodes, are varied as a function of electrode temperatures. Conservation of energy can be obtained through a relatively safe, simple and low-cost process. This method has potential for application to other electroactive materials with industrial prospects.
Electrode materials in which tin nanograins are encapsulated in carbon matrix obtained from different origin (starch or modified polymer) were examined. Morphology of the C/Sn composites was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis in different states of charge (SOC) at initial cycle together with a long term galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling tests allowed determining the influence of carbon coating origin on the electrochemical behaviour of C/Sn nanocomposites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements of C/Sn materials before cycling and after first cycle were performed to observe changes in surface composition of the material which occur during electrochemical reaction. The results of surface characterization as well as electrochemical studies of C/Sn nanocomposites indicated that the origin of carbon precursor has a major impact on the composites’ morphology and electrochemical behaviour. Long term galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling tests proved that the carbon obtained from MPNVF precursor allows better encapsulation of tin nanograins in the buffer matrix. Furthermore, according to the XPS studies carbon coating based on MPNVF is more chemically stable versus electrolyte, which contributes directly to the improved protection of active material against physical damage. The charge capacity of MPNVF-based composite was 589mAhg−1 after 70 cycles, which constitutes 59% of theoretical metallic tin capacity.
Nitrogen-enriched activated carbons were prepared from waste medium density fiberboard base using K2CO3 as an activating agent for electrochemical capacitors. The effect of different temperatures of carbonization (300, 400, 500, and 600°C) and the influence of the sequence of activation process (a mass K2CO3/coke ratio of 3, temperature of 800°C and the activation time 1h) on the electrochemical performance have been investigated. All of the samples were characterized in terms of surface chemical composition by elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, porosity by N2 sorption at 77K, surface area by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurement. Electrochemical behavior as electric double-layer capacitors was determined using galvanostatic, voltammetric charge/discharge, specific capacitance values versus current densities, and impedance spectroscopy techniques in a 7molL−1 KOH aqueous solution. A maximum value of specific capacitance of 230Fg−1 was achieved for the sample carbonized at 400°C. The good electrochemical performance of the activated carbon was ascribed to high surface area, wide pore size distribution, and the presence of nitrogen functional groups.
This contribution describes the synthesis of a hybrid nanocomposite constituted by vanadium oxide/polyaniline (PANI) with an interesting fibrilar morphology. Nanofibers can be obtained as main reaction products of nanocomposite V2O5/PANI and hexadecylamine after hydrothermal treatment. In general, nanocomposite nanofibers present a typical length varying from 1 to 10μm and a width varying from 15 to 300nm. Electrochemical experiments have shown a specific capacity of about 150Ahkg−1 during the 10 initials cycles. The apparent diffusion coefficient has evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The value obtained for nanofibers with template was approximately 1×10−12 cm2/s−1. On the other hand, nanofibers passed by a reflux treatment, were hexadecylamine was changed by sodium cations presented an apparent diffusion coefficient at least three orders in magnitude higher than the parent “with template”, comparable with other vanadium oxide described in the literature, revealing a promissory material for utilization as cathode for ion-Li batteries.
Micro/nano-architectured transition-metal@C hybrids possess unique structural and compositional features toward lithium storage, and are thus expected to manifest ideal anodic performances in advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we propose a facile and scalable solid-state coordination and subsequent pyrolysis route for the formation of a novel type of micro/nano-architectured transition-metal@C hybrid (i.e., Ni@C nanosheet-assembled hierarchical network, Ni@C network). Moreover, this coordination-pyrolysis route has also been applied for the construction of bare carbon network using zinc salts instead of nickel salts as precursors. When applied as potential anodic materials in LIBs, the Ni@C network exhibits Ni-content-dependent electrochemical performances, and the partially-etched Ni@C network manifests markedly enhanced Li-storage performances in terms of specific capacities, cycle life, and rate capability than the pristine Ni@C network and carbon network. The proposed solid-state coordination and pyrolysis strategy would open up new opportunities for constructing micro/nano-architectured transition-metal@C hybrids as advanced anode materials for LIBs.
Under certain synthetic conditions vanadium oxide gels are made of nanoribbons subunits. Due to this textural specificity it is possible to align the ribbons while employing an extrusion process, generating thereby vanadium oxide macroscopic fibers. In this process V2O5 gel is extruded through a syringe within a PVA (1% wt) solution rotating beaker. A composite fiber can be then extracted from the beaker. These as-synthesized fibers are bearing outstanding mechanical properties (20GPa of Young modulus) addressed with transversal flexibility that alloys macroscopic knot formation. Furthermore, they appear to be excellent alcohol sensors, enable to detect 0.1ppm of ethanol within 16s at 40°C, sensitivity being associated with a good selectivity. Subsequently, we were able to tune the fibers’ sensing and mechanical properties by varying the shear rate addressed to the vanadium oxide extruded gel. In order to better appreciate the correlation between fibers’ porosity, nanoribbons subunits alignment and the addressed properties (mechanical and sensing) we tuned the porosity making the use of latex nanoparticles inclusion followed by their calcinations while varying still the imposed sheer rate during the extrusion. Finally synthesis of hybrid PANI–V2O5 allowed reaching enhanced tenacity 12Jg−1, concomitant with a loss of sensitivity. We show that all the parameters involved within the mechanical and sensing performances are acting within a strong partitioning mode rather than a cooperative one. Overall, these iterative synthetic approaches demonstrate once more the importance of the correlation between structures and properties, approaches where the integrative chemistry is appearing, via its versatility, as an essential tool of chemical science to conceive rationally functional architectures bearing enhanced properties.
The authors describe cortical projections mediating the modulation of social behavior. Neural projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the dorsal periaqueductal gray play a critical role in the behavioral adaptation to social defeat in mice.
This review aims to present a summary of the current state of art in applications incorporating thermoelectric generator (TEG) units. Description of components critical to TEG system analysis will be provided. Especially practical results available from testing of the experimental systems will be addressed. The review is split in 2 parts, with first part covering TEG fundamental operating principles and materials, the power electronic converters of the TEG loading system, with applications of domestic boilers and biomass stoves. Second part of the review will provide overview of the solar energy harvesting TEG applications.
Bismuth (Bi), a uniquely stable pnictogen element, is deemed a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries owing to its high volumetric capacity, moderate operating voltage and environmental friendliness. However, the application of Bi as anode is hindered by its low conductivity and large volume change during cycling. Herein, we introduce an advanced surface engineering strategy to construct Bi@C-TiO x microspheres encapsulated by ultra-large graphene interfacial layer. Ultrafine Bi nanoparticles are confined and uniformly dispersed inside the C-TiO x matrix, which is the pyrolysis derivative of the newly developed Bi-Ti-EG bimetal organic frameworks, with the aid of a selective graphene interfacial barrier. A three-dimensional (3D) long-range conductive network is successfully constructed by the ultra-large graphene and the carbonized derivative of Bi-Ti-EG. Additionally, the 3D carbon network and the in-situ formed TiO x coupled with a porous structure act as soft buffer and hard suppressor to alleviate the huge volume change of Bi during cycling, and they also are the important electrochemically active components. Thanks to the synergistic effects intrigued by the aforementioned interfacial engineering strategy, the newly developed ultra-large graphene encapsulated Bi@C-TiO x microspheres exhibit an exceptional superpower and outstanding cycle stability (namely, 333.3, 275 and 225 mAh g−1 at 1, 5 and 10 A g−1, respectively, with remarkable capacity retention upon 5000 cycles), surpassing other reported Bi-based anode materials so far. This study underpins that the nanoscale surface design of electrode materials for batteries is an effective approach to significantly enhance the power capability, capacity and cyclic stability of new metal anodes.
Research conducted over several decades indicated directed forgetting as an useful method for studying inhibitory mechanisms in cognition. Cognitive inhibition is an important ability in problem solving and reasoning. There are two distinct experimental procedures of directed forgetting. In the list procedure, participants are presented two list o words (1 and 2) for study and an instruction to either forget or remember follows the presentation of list 1. An instruction to remember follows the presentation of list 2. When asked to remember the words from both lists, participants instructed to forget list 1 show very poor performance for the words from list 1 but better recall for the words from list 2, compared with those in the remember condition. The directed forgetting effects in the list method are interpreted in terms of retrieval inhibition. In the item-by-item procedure, an instruction to either forget or remember follows the presentation of each word and the directed forgetting effects are interpreted in terms of differential rehearsal. The general aim of this study is to investigate a possible relation between secondary school students’ cognitive inhibition competencies and their academic achievement. In two experiments, involving fifth and eight grade students, both experimental versions of directed forgetting tasks were used for studying this relation.
Suitably designed organic compounds are promising renewable electrode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with minimal environmental impacts and no CO2 release. Herein we report a series of polycarbonyl organic compounds with different number of hydroxyl groups, which can be obtained from renewable plants, as cathode materials for LIBs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations based on the natural bond orbital (NBO) reveal a positive correlation between the reduction potentials and the number of hydroxyl groups, which is borne out experimentally. Anthraquinone (AQ) with three or four -OH groups has the structural advantages for improving the discharge plateaus. Mechanistic studies show that AQ containing neighbouring carbonyl groups and hydroxyl groups facilitates the formation of six or five-membered rings with lithium ion. Charge/discharge tests show that AQ, 1,5-DHAQ, 1,2,7-THAQ, and 1,2,5,8-THAQ can achieve initial discharge capacities of 215, 190, 186 and 180mAhg-1 at a current density of 20mAg-1, corresponding to 84%, 85%, 89% and 91% of their theoretical capacities, respectively.
Publisher Summary Manganese dioxide- magnesium perchlorate (primary) batteries are available in two types: the nonreserve type ready for use off the shelf requiring no activation; and the reserve type, which usually contains the active electrode materials but requires the addition of water or an electrolyte just before use. Eagle Picher manganese dioxide-magnesium perchlorate batteries of reserve-type type meet the requirements of SCS ELCD-2010/0001. The batteries are nonhazardous, being vented to atmosphere, and nonexplosive; the electrolyte is far less corrosive than that used in conventional alkaline batteries. The theoretical energy density is 242 W/kg against a practical energy density of 110 W h/kg as cells and 88 W h/kg as batteries. The open-circuit voltage is 2.0 V and the nominal working voltage is 1.55 V/cell. The output range available is 2-300 W with rated capacities between 3 and 120 A h. Marathon manufactures the BA4386 non-reserve battery, which serves as the power source for the PRC 25 and PRC 77 transceiver sets. This battery consists of 10 CD-size cells in series-parallel construction.
The use of electric-field to manipulate the transport properties of correlated oxides is promising for achieving nano-functional electronic devices. As a typical correlated oxide material, vanadium dioxide (VO2) displays a special metal-insulator transition (MIT) at about 340 K. In this work, we select a water-free electrolyte gel, Li+/propylene carbonate, to achieve a non-volatile and reversible Li-doping and phase modulation in nano-VO2 crystal film under gating voltages. Synchrotron characterizations indicate the originally insulating VO2 undergoes an effective structure change and an increased V 3d-O 2p hybrid t 2g -orbital occupancy, which is responsible for the metallic state formation as proved by first-principle calculation. The field-driving Li-doping shows pronounced facet dependence, indicating the existence of energetically favored channels for Li-ions diffusion along V-V chains as proved by dynamic stimulation. Our current findings will supply opportunities for the electric-field control of atomic sieve, correlated ionitronics and synaptic transistor.
Fibrous morphology and nano-crystalline nature of the anodically deposited manganese oxide were confirmed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The oxide electrode exhibited an ideal capacitive behavior as indicated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). In order to explore the energy storage mechanism, variation of electronic and structural aspects of the manganese oxide induced by changing the applied potential was studied in situ in aqueous 2M KCl by Mn K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Position shift of the adsorption edge, toward higher energy during oxidation and backward lower energy during reduction, was clearly recognized. The experimental results directly proved for the first time that the pseudo-capacitance of the manganese oxide was attributed to its continuous and reversible faradic redox reaction during the charge–discharge process.
More than 200% volume change is the major restriction for the practical application of Sn-based anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. In order to prepare carbon-coated structure by a facile, low-cost, facile and common method, the solubility-dependent gelatination of carboxylated chitosan is developed for the precursors of N-doped SnOx/C composites with commercial SnO2 nanoparticles as Sn source. The phase, porosity and ratio of Sn/C of the composites can be easily controlled by changing the raw materials ratio and calcination temperature. According to the results, N-doped SnOx/C anode material shows excellent stability (93.9% retention of the second cycle) and superior specific capacity (679.8 and 542.3 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 200 mA g−1 and 1000 mA g−1, respectively). This strategy lights on the illuminating design of 3D carbon-coated Sn-based anode by liquid carbon source and commercial solid tin source, which can improve electrochemical performance for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
Auditory perceptual learning has been proposed as effective for remediating impaired language and for enhancing normal language development. We examined the effect of phonemic contrast discrimination training on the discrimination of whole words and on phonological awareness in 8- to 10-year-old mainstream school children. Eleven phonemic contrast continua were synthesised using linear interpolation coding from real speaker endpoints. Thirty children were pre-tested on the Word Discrimination Test (WDT) and the Phonological Assessment Battery (PhAB). Eighteen then trained for 12×30min sessions over 4 weeks using an adaptive three interval two alternative phonemic matching task. The remaining children participated in regular classroom activities. In Post-testing, trained children significantly increased their age-equivalent scores on both the WDT and PhAB by about 2 years. For the PhAB, no improvement was found in the controls. Enhanced performance in the trained children was maintained in a delayed test 5–6 weeks following training. Enhancements on the trained discriminations were weak and variable. The results indicate a dramatic improvement in phonological awareness following phonemic discrimination training without matching perceptual learning.