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Prosumers are agents that both consume and produce energy. With the growth in small and medium-sized agents using solar photovoltaic panels, smart meters, vehicle-to-grid electric automobiles, home batteries and other ‘smart’ devices, prosuming offers the potential for consumers and vehicle owners to re-evaluate their energy practices. As the number of prosumers increases, the electric utility sector of today is likely to undergo significant changes over the coming decades, offering possibilities for greening of the system, but also bringing many unknowns and risks that need to be identified and managed. To develop strategies for the future, policymakers and planners need knowledge of how prosumers could be integrated effectively and efficiently into competitive electricity markets. Here we identify and discuss three promising potential prosumer markets related to prosumer grid integration, peer-to-peer models and prosumer community groups. We also caution against optimism by laying out a series of caveats and complexities.
Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO2F2) are evaluated as hybrid functional additives to improve the electrochemical performance of SiC-based lithium-ion batteries. When added to the electrolyte, FEC + LiPO2F2 significantly enhance the performance of SiC/Li cells. The capacity retention increases from 28.5% to 76.2% after 200 cycles. The effects of FEC + LiPO2F2 are characterized by charge–discharge testing, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Combining the results of these analyses reveals that hybrid functional additives are beneficial for forming a uniform and thinner solid–electrolyte interface film on the SiC surface. The solid–electrolyte interface film derived from FEC + LiPO2F2 greatly inhibits particle pulverization and electrolyte decomposition, which play an important role in the performance of SiC-based cells.
New battery materials are presented that consist of either a solid polyaniline (PANi) fibre or the same fibre containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs). An ionic liquid ethylmethyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide (EMI.TFSA) is used as electrolyte. The electrochemical properties of PANi and PANi/CNT fibres are investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry, a.c. impedance and galvanostatic charge–discharge techniques. A PANi fibre with a CNT content of 0.25wt.% exhibits a discharge capacity of 12.1mAhg−1.
An electrochemical impedance characterization of hydride electrodes at different states of discharge (SOD) is presented. A physicochemical model is developed in order to simulate impedance data. The impedance function derived from the model takes into account the porous nature of the electrode material considering a finite conductivity for both the solid and liquid phases. The hydrogen absorption/desorption processes, taking place at the walls of spherical alloy particles of average size, are described in terms of a kinetic scheme for hydrogen adsorption coupled to hydrogen diffusion into the electrode material. The state of discharge of the electrode is related to the boundary conditions necessary to solve the transport equations.
Square sections of a Mn-rich slag from an alkaline battery recycling plant were submitted to 6-month batch leaching procedures. High-Purity Water (HPW), acidic (pH 4) and alkaline (pH 12) conditions were used in order to observe the behavior of primary solid phases as well as the constituent elements (Mn, Mg, Al, Si, Ca). The experiments were coupled with both KINDIS(P) modeling and mineralogical study (SEM-EDS). Experimental results showed that the Mn-rich slag was sensitive to acidic conditions which induced the dissolution of primary phases. Moreover, pH 4 conditions did not result in the formation of newly formed solid products, leading to the greatest mobilization of metallic elements (especially Mn). Alkaline conditions favored the precipitation of secondary phases, especially rhodochrosite, calcite and Mg-saponite, inducing low mobilization of the contained elements. The KINDIS(P) modeling allowed the stability of primary phases and newly formed products to be predicted. Although the modeled results have to be considered with caution, they allow the assessment and understanding of future environmental behavior of the solid material in given conditions. In this case, the reuse of Mn-rich slag in acidic conditions has to be avoided because of the acidic dissolution of the primary phases.
Objective Disruption of TCF7L2 in mouse pancreatic β-cells has generated different outcomes in several investigations. Here we aim to clarify role of β-cell TCF7L2 and Wnt signaling using a functional-knockdown approach. Methods Adenovirus-mediated dominant negative TCF7L2 (TCF7L2DN) expression was conducted in Ins-1 cells. The fusion gene in which TCF7L2DN expression is driven by P TRE3G was utilized to generate the transgenic mouse line TCF7L2DN Tet . The double transgenic line was created by mating TCF7L2DN Tet with Ins2-rtTA, designated as βTCFDN. β-cell specific TCF7L2DN expression was induced in βTCFDN by doxycycline feeding. Results TCF7L2DN expression in Ins-1 cells reduced GSIS, cell proliferation and expression of a battery of genes including incretin receptors and β-cell transcription factors. Inducing TCF7L2DN expression in βTCFDN during adulthood or immediately after weaning generated no or very modest metabolic defect, while its expression during embryonic development by doxycycline feeding in pregnant mothers resulted in significant glucose intolerance associated with altered β-cell gene expression and reduced β-cell mass. Conclusions Our observations support a cell autonomous role for TCF7L2 in pancreatic β-cells suggested by most, though not all, investigations. βTCFDN is a novel model for further exploring the role of TCF7L2 in β-cell genesis and metabolic homeostasis.
The cycling performance of Li4Ti5O12 and LiMn2O4 electrode materials has been studied in half and complete Li-ion cells with two new polyfluorinated boron cluster lithium salts (Li2B12F x H12−x ) as the electrolytes. The results were compared with those obtained for the standard electrolyte, 1M LiPF6 dissolved in ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (EC:DMC; 1:1, v/v). Three different technologies were employed for electrode fabrication: powder mixture, self-standing films and films deposited on the current collector. The latter exhibit the most interesting behavior and best performance. Cells assembled using the new electrolyte salts show excellent reversibility, coulombic efficiency, rate capability and cyclability comparable with the standard electrolyte. These features confirm the feasibility of using these polyfluorinated boron cluster-based salts as new stable Li-ion battery electrolytes.
Amorphous carbon is coated on LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode material for lithium batteries. The carbon-coated material shows improved thermal stability and electrochemical performance compared with bare material.
Li2SiO3-coated LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode material has been synthesized and exhibit much better electrochemical performance than pristine LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 at cut-off voltage 4.6V. The as-prepared samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, field emission transmission electron microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic. The results show that the coating-layer Li2SiO3 is not incorporated into the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 host structure and coated well on the surface of the active material. The sample coated with 3mol. % Li2SiO3 delivers a capacity of 168mAhg−1 at 0.2C after 100 cycles, and remains 85.5% of the first discharge capacity. The capacity retention at 1C is 73.6% after 100 cycles and the first discharge capacity reaches 158mAhg−1 at 10C. This superior performance is attributed to the coating layer which restrains the side reactions at electrode/electrolyte interface and enhances structure stability, meanwhile, it can decrease the electrode polarization because it is an excellent Li+-ion conductor.
SnCl2 was reduced in the presence of graphite by t-BuONa-activated NaH. The resulting (tin/graphite)-based system was composed of nanosized tin particles deposited on the graphite surface and of free tin aggregates. Lithium electrochemical insertion occurs in graphite and in tin. A reversible specific charge of 500mAh/g is found stable upon cycling. This value is lower than the maximum theoretical one (650mAh/g) assuming a Sn/12C molar composition and the formation of the highest lithium content alloy Li22Sn5. It is suggested that the part of tin responsible for the stable reversible capacity is the one bound to graphite. To the contrary, free tin aggregates could contribute to a capacity which decreases upon cycling in connection with the volume changes accompanying lithium insertion/extraction in/out of these aggregates.
Thin film bilayers of silicon and LiPON are synthesized via rf magnetron sputtering, whereas the thickness of both layers is in the nanometer range, i.e. between 50 and 400nm. Electron microscopy on the samples confirms a well-defined layer structure and a high interface quality of the layer stacks. Cyclic lithiation/delithiation of the bilayers via chronopotentiometry, moreover, reveals an astonishing capacity retention and high coulombic efficiency when compared to pure silicon films. This strong improvement in electrochemical performance is attributed to a stabilization of the silicon electrode by the nano-sized LiPON coating. Moreover, it is found that the rate of improvement depends on the thickness ratio between LiPON and silicon. Hence, samples with different thickness of LiPON and silicon, respectively, are investigated to get detailed insight into the electrochemical long term stability of the bilayer samples. Based on these investigations, an electro-mechanical model is suggested that describes in detail the microscopic degradation mechanism of LiPON coated silicon electrodes.
The rapid development of portable electronic devices increasingly requires much more energy to support advanced functions. However, currently available batteries do not meet the high energy requirement of these devices. Metal/air batteries, especially Li/air batteries, have a much higher specific energy than most other available batteries, but their power rate is limited by the accumulation of reaction products in the air electrode. Several approaches to improve the power rate of Li/air batteries have been analyzed in this work, including adjustment of air electrode porosity and catalyst reactivity distributions to minimize diffusion limitations and maximize air electrode material utilization. An interconnected dual pore system (one catalyzed and one non-catalyzed) is proposed to improve oxygen transport into the inner regions of the air electrode, but this approach alone cannot supply high power for long term applications. A time-release multiple catalyst approach is analyzed to provide temporal release of reactivity in the air electrode. When coupled with the dual pore configuration and catalysts with high reactivities, the time-release catalyst concept can extend the duration of higher powers to longer times, and result in maximum utilization of air electrode materials.
Lithium polymer cells composed of a lithium negative electrode and a LiCoO2 positive electrode were assembled with a gel polymer electrolyte obtained by in situ polymerization of an electrolyte solution containing an ionic liquid monomer with vinyl groups. The polymerization of the electrolyte solution containing the non-flammable ionic liquid monomer resulted in a significant reduction of the flammability of the gel polymer electrolytes. The lithium polymer cell assembled with the stable gel polymer electrolyte delivered a discharge capacity of 134.3mAhg−1 at ambient temperature and exhibited good capacity retention.
Ionic liquid (IL), characterized by wide potential window, high thermal stability, negligible volatility, and low flammability, is a promising electrolyte for sodium-ion batteries (NIBs). However, the typical NIB anodes, such as hard carbon, show unsatisfactory capacities and poor charge–discharge rate capability in IL electrolyte at room temperature. A three-dimensional carbon framework (3-D CF) constructed with graphene nanosheets and carbon nanospheres is developed to address this issue. With this unique nano-architecture, the interfacial charge transfer, IL electrolyte infiltration, and Na+ transport can be improved at room temperature. As a consequence, this electrode shows superior sodiation–desodiation properties, with a charge–discharge efficiency being stable over 250 cycles in N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide IL electrolyte. We also confirm that the 3-D CF electrode exhibits higher Coulombic efficiency and better cycling stability in the IL electrolyte than those found in conventional organic carbonate electrolyte, especially at an elevated temperature, due to the different chemistry of the solid–electrolyte interphase. The total heat releases of the sodiated 3-D CF samples contacted with IL and carbonate electrolytes, measured with differential scanning calorimetry up to 300 °C, are 250 and 805 J g–1, respectively. The combination of the 3-D CF electrode and IL electrolyte shows great potential for NIB applications.
Potassium-sulfur (K-S) battery represents one of the most promising electrochemical energy storage devices because of the low cost and abundance of potassium and sulfur resources, but the inferior cycle stability and high operating temperature seriously impede its applications. Herein, a high energy and stable room temperature K-S battery was developed with a confined ad covalent sulfur cathode, which could deliver an energy density as high as ∼445 Wh Kg−1, a Coulombic efficiency close to 100%, and a superior cycle stability with a capacity retention of 86.3% over 300 cycles at a voltage cut-off of 0.8–3.0 V. This work displayed a basic study on the rechargeable potassium-sulfur batteries and may pave the way for designing sulfur based electrode materials for potassium based ion batteries.
PtRh alloy nanoparticles were synthesized for use in enhancing the stability of methanol crossover and electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). From the electrochemical results, by comparing Pt in terms of methanol tolerance and oxygen reduction with Pt-based alloys, the PtRh(2:1) was an optimum catalyst for the elimination of CO poisoning during the oxidation of crossover methanol as well as oxygen reduction. A PtRh(2:1) alloy cathode showed a higher power density as well as better performance stability than Pt in DMFC unit cell test.
A novel nano/micro hierarchical structured titanium phosphate with unique 3D flower-like morphology has been prepared by a simple hydrothermal method without adding any surfactants. The shape of the titanium phosphate could be controlled by simply adjusting the concentration of phosphoric acid. The 3D flower-like titanium phosphate with diameter of 2–3 μm is characterized by the assembly of numerous porous and connected lamella structures. Interestingly, this novel hierarchical mesoporous 3D flower-like titanium exhibits enhanced hydrogen evolution from water splitting under xenon lamp irradiation in the presence of methanol as the sacrificial reagent, which is also the first example of 3D flower-like titanium phosphate with high photocatalytic activity for water splitting. Since the use of titanium phosphate as a photocatalyst has been mostly neglected up to now, this low-cost, simple procedure and large-scale yield of 3D nano/micro structure titanium phosphate could be expected to be applicable in the synthesis of controlled, reproducible and robust photocatalytic systems.
It has been indicated that anatase TiO2 is a promising anode material for lithium ion power battery from many previous researches. Whereas, in this work, we find that the anatase TiO2, when used as an anode for lithium ion battery, has high catalytic activity to initiate the decarboxylation reaction of electrolyte solution, resulting in the large generation of sole gaseous component, CO2. The ROLi species and the new phase of flake-like Li2TiF6 material are the main reaction products between anatase TiO2 and LiPF6 based electrolyte solution. This work provides important and urgent information that the surface chemistry of anatase TiO2 used as the anode material of lithium ion battery must be modified to suppress its catalytic activity for the decomposition of solvents.
It has been established experimentally that during thermal runaway a great amount of hydrogen is given off from nickel–cadmium accumulator KSX-25. Through the thermal decomposition of nickel–cadmium accumulator electrodes, it has been shown that hydrogen had been present in the electrodes before the onset of thermal runaway. Through an analysis of the energy balance of thermal runaway, it has been shown that it is not an external source of current that causes thermal runaway, but rather a powerful internal exothermic reaction.
Li metal dendrite growth in LiPF6–propylene carbonate (PC) electrolyte was observed in situ by a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) with a metallographic microscope. The development of the electrodeposited Li dendrite length was analyzed, and compared with dendrites grown in LiClO4–PC electrolyte solution. Different anions make different Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layers on the electrodeposited Li metal. This difference is one factor which causes the morphological variation and the different dendrite growth behavior of Li metal in these electrolytes. The relationship between the Li dendrite growth and Li+ ionic mass transfer rate associated with the electrodeposition of Li metal is examined, and dendrite initiation and growth rate are discussed. The authors find that ionic mass transfer plays an important role in dendrite growth behavior.
In this work, we report a facile and inexpensive strategy to synthesize loofah-derived pseudo-graphite (LPG) through alkali treatment process followed by a one-step pyrolysis procedure. This mesoporous hard carbon material offers superb dual functionality for both lithium-ion battery (LIB) and potassium-ion battery (KIB) anodes. Tested against lithium and potassium, LPG delivers a specific capacity of 225 mAh·g−1 in LIBs and 150 mAh·g−1 in KIBs after 200 cycles at the current density of 100 mA g−1. The good performance of LPG for both LIBs and KIBs mainly originates from its dual storage mechanism. On one hand, wider layered pseudo-graphite units provide space for Li+/K+ intercalation at higher voltages (>0.17 V in LIBs, > 0.56 V in KIBs). On the other hand, highly accessible mesoporous structure and defect-activated units in the near-surface region make it possible for Li+/K+ deposition at low voltages. The different performance of LPG in LIBs and KIBs may originate from varied ion-storage mechanisms. Despite the similar diffusion coefficient (D+), lower capacity of LPG for potassium can be contributed to its limited intercalation kinetics in higher voltage (>0.56 V) and evidently higher resistance in the charge-transfer process (Rct).
This paper aims at presenting the results of a research based on the work of professional consecutive interpreters in the coffee field. When working with specialized areas, interpreters are frequently faced with variation in terminology, especially due to the spoken language in use. By using Corpus Linguistics methodology, we have produced a vocabulary (Portuguese – English) of coffee terms and their variants, showing the importance of including oral data as input to terminology work for interpreters.
The high Li-ion conductivity of the Li7P3S11 sulfide-based solid electrolyte makes it a promising candidate for all-solid-state lithium batteries. The Li-ion transport over electrode-electrolyte and electrolyte-electrolyte interfaces, vital for the performance of solid-state batteries, is investigated by impedance spectroscopy and solid-state NMR experiments. An all-solid-state Li-ion battery is assembled with the Li7P3S11 electrolyte, nano-Li2S cathode and Li-In foil anode, showing a relatively large initial discharge capacity of 1139.5 mAh/g at a current density of 0.064 mA/cm2 retaining 850.0 mAh/g after 30 cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggests that the decrease in capacity over cycling is due to the increased interfacial resistance between the electrode and the electrolyte. 1D exchange 7Li NMR quantifies the interfacial Li-ion transport between the uncycled electrode and the electrolyte, resulting in a diffusion coefficient of 1.70(3)×10−14 cm2/s at 333 K and an energy barrier of 0.132 eV for the Li-ion transport between Li2S cathode and Li7P3S11 electrolyte. This indicates that the barrier for Li-ion transport over the electrode-electrolyte interface is small. However, the small diffusion coefficient for Li-ion diffusion between the Li2S and the Li7P3S11 suggests that these contact interfaces between electrode and electrolyte are relatively scarce, challenging the performance of these solid-state batteries.
Rutile TiO2 is seldom studied as anode material for Na-ion battery for its much poorer Na storage performance than anatase phase. Herein, strategies of carbon coating and nitrogen doping are proposed and achieved together by a facile ball milling method followed by a high temperature sintering process to improve its electrochemical properties. The feature of this work lies in the dual N doping, not only to the carbon layers but also to the TiO2 lattice, resulting in sufficient oxygen vaccancies and defects in TiO2/C. Although the pristine TiO2 prepared by the similar method shows only 10mAhg−1 capacity, the Na storage performance of N-doped TiO2/C is significantly enhanced. It demonstrates a high reversible discharge capacity of 211.2mAhg−1 at 16.8mAg−1 (0.1C). Moreover, a capacity retention of 92.3% is achieved after 500 cycles at 168mAg−1 (1C), verifying ultrahigh reversible capacity and excellent cycling performance for rutile TiO2. The excellent Na storage performance of N-doped TiO2/C should be ascribed to the improved electronic and ionic conductivity resulting from dual N-doping strategy and shortened Na ion diffusion length due to the particle downsizing.
The present aspect studies automatic generation control (AGC) of a multi-area multi-source test system with the effects of thyristor controlled series compensation (TCSC) and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) units. The studied test system is a three-area power system model having thermal–thermal unit in area-1, thermal-hydro unit in area-2 and thermal-gas unit in area-3. The same is imposed by appropriate time delay, governor deadband, generation rate constraint nonlinearities. A nature-inspired optimization technique called moth-flame optimization algorithm is implemented for solving the constrained optimization parameters. The step load perturbation (SLP) and random SLP are used for the dynamic performance analysis. The designed controller based dynamic responses are also studied with wide perturbation in parametric values through robustness analysis. Analysis reveals that the proposed control strategy, considering SMES and TCSC units, improves the dynamical performances of system significantly in terms of settling time and overshoot against parametric uncertainties against a wide range of area load demands and disturbances even in the presence of system nonlinearities.