batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
When integrating intermittent renewable energies in the electricity system, additional technologies are needed to ensure that a sufficient power supply is maintained. Alongside storage technologies and conventional power plants, dispatchable biogas plants are one solution for balancing demand and supply in energy systems with a high proportion of renewable energies. In this study, we conducted an economic assessment of the different extension paths and modes of operation of the biogas plants in Germany's future electricity system for the period of 2016–2035. This entailed carrying out a cost-benefit analysis that included the costs incurred for the flexibilization and installation of new biogas plants and the costs saved with respect to onshore wind turbines and additional saved opportunity costs. The results show that adding biogas plants in Germany's future electricity system –compared to their phase-out– requires cost reductions and/or has to be accompanied by further benefits in other sectors and areas to ensure economically feasible operation. Differentiated from a substantial growth, higher net present values were obtained in the extension path characterized by a low construction rate of new biogas plants. Furthermore, the economic feasibility of biogas plants benefits from an early phase-out of lignite- and coal-fired power plants.
A functional separator comprised of agglomerates of the ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and carbon coating, bonded together with carbon nanotube (CNT) is designed to enhance the electrochemical performance of Lithium/sulfur (Li/S) batteries. The strong interaction between polar Fe3O4 and lithium polysulfides effectively prevents the shuttling effect. Porous carbon coating layer and CNT network are further introduced into Fe3O4 nanoparticles to enlarge the specific surface area of the composite, improve its electronic conductivity, and boost the kinetic reactions. The confinement of polysulfides by Fe3O4 is supported by the results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Specifically, the Li/S cells exhibit an initial discharge capacity as high as 1542 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, retain a long-term cyclability of 651 mAh g−1 at 1 C after 1000 cycles, and deliver a superior rate capability of 653 mAh g−1 even at 5 C. Notably, the cells with the carbon nanotube/Fe3O4 coated by carbon (CNT/Fe3O4@C) modified separator with high sulfur loading can also exhibit superior cycling performance, deliver a high areal capacity of 4.4 mAh cm−2 over 60 cycles. The present work provides a facile method for making Li/S batteries commercially viable.
Iron (2 wt%) was incorporated into the structure of microporous AlPO4-5 (FAPOcal) and the mesoporous materials TUD-1 and Al-TUD-1 (Fe-TUD-1 and Fe-Al-TUD-1). FAPOcal was also additionally modified by steaming (FAPOste). Compared to literature data on optimized Fe-ZSM-5, FAPOcal shows relatively low activity and comparable selectivities in N2O induced propane selective oxidation. Steaming reduces the performance of this AlPO4-5 based catalyst. Fe-TUD-1 and Fe-Al-TUD-1 are less active and selective than FAPOcal. However, the stability of the investigated systems is significantly better than reported for Fe-ZSM-5. This is explained by differences in surface chemistry: operando DRIFT studies show formation of carbonates and carboxylates on the surfaces of the FAPO and TUD-1 based catalysts, rather than coke. Reasons for the different behavior of the herein investigated catalysts as compared to Fe-ZSM-5 are discussed.
The Sixth Element (Changzhou) Materials Technology Co Ltd, a producer of graphene and graphene oxide, has appointed Bernhard Münzing as sales director with a focus on the Europe, the Middle East and African regions. Münzing will be based in Germany to be close to customers. With this move The Sixth Element says that it strengthens its international sales network and its presence in international markets. ‘Bernhard's experience in market development combined with his deep technology knowledge is a big asset for us,’ said Bill Qu, CEO of The Sixth Element. The Sixth Element (Changzhou) Materials Technology Co has operated since 2011 with improve products used in adhesives, batteries, coatings, composites, fibers, rubber and plastic to enhance electronic, mechanical and thermal properties. The Sixth Element;www.thesixthelement.com.cn
One of the limitations to use glass felt separators (AGM type) in sealed rechargeable cells of high capacity and big height can be their inability to keep the uniform distribution of electrolyte by the height in the gravitation field. The influence of various factors (separator height, degree of its compression, electrolyte density) on separator ability to keep the initial uniform distribution of electrolyte has been investigated.
Abstract Valve-regulated lead–acid batteries (VRLAB) with operating closed oxygen cycle. McClelland and Devitt invented the valve-regulated lead–acid cell with electrolyte immobilized in microporous absorptive glass mat (AGM) and a pressure relief valve. The AGM separator absorbs electrolyte, provides gas transport channels between the two electrodes and minimizes the pulsation of plate volumes during cycling. AGM separators have to be under compression in the cells. The pore system of the AGN separator depends on the proportion between fine and coarse glass fibers in its structure. The electrical characteristics of VRLA cells depend strongly on the AGM saturation with electrolyte. Depending on the state of charge of the cell, oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution proceed at the negative plates during charge of VRLA batteries. The reactions of the closed oxygen cycle generate heat. The cell temperature increases also due to the Joule effect. A linear dependence is established between cell current and temperature. Self-accelerating interrelations are established between the processes on the two electrodes, which result in uncontrolled increase of cell temperature and current. This phenomenon is known as “thermal runaway.” Reduction of oxygen at the negative plates may proceed via several mechanisms: electrochemical mechanism or reduction of oxygen with formation of PbO, H2O2, PbSO4 as intermediate products. Some of these mechanisms are discussed in this chapter.
There is global concern about the contamination of ground, river, and tap waters as well as soil contamination with heavy metal ions; these chemical species are known to not degrade and to cause severe health problems if ingested by humans and animals. Such environmental and health concerns necessitate the development of ultrasensitive sensors and high-capacity adsorbents. This study demonstrates for the first time the potential of organophilic bentonite combined with tetra(2-pyridylmethyl)amide calix [4] arene as a high-performance hybrid material for the removal of toxic heavy metals. After consecutive synthesis steps, the modified bentonites were thoroughly characterized by FT-IR, XRD, UV spectroscopy, and TEM. In particular, the XRD analysis showed strong supporting evidence for intercalation in the clay following each modification step. The salient feature of the newly prepared hybrid material is its high extraction capacity for Cd(II) and Zn(II) metals, as determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and UV spectrometry. Different preparation methods, with respect to the quantity of the added cationic surfactant, were investigated to determine the optimal conditions for synthesis. The extraction percentage for the as-prepared hybrid material was measured to be as high as 97.4% and 94.2% for Cd(II) and Zn(II), respectively.
The mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (mini-MAC) is a well-recognised, popular measure of coping in psycho-oncology and assesses five cancer-specific coping strategies. It has been suggested that these five subscales could be grouped to form the over-arching adaptive and maladptive coping subscales to facilitate the interpretation and clinical application of the scale. Despite the popularity of the mini-MAC, few studies have examined its psychometric properties among long-term cancer survivors, and further validation of the mini-MAC is needed to substantiate its use with the growing population of survivors. Therefore, this study examined the psychometric properties and dimensionality of the mini-MAC in a sample of long-term cancer survivors using Rasch analysis.
In this paper a general method to obtain a mixture of a transition metal embedded in a matrix of lithium fluoride is proposed. The method consists in the reduction of the oxide of the transition metal with lithium hydride to form the correspondent transition metal and lithium oxide. This latter is then converted into lithium fluoride by solid state reaction with ammonium fluoride. In this work the proposed method was applied to iron(III) oxide to obtain a mixture of iron metal and lithium fluoride. The crystal structure and phase purity of the intermediate as well as the final product were analyzed by X-ray diffraction measurement and the crystallite dimensions evaluated by using the Scherrer's formula. The iron metal/lithium fluoride mixture was used as a conversion material and its electrochemical properties evaluated by galvanostatic charge discharge cycles, impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique. As the conversion material is in its reduced state it can be coupled with a carbonaceous negative electrode to build a lithium ion battery, opening new perspectives for using conversion materials in lithium ion batteries technology.
A solution of 0.4M para-Benzoquinone (p-BQ) in the ionic liquid N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (PYR14TFSI) was used as a redox electrolyte in hybrid supercapacitors. Two carbons with very different textural properties, Pica carbon and Vulcan carbon, were used as electrode material. Electrochemical performance of these energy storage systems was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (CD). Unlike SCs with pure IL electrolyte, new battery-like features appeared in the CV curves and CD profiles. This electrochemical performance, associated with the faradaic contribution of the redox electrolyte, results in a significant improvement of the electrochemical performance of the hybrid system. For Vulcan carbon with low specific surface area (SBET = 240 m2 g-1), specific capacitance (Cs) and specific real energy (Ereal) values as high as 70 Fg-1 and 10.3 WhKg−1 were obtained at 5 mAcm−2 with hybrid SC operating at 3 V. This represents an increment of 300% in Cs and Ereal with respect to the SC based on pure PYR14TFSI. For high surface area carbon such as Pica (SBET = 2410 m2g-1), the addition of the redox quinone molecule resulted in a moderate enhancement reaching values of 156 Fg-1 and 30 WhKg−1 under the same experimental conditions (36% and 10% increment, respectively).
Silicon sub-oxides, SiO x (0 < x < 1) can be regarded as a promising anode material for high performance Li-ion batteries for its unique electrochemical reactions to Li. We designed and synthesized the columnar-shape SiO x nanoconifers (0.9 < x < 1), directly self-organized on metallic NiSi x nanowires (NWs) for its anodic use in Li rechargeable batteries. The half-cell incorporating SiO x nanoconifers/NiSi x NW heterostructures displays good cyclic retention and rate capability, which are attributed to the structural and kinetic stability of the hierarchical SiO x nanoconifers rigidly supported by metallic NiSi x core NWs by providing a reversible electrochemical route with a lower activation energy.
Background Recent research has identified impairment in processing speed, measured by the digit–symbol substitution task, as central to the cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. However, the underlying cognitive correlates of this impairment remain unknown. Methods A sample of cases (N=125) meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and a sample of community controls (N=272) from the same geographical area completed a set of putative measures of processing-speed ability to which we implemented confirmatory factor and structural regression modelling in order to elucidate the latent structure of processing speed. Next, we tested the degree to which the structural and relational portions of the model were equal across groups. Results Processing-speed ability was best defined, in both controls and cases (χ 2 =38.5926, p =0.053), as a multidimensional cognitive ability consisting of three latent factors comprising: psychomotor speed, sequencing and shifting, and verbal fluency. However, cases exhibited dedifferentiation (i.e., markedly stronger inter-correlations between factors; χ 2 =59.9429, p <.01) and a reliance on an alternative ensemble of cognitive operations to controls when completing the digit–symbol substitution task. Conclusion Dedifferentiation of processing-speed ability in schizophrenia and subsequent overreliance on alternative (and possibly less than optimal) cognitive operations underlies the marked deficit observed on the digit–symbol substitution task.
Selenium sulfide (SeS2) encapsulated into 3D interconnected mesoporous carbon aerogels (MCA) as a selenium sulfide/carbon composite material was prepared for lithium batteries. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations show the mesoporous structures of the carbon aerogels and the homogeneous distribution of selenium sulfide in the composite. The electrochemical performances of the selenium sulfide@mesoporous carbon aerogel (SeS2@MCA) composite cathode was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It is found that the SeS2@MCA cathode shows a better electrochemical performance than the pristine SeS2 cathode. The SeS2@MCA composite with selenium sulfide content of 49.3 wt.% displays an initial discharge capacity of 1150 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and a reversible discharge capacity of 601 mAh g−1 after 10 cycles at 500 mA g−1. The better electrochemical performance benefit from the high electron conductivity and 3D interconnected porous structures of the carbon aerogels, which contribute to dispersing SeS2 and trapping polysulfide and polyselenide intermediates within the skeleton structure of the mesoporous carbon aerogels.
The most important issue with our current clean energy technology is the dependence on environmental conditions to produce power. To solve this problem a wide range of energy storage devices are being explored for grid-scale energy storage including soluble lead-acid flow batteries. Flow batteries offer a unique solution to grid-scale energy storage because of their electrolyte tanks which allow easy scaling of storage capacity. This study seeks to further understand the mechanisms of a soluble lead acid flow battery using simulations. The effects of varies changes to operating conditions and the system configuration can be explored through simulations. The simulations preformed are 2D and include the positive electrode, negative electrode, and the flow space between them. Simulations presented in this study show Pb(II) surface concentration, external electric potential, and PbO/PbO2 surface concentration on the positive electrode. Simulations have shown increasing cell temperature can increase external electric potential by as much as 0.2 V during charge. Simulations have also shown electrolyte velocity is an important aspect when investigating lead deposition onto the electrodes. Experimental work was performed to validate simulation results of current density and voltage. Good correlation was found between experimental work and simulation results.
A hybrid composite membrane is prepared by electrospinning poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) copolymer and Al2O3 powder with a microfibrous form on both sides of a polyethylene membrane. The composite membrane shows better thermal stability and wettability for liquid electrolyte solution than polyethylene membrane. The lithium-ion cell assembled with the composite membrane exhibits good capacity retention and high rate performance due to the effective encapsulation of the electrolyte solution in the cell and the adhesive properties of the swollen polymer towards electrodes. The hybrid composite membrane prepared by the electrospinning method is expected to be a separator with enhanced thermal stability and good cycling performance for application in lithium-ion batteries.
Copper sulfides are attractive electrode materials as their reaction with lithium offers high capacity and energy density. However, the reversibility is poor and (nano)structuring is considered necessary to achieve moderate improvements. In contrast, we show in this study that the electrolyte is a major factor that governs the reversibility of the cell reaction. All our experiments were done with commercially available copper sulfides (CuS and Cu2S) without any special nanostructure. Different electrolyte compositions were tested among LiPF6 in EC/DMC and LiTFSI in DOL/DME. While rapid capacity fading is found in cells containing carbonate-based electrolytes, cells with ether-based electrolytes show a much better electrochemical performance. For a mixture of 1 M LiTFSI in DOL/DME, Cu2S can be cycled with capacities of around 200 mAh g−1 for more than 150 cycles with coulombic efficiencies >98.4%, for example. The improved stability in the ether-based electrolyte further allowed us to study how the discharge and charge voltage change during prolonged cycling. Our study underlines that improvements in the Li/CuS and Li/Cu2S system are still possible by very simple measures, but further studies on the complex Li–Cu–S phase behavior are necessary to understand the discharging and especially the charging mechanisms.
We report the capacitive behavior of electrochemically polymerized polyazulene films in different ionic liquids. The ionic liquids in this study represent conventional imidazolium based ionic liquids with tetrafluoroborate and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anions as well as an unconventional choline based ionic liquid. The effect of different ionic liquids on the polymerization and capacitive performance of polyazulene films is demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a 3-electrode cell configuration. The films exhibit the highest capacitances in the lowest viscosity ionic liquid (92 mF cm−2), while synthesis in high viscosity ionic liquid shortens the conjugation length and results in lower electroactivity (25 mF cm−2). The obtained films also show good cycling stabilities retaining over 90% of their initial capacitance over 1200 p-doping cycles. We also demonstrate, for the first time, flexible polyazulene supercapacitors of symmetric and asymmetric configurations using the choline based ionic liquid as electrolyte. In asymmetric configuration, capacitance of 55 mF (27 mF cm−2) with an equivalent series resistance of 19 Ω is obtained at operating voltage of 1.5 V. Upon increasing the operating voltage up to 2.4 V, the capacitance increases to 72 mF (36 mF cm−2).
Interfacial phenomena play a very crucial role in electrochemical devices. Thus, the understanding of their properties and characteristics is of priority importance for the successful development of key technologies, such as batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors and electrochromic windows. Surprisingly, relatively scarce efforts have been so far devoted to reach a general comprehension of the various effects occurring at the region of contact between reactive electrode materials, such as lithiated graphite, lithium metal oxides, high surface carbons, and non conventional electrolytes, such as mixed organic solutions. All this considered, it has appeared to us of interest to hold an international conference which could provide a forum, where scientists from various academic and industrial laboratories could meet and discuss their views and ideas on interfacial phenomena in different electrochemical systems. The conference attendance was limited to a number of about 50 selected participants and organized in an hotel in the suburbs of Rome where various common technical and social sessions could be easily arranged. This greatly favored interactions and exchanges of scientific information among the participants. The International Conference on “Interfacial Phenomena in Batteries” was in fact held at the Hotel Villa Pamphili in Rome from December 12 to 15, 1999. During these three days, the conference held six technical sessions, covering various aspects of interfacial phenomena of carbon, oxide and polymer electrodes in lithium batteries, as well as polymer and carbon electrodes in supercapacitors. All these are important topics in the present power sources technology and this has motivated the inclusion in this special issue of the Journal of the Power Sources of some selected papers presented at the conference.
Lithium polymer cells composed of lithium powder anode and LiV3O8 cathode were assembled with an in-situ cross-linked gel polymer electrolyte, and their cycling performance was evaluated. The Li/LiV3O8 cells exhibited better capacity retention and greater rate performance than the liquid electrolyte-based cell. The stable cycling characteristics of the lithium powder polymer cells resulted from the strong interfacial adhesion between the electrodes and the electrolyte as well as the suppression of the dendritic growth of lithium powder electrode during repeated cycling.
Vanadium pentoxide aerogels are pillared nanocomposites with exceptional stability, intercalation capacity, and reversibility. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements on pristine and doped materials have revealed details of the oxidation state and local structure of the host material and of the polyvalent doping species. XANES measurements at the Cu K-edge for Cu0.1 V2O5 show the atomic level reversibility of the structure upon Li+ insertion/release cycling.
Tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane (TPFPB) is evaluated as an additive for improving electrochemical performance of lithium peroxide (Li2O2)-based electrodes. It is found that TPFPB significantly reduced the charge potential of Li2O2-based electrodes during the first charge process and improved reversible capacity during cycling without adding air (or O2) to the cell. To confirm the effect of TPFPB on electrolyte decomposition, the surface chemistry of Li2O2-based electrodes cycled in electrolytes with and without TPFPB was investigated.
A series of Ni/reduced graphene oxide (Ni/RGO) composites were synthesized through a simple solvothermal method. Detailed characterizations of the composite using transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy indicated that Ni particles were uniformly dispersed on the RGO surfaces. The electrochemical performances of Ni/RGO composites were much higher than their counterparts of Ni and RGO, because of the Ni particles being firmly decorated with the RGO nanosheets and the synergistic effect between both components. Among the prepared composites, Ni/RGO–2 exhibits the best electrochemical performance; namely, a high specific capacitance of 547.3 F g−1 is obtained in 2M KOH at 1 A g−1 and 81% of initial value is remained after a continuous cycling of 1000 times, which make it to be a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.