batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We appraised life satisfaction using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and analysed its psychometric properties in persons with intellectual disability (ID). Ninety-nine persons with ID from four services in Spain participated. A battery of subjective assessments was used, including the SWLS, a Quality of Life measure (WHOQOL-BREF), and health status and sociodemographic information. Psychometric properties of the SWLS were investigated using standard psychometric methods. Overall, our results showed that persons with ID were satisfied with their life (SWLS score 25–29). Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was .79. A factor analysis using principal components method, showed a one factor structure accounting for 55.7% of the variance. Associations, using Spearman's rho correlation coefficients, were confirmed between SWLS with the overall QoL, satisfaction with health and WHOQOL-BREF total score. Regarding ‘known group’ differences, persons living in residential institutions had lower life satisfaction compared to persons living in community facilities or living at home, though differences were not statistically significant. Student t-tests showed that SWLS scores significantly discriminated between healthy and unhealthy; and those reporting higher satisfaction with their relationships, home environment and their jobs compared to participants with lower satisfaction levels. To our best knowledge, this study is the first to report on the psychometrics properties of the SWLS in persons with ID, both in Spain and internationally. It might be a promising tool to use, with other outcome measures, in appraising persons with ID in different services and types of care; also, it might guide policymakers on the implementation of policies for persons with ID.
Recent advances in microstructural imaging and characterization tools have led to an increase in the direct examination of 3-D microstructures of composite materials in devices such as solid oxide fuel cells, battery electrodes, and composite gas separation membranes. In particular, focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy and x-ray nanotomography methods have opened the door for materials characterization at the tens of nanometer scale. These experimental methods have enabled the quantitative evaluation of microstructures for a variety of important parameters. However, there is often uncertainty in the literature regarding the necessary size of a representative volume element (RVE) in order to capture an accurate description of the structure. In an effort to provide guidance for the field, in this work simplified geometric models are presented to provide basis for the a priori estimation of RVE size for three common microstructural parameters: volume fraction, particle size, and network contiguity. In a second and complementary paper (Part 2), the results of the model will be compared to experimental data obtained from the extensive imaging of a multiphase composite membrane material using x-ray nanotomography.
Potassium-ion (K-ion) batteries can be an attractive alternative for grid-scale energy storage due to the abundance of K resources. For the first time, we designed and fabricated a non-aqueous K-ion battery (KIB) by employing 3,4,9,10-perylene–tetracarboxylicacid–dianhydride (PTCDA) as the cathode. The PTCDA electrode exhibits a high capacity of 131mAhg−1 in the potential range of 1.5–3.5V vs. K/K+, which corresponds to the insertion of two K ions per PTCDA molecule. The PTCDA cathode also shows great cycling performance, with a capacity retention of 66.1% over 200 cycles. Furthermore, K11PTCDA can be obtained when discharging PTCDA to 0.01V vs. K/K+, which delivers a high capacity of 753mAhg−1. The excellent electrochemical performance makes PTCDA a promising organic electrode based on K-ion chemistry for grid-scale energy storage.
The Li–V–O composite (n Li:n V =1:3.5) was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and post-treated at 300°C. XRD analysis confirms that the composite is a binary LiV3O8–V2O5 composite system with the formula of 0.8LiV3O8·0.2V2O5. The composite consists of small laminar nanocrystallites with numerous cavities between the stacked laminar nanocrystallites, which can provide good channels for Li+ transfer during charge–discharge cycling. The initial discharge capacities of LiV3O8 and 0.8LiV3O8·0.2V2O5 samples were 276 and 365mAh/g after 20 cycles, the discharge capacities of the two samples were 197.6 and 304mAh/g, respectively. Smaller capacity loss indicates that the capacity retention of the composite is superior to that of bare LiV3O8 cathode.
A state of charge (SOC) estimation approach based on an adaptive sliding mode observer (SMO) and a fractional order equivalent circuit model (FOECM) for lithium-ion batteries is proposed in this paper. In order to design the adaptive sliding mode observer (SMO) for the SOC estimation, the state equations based on a FOECM of battery are derived. A new self-adjusting strategy for the observer gains is presented to adjust the observer in the estimating process, which helps to reduce chattering and convergence time. Furthermore, a continuous and smooth function called hyperbolic tangent function is applied to balance the chattering affection and the disturbance. At last, a battery simulation model is established to test the SOC estimation performance of the designed SMOs, and the results show the proposed approach is feasible and effective.
In this work, MnO2/porous carbon film/Ni foil are fabricated for flexible supecapacitors (FSCs), in which the porous carbon film (PCF) serves as a buffer layer to facilitate the loading of the MnO2 and reduce the interfacial stress. The MnO2/PCF/Ni electrodes demonstrate a high-quality and stable interface. Microstructure observations show that the MnO2 film has a dense 2D structure with a hierarchically porous surface, which provides a large surface area for charge storage. The FSC based on MnO2/PCF/Ni electrode exhibits high-energy/power density, ultrahigh rate capability, wide frequency range, extraordinary flexibility, and superior cycle lifetime. Area (volumetric) specific capacitance of the MnO2/PCF/Ni electrode reaches 87 mF cm−2 (435Fcm−3). Maximum volumetric energy (power) density of the supercapacitor reaches 38.65 mWh cm−3 (8.26Wcm−3). Furthermore, the FSC has a very short time constant (0.3∼0.5ms) and exhibits minimal change in capacitance under dynamic bending.
Inverse vulcanization copolymers (p(S-DVB)) from the radical polymerization of elemental sulfur and divinylbenzene (DVB) have been studied as cathode active materials in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based all-solid-state Li-S cells. The Li-S cell comprising the optimized p(S-DVB) cathode (80:20 w/w S/DVB ratio) and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide/PEO (LiFSI/PEO) electrolyte shows high specific capacity (ca. 800 mAh g−1) and high Coulombic efficiency for 50 cycles. Most importantly, polysulfide (PS) shuttle is highly mitigated due to the strong interactions of PS species with polymer backbone in p(S-DVB). This is demonstrated by the stable cycling of the p(S-DVB)-based cell using lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)/PEO electrolyte, where successful charging cannot be achieved even at the first cycle with plain elemental S-based cathode material due to the severe PS shuttle phenomenon. These results suggest that inverse vulcanization copolymers are promising alternatives to elemental sulfur for enhancing the electrochemical performance of PEO-based all-solid-state Li-S cells.
In this work, the tin oxide/carbon nanotubes (SnO2/CNT) nanocomposite, where SnO2 nanoparticles were deposited on the functionalized single wall CNTs, has been shown to exhibit desirable electrochemical performances as the negative electrodes for the lithium ion batteries. CNTs not only suppressed the mechanical degradation of SnO2 and therefore provided the composite electrode with excellent capacity retention (>650 mAh g−1 with less than 10% capacity loss after 100 cycles), but also enhanced the electronic conductivity of the electrodes leading to excellent rate capability. The nanostructure of the nanocomposite has been shown to be critical for mitigating the mechanical degradation of electrodes.
In this paper technological aspects of a synthesis of phospho-olivine LiFePO4 based composite cathode materials for lithium batteries are presented. An effective synthesis route yielding a highly conductive composite cathode material was developed. The structural, electrical and electrochemical properties of these materials were investigated. It was shown that the enhanced conductivity of the cathode material is due to the presence of a thin layer of the reduced material which has metallic properties, which is formed on the grain surfaces of the phospho-olivine. We propose a synthesis route yielding LiFePO4/Fe2P composite material.
Deep in situ rock stress determinations are typically conducted using hydraulic fracturing in an existing borehole or by applying specialized overcoring techniques that require the installation of a strain-monitoring instrument in a central pilot borehole that is subsequently overcored. The unusually high horizontal to vertical stress ratio at depth in Canada's Underground Research Laboratory (URL) results in problems in the application of either of these methods. At 420-m depth, the rock in the URL is massive granite with virtually no fractures. The maximum principal stress is approximately 60MPa and is sub-horizontal. The minimum principal stress is only 11MPa, resulting in a horizontal to vertical stress ratio of almost 6 to 1. In these conditions, hydraulic fracturing is unable to produce axial fractures in sub-vertical boreholes or is unable to fracture the rock at all. Overcoring methods requiring a pilot hole are not feasible because of persistent core discing. To resolve these problems, AECL has applied a remote data logger/signal conditioner to the design of a Deep Doorstopper Gauge System (DDGS) for use to 1000-m depth. The DDGS is much less susceptible to core discing than most other overcoring methods because it does not require a pilot hole. This paper describes the operating principle of the DDGS and the results of field testing at the URL, as well as issues related to its use and the interpretation of results.
Hybrid nanostructures containing one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and three-dimensional (3D) mesoporous carbon sphere have many promising applications due to their unique physical chemical properties. In this study, a novel 3D hierarchical carbon material (MCCNT) composed of mesoporous carbon sphere core and nitrogen rich CNTs shell is successfully prepared via an aerosol spray and subsequent chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes. Owning to its well defined porous structure and favorable conductive framework, MCCNT is used as a potential sulfur host in lithium sulfur batteries through a classic melt-diffusion method. When cycled at a current density of 0.2 C (1 C = 1675 mA h g−1), it delivers an initial capacity as high as 1438.7 mAh g−1. Even if the current density increase to 1 C, the specific capacity still remain up to 534.6 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the hybrid structure of MCCNT, in which, the porous core works as a host to confine sulfur and accommodate volume expansion and the external CNTs provide excellent electron and ion conductive frame work. Furthermore, the in-situ doped nitrogen on the surface of CNTs enables effective trapping of lithium polysulfides, leading to a much-improved cycling performance.
This paper presents a generalized methodology to evaluate the feasibility of photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis (PVRO) systems for small, remote communities in challenging environments. The economic feasibility is determined by comparing the cost of water from a photovoltaic reverse osmosis system with the cost of water obtained using conventional diesel-powered reverse osmosis. For PVRO systems, the feasibility is a function of location due to variation in solar resource, water type, system demand and local governmental policies. A series of sample cases were analyzed to demonstrate the method. Analysis for community-scale seawater reverse osmosis systems was carried out for various locations using Geographic Information System (GIS) data. A site-specific analysis has been completed for seawater and brackish water reverse osmosis systems. It was found that photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis is feasible for the majority of remote locations with a large solar resource.
Transition metal oxides have attracted great attention as an anode material for next generation lithium ion batteries. Here we report the preparation of self-assembled hierarchical 3D-NiO microspheres with ultra-thin porous nanoflakes by simple and cost effective urea assisted chemical co-precipitation method followed by annealing at different temperature. It is noteworthy that the annealing temperature has an impact on the formation of different morphologies and resultantly on the electrochemical performance. This hierarchical 3D-NiO microspheres with ultra-thin porous nanoflakes shows enhanced electrochemical performance with a large reversible capacity, superior cyclic performance, high rate capability, and improved ionic conductivity as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. A high reversible capacity up to 795 mA h g−1 after 150 cycles at a rate of 0.5 C, and a capacity higher than 460.2 mA h g−1 at a rate as high as 10 C were obtained for optimized NiO sample. In particular, enhancement of the electrochemical performance was attributed to the high specific surface area, good electric contact among the particles, and easier lithium ion diffusion.
Prussian blue and its analogues have been intensively studied as potential electrode materials for sodium ion batteries. In this work, a prussian blue sample was prepared by a simple precipitation method and the electrochemical performance of the prussian blue (PB) cathode was investigated at various temperatures and in different voltage ranges. When cycled in the voltage range of 2.0 − 4.0V vs. Na/Na+, the PB cathode exhibited initial discharge capacities of 135.4mAhg−1 (55°C), 128.5mAhg−1 (25°C) and 99.2mAhg−1 (-10°C) at 10mAg−1. The PB cathode showed good cycling stability at low temperature, however the cycling capacity degraded remarkably at elevated temperature. CV test indicated that the capacity fade was mainly due to the side reactions on the electrode-electrolyte interface at near 4.0V vs. Na/Na+. XPS and FTIR analyses revealed several types of compounds formed on the cathode surface which indicated the complexity of the side reactions. Controlling the high cut-off voltage at 3.8V vs. Na/Na+ significantly improved the cycling stability of the PB electrode. The PB cathode delivered 1C rate reversible capacity of 100.0mAhg−1 in 2.0 − 3.8V vs. Na/Na+ with outstanding capacity retention of 98.2% after 300 cycles.
NASICON (Na-super-ionic-conductors)-structured materials have attracted extensive research interest due to their great application potential in secondary batteries. However, the mechanism of capacity fading for NASICON-structured electrode materials has been rarely studied. In this paper, we synthesized the NASICON-structured Na3V2(PO4)3/C composite by simple sol–gel and high-temperature solid-phase method and investigated its electrochemical performance in Na–Zn hybrid aqueous rechargeable batteries. After characterizing the structure, morphology and composition variations as well as the interfacial resistance changes of Na3V2(PO4)3/C cathode during cycling, we propose a mechanical and interfacial degradation mechanism for capacity fading of NASICON-structured Na3V2(PO4)3/C in Na–Zn hybrid aqueous rechargeable batteries. This work will shed light on enhancing the mechanical and interfacial stability of NASICON-structured Na3V2(PO4)3/C in Na–Zn hybrid aqueous rechargeable batteries.
Mn3O4/MWCNTs (multi-walled carbon nanotubes) composite fabricated by a simple solvothermal method was developed as electrochemical catalyst of V(IV)/V(V) redox couple for vanadium redox flow batteries. The electrochemical activity of V(IV)/V(V) redox couple can be enhanced by the electrochemical catalysts (Mn3O4, MWCNTs, Mn3O4/MWCNTs), and the electrocatalytic kinetics of the redox reactions were in the order of Mn3O4/MWCNTs>MWCNTs>Mn3O4. The cell using Mn3O4/MWCNTs composite as electrochemical catalyst was assembled and the charge-discharge performance was evaluated. Compared with the pristine cell, the cell using positive graphite felt modified by Mn3O4/MWCNTs had lower electrochemical polarization, larger discharge capacity and energy efficiency. The average energy efficiency of the cell using modified positive electrode for 50 cycles was 84.65%, 3.73% higher than that of the pristine cell. The superior electrocatalytic performance of Mn3O4/MWCNTs composite was mainly due to the effective mixed conducting network, facilitating the electron transport and ion diffusion in the electrode/electrolyte interface.
The future of energy storage devices relies on energy storage systems with both high energy and power densities. Supercapacitors, a hybrid of capacitors and batteries, have the potential to deliver both high energy and power densities. Materials suitable for supercapacitors are those capable of storing charges via faradaic redox reactions or pseudocapacitive reactions in addition to electrostatic double-layer storage. High-surface-area early transition metal nitrides such as vanadium nitride (VN) have promising properties for use in energy storage devices, especially supercapacitors, due to their pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanisms. The nature of their pseudocapacitive function, however, remains poorly understood. Further development of these materials requires a detailed understanding of their pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanisms. This paper reports a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the pseudocapacitive charge-storage mechanisms of the VN material in aqueous alkaline electrolytes using in-situ small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and in-situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) combined with physical and electrochemical characterization techniques. Contrary to conventional wisdom that large pores are more accessible to electrolyte ions and thus store more charge, our results showed that pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanism for VN in aqueous alkaline media is induced by the insertion/extraction of anions (i.e. OH−, OD−) in and out of micropores. The anion insertion/extraction leads to the reduction/oxidation of the V metal, as the material was electrochemically charged and dis-charged within its operating potential window. These results suggest that high pseudocapacitances in excess of 1300 Fg-1 could be achieved by the VN material in 1.2 V aqueous alkaline electrolytes. This work undoubtedly provides a clear and generic conceptual and fundamental characterization approach for energy storage devices and related systems.
Sustainable development requires methods and tools to measure and compare the environmental impacts of human activities for various products (goods and services). Providing society with goods and services contributes to a wide range of environmental impacts. Environmental impacts include emissions into the environment and the consumption of resources as well as other interventions such as land use, etc. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a technique for assessing environmental loads of a product or a system. The aim of this paper is to review existing energy and CO2 life cycle analyses of renewable sources based electricity generation systems. The paper points out that carbon emission from renewable energy (RE) systems are not nil, as is generally assumed while evaluating carbon credits. Further the range of carbon emissions from RE systems have been found out from existing literature and compared with those from fossil fuel based systems, so as to assist in a rational choice of energy supply systems.
Information communication technology is becoming a more common tool at school year by year. Regular use of laptops can force schools to change managerial rules. The purpose of the study is to identify managerial problems raised in the school environment and possible changes needed in rules caused by the usage of laptops. Laptops were delivered to eighth grade students in four Estonian comprehensive schools for regular usage in a lesson-designed experiment. Four case studies were developed.
We have designed, constructed and tested a trace element clean sampling device for long term deployment (6 months or longer) on deep-sea moorings. The device collects unfiltered 500 ml samples by opening and closing a bottle originally filled with dilute acid (passively replaced by denser seawater). Each sample is collected by an independent module, so failure of a single unit does not affect others. Seven years of deployments have refined the sampler into a rugged and reliable device. The device also can be hung below a wire to collect water column samples. Automated trace element sampler (ATE), a spinoff from moored in situ trace element serial sampler, is a single-module device for allowing trace metal clean near-surface samples to be collected by personnel not trained in trace element sampling. ATE/VANE, another variation, allows the same personnel to collect upper water column profiles on conventional hydrowire. The systems have been tested by comparing samples collected for lead and iron with those collected by previously proven sampling techniques.
Phase purity plays a vital role in achieving high capacity and long cycle life for lithium iron phosphate. Given that LiFePO4 has lower electronic and ionic conductivity, carbon coating on fine particle surface is often used in order to improve the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4. Unfortunately, the carbon coating process is an inherently reducing process that is difficult to control and often results in the over-reduction of LiFePO4, turning it into iron phosphide. Our research here demonstrates the formation of a non-conductive Fe2P2O7 phase during the carbon coating process on LiFePO4. This phase formation is found to be dependent on particle size, temperature, and annealing atmosphere. Furthermore, these changes are found to directly associate with the change of the reducing potential. The finding in this work aims to guide and control the phase purity of carbon coated LiFePO4 by identifying important parameters that need to be taken under consideration during the carbon coating process in an effort to realize excellent electrochemical performance.
We investigated whether training school-age children in emotion understanding had a significant effect on their social cognition. Participants were 110 children (mean age=7years 3months) assigned to training and control conditions. Over a 2-month intervention program, after the reading of illustrated scenarios based on emotional scripts, the training group was engaged in conversations on emotion understanding, whereas the control group was simply asked to produce a drawing about the story. The training group outperformed the control group on emotion comprehension, theory of mind, and empathy, and the positive training outcomes for emotion understanding remained stable over 6months. Implications of the findings are discussed.