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S/CoS2 nanoparticles-embedded N-doped carbon polyhedrons (S/CoS2-NC) as the cathode of lithium-sulfur battery are prepared. The synthesis is via the carbonization of metal organic frameworks polyhedron ZIF-67, followed by the heat treatment with sulfur. XRD confirms the existence of CoS2 and S, TEM shows the polyhedrons morphology and EDX mapping analysis displays the uniform distribution of Co, S and N in the carbon polyhedrons. As cathode for lithium-sulfur battery, S/CoS2-NC exhibit the enhanced cycling stability with the capacity of 702mAhg−1 at 0.5C after 250 cycles and rate performance, which is superior to S/Co nanoparticles-embedded N-doped carbon polyhedrons composites (S/Co-NC), S/N-doped carbon polyhedrons composites (S-NC) and the bare sulfur. When coupled with the Ge anode, the discharge capacity of 502mAhg−1 is obtained after 75 cycles at 0.5C. The enhanced property is mainly attributed to the synergistic effects of N-doped carbon polyhedrons and embedded CoS2.
LiFePO4 cathodes with polyacrylic acid (PAA) as binder were prepared with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent. The cathodes were characterized by peel test, swelling performance test, SEM and electrochemical methods. Compared with conventional poly(vinylidenediﬂuoride) (PVDF) binder, the PAA binder significantly improves the cycle performance of LiFePO4 cathode. LiFePO4 cathodes with PAA binder can deliver 200 cycles with almost no capacity fading at the current density of 175mAg−1, which is much better than the cathode with PVDF binder (for the capacity retention 86.6% after 200 cycles). Results show that the PAA binder can not only provide high adhesion strength to ensure good electrical contact between active material and current collector, but also suppress swelling of LiFePO4 cathode with the electrolyte solution compared to the PVDF binder. SEM observation clearly demonstrates that the cracks of the electrodes are effectively suppressed by using the PAA as binder.
In the context of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery technology, LiNO3 is known to improve performance by protecting the lithium anode via the formation of an optimized solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) as well as suppressing the associated lithium polysulfides shuttle effect during cycling. Herein, the concentration of added LiNO3 (0.05–0.4molkg−1) in a C4mpyr-TFSI- organic mixed electrolyte has been varied, with any changes in cell performance monitored against the physical (viscosity) and ion-transport (NMR-based ion diffusion and conductivity) properties of each variant. We find that an electrolyte with 0.1molkg−1 LiNO3 shows the best performance and that this is because this electrolyte has the highest conductivity, lowest viscosity and shows the lowest glass transition temperature (Tg), measured with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). While the long-term benefits of adding lithium nitrate to the electrolyte of Li-S cells are known to be related to effects centred on the lithium anode, the short-term influence of this additive on capacity performance is clearly related to promoting better access to the porous cathode. The range of concentration over which this effect is operative (0.05–0.20molkg−1) overlaps with the range recommended for optimum performance of the lithium anode.
Amorphous and crystalline copper cobalt sulfides are successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method at different temperatures and researched as electrode materials for supercapacitor. The reaction mechanisms during the sulfidation and hydrothermal processes are investigated and clarified. It is demonstrated that the hydrothermal temperature is a crucial factor for the crystallinity, morphology and electrochemical performance of CuCo2S4. Among all the samples, the CuCo2S4 synthesized at 150 °C shows the highest specific capacitance of 515 F g-1 at 1 A g−1 as well as good cycling stability with ∼93.3% capacitance retention after 10000 cycles at 5 A g−1. An asymmetric device which is assembled by using optimized CuCo2S4 electrode as positive electrode and activated carbon as negative electrode material is able to deliver an ultrahigh energy density of 50.56 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 4.6 kW kg−1, and remains 20.93 Wh kg−1 at a high power density of 22.5 kW kg−1, with ∼99% capacity retention after 10000 cycles. Based on the results above, the CuCo2S4 materials prepared by our method possess a considerable potential as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications.
rGO wrapped SiOx with ordered meso-porous structure material is fabricated via a facile route. This meso-porous SiOx/rGO composite, used as anode in LIBs, exhibits a reversible capacity of 580 mAh g−1 under the applied current density of 100 mAg−1 up to 200 cycles. And it still can deliver a reversible capacity of 120 mAh g−1 even at 10,000 mA g−1 rate. The high cyclic stability and superior rate performance is attributed to the graphene layer as well as the inert products formed in the reduction of SiOx, which can buffer the volume expansion elastically, thus preserve the integrity of the electrode. Moreover, the ordered meso-porous structure can provide high specific surface area, sufficient void space to shorten the pathway of Li ions, improve the electrolyte penetration and enhanced the electrochemical Li ion storage.
The electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole and lead-lead sulfate is examined as a potential electrodes for battery-type hybrid supercapacitors in acidic solution. The device exhibits battery-type behavior at low discharge rate, e.g. <0.5 A g−1, and supercapacitors-type behavior at a higher discharge rate. Discharge in the specific current range of ∼0.6–2.27 A g−1 based on the active masses, can deliver capacity of 90–72 Ah kg−1, energy of 58–40 Wh kg−1 and power of 40–1350 W kg−1, with the specific capacitance of the cell in the range of 300–250 F g−1. The experimentally obtained values are compared with theoretical.
As the case numbers of COVID-19 have increased worldwide, it has become more apparent that the elevated viral load in the upper aerodigestive tract mucosa not only affects skull base surgery but essentially all diagnostic and therapeutic intranasal procedures that are routinely part of the scope of practice for Otolaryngologist - Head and Neck Surgeons [1]. A literature review of the current evidence regarding rhinologic surgery yielded several national position statements and recommendations. These were primarily composed of consensus expert opinion based on relatively small series as well as application from experiences with other similar diseases. The aim of this document is to summarize the current evidence and provide expert consensus recommendations surrounding the pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative care for rhinology and skull base patients in the setting of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. As well, these recommendations endeavour to provide general principles ranging from triaging of cases, pre-operative COVID-19 screening, personal protection equipment (PPE) use to general and specific precautions in the operating room as well as practical tips of intra-operative maneuvers to optimize patient and provider safety while providing a high level of patient care.
Lithium-doped natural graphite is synthesized by a simple wet ball-milling method and use as an anode material in lithium secondary batteries. The modified natural graphite is examined with a view to improved cycleability and columbic efficiency on the first charge–discharge cycle (irreversible capacity loss). Lithium-doping results in marked improvements in electrochemical performance. These are investigated by means of X-ray powder diffraction, impedance measurement, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and measurement of electrochemical capacity. LiO x intercalated at the edge planes reduces the electrolyte breakdown by passivating the highly reactive sites along these planes. The Li-doped natural graphite exhibits ∼5% reduction in the first irreversible capacity while the reversible capacity remains unchanged in comparison with pristine graphite electrode. Also, it has an excellent capacity retention of ∼99% after 50 cycles.
A composite of graphene nanosheets (GNs) supported by MnO nanocrystals has been fabricated through a simple chemical-wet impregnation followed by the thermal reduction route. The hybrid contains MnO nanoparticles with an average size of 20nm uniformly dispersed on GNs as observed by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The MnO-attached GN anode delivers a reversible capacity of 635mAh/g at 0.2 C in the voltage range between 0.01 and 3.5V. The MnO doping in the GN network plays a positive role in improving the Coulombic efficiency (92.7%) at the 1st cycle and rate capability (capacity retention (5 C/0.2 C): >70%). The superior cell performance of the GN anodes is ascribed to its unique framework, which intimately combines the conductive GNs with well-dispersed MnO nanoparticles. This present work sheds some light on the feasibility of the MnO-attached GN anodes for high-performance Li-ion batteries.
is the professor in the Hunan University, Changsha, China. He received his B.S. degree in Chemistry from the Shanxi Normal University in 2003 and Ph.D. degree in Materials Physics and Chemistry from Nankai University in 2011. During 2011–2015, he also conducted the research in several overseas universities as a postdoctoral research associate. He serves as the Academic Editor for Rare Metals, and editorial board members for Journal of Energy Chemistry, Chinese Chemical Letters, Nano-Micro Letters, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, and others. His research interest focuses on the energy storage devices and components including metal anodes and electrolytes, and theoretical calculations from Density Functional Theory and Molecular Dynamics to Finite Element Analysis.
The end-of-life (EOL) of a lithium ion battery (LIB) is defined as the time point when the LIB can no longer provide sufficient power or energy to accomplish its intended function. Generally, the EOL occurs abruptly when the degradation of a LIB reaches the threshold. Therefore, current prediction methods of EOL by extrapolating the early degradation behavior often result in significant errors. To address this problem, this paper analyzes the reason for the EOL threshold of a LIB with shallow depth of discharge. It is found that the sudden appearance of EOL threshold results from the drift of open circuit voltage (OCV) at the end of both shallow depth and full discharges. Further, a new EOL threshold prediction model with highly improved accuracy is developed based on the OCV drifts and their evolution mechanism, which can effectively avoid the misjudgment of EOL threshold. The accuracy of this EOL threshold prediction model is verified by comparing with experimental results. The EOL threshold prediction model can be applied to other battery chemistry systems and its possible application in electric vehicles is finally discussed.
Gold–platinum (Au–Pt) hybrid nanoparticles (Au–PtNPs) were successfully deposited on an indium tin oxide (ITO) surface using a direct electrochemical method. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and electrochemical methods. It was found that the size of the Au–PtNPs depends on the number of electrodeposition cycles. Au–PtNPs obtained by 20 electrodeposition cycles had a cauliflower-shaped structure with an average diameter of about 60nm. These Au–PtNPs exhibited alloy properties. Electrochemical measurements showed that the charge transfer resistivity was significantly decreased for the Au–PtNPs/ITO electrode. Additionally, the Au–PtNPs displayed an electrocatalytic activity for nitrite oxidation and oxygen reduction. The Au–PtNPs/ITO electrodes reported herein could possibly be used as electrocatalysts and sensors.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are described extensively in the literature, but existing computational models aimed at scientific understanding are too complex for use in applications such as battery management. Computationally simple models are vital for exploitation. This paper proposes a non-linear state-of-charge dependent Li-S equivalent circuit network (ECN) model for a Li-S cell under discharge. Li-S batteries are fundamentally different to Li-ion batteries, and require chemistry-specific models. A new Li-S model is obtained using a ‘behavioural’ interpretation of the ECN model; as Li-S exhibits a ‘steep’ open-circuit voltage (OCV) profile at high states-of-charge, identification methods are designed to take into account OCV changes during current pulses. The prediction-error minimization technique is used. The model is parameterized from laboratory experiments using a mixed-size current pulse profile at four temperatures from 10 °C to 50 °C, giving linearized ECN parameters for a range of states-of-charge, currents and temperatures. These are used to create a nonlinear polynomial-based battery model suitable for use in a battery management system. When the model is used to predict the behaviour of a validation data set representing an automotive NEDC driving cycle, the terminal voltage predictions are judged accurate with a root mean square error of 32 mV.
The novel Li x Mn y Ni z Ti1−y−z O2 compounds were prepared by Na+/Li+ ion-exchange and chemical lithium insertion. The eight products were characterized using X-ray diffraction, ICP-AES, SEM, and electrochemical measurements. All the samples were adopted the layered rock-salt type structure. The electrochemical properties of Li0.6Mn0.82Ni0.10Ti0.08O2 sample exhibited the best capacity retention of 87% at 20th charge–discharge test in the voltage range of 1.5 and 5.0 V of all the present samples. The extra lithium was added by chemical lithium insertion using LiI and then fully occupied Li1.0Mn0.82Ni0.10Ti0.08O2 in lithium site was obtained. The initial charge and discharge capacities of Li/Li1.0Mn0.82Ni0.10Ti0.08O2 cell were 250 mAh g−1 and 244 mAh g−1, respectively, with the first coulombic efficiency of 98% between 2.0 and 4.8 V. The graphite/Li1.0Mn0.82Ni0.10Ti0.08O2 cell indicated the first discharge capacity of 208 mAh g−1 at 1.8 V after charging up to 4.7 V. The irreversible capacity loss of 39 mAh g−1 was ascribed to the formation of a solid–electrolyte interface (SEI). The Li1.0Mn0.82Ni0.10Ti0.08O2 is one of the promising materials for positive electrode material in lithium ion batteries for the view point of high capacity and coulombic efficiency.
Non-precious metal bifunctional oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reaction (ORR and OER, respectively) catalysts are of great interest for rechargeable metal/air batteries and regenerative alkaline fuel cells. We investigate the initial stage activities and the electrocatalytic durability of bifunctional catalysts composed of MnO2 and perovskite (LaNiO3 or LaCoO3) in a 1:1 weight ratio. Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) with a catalyst layer composed of MnO2:co-catalyst (LaNiO3 or LaCoO3):Vulcan XC-72 were prepared and studied in O2 saturated 6M KOH. The initial stage bifunctional activities of MnO2-LaCoO3 and MnO2-LaNiO3 are markedly superior compared to either MnO2 or perovskite alone, demonstrating a synergistic effect. Furthermore, we show for the first time that the degradation of the bifunctional electrocatalytic activity of the MnO2-perovskite electrodes during extensive potential cycling can be fully restored by resting the electrodes at open-circuit potential in 6M KOH. A hypothesis is proposed to explain this catalytic promotion and ‘healing’ effect based on XPS results showing potassium ion incorporation in the electrocatalyst structure. Lastly, a thorough comparison of the results obtained in the present work with those reported in the literature with a variety of bifunctional catalysts is presented, demonstrating the effectiveness of the MnO2-perovskite electrodes.
A new family of single-ion-conductor block-copolymer electrolytes (BCEs), comprising poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as conducting block and poly(styrene sulfonyl(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide of lithium) (PSTFSI) as structural block, was developed recently. To evaluate the influence of the structural blockon the physico-chemical and electrochemical properties, we compare two single-ion-conductor BCE families with structural blocks made of either PSTFSI or poly(3-sulfonyl(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide propyl methacrylate of lithium) (PMATFSI). Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that at temperatures lower than the PEO block melting temperature, the morphology of both families is lamellar whereas, at higher temperatures, the electrolytes are in a disordered state. Both electrolyte families present an ionic conductivity maximum for some weight fraction of the structural block (w BTFSI ), named BTFSI. For w BTFSI > 0.17, the ionic conductivity of the PMATFSI-based electrolytes is larger than that of the PSTFSI-based electrolytes by at least a factor of two. Based on a detailed transport analysis, we show that the strong increase of the glass transition temperature is the main factor limiting the ionic conductivity. We also interpret the conductivity maximum of the PSTFSI-based electrolytes by a limitation in available free charges for w PSTFSI > 0.17 while the polymer dynamics slows down. The optimization of the ionic transport in this type of single-ion-conductor BCE requires promoting the compatibility of the Li+-bearing structural block with the conducting block.
This paper examines the role of the consumer in the emerging household-level battery market. We use stated preference data and choice modelling to measure household preferences for battery attributes and functionality. Our survey sample has been sourced from the State of Queensland, Australia, which has some of the highest per capita PV installation rates in the world and has many characteristics of an early-adopter market for battery storage. While cost will be a key determinant for mass market uptake, our study found that drivers encouraging self-sufficiency and grid independence will have a strong influence on battery system preferences. A majority of the 268 respondents to our survey would prefer to buy medium or large battery systems despite higher costs and longer payback periods. Nearly 70% of respondents hope to eventually disconnect from the existing centralized electricity supply network. Should these findings translate more broadly, and battery prices decline as forecast, changing energy market dynamics could result in a range of negative outcomes. Declining infrastructure utilization, asset impairment, rising electricity costs and negative social outcomes could eventuate as consumers attempt to reduce their reliance on existing electricity supply systems. To proactively manage these risks, our study demonstrates the clear need to better understand and address consumer motivations in the impending energy market transition.
Creativity is one of the key parts of expert performance in sport and other domains. The aim of this study was to determine the underlying perceptual and cognitive processes that underpin creative expert performance in the sport of soccer. Forty skilled adult soccer players participated. In the experimental task, they interacted with representative video-based 11 vs. 11 attacking situations whilst in possession of a ball. Clips were occluded at a key moment and participants were required to play the ball in response to each presented scenario as they would in a real-game situation. Moreover, they were required to name other additional actions they could execute for each situation. Their solutions on the task were measured using the three observation criteria for creativity of originality, flexibility, and fluency of decisions. Using these criteria, players were categorized into either high- or low-creative groups. Visual search and cognitive thought processes were recorded during the task using a portable eye-movement registration system and retrospective verbal reports. The creativity-based between-group differences in decision making were underpinned by differences in visual search strategy. Compared to the low-creative group, the high-creative players made more fixations of shorter duration in a different sequential order and to more task-relevant locations of the display, indicating a broader attentional focus. They also generated a greater number of verbal reports of thoughts related to the assessment of the current task situation and planning of future decisions when compared with the low-creative players. Our findings highlight the perceptual-cognitive processes that underlie creative expert performance in a sport-specific domain.
Ni/Mn disordered LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel is the most promising cathode material for lithium ion batteries due to its high energy and power densities. However, the Ni/Mn disorder coupled with high Mn3+ content and concomitant formations of NiO/LiyNi1-yO impurities deteriorate its electrochemical performances. To overcome this issue, Sc-doped disordered spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.44Sc0.06O4 without NiO/LiyNi1-yO impurities has been synthesized. Infrared spectroscopy, magnetic measurements and cyclic voltammetry results reveal the increase in Ni/Mn disordering of LiNi0.5Mn1.44Sc0.06O4 than pristine spinel which decreases the charge transfer resistance and enhances the electrochemical performances. The XPS spectrum of LiNi0.5Mn1.44Sc0.06O4 exhibits Sc2p3/2 (402.3 eV) and Sc2p1/2 (406.5 eV) bands confirming the presence of Sc3+ in the spinel lattice. Sc-doped spinel delivers an initial discharge capacity 131 mAhg−1 with 88% columbic efficiency at 0.1C rate. Under similar condition, the undoped spinel yields only 123 mAhg−1 with 81% columbic efficiency. In addition, cycling stability of the doped spinel has increased dramatically with increase in the C-rate. At 5C, it exhibits a specific capacity of 102 mAhg−1 with 98% capacity retention even after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, it demonstrates excellent rate capability due to enhanced lithium-ion diffusion kinetics. The improved performance of the spinel can be attributed to the stabilization of the cation disordered structure. Thus, the Sc-doped spinel could be a potential cathode material for lithium ion batteries for electric vehicle applications.
To examine patterns of conduct problems across the home and school context, we used latent class analysis to analyze primary caregivers’ and teachers’ ratings on the conduct problems subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586, 1997) in the Family Life Project (N = 1,292), a prospective study of child development in rural and small town contexts. We found a similar four-class solution at 5 and 7 years of age. In decreasing prevalence, the following classes were identified: (1) low symptoms reported by both informants (low cross-context); (2) high parent-reported symptoms, low teacher-reported symptoms (home context); (3) low parent-reported symptoms, moderate teacher-reported symptoms (school context); and (4) high symptoms reported by both informants (high cross-context). Classes exhibited stability from age five to age seven: children were more likely to remain in the same class than to transition to a different class, and longitudinal stability was especially high for children in the low cross-context class at age 5. A number of child and family characteristics measured in early childhood (executive function, verbal ability, poverty-related risk, sensitive parenting, and parental depressive symptoms) were associated with class membership at age five and age seven, but were generally not associated with longitudinal transitions between classes.