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A two-dimensional transient model for the study of zinc-nickel single flow battery was developed. The model is based on a comprehensive description of mass, momentum and charge transport and conservation, combining with a global kinetic model for reactions involving ions and proton. The model is validated against the experimental date and is used to study the effects of variations in concentration, flow rate, and applied current density. The model results indicate that increasing the initial concentration of hydroxide ions can increase the discharge voltage of the battery without increasing the ions concentration polarization, and higher zinc ion concentration can slightly decrease the discharge voltage. An increase in flow rate leads to a more rapid generation or consumption of the reactant concentration, a faster mass transfer and a more uniform distribution of the ion concentration. However, the effect of flow rate on the discharge voltage of the battery is small and limited. Bulk reaction rate depends on the applied current density. As the applied current density increases by one or two time, ion concentration polarization in reaction zone and the transfer current density almost double or triple and the over-potential increased a fixed amount each time.
Electrical energy becomes necessary for human being. Generation of electrical energy mostly depends on fossils fuel, they are limited in nature and also responsible for environmental pollution. Renewable energy resources provides a better alternative for future,In comparison to conventional energy resources economical aspect is a major issue of renewable energy sources with the feasibility and efficiency. These limitations are tried to overcome by deployment hybrid renewable energy resources. There are certain criteria to analyze and implement the sized, optimized and cost efficient system. This paper focus on hybrid energy systems based on solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind resources. This paper shed lights on various parameters of economic feasibility, sizing strategies with logical advancements to enhance their utilization, future prospects, and their arrangement. Strategies to develop an effective storage system is also presented here.A brief review on developments in optimization techniques, reliability index and cost analyzing techniques for hybrid renewable energy systems are also presented.
Introduction This study examined whether World Trade Center (WTC)-related exposures and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were associated with cognitive function and whether WTC responders' cognition differed from normative data. Methods A computer-assisted neuropsychological battery was administered to a prospective cohort study of 1193 WTC responders with no history of stroke or WTC-related head injuries. Data were linked to information collected prospectively since 2002. Sample averages were compared to published norms. Results Approximately 14.8% of sampled responders had cognitive dysfunction. WTC responders had worse cognitive function compared to normative data. PTSD symptom severity and working >5 weeks on-site was associated with cognitive dysfunction. Discussion Results from this sample highlight the potential for WTC responders to be experiencing an increased burden of cognitive dysfunction and linked lowered cognitive functioning to physical exposures and to PTSD. Future research is warranted to understand the extent to which cognitive dysfunction is evident in neural dysfunction.
The effects of solar systems operation can be compared only under very similar weather conditions. Diagnostics of the solar systems requires unequivocal determination of solar irradiation. Development of a method for precise identification of solar radiation day time profile is needed, as the methods used so far in the cloud cover determination are not satisfactory. The paper presents two optional methods, developed by the authors, for identification of the solar radiation profile. Advantages and disadvantages of the methods are also specified.
In this research, the performance of a new biosorbent prepared using low-cost oak shell waste materials for consecutive removal of particular cations and chromate anions from aqueous solutions was studied. The adsorbent impregnated with Pb2+, Ag+, Ba2+, and Sr2+ was used to remove chromate anions by the formation of an appropriate insoluble precipitate. The biosorbent was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, TG-DTG, and VSM techniques. The adsorption capacities of 133.84, 53.12, 50.12, and 40.39 mg g−1 were obtained for chromate for the samples containing Pb2+, Ag+, Ba2+, and Sr2+ cations, respectively. The chromate uptake was inversely proportional to the k sp of the chromate precipitate and increased with the cation content of the adsorbent. The adsorption process was kinetically fast and the equilibrium was established within 10 min. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models. The data were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm, indicating that chromate was adsorbed homogeneously on the adsorbent surface.
The electrochemical stability of single particles of cathode materials (LiMn2O4, Li1.10Cr0.048Mn1.852O4, LiCoO2 and LiNi0.85Co0.15O2) was investigated by means of a microelectrode technique at 25°C and 50°C. The cycle stability was evaluated by multi-cyclic voltammetry. LiMn2O4 showed good cycle stability in LiClO4/propylene carbonate (PC)+ethylene carbonate (EC) and LiBF4/PC+EC solutions even at 50°C. On the contrary, in LiPF6/PC+EC, significant capacity fading during charge–discharge was observed at 50°C. The cycle stability of LiMn2O4 in the latter solution was improved by partial substitution of Mn by Cr and Li. Regarding LiCoO2, its cycle life in LiClO4/PC+EC at 50°C was unsatisfactory when the potential was scanned between 3.60 and 4.30 V. On the other hand, LiCoO2 retained 90% of its capacity when the potential scan was limited to 4.00 V. LiNi0.85Co0.15O2 showed similar trend at 50°C.
Recently, the attention to sodium-ion batteries has been refocused on large-scale energy storage applications, due to sodium's low cost and infinite abundance. Sodium is one of the most abundant elements on earth and exhibits chemical properties similar to lithium. Owing to their superior sodium storage capability especially for excellent safety and stability, Ti-based compounds have been extensively investigated as both cathode and anode materials. Herein we outline the current cathodes and anodes, and emphasize the critical roles of titanium in developing advanced electrodes for sodium-ion batteries. The latest advances and progress in the exploration of Ti-based compounds with various different frameworks such as NASICON, tunnel, MXenes, spinel, and layered structures are systematically reviewed. The straightforward linking of the structure–function–property relationship for Ti-based compounds, especially for layered Na/Ti-containing oxides, is summarized and analyzed. The titanium element plays a critical role in both positive and negative electrodes, i.e., supplying the charge transfer and high safety for anodes and greatly enhancing the structural and cycling stability for cathodes. Based on the bi-functional roles of titanium, a new concept of symmetric Na-ion cells employing layered Na/Ti-containing oxides as bipolar electrodes is proposed and realized. Symmetric Na-ion cells already offered a high voltage and withstood long time charge–discharge processes, demonstrating the practicality beyond the proof of concept. The participation of titanium in sodium-based electrode materials will greatly promote the development of room-temperature sodium-ion batteries towards stationary energy storage.
In this research, the interfacial effect between the carbon layer and the negative electrode surface is evaluated as a hybrid electrode with higher charge acceptance for the advanced lead-carbon battery (ALC-battery) system. The P-60 (activated carbon) material, with high specific surface area (1787 m2 g−1) and higher electrical conductivity (98.85 S cm−1), is considered an efficient activated carbon in the present investigations and deposited on the negative electrode. Compared to the conventional lead-acid battery system, the carbon coated negative electrode of ALC-battery system exhibited higher capacity at the applied higher charge/discharge current. The efficient performance of the ALC-battery is mainly influenced by the thin layer of carbon on the active electrode surface, which induces higher charge acceptance. Furthermore, the ALC-battery showed an outstanding lifespan performance compared to the conventional lead-acid battery system in long-term operations. The resulting cycle life stability of lead-acid battery and ALC-battery is 2230 and 6780 cycles, respectively. The significant performance of the ALC-battery is mainly attributed by synergistic mechanism in hybrid electrode, which is resulted from interfacial effect. The likely synergetic reactions arises by carbon layer is (i) higher charge acceptance, (ii) controlled the formation of PbSO4 crystallite in the electrode surfaces, (iii) improved electrochemical performances and Pb redox reaction due to higher electrical conductivity properties. Thus, it can be concluded that the carbon layer deposited on the negative electrode in the ALC-battery is an efficient approach for energy storage, with increased power, capacity, and enhanced cycle life stability.
The need to recover and recycle valuable resources from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is of growing importance as increasing amounts are generated due to shorter product life cycles, market expansions, new product developments and, higher consumption and production rates. The European Commission (EC) directive, 2002/96/EC, on WEEE became law in UK in January 2007 setting targets to recover up to 80% of all WEEE generated. Printed Wire Board (PWB) and/or Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is an important component of WEEE with an ever increasing tonnage being generated. However, the lack of an accurate estimate for PCB production, future supply and uncertain demands of its recycled materials in international markets has provided the motivation to explore different approaches to recycle PCBs. The work contained in this paper focuses on a novel, dry separation methodology in which vertical vibration is used to separate the metallic and non-metallic fractions of PCBs. When PCBs were comminuted to less than 1mm in size, metallic grades as high as 95% (measured by heavy liquid analysis) could be achieved in the recovered products.
The occurrence of cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), and their associations with blood pressure, episodic memory, and other cognitive tasks, were examined in a population-based sample of 123 individuals between 64 and 74 years old. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) detected subcortical and periventricular hyperintensities in 90% and 67% of the cases, respectively. Subcortical WMHs were related to elevated diastolic blood pressure measured ten years earlier, and periventricular WMHs were related to elevated diastolic blood pressure measured five and ten years earlier. Subcortical hyperintensities were weakly associated with impaired motor speed, but this association was not significant. Periventricular WMHs had a negative effect on episodic memory, although the relation was not linear. Collectively, the notion that white matter hyperintensities impair cognitive function got weak support in this Swedish sample.
This paper presents an overview of the significance of the use of molecular biomarkers as diagnostic and prognostic tools for marine pollution monitoring. In order to assess the impact of highly persistent pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo–dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzo–furans (PCDF), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), tributyltin (TBT) and other toxic metals on the marine ecosystem a suite of biomarkers are being extensively used worldwide. Among the various types of biomarkers, the following have received special attention: cytochrome P4501A induction, DNA integrity, acetylcholinesterase activity and metallothionein induction. These biomarkers are being used to evaluate exposure of various species of sentinel marine organisms (e.g. mussels, clams, oysters, snails, fishes, etc.) to and the effect of various contaminants (organic xenobiotics and metals) using different molecular approaches [biochemical assays, enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assays (ELISA), spectrophotometric, fluorometric measurement, differential pulsed polarography, liquid chromatography, atomic absorption spectrometry]. The induction of the biotransformation enzyme, cytochrome P4501A in fishes (Callionymus lyra, Limanda limanda, Serranus sp., Mullus barbatus) and mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) by various xenobiotic contaminants such as PCBs, PAHs, PCDs is used as a biomarker of exposure to such organic pollutants. The induction of cytochrome P4501A is involved in chemical carcinogenesis through catalysis of the covalent bonding of organic contaminants to a DNA strand leading to formation of DNA adduct. Measurement of the induction of cytochrome P4501A in terms of EROD (7-ethoxy resorufin O-deethylase) activity is successfully used as a potential biomarker of exposure to xenobiotic contaminants in marine pollution monitoring.
The utilization of MnO2 based anode materials is limited by poor cycling performance and low rate capacity due to chemical and mechanical degradations upon cycling. In this work, an effective strategy is implemented to mitigate the capacity fading of MnO2 at high rates by anchoring MnO2 nanorods on the surface of graphene. The intimate contact with graphene significantly improves the electrical conductivity of the MnO2 composites materials. Moreover, graphene can buffer the volume changes of MnO2 during the lithium insertion/extraction process. The MnO2/rGO composites exhibit a superior cycling performance and lithium-storage capacity. Under the current density of 0.5Ag−1, the MnO2/rGO composites electrode could deliver reversible capacity as high as 600.3mAhg−1 after more than 650 cycles. Furthermore, at a high rate of 5Ag−1, the MnO2/rGO composites electrode can still deliver reversible specific capacity of 168.2mAhg−1.
Gel polymer electrolytes containing N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinum bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (PYR14TFSI) ionic liquid are prepared by the solution casting method. Thermal and electrochemical properties have been determined for these gel polymer electrolytes. The electrical properties are investigated in detail by the linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy with the aid of the equivalent circuit fitting of the impedance spectra. The results show that the studied electrolytes have good self-standing characteristics, and also a sufficient level of thermal stability and a good electrochemical window. The conductivity increases with increasing amount of mixture, and for the studied system, the highest value of the conductivity measured at room temperature is 4.0×10−4 Scm−1. The lithium ions transference number reaches the maximum value when the gel electrolyte contains 33.3wt% PYR14TFSI ionic liquid. Based on the experiments, measurements and fitting, the models describing the lithium ion transmission and the properties of electrolyte/electrode interface are developed.
Expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) in certain normal and tumor cells is associated with protection against the growth inhibitory effect of reactive aldehydes generated during membrane lipid peroxidation. We found that human lung tumor (A549) cells, which express high levels of ALDH3A1 protein, were significantly less susceptible to the antiproliferative effects of 4-hydroxynonenal compared to human hepatoma HepG2 or SK-HEP-1 cells that lack ALDH3A1 expression. However, A549 cells became susceptible to lipid peroxidation products when they were treated with arachidonic acid. The growth suppression of A549 cells induced by arachidonic acid was associated with increased levels of lipid peroxidation and with reduced ALDH3A1 enzymatic activity, protein, and mRNA levels. Furthermore, arachidonic acid treatment of the A549 cells resulted in an increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), whereas NF-κB binding activity was inhibited. Blocking PPARγ using a selective antagonist, GW9662, prevented the arachidonic acid-mediated reduction of ALDH3A1 expression as well as the growth inhibition of A549 cells, suggesting the central role of PPARγ in these phenomena. The increase in PPARγ and the reduction in ALDH3A1 were also prevented by exposing cells to vitamin E concomitant with arachidonic acid treatment. In conclusion, our data show that the arachidonic acid-induced suppression of A549 cell growth is associated with increased lipid peroxidation and decreased ALDH3A1 expression, which may be due to activation of PPARγ.
Although informed consent is an integral part of clinical practice, its current doctrine remains mostly a matter of law and mainstream ethics rather than empirical research. There are scarce empirical data on patients’ perceived purpose of informed consent, which may include administrative routine/courtesy gesture, simple honest permission, informed permission, patient-clinician shared decision-making, and enabling patient’s self decision-making. Different purposes require different processes.
This paper addresses the damaging role of the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the negative half-cell of a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) on state-of-the-art carbon felt electrodes at different temperatures. It was found that increasing the temperature resulted in a better catalytic performance for both the positive and negative half-cell reactions. In addition, increasing the temperature significantly enhanced the undesired HER at the negative side. Operating the VRFB cell at higher temperature led to a decrease in the coulombic efficiency attributed to the higher hydrogen production. More pronounced hydrogen production caused an oxidation on the surface of the carbon fibers and a degradation of the electrode as indicated from scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. This observed degradation results in fading of the overall performance of the vanadium redox flow battery over time.
Rice wine lees (RWL), a Japanese traditional fermented product, is a rich source of one-carbon metabolism-related nutrients, which may have beneficial effects on cognitive function.
In the last few years, several strategies towards boosting the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 cathodes have been envisaged. Copper addition to the phosphate seems to be a simple, inexpensive method for this purpose. However, it has a serious drawback: at voltages slightly higher than that required for lithium extraction from LiFePO4, the copper is oxidized to either Cu(I) or Cu(II) with partial decomposition of the electrolyte. XRD patterns are consistent with the disappearance of copper from pristine composites upon charging at up to 4.0V. Moreover, a copper deposit is formed on the lithium surface in the discharged state that creates a barrier hindering the release of Li ion from the electrode. Therefore, copper electroactivity strongly influences the capacity and cycling life of the cell.
The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the binary ionic liquid (IL), lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA) dissolved in N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (DEMETFSA), were investigated. The ionic conductivity of the binary IL decreased with an increase in LiTFSA concentration. The self-diffusion coefficients of Li+, DEME+, and TFSA− dissolved in the IL were measured by using the pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) NMR method. The self-diffusion coefficient of each ionic species was also found to decrease with increasing concentration of LiTFSA. The limiting current density in the IL electrolyte was evaluated by chronoamperometry using symmetric Li|IL|Li cell. The results suggest that the diffusion process of Li(I) in the IL dominates the limiting current density in the cell. The highest limiting current density is achieved at a concentration of 0.64mol dm−3 of LiTFSA.
In this work, cadmium from spent Ni–Cd batteries is recycled. Ionic cadmium is recovery from acidic solution using a galvanostatic technique. Electrodeposition charge efficiency and deposit morphology depend on current density. Charge efficiency reaches up to 85.0% for a current density between 5.0 and 10.0mAcm−2 and decreases with the increase in current density. Pore size decreases with the increase in current density.
The energy crisis and energy security leads a great attention to Li-ion batteries (LIB) as the excellent power candidates. We successfully synthesized LiMnPO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite cathode material with high capacity and excellent cycling performance from prickly MnV2O6·2H2O precursor, following chemical reduction and lithiation with double carbon sources. The LiMnPO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C sample has a special multicore-shell structure, whose inner stuffing are LiMnPO4 and Li3V2(PO4)3 in the range of 5-25nm. The initial discharge capacity of LiMnPO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite delivers 221.4mAhg−1, 202.3mAhg−1 and 152.9mAhg−1 at the rate of 0.1C, 1C and 5C in the range of 1.5-4.5V, and retains 99.5%, 99.1% and 94.3% of its initial discharge capacity after 50 cycles, respectively.
The interactions between tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TMCP; an organophosphate flame retardant) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) or liver X receptor α (LXRα) were investigated in seabream hepatocytes. The study was designed to characterize the binding of TMCP to PPARα, PPARγ and LXRα by computational modeling (docking) and transcriptional regulation of signaling pathways. TMCP mainly established a non-polar interaction with each receptor. These findings reflect the hydrophobic nature of this binding site, with fish LXRα showing the highest binding efficiency. Further, we have investigated the ability of TMCP to activate PPAR and LXR controlled transcriptional processes involved in lipid/cholesterol metabolism. TMCP induced the expression of all the target genes measured. All target genes were up-regulated at all exposure doses, except for fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B. Collectively, our data indicate that TMCP can affect fatty acid synthesis/uptake and cholesterol metabolism through LXRα and PPARs, together with interactions between these transcription factors in seabream liver.
Batteries using lithium (Li) metal as anodes are considered promising energy storage systems because of their high energy densities. However, safety concerns associated with dendrite growth along with limited cycle life, especially at high charge current densities, hinder their practical uses. Here we report that an optimal amount (0.05 M) of LiPF6 as an additive in LiTFSI–LiBOB dual-salt/carbonate-solvent-based electrolytes significantly enhances the charging capability and cycling stability of Li metal batteries. In a Li metal battery using a 4-V Li-ion cathode at a moderately high loading of 1.75 mAh cm−2, a cyclability of 97.1% capacity retention after 500 cycles along with very limited increase in electrode overpotential is accomplished at a charge/discharge current density up to 1.75 mA cm−2. The fast charging and stable cycling performances are ascribed to the generation of a robust and conductive solid electrolyte interphase at the Li metal surface and stabilization of the Al cathode current collector.