batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In a Zn–FeCl3 battery, zinc granules were used as the anode and ammonium chloride as the electrolyte in both the anode and cathode zones, with ferric chloride as the active cathode substance and carbon felt as an inert cathode. A PE-01 homogeneous membrane was used as the membrane between the anode and cathode zones, with 100ml of solution in both the anode and cathode zones. The charge/discharge characteristic of the battery was investigated for various concentrations of ferric chloride and ammonium chloride. At present, there are still some difficulties in using this zinc–ferric chloride battery as a rechargeable battery because zinc cannot be electrodeposited very well. However, it can possibly be used as a fuel cell and the operating lifetime of the fuel cell is very long. The actual energy density of a Zn–FeCl3 fuel cells is approximately equal to the actual energy density of a Pb–PbO2 battery. When a mixed solution of 2M ferric chloride and 2M ammonium chloride was used in the cathode zone with 4–5M ammonium chloride in the anode zone, a better discharge characteristic was obtained, with a discharge time of approximately 14–15h at 5Ω. The most remarkable advantages for Zn–FeCl3 fuel cell are that both zinc and ferric chloride are very cheap and environmentally friendly, with flat discharge voltage characteristics.
Carbon felt electrodes are commonly used as porous electrodes in Vanadium redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage. The transport properties of these electrodes are an important parameter as the transport resistance can form a significant parasitic power loss depending on the configuration of the flow battery. Therefore, to better predict the overall parasitic power losses and devise strategies for the improvement of overall battery efficiency, the transport properties need to be properly understood. In this work, four commercially available carbon felt electrodes have been investigated for their transport properties. It has been shown that the non-activated electrode is hydrophobic in nature, while after activation, the electrodes become hydrophilic. The single-phase diffusion and permeability were found to decrease linearly with an increase in electrode thickness. The imbibition characteristics were similar for the four electrodes, although the change in wettability had a strong impact on the pressure required for the electrolyte to invade into the electrode.
Manganese dissolution from positive electrodes seriously reduces the useful life of Li-ion batteries, especially with positive electrode materials having spinel phases. We show herein that Mn ion trapping separators containing inexpensive mass-produced materials may dramatically increase the life of Li-ion batteries. LiMn2O4-graphite cells containing these materials and a LiPF6 based electrolyte solution display excellent capacity retention during cycling at both room and elevated temperatures, over baseline cells with plain separators. After 30 days of cycling at 55 °C and C/5 rate, LiMn2O4-graphite cells containing three different Mn-trapping materials with nitrogen functionalities retain between 75% and 125% more of the initial capacity than the baseline cells. Mn amounts in graphite negative electrodes from cells with the functional separators are 13–21 times lower than in baseline cells. LiMn2O4 lattice shrinkage in cells with functionalized separators is negligible compared to baseline cells, indicating major reductions in the loss of electrochemically active Li+ ions and increased stability of the LiMn2O4 crystal lattice.
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are important for reducing fuel consumption and vehicle operating cost, and have the potential to reduce GHG and pollutant emissions. However, the range limits and long recharging times serve as obstacles to mass deployment. Well planned Level 3 DC fast charging stations are a potential solution to satisfy long distance travel demand instead of an expansive Level 2 non-home charging infrastructure. This paper identifies candidate charging routes and uses freeway exits and highway intersections as approximate candidate charging locations, and consequently solves a set covering problem to minimize the number of charging stations. Results show that 290 Level 3 charging locations are required for the State of California based on the 2000 California Travel Survey and BEVs with 60 mile range. With this optimized station network, electric light duty vehicle miles travelled (VMT) can reach 92% and BEVs can be used by 98% of drivers. If BEVs with 100 or 200 mile range are used, 126 or 31 Level 3 charging locations are required, respectively. This study also assesses the temporal utilization of charging stations. Congestion at several stations suggests extra chargers are required. A reservation system can benefit both the BEV drivers and station operators by reducing the wait times, decreasing the extra chargers needed, and more evenly utilizing all the stations. Related policies are also discussed to better deploy fast charging stations.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential as a therapy for stroke and have previously been shown to promote recovery in preclinical models of cerebral ischaemia. MSCs secrete a wide range of growth factors, chemokines, cytokines and extracellular vesicles—collectively termed the secretome. In this study, we assessed for the first time the efficacy of the IL-1α-primed MSC-derived secretome on brain injury and functional recovery after cerebral ischaemia.
The paper presents a new synthesis method for nanocomposites made from amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon deposited on a carbon fiber substrate and the Li-ion battery anode performance results achieved with such nanocomposites. Atmospheric microwave plasma coating enables deposition of nanosized silicon onto the 3D-carbon fiber substrate containing graphite as filler. The microstructure and composition of the nanocomposites is characterized by means of XRD, SEM, Raman spectroscopy and N2 gas adsorption. Amorphous silicon and nanocrystalline silicon act together with the graphitic carbon as Li-intercalation material. Excellent adhesion to the “electrical network” provided by the carbon fibers is observed. In half-cell measurements versus lithium, a stable capacity is found even at multiple cycling with high charge/discharge current. Anodes for Li-ion batteries made from the new material have the potential to significantly increase the reversible capacity of the battery. For example, more than 700mAhg−1 is obtained for a composite with a silicon content of less than 20wt.%. The irreversible specific capacity is comparable to the one of an unmodified carbon fiber substrate.
Difference between combined inspiratory and expiratory muscle training in same respiratory cycle or different cycles remained unclarified. We explored the difference between both patterns of combined trainings in patients with COPD.
Transition-metal phosphates have been extensively studied as potential electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. For this application, high rate capability and cycling performance are required. In this work, we present a one-pot solvothermal synthesis process in combination with in situ carbonization for the tailoring of Li3V2(PO4)3/C morphologies with improvements of the electrochemical performance. These include an unstructured cluster, a needle-like microstructure, a flake-like microstructure and a hollowsphere microstructure. We demonstrate a significant impact of the particle morphology with respect to the electrochemical performance. The results obtained include, for instance, needle-like Li3V2(PO4)3/C showing a superior rate capability of about 72% (∼96 mAh g−1) of its theoretical capacity being maintained at 30C, whereas the flake-like Li3V2(PO4)3/C exhibits outstanding cycling performance with a capacity retention of 97.1% (∼112 mAh g−1) of its initial capacity after 1000 cycles at 2C. Our work demonstrates that the morphology of cathode particles defines a highly selective parameter to improve the electrochemical properties. Accordingly, strategies to selectively tailor particle morphology for a given application become feasible.
A facile fabrication of high-performance flexible all-solid-state carbon micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) with highly improved energy and power densities is demonstrated by laser direct writing on polyimide films using a 405nm blue–violet semiconductor laser in an Ar atmosphere. The capacitive performance was significantly improved by changing the laser irradiation atmosphere from air to an inert atmosphere of Ar gas. The improvements were attributed to a better conductivity, larger surface area, and a narrower pore distribution of the carbon electrodes fabricated in Ar. The MSC performance can be further improved by air-plasma treatment which improves the interfacial contact between the carbon structures and the electrolyte. Moreover, the MSCs showed excellent cycling stability, good flexibility, and the capability of operating at high energies and voltages when connecting MSCs in series or parallel arrangements. The MSCs can act as energy storage units and stabilizers in self-powered systems in combination with commercial solar panels. Furthermore, an on-chip self-powered UV-light detection system with a high on/off ratio and fast response was demonstrated by combining a commercial solar panel with an in-plane integrated circuit comprising an MSC and a ZnO nanoparticles-based photodetector prepared by a one-step laser direct writing process.
The study of animal movement and use of space have traditionally focused on horizontal and vertical movements separately. However, this may limit the interpretation of results of such behaviours in a three-dimensional environment. Here we use passive acoustic telemetry to visualise and define the three-dimensional use of space by two species of sea snake [Hydrophis (Lapemis) curtus; and Hydrophis elegans] within a coastal embayment and identify changes in how they use space over a diel cycle.
Design and fabrication of structurally optimized electrode materials using biomass materials has become one of the hottest subjects in the field of electrochemical energy storage. Hollow tubular carbonized kapok fiber/NiO composites are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal and carbonization procedure using kapok fiber as a low-cost template. Owing to their unique microtubular structure, the as-prepared composites exhibit a high specific capacitance of 575.7Fg−1 at current density of 0.5Ag−1. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor device also has been fabricated using carbonized kapok fiber/NiO composites and commercial activated carbon as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. Because of its unique structure, high capacitive performance, and complementary potential window, the asymmetric supercapacitor device can be cycled reversibly at a cell voltage of 1.6V in 1.0M KOH aqueous electrolyte, delivering a high energy density of 7.5Whkg−1 at a power density of 64.6Wkg−1. In addition, the asymmetric supercapacitor device also exhibits a superior long cycle life and the capacitance retention of the initial specific capacitance cannot found clearly degeneration after 4000 cycles. It is worth noting that this scalable protocol also can be employed to prepare other microtubular carbon/metal oxide composites with good electrochemical performances.
Herein, Fe-doped tin oxide is presented for the first time as new high-capacity lithium-ion anode material. Pure SnO2, Fe-doped SnO2 (Sn0.9Fe0.1O2, SFO), and carbon-coated SFO (SFO-C) were synthesized and morphologically and electrochemically characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmet–Teller method, and galvanostatic (dis-)charge measurements. Doping SnO2 with Fe results in a substantially enhanced reversible specific capacity and coulombic efficiency. After ten cycles the reversible capacity of SFO-C was about 1519 mAh g−1, i.e., almost twice the specific capacity obtained for pure SnO2 (764 mAh g−1). Moreover, limiting the reversible capacity to 600 mAh g−1 shows the great potential of SFO-C for application in lithium-ion batteries.
In this work, the concept development, system layout, component simulation and the overall DOE system optimization of a HT-PEM fuel cell APU with a net electric power output of 4.5kW and an onboard methane fuel processor are presented. A highly integrated system layout has been developed that enables fast startup within 7.5min, a closed system water balance and high fuel processor efficiencies of up to 85% due to the recuperation of the anode offgas burner heat. The integration of the system battery into the load management enhances the transient electric performance and the maximum electric power output of the APU system. Simulation models of the carbon monoxide influence on HT-PEM cell voltage, the concentration and temperature profiles within the autothermal reformer (ATR) and the CO conversion rates within the watergas shift stages (WGSs) have been developed. They enable the optimization of the CO concentration in the anode gas of the fuel cell in order to achieve maximum system efficiencies and an optimized dimensioning of the ATR and WGS reactors. Furthermore a DOE optimization of the global system parameters cathode stoichiometry, anode stoichiometry, air/fuel ratio and steam/carbon ratio of the fuel processing system has been performed in order to achieve maximum system efficiencies for all system operating points under given boundary conditions.
A nitrogen-rich carbon nanotubes/amorphous carbon (CNT/C) composite was prepared by carbonising a CNT/polyaniline (PANI) composite, and characterised. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the composite retained a mesoporous CNT structure as its backbone, whilst the nitrogen-rich PANI-derived carbon formed a thin amorphous coating on the CNT surface. Electrochemical characterisation of the CNT/C composite indicated that it had nearly double the reversible Li+ intercalation capacity (390 vs. 219 mAh g−1) and 39 % less irreversible capacity (622 vs. 1,015 mAh g−1) than the pristine CNT. The CNT/C composite showed exceptionally high rate capability with a de-intercalation capacity of 81 mAh g−1 at a very high charge/discharge rate of 60 C (time taken for charge or discharge is 1 min) (1 C = 1 h charge or discharge), whereas the pristine CNT delivered 53 mAh g−1 at this C-rate. By comparison, the rate capabilities of conventional graphite (N3 and SLP30) were very poor above 5 C (~17 mAh g−1 at 5 C). Both the pristine CNT and CNT/C composite showed an excellent cyclability at 1 C charge/discharge over 600 cycles. The CNT/C composite maintained a fairly stable capacity of ~200 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles, whilst the commercial graphite showed a steady and significant decrease in de-intercalation capacity; reaching <70 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles.
Performance evaluation method is very important for the research on flow batteries. Charging–discharging test is the most typical evaluation method for flow batteries. Recently, the polarization curves, together with the associated power density curves, which are commonly employed in fuel cells, have come into use for flow batteries' performance evaluation. Based on the investigation of performance evaluation method, it is confirmed charging–discharging test is optimal for flow batteries' performance evaluation. A comparison of voltage losses (voltage efficiency, VE) can be clearly delivered from the polarization curves, which are quite practical for fuel cells' performance evaluation. While for flow batteries, apart from VE, coulombic efficiency (CE), energy efficiency (EE), utilization of electrolyte (UE) and capacity stability should be seriously considered during charging–discharging process. However, CE and UE are inaccessible; accordingly EE and capacity stability can't be detected from polarization curves. Therefore, the polarization curve is improper to serve as a performance evaluation method for flow batteries. On the premise of a proper CE, a rough performance evaluation for flow batteries can be achieved via the polarization curves. The peak power density is of limited significance in practical use due to the extremely low EE obtained at that point.
The magnetorotational instability (MRI) has long been considered a plausibly ubiquitous mechanism to destabilize otherwise stable Keplerian flows to support radially outward transport of angular momentum. Such an efficient transport process would allow fast accretion in astrophysical objects such as stars and black holes to release copious kinetic energy that powers many of the most luminous sources in the universe. But the standard MRI under a purely vertical magnetic field has heretofore never been directly measured despite numerous efforts over more than a decade. Here we report an unambiguous laboratory demonstration of the spring-mass analogue to the standard MRI by comparing motion of a spring-tethered ball within different rotating flows. The experiment corroborates the theory: efficient outward angular momentum transport manifests only for cases with a weak spring in quasi-Keperian flow. Our experimental method accomplishes this in a new way, thereby connecting solid and fluid mechanics to plasma astrophysics.
A systematic approach to improving the performance of the Li–S battery is presented, based on applying high energy ball milling to create a porous sulfur–carbon composite, insertion of a free-standing layer, and adoption of a new charging method. Surface area analysis and field emission scanning electron microscope imaging show that the ball-milled sulfur powder has a porous structure and very high specific surface area. A vacuum-filtrated single-walled carbon nanotube free-standing layer is inserted in between the sulfur cathode and the separator. It is believed that high-surface-area porous sulfur will help to increase the conductivity of the elemental sulfur due to better adhesion between the conducting carbon and the sulfur, while the free-standing layer will sequester longer chain polysulfides, which are responsible for the well-known shuttling phenomenon. By the combination of these methods, we have achieved excellent capacity and cycle life. Finally, a new charging method which will largely prevent the formation of longer chain polysulfides is also applied to increase the capacity retention. It is believed that with the combination of ball milling, the free-standing layer, and the new charging method, it is possible to commercialize the Li–S battery with better capacity and cycle life.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause for long-term disability, yet the treatments available that improve outcomes after TBI limited. Neuroinflammatory responses are key contributors to determining patient outcomes after TBI. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which release trophic and pro-repair cytokines, represents an effective strategy to reduce inflammation after TBI. One such pro-repair cytokine is interleukin-10 (IL-10), which reduces pro-inflammatory markers and trigger alternative inflammatory markers, such as CD163. In this study, we tested the therapeutic effects of MSCs that were engineered to overexpress IL-10 when transplanted into rats following TBI in the medial frontal cortex.
Electrochemical intercalation/deintercalation behavior of lithium into/from electrodes of lithium ion batteries was comparatively investigated in 1mol/L LiClO4 ethylene carbonate–diethyl carbonate (EC-DEC) electrolyte and a quaternary ammonium-based ionic liquid electrolyte. The natural graphite anode exhibited satisfactory electrochemical performance in the ionic liquid electrolyte containing 20vol.% chloroethylenene carbonate (Cl-EC). This is attributed to the mild reduction of solvated Cl-EC molecules at the graphite/ionic electrolyte interface resulting in the formation of a thin and homogenous SEI on the graphite surface. However, rate capability of the graphite anode is poor due to the higher interfacial resistance than that obtained in 1mol/L LiClO4/EC-DEC organic electrolyte. Spinel LiMn2O4 cathode was also electrochemically cycled in the ionic electrolyte showing satisfactory capacity and reversibility. The ionic electrolyte system is thus promising for 4V lithium ion batteries based on the concept of “greenness and safety”.
In order to decrease the corrosion rate of magnesium anode and increase the discharge property of magnesium-air battery, a water soluble graphene poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)/reduced graphene oxide and a reduced graphene oxide/Mn3O4 nanometer composite are prepared successfully. They are used to assemble a magnesium-air battery with a poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)/reduced graphene oxide based NaCl electrolyte and a reduced graphene oxide/Mn3O4 nanometer composite as cathode catalyst. The structures and morphologies of poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)/reduced graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide/Mn3O4 nanometer composite are tested by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer. The assembled magnesium-air battery with poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)/reduced graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide/Mn3O4 nanometer composite has been found to possess an energy density of 1620 Wh kg−1 and an anode utilization of 82%, much higher than those achieved with a NaCl solution and a commercial air cathode (1115 Wh kg−1 and 52%).
Previous studies have indicated that a novel design for proton exchange membrane fuel cells with a piezoelectric (PZT) device, which is regarded as an actuator for pumping air onto the cathode channel, can offer better performance with higher current generation. These results indicate that piezoelectric proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PZT-PEMFCs) may compress more air into the catalyst layer and thus may enhance electrochemical reactions, resulting in higher current output. At the same time, produced water vapor is pumped out from the cathode channel during the compression process. Previous studies on PZT-PEMFCs without ribs showed the strong effect of ohmic and concentration losses. In this study, a shallow rib is chosen to reduce the aforementioned losses and pressure drop in the cathode channel. The rib design is an important parameter that can be used as the support for the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). A transient three-dimensional model is built to simulate and compare the performance of PZT-PEMFCs both with and without ribs. Water vapor, oxygen, and current density profiles in the PZT-PEMFC are studied in detail. The major operating parameters include the rib width and the PZT vibration frequency. Our results show that the ribbed cathode channel can reduce ohmic losses and double current generation. Moreover, at higher PZT vibration frequency (f =64Hz), an air-breathing PZT-PEMFC compresses more oxygen into the catalyst layer and thus enhances the electrochemical reaction, resulting in a higher current output (0.208Acm−2).
Cubic phase Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), a member of the Li–Garnet family, is a promising solid electrolyte and has been widely studied in recent years. However, LLZO samples prepared via conventional ambient air sintering reported in the published literature often contain large grains with lower than desired (<94%) relative density. In this study, a non-contact method of co-firing with mother powder method is proposed to prepare high-quality Ta-doped LLZO–MgO composite ceramics. By sintering at 1150°C for 5 h, the ceramics can reach relative density of 98.2%, conductivity of 5.17 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C and fracture strength of ∼150 MPa. The sintered samples have uniform fine-grained microstructure and high critical current densities of 0.75–0.95 mA cm−2 at room temperature in Li–Li symmetry cell with Au modification. In addition, systematic sintering experiments and characterizations are conducted to explore the function of MgO in inhibiting the Ta-LLZO grain growth and its existing form inside the composite ceramics.