batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Considering the increasing interest in the use of graphene-based materials for energy conversion and storage applications, we have performed a DFT study of Na interaction with doped graphene, both in non-oxidized and oxidized forms. Oxidation seems to play the crucial role when it comes to the interaction of doped graphene materials with sodium. The dopants act as attractors of OH groups, making the material prone to oxidation, and therefore altering its affinity towards Na. In some cases, this can result in hydroxide or water formation − an irreversible change lethal for battery performance. Our results suggest that one should carefully control the oxidation level of doped graphene-based materials if they are to be used as sodium battery electrode materials as the optimal oxidation level depends on the dopant type.
In order to overcome the disadvantages of Li/SOCl2 battery, such as low voltage and small capacity, a series of phthalocyanine derivatives (MPcOc) as catalysts were added into the electrolyte. In this work, new phthalocyanines were synthesized by the microwave method, and this technique greatly shortened the reaction time. The catalysts were characterized by techniques including the FT-IR, UV–vis, ICP, SEM and XRD. The electrocatalytic performances of the MPcOc to Li/SOCl2 battery were evaluated by electrochemical testing. The synthesized catalysts showed excellent performance with the capacities increasing by 19.34–55.64%. Based on cyclic voltammetry measurements, the function of electrode surface and reaction mechanism were proposed.
This paper introduces a new cell design for the construction of lithium ion batteries with conventional electrochemical performance whilst allowing in situ neutron diffraction measurement. A cell comprising of a wound cathode, electrolyte and anode stack has been prepared. The conventional hydrogen-containing components of the cell have been replaced by hydrogen-free equivalents. The electrodes are fabricated using a PTFE binder, the electrolyte consists of deuterated solvents which are supported in a quartz glass fibre separator. Typical battery performance is reported using the hydrogen-free components with a specific capacity of 140 mA h g−1 being observed for LiFePO4 at a rate of 0.2 C. Neutron diffraction patterns of full cells were recorded with phase change reactions monitored. When aluminium packaging was used a better signal to noise ratio was obtained. The obtained atomic positions and lattice parameters for all cells investigated were found to be consistent with parameters refined from the diffraction pattern of a powder of the pure electrode material. This paper highlights the pertinent points in designing cells for these measurements and addresses some of the problems.
An experimental study was carried out on a fuel cell propulsion system for minibus application with the aim to investigate the main issues of energy management within the system in dynamic conditions. The fuel cell system (FCS), based on a 20kW PEM stack, was integrated into the power train comprising DC–DC converter, Pb batteries as energy storage systems and asynchronous electric drive of 30kW. As reference vehicle a minibus for public transportation in historical centres was adopted. A preliminary experimental analysis was conducted on the FCS connected to a resistive load through a DC–DC converter, in order to verify the stack dynamic performance varying its power acceleration from 0.5kWs−1 to about 4kWs−1. The experiments on the power train were conducted on a test bench able to simulate the vehicle parameters and road characteristics on specific driving cycles, in particular the European R40 cycle was adopted as reference. The “soft hybrid” configuration, which permitted the utilization of a minimum size energy storage system and implied the use of FCS mainly in dynamic operation, was compared with the “hard hybrid” solution, characterized by FCS operation at limited power in stationary conditions. Different control strategies of power flows between fuel cells, electric energy storage system and electric drive were adopted in order to verify the two above hybrid approaches during the vehicle mission, in terms of efficiencies of individual components and of the overall power train. The FCS was able to support the dynamic requirements typical of R40 cycle, but an increase of air flow rate during the fastest acceleration phases was necessary, with only a slight reduction of FCS efficiency. The FCS efficiency resulted comprised between 45 and 48%, while the overall power train efficiency reached 30% in conditions of constant stack power during the driving cycle.
Titania thin films were prepared through the anodisation of titanium metal in a 1.0M sulphuric acid solution at 80°C utilising a series of pulsed dc constant currents of increasing magnitude. Films were then tested as a potential anode material for lithium batteries using a variety of techniques. Electrochemical testing revealed that the films (3.8cm2) offered good rate capabilities affording a constant capacity of 48μAh for a constant current of 10μA which decreased to 25μAh on increasing the current to 1250μA. Cyclic voltammetry was conducted over a range of scan rates from which capacitive currents were examined and rate constants, transfer coefficients and diffusion coefficients calculated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was conducted over six potentials in the range 0.1–2.7V with the experimental data successfully modelled using an equivalent circuit with the notation R(Q(RW))C. TEM observation of focussed ion beam milled cross-sections showed significant structural differences between the as-anodised film and those cycled in a lithium battery. Raman spectroscopy showed that the films had an anatase character that transformed into an unidentified lithium-containing, titanate phase on cycling. Based on a film thickness of 100nm, and assuming density of 4gcm−3 such films offered a stable capacity of 316mAhg−1.
This study presents a power management system (PMS) for a hybrid renewable-energy system (HRES) using hydrogen as an energy vector. The PMS is based on a fuzzy control system takes into account the uncertainties of the load demand and the power production from renewable energy sources (RES). The fuzzy control system evaluated differs of the traditional PMSs, as it considers a single-level prediction of the DC net power and its uncertainty from of HRES allowing a suitable decision that increases the lifetime of the fuel cell-electrolyzer and boosts the hydrogen production. The robustness of the proposed PMS is evaluated in simulation through a stochastic analysis using the Monte Carlo method (MCM). The probabilistic analysis provided better results for the HRES and its control system. Finally, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is tested experimentally applying the Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) technique on an HRES test bench. The experimental results are satisfactory, and the response of the control system is as expected.
Advanced ionic liquid-based electrolyte is herein characterized for the application in high voltage lithium-ion batteries. The electrolyte based on N-propyl-N-methylpiperidiniumdifluoro(oxalate)borate (PP13DFOB), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide (LiTFSI) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is fully characterized in terms of anodic corrosion behavior, electrochemical properties and cathode-electrolyte interphase stability. Experimental and computational results show that the preferential oxidation of PP13DFOB results in a stable and low impedance solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on the surface of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode and a passivation layer on Al foil, which suppress transition metal dissolution and Al corrosion at high voltage. As a result, the Li/LNMO and Li/graphite coin cells with ionic liquid-based electrolyte achieve excellent electrochemical performance, displaying a discharge capacity of 121.2 mAh g−1 and 369.2 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.5 C respectively and demonstrating no distinct capacitance attenuation during charge-discharge cycles.
A zinc–iodine single flow battery (ZISFB) with super high energy density, efficiency and stability was designed and presented for the first time. In this design, an electrolyte with very high concentration (7.5 M KI and 3.75 M ZnBr2) was sealed at the positive side. Thanks to the high solubility of KI, it fully meets the areal capacity of zinc deposition on the negative side. Most importantly, the ZISFB can be charged to nearly 100% state of charge (SOC) or I− can be fully charged to solid state I2 so as to get a maximum energy density. Besides, the blockage of the pump and pipelines on the positive side caused by solid I2 can be inhibited due to the avoidance of electrolyte circulation. Besides, the employment of a highly composite porous polyolefin ion conducting membrane with a super thin Nafion layer effectively improved the membrane selectivity. As a result, the ZISFB demonstrated a CE of 97% and an EE of 81% at a current density of 40 mA cm−2, and the battery could continuously run for more than 500 cycles. The battery demonstrated a high energy density of 205 W h L−1 (theoretical energy density is about 240 W h L−1) (7.5 M KI and 3.75 M ZnBr2 as the electrolyte), which is the highest cycling energy density ever reported. With super high energy density, long cycling life, and a simple structure, a ZISFB becomes a very promising candidate for large scale energy storage and even for power batteries.
Nano-Si composite with a <10 nm homogenous porous carbon coating layer was fabricated by a facile approach with phenolic resin as carbon source, Pluronic 123 (P123) as pore forming agent and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant. The composite electrode exhibited a high lithium storage capacity of 960 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles at 1 A g−1 and could maintain reversible capacities of 810 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 over 400 cycles. The superior electrochemical performance could be due to the homogeneous and unique porous thin carbon shell for Si.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are a promising electrochemical system because they exhibit high theoretical capacity of 1672 mAh g−1. However, widespread use of these batteries has been hindered by the poor conductivity and high dissolution rate of the active materials as well as by the high reactivity of the lithium electrodes. In this study, we investigated the effects of the choice of electrolyte on the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries. We studied a number of cyclic and acyclic sulfone-based electrolytes and found that the physical and electrochemical properties of the sulfone-based electrolytes, which could be varied by varying their composition, had an effect on the solubility of S8 in the electrolytes. It was observed that, in contrast to the electrolyte based on 1,2-dimethoxyethane, the one based on a mixture of tetramethylene sulfone/1,2-dimethoxyethane dissolved S8 (or Li2S m ) to a lower degree and resulted in stable electrochemical performance in Li-S batteries. Thus, the chemical reactivity of the solvent used for the electrolyte should be taken into consideration along with the physical properties of the active materials when designing Li-S batteries.
Diffusion of oxygen through the thin liquid film (TLF) covering the surface of the negative active mass (NAM) crystals and impeded charge transfer through the electric double layer (EDL) were assumed to be the rate limiting stages of the closed oxygen cycle in VRLAB. Based on the theory of colloid systems, the thickness of the TLF was determined and its dependence on pore radius and surface tension at the gas/electrolyte interface was estimated. The initial and boundary conditions were defined and Fick’s equation was solved for this case. The diffusion kinetics results obtained explain the dependence of the recombination current on the metal surface on which the electrochemical reaction takes place, the thickness of the TLF, the concentration of oxygen at both film surfaces, and the time of polarization. Using the film thickness equation derived by the colloid chemistry theory, a general equation was developed which determines the oxygen recombination rate dependence on the thin liquid film parameters, NAM structure and polarization time. The validity of this equation was experimentally proved for low and high electrolyte saturation levels of the plates, as well as for negative plates produced employing various technologies. This equation makes it possible to draw conclusions about the possible ways of improvement of the efficiency of the oxygen cycle and about the technologies for negative plate production for VRLAB applications.
Résumé Objectif La grande prématurité peut être à l’origine de séquelles dans les sphères cognitive et comportementale. Cette étude visait à en évaluer les répercussions dans le domaine visuo-spatial, à l’âge préscolaire. Matériel et méthodes Les données sont issues de l’étude nationale Épipage. Lors de l’évaluation psychologique réalisée à cinq ans, les enfants ont répondu à plusieurs épreuves des batteries K-ABC et WPPSI-R dont six se basent sur des informations visuo-spatiales. Résultats Les résultats portent sur 183 enfants évalués dans la région Lorraine, qui étaient eutrophiques à la naissance et indemnes de séquelles neurosensorielles. Trente-six enfants étaient nés à terme, 112 étaient grands prématurés (28–32 SA) et 35 très grands prématurés (<28 SA). Le terme de naissance a eu un effet significatif sur les performances à toutes les épreuves, les enfants nés à terme ayant obtenu des scores plus élevés comparés aux enfants nés grands prématurés et très grands prématurés respectivement : mouvements de main (médiane [espace interquartile]=9,5 [8–12] versus 8 [7–11] versus 8 [6–11] p =0,011), reconnaissance de formes (10,5 [9–12] versus 9 [7–11] versus 8 [6–10] ; p =0,010), mémoire spatiale (12 [2,25–14,5] versus 10 [8–11] versus 8 [4–9] ; p <0,001). Le niveau d’études de la mère a eu une influence sur les performances à trois épreuves. Conclusion Chez les enfants rencontrés pour cette étude, la grande prématurité a eu un impact négatif au niveau de processus visuo-spatiaux et visuo-moteurs. Ces déficits peuvent être source de gênes dans certaines activités scolaires et extrascolaires.
American society is becoming increasingly interested in issues of animal welfare, and the public generally recognizes the need for guidance from experts in the field. Assessing an animal's welfare status requires a determination of the state of both its physical and its psychological well-being. American veterinarians are well trained to assess the physical state of most animals, but they do not receive equivalent training in assessing an animal's psychological state. Therefore, the recognized expertise of the American veterinary profession currently lies only in answering physical welfare questions, not in assessing the psychological (or societal) aspects of animal welfare issues. If American veterinarians wish to be seen as animal welfare experts, then it is critical for the profession to educate its members in assessing the psychological state of animals. Also, if the American Veterinary Medical Association wishes to be considered a leader in the field of animal welfare, it must partner with organizations with expertise in pertinent areas outside of the veterinary medical field to develop appropriate guidelines for American society, including the development of a widely accepted system for defining and determining overall animal welfare. If American veterinarians actively work to improve our strengths and combine them with those of experts in other fields, we can overcome our limitations as animal welfare experts and achieve wider acceptance as an important force for improving animal welfare.
In a hydrothermal and solvothermal system at 120 °C, cylinder-like and rod-like nanostructures of hydrate copper oxalate (CuC2O4·xH2O) can be thoroughly synthesized in the absence of any shape-controlling additives, respectively. The self-assembly of primary nanocrystals has been investigated considering the polarity of reaction medium, and in the chemical formula of CuC2O4·xH2O the average x value of crystal water is estimated to discuss the superior lithium storage capability of hydrate products. The results show that cylinder-like aggregate of CuC2O4·xH2O (x ∼ 0.14) possesses an initial discharge capacity of 920.3 mAh g−1 with a residual capacity of 970.0 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 over 100 discharge–charge cycles, while rod-like aggregate with a x value of ∼0.53 per chemical formula exhibits a higher initial capacity of 1211.3 mAh g−1 and a lower retention of 849.3 mAh g−1 under the same conditions. Furthermore, time-dependent measurements present a novel crystal-to-amorphous transformation of active substances, suggesting a positive effect of unavoidable crystal water on the superior lithium storage capability of nanostructured CuC2O4·xH2O.
Demand-side management (DSM) represents a potential way to improve the profitability of renewable energy systems. In this paper, power management including a new DSM strategy in a stand-alone hybrid Photovoltaic (PV) Diesel/Battery system with multiple customers has been studied. A new probabilistic model of the consumer behavior based on Bayesian network and Monte Carlo simulation has been carried out so as to capture the real-time and stochastic aspect of the demand. The analysis has been made by means of a one-year period simulation of the whole system. Statistical data on consumers and meteorological observation data have been used to set the simulation’s parameters. Numerical results showed that with the implementation of DSM, energy costs are reduced by 11.3% for equal total consumption, and the use of solar energy resources rose to 54%. This provides insight on the significant performance enhancement offered by a DSM scheme in such a system.
Free-standing and porous hierarchical nanoarchitectures constructed with cobalt cobaltite (Co3O4) nanowalls have been successfully synthesized in large scale by calcining three dimensional (3D) hierarchical nanostructures consisting of single crystalline cobalt carbonate hydroxide hydrate – Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O nanowalls prepared with a solvothermal method. The step-by-step decomposition of the precursor can generate porous Co3O4 nanowalls with BET surface area of 88.34 m2 g−1. The as-prepared Co3O4 nanoarchitectures show superior specific capacitance to the most Co3O4 supercapacitor electrode materials to date. After continuously cycled for 1000 times of charge–discharge at 4 A g−1, the supercapacitors can retain ca 92.3% of their original specific capacitances. The excellent performances of the devices can be attributed to the porous and hierarchical 3D nanostructure of the materials.
In the present work, the sample of Si nanoparticles embedded in porous C (denoted as Si@porous-C) has been successfully synthesized by using nano-MgO as the pore-former. Observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on Si@porous-C sample reveal that Si nanoparticles homogeneously disperse in porous carbon scaffold. As anode of lithium ion battery (LIB), Si@porous-C preserves a charge-discharge capacity of 1172mAhg−1 after 40 cycles, possessing enhanced cyclic deterioration of only 0.35% per cycle in comparison with Si nanoparticles and Si nanoparticles embedded in ordinary carbon (denoted as Si@C). It delivers reversible capacities of about 947mAhg−1, 670mAhg−1, and 394mAhg−1 in current densities of 1000mAg−1, 2000mAg−1, and 4000mAg−1, respectively, all of which are higher than those of commercial nano-silicon and Si@C. The improved high-rate capability of Si@porous-C could be attributed to a decreased resistance and enhanced infiltration of electrolytic solution around nano-silicon particles. The merits of scalable synthetic process and improved electrochemical properties recommend Si@porous-C as a promising anode material for high performance Li-ion batteries.
A layered tin-aminoclay structure of high specific surface area and offering great mechanical resistance to stretching is used as an improved anode for lithium-ion battery application. The active nanoparticles (Sn/SnO/SnO2 nanoparticles) are evolved by a heat-treatment process through direct conversion of Sn species within tin-aminoclay structure. Besides, this heat treatment process facilitates removal of oxygen functionalities and homogenization of the tin-aminoclay surface, and also provides great synergistic effects, all leading to improved theoretical specific capacity and electrochemical performance in lithium-ion battery applications. Thus, tin-aminoclay heat-treated at 500 °C under the argon condition is considered to be a most promising candidate anode material one that can deliver a highest initial discharge capacity value of 1,400 mAh g−1, good stability after 95 repeated cycles, and a high reversible capacity of about 500 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1.
Adapted from a chapter in: Rudnik, Compostable Polymer Materials (2008). Internationally recognized standardization bodies, such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), as well as regional standardization bodies, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), are actively involved in developing standards related to composting and biodegradation. In addition, national standardization bodies, such as the German Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) and the Biodegradable Plastics Society (BPS) of Japan, contribute to the development and issuing of standards on compostable polymers. Recently, interest in developing national standards related to compostability, and biodegradation testing appeared in other regions of the world, e.g., in China, Taiwan, and Australia.
The shuttle effect of soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and their insoluble reduction products (Li2S/Li2S2) depositing on the surface of lithium anode are the major drawbacks for the practical application of lithium sulfur (Li-S) batteries. In this work, a thin and light interlayer constructed by boron and nitrogen co-doped carbon nanofibers (BNCNF) has been produced by a facile electrospinning method with following thermal treatment. Through introducing BNCNF film between cathode and separator, the charge transfer resistance decreases largely and the shuttle effect remits to a great extent. The BNCNF exhibits excellent absorption ability for polysulfides under the role of the B⋯S and N⋯Li chemical interaction, and especially the formation of N=B/N-B structure in the carbon nanofiber framework reinforces the electropositive interaction between B atoms and Sx 2− and the electronegative interaction between N atoms and Li+ cation, simultaneously. The capacity and cycling life of Li-S batteries are improved significantly due to the BNCNF interlayer. The cell with BNCNF interlayer delivered an initial capacity of 1054.7mAhg−1 at 1.0C over 1000cycles with a decay rate of 0.058%. And even at high current density of 5.0C, it had an initial capacity of 612.2mAhg−1 over 600cycles with a decay rate of 0.085%. The BNCNF interlayer developed here provides a promising methodology to enhance the performance of Li-S batteries.