batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this research, a parameterized beam-element-based mechanical modeling approach for cylindrical lithium ion batteries is developed. With the goal to use the cell model in entire vehicle crash simulations, focus of development is on minimizing the computational effort whilst simultaneously obtaining accurate mechanical behavior. The cylindrical cell shape is approximated by radial beams connected to each other in circumferential and longitudinal directions. The discrete beam formulation is used to define an anisotropic material behavior. An 18650 lithium ion cell model constructed in LS-Dyna is used to show the high degree of parameterization of the approach. A criterion which considers the positive pole deformation and the radial deformation of the cell is developed for short circuit prediction during simulation. An abuse testing program, consisting of radial crush, axial crush, and penetration is performed to evaluate the mechanical properties and internal short circuit behavior of a commercially available 18650 lithium cell. Additional 3-point-bending tests are performed to verify the approach objectively. By reducing the number of strength-related elements to 1600, a fast and accurate cell model can be created. Compared to typical cell models in technical literature, simulation time of a single cell load case can be reduced by approx. 90%.
This paper proposes an approach for optimal placement and sizing of battery energy storage system (BESS) to reduce the power losses in the distribution grid. A meta-heuristic optimization algorithm known as Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is introduced to perform the optimization. In this paper, two different approaches are presented to achieve the optimal allocation of the BESS. The first approach is to obtain the optimal location and sizing in two steps while the second approach optimizes both location and sizing simultaneously. The performance of the proposed technique has been validated by comparing with two other algorithms namely firefly algorithm and particle swarm optimization. The results show that WOA has outstanding performance in attaining the optimal location and sizing of BESS in the distribution network for power losses reduction.
Bulk-type all-solid-state batteries, which use composite electrodes with a powder mixture of active materials and solid electrolytes, are anticipated for large-scale power sources. However, conventional powder mixing protocols are insufficient to maintain ion-conductive pathways within composite electrodes. Herein, sulfide electrolyte coatings have attracted attention as a promising means to overcome this difficulty. We assessed the effects of sulfide electrolyte coatings for active materials on the electrochemical properties and structural changes in all-solid-state cells. A favorable electrode-electrolyte interface was formed by coating significantly small amounts (ca. 3 wt%) of Li4GeS4-Li3PS4 solid electrolyte (SE) onto LiCoO2 particles via vapor phase process. The all-solid-state cell (In/Li2S-P2S5/SE-coated LiCoO2) was charged and discharged with a larger capacity than that using non-SE-coated LiCoO2 particles, indicating that the SE-coating is effective in forming a favorable ion-conductive pathway to LiCoO2 particles. Improvement of the cell performance after heat treatment was considered to derive not only from the enhancement of ionic conductivity in the SE-coating layer, but also from the reduction of voids in the composite electrode. Less ionic resistance and denser environment are beneficial for the Li-ion supply to the deepest part in the composite electrode, which results in more homogeneous electrochemical reaction in all-solid-state cells.
Sn-based materials have attracted much attention as anodes in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to their low cost, high theoretical capacities, and high energy density. However, their practical applications are limited by the poor cyclability originating from the huge volume changes. Graphene nanosheets (GNSs), a novel two-dimensional carbon sheet with one atom thickness and one of the thinnest materials, significantly address the challenges of Sn-based anodes as excellent buffering materials, showing great research interests in LIBs. In this review, various nanocomposites of GNSs/Sn-based anodes are summarized in detail, including binary and ternary composites. The significant impact of 2D GNSs on the volume change of Sn-based anodes during cycling is discussed, along with with their preparation methods, properties and enhanced LIB performance.
Studies on electronic structures and related properties of [Ru(bpy)2(dpq)]2+ and its 9,9′-substituted derivates are carried out using DFT method at B3LYP/LanL2DZ level. The substituent effects caused by the electron-pushing group (OH) and the electron-withdrawing groups (F) on the electronic structures and its related properties, e.g. the energies and components of some frontier molecular orbitals, the spectral properties, and the net charge populations of some main atoms of the complexes, etc. have been investigated. The computational results show that: first, the substituents have some important effects on the first excited state properties. Both electron-withdrawing group (F) and the electron-pushing group (OH) can all activate the main ligand and passivate the co-ligands in the first excited states of [Ru(bpy)2(9,9′-2R-dpq)]2+, and both can lead to a little red shift in the electronic ground bands of the substitutive derivates, respectively, in particular, the electron-pushing group (OH) can lead to that more. Secondly, the most negative charges are populated on N1 or N5, and the next most negative charges are populated on C8 among all atoms of aromatic ring skeleton. In addition, the substituents have slight effects on coordination-bond lengths of complexes. The above theoretical results should be important to further inquire into the interaction mechanism between the complexes and DNA active units from the interactions between molecular orbitals, or from the interactions between atomic charges.
To date, anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been dominated by carbonaceous materials, which have a low intercalation potential but easily allow lithium dendrites to form under high current density, leading to a safety risk. The other anode material, the “zero-strain” spinel-structured Li4Ti5O12, with a ∼1.5 V vs. Li+/Li intercalation potential, exhibits excellent cycling stability and avoids the issues of dendrite growth and Li plating. The low capacity and high voltage of Li4Ti5O12, however, result in low energy density. Herein, we report a new and environmentally friendly anode material, Li2TiSiO5, which delivers a capacity as high as 308 mA h g−1, with a working potential of 0.28 V vs. Li+/Li, and excellent cycling stability. The lithium-storage mechanism of this material is also proposed based on the combination of in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, neutron powder diffraction with Fourier density mapping, ex situ X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis, ex situ transmission electron microscopy, and density-functional theory calculations with the projector-augmented-wave formalism. The lithium-storage mechanism of this material is shown to involve a two-electron (Ti4+/Ti2+ redox) conversion reaction between TiO and Li4SiO4.
The vertical graphene with hierarchical three-dimensional network architecture is a promising substrate for high energy and power density Li-ion battery due to its large surface area, inherent three-dimensional network and excellent ion transport property. Three dimensional vertical graphene (3DVG) is synthesized via plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using cost-effective and environment-friendly natural oil of M. alternifolia as precursor. The MoS2 nanosheets are then anchored on free-standing 3DVG by hydrothermal method to make the binder free MoS2@3DVG anode of a Li-ion battery. The MoS2@3DVG electrodes deliver an enhanced capacity of 670mAhg−1 with the capacity retention of 99% after 30 cycles at 100mAg−1, much better than that of the reference sample of MoS2@3DG (550mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1) which uses 3D planar graphene. Superior performance of the vertical graphene based electrode is attributed to the unique hierarchical structure and densely packed reactive edges of the as-synthesized 3DVG. The versatility of plasma-assisted natural precursor based vertical graphene as functional nano-structured substrate for MoS2, as active material, for advanced energy storage devices is demonstrated.
The redox flow battery is a leading candidate to supply society with large-scale energy storage. In the category of aqueous organic redox flow batteries, 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid (AQDS) is considered a top-performing molecule and shows ideal electrochemical behavior at low concentrations around 1 mM. However, its behavior at higher concentrations was rarely studied. In this work, the correlation between concentration and electrochemical capacity is evaluated for AQDS in 1 M H2SO4 and 1 M alkaline sodium carbonate buffer, employing cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk electrode voltammetry and diffusion NMR. It was found that an electrochemically inactive dimer was formed by the unreduced AQDS molecules, with dimerization equilibrium constants determined to be K = 5 M−1 for the acidic electrolyte and 8 M−1 for the alkaline one, significantly inhibiting full electrochemical utilization of the system. However, upon reduction of the bulk material, the dimerization will shift in favor of monomer or quinhydrone formation, possibly alleviating the impediment to reduction. Finally, it was found that the dimerization could be decreased slightly by increasing the temperature of the system.
The redox behavior and surface characterization of LiFePO4 in aqueous lithium hydroxide (LiOH) electrolyte have been investigated. The objective of this work is to investigate the electrochemical behavior of LiFePO4 in an aqueous lithium hydroxide electrolyte and its comparison with that in non-aqueous lithium ion electrolytes. Cyclic voltammetry results show that LiFePO4 undergoes partially reversible oxidation/reduction. The products formed on electrooxidation and subsequent reduction of LiFePO4 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). It is found that lithium extraction from LiFePO4 occurs during oxidation. The products formed on subsequent reduction consist of LiFePO4 and Fe3O4.
Natural and human environments are abundant of unused renewable energy such as mechanical energy, acoustic energy, electromagnetic energy, thermal energy, etc. The idea of designing multi-scale metamaterials with super-normal functions on energy manipulation is utilized in multi-field renewable energy harvesting and absorbing. The metamaterials are able to enhance the local energy density by confining and focusing the energy before it to be harvested, leading to remarkable improvement of the output power and conversion efficiency. Leveraging the multi-scale metamaterials for renewable energy harvesting is an emerging direction to exploit the excess energy in the natural and man-made environments. This paper provides a brief overview of the studies published over the past decade on mechanical, acoustic, electromagnetic and thermal energy harvesting using the relevant metamaterials. The goal is to spark the interest of new investigators to this unconventional but fast-evolving branch of energy harvesting that will impact the Internet of things, smart cities and sustainable developments.
The aim of this work is the experimental analysis of steady-state and transient behavior of a primary surface recuperator installed in a 100kW commercial microgas turbine (mGT). The machine is integrated in an innovative test rig for high temperature fuel cell hybrid system emulation. It was designed and installed by the Thermochemical Power Group (TPG), at the University of Genoa, within the framework of the Felicitas and LARGE-SOFC European Integrated Projects. The high flexibility of the rig was exploited to perform tests on the recuperator operating in the standard cycle. Attention is mainly focused on its performance in transient conditions (start-up operations and load rejection tests). Start-up tests were carried out in both electrical grid-connected and stand-alone conditions, operating with different control strategies. Attention is focused on system response due to control strategy and on boundary temperature variation because of its influence on component life consumption.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the features and usage of various types of nickel batteries. Different types of nickel batteries discussed are nickel-cadmium secondary batteries, nickel-zinc secondary batteries, and sodium-nickel chloride secondary batteries. Nickel-cadmium secondary batteries are available in open and semi-open smaller types and sealed. The nickel-cadmium battery is the type used almost exclusively for engine starting in larger aircraft. Nickel-zinc batteries are the batteries of the future in applications, such as utilities load leveling and electric vehicles, and indeed the nickel-zinc battery is commercial production in the USA. The 2.6V sodium-nickel chloride battery is at the pilot plant production stage as a possible battery for electric passenger vehicles and buses.
Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, causing significant personal and social burden. Current research is focused on the processes of the central nervous system (particularly the sensorimotor system) and body perception, with a view to developing new and more efficient ways to treat chronic low back pain (CLBP). Several clinical tests have been suggested that might have the ability to detect alterations in the sensorimotor system. These include back-photo assessment (BPA), two-point discrimination (TPD), and the movement control tests (MCT).
Approximation methods are often used in porous electrode models to eliminate the need to solve the local solid phase diffusion equation. These methods include Duhamel's superposition method, a diffusion length method and a polynomial approximation method which have long been used in the literature. The pseudo steady state (PSS) method is a method that has been used recently to develop a solution to the diffusion equation in a spherical particle with time dependent boundary conditions, but the PSS method has not been used in a porous electrode model. These methods are compared to each other in a dimensionless analysis study, and they are used in a porous electrode model to predict the discharge curves for a LiCoO2 electrode. Simulation results presented here indicate that the PSS method or the high order polynomial method should be used in a porous electrode model to obtain accuracy and save computation time.
Drug development for disease modifying agents in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is focused increasingly on targeting underlying pathology in very early stages of AD or in cognitively normal patients at elevated risk of developing dementia due to Alzheimer’s. Very early interventional studies of this type have many uncertainties, including whether they can provide the clinical results that payers, providers, and patients will wish to see for decisions. This paper describes an initiative to create greater transparency for researchers to anticipate these decision needs.
A fault leading to a thermal runaway in a lithium-ion battery is believed to grow over time from a latent defect. Significant efforts have been made to detect lithium-ion battery safety faults to proactively facilitate actions minimizing subsequent losses. Scaling up a battery greatly changes the thermal and electrical signals of a system developing a defect and its consequent behaviors during fault evolution. In a large-capacity system such as a battery for an electric vehicle, detecting a fault signal and confining the fault locally in the system are extremely challenging. This paper introduces a fail-safe design methodology for large-capacity lithium-ion battery systems. Analysis using an internal short circuit response model for multi-cell packs is presented that demonstrates the viability of the proposed concept for various design parameters and operating conditions. Locating a faulty cell in a multiple-cell module and determining the status of the fault's evolution can be achieved using signals easily measured from the electric terminals of the module. A methodology is introduced for electrical isolation of a faulty cell from the healthy cells in a system to prevent further electrical energy feed into the fault. Experimental demonstration is presented supporting the model results.
To improve the stability of potassium ferrate(VI) (K2FeO4) cathode and its properties of charge transfer in alkaline battery system, K2FeO4 cathodes are coated by yttria (Y2O3) doped zirconia (ZrO2) composites, denoted as Y2O3–ZrO2 composite coatings. These composite coatings are derived from the conversion of yttrium nitrate (Y(NO3)3·6H2O) and Zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl2·6H2O) in ether medium. Examinations by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) show that K2FeO4 cathodes are coated by Y2O3–ZrO2 overlayer. Alternatively, results of discharge properties and electrochemical impedance spectroscopes (EIS) indicate that when the molar ratio between Y2O3 and ZrO2 is 0.09, denoted as Y2O3 (9mol%)–ZrO2, the stability and charge transfer of Y2O3 (9mol%)–ZrO2 coated K2FeO4 cathodes are improved greatly compared to that of uncoated or ZrO2 coated K2FeO4 cathodes. Therefore, Y2O3–ZrO2 composite coatings are a potential choice to improve the stability and charge transfer of K2FeO4 cathodes in alkaline electrolyte.
The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship between altered resting-state cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity (FC) and depression as well as cognitive impairment in late-onset depression (LOD). A total of 32 LOD and 39 well-matched normal controls (NCs) were recruited and underwent resting-state functional MRI (R-fMRI) scans. Seed-based correlation analysis was performed to explore the cortico-cerebellar FC. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) were used to evaluate the depressive severity and cognitive impairment, respectively. A set of neuropsychological measurements was also applied to evaluate the detailed cognitions. Spearman correlations were applied to examine the depressive and cognitive association of these altered cortico-cerebellar networks. Compared with the NCs, LOD patients showed increased FC between the cerebellum and the right ventromedial frontal cortex (vmPFC), supplementary motor area (SMA), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), bilateral supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and anterior cingulated cortex (ACC). However, reduced cerebellar FC was observed in bilateral cerebellum, posterior cingulated cortex (PCC) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Moreover, the cerebellar FC with the vmPFC and ACC was positively correlated with HAMD score, whereas the cerebellar FC with the dlPFC and PCC was positively correlated with MMSE score in LOD patients. The cortico-cerebellar disconnections might underlie the pathogenesis of LOD. While depression mainly relates to the excessive cerebellar FC with the vmPFC and ACC, cognitive decline is primarily associated with the uncoupling of the cerebellar FC with the dlPFC and PCC.
Achieving rechargeable batteries with high-energy density, long cycle life and excellent rate capability is of significant importance for a vast energy-consuming society. Lithium sulfur (Li–S) batteries, attracting extensive attentions, are regarded as one of the most promising energy storage system. However, Li–S batteries are facing big challenges, owing to the fast capacity degradation, low Coulombic efficiency and poor rate capabilities. By adopting a dual confinement strategy, we successfully synthesized homogenous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coated multi-chambered micro/mesoporous carbon nanocube encapsulated sulfur (P@CNC-S) composites. Sulfur is impregnated in individual interconnected multi-chambered micro/mesoporous carbon nanocubes, which act as the physical confinement and multilayered reservoirs for soluble lithium polysulfides. The PEDOT conductive polymer provides chemical bondings to soluble lithium polysulfides. When applied as cathodes in Li–S batteries, the P@CNC-S composites exhibited superior performances, including high specific capacities, long cycle life and outstanding high rate capabilities. Ex-situ TEM analysis confirmed the successful confinement of the dissolution of lithium polysulfides and volume expansion of the discharged product (Li2S), which could contribute to the high Coulombic efficiency and excellent cyclabilities.
We report a case of a patient, AD, who suffered from acalculia following an infarct restricted to the left IPS (intraparietal sulcus). AD showed deficits in an arithmetic battery and in basic numerical processing tasks. Compared to matched controls, AD showed a larger distance effect in numerical comparisons, an abnormal size congruity indicated by a lack of facilitation by irrelevant numerical values in physical comparisons, a deficiency in counting in comparison tasks, and a deficiency in subitizing in number naming tasks and comparison tasks. This suggests that the underlying deficit in AD is a difficulty in the perception and manipulation of quantity. Moreover, it indicates the essential role of the IPS in basic numerical processing.
Cobalt-doped todorokites were synthesized by refluxing process at atmospheric pressure from the transformation of birnessites. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and chemical composition analysis were used to characterize the crystal structures, surface morphologies and chemical compositions of synthesized products. Results showed that all refluxing products were todorokites with 3×3 tunnel structure and the chemical compositions were denoted as Mg x Co y MnO z ·nH2O, where 0.18≤ x ≤0.22, 0≤ y ≤0.31, 2.01≤ z ≤2.52 and 0.35≤ n ≤ 0.73. Cobalt-doped todorokites were investigated as cathode materials of lithium rechargeable batteries for charge/discharge characteristics. Discharge capacity of the undoped todorokite was about 211mAhg−1 at first cycle, and then decreased to 37mAhg−1 after 30 cycles. The cyclic capacities of todorokite could be improved remarkably by substitution of cobalt for manganese. Todorokites with Co content of 10–15% displayed better discharge performance. Mg0.18Co0.12MnO2.19·0.45H2O with Co content about 10% showed a high initial discharge capacity of 219mAhg−1 and cycling capacity of 102mAhg−1 after 100 cycles. The effect of doping cobalt on electrochemical performance of todorokite was further proved with cyclic voltammetry by using powder microelectrode.