batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Fossil-fueled transportation is the main type of transportation used all over the world. Transportation in the United States consumes almost one third of global transportation energy and is one of the major contributors to CO2 emissions. To deal with ever increasing environmental pollution and reduce energy consumption, a solar Trike design is presented in this paper to offer an alternative means of transportation. The solar Trike offers a higher occupancy rate, speed and travel range that can satisfy the needs of the local commute. The design, economics, sustainability and performance analysis of the solar Trike is presented in this paper. The dimension and power requirement of the solar-powered tricycle was determined based on aerodynamic force, rolling resistance, expected payload, travel velocity and distance and solar irradiance. A CAD model was built and analyzed for sustainability before building the prototype. Test run results of the prototype suggested the technical feasibility and practical applicability of the design. An LCA was performed to evaluate environmental impacts during various stages of the product life: manufacturing to disposal using SolidWorks Sustainability software. Manufacturing, operating and environmental costs are analyzed for economic viability of the design. The annual costs of CO2 emissions, design and installation, annual maintenance, and costs to store the power for one full charge amount to $417. With a travel range of 37.1km on a full charge, the proposed solar-powered tricycle is able to meet more than 90% of all trip distances in the USA. The proposed solar powered tricycle reduces energy consumption by more than 41%, as well as decreases CO2 emissions by more than 75%, in comparison with the railroad, the best mode of existing transportation.
Magnesium-air batteries are a promising high-energy density power source that utilises an active magnesium electrode and oxygen. Herein, the magnesium surface formed during 0.2mA/cm2 galvanostatic discharge in trihexy(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride ionic liquid electrolyte was characterised using FTIR, XPS and mass spectroscopy and the complex nature of the interfacial film formed is described. This film has a conductive gel-like structure and consists of hydrated organophosphonium–magnesium(hydroxyl)chlorides. A laboratory synthesised form of the gel showed comparable discharge behaviour and was able to support a discharge current of 0.05mA/cm2. The ionic liquid is shown to support oxygen reduction currents of greater than 0.8mA/cm2, suggesting that this electrolyte is a suitable candidate for magnesium-air battery applications.
In this study we report the effects of the Ni content on the electrochemical properties and the structural and thermal stabilities of Li[Ni x Co y Mn z ]O2 (x = 1/3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.85) synthesized via a coprecipitation method. The electrochemical and thermal properties of Li[Ni x Co y Mn z ]O2 are strongly dependent on its composition. An increase of the Ni content results in an increase of specific discharge capacity and total residual lithium content but the corresponding capacity retention and safety characteristics gradually decreased. The structural stability is related to the thermal and electrochemical stabilities, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Developing an ideal cathode material with both high capacity and safety will be a challenging task that requires precise control of microstructure and physico-chemical properties of the electrode.
Several 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquids (alkyl-DMimTFSI) were prepared by changing carbon chain lengths and configuration of the alkyl group, and their electrochemical properties and compatibility with Li/LiFePO4 battery electrodes were investigated in detail. Experiments indicated the type of ionic liquid has a wide electrochemical window (−0.16 to 5.2V vs. Li+/Li) and are theoretically feasible as an electrolyte for batteries with metallic lithium as anode. Addition of vinylene carbonate (VC) improves the compatibility of alkyl-DMimTFSI-based electrolytes towards lithium anode and LiFePO4 cathode, and enhanced the formation of solid electrolyte interface to protect lithium anodes from corrosion. The electrochemical properties of the ionic liquids obviously depend on carbon chain length and configuration of the alkyl, including ionic conductivity, viscosity, and charge/discharge capacity etc. Among five alkyl-DMimTFSI-LiTFSI-VC electrolytes, Li/LiFePO4 battery with the electrolyte-based on amyl-DMimTFSI shows best charge/discharge capacity and reversibility due to relatively high conductivity and low viscosity, its initial discharge capacity is about 152.6mAhg−1, which the value is near to theoretical specific capacity (170mAh g−1). Although the battery with electrolyte-based isooctyl-DMimTFSI has lowest initial discharge capacity (8.1mAhg−1) due to relatively poor conductivity and high viscosity, the value will be dramatically added to 129.6mAhg−1 when 10% propylene carbonate was introduced into the ternary electrolyte as diluent. These results clearly indicates this type of ionic liquids have fine application prospect for lithium batteries as highly safety electrolytes in the future.
The term minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is defined as encephalopathy that does not lead to clinically overt cognitive dysfunction but can have an impact on quality of life, risk of involvement in road traffic accidents, and ability to function in daily life.
Non-destructive testing of thermal batteries without activating them is a challenging proposition. Molten salt thermal batteries are activated by raising their temperature to above the melting point of the salt constituting the electrolyte. One approach that we have considered is to raise the temperature of the molten salt electrolyte to a temperature below the melting point so that the battery does not get activated yet may provide sufficient mobility of the ionic species to be able to obtain some useful ac impedance measurements. This hypothesis was put to the test for two Li(Si)/FeS2 molten salt batteries with two electrolytes of different melting points—a standard LiCl–KCl eutectic that melts at 352°C and a LiBr–KBr–LiCl eutectic with a melting point of 319°C. ac impedance measurements as a function of frequency and temperature below the melting point are presented for single cells and batteries.
Changes in quantitative EEG (qEEG) recordings over a 1-year period and the effects of Cerebrolysin (Cere) on qEEG slowing and cognitive performance were investigated in postacute moderate–severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Time-related changes in qEEG activity frequency bands (increases of alpha and beta, and reductions of theta and delta relative power) and in qEEG slowing (reduction of EEG power ratio) were statistically significant in patients with a disease progress of less than 2 years at baseline, but not in those patients having a longer disease progress time. Slowing of qEEG activity was also found to be significantly reduced in TBI patients after 1 month of treatment with Cere and 3 months later. Therefore, Cere seems to accelerate the time-related reduction of qEEG slowing occurring in untreated patients. The decrease of qEEG slowing induced by Cere correlated with the improvement of attention and working memory. Results of this exploratory study suggest that Cere might improve the functional recovery after brain injury and encourage the conduction of further controlled clinical trials.
A facile water based synthesis method for HTB-FeF3/rGO and r-FeF3/rGO composites was developed using FeF3 nanoparticles prepared by ball-milling and aqueous graphene oxide precursor. Electrodes of HTB-FeF3/rGO were cast in ambient air and the calendered electrode shows a stable specific energy of 470 Wh kg−1 (210 mA h g−1, 12 mA g−1) after 100 cycles in the range 1.3–4.3 V with very little capacity fading. The good cycle stability is attributed to the intimate contact of FeF3 nanoparticles with reduced graphene oxide carbon surrounding. Using a combination of in situ XRD, XAS and ex situ Mössbauer spectroscopy, we show that during discharge of HTB-FeF3/rGO composite Li is intercalated fast into the tunnels of the HTB-FeF3 structure up to x = 0.92 Li. The Li intercalation is followed by slow conversion of HTB-LixFeF3 to LiF and Fe nanoparticles below 2.0 V. During charge, the LiF and Fe phases are slowly transformed to amorphous FeF2 and FeF3 phases without reformation of the HTB-FeF3 framework structure. At an elevated temperature of 55 °C a much higher specific energy of 780 Wh kg−1 was obtained.
A low cost, sensitive and efficient ascorbic acid (AA) sensor was developed using a molybdenum oxide (MoOx) and Prussian Blue (PB) nanocomposite, anchored on a graphite felt (GF) substrate (MoOx@PB/GF). MoO2 nanorods, which were fabricated by annealing of Mo-precursor, play a key role in promoting the synthesis of PB from Fe3+ and [Fe(CN)6]3-. The as-prepared electrode was characterized by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical methods. The modified electrode exhibited outstanding performances for the electrocatalytic oxidation of AA, with a sensitivity as high as 0.37 A/M, a good linear response in a concentration range from 0.0125 μM to 293 μM, an ultra-low detection limit of 0.0119 μM (S/N = 3), as well as a notable reproducibility and an excellent selectivity. Finally, the composite electrode gave satisfactory results for practical sample analyses, e.g. standard AA added in drinking water.
Integrating nanostructured MoS2 with low-volume-change and high-rate-performance TiO2 backbone to construct high structure stability MoS2-TiO2 based composites has been turned out to be an effective strategy. However, the long-life cycling performance at high current density of all reported MoS2-TiO2 based composites anodes is still suffered from their relatively low electron and ion transport kinetics. In this paper, we first demonstrate the successful synergistic regulations of both electron and ion transport kinetics benefits by controllable graphene incorporation and defect engineering in MoS2-TiO2 based anodes, leading to the dramatically enhanced LIBs performance. In this optimized structure with robust structure stability, few-layer MoS2 nanosheets are tightly anchored onto the surface of graphene/ultra-thin TiO2 nanosheets (G/UT-TiO2) backbone with chemical bonds. The graphene incorporation effectively improves the overall conductivity, while the defected structure of MoS2 shell can significantly facilitate Li-ions transport kinetics. As a result, the as-prepared optimized anode exhibits excellent capability (648mAhg−1) at high current density (1Ag−1) after long-life (400) cycles, accompanied by outstanding rate performance. This work can open up an avenue for the rational design of various anode materials for high performance LIBs by synergistically structural, electronic and ionic modulations.
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is a cosmopolitan marine fish that inhabits tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate marine and estuarine waters and supports a major recreational fishery along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. Recent changes in U.S. cobia management have sparked controversy and highlighted limitations in our understanding of the species’ biology. This study utilized pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) to assess the movements, habitat utilization, and post-release survival of cobia that summer in Virginia waters.
A series of sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) copolymers (SPES-Xs) with varying degrees of sulfonation were prepared and investigated as ion-exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) applications. Sulfonated poly(thioether ether sulfone) copolymers (SPTES-Xs) were initially synthesized via polycondensation, and the SPES-Xs were then obtained by oxidation of the corresponding SPTES-Xs. The SPES-X membranes showed reduced vanadium-ion permeability, low area resistance, and, thereby, much superior selectivity compared with the parent SPTES-X membranes and a Nafion115 membrane. In single-cell VRFB performance tests, a SPES-50 membrane with an ion-exchange capacity of 1.80 meq/g exhibited a higher coulombic efficiency (>99%) and energy efficiency (76–89%) than the Nafion115 membrane over a wide range of current densities from 40 to 100 mA/cm2 and a significantly larger capacity retention (>62%) during 200 charge-discharge cycles. The SPES-X materials, in which every benzene ring is deactivated by the presence of electron-withdrawing sulfone linkages, showed much better chemical stability during ex situ and in situ tests than the SPTES-X materials, which contain an electron-donating thioether linkage in their repeat unit.
Mesopore-enriched activated carbon nanofiber (ACNF) mats are produced by incorporating vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5) into polyacrylonitrile (PAN) via electrospinning, and their electrochemical properties are investigated as an electrode in supercapacitors. The microstructures of the ACNFs (e.g., nanometer-size diameter, high specific surface area, narrow pore size distribution, and tunable porosity) are changed, and the textural parameters are found to affect the electrochemical properties significantly through the different V2O5 loadings and activation process. The V2O5/PAN-based ACNF electrodes with well-balanced micro/mesoporosity having an optimal pore range for effective double layer formation in an organic medium are expected to be useful electrode materials for supercapacitor applications.
Solar cell comparison is generally based on an arbitrary maximum terrestrial intensity and spectra (of 1 sun, 1000 W/m2) at 25 °C perpendicular to the cell plane [1] referred to by specialists as AM1.5. In practice, no solar cell experiences such conditions, yet few alternative bases for comparison exist [2]. Our interest in this paper is to explore the correct design of indoor Photovoltaic (IPV) products. Given that the indoors, when compared with the outdoors, are characterised by much lower radiant energy intensities, various spectra (including artificial light sources), complete comparison data for indoor conditions are not freely available. More general level reports have been published [3–6]. Twenty-one different solar cells representing eight different Photovoltaic material technologies are reproducibly electrically characterised under laboratory based simulated AM1.5 (1 sun; solar spectrum) from 1000 W/m2 intensity down to the 0.1–1 W/m2 decade. Some were measured under an artificial light source (fluorescent tube) in the 1–10 W/m2 decade. The results are used to validate a phenomenologically based model.
A facile strategy is developed to synthesis selenium/carbon composites (Se@CNFs-CNT) by co-heating Se powder and electrospun Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-CNT nanofibers at 600°Cin a sealed vessel. The Se molecules are chemically bonded and physical encapsulated by carbonized PAN-CNT composite (CNFs-CNT), which leads to prevent the dissolution of polyselenide intermediates in carbonate based electrolyte. When directly used as flexible free-standing cathode material for Li–Se batteries in low cost carbonate-based electrolyte, the Se@CNFs-CNT electrode exhibits improved cyclability (517 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.5 A g−1) and rate capability (485 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1). Moreover, when tested as sodium batteries, it maintains a reversible capacity of 410 mAh g−1 after 240 cycles at 0.5 A g−1. The superior electrochemical performance (especially at high rates) of Se@CNFs-CNT is attributed to synergistic effect of the additive of CNT, the well confine of Se in the CNFs-CNT matrix through chemical bonding and the 3D interconnected carbon nanofibers (CNFs). This simple yet efficient process thus provides a promising route towards fabrication of a variety of high performance flexible Li–Se and Na–Se batteries.
Earlier light scattering studies revealed that melts of the electrolyte polymer poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were not homogeneous but were instead structured and behaved as elastic PEO networks. We report the results of subsequent viscometry measurements that provide a more complete picture of PEO melt structure and dynamic behavior. We find that PEO melts behave as “wet gels,” i.e., they behave as elastic PEO networks immersed in a PEO fluid that retards network motions. In addition, a preliminary light scattering examination of the role that PEO melt network dynamic behavior might play in lithium ion transport found that although the light scattering relaxation function mode structure of PEO melt/LiClO4 solutions changed significantly when the salt concentration was increased from 0 to 20 wt.% — the latter concentration being that for which maximum conductivity in the PEO/LiClO4 system has been reported — the network structure and behavior of the melt was retained. Finally, we report the results of exploratory investigations of several aspects of PEO melt behavior that provide promising directions for future studies of this interesting and important system.
The paper discusses the influence of the state of charge and pulse charge frequency on the mechanism of the lead-acid battery recharge with pulse current. The data from the pulse charge transients of the negative plate potential at various frequencies show that a decrease of the pulse charge frequency keeping constant average pulse current can impede the charge reaction leading to earlier start of the hydrogen evolution reaction. The dependence of the electrochemical double layer (EDL) capacitance on the state of charge was estimated both during the charge and the discharge using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements at open circuit, followed by equivalent circuit modelling. These data were used to derive the dependence of the average double layer current on SOC and pulse charge frequency. The results show that in the end of the charge almost all of the charge proceeds with the participation of EDL in a certain pulse frequency domain. Using the data from the impedance measurements the optimal pulse charge frequencies were predicted, considering the existence of “electrochemical resonance”. The latter appears when the pulse charge frequency approaches the characteristic frequency of the Pb electrodeposition process, given by the product between EDL capacitance and the charge transfer resistance.
Oxygen functional groups are one of the most important subjects in the study of electrochemical properties of carbon materials which not only can change the wettability, conductivity and pore size distributions of carbon materials, but also can occur redox reactions. In the electrode materials of carbon-based supercapacitors, the oxygen functional groups have been widely used to improve the capacitive performance. In this paper, we systematically analyzed the reasons for the increase of the capacity that promoted by oxygen functional groups in the charge∕discharge cycling tests and the mechanism how the pseudocapacitance is provided by the oxygen functional groups in the acid/alkaline aqueous electrolyte. In addition, we in more depth discussed the effect of the oxygen functional groups in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Nano-Si/(multi-wall carbon nanotube) (Si/MWCNT) composite paper was prepared as flexible electrode for lithium ion batteries by a simple filtration method using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a dispersing/binding agent, followed by a thermal sintering process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that nanosized Si particles were dispersed homogeneously and intertwined by the MWCNT throughout the whole paper electrode. After thermal sintering, Si/MWCNT paper electrode exhibited a significantly improved flexibility with a high Si content of 35.6wt% as compared with before sintering, and retained a specific capacity of 942mAhg−1 after 30 cycles with a capacity fade of 0.46%/cycle.
Raman scattering spectroscopy have been applied to the study of local structure of Li4/3Me5/3O4 (Me = Ti, Mn) spinel oxides used as electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries and hybrid supercapacitors. We report the analysis of their vibrational spectra using both the classical factor group analysis and a local environment model. Electrochemical performance was carried out using a lithium cell with solvent-free solid-polymer. Raman spectra of Li4/3+x Me5/3O4 spinels are compared and analyzed on the basis of structural modifications of their lattices upon lithium insertion.
The natural history of neurocognitive impairments in schizophrenia is unclear. We aimed to characterise this in an epidemiological first-episode cohort and relate it to long-term outcome. All but 1 of 112 first-episode psychosis cases ascertained from a geographical catchment area were traced at 10–12 years. Neurocognitive and multi-dimensional outcome assessments were made at interview in 49 cases with schizophrenia and related disorders. Twenty-four of these had completed the same neurocognitive battery at index admission. Comparisons with normative data showed impaired executive function in a proportion of the first episode (FE) sample at baseline. Significant deterioration was seen over the follow-up period in three of nine sub-tests: object assembly, picture completion and memory for designs. Neurocognitive impairments at outcome, but not baseline, correlated with clinical outcome. Poor outcome was associated with a decline in performance on visuo-spatial tasks and a failure to improve on frontal–temporal tasks during the follow-up period. Executive deficits may be present in the FE, but do not progress over 10–12 years. Visuo-spatial function is spared in the FE but may deteriorate over time. Changes in both these patterned deficits are predictive of clinical outcome.
ABSTRACT Manganese silicate was simply fabricated by the reaction between Na2SiO3·9H2O and MnCl2·4H2O. The carbon-coated manganese silicate acting as anode material for lithium storage exhibits outstanding rate performance and high-rate cycling stability. Combining detailed characterizations with electrochemical measurements revealed that the uniform carbon coating around the manganese silicate nanoparticles as conductive material and the formation of lithium silicate as solid electrolyte are responsible for the excellent performance. The carbon-coated manganese silicate could meet the requirement for fast charging/discharging Li-ion batteries.
Energy storage becomes a key element in achieving goals in energy sustainability that lead to energy and cost savings. This paper discusses various types of energy storage including compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheel energy storage (FES), pumped hydro energy storage (PHES), battery energy storage (BES), flow battery energy storage (FBES), superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), super capacitor energy storage (SCES), hydrogen energy storage, synthetic fuels, and thermal energy storage (TES) with additional information about the recent update of the technology. In the final part of this paper, the comparison and barriers to deploying the technologies are also given in order to give a better view about the energy storage technique.