batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Previously it was shown that Pt as cathode catalyst has a large overpotential during charge in rechargeable hybrid Li–air battery with sulfuric acid catholyte. This article demonstrates that a bifunctional catalyst composed of Pt and IrO2 supported on carbon nanotubes can address this problem. The specially designed and synthesized bifunctional catalyst showed significant overpotential reduction and achieved a round trip energy efficiency of 81% after 10 cycles, higher than many achieved in aprotic Li–O2 batteries. The hybrid Li–air battery was discharged and recharged for 20 cycles at 0.2mA/cm2, showing a fairly stable cell performance. A specific capacity of 306mAh/g and a specific energy of 1110Wh/kg were obtained for the hybrid Li–air battery in terms of acid weight.
Powdered latex or vinyl gloves are often used in health care industry as a better protector against latex-induced dermatitis. The purpose of this research was to evaluate these gloves both with respect to the performance and protection against latex-induced dermatitis. Twenty-five male students from the College of Engineering & Technology and 25 female students from the College of Dentistry at the University of Nebraska participated in the experiment. Two types of gloves (latex and vinyl) were factorially combined with powdered and non-powdered conditions. A number of performance measures were gathered. These included strength, dexterity, tactility, and functional tests. The data of glove properties was collected from a glove manufacturer. Results suggest use of powdered latex gloves for non-affected population, and use of non-powdered vinyl gloves for sensitized population. Objectives with respect to protection against latex-induced allergens could not be achieved due to operational difficulties. Not withstanding these, the performance results have been combined with available literature from the medical field, and recommendations made. Relevance to industry Risks due to blood borne pathogens and other risks have made use of latex and vinyl gloves mandatory for health care professionals. Research on performance compromises on these is sparse. This study attempts to look at performance compromises with gloves and also its protection against dermatitis, both relevant issues to the industry.
The charging/discharging cycles, rate capabilities, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of sol–gel prepared C-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP-SG) and a commercial LiFePO4 (LFP-comm), in combination with two different current collectors, viz. Al foil and C-coated Al foil (Al–C) are studied. A flat voltage profile at ∼3.4 V was seen during the charging/discharging cycle of C-LFP-SG/Al. However, C-LFP-SG/Al–C showed a continuous decrease in voltage during discharging and an increase during charging cycles. On contrary, LFP-comm/Al–C showed a constant flat voltage profile, whereas LFP-comm/Al shows a slight decrease during the discharge. C-LFP-SG/Al and LFP-comm/Al–C cells exhibit better electrochemical performance compared to C-LFP-SG/Al–C and LFP-comm/Al respectively. This is also reflected from a direct correlation between the flat potential behavior and their rate capabilities. From EIS measurements, we discuss the effect of C-coating on the charge-transfer resistances of LFP nanoparticles and current collectors. Raman analysis of carbon modes in all the cathodes and current collectors reveal that a large contribution from sp 2 bonded carbon gives better electrochemical properties. Increasing sp 3-like disordered carbon at the C–C interface leads to large polarization effects during the charging and discharging cycles.
Mg(OH)2 is coated on the surface of semi-crystalline Li x Ni1−y Co y O2. By further heating the coated sample, the surface is modified. This lowers the initial discharge capacity and improves the cycle-reversibility of a test lithium-ion cell, which was made with surface-modified Li x Ni1−y Co y O2 as the cathode material.
GaN/V2O5 core-shell nanowire (NW) piezoelectric generators of controlled crystallographic orientations were fabricated, and the device performance was characterized. Catalyst-assisted c- and m-axis GaN NWs were grown on a c-plane GaN thin film by varying the NH3 flow rate and reactor pressure. The grown NWs were then utilized to fabricate the flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PNGs) to practically investigate the impact of the c- and m-axis GaN NWs on the piezoelectric response. The c-axis GaN NWs exhibited a higher piezoelectric output than m-axis GaN NWs. Furthermore, the GaN/V2O5 core-shell structure was utilized in the NWs to suppress the internal carrier screening that degrades the piezoelectric output. The maximum output voltage (27 V) exhibited by core-shell c-axis NWs was thrice the voltage exhibited by pristine c-axis GaN NWs (9 V). A stability test was performed for one hour to verify the feasibility of using flexible PNGs for real applications. The high stability of PNGs was attributed to the flexibility and high crystallinity of the NWs.
This paper reports on the recent demonstration of an advanced vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) using a newly developed mixed acid (sulfuric and hydrochloric acid) supporting electrolyte at a kW scale. The developed prototype VRFB system is capable of delivering more than 1.1 kW in the operation range of 15–85% state of charge (SOC) at 80 mA cm−2 with an energy efficiency of 82% and energy content of 1.4 kWh. The system operated stably without any precipitation at electrolyte temperatures >45 °C. At similar electrolyte temperatures, tests with a conventional sulfuric acid electrolyte suffered from precipitation after 80 cycles. By operating stably at elevated temperatures (>40 °C), the mixed acid system enables significant advantages over the conventional sulfate system, namely; 1) high stack energy efficiency due to better kinetics and lower electrolyte resistance, 2) lower viscosity resulting in reduced pumping losses, 3) lower capital cost by elimination of heat exchanger, 4) higher system efficiency and 5) simplified system design and operation. Demonstration of the prototype stack with the mixed acid electrolyte has been shown to lower the cost of conventional VRFB systems for large-scale energy storage applications.
A novel electrical circuit analogy is proposed modelling electrochemical systems under realistic automotive operation conditions. The model is developed for a lithium ion battery and is based on a pseudo 2D electrochemical model. Although cast in the framework familiar to application engineers, the model is essentially an electrochemical battery model: all variables have a direct physical interpretation and there is direct access to all states of the cell via the model variables (concentrations, potentials) for monitoring and control systems design. This is the first Equivalent Circuit Network -type model that tracks directly the evolution of species inside the cell. It accounts for complex electrochemical phenomena that are usually omitted in online battery performance predictors such as variable double layer capacitance, the full current-overpotential relation and overpotentials due to mass transport limitations. The coupled electrochemical and thermal model accounts for capacity fade via a loss in active species and for power fade via an increase in resistive solid electrolyte passivation layers at both electrodes. The model’s capability to simulate cell behaviour under dynamic events is validated against test procedures, such as standard battery testing load cycles for current rates up to 20 C, as well as realistic automotive drive cycle loads.
A battery switch array system is developed for solid-state rechargeable micro-scale lithium batteries, designed and developed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, for aerospace applications. The heart of the system is a topology unique in its dynamic reconfiguration ability by providing selective connection and isolation and versatile in its core design by incorporating passive, active or energy storage elements. It allows up to N-batteries to be connected in any desired configuration; providing maximum voltage, maximum capacity and a voltage/capacity ratio. This battery switch array system is part of a power management system that is developed to utilize these features and provide for multiple charging algorithms, real time status information and fault tolerant capabilities. A two microbattery prototype circuit is built using a microprocessor-based controller for verification of the system design and its features. The topology and its features will be explored in this paper to provide methods for modular and scalable energy storage system design.
Nanotechnology is generating a lot of attention these days and therefore building great expectations not only in the academic community but also among investors, the governments, and industry. Its unique capability to fabricate new structures at atomic scale has already produced novel materials and devices with great potential applications in a wide number of fields. Among them, significant breakthroughs are especially required in the energy sector that will allow us to maintain our increasing appetite for energy, which increases both with the number of people that join the developed economies and with our demand per capita. This needs to be done in a way that includes the environment in the wealth production equation as we gather more evidences of the human impact on the climate, biodiversity and quality of the air, water and soil. This review article does not cover in detail all the specific contributions from nanotechnology to the various sustainable energies, but in a broader way, it collects the most recent advances of nanotechnology to sustainable energy production, storage and use. For this review paper, solar, hydrogen and new generation batteries and supercapacitors are described as the most significant examples of the contributions of nanotechnology in the energy sector. The aim of this review article is to present some significant contributions from many research groups who are mainly unconnected and are working from different viewpoints, to find solutions to one of the great challenges of our time, i.e., the production and use of energy, without compromising our environment, from one of the most exciting and multidisciplinary fields, nanotechnology.
A lot of attention has been paid to Li–O2 batteries in recent years, due to the huge potential specific energy and energy density, and they are extensively studied around the world. Much advance has been achieved, however, the fundamental understanding is still insufficient and challenges remain. Here, we provide a specific perspective on the development of non-aqueous Li–O2 batteries excluding those with aqueous, ionic liquid, hybrid, and solid-state electrolytes, because non-aqueous Li–O2 batteries possess a relatively simple configuration and the research on non-aqueous Li–O2 batteries is the most active of all Li–O2 batteries. The discussion will be focused on non-aqueous electrolytes, cathode catalysts, and anodes, and corresponding perspectives are provided at the end.
Coarse particulate matter (PM 10 - 2.5 ) concentration data from residential outdoor sites were collected using portable samplers as part of an exposure assessment for the North Carolina Asthma and Children's Environment Studies (NC-ACES). PM 10 - 2.5 values were estimated using the differential between independent PM 10 and PM 2.5 collocated MiniVol measurements. Repeated daily 24-h integrated PM 10 and PM 2.5 residential outdoor monitoring was performed at a total of 26 homes during September 2003–June 2004 in the Research Triangle Park, NC area. This effort resulted in the collection of 73 total daily measurements. This assessment was conducted to provide data needed to investigate the association of exposures to coarse particle PM mass concentrations with observed human health effects. Potential instrument bias between the differential MiniVol methodology and a dichotomous sampler were investigated. Results indicated that minimal bias of PM 10 - 2.5 mass concentration estimates (slope = 0.8, intercept = 0.36 μ gm - 3 ) existed between the dichotomous and differential MiniVol procedures. Residential outdoor PM 10 - 2.5 mass concentrations were observed to be highly variable across measurement days and ranged from 1.1 to 12.6 μ gm - 3 (mean of 5.4 μ gm - 3 ) . An average correlation coefficient of r = 0.75 existed between residential outdoor PM 10 - 2.5 mass concentrations and those obtained from the central ambient monitoring site. Temporal and spatial variability of PM 10 - 2.5 mass concentrations during the study were observed and are described in this report.
Many scientific areas make extensive use of computer simulations to study complex real-world processes. These computations are typically very resource-intensive and present scalability issues as experiments get larger even in dedicated clusters, since these are limited by their own hardware resources. Cloud computing raises as an option to move forward into the ideal unlimited scalability by providing virtually infinite resources, yet applications must be adapted to this new paradigm. This process of converting and/or migrating an application and its data in order to make use of cloud computing is sometimes known as cloudifying the application. We propose a generalist cloudification method based in the MapReduce paradigm to migrate scientific simulations into the cloud to provide greater scalability. We analysed its viability by applying it to a real-world railway power consumption simulatior and running the resulting implementation on Hadoop YARN over Amazon EC2. Our tests show that the cloudified application is highly scalable and there is still a large margin to improve the theoretical model and its implementations, and also to extend it to a wider range of simulations. We also propose and evaluate a multidimensional analysis tool based on the cloudified application. It generates, executes and evaluates several experiments in parallel, for the same simulation kernel. The results we obtained indicate that out methodology is suitable for resource intensive simulations and multidimensional analysis, as it improves infrastructure’s utilization, efficiency and scalability when running many complex experiments.
Information regarding the movement ecology of horse-eye jack Caranx latus throughout the Caribbean is limited despite their prevalence. Passive acoustic telemetry was used to infer movement patterns of seven adult C. latus within Buck Island Reef National Monument (BIRNM), a no-take marine protected area (MPA) northeast of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. In addition, a preliminary exploration of detections recorded outside of BIRNM was used to gain knowledge of the potential for larger scale movements. Ascertaining long-term movement patterns, including residency, mobility, and identifying core activity spaces can play a considerable role in how MPAs, like BIRNM, are adapted to meet the needs of mobile species.
Introduction: Physical fitness is associated with the positive health status of children and is predictive of an adult's health-risk profile. Research suggests that the physical fitness levels of Australian children have rapidly declined in the past two decades. The objective of this study is to provide a rationale and intervention description for an innovative 8-week school-based health-related fitness (HRF) program for primary school students. Methods: The study design will be a group randomised controlled trial with a wait-list control group involving 4 schools in the Hunter Region. At baseline, primary school students, parents and teachers will complete a survey to determine their perceptions of fitness testing and its value in the primary school PDHPE curriculum. Students will also participate in a battery of health-related fitness tests to determine baseline fitness levels. The “Fit 4 Fun” program will be delivered by the classroom teacher during the weekly timetabled PDHPE lesson. “Fit 4 Fun” will be a comprehensive unit of work developed and based on the NSW Board of Studies K-6 Syllabus content and outcomes for stage 3. The unit will promote and involve students participating fitness-based activities at lunch and recess, interactive home and family fitness activities and integration activities with other subjects. On completion of the program and at 6-month follow-up students will complete post-tests to determine changes in HR fitness, activity levels and attitudes to fitness. Students, parents and teachers will also be involved in a process evaluation aimed at examining their perceptions of the value and success of the program.
Small particle-sized orthorhombic LiMnO2 powders were prepared via Pechini's route with Li/Mn molar ratio ranging between 1.00 and 1.20, followed by calcinations at 300°C in air and heat-treatment at temperatures between 700 and 900°C for various durations under flowing nitrogen. The effects of heat-treatment conditions and starting Li/Mn molar ratio on the crystalline structure and the electrochemical properties were investigated with XRD, SEM, and capacity retention study. Orthorhombic phase were found exclusively in the samples prepared with starting Li/Mn molar ratios between 1.00 and 1.05 followed by heat-treatment at 800°C for 15h, whereas monoclinic Li2MnO3 and tetragonal Li2Mn2O4 were also observed in the samples prepared with Li/Mn ratios higher than 1.10. The charge/discharge curves of capacity retention studies and the cyclic voltammograms showed that the transformation of o-LiMnO2 into cycle-induced spinel phase proceeds more progressively and the capacity loss upon cycling are more significant for the samples containing the impurity phases than the well-ordered o-LiMnO2 sample. The sample synthesized with starting Li/Mn ratio of 1.05 followed by heat treatment at 800°C for 15h showed the most promising cycling performance among the prepared powders with the maximum discharge capacity of 158mAhg−1 at 20th cycle and capacity loss of 3% between 20th and 80th cycles at 30°C.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), a potential alternative to lithium ion batteries (LIBs), have attracted remarkable attention recently due to the natural abundance and low-cost of sodium. Here, we have presented a comprehensive study on combining electroless deposition with chemical dealloying to control the shell thickness and composition of a red phosphorus (RP)@Ni–P core@shell nanostructure as a high performance anode for SIBs. For the first time depending on regulating the dealloying time (1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 10 h and 20 h) of RP@Ni–P synthesized by electroless deposition of Ni on RP, 1 h RP@Ni–P, 4 h RP@Ni–P, 8 h RP@Ni–P, 10 h RP@Ni–P and 20 h RP@Ni–P with different shell thicknesses and compositions were prepared. The in situ generated Ni2P on RP particle surfaces can facilitate intimate contact between RP and a mechanically strong amorphous Ni–P outer shell with a high electronic conductivity, which ensures strong electrode structural integrity, a stable solid electrolyte interphase and ultra-fast electronic transport. As a result, the 8 h RP@Ni–P composite presents a super high capacity (1256.2 mA h gcomposite−1 after 200 cycles at 260 mA gcomposite−1), superior rate capability (491 mA h gcomposite−1 at 5200 mA gcomposite−1) and unprecedented ultralong cycle-life at 5000 mA gcomposite−1 for an RP-based SIB anode (409.1 mA h gcomposite−1 after 2000 cycles). This simple scalable synthesis approach will provide a new strategy for the optimization of core@shell nanostructures, paving the way for mass production of high performance electrodes for SIBs and other energy storage systems.
Using netnographic evidence on iPhone usage, this study suggests that devoted and innovative consumers adopt and use new technology for hedonic experiences and social positioning, which generates experiential outcomes. This article presents an interpretive analysis of consumption behavior of iPhone users after their experience with iPhone v1 and its successive iterations, prior to the release of Apple's latest model the iPhone 4. The day the iPhone v1 was released was dubbed iDay1 by Apple brand aficionados, and the anticipated release date of the iPhone 4 iDay2. While the original iPhone v1 was seen as very cutting edge, successive releases (the iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS), were far less innovative. Each successive iPhone release has not had as devout a following as the original. This raises the question: will innovation seeking consumers abandon the iPhone for a newer, more technologically innovative device? This study suggests that innovators prefer really new products instead of upgraded ones, because they cannot see the advantage of using an upgraded version of a product which has already been widely adopted.
A two-dimensional physical model that employs the deformed mesh method to track the electrolyte level in a Li-air coin cell battery is presented and used to investigate the effects of electrolyte level drop during cell discharge. The electrolyte level drop is caused by solid phase volume decrease and electrolyte solvent evaporation. Simulation results show that by neglecting the drop in electrolyte level, a Li-air battery model would under-estimate cell discharge capacity by as much as 22.5% in the parameter range studied. This counter-intuitive result is explained by an in-depth analysis of simulation results. A more realistic prediction of Li2O2 deposit distribution is obtained, with the peak value of Li2O2 volume fraction in the middle of the cathode instead of on the top surface, as predicted by previous studies. The interaction between the battery and its surroundings is considered by incorporating the air chamber into the computation domain. The diffusion of solvent vapor and oxygen in this chamber is included. For batteries using volatile solvents such as DMF, increasing the air chamber radius from 5 cm to 15 cm would result in a 72% increase of discharge capacity at the cost of losing a large amount of electrolyte.
In this article the high-temperature behavior of a cylindrical lithium iron phosphate/graphite lithium-ion cell is investigated numerically and experimentally by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC), and external short circuit test (ESC). For the simulations a multi-physics multi-scale (1D+1D+1D) model is used. Assuming a two-step electro-/thermochemical SEI formation mechanism, the model is able to qualitatively reproduce experimental data at temperatures up to approx. 200 °C. Model assumptions and parameters could be evaluated via comparison to experimental results, where the three types of experiments (DSC, ARC, ESC) show complementary sensitivities towards model parameters. The results underline that elevated-temperature experiments can be used to identify parameters of the multi-physics model, which then can be used to understand and interpret high-temperature behavior. The resulting model is able to describe nominal charge/discharge operation behavior, long-term calendaric aging behavior, and short-term high-temperature behavior during extreme events, demonstrating the descriptive and predictive capabilities of physicochemical models.
The effective estimation of costs is crucial to the success of construction projects. Cost estimates are used to evaluate, approve and/or fund projects. Organizations use some form of classification system to identify the various types of estimates that may be prepared during the lifecycle of a project. This research presents a parametric-cost model for pump station projects. Fourteen factors have been identified as important to the influence of the cost of pump station projects. A data set that consists of forty-four pump station projects (fifteen water and twenty-nine waste water) are collected to build a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) library and to test its performance. The results obtained from the CBR tool are processed and adopted to improve the accuracy of the results. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the development of the effectiveness of the tool.