batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The currently used carbon supported Pt or Pt alloy catalysts for cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) suffer from prohibitive cost as well as limited productivity of Pt, carbon-support corrosion, and methanol poisoning. Here we report a one-pot heat treatment for synthesis of Co supporting on N-doped-C (C-N) hybridized TiO2 catalyst. For the first time, TiO2 is used as the predominant content in C-based ORR catalyst. Fiber-like polyaniline (PANI) is introduced as a C-N precursor and also acts as a good template for growing TiO2 crystals. During the following one-pot heat treatment, the metallic Co particles are in situ growing on the carbonized TiO2/PANI support. The influences of PANI proportion, calcination temperature, and Co incorporation on the ORR catalytic performance are systematically investigated. The optimal Co/TiO2/C-N catalyst shows higher stability and methanol-tolerance than commercial Pt/C or Co/C-N catalyst with comparable activity. The remarkable enhancement of stability is mainly ascribed to the following two reasons: (1) the excellent chemical stability of rutile TiO2; (2) the strong interactions of “TiO2-PANI coupling” and “metal-support coupling”. Thus, TiO2/C-N appears to be a promising substitute for carbon materials when supporting metal or metal oxide catalyst for PEMFC application in terms of electrochemical stability.
In this study, four different kinds of perovskite powders (LaMnO3, LaFeO3, LaCrO3, and LaNiO3) were prepared and investigated as anode materials for supercapacitor. The as-prepared powders were blended with active carbon and subsequently coated on the nickel plates as the collector layer of the supercapacitors. Three different types of the aqueous solutions (3M KCl, 1M LiOH, and 3M LiOH) were respectively served as theelectrolytes for the supercapacitor. The morphology and crystalline phase were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and XRD. The electrical capacity and impedance were measured by the electrochemical capacitance voltage analyzer and impedance spectroscopy. The profiles of specific capacitance of the four different anodic electrodes and three different electrolytes were implemented. The impedance results indicated that four asymmetric pseudocapacitors didn’t show any Warburg-type line and semi-circle line in the low-frequency region. According to the CV profiles, the intrinsic LaNiO3 exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 106.58F/g in 3M LiOH. Furthermore, the 98% of the initial capacitance of LaNiO3 was retained after 500 charge-discharge life cycles at the maximum current density of 1A/g. The efficient charge storage of LaNiO3 was attributed by the anion intercalated redox reactions along with the suitability of electrode-electrolyte interactions.
The AusDiab study recruited a population-based cohort of over 11 000 adults recruited from across Australia in 1999–2000. Follow-up of the cohort has produced a tremendous amount of valuable information on risks of diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney disease. Some of the more recent data will be discussed. Sedentary behaviour (as measured by time spent watching television) was a risk factor for total and for cardiovascular mortality. The finding was independent of traditional risk factors and of exercise time. In further analyses, not only was sedentary time associated with metabolic parameters, but a higher frequency of breaks in sedentary was associated with improved metabolic parameters. Vitamin D is increasingly recognised as being involved in protecting against a range of chronic diseases. AusDiab data showed that every 10 nmol/L increase in serum 25OHD was associated with a 9% reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes over five years. AusDiab included assessments of retinal vasculature. Analyses of these data have shown retinal vascular diameters to be independent predictors of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy and CVD, whilst greater complexity of the retinal vasculature branching patterns were associated with diabetes. At a public health level, recent AusDiab analyses have been used to develop a simple non-invasive questionnaire to assess risk for developing diabetes and have estimated the annual costs of obesity in Australia to be $14.5 billion.
Quasi-equilibrium potential profiles of stoichiometric LiMn2O4 spinel in charge–discharge process have been recorded to investigate temperature dependence in lithium ions intercalation. Temperature of electrodes has been controlled within 273≤T≤298K in this research. Discharge curve reveals anomalous stepwise features when both charge and discharge processes are carried out at low temperature (T≤278K). However, discharge curve at 273K immediately after charge at 298K does not show stepwise shape but gently slope as potential curve in charge at 298K. In contrast to this, discharge curve at 298K immediately after charge at 273K shows stepwise anomaly. Temperature at discharge does not affect on shape of potential profile at next charge process. This temperature hysteresis has been confirmed repeatedly in several charge–discharge cycles. Temperature at Li ions de-intercalation has a large effect on next intercalation in LiMn2O4 spinel.
An EC/DEC [40:60% (v/v)] solvent mixture has been added in various amounts to the ionic liquid (IL) hexyltrimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (N1116-NTf2) in the presence of LiNTf2 (lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) as lithium salt for possible use as electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. These electrolytes exhibit a larger thermal stability than the reference electrolyte EC/DEC [40:60]+LiNTf2 1M when the percentage of the IL exceeds 30% (v/v). All studied electrolytes are glass forming ones with an ideal glass transition temperature of ca. −85°C(±5°C), which has been determined by application of the VTF theory to conductivity and viscosity measurements and confirmed by DSC (T g =−90±5°C). An electrochemical window of about 5V versus Li/Li+ was measured at a glassy carbon electrode. The cycling ability of the optimized electrolyte N1116-NTf2/EC:DEC (40/60% (v/v))+1M LiNTf2 has been investigated at a titanate oxide (Li4Ti5O12) and a cobalt oxide (Li x CoO2) electrodes. Cycling the positive and the negative electrodes was conducted successfully with a high capacity and without any significant fading.
Zinc oxide wrapped sulphur/carbon nanotubes (ZnO@S/CNT) and nickel hydroxide wrapped sulphur/carbon nanotubes (Ni(OH)2@S/CNT) nanocomposites are prepared using a simple, low cost and scalable ball-milling method. As the cathodes in Li-S batteries, the as-prepared ZnO@S/CNT composite illustrates a superior high initial capacity of 1663mAhg−1 at a charge/discharge rate of 160mAg−1, and maintains a reversible capacity at approximately 942mAhg−1 after 70 cycles. While for Ni(OH)2@S/CNT composites, its initial capacity is also as high as 1331mAhg−1, but a poorer cycling stability is presented. When the charge/discharge current is increased to 1600mAg−1, a high reversible capacity of 698mAhg−1 after 200 cycles still can be obtained for the ZnO@S/CNT composite, far better than that of Ni(OH)2@S/CNT composites. The better cycling performance and high discharge capacity can be attributed to the strong interactions between ZnO and S x 2− species, which is verified by the density functional theory (DFT) calculation result that the ZnO exhibits a higher adsorption energy for Li2S8 than the Ni(OH)2.
Forwarding data in scenarios where devices have sporadic connectivity is a challenge. An example scenario is a disaster area, where forwarding information generated in the incident location, like victims' medical data, to a coordination point is critical for quick, accurate and coordinated intervention. New applications are being developed based on mobile devices and wireless opportunistic networks as a solution to destroyed or overused communication networks. But the performance of opportunistic routing methods applied to emergency scenarios is unknown today. In this paper, we compare and contrast the efficiency of the most significant opportunistic routing protocols through simulations in realistic disaster scenarios in order to show how the different characteristics of an emergency scenario impact in the behaviour of each one of them.
A two-dimensional quasi-steady-state model is presented to simulate coupled mass-species-charge transfer and electrochemical reactions in all vanadium redox flow battery. Emphasis is located on examining the influences of applied current density, initial vanadium concentration, initial acid concentration and electrolyte flow rate on overpotentials in both electrodes, ohmic loss in electrolyte phase as well as battery discharging voltage. It is indicated that overpotential in negative electrode is the dominant factor causing the loss of battery discharging voltage at relatively lower or higher state of charge, while ohmic loss in electrolyte phase is dominant when discharging at moderate state of charge. Increasing initial vanadium concentration, the battery discharging voltage is significantly increased due to the reduced overpotentials in both electrodes. With the increase in initial acid concentration, the battery discharging voltage is also obviously increased because of increased open circuit voltage and decreased ohmic loss in electrolyte phase. As the electrolyte flow rate increases, the total discharging time is extended due to the retarded concentration polarization and the battery discharging voltage is obviously increased at lower state of charge.
Nanostructured thin film electrodes have significant potential for enhancing the kinetics of lithium storage batteries and for providing optimal thickness for applications in lithium ion micro-batteries. In this research, LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 thin films are synthesized and deposited directly onto current collectors in a single step via a novel flame based method, namely reactive spray deposition technology (RSDT). The detailed surface morphology and size distribution of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 particles are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical performance of the as-deposited LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode is evaluated by galvanostatic charge-discharge measurement with a coin-type half-cell (CR2032). Data shows that the electrode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 50.84μAhcm−2 μm in the voltage window between 3.0 and 4.2V with a capacity retention rate of 83% after 50 cycles. The results are deemed promising as a pilot study and thus further optimization of processing conditions and electrode structures are worth pursuing.
Easily accessible biomarkers are needed for the early identification of individuals at risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in large population screening strategies.
Mesoporous polyaniline/anatase TiO2 composite microspheres with the core–shell structure for lithium-ion battery applications are prepared via a facile hydrothermal route. The structure of as-prepared sample is characterized by electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area. It is suggested that the formation of the core–shell structure can be designated as a two-step assembly process induced by the polymerization of the aniline. The electrochemical tests demonstrate that the discharge capacity of the as-prepared polyaniline/anatase TiO2 microspheres can be stably retained at 157.1mAhg−1 after 50th cycle at the high current density of 1500mAg−1. The high rate performance of the as-prepared sample at various current densities from 200 to 2000mAg−1 is also investigated. The discharge capacity of 123.9mAhg−1 can be obtained at the high current density of 2000mAg−1, which is about 73.4% of that at the low current density of 200mAg−1 upon cycling, indicating that the as-prepared sample can endure great changes of various current densities to retain a good stability due to the core shell mesoporous structure.
A reduced graphene oxide (RGO)–magnetic oxide iron (Fe3O4) hybrid is prepared by homogenous coprecipitation and subsequent annealing. Characterization shows that Fe3O4 particles are nanoporous structures that anchor uniformly on the surface of RGO platelets. As an anode material for a Li ion battery, it has specific capacities for the first discharge and charge of 1528 and 1027mAhg−1 respectively, which is more than the theoretical specific capacity of Fe3O4. It shows good capacity retention of 818mAhg−1 after the 50th discharge. The total specific capacity of RGO–Fe3O4 is higher than the sum of those of pure RGO and Fe3O4 in the hybrid, indicating a synergistic effect of RGO and Fe3O4 for improving electrochemical performance. The RGO–Fe3O4 can be used as a high-performance anode material for Li-ion batteries.
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is dynamic in nature and is composed of wirelessly connected nodes that perform hop-by-hop routing without the help of any fixed infrastructure. One of the important requirements of a MANET is the efficiency of energy, which increases the lifetime of the network. Several techniques have been proposed by researchers to achieve this goal and one of them is clustering in MANETs that can help in providing an energy-efficient solution. Clustering involves the selection of cluster-heads (CHs) for each cluster and fewer CHs result in greater energy efficiency as these nodes drain more power than noncluster-heads. In the literature, several techniques are available for clustering by using optimization and evolutionary techniques that provide a single solution at a time. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective solution by using multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm to optimize the number of clusters in an ad hoc network as well as energy dissipation in nodes in order to provide an energy-efficient solution and reduce the network traffic. In the proposed solution, inter-cluster and intra-cluster traffic is managed by the cluster-heads. The proposed algorithm takes into consideration the degree of nodes, transmission power, and battery power consumption of the mobile nodes. The main advantage of this method is that it provides a set of solutions at a time. These solutions are achieved through optimal Pareto front. We compare the results of the proposed approach with two other well-known clustering techniques; WCA and CLPSO-based clustering by using different performance metrics. We perform extensive simulations to show that the proposed approach is an effective approach for clustering in mobile ad hoc networks environment and performs better than the other two approaches.
The composite thin films of tin with 0wt.%, 3.2wt.%, 6.0wt.%, and 11.8wt.% graphite on the Cu foil were fabricated by magnetron sputtering (MS). The surface morphology, the composition and the electrochemical performance of the composite films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and galvanostatic charge/discharge (GC) measurements. It is found that the capacity loss of tin can be significantly reduced by its composite with graphite, but its discharge capacity decreases with increasing the content of graphite. The composite with 6.0wt.% graphite show its good discharge capacity and cyclic stability. Its initial discharge capacity is 750mAhg−1 and it keeps 85% of its initial discharge capacity after 10 cycles, comparing to the 14% for the pure tin.
The goal of the PolarquEEEst experiment was to measure the cosmic charged particle rate at latitudes greater than 66
The transition behaviours of PMMA-based gels with and without nano-particle filler have been investigated at elevated pressures up to 0.9GPa and in the temperature range 220–310K. Both gels had molar ratios of 53.9:22:5.2:18.9 of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), lithium perchlorate, PMMA, and one gel contained 8wt.% TiO2 nano-particles. The results show a sluggish transition between a low-pressure (high temperature) state and a high-pressure (low temperature) state. The nano-particle filler facilitates the kinetics of the transition, yielding a significantly lower transition pressure as well as a better homogeneity in the sample after a transition back to the low-pressure state. These results can be explained by a filler-induced increase of the nucleation rate, which yields smaller crystallites. The transition is observed also by differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy at ambient pressure and is likely associated with crystallization of the EC–PC solvent. The logarithmic pressure derivative of the conductance and, consequently, the activation volume changes a factor of 3 as a result of the transition.
α4β7 integrin–expressing CD4+ T cells preferentially traffic to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and have a key role in HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) pathogenesis. We show here that the administration of an anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody just prior to and during acute infection protects rhesus macaques from transmission following repeated low-dose intravaginal challenges with SIVmac251. In treated animals that became infected, the GALT was significantly protected from infection and CD4+ T cell numbers were maintained in both the blood and the GALT. Thus, targeting α4β7 reduces mucosal transmission of SIV in macaques.
Here we propose a simple and facile route to synthesize a high-performance composite electrode material (PMG composite) for next-generation supercapacitor through in-situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). Its structure and bonding were studied with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and Raman spectroscopy. Morphological analysis (Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)) revealed the coating of fibrillar PANI on MoO3/GNP composite. The prepared composite electrode material is semiconducting in nature as indicated from its non-linear current (I)-voltage (V) characteristics. Most importantly, this PMG composite showed significantly large specific capacitance of ≈593 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g with outstanding cyclic stability (with 92.4% retention of the original specific capacitance even after 1000 cycles) and 734 F/g at 10mV/s scan rate indicating the highly availability of the electrode-electrolyte interfacial area for the redox processes by synergistic contributions of the components through mutual interactions facilitating the ionic conduction through the constituents. Moreover, applicability of the PMG composite as the high-power energy resource in acidic electrolyte is accomplished as it shows excellent energy density along with high power density.
The relatively low energy density is now a central issue hindering the development of supercapacitors as energy storage devices. Various approaches are thus developed to enhance the energy density, mainly centering on the fabrication of electrode materials or optimization of cell configurations. Compared with these approaches, modifications in electrolytes are much simple and versatile. Herein, we integrate the wide voltages endowed by organic electrolytes and the additional capacitances brought by redox mediators, to fabricate high energy density supercapacitors. On the basis of this idea, supercapacitors with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as electrode material exhibit extended operating voltage of 1.5 V, extraordinary capacitance of 363 F g−1 and high energy density of 27.4 Wh kg−1. The redox mediators reported here, ferrocene and 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy, are the first time being applied in supercapacitors, especially in the gel state. While providing additional faradaic capacitances, they also exhibit synergistic interaction with PEDOT and improve the cycling stability of supercapacitors.
Patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis is a common condition, yet information regarding conservative management is lacking. Foot orthoses are an effective intervention for improving pain and function in younger individuals with patellofemoral pain and may be effective in those with patellofemoral osteoarthritis. This pilot study will seek to establish the feasibility of a phase III randomised controlled trial to investigate whether foot orthoses worn in prescribed motion controlled footwear are superior to prescribed motion control footwear alone in the management of patellofemoral osteoarthritis.
Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis and electrochemical performance of MAX phase (Ti2AlC) derived C-K2Ti4O9 nanocomposites by one-step KOH assisted hydrothermal treatment. The MAX phase derived C-K2Ti4O9 nanocomposites was measured around 2 μm × 200 nm (length × wide) in micrometer scale and presented layered-structure obviously. Potassium titanate and disordered carbon are attained during the transition state of Ti2CTx MXene. With the help of intermediate product, the Ti2AlC can be converted to potassium titanate thoroughly. Due to the layered structure of potassium titanate and disordered carbon, the composites exhibit excellent electrochemical properties as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The C-K2Ti4O9 delivered high reversible capacity of 314 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and superior rate performance.
Lithium (Li) metal plays an indispensable role in Li-S batteries, but its fast degradation seriously impedes the practical application of Li-S batteries. Here, an ion-conductive LAGP-based composite protective layer (CPL) consisting of lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is prepared on Li metal anode via a facile casting method. In the presence of LAGP, the negative effect of CPL on the diffusion of Li+ is minimized. Hence, it can not only effectively resist corrosive action of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) on Li metal anode, but also reduce interfacial polarization and restrain dendritic Li growth. The protected Li anode exhibits exceptional cycling stability and low voltage polarization (∼30 mV at 0.5 mA cm−2) for 300 h. The electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries with protected Li anode is also greatly enhanced. The discharge specific capacity of 832.1 mAh g−1 and an average coulombic efficiency of 92% are obtained for up to 100 cycles at 0.5 C in LiNO3-free electrolyte. Additionally, the rate capability of Li-S batteries is significantly improved, delivering a reversible capacity of 565 mAh g−1 at 4 C. Our results also indicate this protection strategy can be extended to the Li-S pouch cells.
This work presents the deposition of Nb2O5 on p and n type silicon substrate. Nb2O5 thin film was deposited using precipitation method for solution preparation, and employing spin coating technique for film deposition, where optimum preparation condition were achieved in our previous published article. The electrical characteristic shows a good rectification ratio of about 46.7 for the Nb2O5/p-Si junction and 4.9 for Nb2O5/n-Si. The estimated ideality factors of n- and p-type Si found to be 5.17 and 3.84 respectively. The maximum detectivity was obtained using P-Si substrate and found to be about 6.2 × 1012 cm Hz1/2 W−1.
Copolymers of aniline and 2-ethylaniline can be easily formed by electrochemical or chemical oxidation in acidic medium, but the composition of the polymeric chain differs from the composition of the synthesis solution. Copolymers formed from precursor solutions containing less than 30% (in moles) of 2-ethylaniline show intermediate properties between those of the homopolymers, and these properties vary gradually with the amount of 2-ethylaniline units in the copolymeric chain. The properties of those copolymers have been studied by UV–Vis and resonance Raman spectroscopies, cyclic voltammetry, two-probe conductivity and solubility measurements. Results obtained by these techniques corroborate the formation of a block copolymeric material.