batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Rice is a crop that is usually grown under flooded conditions and can require large amounts of water. The objective of this 3-year study was to quantify water use in water- (WS) and dry-seeded (DS) systems. In WS systems, the field is continuously flooded, while in DS systems the field is flush irrigated for the first month and then flooded. Research was conducted on commercial rice fields where the residual of the energy balance method using a sonic anemometer and the eddy covariance method were used to determine crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) values. In addition, inlet irrigation water and tailwater drainage were determined. Across years, there was no difference in ETc (averaged 862 mm), seasonal Kc (averaged 1.07), irrigation water delivery (averaged 1839 mm) and calculated percolation and seepage losses (averaged 269 mm) between systems. An analysis of the first month of the season, when the water management between these two practices was different, indicated that Kc and water use were lower in DS systems relative to WS systems when there was only one irrigation flush during this period, while two or three irrigation flushes resulted in similar values between the two systems.
Introduction Methods for efficiently identifying cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are a critical unmet need. The goal of this work was to validate novel online study partner (SP)-reported outcomes to identify cognitive decline in older adults. Methods In older adults enrolled in the Brain Health Registry, we analyzed associations between SP-reported cognitive decline, measured by the Everyday Cognition Scale, and either (1) participant cognition, assessed by Cogstate Brief Battery or (2) participant-reported diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or AD. Results We found strong associations between SP-reported Everyday Cognition Scale and both Cogstate scores and participant diagnosis. The associations were cognitive domain specific, dependant on participant diagnosis, and were stronger in spouse dyads and those who knew each other longer. Discussion Collecting SP-reported data online from a large cohort is feasible. Results support the construct validity of our approach, which has the potential to facilitate clinical AD and aging research.
Solvent dissociation dynamics from solvated lithium ion solvated by ethylene carbonates (EC) have been investigated by means of direct ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) method. The lithium ion was solvated by four EC molecules as the first solvation shell. It was found that the solvation number of lithium ion is drastically changed from 4 to 1 when the solvated lithium ion accepts an excess electron. The binding energy of Li-EC decreased to a one-tenth. Finally, the contact ion pair composed of Li+ and EC− was formed as the product. The mechanism of solvent dissociation was discussed on the basis of theoretical results.
This paper is theoretically suggested to describe diffusion induced stress in the elastoplastic hollow spherical silicon electrode for plastic deformation using both analytical model and molecular simulation. Based on the plastic deformation and the yield criterion, we develop this model accounting for the lithium-ion diffusion effect in hollow electrode, focusing on the concentration and stress distributions undergoing lithium-ion insertion. The results show that the two ways, applied compressive stress to inner surface or limited inner surface with higher concentration using biological membranes maintaining concentration difference, lead to the compressive stress induced by the lithium-ion diffusion effect. Hollow spherical electrode reduces effectively diffusion induced stress through controlling and tuning electrode parameters to obtain the reasonably low yield strength. According to MD simulations, plastic deformation phenomenon not only occurs at interface layer of lithiated phase, but also penetrates at electrode interior owning to confinement imposed by lithiated phase. These criteria that radial and hoop stresses reduce dramatically when plastic deformation occurs near the end faces of hollow electrode, may help guide development of new materials for lithium-ion batteries with enhanced mechanical durability, by means of reasonable designing yield strength to maintain mechanical stress below fracture strength, thereby increasing battery life.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), also known as porous coordination polymers, are constructed using metal-containing nodes with organic bridges. With intrinsically ordered porous structure, MOFs are considered as a promising component to modify separator/electrolyte systems for rechargeable batteries. Herein, drawing upon the information collected from recent reports, we analysed and discussed the effects of MOF-based membranes on ion transmission. Both simulation calculations and experimental results indicated that the liquid electrolyte filled MOF membranes could aid in guiding the uniformity of Li ion plating, suppressing the growth of Li dendrites. More importantly, the applications of MOF-based membranes in Li–metal battery and Li-ion battery systems were also overviewed by collecting state-of-art research results. When the MOF-based membranes were used as separators, they can not only successfully restrain the adverse shuttling of electrochemical intermediate products for achieving long cycle life Li–S batteries, but can also be used to develop dual-mediator strategies for superior electrochemical performance Li–O2 batteries and hybrid electrolyte systems for high voltage Li-ion batteries. In addition, based on the obtained progress in rechargeable lithium batteries, the potential of MOF-based membranes serving as ionic sieves in Na–metal batteries, organic redox flow batteries and liquid-anode batteries was rationally proposed. Finally, several suggestions in regard to constructing reliable batteries with MOF membranes were provided from the perspective of practical applications.
Adolescence is characterized by numerous social, hormonal and physical changes, as well as a marked increase in risk-taking behaviors. Dual systems models attribute adolescent risk-taking to tensions between developing capacities for cognitive control and motivational strivings, which may peak at this time. A comprehensive understanding of neurocognitive development during the adolescent period is necessary to permit the distinction between premorbid vulnerabilities and consequences of behaviors such as substance use. Thus, the prospective assessment of cognitive development is fundamental to the aims of the newly launched Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Consortium. This paper details the rationale for ABC’lected measures of neurocognition, presents preliminary descriptive data on an initial sample of 2299 participants, and provides a context for how this large-scale project can inform our understanding of adolescent neurodevelopment.
CoV2O6/natural graphite electrode with sodium alginate binder is prepared, which shows excellent electrochemical performance as anode for Li-ion batteries. It exhibits initial discharge and charge capacity of 902 and 638 mAh g−1 at a specific current of 110 mA g−1. After 100 cycles, the discharge and charge capacity maintain of 669 and 665 mAh g−1, respectively. The charge/discharge mechanism of CoV2O6 is also studied, suggesting a structure variation in discharging, which involves the initial formation of LiV2O5 and Co3V2O8, the subsequent transition from Co3V2O8 to LixV2O5 and CoO, and the later reduction of CoO into Co. The structure variation of Co3V2O8 accompanies by an amorphization process, which maintains in the subsequent discharging and charging process.
The relationship between parent–child attachment and executive function (EF) in middle childhood remains relatively poorly studied. Very little is known about the role that the child’s verbal ability might play in these relationships. Therefore, in the present study, we explored the concurrent links between perceived attachment security with parents and hot and cool inhibitory control (IC)—a core component of EF—as well as the potential mediating role of verbal ability in those links.
Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are receiving attention again for emerging grid-scale energy storage needs. Exploring and developing NIB anode materials with excellent electrochemical properties from Earth-abundant elements are of important scientific and practical significance. Herein, we have designed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) encapsulated β-FeOOH nanorods as NIB anodes, which can be synthesized through a two-step method including surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of β-FeOOH nanorods and encapsulation of the obtained nanorods. The β-FeOOH@PEDOT nanorodes deliver a high discharge capacity of 726mAhg−1 and maintain the reversible capacity of 468mAhg−1 over fifty cycles. Based on a series of detailed characterizations and comparison experiments, we analyzed the sodium storage process of β-FeOOH@PEDOT nanorodes and proposed the causation of PEDOT shells improving electrochemical properties.
A wide range of concentrations of the [EIm][TfO] proton ionic liquid (PIL) were for the first time incorporated into a poly(oxyethyelene) (POE)/siloxane hybrid host matrix (d-U(2000)) belonging to the di-ureasil family. The synthesis procedure adopted, involving the lowest amount of water possible, resulted in the formation of essentially anhydrous electrolytes at certain PIL levels. The optimized sample d-U(2000)/[EIm][TfO]50 (where 50 represents the ratio in % of the mass of [EIm][TfO] per mass of POE precursor) is amorphous, thermally stable up to 200°C, displays good mechanical properties and exhibits an ionic conductivity of 3.2×10-4 and 4.3×10-3 Scm-1 at 20 and 186°C, respectively. These features have persisted for more than three years. These new electrolytes appear quite attractive for applications in fuel cells operating under non-humidified conditions.
An overview of the design and development of a valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) battery with thin tubular plates is presented. Substantially improved specific energy in driving-cycle tests shows how the strategy of increasing the number of plate couples through the production of plates with component thicknesses that are 50% of those for existing technology plates is effective in meeting the requirements of the target application. Exploring the possibilities for removing inactive materials shows how reducing spine material to an extent limited to maintenance of an acceptable metal/active-material surface ratio (‘gamma’ value) by using an elliptical spine is effective, but that further reductions impair cell performance on cycling. Matching recharge characteristics with cell design and controlled initial electrolyte of the cells is discussed in terms of the influence of the oxygen-recombination rate on the recharge response. Changes during stable operation are illustrated in terms of charge response data during long cycle-life with 80% depth-of-discharge and a low, overcharge, viz., 4% C5. With an appropriate alloy, thin spines remain intact after more than 1000 cycles of service. Growth and non-penetrating corrosion rates are low for the optimized operating conditions.
The electrochemical property of solid electrolyte plays a key role in stabilizing and enhancing the performance of all solid Li-ion battery, which means numerous effort is necessitated to explore and design better solid electrolytes. In this context, density functional theory calculations (DFT) were employed to investigate the electronic structures and ionic transport properties of NASICON M Ti2(PO4)3 ( M = Li, Na) materials aiming to elucidate the fast-ionic conductivity mechanism. The calculation results demonstrated that during the M ion migration, the Li/Na ions exhibit in both vacancy assisted and interstitial hopping, while the interstitial Li/Na diffusion with activation energies of 0.25eV for Li and 0.49eV for Na , is the kinetically favorable transport mechanism in their thermo-dynamically equilibrated configurations. However, the appearance of the interstitial M ion is strongly related to the ionic defect states and temperature, which indicates in real condition, two kinds of diffusion mechanism exhibit synergistic effect on the ion transport to realize the fast ion conducting in M Ti2(PO4)3 ( M = Li, Na) materials.
The state of sodium inserted in the hard carbon electrode of a sodium ion battery having practical cyclability was investigated using solid state 23Na NMR. The spectra of carbon samples charged (reduced) above 50 mAh g−1 showed clear three components. Two peaks at 9.9 ppm and 5.2 ppm were ascribed to reversible sodium stored between disordered graphene sheets in hard carbon because the shift of the peaks was invariable with changing strength of external magnetic field. One broad signal at about −9 to −16 ppm was assigned to sodium in heterogeneously distributed closed nanopores in hard carbon. Low temperature 23Na static and magic angle spinning NMR spectra didn't split or shift whereas the spectral pattern of 7Li NMR for lithium-inserted hard carbon changes depending on the temperature. This strongly suggests that the exchange of sodium atoms between different sites in hard carbon is slow. These studies show that sodium doesn't form quasi-metallic clusters in closed nanopores of hard carbon although sodium assembles at nanopores while the cell is electrochemically charged.
Objectives and methods: Mismatch negativities (MMN) to frequency and duration changes in a series of repetitive tones and to two different consonant-vowel syllables (ba and ga, standard da) were recorded in a test and retest session in 15 children aged 7–11 years. Reliability within one session and stability between the sessions of MMN amplitudes and the ERP-components P1 and N1 were determined by correlation coefficients. Results: Mean amplitudes of the grand averages showed a decrease of MMN during the second test session in a late latency window (400–500 ms) for the frequency MMN and of the MMN elicited by speech stimuli. The individual stability reached significance only for the duration deviant and one of the syllables. Compared to results found in adults with similar stimulus conditions the stability of the MMN in children seems to be somewhat lower. The components P1 and N1 to both stimulus types (tone and speech), however, showed a high reliability and individual stability. Conclusion: While MMN is a useful tool to study processing deficits in groups of children, as e.g. in language-impaired children, MMN as a individual diagnostic measure should be interpreted very cautiously.
This paper reviews current knowledge on sleep problems, sleep architecture changes and quantitative EEG alteration brought on by various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy MSA, Huntington's disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, in comparison to normal aging. The study of sleep variables and that of the spectral composition of the EEG can provide valuable information for understanding the pathophysiology and for assisting the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.
In this paper nitrogen and argon implanted highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrodes have been studied, with the aim of distinguishing whether the electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrodes is preferentially driven by chemical defects or by morphological defects. Modified HOPG electrodes have been prepared by ion implantation and fully characterized by photoemission spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. Several different N-based defects have been identified and characterized in terms of their thermal stability. The modified electrodes were electrochemically characterized considering the electron-transfer kinetics of two redox probes Ru(III)(NH3)6Cl3 and K4Fe(II)(CN)6: both types of electrodes show an increased performance in terms of standard rate constant k 0 with respect to pristine HOPG for the oxidation of Fe(CN)6 4− and this effect has been exclusively related to a morphological effect. N-implanted HOPG electrodes show an increased reactivity toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the onset potential being more positive with respect to both Ar-implanted HOPG and pristine HOPG (0.09 and 0.28V, respectively) and follow a four electrons reduction pathway to H2O. The results indicate that morphological as well as chemical defects are important factors for influencing the ORR kinetics. However, the enhanced ORR activity at N-HOPG suggests a pivotal role played by the N-based chemical defects.
Emission variability of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide from tidal flat sediments to atmosphere in Ariake Sea, Japan was studied using a diffusion scrubber-based portable instrument. Ariake Sea is a typical closed sea consisting of a huge marsh area along the coast. Seasonal, spatial and diurnal variability in emission rates were examined. In addition, depth profiles of the gas emissions were examined with the profiles of anions, heavy metals, water and organic contents. Unexpectedly, SO2 emission was much higher than H2S in all measurements, while an opposite emission trend was observed in diurnal and spatial patterns of H2S and SO2 emissions. The mechanisms of these gas emissions are discussed. Total sulfur fluxes to the atmosphere as H2S and SO2 during the study averaged 7.1μgSm−2 h−1 for muddy sites and 28μgSm−2 h−1 for sandy sites. Sulfur fluxes from tidal flats were comparable to the artificial sulfur emission from the neighboring towns.
For a few years, the littoral of the Gulf of Tunis has been subjected to agricultural activities, industrial, urban and tourist development and consequently submitted to the impact of many chemical and physical stressors. Sub-individual responses (biochemical biomarkers) in bivalves can be used as an early warning system for ecotoxicological risk assessment. However, the influence of many confounding factors such as ecological (e.g. temperature and salinity) or physiological (e.g. reproductive and nutritive status) parameters on biomarker responses must be taken carefully into account. The aim of the present study was to integrate into indices (Integrated Biomarker Response: IBR and Health Status Index: HSI) individual responses of biochemical biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels, lactate dehydrogenase and metallothionein-like proteins) and energy reserves (glycogen, lipid levels and total protein concentrations) at sub-individual level, and condition index at individual level in Donax trunculus originating from 4 sites contrasted by their level of contamination in the Gulf of Tunis. Integrated biomarkers indices have been revealed to be efficient and easy tools for environmental managers. Responses of IBR and HSI were compared and their strengths and weaknesses discussed. Results showed that HSI could be an easy tool for risk management whereas IBR results were more informative with regard to the temporal contribution of each biomarker considered in the battery used in the present work. In bivalves from the reference Sidi Jehmi site, the contribution of energy reserves and the condition index reflecting a good general health status clearly influenced the temporal variations of IBR whereas in bivalves from the multi-contaminated Radès Méliane site, temporal variations of IBR were induced mainly by the responses of pollution biomarkers. Previous investigations concerning other level of biological organization (population) are in accordance with the present data (Tlili et al., 2010, 2011).
Major advances in Li-ion battery technology rely on the nanostructuration of active materials to overcome the severe kinetics limitations of new – cheaper and safer – chemistries. However, opening porosities results in the decrease of volumetric performances, closing the door to significant applications such as portable electronics, electromobility, and grid storage. In this study, we analyze the link between morphologies and performances of model LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 materials. By quantifying exhaustively their microstructures using nitrogen adsorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and helium pycnometry, we can discuss how porosities and surface areas are linked to the electrochemical behavior. There is no geometrical parameters that can predict the performances of all our materials. The shape of agglomeration dictates the electrochemical behavior. A huge drop in volumetric performances is measured when microstructure is considered. We show that gravimetric and volumetric power performances are contrary to each other. Highly dense materials exhibit, by far, the best power performances in terms of volumetric figures, so that opening porosities might not be the best strategy, even in non-nanosized materials, for Li-ion battery technology.
An established tool for the assessment of motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is the Movement-ABC-2 (M-ABC-2). The Zurich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNA) is also widely used for the evaluation of children's motor performance, but has not been compared with the M-ABC-2. Fifty-one children (39 males) between 5 and 7 years of age with suspected DCD were assessed using the M-ABC-2 and the ZNA. Rank correlations between scores of different test components were calculated. The structure of the tests was explored using canonical-correlation analysis. The correlation between total scores of the two motor tests was reasonable (0.66; p <0.001). However, ZNA scores were generally lower than those of M-ABC-2, due to poor performance in the fine motor adaptive component and increased contralateral associated movements (CAM). The canonical-correlation analysis revealed that ZNA measures components like pure motor skills and CAM that are not represented in the M-ABC-2. Furthermore, there was also no equivalent for the aiming and catching items of the M-ABC-2 in ZNA. The two tests measure different motor characteristics in children with suspected DCD and, thus, can be used complementary for the diagnosis of the disorder.
LiNi0.5−y M y Mn1.5O4 compounds have proven to be of great interest as active cathode material for high-voltage lithium-ion cells. The electrochemical behavior of LiNi0.5−y Fe y Mn1.5O4 compounds as cathode material in lithium cells is studied here. The charge–discharge curves are characterized by three main plateaus, ascribable to the removal (during charge) or filling (during discharge) of d electrons corresponding to the different redox pairs present: FeIV/FeIII, NiIV/NiII and MnIV/MnIII. Taking into account the entropy associated to the lithium extraction/insertion and the filling of the different electronic levels, the modelization gives a good reproducibility of the experimental electrochemical curves. The standard potential μ 0 of the redox pairs were estimated to be ca. −4.90, −4.80 and −4.23eV, respectively.
The importance to study separately the composition and properties of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on basal and cross-section planes of graphite particles is demonstrated. The lateral distribution of SEI forming compounds at submicron resolution is presented for the first time. It was found that Li and F are the main constituents of the SEI cross-section. The SEI on the solution-side surface of the basal plane contains much more organic materials than that of the cross-section one. The SEI on the HOPG can be described as non-homogeneous. The SEI cross-section is dominated by Li and F, with one to several dozen micron-sized regions where Li and F are almost absent. The distribution of C2H (and other C x H y -based fragments), O, C2H3O2 (59), and C2H3O (43), shows full coverage and is fairly homogeneous. The true lateral size of the microphases is about 1μm. TOF SIMS measurements provide direct evidence for the existence of polymers in the basal SEI.