batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this research, a new Mg-air battery based on Mg–14Li–1Al–0.1Ce was prepared and the battery performance was investigated by constant current discharge test. The corrosion behavior of Mg, AZ31 and Mg–Li–Al–Ce were studied by self-corrosion rate measurement and potentiodynamic polarization measurement. The characteristics of Mg–Li–Al–Ce after discharge were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that Mg–Li–Al–Ce is more active than Mg and AZ31. The self-corrosion rate is found to be in the order: Mg–Li–Al–Ce<Mg<AZ31. It has been observed that the Mg-air battery based on Mg–Li–Al–Ce offers higher operating voltage, anodic efficiency and capacity than those with Mg and AZ31. SEM and EIS results show that the discharge product of Mg–Li–Al–Ce is loosely adhered to the alloy surface, and thus Mg–Li–Al–Ce could keep high discharge activity during discharge.
BACKGROUND Frailty is common in adults with advanced lung disease and is associated with death before and after lung transplantation. We aimed to determine whether frailty changes from before to after the lung transplant. METHODS In a single-center, prospective cohort study among adults undergoing lung transplantation from 2010 to 2017, we assessed frailty by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB; higher scores reflect less frailty) and Fried Frailty Phenotype (FFP; higher scores reflect greater frailty) before and repeatedly up to 36 months after transplant. We tested for changes in frailty scores over time using segmented mixed effects models, adjusting for age, sex, and diagnosis. We quantified the proportion of subjects transitioning between frailty states (frail vs not frail) from before to after the transplant. RESULTS In 246 subjects, changes in frailty occurred within the first 6 post-operative months and remained stable thereafter. The overall change in frailty was attributable to improvements among those subjects who were frail before transplant. They experienced a 5.1-point improvement in SPPB (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.6–5.7) and a 1.8-point improvement in FFP (95% CI −2.1 to −1.6) during the early period. Frailty by SPPB and FFP did not change in those who were not frail before transplant. Approximately 84% of survivors who were frail before transplant became not frail after transplant. CONCLUSIONS Pre-operative frailty resolves in many patients after lung transplantation. Because a large proportion of frailty may be attributable to advanced lung disease, frailty alone should not be an absolute contraindication to transplantation.
We report the synthesis of graphene oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites employing an alternative and novel approach for possible application as supercapacitor materials in energy storage devices. Integrating these nanostructures resulted in a strong synergistic effect between the two materials consequently leading to a robust and superior hybrid material with higher capacitance compared to either graphene oxide or MWCNTs. Specific capacitances of 251, 85 and 60 F g−1 were obtained for graphene oxide-multi-walled carbon nanotubes, MWCNTs and graphene oxide, respectively, in a potential range from −0.1 to 0.5 V. Most importantly, a 120% increase in capacitance was observed with increasing cycle number at 20 mV s−1. The ease of synthesis and the exceptional electrochemical properties make the use of this nanostructure an attractive, alternative way of designing future supercapacitors in both conventional fields and new emerging areas.
Lithium doped and undoped reactions for tin have been investigated in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (BMPTFSA) containing 0.1M LiTFSA with some glymes. Lithium doped and undoped for tin were found to be possible in the ionic liquid electrolyte in both absence and presence of glymes. The interfacial resistance for lithium doped and undoped reactions in the ionic liquid electrolyte was decreased by addition of 0.2M glymes probably due to the coordination of the glymes to Li+. It was suggested that the interfacial resistance is strongly affected by the coordination environment of Li+ in the ionic liquid electrolyte.
Several studies on patient safety have shown that a substantial number of patients suffer from unintended harm caused by healthcare management in hospitals. Emergency departments (EDs) are challenging hospital settings with regard to patient safety. There is an increased sense of urgency to take effective countermeasures in order to improve patient safety. This can only be achieved if interventions tackle the dominant underlying causes. The objectives of our study are to examine the nature and causes of unintended events in EDs and the relationship between type of event and causal factor structure.
The free-standing V2O5 nanobelts cathodes for lithium-ion batteries are synthesized through hydrothermal reaction followed by anneal treatments and vacuum filtration deposition. The well cycling performances of the electrode were verified by battery test system. The microstructure and surface morphologies of the V2O5 electrode before and after discharge-charge cycles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The evolutions of strain fields of free-standing V2O5 electrodes are in-situ measured by digital image correlation technique. The heterogeneous features of in-plane strains of V2O5 electrode surface in macro-scales are characterized and systematically discussed as a function of test time (or voltage). Given the effect that the elastic modulus is dependent on the concentration and cycling number, the evolutions of in-plane stresses of V2O5 cathodes during discharge-charge cycling are estimated using a chemo-mechanical constitutive equation. The influences of chemical and mechanical components on in-plane stresses are extracted and discussed, respectively. The results are crucial to further reveal the chemo-mechanical coupling failure mechanism of V2O5 cathode and optimize the electrode structure of lithium-ion battery systems.
With growing environmental concerns over the climate change risks associated with power generation using fossil fuels, solar power generation has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing renewable sources of electricity in the world. In recent technological advancements for improving the performance of PV system, efficiency improvement of solar PV cell and power converter stage has become a critical area of interest for researchers. Sensitivity and reliability studies of a system are important tools to evaluate the performance of the system. In this paper, sensitivity and reliability models of a grid-connected PV system are developed. Analytical relations of first order sensitivity are developed for PV cell and DC-DC converter. Further, reliability models are developed for individual components and for different configurations of PV system using Pareto analysis and logic gate representations. The main reference for electronic component reliability evaluation is MIL-HDBK-217 military handbook and MTBF calculator software by ALD. The developed models can be applied to any PV system to have a better insight.
Most Li-metal batteries can work safely only under 45 °C and have risks of burning or explosion. A novel nonflammable Li-battery is developed to address the challenge, using an interpenetrating rigid-flexible poly (aryl-ether-ketone) nonwovens (PAEKNW) cross-linked with poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate electrolyte to transport lithium ions. The hybridized polymer electrolyte possesses a high ionic conductivity of 1.2 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature and a wide electrochemical window with decomposition voltage higher than 4.5V. It does not readily catch fire or shrink, even under open flame, and shows no noticeable volumetric expansion or contraction at 80 °C, in stark contrast to most liquid-electrolytes-based or gel batteries. Even after cut off by one-third, the battery continues to function. The unique bi-functional molecular design of the polymer electrolyte, which guarantees simultaneously a very rare combination of thermal and mechanical stability, high ion conductivity, and a wide electrochemical window at room temperature, is the key factor responsible for the excellent comprehensive performances.
Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are critical constituents of modern day vehicular and telecommunication technologies. Transition metal oxides and their composites have been extensively studied as potential electrode materials for LIBs. However, inefficient lithiation, poor electrical conductivity, and drastic volume change during cycling result in low reversible capacity and rapid capacity fading, and thus hinder the practical applications of those electrodes. In this work, we report a facile synthesis of a novel hierarchical composites, which consist of ultrafine Co3O4 nanoparticles uniformly dispersed on TiO2(B) nanosheets with atomic thickness (Co3O4 NPs@TiO2(B) NSs). When tested as anode material for LIBs, the Co3O4 NPs@TiO2(B) NSs sample with optimized composition shows a reversible capacity of ∼677.3 mAhg−1 after 80 cycles at a current density of 100 mAg−1. A capacity of 386.2 mAhg−1 is still achieved at 1000 mAg−1. The synergistic effect of ultrafine Co3O4 nanoparticles and atomic-thickness TiO2(B) nanosheets is responsible for the enhanced electrochemical performance.
To achieve high energy and power densities, we developed a high-voltage 2.5 V electrochemical pseudo-capacitor with a maximum energy density of 304 W h kg−1 based on MnO2 nanowires electrodeposited on nickel foam as electrode with a novel Li-ion quasi-ionic liquid as electrolyte.
This paper reports the effect of a binary conductive agent consisting of two kinds of carbon particles with different sizes in a LiCoO2 cathode on the performance of a lithium ion polymer battery. Super-P (30 nm) and Lonza-KS6 (6 μm) were selected as the components for the binary conductive agents. The total amount and the ratio of the two components of the binary conductive agents were varied. At a fixed Lonza/Super-P ratio of 1:1, the cathode with the higher conductive agent content showed a lower electrical resistance and a lower density, which resulted in better rate and cycling characteristics. However, this advantage was somewhat offset by the decrease of energy density. At a fixed binary conductive agent content of 8 wt.%, the electrode density increased and the surface electrode resistance decreased with increasing Super-P content. In spite of the decreased ionic diffusion rate, the charge transfer resistance was decreased and the rate capability was increased with increasing Super-P content, which indicated that the formation of effective electronic conduction paths was highly important. The SEM microscopic observation and measurement of planar density of LiCoO2 indicate that the addition of a small amount of Lonza-KS6 provides a uniform dispersion of LiCoO2 particles in the cathode. As a consequence, the cell with the binary conductive agent at an appropriate Lonza/Super-P ratio had a better cycle life than those with single conductive agents.
Composite LiFePO4/C cathode materials were prepared with a novel solution method followed by heat-treating at various temperatures. The compositions, crystalline structure, and morphology of the prepared powders were investigated with AA, EA, XRD, SEM, and EPMA. The electrochemical properties as cathode material for lithium batteries were studied by capacity retention study. Among the prepared composite cathode materials, the sample heat-treated at 700°C for 12h shows better cycling performance than those of others. It shows initial specific discharge capacities of 165 and 130mAhg−1 at 30°C with C rates of C/10 and 1C, respectively.
Electrospinning has been growing increasingly versatile as a promising method to fabricate one dimensional (1D) designed architectures for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). In this review, we have summarized almost all the progress in electrospun electrode materials for LIBs, covering the structure evolution from solid nanofibers into designed 1D nanomaterials, then 1D composites with carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and finally into flexible electrode materials with CNFs. Such a development trend in electrospun electrode materials would meet the battery technology and the strong consumer market demand for portable, ultrathin/lightweight and flexible devices. Along with the avenues of research about electrospun electrode materials for LIBs, electrospun electrode materials for SIBs are a rapidly growing and enormously promising field. As a timely overview, recent studies on electrospun SIB electrode materials are also highlighted. Finally, the emerging challenges and future developments of electrospun electrode materials are concisely provided. We hope this review will provide some inspiration to researchers over a broad range of topics, especially in the fields of energy, chemistry, physics, nanoscience and nanotechnology.
We examined the importance of children’s classroom activity, defined as task-focused versus task-avoidance behavior, on different literacy outcomes in an orthographically consistent language. Greek children (n =95) were tested in kindergarten, grade 1, and grade 2 on measures of general cognitive ability, phonological awareness, RAN, and short-term memory. The teachers of the children also assessed their task-focused behavior. Nonword decoding, reading fluency, spelling, and reading comprehension measures were administered in grades 2 and 3. The results indicated that task-focused behavior accounted for unique variance in spelling and reading comprehension, even after controlling for the effects of autoregressor, non-verbal IQ, and phonological processing.
Publisher Summary This chapter presents general habitats, collecting equipments, methods of collection and storage for the major insect orders and orders groupings needed for collection and preservation. Insects are prepared for study and storage in three basic ways: pinning, fluid storage, and mounting on microslides. Adult insects or the immature forms of hard-bodied insects such as those with incomplete metamorphosis are pinned through the thorax of the body, unless too tiny, and then they are mounted on card points. Insects that are too small, or the bodies of which are too brittle or soft, should not be pinned. They should be stored in glass vials in 70% ethyl alcohol (EtOH). Many tiny insects such as lice, fleas, and thrips can be stored in EtOH until such time as they can be made into permanent microslide mounts with Euparol, Canada balsam, or some other mounting medium. Once the specimen is ready, they can be pinned or spread and are placed inside the envelops. Storage of pinned and papered specimens must be in tight containers so that museum pests such as Dermestidae (carpet beetles) and booklice (Psocoptera) cannot get to them. These can also be repelled by fumigants such as naphthalene (moth flakes or moth balls), PDB (paradichlorobenzene), or dichlorvos-impregnated “strips” cut into blocks. However, the trend is away from museum fumigants because of possible health problems caused because of exposure to them. The better method is freezing.
Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD), also known as Dyspraxia in the United Kingdom (U.K.), is a developmental disorder affecting motor co-ordination. In the past this was regarded as a childhood disorder, however there is increasing evidence that a significant number of children will continue to have persistent difficulties into adulthood. Despite this, there remains little information as to how the difficulties might present at this stage, and additionally the impact on every day functioning. As young people move into further and higher education there is a need for screening and assessment tools. Such tools allow for identification of these difficulties, access to support, and clarification of areas where appropriate support needs to be targeted. This paper describes the first adult screening tool for DCD. The development and the results from testing this tool in two countries, Israel and the U.K. are outlined and the implications for its use in further and higher education discussed.
Finding a new battery chemistry is of urgent importance to reply diverse deployment trends of battery-driven devices. Here we propose a strategy to configure dual-ion storage battery based on SO2 solvated chloroaluminate molten salt complex electrolyte employing Cu2O cathode material. The proposed battery chemistry is proven by two different couples of dual-ion (Li/Cl and Na/Cl) batteries that show about 590 Wh kg−1 based on Cu2O mass with working voltage of 3.4 V as well as highly stable cycle performance up to 300 cycles. Further improvement may be possible by optimizing the electrode material with the compatible electrolyte composition, thus being another alternative to address various requirements of next-generation battery for future applications.
We analyze the impacts of future scenarios of electric vehicles (EVs) on the German power system, drawing on different assumptions on the charging mode. We find that the impact on the load duration curve strongly differs between charging modes. In a fully user-driven mode, charging largely occurs during daytime and in the evening, when power demand is already high. User-driven charging may thus have to be restricted because of generation adequacy concerns. In contrast, cost-driven charging is carried out during night-time and at times of high PV availability. Using a novel model formulation that allows for simulating intermediate charging modes, we show that even a slight relaxation of fully user-driven charging results in much smoother load profiles. Further, cost-driven EV charging strongly increases the utilization of hard coal and lignite plants in 2030, whereas additional power in the user-driven mode is predominantly generated from natural gas and hard coal. Specific CO2 emissions of EVs are substantially higher than those of the overall power system, and highest under cost-driven charging. Only in additional model runs, in which we link the introduction of EVs to a respective deployment of additional renewables, electric vehicles become largely CO2-neutral.
The Stroop color-word interference task, prompting slower response to color-incongruent than to congruent items, is often used to study neural mechanisms of inhibitory control and dysfunction in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Inconsistent findings of an augmented Stroop effect limit identification of relevant dysfunctional mechanism(s) in schizophrenia. The present study sought to advance understanding of normal and impaired neural oscillatory dynamics by distinguishing interference detection and response preparation during the Stroop task in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders via analysis of behavioral performance and 4–7 Hz (theta) and 10–30 Hz (alpha/beta) EEG oscillations in 40 patients (SZ) and 27 healthy comparison participants (HC). SZ responded more slowly and showed less dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) theta enhancement during INC trials, less enhancement of dACC-sensorimotor cortex connectivity (theta phase synchrony) during INC trials, more alpha/beta suppression though less enhancement of that suppression during INC trials, and slower post-response alpha/beta rebound than did HC. Reaction time distributions showed larger group and Stroop effects during the 25% of trials with the slowest responses. Poorer theta phase coherence in patients indicates impaired communication between regions associated with interference processing (dACC) and response preparation (sensorimotor cortex). Results suggest a failure cascade in which compromised behavioral Stroop effects are driven at least in part by dysfunctional interference processing (less theta power increase) prompting dysfunctional motor response preparation (less alpha/beta power suppression). Inconsistent Stroop effects in past studies of schizophrenia may result from differing task parameters sampling different degrees of Stroop task difficulty.
We have developed an effective strategy to synthesize heterostructures of graphdiyne-encapsulated molybdenum disulfide nanosheet on conductive 3D carbon fiber network (GDY-MoS2 NS/CF). The heterostructure showed efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. All of the results for experiments and theoretical calculations evidenced that GDY can be chemisorbed on the surface of MoS2, which lead to the 2H-to-1T phase transformation of MoS2, and the enhancement of electric conductivity, and thus giving a near-zero Gibbs free energy. The GDY-MoS2 NS/CF shows a better HER activity with a low overpotential of only 90 mV to deliver current density of 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline conditions, which is superior to that of 20% Pt/C (103 mV) and 45.7 times larger than pristine MoS2 in transient photocurrent. The catalytic mechanisms of such GDY-based heterostructures are clear for understanding the catalytic mechanism on the atomic level. The unique heterostructure of the GDY encapsulating MoS2 showed high HER activity and the electrocatalyst with extraordinary long-term stability at all pH values, which compares favourably to all reported MoS2-based electrocatalysts and most of other benchmarked electrocatalysts. This provide an efficient strategy for developing highly active and stable electrocatalyst.
Objective Growing evidence suggests that long-term structural and physiological alterations are present in the brain of previously concussed athletes. In this study, we sought to further explore the long-term consequences of concussions with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) by examining excitability changes both within and between hemispheres. Methods Participants (32 young adults with and without a history of concussions (H x C)) first underwent testing to assess cognitive and motor performance using standardized tests. Then, the following TMS measures were derived bilaterally: (1) resting motor threshold and motor evoked potentials (MEP), (2) afferent-induced modulation, (3) contralateral silent period (cSP) and MEP facilitation, and, (4) ipsilateral silent period (iSP). Results Multivariate analyses of performance data revealed no major group differences. For TMS data, no “hemisphere” effects were detected for all measures. Group differences were detected only for iSP derived measures owing to alterations in the onset latency and duration of transcallosal inhibition in the H x C group. Conclusions While no major asymmetries were found between hemispheres, participants in the H x C group showed evidence of impaired transcallosal inhibition. Significance Results provide one of the first piece of evidence pointing to alterations in transcallosal inhibition as a potential neurophysiological marker of long-term consequences of concussions in sports.
There is a lack of agreement about functional connectivity differences in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies using absolute strength have found reduced connectivity, while those using relative strength––a measure of system topology––reveal mostly enhanced connectivity. We hypothesized that mixed findings may be driven by the metric of functional connectivity.