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Symmetric full-cells, which employ two identical electrodes as both the cathode and anode, attract great research attention, because it has high safety, facial fabrication and lower costs. Unfortunately, the practical utilization of full symmetric energy storage systems, especially the symmetric potassium ion batteries (KIBs), is hindered by the limited choice of the available electrode materials. In this work, a novel NASICON-type K3V2(PO4)3 is prepared and first employed for the symmetric KIBs. Through in-situ measurement, a highly lattice reversibility is found during the K+ insertion/extraction process. KV2(PO4)3 and K5V2(PO4)3 was generated after the depotassiation and potassiation process at about 4.0 V and below 1.0 V, respectively. The reversible capacity of the full symmetric KIBs is about 90 mAh g−1 between 0.01 and 3.0 V at 25 mA g−1, corresponding to an initial coulombic efficiency of 91.7% which is the highest one among all the previous reported symmetric energy storage systems (including the symmetric lithium/sodium ion batteries). 88.6% reversible capacity was maintained even after 500 cycling test. More importantly, a largest working potential at about 2.3 V was obtained in this work, benefiting the output energy of this symmetric energy storage system. The outstanding cycling stability, large working potential and the highest initial coulombic efficiency endow this work with promising advantages for the future development of the novel energy storage system.
In this study, we describe an experimental investigation on synthesis and characterization of silicon carbide (SiC) particles encapsulated with MgO (magnesium oxide) and nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 spinel (magnesium aluminate), respectively through sol− gel route, a facile technique. Synthesized microcomposites were comprehensively examined by various characterization techniques like FE-SEM (Field emission scanning electron microscopy), XRD (X-Ray diffraction) and TEM (Transmission electron microscopy), respectively. Elemental mapping and X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX) associated with high-resolution SEM provided the specific amount of shell materials. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) examination was conducted for the MgO encapsulated SiC and MgAl2O4 encapsulated SiC microcomposites. The synthesized encapsulated SiC with MgAl2O4 spinel is having a better catalytic ability and show higher peak currents compared to MgO decorated SiC and pristine SiC. The results obtained from EIS and CV testing demonstrate that synthesized microcomposites can be applied as an active material for supercapacitors, fuel cells, electronic devices, electrodes and unique reinforcing materials in other metal as well as polymer matrix, respectively.
We report the performance of a series of hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) with extremely high surface areas of up to 2340 m2 g−1 with total pore volume of up to 3.8 cm3 g−1 as supports for sulfur for Li–S batteries. The hierarchical structure of the carbon originating from interconnected large mesopores (10–50 nm), small mesopores (2–10 nm) and micropores (<2 nm) makes the total available surface area highly accessible, resulting in excellent electrode kinetics. At high C-rates of 2 C and 5 C, large specific capacities of 647 mA h g−1 and 503 mA h g−1, respectively, were obtained after 200 cycles. In addition, we also systematically show that the cyclic stability is independent of the size of the pores sulfur is initially confined in, when LiNO3 is used as the electrolyte additive, indicating that capacity fade due to polysulfide shuttle is effectively eliminated and that it is not related to pore size anymore.
Polymer-derived silicon oxycarbide (SiCO) has a reversible capacity of ∼800mAhg−1 and is considered as a promising anode material for Li-ion battery. Further study needs to be conducted in terms of energy and structure in atomic scale, which could be very challenging for current experimental technologies. To better understand the mechanism of lithium insertion in SiCO, first principle calculations are performed to study the atomic structures, bonding mechanism, mechanical properties and lithiation voltage of lithiated SiC1/4O7/4. The predominate feature of the lithiated configuration is the presence of several Li involved tetrahedrons with the formation of LiC/LiO bonds. By the calculations of relative volume and bulk modulus, SiC1/4O7/4 presents a considerably better performance in expansion and mechanical property than Si and SiO1/3. The formation energy and voltage curve also show that the lithium is more preferable in incorporation with SiC1/4O7/4 than Si and SiO1/3, which is attributed to the formation of LiO, LiC bonds and corresponding Li involved tetrahedrons. Our calculations are in agreement with the available experiments, and provide a deeper insight into the lithiation mechanism of SiCO anode for Li-ion batteries.
Objective Elevated depressive symptoms have been linked to poorer prognosis in heart failure (HF) patients. Our objective was to identify coping styles associated with depressive symptoms in HF patients. Methods A total of 222 stable HF patients (32.75% female, 45.4% non-Hispanic black) completed multiple questionnaires. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) assessed depressive symptoms, Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) assessed optimism, ENRICHD Social Support Inventory (ESSI) and Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) assessed social support, and COPE assessed coping styles. Linear regression analyses were employed to assess the association of coping styles with continuous BDI scores. Logistic regression analyses were performed using BDI scores dichotomized into BDI<10 vs. BDI≥10, to identify coping styles accompanying clinically significant depressive symptoms. Results In linear regression models, higher BDI scores were associated with lower scores on the acceptance (β=−.14), humor (β=−.15), planning (β=−.15), and emotional support (β=−.14) subscales of the COPE, and higher scores on the behavioral disengagement (β=.41), denial (β=.33), venting (β=.25), and mental disengagement (β=.22) subscales. Higher PSSS and ESSI scores were associated with lower BDI scores (β=−.32 and −.25, respectively). Higher LOT-R scores were associated with higher BDI scores (β=.39, P<.001). In logistical regression models, BDI≥10 was associated with greater likelihood of behavioral disengagement (OR=1.3), denial (OR=1.2), mental disengagement (OR=1.3), venting (OR=1.2), and pessimism (OR=1.2), and lower perceived social support measured by PSSS (OR=.92) and ESSI (OR=.92). Conclusion Depressive symptoms in HF patients are associated with avoidant coping, lower perceived social support, and pessimism. Results raise the possibility that interventions designed to improve coping may reduce depressive symptoms.
This paper presents new research to determine if the electromechanical attributes of Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA) 18650 battery cells are adversely affected by exposure to vibration commensurate with that experienced by electric vehicles (EVs) through road induced excitation. This investigation applied vibration to a set of commercially available cells in six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) using a multi-axis shaker table. This method of mechanical testing is known to be more representative of the vibration experienced by automotive components, as 6 motions of vibration (X, Y, Z, roll, pitch and yaw) are applied simultaneously. Within the context of this study, cell characterisation within the electrical domain is performed via quantification of the cell’s impedance, the open-circuit potential and the cell’s energy capacity. Conversely, the mechanical properties of the cell are inferred through measurement of the cell’s natural frequency. Experimental results are presented that highlight that the electromechanical performances of the 18650 NCA cells do not, in the main, display statistically significant degradation when subject to vibration representative of a typical 10-year European vehicle life. However, a statistically significant increase in DC resistance of the cells was observed.
Nanocrystalline tin oxides were synthesized using electron beam evaporation (e-beam) and further heat treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that as-deposited samples were amorphous SnO. Heat treatment of the as-deposited thin films at 250°C for 2h and 500°C for 10h led to the formation of romarchite SnO and tetragonal SnO2, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a compact morphology of the coatings. Elemental mapping of the films also represented homogeneous distribution of the zinc atoms in the SnO2 structure. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images demonstrated a fine and smooth surface of the e-beam evaporated films for the SnO samples, and rough topography for the SnO2. Doping led to the formation of finer and more uniform surface morphology. Anodic behavior of the thin film during charge/discharge process showed that specific capacity of the pure SnO2 increased from 502 to 903μAhcm−2 μm−1 for nanocrystalline Zn-doped SnO2. Moreover, specific capacity of the doped film enhanced to 137.6 that is, higher than 69.5μAhcm−2 μm−1 for the pure SnO2. XRD results also show that Zn doping decreased Sn clustering during cycling.
Ultraviolet (355nm) reactive pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using a mixture of Li2CO3, V2O5 and SiO2 as a target was employed to prepare LiVSiO thin film electrolyte in O2 gas ambient for all-solid-state Li-ion battery. The morphology and structure of LiVSiO thin films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, and the properties of thin films strongly depend on the substrate temperature. A dense and smooth LiVSiO thin film without pinholes and cracks was obtained at substrate temperature of 300°C. The ionic conductivity of this thin film electrolyte was determined by AC impedance measurement, and an ionic conductivity was estimated to be 3.98×10−7 S/cm at 25°C with conductivity activation energy of 0.55eV. In addition, the ionic transference number was measured by Wagner’s DC polarization technique and the cyclic voltammetric measurement was performed to investigate the electrochemical stability of the thin film electrolyte.
Lithium-rich layered cathodes are known famously for its superior capacity over traditional layered oxides but trapped for lower initial coulombic efficiency, poorer rate capability and worse cyclic stability in spite of diverse attempts. Herein, a new K-stabilized Li-rich layered cathode synthesized through a simple oxalate co-precipitation is reported for its super electrochemical performances. Compared with pristine Li-rich layered cathode, K-stabilized one reaches a higher initial coulombic efficiency of 87% from 76% and outruns for 94% of capacity retention and 244mAhg⿿1 of discharge capacity at 0.5C after 100 cycles. Moreover, 133mAhg⿿1 of discharge capacity can be delivered even charged at 10C showing a highly-improved rate capability. X-ray diffraction and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests show that enlarged Li slab layer caused by K+ accommodation can provide facile Li+ diffusion paths and facilitate Li+ migration from the crystal lattice. As a consequence, the introduction of K+ in the host layered structure can inhibit the detrimental spinel structure growth during cycling. Therefore, the K-stabilized Li-rich layered materials can be considered to be an attractive alternative to meet with the higher power and energy density demands of advanced lithium-ion battery.
By creating a small electrical field that removes salts from sea water, chemists at The University of Texas at Austin, in the USA, and the University of Marburg, in Germany, have developed a new method of sea-water desalination.
αFe2O3 and binary composite Cu2−xO-αFe2O3 films were deposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide glass via a spin spray process at 90 °C. Composite films of varying composition such as αFe2O3 (FC-0), CuO-αFe2O3 (FC-1) and Cu2O-αFe2O3 (FC-2) were prepared by controlling the ion molar ratio of the precursor source solution. The FC-0 surface exhibited poor wetting traits toward water (θc > 90°). Conversely, the FC-2 surface displayed good wettability, exhibiting a water contact angle <10°. When serving as supercapacitor electrodes, the obtained FC-0, FC-1 and FC-2 electrodes demonstrated a wide negative potential window of −0.9 V to 0 V vs Ag/AgCl in a 0.5 M aqueous Na2SO4 solution. The supercapacitor comprising the FC-2 electrode exhibited an area normalized capacitance of 182.4 mF cm−2 at 0.5 mA cm−2, which is ∼23.4 times greater than the corresponding FC-0 electrode (7.8 mF cm−2 at 0.5 mA cm−2). Furthermore, the FC-2 supercapacitor demonstrated a capacitance retention of 92%, which suggests good long-term cycling stability. This study indicates that the spin-sprayed Cu2−xO-Fe2O3 composites are promising candidates for high performance supercapacitor electrode materials.
Lithium batteries (LBs) have become increasingly important energy storage systems in our daily life. However, their practical applications are still severely plagued by the safety issues from liquid electrolyte, especially when the batteries are exposed to mechanical, thermal, or electrical abuse conditions. Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are being considered as an effective solution to replace currently available organic liquid electrolyte for building safer LBs. This review provides recent advancements in GPEs applied for high-performance LBs. On the one hand, from the environmental and economic point of view, the skeletons of GPEs changed from traditional polymer to renewable and degradable polymer. On the other hand, in addition to being as a component with good electrochemical and physical characterizations, the GPEs also need to provide some functions for addressing the concerns of lithium (Li) dendrites, unstable cathode electrolyte interface, dissolution and migration of transition metal ions, “shuttle effect” of polysulfides, and so on. Finally, to synchronously meet the challenges from the advanced cathode and Li metal anode, the bio-based GPEs with multi-functionality are proposed to develop high-energy/power-density batteries in the future.
The sodium orthosilicates as the potential candidates of cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries capture tremendous interests because of the low costs, robustly crystal structure and high specific capacity. However, like lithium orthosilicates, the crystal structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of the polycrystalline sodium orthosilicates need to be properly designed so that sodium ion can be smoothly intercalated/deintercalated. Herein, a novel orthorhombic Pb21 a–Na2FeSiO4/C, which is obtained from the conversion of C2221–Na2FeSiO4/C, is prepared and used as cathode material for the first time. Meanwhile, the pure phase C2221–Na2FeSiO4/C is firstly prepared by sol-gel method. Field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that C2221–Na2FeSiO4/C has quasi-spherical morphology, and the active nanoparticles completely disperse within the cross-linked carbon nanolayer. The results from X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis reveal that the crystal structure of Pb21 a–Na2FeSiO4/C, similarly to C2221–Na2FeSiO4/C, can be formed by three-dimensional channel networks which generate from the alternate tetrahedral geometry chains of [FeO4] and [SiO4], but Pb21 a–Na2FeSiO4/C composite is more stable than C2221–Na2FeSiO4/C. After the first sodiation/desodiation process, Pb21 a–Na2FeSiO4/C shows the specific capacity of 118 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and a capacity retention of 57.3% after 100 cycles.
A one-dimensional mathematical model for the corrosion of a metal surface under a porous layer (often an oxide layer) is presented using porous electrode theory. The model allows one to predict the rates of corrosion in a metallic system where oxygen reduction is the only cathodic reaction which occurs on the surfaces of both the metal and the porous oxide layer albeit at different rates. Thus the model simulates the scenario where the porous layer residing on the metal surface competes with or complements the oxygen reduction reaction happening on the metal surface. The study finds that a large thickness, low porosity, low oxide electrical conductivity, poor oxygen reduction on the porous layer, and high specific contact resistivity of the metal–oxide lead to poor spatial separation of the anodic and cathodic reactions and hence encourage self-repair. In particular the metal–oxide contact potential and the oxygen reduction rates on the oxide surface are shown to have profound implications for self-repair strategies for corrosion mitigation.
The assessment of cough severity solely through consultation with the patient is limited by its subjective nature and variability of physician judgement. The assessment of cough has been hampered by a paucity of objective tools, those available have been poorly validated, non-standardized and are impractical for clinical use. Recent developments have overcome some of these problems and a variety of tools can now be used to assess cough that include visual analogue scales (VAS), quality-of-life questionnaires, cough reflex sensitivity measurement and automated cough frequency monitors. These tools can be used to validate the presence of cough and assess response to therapy. They will also have an important role in clinical trials.
High purity electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) is the main raw material used for manufacturing of zinc and manganese based portable batteries (alkaline with manganese AlMn and zinc carbon Zn–C). Lately, due to the progressive depletion of MnO2 natural resources, the quantity of artificially electrolytic produced MnO2 has started to increase to satisfy the demand. This paper describes an electrolytic process for the simultaneous production of the following components: • MnO2, with the same quality as the one used in portable batteries; • commercial quality zinc, resulted from Zn and Mn sulphate solution obtained from reductive acid leaching (see Buzatu et al., 2012 paper). The sulphate solution is a by-product of used portable batteries crushing process. The electrolysis process was conducted in a specialized laboratory facility. The study was particularly focused on the following electrolysis process parameters: • evolution of MnO2 deposit efficiency based anodic current density; • sulphuric acid concentration influence on zinc metal and MnO2 deposit. The results have allowed the identification of optimal conditions for electrolysis.
Question: Are muscle strength, flexibility, body structure or static lower limb posture associated with increased risk of hamstring or quadriceps muscle strain injury in soccer or rugby league players? Design: prospective cohort study. Participants: Soccer (n=294) and rugby league (n=201) players ranging from amateur to professional performance. Outcome measures: Prior to commencement of the 2008 and 2009 playing seasons, players completed an injury history questionnaire and a battery of reliable physical assessments, including anthropometry, vertical jumps, anterior step up, incline single-leg squats, modified Thomas Test (MTT), active knee extension (AKE) for hamstring length, combined MTT/AKE and static postural photographs. Injury surveillance and exposure data were collected for the following playing season. Results: During surveillance there were 19 players with hamstring and 23 with quadriceps strains. Those with a sitting height (trunk length measured whilst sitting on a 40cm box, minus the 40cm) greater than 141.4cm (OR=1.481; p=0.033) and a history of hamstring injury in the previous 12 months (OR=2.497; p=0.019) were independent predictors of hamstring strain, in both soccer and rugby league. Knee hyperextension (OR=3.893; p=0.040) and sustaining a quadriceps injury in the previous 12 months (OR=6.836; p=0.012) were independent predictors of quadriceps strain, regardless of sport. Conclusion: In this multivariate analysis, muscle-specific previous injury and aspects of body structure were independent risk factors for sustaining hamstring and quadriceps injuries. These results provide a greater understanding of the factors influencing hamstring and quadriceps muscle strains and may contribute to future preventative or rehabilitative strategies.
To expand the spatial and temporal scales of passive acoustic monitoring of animals, automatically detecting target sounds among noises with similar acoustic properties is essential but challenging. In particular, the classification of tonal vocalisations and tonal noise remains a universal problem in bioacoustics research. The vocalisations of dugong, which is an endangered marine mammal that inhabits coastal seas, need to be monitored to enhance our understanding of its habitat use. However, detecting dugong tonal vocalisations is difficult due to the presence of tonal noise in the same frequency band. In this study, a classification method was developed for these signals to handle large acoustic data by reducing the labour required for manual inspection. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) were extracted to characterise background sounds along with a few parameters of the signal contour, and a support vector machine was trained for binary classification. The classifier achieved an 84.4% recall and a 93.5% precision on the testing dataset even in a noisy shallow marine environment. This methodology enables the effective classification of dugong calls and similar tonal noises by combining contour and MFCC features and can extend the spatial and temporal scale of acoustic monitoring of the endangered dugong. This technique is potentially applicable to the monitoring of other endangered marine mammals that produce tonal vocalisations.
To substitute minor Mn2+ by the transition metal ion M=Mg2+, V3+, Fe2+, Co2+, or Gd3+, LiMn0.95M0.05PO4 samples are synthesized by a solid-state reaction route. The interpretation of doping effects is complicated by the interrelations between doping microstructure and morphology, because the crystal structure would be affected by the doped elements. The lattice structure and deviation of Li–O bond lengths of the doped LiMnPO4 are refined by XRD refinement. All the samples present a couple of oxidation and reduction peaks in cyclic voltammetry, corresponding to a redox Mn3+/Mn2+ reaction coupled with the extraction/reinsertion process of Li+ in LiMnPO4 structure. During charge/discharge process, the electron flowing and Li+ cation diffusion in the various doped LiMnPO4 samples should be different thermodynamic and kinetic process. For further studying which step in thermodynamic and kinetic process would affect or control the electrochemical performance, the initial charge/discharge capacities and cycleability of doped LiMnPO4 samples are obtained under different voltage range (from 2.7 to the upper cut-off voltage 4.4, 4.6 and 4.8V, respectively) and different environment temperatures (0, 25, and 50°C). At relative higher measuring temperature, the discharge capacity of Co-doped LiMnPO4 shows 151.9mAhg−1.