batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Electric vehicles (EVs) are reviewed in the context of policy and technical aspects taking into consideration the Lithuanian national picture over the global and European Union developments within this field. The paper presents also the best practices for deployment of EVs including the potential niche markets and the challenges and opportunities within the energy and power systems support. A critical evaluation is also performed on the relevant research and developments in Lithuania. Finally, the paper evaluates the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats through a developed SWOT analysis. This review will provide insight to the EVs challenges and opportunities within the Baltic Region. It is expected this will inspire individuals, business and policy makers to allow and incentivise deployment of EVs to enhance efficiency in transport and consequently contribute towards GHG emissions reduction.
Solar energy conversion to electricity through photovoltaics or to useful fuel through photoelectrochemical cells was still a main task for research groups and developments sectors. In this article we are reviewing the development of the different generations of solar cells. The fabrication of solar cells has passed through a large number of improvement steps considering the technological and economic aspects. The first generation solar cells were based on Si wafers, mainly single crystals. Permanent researches on cost reduction and improved solar cell efficiency have led to the marketing of solar modules having 12–16% solar conversion efficiency. Application of polycrystalline Si and other forms of Si have reduced the cost but on the expense of the solar conversion efficiency. The second generation solar cells were based on thin film technology. Thin films of amorphous Si, CIS (copper–indium–selenide) and t-Si were employed. Solar conversion efficiencies of about 12% have been achieved with a remarkable cost reduction. The third generation solar cells are based on nano-crystals and nano-porous materials. An advanced photovoltaic cell, originally developed for satellites with solar conversion efficiency of 37.3%, based on concentration of the solar spectrum up to 400 suns was developed. It is based on extremely thin concentration cells. New sensitizer or semiconductor systems are necessary to broaden the photo-response in solar spectrum. Hybrids of solar and conventional devices may provide an interim benefit in seeking economically valuable devices. New quantum dot solar cells based on CdSe–TiO2 architecture have been developed.
The lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cell is a liquid electrochemical system, in which the dissolution of lithium polysulfide (PS, the series of the sulfur reduction intermediates) plays an essential role in the cell's performance. In solution, the PS undergo a series of complicated disproportionations, as described by a general equation of Li2S n → m/8S8 +Li2S n−m , to form the less soluble sulfur and low-order PS, which become inactive once precipitated out of the liquid electrolyte or deposited into the pores of separator. Based on the hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) theory, quaternary ammonium cations are expected to stabilize the PS anions through a chemical interaction between the soft acid and soft base. In this paper, we report a significant improvement in the capacity retention of a Li/S cell by introducing a tetrabutylammonium triflate (NBu4SO3CF3) or an N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR14TFSI) into the liquid electrolyte. For example, by using an electrolyte of 0.25molkg−1 LiNO3–0.25molkg−1 PYR14TFSI dissolved in a 1:1 (wt.) mixture of dimethyl ether (DME) and 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), a Li/S cell with a cathode containing 77% sulfur and a 2mgcm−2 sulfur loading exhibited an initial capacity of 1227mAhg−1 and retained a capacity of 875mAhg−1 after 40 cycles when cycled at 0.2mAcm−2 between 1.7V and 2.8V. We contribute the improved performance to the stabilized PS anions by the added quaternary ammonium cations.
Herein, leaf-like CuO with mesoporous structure has been synthesized by treating commercial Cu(OH)2 powder at room temperature for an appropriate time. The BET measurement shows that the obtained CuO has a high surface area of 23.55m2 g−1 and narrow pore distribution peaking at about 3.3nm. The electrochemical performances of leaf-like mesoporous CuO are evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge studies. Electrochemical results show that the as-prepared CuO are promising anode materials in LIBs including high specific capacity, good retention and rate property. Even at the high current density of 2000mAg−1, the mesoporous CuO electrode still can maintain a specific capacity of 490.5mAhg−1 which is much higher than the theoretical specific capacity of graphite (372mAhg−1).
Restrictions in silicon based anodes have been the subject of many researches for years. As an innovative approach, we have adopted ion assisted deposition technique to glancing angle deposition method and have used compositionally-graded structuring. A unique helical shaped gradient film has been produced in which the Cu/Si atomic ratio decreases from the bottom to the top of the coating. With such a unique film (high surface area) more spaces have been created promoting mechanical integrity and reaction between active materials (silicon) with lithium ions. The highly adherent film is formed as a result of ion assisted deposition process and the gradual change in Cu/Si atomic ratio diverts stress through the helices. To compare the performance of the SiCu electrode, a pure Si film is deposited in the same experimental condition. Galvanostatic test results show that although the film with pure Si helices fails after 30th cycles, the compositionally graded anode exhibits a capacity of 1228 mAh g−1 at the 100th cycles with 99.5% coulombic efficiencies when cycled at 100 mA g−1, and delivers 815 mAh g−1 when cycled with a rate of 400 mA g−1.
The electrolytic deposition of Co3O4 thin films on stainless steel was conducted in Co(NO3)2 aqueous solution for anodes in lithium-ion thin film batteries. Three major electrochemical reactions during the deposition were discussed. The coated specimens and the coating films carried out at −1.0V (saturated KCl Ag/AgCl) were subjected to annealing treatments and further characterized by XRD, TGA/DTA, FE-SEM, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and discharge/charge cyclic tests. The as-coated film was β-Co(OH)2, condensed into CoO and subsequently oxidized into nano-sized Co3O4 particles. The nano-sized Co3O4, CoO, Li2O and Co particles revealed their own characteristics different from micro-sized ones, such as more interfacial effects on chemical bonding and crystallinity. The initial maximum capacity of Co3O4 coated specimen was 1930mAhg−1 which much more than its theoretical value 890mAhg−1, since the nano-sized particles offered more interfacial bondings for extra sites of Li+ insertion. However, a large ratio of them was trapped, resulting in a great part of irreversible capacity during the first charging. Still, it revealed a capacity 500mAhg−1 after 50 discharged-charged cycles.
Optical frequency comb technology has been the cornerstone for scientific breakthroughs in precision metrology. In particular, the unique phase-coherent link between microwave and optical frequencies solves the long-standing puzzle of precision optical frequency synthesis. While the current bulk mode-locked laser frequency comb has had great success in extending the scientific frontier, its use in real-world applications beyond the laboratory setting remains an unsolved challenge due to the relatively large size, weight and power consumption. Recently microresonator-based frequency combs have emerged as a candidate solution with chip-scale implementation and scalability. The wider-system precision control and stabilization approaches for frequency microcombs, however, requires external nonlinear processes and multiple peripherals which constrain their application space. Here we demonstrate an internal phase-stabilized frequency microcomb that does not require nonlinear second-third harmonic generation nor optical external frequency references. We demonstrate that the optical frequency can be stabilized by control of two internally accessible parameters: an intrinsic comb offset ξ and the comb spacing frep. Both parameters are phase-locked to microwave references, with phase noise residuals of 55 and 20 mrad respectively, and the resulting comb-to-comb optical frequency uncertainty is 80 mHz or less. Out-of-loop measurements confirm good coherence and stability across the comb, with measured optical frequency instability of 2 × 10−11 at 20-second gate time. Our measurements are supported by analytical theory including the cavity-induced modulation instability. We further describe an application of our technique in the generation of low noise microwaves and demonstrate noise suppression of the repetition rate below the microwave stabilization limit achieved.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training with the Wii-balance board on balance and balance-related skills of children with poor motor performance. Twenty-nine children (23 boys, 6 girls; aged 7–12 years) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group. All children scored below the 16th percentile on a standardized test of motor ability and balance skills (Movement Assessment Battery for children (M-ABC-2)). Before and after a six-week Wii-intervention (M =8h, 22min, SD=53min), the balance skills of the experimental group and control group were measured with the M-ABC-2 and the Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT-2). Both groups improved on all tests. The M-ABC-2 and the BOT-2 total balance-scores of the experimental group improved significantly from pre to post intervention, whereas those of the control group showed no significant progress. This resulted in significant interaction-effects, favoring the experimental children. No transfer-effects of the intervention on balance-related skills were demonstrated. Our findings showed that the Wii-balance board is an effective intervention for children with poor balance control. Further development and investigation of the intervention could be directed toward the implementation of the newly acquired balance-skills in daily life.
It has previously been shown that nanoparticle additives can, in a simple way, significantly improve the ionic conductivity in solid polymer electrolyte systems with the semi-crystalline poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a host material. It has been suggested that the improved ionic conductivity is a result of reduced degree of crystallinity and additional conductivity mechanisms occurring in the material. In this work, this principle is applied to another semi-crystalline polymer host: poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). This is a polymer with comparable properties (T g, T m, etc.) as PEO, and constitute a promising material for use in solid polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries. 15 wt% of the respective nanoparticles TiO2, Al2O3 and h-BN have been added to the PCL-LiTFSI solid polymer electrolyte in an attempt to increase the conductivity and achieve stable room temperature cyclability. The crystallinity, ionic conductivity and electrochemical properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic cycling of cells. The results showed that with an addition of 15 wt% Al2O3, the degree of crystallinity is reduced to 6–7% and the ionic conductivity increased to 6–7 × 10−6 S cm−1 at room temperature, allowing successful cycling of cells at 30 °C, while h-BN did not contribute to similar improvements. The effect of nanoparticles, however, differ significantly from previous observations in PEO systems, which could be explained by different surface-polymer interactions or the degree of ordering in the amorphous phases of the materials.
Objectives To examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between physical exercise and cognitive function across different age groups in a nationwide population-based sample of adults aged 18–79 years in Germany. Design Cross-sectional/prospective. Methods Cognitive function was assessed in the mental health module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1-MH, 2009–2012, n=3535), using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Cognitive domain scores for executive function and memory were derived from confirmatory factor analysis. Regular physical exercise in the last three months was assessed by self-report and defined as no exercise, <2 and ≥2h (hours) of exercise per week. A subgroup of DEGS1-MH participants who previously participated in the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998 (GNHIES98, 1997–1999, n=1624) enabled longitudinal analyses with a mean follow-up of 12.4 years. Results Compared to no exercise, more weekly physical exercise was associated with better executive function in cross-sectional (<2h: β =0.12; ≥2h: β =0.17; all p<0.001) and longitudinal analyses (<2h: β =0.14, p<0.001; ≥2h: β =0.15, p=0.001) using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable consumption and obesity. Slightly weaker associations were found for memory in cross-sectional (<2h: β =0.08, p=0.009; ≥2h: β =0.08, p=0.026) and longitudinal analysis (<2h: β =0.09, p=0.036; ≥2h: β =0.08, p=0.114). There was no evidence of interaction between physical exercise and age. Conclusions Higher levels of physical exercise were associated with better executive function and memory in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses with no evidence for differential effects by age.
In order to synthesize a PPy/GO composite for supercapacitor applications, a pulse electro-polymerization method was proposed to direct incorporate graphene oxide (GO) into polypyrrole (PPy) films without any additional dopants. The PPy/GO prepared by the pulse electro-polymerization (PC PPy/GO) exhibits a higher specific capacitance. A shorter pulse on time (t on) results in higher specific capacitance, but there is an optimum pulse current amplitude (I A) related to the highest specific capacitance. The PC PPy/GO film (I A =4mAcm−2, t on =50ms) has a high specific capacitance of 660 F g−1 estimated from galvanostatic charge-discharge in 1M KCl at a current density of 0.5mAcm−2. Stability tests for the PPy/GO yield long cycling life up to 1000 cycles with 10% decay in specific capacitance at charge-discharge current density of 10mAcm−2 in the potential range of -0.5 to 0.5 VSCE.
Mercury emissions concentrations, emission factors, and the total national emission from major anthropogenic sources in Korea for the year 2007 were estimated. Uncontrolled and controlled mercury emission factors and the total emission from each source types are presented. The annual national mercury emission from major anthropogenic sources for the year 2007, on average was 12.8 ton which ranged from 6.5 to 20.2 ton. Averaged emissions of elemental, oxidized, and particulate mercury were estimated at 8.25 ton, 3.69 ton, and 0.87 ton, respectively. Due to the removal of a major portion of particulate and oxidized mercury species, elemental mercury was dominant in stack emission. About 54.8% of mercury emission was contributed by industrial sources, 45.0% by stationary combustion sources and 0.02% by mobile sources. Thermal power plants, oil refineries, cement kilns and incinerators (municipal, industrial, medical, sewage sludge) were the major mercury emitters, contributing about 26%, 25%, 21% and 20%, respectively to the total mercury emission. Other sources (crematory, pulp and paper manufacturing, nonferrous metals manufacturing, glass manufacturing) contributed about 8% of the total emission. Priority should be given in controlling mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, cement kilns and waste incinerators. More measurements including natural and re-emission sources are to be carried out in the future in order to have a clear scenario of mercury emission from the country and to apply effective control measures.
Exploiting high efficient non-noble metal catalysts with low-cost and good stability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is vital for fuel cells and metal-air batteries. In this work, we successfully constructed a novel nanosheets-shaped NiCoO2 hierarchical structure supported on CMK-3 support (i.e., NiCoO2@CMK-3 composite) via a facile hydrothermal method. Electrochemical characterization results reveal that the as-prepared NiCoO2@CMK-3 composite exhibits remarkable ORR electrocatalytic activity with a positive peak potential of 0.81 V (vs. RHE), an onset potential of 0.90 V (vs. RHE), a high current density of 4.10 mA cm−2 at 0.4 V, and a nearly four-electron reduction pathway, which are comparable to the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst with the same mass. In addition, the NiCoO2@CMK-3 composite possesses excellent methanol-tolerance and electrochemical stability, which are better than Pt/C. The outstanding performance confirms the NiCoO2@CMK-3 composite as a promising efficient ORR catalyst in fuel cells and metal-air batteries.
The TiO2(B) and TiO2(rutile) polymorphs are often contaminated by anatase phase residues from synthesis. The detection of anatase in TiO2 material can be difficult in case of small anatase impurities. In situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry is presented here as the most reliable method for unequivocal determination of anatase phase in TiO2 powder. Anatase detection is based on an occurrence of Raman vibrational bands of orthorhombic lithium titanate, a product of Li insertion in anatase, in Raman spectra of TiO2(B) and TiO2(rutile) materials during electrochemical Li+ insertion/extraction.
The electrochemical behavior of cobalt terephthalate (CoTP) as the organic anode was initially carried out in K-ion battery, with the main intention to test whether the abnormal capacity enhancement of CoTP previously occurring in Li-ion battery could continuously happen in the different K-ion battery system. However, as confirmed by the cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the Co element of CoTP was irreversibly reduced from Co2+ cation to Co0 atom in the 1st discharge process, thus converting CoTP into K2TP in the following electrochemical cycles. Despite of that, the satisfactory specific and rate capacities could be realized for CoTP after a small amount of conductive Super P was added, with the average capacities of 146mAhg−1 for 200 cycles under the current density of 60mAg−1, which were comparable or even superior to some inorganic anodes recently reported for K-ion battery.
In this work a novel pulse combustion reactor method for preparation of Li-ion cathode materials is introduced. Its advantages and potential challenges are demonstrated on two widely studied cathode materials, LiFePO4/C and Li-rich NMC. By exploiting the nature of efficiency of pulse combustion we have successfully established a slightly reductive or oxidative environment necessary for synthesis. As a whole, the proposed method is fast, environmentally friendly and easy to scale. An important advantage of the proposed method is that it preferentially yields small-sized powders (in the nanometric range) at a fast production rate of 2 s. A potential disadvantage is the relatively high degree of disorder of synthesized active material which however can be removed using a post-annealing step. This additional step allows a further tuning of materials morphology as shown and commented in some detail.
The dynamic structural change of graphite during the electrochemical lithium intercalation at 1/3C was identified by an in situ high energy synchrotron XRD. Thanks to the fast data collecting detector and high energy X-ray beam of this characterization technique, the detailed structure change of graphite was monitored. Under a high current density, the voltage plateaus in discharge curve and superlattice peaks in XRD patterns were not observed. These results indicated that the dynamic lithium intercalation behavior was remarkably different from that described by the classical staging mechanism. Instead, a Li-riched phase as well as a series of intermediate phases for the x value in Li x C6 being larger than 0.5 were identified. This dynamic phenomenon was considered to be synergistically affected by the driving force of the intercalation reaction, van der Waals force between graphene layers and repulsive interaction between the intercalated Li specie. Basing on the experimental results, a dynamic mechanism was proposed.
The comet assay is a sensitive technique to detect DNA damage caused by exposure to genotoxic chemical and physical agents and is widely used in ecotoxicology. The assay has been applied in aquatic species, mainly fish and bivalves, in field biomonitoring programs and in experimental studies. The aim of the present study was to retrieve and review the published evidence to define the role of the comet assay in the assessment of genotoxic pollutants. The study focused on the application of the test in Mytilus sp, used as a sentinel organism. Twenty-one biomonitoring studies, carried out in wild and in transplanted mussels, were evaluated. An increase of the comet parameters in animals from polluted areas with respect to the controls was observed in the majority of the studies with a large variability (frequency ratio:1.2–14.5) associated with types and extent of exposure to pollutants. Three studies out of 21 reported a lack of response. Heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and pesticides were the main types of chemicals detected in sediments and/or mussel tissues from polluted areas. Twenty-nine laboratory studies were retrieved showing the sensitivity of the comet assay in detecting DNA damage in mussels exposed to the most relevant pollutants and mixtures of relevant contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, anti-fouling agents or crude oil. The comet test also appeared to be a suitable approach to detect the genotoxic effects of nanoparticles. In some studies problems in the interpretation of data or discrepancies between the results from different laboratories were noted. Critical steps in experimental protocol and characterization of pollution, environmental variables such as temperature, salinity, food availability, physiological and pathological status of the animals are important factors which should be controlled and considered in the analysis of the results.
Composite film electrodes containing mechanically mixed Mn x Cu1−x Co2O4 (0≤ x ≤1) particles, carbon black Vulcan XC72R and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) were formed on the glassy carbon disk surface of a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) and studied for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER, respectively) in 1M KOH solution. The electrocatalytic activities for both reactions were observed to depend strongly on the Mn content in CuCo2O4. An opposite trend was observed for the apparent and intrinsic electrocatalytic activities for the ORR; the simultaneous presence of Cu and Mn was found to be detrimental to the intrinsic charge density, but beneficial to the geometric charge density with a maximum for Mn0.6Cu0.4Co2O4. The latter was characterized by the highest total number of electrons exchanged per O2 molecule, n, close to 4, greater k 1 (4e− process)/k 2 (2e− process) ratios, and by a unique and low Tafel slope (−41mVdec−1). The results obtained for the OER showed that the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity is determined by the number of active sites (Co4+) electrochemically formed at the oxide surface prior to the OER, from Co3+ cations. The partial substitution of Cu by Mn in CuCo2O4 was found to decrease the OER activity.