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The fabrication of thin foils of magnesium for use as anode material in rechargeable magnesium ion batteries is described. In order to improve its workability, the magnesium was alloyed by melting metallurgy with zinc and/or gadolinium, producing saturated solid solutions. The material was extruded to thin foils and rolled to a thickness of approximately 100 μm. The electrochemical behavior of Mg-1.63 wt% Zn, Mg-1.55 wt% Gd and Mg-1.02 wt% Zn-1.01 wt% Gd was studied in (PhMgCl)2-AlCl3/THF electrolyte by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling in symmetrical cells. Analysis of the current-potential curves in the Tafel region and the linear region close to the equilibrium potential show almost no effect of the alloying elements on the exchange current densities (5–45 μA/cm2) and the transfer coefficients. Chemical analyses of the alloy surfaces and the electrolyte demonstrate that the alloying elements not only dissolve with the magnesium during the anodic half-cycles, but also re-deposit during the cathodic half-cycles together with the magnesium and aluminum from the electrolyte. Given the negligible corrosion rate in aprotic electrolytes under such conditions, no adverse effects of alloying elements are expected for the performance of magnesium anodes in secondary batteries.
In the last few years, organic–inorganic halide perovskites (OIHP) have gained significant attention in the optoelectronics community and become one of the most popular research topics. Due to their fascinating properties, including wide-range tunable band gap, long charge carrier diffusion length, high absorption coefficient, and easy solution processability, they have become one of the most promising classes of low-cost and easily scalable semiconductor materials for application in various optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. To achieve the best performance and viable technologies for future energy harvesting, display and light sensing prototypes, in addition to the OHIP active layer, the use of interfacial charge transporting layers is crucial. These interfacial charge-transporting layers not only enhance the performance of optoelectronic devices but also effectively protect the active environmentally unstable OHIP layer. In this review, we summarize the development and utilization of organic interfacial materials and OIHP in solar cells, photodetectors and light-emitting diodes. In each section, the working principle and the development of a wide range of hole/electron transporting materials are discussed. Finally, an outlook and further research directions as well as useful rules for the design of novel hole/electron transporting materials are proposed.
Electrochemical characterization has been carried out for electrodes prepared of several activated carbon fiber samples derived from poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) (Nomex) in an aqueous solution. Depending on the burn-off due to activation the BET surface area of the carbons was in the order of 1300–2800m2 g−1, providing an extensive network of micropores. Their capability as active material for supercapacitors was evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Values for the capacitance of 175Fg−1 in sulfuric acid were obtained. Further on, it was observed that the specific capacitance and the performance of the electrode increase significantly with increasing burn-off degree. We believe that this fact can be attributed to the increase of surface area and porosity with increasing burn-off.
Hard carbons with large interlayer spacing, disordered structures and interconnected porosity at low cost, are considered as promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (NIB). In this work, we report the synthesis of hard carbon anode materials from sepals of palm fruit calyx (bio-waste) that are prepared by carbonization at moderate temperature between 500 °C and 900 °C. Electron microscopy studies show that the resultant hard carbon is highly porous with interconnected porous network. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic analyses indicate that the carbonized materials possess disordered structure with large interlayer spacing (0.37 nm). The electrochemical studies reveal that hard carbon which is pyrolyzed at 700 °C (WHC-700) shows better performance, delivering 397 mAh g−1 and 280 mAh g−1, initial discharge and charge capacities, respectively. Specific capacities of about 275 mAh g−1 and 175 mAh g−1 are achieved for WHC-700 material at a current density of 30 and 200 mA g−1, respectively. The sepals of Palmyra palm fruit calyx (bio-waste material) yield hard carbon material at moderate carbonization temperature with optimum microstructural properties and larger interlayer spacing. These attributes are responsible for their good electrochemical performance as an anode material for NIBs.
We selected a maleimide-based branched oligomer (BO) as a high-temperature and long-cycle-life additive and studied the influence of different amounts of the BO additive on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performances of the additive-containing electrolytes in combination with a cell composed of a LiCoO2 cathode and a mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) anode were tested in coin cells. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results showed that the oxidation potential of the BO is about 1.9V versus Li/Li+ and a thin film grown on the surface of the cathode. In the present work, 1.0wt.% BO in 1.0M LiPF6/EC:DEC (4:6 by vol.%) electrolyte was the optimal condition for the improvement of the cycle ability of battery, especially, at high temperature (55°C) condition.
A simple method was applied to control the morphology of LiMn2O4 and Li1.05Mn1.97Nb0.03O4 in the sintering process by premixing a suitable proportion of acetylene black in the raw material. Both specific discharge capacity and cycling stability of the samples were  improved. The results demonstrated that the doped samples showed excellent electrochemical performance at both 25 °C and 55 °C.
Ionic liquids (ILs) are typically molten salts at temperatures lower than 100°C. Because of their thermal and electrochemical properties, they are good candidates to replace the state-of-the-art electrolytes used in today's Li-ion batteries. These commercial batteries often suffer from hazards caused by possible misuse. Elevated voltages and high temperatures usually lead to electrolyte degradation due to parasitic reactions with the electrodes leading to gas (mainly CO2) evolution and may then eventually catch fire. Also, ILs are able to dissolve various gas molecules, making it possible to prevent a built-up of an overpressure inside the battery in case of undesired gas evolution. In this work, CO2 storage in two different ionic liquids, i.e. PYR14TFSI and [BMIm][BF4] is studied with regard to their respective Li-salt. Mixtures of ILs plus different concentrations of CO2 were made. Phase diagrams of the pressure vs. temperature of the systems “liquid+vapour” to liquid transitions are drawn. Data points from 1.5bar to 70bar are collected with a Cailletet apparatus. Both of the ILs show good CO2 dissolution ability; an increase of the temperature leads to an increase of the pressure needed to dissolve similar amounts of CO2. The presence of a Li-salt hampers gas storage, particularly for PYR14TFSI. A model based on the Langmuir adsorption theory is used to describe the solubility of the CO2 in [BMIm][BF4]. The PYR14TFSI IL does not obey the Langmuir-like solubility behaviour. Hence, the solubility then is described by the formation of discrete bonds between the CO2 and the solvent, similarly to the concept of adspecies and surface sites.
Different charge storage mechanisms at some carbon electrodes in redox active electrolyte are distinguished by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. Significance of monitoring capacitive impedance contribution(s) in distinguishing battery-like and pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanisms is predicted by impedance modelling and verified experimentally. Experimental verification is made by comparison of capacitive impedance contributions in impedance spectra of graphite vs. glassy carbon electrodes. Impedance measurements are made at the same potential values in the supporting H2SO4 electrolyte and H2SO4/K4Fe(CN)6 redox active electrolyte, respectively.
Polyaniline–LiV3O8 (PANI–LiV3O8) nanocomposite has been chemically synthesized by an oxidative polymerization. The structure and performance of the sample have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), charge–discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). In addition, the thermodynamics properties of as-prepared sample has also been studied. The PANI formed a network of electrically conductive paths among the LiV3O8 particles, so the active LiV3O8 material can be fully utilized for lithium extraction and insertion reactions and PANI–LiV3O8 nanocomposite exhibits much better electrochemical performance than bare LiV3O8. PANI incorporation in LiV3O8 could decrease the charge transfer resistance, increase the lithium diffusion coefficient during the lithiation process and improve the electrochemical reversibility.
Abstract Power plants with rotating equipment, condition monitoring, and vibration analysis are important. For turbines, other turbovisory instruments are also important. Gas analyzers are important for pollution control and combustion optimization. Both the boiler and turbine performance depends on the feed water and steam quality, especially for supercritical plants. Water quality is maintained by monitoring the same and by various treatments and blowdown. SWAS has been discussed at length covering various sampling methods. Under special instruments, all these condition-monitoring instruments, gas and liquid analytical instruments working principles, standard data sheets have been covered. For special instruments, accessories play an important role, so the same has also been covered. This also includes the selection procedure as well as application and installation notes for various special instruments. Detailed discussions have been presented on treatment requirements for high-pressure, high-temperature supercritical, ultrasupercritical, and A-USC boilers. Also, discussions have been presented on pollution control, including effluent treatment TSS, TDS, and other special instruments such as ammonia, chloride, and mercury analyzers. Discussions have also been included for water chemistry parameters, as recommended by EPRI.
Metal–metal oxide (MMO), graphite and laboratory-made Ag/AgCl electrodes were electrochemically characterized to be used as reference electrodes embedded in concrete structures. Electrodes were studied in both, aqueous solutions of pH ranging from 7 to 13.5 and embedded into cement mortars; and the electrochemical studies were carried out in the absence and presence of chloride ions. Potential evolution, polarization behaviour, galvanostatic pulse response and impedance characteristics of the electrodes were carried out in aqueous solutions. Besides, the electrochemical stability of the electrodes embedded in mortar was studied for an exposure period of 2 years. It was found that the MMO pseudo-reference electrode is pH-sensitive, the graphite pseudo-reference electrode is oxygen sensitive and the Ag/AgCl pseudo-reference electrode is chloride sensitive. In spite of the fact that any of them can be used to determine the corrosion rates of rebars because they do not depend on the absolute potential and/or the long-term stability of the reference electrode when using traditional electrochemical techniques, long-term drifts in the electrode potentials may lead to misinterpretations of the rebar state. In this context graphite electrodes are recommended because they provide conservative results regarding the active/passive state of the rebars.
Efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen–evolution reaction are desired due to their importance in applications such as water splitting and metal–air batteries. Here, the authors engineer ultrathin metal–organic frameworks that require low overpotential to generate oxygen from alkaline media.
γ-MnO2 has been synthesized by hydrothermal process, and studied as electrode material in aqueous asymmetric super-capacitor. We studied the blend formed by electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole deposited onto γ-MnO2 particles. The composite materials (PPy/MnO2) were characterized by different methods including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, X-ray diffractometry and BET measurements. The specific capacitance at constant current density 2 mA cm−2 was calculated from galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling tests. The asymmetric super-capacitor using (PPy/MnO2) composite material has high specific capacitance of 141.6 F g−1 compared with 73.7 F g−1 for γ-MnO2 before PPy coating. The improvement of the coating is not only due to the electronic conductivity of the polymer, but also due to an increase of the BET surface area that raises to 125 m2 g−1 after coating, against 64 m2 g−1 for pristine MnO2.
Coaxial MnO/C nanotubes with an average diameter of about 450nm, a wall thickness of about 150nm, a length of 1–5μm and a 10nm thick carbon layer have been prepared using β-MnO2 nanotubes as self-templates in acetylene at 600°C. The microstructure of the product has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of the product has been evaluated by galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. It is found that the product exhibits a reversible capacity of nearly 500mAhg−1 at a current density of 188.9mAg−1, and 83.9% of capacity retention, higher than bare MnO nanotubes (58.2%) and MnO nanoparticles (25.8%). The results reveal that coaxial MnO/C nanotubes would be a promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
Rh/La2O3 catalysts are very stable for the dry reforming of methane. To understand this catalytic behavior, this system was thoroughly characterized using a battery of instrumental techniques: XRD, LRS, DRIFTS, and XPS. The data obtained with the fresh calcined and reduced solids during reaction and after use, at both the volumetric and surface levels, led to a satisfactory description of the working catalyst that in turn suggested a possible reaction mechanism. It is proposed that the slow steps are both the decomposition of methane (C+2H2) and the reaction of the carbon species left on the surface with the oxycarbonates present in the working catalyst. The kinetic data obtained by varying the reactant partial pressures between 2.5 and 40 kPa in the temperature range of 823–903 K is well fitted by the kinetic equation derived from the proposed reaction mechanism.
The present study demonstrates a facile, one-step pyrolysis method to synthesize porous carbon nanoparticles using widely distributed Mimosa pudica (Touch-me-not) biomass leaves at different temperatures. Multiple characterization techniques (N2 adsorption–desorption experiments, FESEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS) demonstrate the morphological nature and excellent surface properties, with the surface area up to 440.7 m2 g−1. The electrochemical studies of as-synthesized porous carbon nanoparticles, as electrodes, were carried out in both three and two electrode setups. The maximum specific capacitance obtained was 356.1 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 in 4.0 M KOH electrolyte. The symmetric supercapacitor showed a specific capacitance of 126.8 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a high energy density of 34.5 Wh kg−1. The device also showed impeccable stability for 10,000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles with 99.2% Coulombic efficiency and capacitance retention of 81.39%. The stability of the device was investigated by floating method (aging), which showed 86.8% capacitance retention, suggesting a huge capacity of biomass-derived carbon materials for efficient and stable high-performance electrodes in electrochemical energy storage applications using an environmental-friendly approach. This study illustrates a sustainable approach to produce porous carbon nanoparticles for effective energy storage devices.
Cortical GABAergic dysfunction may underlie the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Here, we characterized a mouse strain in which the essential NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) was selectively eliminated in 40–50% of cortical and hippocampal interneurons in early postnatal development. Consistent with the NMDAR hypofunction theory of schizophrenia, distinct schizophrenia-related symptoms emerged after adolescence, including novelty-induced hyperlocomotion, mating and nest-building deficits, as well as anhedonia-like and anxiety-like behaviors. Many of these behaviors were exacerbated by social isolation stress. Social memory, spatial working memory and prepulse inhibition were also impaired. Reduced expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 and parvalbumin was accompanied by disinhibition of cortical excitatory neurons and reduced neuronal synchrony. Postadolescent deletion of NR1 did not result in such abnormalities. These findings suggest that early postnatal inhibition of NMDAR activity in corticolimbic GABAergic interneurons contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia-related disorders.
Graphene oxide has been uniformly adsorbed on silk-fibroin meshes and then chemically reduced to get a conductive, electroactive and very stable coating. Used as a self-supported working electrode in NaCl aqueous solution, the coated mesh supports the electrochemical characterization of the adsorbed graphene. Stationary voltammetric and chronoamperometric responses include structural information. The graphene reduction/oxidation drives the incorporation/expulsion of cations and water from the solution and the concomitant film swelling/shrinking. Rising oxidation charges give rising shrunk and conformational packed energetic states of folded oxidized graphene. Higher energies (higher overpotentials) are required to relax and unfold the graphene giving structural reduction-relaxation responses starting by nucleation through the less compacted points of the folded graphene sheets. Similar structural responses were attained from conducting polymers or carbon nanotubes. All of them mimic those processes taking place during biological reactions involving macromolecules as reactants and originating biological functions.
The surface chemistry of aged Li4Ti5O12 and LiFePO4 electrodes that have been cycled in a full cell configuration are examined using nuclear magnetic resonance. The failure mechanism of such cells has been previously identified to be an electrode capacity slippage process caused by the loss of charge carriers: electrons or lithium ions. The electrode-electrolyte interphase is quantitatively analyzed after cycling thanks to a calibration of NMR spectra. LiF is detected at both electrodes: about 1.2μmolmg−1 at the Li4Ti5O12-based electrode and about 0.35μmolmg−1 at the LiFePO4-based electrode, and it is the main component amongst lithiated species. By comparison with gravimetric studies, LiF cannot be the only component of the interphase. From a correlation between the amount of detected LiF and the electrode capacity slippage of the battery, different reaction paths are proposed at each electrode, involving either moisture-driven catalysis or reductive process that consumes a quantity of charge from the electrode.
The effects of three types of fumed silica on the electrochemical properties of gelled electrolytes have been investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) technique. The CV and EIS results show that a moderate mechanical dispersion of fumed silica in the H2SO4 solution has important effects on the electrochemical properties of the gelled electrolyte. The optimal mechanical dispersion time is closely related to the operating temperature during preparation of gel, as well as the silica particle size and its distribution. A high stirring rate improves the electrode capacity and decreases the viscosity of the gelled electrolyte. With moderate mechanical dispersion, gelled electrolytes prepared from different fumed silica particles exhibit equal electrode capacities.
Fire blight remains a serious threat to commercial apple production in the USA and worldwide. Other diseases and spray damage can result in fire blight-like symptoms that can lead to misdiagnosis and affect disease management strategies. Accurate and timely detection of the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, is extremely important to deploy appropriate and timely measures to reduce fire blight epidemics in commercial apple orchards. We tested two commercial lateral flow immunoassays (AgriStrip®, and Pocket Diagnostics kit), Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to diagnose E. amylovora infected samples in lab and field settings. The AgriStrip® and Pocket Diagnostics kits were able to detect actively growing bacteria up to ×106 cfu/ml bacterial concentration. Pocket Diagnostics kit had less specificity and showed positive tests for E. pyrifolia in addition to E. amylovora. The LAMP assay showed high specificity for E. amylovora and was able to detect up to ×103 cfu/ml bacterial concentrations. The qPCR assay was also able to detect bacterial cells up to ×10−3 cfu/ml bacterial concentration with highly specific E. amylovora detection. Grower surveys and comparative cost-benefit analysis indicated that immunoassay kits are less expensive, easier to use, and require less technical expertise for on-site fire blight diagnosis than LAMP and qPCR. However, the choice of a specific diagnostic assay depends on the time, sensitivity, and specificity required for the detection of fire blight and its management.
Individuals with agrammatic aphasia may have difficulty with verb production in comparison to nouns. Additionally, they may have greater difficulty producing verbs that have fewer semantic components (i.e., are semantically “light”) compared to verbs that have greater semantic weight. A connectionist verb-production model proposed by Gordon and Dell (2003) learns through error correction to “divide the labor” between syntax and semantics. Verbs that are semantically heavier come to depend less on syntax and more on semantics. For lighter verbs, the reverse is true. We performed this study to clarify the role of semantic weight in aphasic verb production and to test the prediction from Gordon and Dell that a brain lesion that impairs the syntactic input to verb retrieval will impair lighter verbs more than heavier ones. Consistent with this prediction, we found that the decrement for lighter verbs was present in a group with agrammatic aphasia but not in a matched group without agrammatism.
Correction for ‘Bridging the immiscibility of an all-fluoride fire extinguishant with highly-fluorinated electrolytes toward safe sodium metal batteries’ by Xueying Zheng et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2020, 13, 1788–1798, DOI: 10.1039/D0EE00694G.