batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A Si–Co–C composite material has been prepared by a simple high energy mechanical milling process (HEMM). The crystal structures and morphologies of the samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), indicating that silicon and cobalt elements uniformly distribute in graphite sheets. Electrochemical tests show that the initial discharge and charge capacities of the Si20Co10C70 composite are 1283.3 mAh g−1 and 1068.8 mAh g−1, respectively, with an initial coulombic efficiency of 83.3%. It maintains a reversible capacity of 620 mAh g−1 after 25 cycles and remains stable above 610 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) prove that cobalt acts as an inactive matrix, and the result of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals that the polarization resistance (Rp) decreases after the Co addition. It is believed that uniform dispersed cobalt nanoparticles relieve the destruction of the graphite. Furthermore, the existence of carbon and cobalt not only restrains the agglomeration of Si particles, but also suppresses the volume expansion of Si. This extraordinary microstructure is believed to be responsible for the excellent electrochemical performance.
Most humans show typical brain functional specialization with language and praxis favoring left hemisphere lateralization and spatial attention and face recognition showing right hemisphere dominance. Lateralization of these cognitive functions was investigated using fMRI in participants with complete visceral reversal and matched control participants. While most participants revealed typical brain organization, atypical functional segregation was significantly more frequent in participants with visceral reversal. Interestingly, some left handers maintained typical functional segregation but showed complete reversal of all cognitive functions regardless of visceral organization. Cognitive performance, as measured with a neuropsychological test battery, was significantly predicted by the degree of atypical functional segregation of praxis and spatial attention. Increased deviation from typical functional segregation paired with lower cognitive performance. The findings suggest that typical functional segregation reflects an optimal evolutionary solution with deviations being associated with reduced cognitive performance.
Polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG 600) and polysorbate 20 (Tween 20) were used as a composite corrosion inhibitor of zinc in alkaline solution for the first time. The effects of the composite and individual inhibitors on corrosion inhibition of zinc were evaluated by weight-loss analysis and electrochemical methods including potentiodynamic, potentiostatic, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements. It was found that there was a synergistic effect between PEG 600 and Tween 20 on corrosion inhibition of zinc. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of the composite inhibitor, 500 ppm PEG 600 + 500 ppm Tween 20, was 89%, much higher than that of the individual inhibitor, 1000 ppm Tween 20 (71%) or 1000 ppm PEG 600 (55%). The battery (Zn/MnO2) discharge performance tests showed that the composite inhibitor reduced the self-discharge of zinc anode more effectively than the individual inhibitor. The synergistic mechanism between PEG 600 and Tween 20 was discussed.
This work reports on successful fabrication of TiO2@ZnO arrays nanocomposites for lithium ion battery application without any polymeric binder and conductive additives. The sandwich-like TiO2@ZnO framework with 3D interconnected construction shows stable cycling performance with a specific capacity of 340.2mAhg−1 at a current density of 200mAg−1 after 100 cycles, which possesses more competitive cycling performance than the bare ZnO arrays. It is noted that the uniform decoration of ZnO nanoparticles onto the TiO2 nanosheet arrays plays a significant role in advancing their electrochemical performance. The volume change and aggregation of ZnO nanoparticles can be efficiently mitigated with the support of TiO2 nanosheet cushions. Interestingly, the TiO2@ZnO array can be an ideal electrode for flexible electronics.
Boron-based anion receptors, widely used as biosensors, are currently being explored as electrolyte-additives in lithium ion batteries and metal-air batteries, towards the goal of realizing high voltage, high energy density batteries. The potential advantage of the boron-based anion receptors as electrolyte-additives is to improve the lithium ion or metal-air battery cell cycle performance, and increase lithium ion transference numbers and ionic conductivity. These anion receptors also have unique characteristics that facilitate in maintaining a stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) at the electrode surface. In this comprehensive review, we have outlined the synthesis, computational studies, and applications of various classes of boron-based anion receptors in lithium ion and metal-air batteries.
The 1600mAh class of film packed lithium–ion battery has been fabricated with the polymer stabilizer. The adhesive polymer covered with fluorinated polymer beads enables to penetrate into the prismatically wounded jerry-roll layers and connects the electrode layers and separator film. The battery demonstrates the improved properties after repeating the charge and discharge processes and should be useful for the various electronics equipment such as notebook type computer.
Conspicuity limitations make bicycling at night dangerous. This experiment quantified bicyclists’ estimates of the distance at which approaching drivers would first recognize them. Twenty five participants (including 13 bicyclists who rode at least once per week, and 12 who rode once per month or less) cycled in place on a closed-road circuit at night-time and indicated when they were confident that an approaching driver would first recognize that a bicyclist was present. Participants wore black clothing alone or together with a fluorescent bicycling vest, a fluorescent bicycling vest with additional retroreflective tape, or the fluorescent retroreflective vest plus ankle and knee reflectors in a modified ‘biomotion’ configuration. The bicycle had a light mounted on the handlebars which was either static, flashing or off. Participants judged that black clothing made them least visible, retroreflective strips on the legs in addition to a retroreflective vest made them most visible and that adding retroreflective materials to a fluorescent vest provides no conspicuity benefits. Flashing bicycle lights were associated with higher conspicuity than static lights. Additionally, occasional bicyclists judged themselves to be more visible than did frequent bicyclists. Overall, bicyclists overestimated their conspicuity compared to previously collected recognition distances and underestimated the conspicuity benefits of retroreflective markings on their ankles and knees. Participants mistakenly judged that a fluorescent vest that did not include retroreflective material would enhance their night-time conspicuity. These findings suggest that bicyclists have dangerous misconceptions concerning the magnitude of the night-time conspicuity problem and the potential value of conspicuity treatments.
Clinical trials have demonstrated significant and lasting reductions in arterial pressure from baroreflex activation therapy (BAT), resulting from electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus in patients with resistant arterial hypertension. Significant carotid atherosclerosis, however, has been a contraindication for ipsilateral implantation due to a potentially increased risk of periprocedural stroke and uncertain antihypertensive efficacy. Here, we describe the first case in which BAT was applied safely and effectively in a patient with distinct cerebral arteriosclerosis after ipsilateral carotid endarterectomy as a one-stage procedure without neurologic complications. BAT resulted in satisfactory blood pressure levels despite distinct cerebral atherosclerosis after an 18-month follow-up period.
Lithium has been chemically extracted from the layered oxide solid solutions Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2–(z)Li[Mn0.5−y Ni0.5−y Co2y ]O2 (0≤ y ≤1/2 and 0.25≤ z ≤0.75) and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The weak super lattice reflections that occur in the parent samples at around 2θ =20–25° vanish on extracting a significant amount of lithium due to the removal of lithium from the transition metal layer and a consequent loss of the ordering between the Li+ and the transition metal ions. Additionally, the chemical delithiation process results in an incorporation of some protons from the chemical delithiation medium into the layered lattice, which has an influence on the structure of the delithiated samples. While the incorporation of a higher concentration (∼0.4 per formula unit) of protons results in the formation of O1 or P3 phases, delithiated samples with <0.2 protons maintain the initial O3 structure. However, the electrochemically charged samples maintain the initial O3 structure.
Objective: Due to the widespread use of mobile phones (MP), it is important to determine whether they affect human physiology. The aim of this study was to explore the sensitivity of auditory event-related potentials to electromagnetic emissions. Methods: Twelve participants attended two sessions, 1 week apart. Participants performed an auditory oddball task while they were exposed to an active MP during one session and sham exposure during the other. Each condition lasted 1 h and order was counterbalanced. N100 and P200 latencies and amplitudes were analysed for non-target waveforms, and N200 and P300 latencies and amplitudes were analysed for target waveforms. Results: In real relative to sham exposure N100 amplitude and latency to non-targets were reduced, with the reduction larger over midline and right hemisphere sites. P300 latency to targets was delayed in the real exposure condition, however as this difference was greatest at left frontal and left central sites the interpretation of this result is unclear. Reaction time increased in the real relative to sham condition. No difference in accuracy was found. Conclusions: The results suggest that MP exposure may affect neural activity, particularly in proximity to the phone, however caution should be applied due to the small sample size.
Pelletized recovered solid waste fuel is often applied in gasification systems to provide feedstock with a stabilized quality and high heating value and to avoid the bridging behavior caused by high moisture content, low particle density, and irregular particle size. However, the swelling properties and the sticky material generated from pyrolysis of the plastic group components also tend to trigger bridging in the retorting zone. It is well known that the plastic group materials, which occupy a considerable proportion of municipal solid waste, can melt together easily even under low temperature. This study investigates the pyrolysis behaviors of typical recovered solid waste pellets, including the devolatilization rate, heat transfer properties, char properties, and swelling/shrinkage properties, in a small fixed-bed facility over a wide temperature range, from 900°C to 450°C. The results are also compared with those from wheat straw pellets, a typical cellulosic fuel. Moreover, the SEM images and BET analysis of the char structure are further analyzed to provide additional explanation for the mechanisms of swelling/shrinkage phenomena observed during heating.
A novel hierarchical structure is reported that comprises micro-channeled nickel deposited onto a copper substrate. The fabrication process is a one-step galvanostatic electrodeposition in a system containing a Cu cathode, graphite anode, and Ni2+/NH4+ electrolyte. Results were obtained by the characterization of vertically aligned micro-channels in Ni. The pore density, depth, and diameter are controlled by varying electrodeposition conditions. The addition of ammonium ions, increased current, and longer deposition time are found to promote formation of high density pores with small diameters leading to those micro-channels. The channel’s optimum diameter ranged from 8 to 10 µm with depths of 20–25 µm. Adding ammonium ions also generated streams of hydrogen bubbles that formed on the cathode surface. Those bubbles hinder the nucleation of Ni, resulting in the selective nucleation and therefore the growth of micro-channels. The novel hierarchical Ni/Cu hybrids have the potential to be used for current collectors for battery electrodes, substrates to grow nanostructured oxides, and among others.
In this work we present a data-driven approach to the rational design of battery materials based on both resource and performance considerations. A large database of Li-ion battery material has been created by abstracting information from over 200 publications. The database consists of over 16000 data points from various classes of materials. In addition to reference information, key parameters and variables determining the performance of batteries were collected. This work also includes resource considerations such as crustal abundance and the Herfindahl–Hirschman index, a commonly used measure of market concentration. The data is organized into a free web-based resource where battery researchers can employ a unique visualization method to plot database parameters against one another. This contribution is concerned with cathode and anode electrode materials. Cathode materials are mostly based on an intercalation mechanism, while anode materials are primarily based on conversion and alloying. Results indicate that cathode materials follow a common trend consistent with their crystal structure. On the other hand anode materials display similar behavior, based on elemental composition. Of particular interest is that high energy cathodes are scarcer than high power materials and high performance anode materials are less available. More sustainable materials for both electrodes based on alternative compositions are identified.
The most promising materials that can be used as anodes in next generation rechargeable Li batteries are Sn and Si. Upon lithiation, however, both Sn and Si experience a 300% volume expansion, which results in significant fracture, and therefore their commercial use is inhibited. Extensive experimental research has yielded that embedding or attaching Si or Sn nanoparticles in a carbon/graphite matrix diminishes their mechanical damage and allows for electrochemical stability. The present study will show that linear elasticity can predict the capacity retention of such nanocomposites by predicting their mechanical stability upon Li-insertion. In particular (i) a previously developed theoretical model will be related to experimental observations on Si/sol–gel-graphite nanocomposite anodes, (ii) electron microscopy images will be presented on the fracture of cycled SnO2/C nanopowders, and a theoretical model will be applied to predict the SnO2 particle dimensions that will limit such fracture.
NaFeF3 and NaMnF3 are promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their low cost, low environmental impact and large theoretical capacity. NaCoF3 also has attracted attention as the high voltage cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. But, these ionic NaMF3 (M =Fe, Mn and Co) compounds have insulating character. To improve the lower electronic conductivity, two-step ball-milling with carbon was performed to obtain a uniform NaMF3 and carbon composite. The rechargeable capacity of NaFeF3 was 169mAhg−1, and its energy density was over 500 Wh kg−1, which is the highest among the reported iron-based cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. In addition, the experimental voltage for NaMnF3 was ca. 3.4V, and the voltages for NaMF3 (M =Fe and Mn) calculated by the DFT method corresponded well with the experimental results for NaFeF3 and NaMnF3.
This work focuses on the effects of charged single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) on the heat capacity of composite carbonate salt (Li2CO3-K2CO3) using the Electric Double-Layer modeling (EDL) and the Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. The nanoparticle-enhanced molten salt ensemble is modeled considering the compressed ion layer surrounding the SWCNT, and the specific heat capacity (cp ) enhancement of the nanoparticle-enhanced molten salt is analyzed. The results present the following issues. First, compressed ion layer is formed around the SWCNT surface. The density distributions of Li+, K+ and CO3 2– are strongly related to the SWCNT charge. The density distributions of the ions present characteristics of oscillatory, and the densities of the ions can be increased by rise of SWCNT charge. Second, the charge density distribution is analyzed. The local enrichment of positive and negative charges is found to occur inside the compressed ion layer. It is found that increasing the SWCNT charge can promote the local enrichment of positive and negative charges, which contributes to the increase of the internal energy of the nanoparticle-enhanced molten salt ensemble and results in cp enhancement. Finally, cp is found to be increased with increasing SWCNT charge. The cp enhancement of 19.2% is achieved when the SWCNT carries surface charge of −280e. The obtained results can provide guidance on the application of charged nanoparticles to enhance the specific capacity of molten salt.
Key to the mass adoption of electric vehicles (EV) is establishing a sufficient recharging infrastructure network, based on customer behavior and psychology. This study examines the battery charging station location problem, considering users’ range anxiety and distance deviations, two major barriers to the mass adoption of EV. The problem is formulated as a bi-level integer programming model based on a range anxiety function. Then, the problem is solved using an adaptive large-neighborhood search, combined with a k-shortest path algorithm and an iterative greedy heuristic. Finally, the effects of parameters are analyzed in the context of a real-world road network.
In this paper we report on the high power discharge performance and impedance characteristics of potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) and barium ferrate (BaFeO4) cathodes in zinc alkaline dry cells. The results show that if ferrate materials can be packaged to maximize the cathode surface area, they may offer superior performance over electrolytic manganese dioxide at operating voltages exceeding 1.6V and currents as high as 100mA/g of active material.
A series of (La, Mg)Ni2.8Co0.5 metal hydride alloys was studied in order to understand the effects of partial Al-substitution for Co on the alloy's structure, gaseous phase hydrogen storage properties, and electrochemical performance. The alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, pressure-concentration-temperature characterization, half-cell electrochemical tests, and sealed full-cell tests. After an annealing process at 960 °C for 5 h, the main matrix of the Al-free base alloy shifted from AB3 phase into an A2B7 phase. Annealed alloy samples incorporating Al promoted the AB5 phase over the A2B7 phase. The annealing treatment (AB3 to A2B7) increased the gaseous phase hydrogen storage capacity and lowered the plateau pressure and hysteresis in the absorption–desorption isotherms. The addition of Al in the annealed samples (A2B7 to AB5) decreased gaseous phase hydrogen storage and electrochemical capacities, decreased high rate dischargeability, but increased cycle stability. Continuous pulverization of the metal hydride alloy at the negative electrode appeared to be the main failure mode of this series of alloys despite the lower starting rate of pulverization when compared to commercially available AB5 alloys.
Pure hexagonally layered α-Co(OH)2 powder is prepared in large quantity by precipitation method under mild conditions. Subsequently, anion-exchange reaction and aging treatment in alkaline medium are performed to find their influence on the microstructure and supercapacitive properties of α-Co(OH)2. Various inorganic anions are successfully intercalated into the interlayer gallery of α-Co(OH)2 with the morphology and structure reserved. While the α-Co(OH)2 transforms into other cobalt compounds by aging treatment 1MolL−1 KOH solution at room temperature. The effects of anion-exchange on the supercapacitive properties are evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. The α-Co(OH)2 exhibits a high specific capacitance, good rate capability and improved stability after intercalation with nitrate and sulfate. The morphology and structure of α-Co(OH)2 after 2000 continuous charge–discharge tests in 1MolL−1 KOH electrolyte are also well maintained, indicating its excellent stability in charge–discharge tests. In contrary, the phase transitions from α-Co(OH)2 to β-form and other cobalt phases lead to a dramatic decrease in the specific capacitance, from 763.4Fg−1 to 25.9Fg−1.
In this study, novel electrolyte solvents and the conducting salt lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)azanide (LiTFSA) are compared with respect to aluminum anodic dissolution, often called in an ambiguous manner aluminum corrosion. Namely, mixtures of propylene carbonate, sulfolane, the ionic liquid N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)azanide (DMMA-TFSA) and various concentrations of LiTFSA are prepared and investigated in Al|Li cell configuration. It is verified that the choice of the concentration of LiTFSA and the composition of the solvent mixture affects the tendency of Al dissolution significantly. Principally, the best results (least dissolution/corrosion) are obtained in case of high LiTFSA concentrations and by adding the ionic liquid DMMA-TFSA to the organic solvents.
The lithium ion conductivities of as-prepared composite membranes consisting of a polyethylene oxide (PEO) matrix with various contents of tetragonal Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) were evaluated, and the optimum composition (52.5% LLZO) was determined by performing AC impedance measurements. The ionic conductivities of the composite membranes pass through a maximum as the LLZO content varies. Therefore, the hybridization of the organic and inorganic components of these membranes results in synergetic effects on their lithium ionic conductivity. In addition, tests of Li/composite membrane/LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 half-cells found that their charge/discharge properties are better than those of a PEO-only membrane and a membrane containing 52.5% Al2O3 instead of LLZO.
Zinc deposition within 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (BMIm OTf) with 0.34molkg−1 trifluoromethanesulfonate (Zn(OTf)2) was analyzed by in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). We describe a compact, textured morphology that has not been reported before. From the height difference correlation of the zinc electrodeposition AFM data, we obtained three parameters to describe the evolution of the zinc surface during electrodeposition: the Hurst exponent, the correlation length, and the saturated surface roughness. It was found that the roughness exponent of the zinc surface remained relatively constant during growth. In addition, the correlation length of the zinc deposition surface increased with continued electrodeposition. The saturated surface roughness, however, appeared to reach a constant value under certain deposition parameters within the ionic liquid electrolyte which is in contrast to scaling behavior typically observed for electrodeposition processes.