batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Storage technologies and storage integration are currently key topics of research in energy systems, due to the resulting possibilities for reducing the costs of renewables integration. Off-grid power systems in particular have received wide attention around the world, as they allow electricity access in remote rural areas at lower costs than grid extension. They are usually integrated with storage units, especially batteries. A key issue in cost effectiveness of such systems is battery degradation as the battery is charged and discharged. We present linear programming models for the optimal management of off-grid systems. The main contribution of this study is developing a methodology to include battery degradation processes inside the optimization models, through the definition of battery degradation costs. As there are very limited data that can be used to relate the battery usage with degradation issues, we propose sensitivity analyses to investigate how degradation costs and different operational patterns relate each others. The objective is to show the combinations of battery costs and performance that makes the system more economic.
Though silicon (Si) is expected as a high capacity negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries, its drastic structure change during lithiation/delithiation cycling hampers its stable cyclability. In this work, we report that a specific structure, a wrinkled structure, is temporarily formed from Si nanoparticles (particle size was ca. 82 nm) at relatively early numbers of lithiation/delithiation cycling, and that the wrinkled structure thus formed shows a good performance. Though this structure soon transforms into a different one, resulting in fading of the performance, such transformation of the Si framework can be frozen at the state of the wrinkled structure by restricting lithiation degree. Interestingly, when Si nanoparticles are covered with a carbon nanolayer (thickness was ca. 10 nm) beforehand, the carbon layer is also deformed together with Si and is taken in by the wrinkled structure. Such carbon-coating improves the rate performance of Si nanoparticles; the carbon-coated Si nanoparticles show a constant discharge capacity of 1500 mAh g−1-composite over 100 cycles and exhibit an excellent rate performance (1500 mAh g−1-composite even at a rate of 3.3 C).
Polypyrrole films doped with p-toluenesulfonic anions on stainless steel mesh substrates were prepared by the electropolymerization method. A Zn/aqueous solution/polymer battery system was thus established with the polymer film as the cathode and three different biocompatible aqueous electrolytes. The mechanism of the anode reaction can be explained as the dissolution of Zn. It was found, however, that the discharge performance, including the discharge plateaus and capacities, were significantly affected by the polymer reactions. To elucidate the reaction mechanisms of the conductive polymer, its electrochemical properties were systematically studied by several techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and monitoring mass changes with an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. The redox states of polypyrrole before and after discharge were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The reaction mechanisms of the polypyrrole film and its effects on the discharge performance are thus discussed based on the results.
Li2TiO3–LiCrO2 cathode powders of various compositions are prepared by spray pyrolysis. Pure Li2TiO3 powder and Li2TiO3–LiCrO2 composite cathode powder have a spherical shape, nonaggregated structure, and fine sizes even after post-treatment at 700 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The optimum post-treatment temperature to obtain composite powders with high initial discharge capacity, high coulombic efficiency, and good cycle properties is 700 °C. The initial charge capacities increase when the LiCrO2 content of the composite increase. However, the 0.55Li2TiO3–0.45LiCrO2 composite cathode powders have the highest initial discharge capacity of 203 mAh g−1, in which the capacity retention after 30 cycles is 96%. The dQ/dV curve of the first charge curve has a distinct oxidation peak at approximately 3.9 V, which corresponds to Cr oxidation. The oxidation peak shifts to a lower voltage range at approximately 3.6 V after the first cycling because an irreversible reaction takes place in the initial charge process. The composite cathode powders with low LiCrO2 content have low initial charge/discharge capacities and good cycle properties because of the stabilizing effect of high amounts of an inactive Li2TiO3 component.
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to identify the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on Li-doped spinel Li1.05Mn1.96O4 cathode. The major components in the SEI have been assigned, and the formation and evolution of the SEI over the initial charge–discharge cycle are discussed. By Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, it has been found that during the charge–discharge process, the SEI can be directly formed on the Li1.05Mn1.96O4 cathode, and is mainly composed of R-CO3Li and Li2CO3. In terms of composition, it is very similar to those formed on a carbon anode. In the initial cycle, the formation of R-CO3Li begins at 4.10V during the charging process, and becomes more distinct with increasing charge voltage. The formation of Li2CO3 begins at 4.10V during the discharge process, and becomes more distinct with decreasing discharge voltage. The SEI becomes more evident over subsequent cycles.
The present study took place at a prestigious national college. The participants were 116 students (41 boys, 75 girls), attending either gymnasium or high school—two classes from each school cycle. The main objective was to test a set ofcognitive ability scales, specifically created for career counselling, in conjunction with the personality inventory NEO PI-R and the career interest questionnaire SDS. The main hypothesis was that a series of career predictors will significantly improve vocational choice. The results partly confirm our expectations. The effect of the intervention is significant: For all the participants the degree of career congruence improved on average with 4 points.
Generally, it is well known that the lithium-ion diffusion in olivine Li x FePO4 is correlated with the phase transition dominated by a domino-cascade model instead of a core–shell model. Based on the experiment result, we firstly found that the linear Warburg region of electrochemical impedance spectra should tilt with a small angle of 30° for the domino-cascade model, while the core–shell model should correspond to a traditional angle of about 45°. Considering that the measured Warburg impedance varies along the charge and discharge processes, we firstly proposed a hybrid phase-transition model as a combination of the domino-cascade model and the core–shell model to describe the olivine Li x FePO4. And this hybrid model was possibly attributed to both the strong anisotropy in the bulk of olivine Li x FePO4 and the different properties between the lithiated and delithiated phases. Potentially, this micro-mechanism could be extended to some other two-phase electrode active materials in lithium ion batteries.
With the continuous upsurge in demand for energy storage, batteries are increasingly required to operate under extreme environmental conditions. Although they are at the technological forefront, Li-ion batteries have long been limited to room temperature, as internal phenomena during their operation cause thermal fluctuations. This has been the reason for many battery explosions in recent consumer products. While traditional efforts to address these issues focused on thermal management strategies, the performance and safety of Li-ion batteries at both low (<20 °C) and high (>60 °C) temperatures are inherently related to their respective components, such as electrode and electrolyte materials and the so-called solid-electrolyte interphases. This Review examines recent research that considers thermal tolerance of Li-ion batteries from a materials perspective, spanning a wide temperature spectrum (−60 °C to 150 °C). The structural stability of promising cathodes, issues with anode passivation, and the competency of various electrolyte, binder and current collectors are compared for their thermal workability. The possibilities offered by each of these cell components could extend the environmental frontiers of commercial Li-ion batteries.
Electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries drops significantly at low temperatures, especially under charging, because the lithium ions are prone to deposit as lithium metal on instead of intercalating into the solid matrix of anode. At discharging, the existence of lithium stripping leads to the capacity reversed partially, whose amount is proportional to the width of extra voltage plateau displayed at the beginning. A physics-based electrochemical-thermal model considering effects of lithium plating/stripping is developed and validated to explore the degradation mechanism and behaviors of NMC/Carbon cells undergoing prolonged cycling. The temporal and spatial analyses of overpotential of lithium plating and surface concentration in solid phase at various operating conditions demonstrate that lithium plating starts to take place at the interface between composite anode and separator, and the degradation can be accelerated by the decreasing ambient temperatures and increasing charging current rates. The degradation effects including loss of recyclable lithium ions, loss of anode active material, growth of plated lithium and secondary solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and consumption of electrolyte solvents are considered. The model is capable of estimating capacity as a function of cycle number with an overall accuracy of 3% if the capacity fade is less than 30%.
Micro-spherical Ni0.80Co0.15Mn0.05(OH)2 precursors with a narrow size-distribution and high tap-density are prepared successfully by continuous co-precipitation of the corresponding metal salt solutions using NaOH and NH4OH as precipitation and complexing agents. LiNi0.80Co0.15Mn0.05O2 is then prepared as a lithium battery cathode from this precursor by the introduction of LiOH·H2O. The pH and NH3:metal molar ratio show significant effects on the morphology, microstructure and tap-density of the prepared Ni0.80Co0.15Mn0.05(OH)2 and the R values and I(003)/I(104) ratio of lithiated LiNi0.80Co0.15Mn0.05O2. Spherical LiNi0.80Co0.15Mn0.05O2 prepared under optimum conditions reveals a hexagonally ordered, layered structure without cation mixing and an initial charging capacity of 176mAhg−1. More than 91% of the capacity is retained after 40 cycles at the 1C rate in a cut-off voltage range of 4.3–3.0V.
A vanadium/oxygen fuel cell with an active area of 280 cm2 has been developed. The cell consisted of two membranes with two half-cells and an intermediate chamber. The maximum achieved power density was 23 mW cm−2 at 0.56 V with lambda air = 3 and a 1.6 M V2+ solution at room temperature. The average discharge power density was 19.6 mW cm−2 at a constant current density of 40 mA cm−2 with an average voltage efficiency of 33%. The fuel based energy density was 18.2% of the theoretical value with 11.8 Wh L−1. In comparison with a similarly constructed 50 cm2 cell, both achieved similar performance levels. An analysis using the half-cell potential profiles and by means of impedance spectroscopy revealed that, as for the 50 cm2 cell, the low rate of oxygen reduction reaction significantly affected the performance of the cell. Thus gives potential for the optimization of the cathode reaction and a reduction in the ohmic resistances potential for higher power densities.
P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 plates with homogeneous composition and regular morphology are prepared by spray pyrolysis. The rhombohedral P3-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 microspheres formed by one-pot spray pyrolysis transform into hexagonal P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 plates after post-treatment at temperatures between 800 and 1000°C. The mean size and thickness of P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 plates obtained after post-treatment at 900°C are 2.2μm and 550nm, respectively. The initial discharge capacities of P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 plates formed at 800, 900, and 1000°C at a current rate of 0.1C are 69, 86, and 80mA h g−1, respectively, while the discharge capacities after 200 cycles are 68, 80, and 76mAhg−1, respectively. However, the discharge capacities of P3-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 powders decrease from 62 to 50mAhg−1 after 200 cycles. P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 plates show low charge-transfer resistance and also exhibit better rate performance than P3-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 powders.
In the present study, on the contrary of lots of researches, stoichiometric (s-LD) and non-stoichiometric (n-LD) lithium disilicate polycrystalline were tried to synthesize using easily available and cheap natural amethyst quartz samples collected from Balıkesir Dursunbey Turkey as a starting material by the high temperature solid state method. Structure and morphology of s-LD and n-LD were done using XRD, FTIR and SEM, showing the main structure as lithium disilicate for n-LD. The findings showed that n-LD had better crystal structure and gave better TL response, so a detailed investigation on its main dosimetric properties was studied and presented in this paper. The thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve of n-LD consisted of 3 distinguishable peaks and the main peak was stable since TL sensitivity increased only 12% after 2kGy of high dose exposure. The reusability results showed that TL intensity decreased maximum 21% and 16% for 5Gy and 50Gy, respectively after 11 repeated cycles and n-LD had a superlinearity index (g(D)=1.019). The main peak was just 5% faded in 4 weeks. Consequently, n-LD as a phosphor might be used in many fields concerning with the dose range from 0.1Gy up to 100Gy.
Abnormal epidermal proliferation and differentiation characterize the inflammatory skin disease psoriasis. Here we demonstrate that expression of PPARδ mRNA and protein is markedly upregulated in psoriatic lesions and that lipoxygenase products accumulating in psoriatic lesions are potent activators of PPARδ. The expression levels of NF-κB p50 and p65 were not significantly altered in lesional compared with nonlesional psoriatic skin. In the basal layer of normal epidermis both p50 and p65 were sequestered in the cytoplasm, whereas p50, but not p65, localized to nuclei in the suprabasal layers, and this distribution was maintained in lesional psoriatic skin. In normal human keratinocytes PPAR agonists neither impaired IL-1β-induced translocation of p65 nor IL-1β-induced NF-κB DNA binding. We show that PPARδ physically interacts with the N-terminal Rel homology domain of p65. Irrespective of the presence of agonists none of the PPAR subtypes decreased p65-mediated transactivation in keratinocytes. In contrast p65, but not p50, was a potent repressor of PPAR-mediated transactivation. The p65-dependent repression of PPARδ- but not PPARα- or PPARγ-mediated transactivation was partially relieved by forced expression of the coactivators p300 or CBP. We suggest that deficient NF-κB activation in chronic psoriatic plaques permitting unabated PPARδ-mediated transactivation contributes to the pathologic phenotype of psoriasis.
Li-ion batteries are frequently modeled using variants of the one-dimensional approach that was initially developed by Newman and colleagues (e.g., [2]). Necessarily such an approach is based upon assumptions about the electrode microstructure, and quantitative predictions depend upon empirical parameters such as effective conductivities and diffusion coefficients. The present paper develops a three-dimensional model that can resolve electrode structure at the submicron scale. Although the three-dimensional model is capable of representing arbitrary electrode microstructure, the present paper considers regular arrays of spherical particles. The model is applied to evaluate approximations in one-dimensional models and to assist in establishing empirical relationships that can be used in reduced-dimension models. General relationships for effective particle radius in one-dimensional models are derived from the three-dimensional simulations. The results also provide a basis for estimating the empirical Bruggeman exponents that affect Li-ion transport within electrolyte solutions.
During cycles, the battery thickness changes for the three reasons—(i) expansion and contraction of host materials due to lithium intercalation, (ii) electrode volume increase caused by irreversible reaction deposits, and (iii) dead volume and pressure changes within the cell case depending on battery structure and construction. In this study we have identified and quantified those three reasons and related thickness increases employing commercially available thin prismatic lithium ion and polymer cells.
Tracking the state-of-charge and state-of-health presently attracts much attention as they are important evaluation indexes for energy storage systems diagnosis and prognosis in electric vehicles and smart grids. This paper presents a hybrid state-of-charge and state-of-health estimation technique according to adaptation of parameters in an equivalent circuit model and a Lyapunov-based adaptation law. The online adaptation of the equivalent circuit model is employed to maintain accurate estimations by capturing battery age-dependent dynamics. The Lyapunov-based adaptation law is employed to enable the production of internal battery state and age-dependent parameters estimations using only battery terminal voltage and noisy current measurements. Though parameters vary with aging, temperature or other factors, accurate estimations are still achieved without prior knowledge of battery parameters. Besides, the stability of the proposed observer can also be guaranteed by Lyapunov direct method. The proposed method is verified using data collected over randomized discharge profiles. Experimental results highlight the high estimation accuracy and robustness of the proposed model and technique.
Conventional electrochemical techniques and a fast-scan, self-compensating spectroscopic ellipsometer were used to characterize Li/polymer electrolyte interfaces. An electrochemical–ellipsometric test cell employed a grid counter-electrode to allow illumination of the Li/polymer interface, along with a Li-ring reference electrode, which was co-planar with the Li working electrode. Open-circuit cell potentials, current responses to small potential steps, AC impedance data and in situ ellipsometric spectra were recorded after cell assembly and during cell cycle tests, and the optical properties of bare Li metal and candidate reaction products were measured. The ellipsometric spectra of Li/PEO–LiN(CF3SO2)2 interfaces were interpreted and were consistent with a compact interfacial structure. The as-formed (before current passage) Li/PEO–LiN(CF3SO2)2 interfacial layer was ∼12-nm thick and contained mostly Li and Li2O, with >60 vol.% Li. After a single-cell discharge of 0.4 mA h/cm2, the interfacial layer became thicker (37 nm) and accumulated >60 vol.% Li2O.
Electrical energy storage could play a pivotal role in future low-carbon electricity systems, balancing inflexible or intermittent supply with demand. Cost projections are important for understanding this role, but data are scarce and uncertain. Here, we construct experience curves to project future prices for 11 electrical energy storage technologies. We find that, regardless of technology, capital costs are on a trajectory towards US$340 ± 60 kWh−1 for installed stationary systems and US$175 ± 25 kWh−1 for battery packs once 1 TWh of capacity is installed for each technology. Bottom-up assessment of material and production costs indicates this price range is not infeasible. Cumulative investments of US$175–510 billion would be needed for any technology to reach 1 TWh deployment, which could be achieved by 2027–2040 based on market growth projections. Finally, we explore how the derived rates of future cost reduction influence when storage becomes economically competitive in transport and residential applications. Thus, our experience-curve data set removes a barrier for further study by industry, policymakers and academics.
Rhombohedral lithium titanium phosphate, LiTi2(PO4)3, has been considered a suitable anode material for aqueous lithium-ion batteries. However, the electrochemical behaviors of pure lithium-rich polymorphs have not been described yet even Li-rich phase may show better electrochemical properties than conventional LiTi2(PO4)3 at the expense of somewhat lowered capacity. We have synthesized orthorhombic Li1.5Ti2(PO4)3 (OLTP) and rhombohedral LiTi2(PO4)3 (RLTP) via sol-gel reactions and studied their fundamental electrochemical properties using galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Their feasibility as anode materials in LiFePO4//LixTi2(PO4)3 configurations using aqueous electrolytes were also considered. The faster kinetics of the orthorhombic lithium titanium phosphate in this study were attributed to higher Li+ diffusivity and electrical conductivity, making this material an attractive alternative for conventional rhombohedral LiTi2(PO4)3.
The effects of molecular weight and solubility of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the electrochemical characteristics of zinc plate electrodes and Zn-Ni batteries were investigated with and without ZnO in 6 M KOH solution, respectively. The result of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicated that as an important additive in zinc paste electrodes, CMCs with M.W.s of 700,000, 250,000, and 90,000 can all suppress the corrosion of zinc. The zinc deposition experiment revealed that the CMCs, especially the soluble M.W. 700,000 CMC, can suppress zinc electrodeposition kinetics and decreases the porosity of zinc deposits. Zn-Ni battery performance tests indicate that a suitable concentration of soluble CMC will decrease charge and discharge polarization and increase discharge capacity. These results indicated that various M.W.s and the solubility of CMC in 6 M KOH showed complex electrochemical effects on zinc electrodes in alkaline solution, and their addition to a zinc paste electrode needs careful consideration.
Wound management in equine patients can be very challenging. Bacterial infection of traumatic wounds or surgical incisions compromises healing and further complicates wound management. This paper focuses on recent advances in the management of severely infected wounds, with particular attention paid to selection of antimicrobial agents and to methods for optimizing delivery and efficacy of antimicrobial drugs at the site of infection.
The roundtrip electrochemical energy efficiency is improved from 63% to 76% at a current density of 200 mA cm−2 in an all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) by utilizing modified carbon paper electrodes in the high-performance no-gap design. Heat treatment of the carbon paper electrodes in a 42% oxygen/58% nitrogen atmosphere increases the electrochemically wetted surface area from 0.24 to 51.22 m2 g−1, resulting in a 100–140 mV decrease in activation overpotential at operationally relevant current densities. An enriched oxygen environment decreases the amount of treatment time required to achieve high surface area. The increased efficiency and greater depth of discharge doubles the total usable energy stored in a fixed amount of electrolyte during operation at 200 mA cm−2.