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The nanostructural multiphase nickel hydroxide, which was with doped at least three modifier elements has been synthesized. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph showed that the nanostructural multiphase nickel hydroxide was consisted of nanostructural particles. It has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination that the compound has a mixed structure of α-Ni(OH)2 and β-Ni(OH)2. The tap-density of the nanostructural multiphase nickel hydroxide is 1.7–1.9g/cm3 and the discharge capacity can reach 375mAh/g. The electrochemical studies revealed that the compound has much better redox reversibility, a much lower oxidation potential of Ni(II) than the corresponding oxidation state compared with β-Ni(OH)2, and a much higher reduction potential. Since it has much higher tap-density and better electrochemical performance than Al-stabilized α-Ni(OH)2 and usual β-Ni(OH)2, it may be a promising positive active material for alkaline rechargeable batteries.
Rapid economic development and population growth, inadequate infrastructure and expertise, and land scarcity make the management of municipal solid waste become one of Malaysia’s most critical environmental issues. The study is aimed at evaluating the generation, characteristics, and management of solid waste in Malaysia based on published information. In general, the per capita generation rate is about 0.5–0.8kg/person/day in which domestic waste is the primary source. Currently, solid waste is managed by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, with the participation of the private sector. A new institutional and legislation framework has been structured with the objectives to establish a holistic, integrated, and cost-effective solid waste management system, with an emphasis on environmental protection and public health. Therefore, the hierarchy of solid waste management has given the highest priority to source reduction through 3R, intermediate treatment and final disposal.
The installation of large scale photovoltaic power plants connected at transmission level has increased during the last years. There are some challenges that these power plants have to overcome regarding the operation and control while dealing with the solar energy variability and uncertainty. Today, few countries are aware of the importance of this source of energy as part of the utility system and how it can affect the operability. Thus, this paper discusses about the trend of large scale photovoltaic power plants around the world and the importance of the development of grid codes for its integration. Then, the paper addresses a comparison of the grid codes of Germany, US, Puerto Rico, Romania, China and South Africa considering: fault ride through capability, frequency and voltage regulation, as well as active and reactive power support. In addition, a broad discussion about the challenges that the large scale photovoltaic power plants have to overcome is presented together with the compliance technology and future trend.
A poly(styrenesulfonate) lithium salt was tested as a single-ion conductor in a poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether matrix. Impedance spectroscopy and voltage step polarization were used to characterize the composite electrolytes. A specific conductivity of about 7×10−8 S cm−1 was evaluated at 70°C. The very low conductivity was attributed to the poor solubility of Li+ in the polymer matrix. AlCl3 was added to the polymer electrolyte to increase the salt dissolution. The addition of the Lewis acid strongly increases the conductivity and a specific conductivity of about 4×10−6 S cm−1 was measured at 20°C. For temperature lower than 60°C, the specific conductivity dependence with increasing temperature follows an Arrhenius-type behavior. An activation energy of about 55.6 kJ mol−1 was calculated. A very similar activation energy (60.3 kJ mol−1) was found for the charge transfer resistance. The transport properties of the polymer electrolyte were tested by applying a d.c. voltage step to a symmetrical lithium cell. The current at the applied voltage decreased with time. The decrease was related to an increase in the cell resistance due to the continuous growth of a passivation layer on the lithium surface.
The safety of lithium-ion batteries is coming under increased scrutiny as they are being adopted for large format applications especially in the vehicle transportation industry and for grid-scale energy storage. The primary short-comings of lithium-ion batteries are the flammability of the liquid electrolyte and sensitivity to high voltage and elevated temperatures. We have synthesized a series of non-flammable fluorinated phosphazene liquids and blended them with conventional carbonate solvents. While the use of these phosphazenes as standalone electrolytes is highly desirable, they simply do not satisfy all of the many requirements that must be met such as high LiPF6 solubility and low viscosity, thus we have used them as additives and co-solvents in blends with typical carbonates. The physical and electrochemical properties of the electrolyte blends were characterized, and then the blends were used to build 2032-type coin cells. We have evaluated the performance of the electrolytes by determining the physical properties, thermal stability, electrochemical window, cell cycling data, and the ability to form solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films. This paper presents our most recent results on a new series of fluorinated cyclic phosphazene trimers, the FM series, which has exhibited numerous beneficial effects on battery performance, lifetimes, and safety aspects.
Abstract “Plastics solutions for practical problems” gathers some suggestions that could contribute to solve a series of burning issues thanks to thermoplastic resins. To be successful and to save money, weight, and cost, the use of plastics must take into account complete solution systems including the plastic and its formulation, the unique design freedom, the outstanding combination of mechanical performances and collateral properties, the environmental facets, the broad choice of processing methods including 3D printing, and the recycling opportunities. More than 30 cases are examined to help to think according to this innovative way: metal or glass replacement, structural solutions, esthetic parts, long-lasting parts, transparent parts, fire retardant plastics, high-heat or low-temperature polymers, conductive polymers, antifriction polymers, superabsorbent polymers, thermally conductive plastics, magnetic plastics, heavy compounds, super-soft polymers, antimicrobial solutions, antifogging solutions, chemical-resistant plastics, adhesion issues, semimanufactured products, foams, WPC, phthalate-free solutions, restriction of hazardous substance solutions, and low volatile organic compound; 97 tables display numerous examples of properties, performance, additive producers, compounders, etc.
Fuel Cells are often considered in the market place as just power providers. Whilst fuel cells do provide power, there are additional beneficial characteristics that should be highlighted to consumers. Due to the high price premiums associated with fuel cells, added value features need to be exploited in order to make them more appealing and increase unit sales and market penetration. This paper looks at the approach taken by two companies to sell high value fuel cells to niche markets. The first, SFC Energy, has a proven track record selling fuel cell power providers. The second, Bloom Energy, is making significant progress in the US by having sold its Energy Server to more than 40 corporations including Wal-Mart, Staples, Google, eBay and Apple. Further to these current markets, two prospective added value applications for fuel cells are discussed. These are fuel cells for aircraft APUs and fuel cells for fire prevention. These two existing markets and two future markets highlight that fuel cells are not just power providers. Rather, they can be used as solutions to many needs, thus being more cost effective by replacing a number of incumbent systems at the same time.
Cyclic voltammetric (CV) and chronoamperometric (CA) studies on potentiostatic deposition of MnO2 on Pt from Mn(II) solution in very weakly alkaline media show the process to be controlled by a one-electron transfer step, which means that the deposition proceeds through the generation of Mn(III). The electrocatalytic activity of the deposited electrode towards carbohydrate oxidation is found to be maximum at an optimum amount of deposition. Chronopotentiometric (CP) and CV measurements show that the oxidation of carbohydrates on the deposited electrodes follows a catalytic EC (electrochemical–chemical) mechanism via electrolytic formation of Mn(V) and its subsequent consumption either by disproportionation or by chemical reaction in the presence of carbohydrates. The rate constants of the reaction of Mn(V) with dextrose and fructose have been obtained from CA results. The relative order of the oxidation currents for dextrose and fructose as well as their dependence on carbohydrate concentration has been discussed. Replacement of Pt by carbon as the electrode support material does not affect the electrocatalytic activity of the MnO2 deposit. The observed linear variation of the steady state oxidation currents with carbohydrate concentration can be exploited for analytical application.
Li4P2O7-stabilized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 was prepared by solid-state synthesis. The material was characterized by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transition electron microscopy, which showed a coating layer (<10nm) of Li4P2O7 crystallite co-existing with a little Li3PO4 on the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li4P2O7 primary particles. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li4P2O7 synthesized at 760°C for 200h had a cubic spinel structure with a space group of Fd 3 ¯ m; its estimated crystallite size was 527nm. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li4P2O7 possessed better rate capability and cycling capability. The introduced Li4P2O7 coating layer acted as a solid electrolyte or artificial SEI layer: by separating the active material from the electrolyte, the coating layer prevented the Ni2+/Ni3+ or Ni3+/Ni4+ redox couple from decomposing the electrolyte. Stress/strain from the Ni2+⇌Ni3⇌Ni4+ spinel phase change caused fractures and pulverization of the cycled stoichiometric LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 crystal surface, especially noticeable for this well-developed micro-sized crystal. The ordered stoichiometric LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 had more side reactions, led to a quick fading of the material's capacity. Both the Li4P2O7 coating layer and the disordered Fd 3 ¯ m space group LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 structure bring benefit to the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li4P2O7 performance. Thus, the introduced Li4P2O7 coating layer can build an effective solid electrolyte or artificial SEI layer to protect the interface between LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and electrolyte.
A modified macroporous carbon (mMPC) containing CoNx site is developed for sulfur retention to enhance cycleability of lithium-sulfur battery. Various nitrogen sites such as graphitic-N, pyrrolic-N, pyridinic-N, pyridinic-N oxide, and CoNx are created during macropore formation. The sites without Co show limited polysulfide (PS) adsorption capability because nucleophilic N absorbs PS species via the weak interaction between N and Li in NLiS bondage. The electrophilic Co(II) in CoNx absorbs PS species via a strong interaction between S and Co in SCo bond. The dual interaction of CoNx site with SCo and NLiS bondages significantly enhances the PS adsorption. The resultant Li-S battery with the mMPC shows excellent cycleability, exhibiting a very low capacity degradation rate of 0.25 mAh g−1 per cycle after initial 20 cycles. A rate capacity as high as 660 mAh g−1 has been achieved after 300 cycles at 1 C charge-discharge rate.
Electroporation (EP) of mammalian tissue is a technique that has been used successfully in the clinic for the delivery of genetic-based vaccines in the form of DNA plasmids. There is great interest in platforms which efficiently deliver RNA molecules such as messenger RNA and small interfering RNA (siRNA) to mammalian tissue. However, the in vivo delivery of RNA enhanced by EP has not been extensively characterized. This paper details the optimization of electrical parameters for a novel low-voltage EP method to deliver oligonucleotides (both DNA and RNA) to dermal tissue in vivo. Initially, the electrical parameters were optimized for dermal delivery of plasmid DNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) using this novel surface dermal EP device. While all investigated parameters resulted in visible transfection, voltage parameters in the 10 V range elicited the most robust signal. The parameters optimized for DNA, were then assessed for translation of successful electrotransfer of siRNA into dermal tissue. Robust tagged-siRNA transfection in skin was detected. We then assessed whether these parameters translated to successful transfer of siRNA resulting in gene knockdown in vivo. Using a reporter gene construct encoding GFP and tagged siRNA targeting the GFP message, we show simultaneous transfection of the siRNA to the skin via EP and the concomitant knockdown of the reporter gene signal. The siRNA delivery was accomplished with no evidence of injection site inflammation or local tissue damage. The minimally invasive low-voltage EP method is thus capable of efficiently delivering both DNA and RNA molecules to dermal tissue in a tolerable manner.
Heart failure (HF) is a common end point for numerous cardiovascular conditions, including coronary artery disease, valvular disease, and hypertension. HF predominantly affects older individuals (aged ≥70 years), particularly those living in developed countries. The pathophysiological sequelae of HF progression have a substantial negative effect on physical function. Diminished physical function in older patients with HF, which is the result of combined disease-related and age-related effects, has important implications on health. A large body of research spanning several decades has demonstrated the safety and efficacy of regular physical activity in improving outcomes among the HF population, regardless of age, sex, or ethnicity. However, patients with HF, especially those who are older, are less likely to engage in regular exercise training compared with the general population. To improve initiation of regular exercise training and subsequent long-term compliance, there is a need to rethink the dialogue between clinicians and patients. This Review discusses the need to improve physical function and exercise habits in patients with HF, focusing on the older population.
Two types of hierarchical mesoporous urchin-like Mn3O4/carbon microspheres (HM-MO/C-MS) have been prepared via the in situ carbonization of the newly synthesized lamellar manganese alkoxide (Mn-DEG) along with the crystallization of Mn3O4 in air (MO-A) and nitrogen (MO-N), respectively. Such unique HM-MO/C-MS with high surface area provides obvious advantages including a large contact area with electrolyte, a short transport path for Li+ ions, a low resistance for charge transfer, and a superior structural stability. When used as an anode material for lithium ion batteries in the voltage range of 0.01–3V, the HM-MO/C-MS obtained in nitrogen (MO-N) exhibits high lithium storage capacity (915mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 for 50 cycles), great cycling stability (94.5% capacity retention versus the second cycle) and excellent rate capability (510mAhg−1 at 1000mAg−1). In particular, when cycling at a high current density of 1500mAg−1, the reversible capacity of the MO-N sample can still be maintained as high as 480mAhg−1 with a high capacity retention of 93.7% after 200 cycles. Even in a narrower voltage range of 0.01–1.5V, the lithium storage capacity of the MO-N sample can reach 556mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 with a very good cycling stability (over 91% capacity retention from the second cycle) and have an excellent rate capability of 269mAhg−1 at 1000mAg−1. Both MO-N and MO-A samples present a very high volumetric capacity of 741.2mAhcm−3 and 647.4mAhcm−3 at 100mAg−1, respectively. Such high performances both in the voltage ranges of 0.01–3V and 0.01–1.5V are among the highest reported. Ex-situ SEM images showed clearly the excellent morphological and structural stability of our materials. The results demonstrate that the unique hierarchical mesoporous microspheres/carbon structure is favorable for improving the cyclability and rate capability in energy storage applications. Our effective synthesis strategy can be broadened to construct other mesoporous metal oxides/carbon composites for high-performance lithium ion batteries.
Mixed transition-metal oxide Ni0.79Co0.2Zn0.01O (NCZ) powders have been prepared by the modified Pechini method and studied as cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The Ni-Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9(SDC)|SDC|SDC-NCZ single cell achieves 326 mW cm−2 at 600 °C. The output power has been further improved by partial substituting Li for Ni at Ni sites. The Ni-SDC|SDC|SDC-Li0.2Ni0.79Co0.2Zn0.01O2 (L2NCZ) cell with the SDC film of 30 μm in thickness shows maximum power outputs of 1.32, 0.98 and 0.62 W cm−2 at 650, 600 and 550 °C, respectively. The impedance measurements at open circuit conditions show that the overall electrode polarization resistances is 0.033, 0.112, 0.351 Ω cm2 at 650, 600 and 550 °C, respectively. The primary results indicate a new family of potential cathode material compatible with the SDC electrolyte for IT-SOFCs.
Li-rich layered cathode materials with composition of Li1.2−xMn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2−xFx (x = 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08) are synthesized by co-precipitation method. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET surface area analysis, high-resolution transition electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements are employed to investigate the changes in crystal structure, chemical composition, particle morphology and electrochemical performance. Improved electrochemical performance is observed for fluorine doped materials, among which Li1.15Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O1.95F0.05 exhibits the best cyclic performance as well as rate capability at room temperature. The discharge voltage plateau is stabilized by F doping due to the retarded layered-to-spinel phase transition, thus a high energy density output of the cell could be maintained. The mechanisms for the improved electrochemical properties of fluorine doped Li-rich layered cathode are also discussed.
In lithium-ion batteries, the critical need for high-energy-density, low-cost storage for applications ranging from wearable computing to megawatt-scale stationary storage has created an unmet need for facile methods to produce high-density, low-tortuosity, kinetically accessible storage electrodes. Here we show that magnetic control of sacrificial features enables the creation of directional pore arrays in lithium-ion electrodes. The directional pores result in faster charge transport kinetics and enable electrodes with more than threefold higher area capacity (for example, >12 mAh cm−2 versus <4 mAh cm−2 in conventional electrodes) at practical charge–discharge rates. We demonstrate these capabilities in laboratory cells under various test conditions, including an electric vehicle model drive cycle.
In existing e-marketplaces, buyers use search engines to specify conditions and to find products that match those conditions exactly. However, some products that may be potentially interesting to buyers are nearly impossible to find. This research aims to design a multi-agent e-marketplace in which buyers and sellers delegate agents to argue about products via an argumentation mechanism. This mechanism enables sellers to persuade buyers to consider purchasing products; it also helps buyers in their search for potentially interesting products. This research adopts Semantic Web technology to express agents’ ontologies and proposes an information-gathering approach that supports argumentation. A prototype was developed and a laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the approach’s performance. The experimental results show that the proposed mechanism is able to help buyers search for both exactly and potentially interesting products. The study also explores the reasons why searching for potentially interesting products is crucial to e-marketplaces. The proposed prototype and its attendant approach can inspire both existing and initiative e-marketplaces to design advanced product searching and recommendation mechanisms.
The spatial and temporal variability of Hg emissions from urban paved surfaces was assessed through repeated measurements under varying environmental conditions at six sample sites in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The results show significant spatial variability of the Hg emissions with median values ranging from below detection limit to 5.2ng/m2/h. Two of the sites consistently had higher Hg emissions (on several occasions >20ng/m2/h) than the other 4, which were equivalently low (maximum emission: 2.1ng/m2/h). A surrogate measure of the pavement Hg concentrations was obtained during each day of sampling through the collection of street dust. The median street dust concentration also showed significant spatial variability (ranging from 9.6 to 44.5ng/g). Regression analysis showed that the spatial variability of the Hg emissions was significantly related to the street dust concentrations. Controlled experiments using Hg amended street dust confirmed the relationship between Hg surface concentration and emission magnitude. Within a given sample site, Hg emissions varied temporally and multiple regression analysis showed that within-site variability was significantly influenced by changes in solar radiation with only a minor effect from surface temperature. Controlled experiments using shade cloths confirmed that solar radiation can have a large influence on the magnitude of Hg emissions within a given site. The emissions measured in Toronto were contextualized through comparison sampling in Austin, Texas. The Hg emissions measured in Austin were within the range detected in Toronto and also showed significant correlation with Hg street dust concentrations between sites. To provide a holistic assessment of Hg emissions from urban environments, samples were also collected from other common urban surfaces (soil, roofs, and windows). Soils consistently had higher emissions than all the other surfaces (7.3ng/m2/h, n =39).
Glucose intercalated NiMn layered double hydroxide (LDH) is successfully fabricated with a facile one-pot hydrothermal method, which expands interlayer distances to enhance cycling stability and break the bottleneck of Ni-based hydroxide in applications. Electrochemical measurements show that the annealing-treated glucose intercalated NiMn LDH (LDH-GA) delivers a high specific capacity of 1464Fg−1 at a current density of 0.5Ag−1 (852Fg−1 for pristine NiMn LDH). The enhanced performance is contributed to the small sized architectures, lower charge transfer resistance and faster reversible redox reactions. Through enlarging interlayer distance and robustly stabilizing LDH, the cycling stability is dramatically enhanced from 45% to 90% for over 1000 cycles. To further disclose the reason of the enhanced electrochemical performance of NiMn LDH, a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is implemented to calculate the diffusion of the electrolyte ions, the ionic diffusion coefficient and the ionic conductivity inside the NiMn LDH nanopores for different interlayer distances. Based on the experimental and theoretical results, it suggests that the intercalation of glucose in NiMn LDH could be an effective approach to enhance electrochemical performance, of which it also could be generalized to intercalation of other molecules to stabilize the α-phase of LDH.