batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The stability of charged Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 at elevated temperature was investigated by using thermal desorption spectrometry-mass spectrometry (TDS-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements. The TDS-MS and XRD spectra indicated that the crystal structure of the delithiated Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 changed from layer to spinel, and oxygen was released at high temperature. However, the amount of oxygen released from Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 in a full-charge state was much less than that released from LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 in a full-charge state. The XAFS spectra indicated that the high oxidation state of manganese was more stable than that of nickel and cobalt. The high stability of charged Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 at high temperature was, therefore, attributed to the high manganese content of the transition metal.
Li[Mn0.5−x Cr2x Ni0.5−x ]O2 (0<2x <0.2) (Mn/Ni=1) cathode materials have been synthesized by a solution method. X-ray diffraction patterns of the as-prepared materials were fitted based on a hexagonal unit cell (α-NaFeO2 layer structure). The extent of Li/Ni intermixing decreased, and layering of the structure increased, with increasing Cr content. Electrochemical cycling of the oxides, at 30°C in the 3–4.3V range vs. Li/Li+, showed that the first charge capacity increased with increasing Cr content. However, maximum discharge capacity (∼143mAhg−1) was observed for 2x =0.05. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopic (XANES) measurements on the K-edges of transition metals were carried out on pristine and delithiated oxides to elucidate the charge compensation mechanism during electrochemical charging. The XANES data revealed simultaneous oxidation of both Ni and Cr ions, whereas manganese remains as Mn4+ throughout, and does not participate in charge compensation during oxide delithiation.
We have previously reported a gene Tdpoz1 (previously called 2cpoz56) that is temporally expressed in unfertilized eggs and in early embryos of the mouse. The putative TDPOZ1 protein carries a tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) domain (TD) and a POZ/BTB domain. On the analysis of nine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, we have uncovered four more Tdpoz1 homologs in the mouse genome, designated Tdpoz2 through Tdpoz5. Tdpoz1 and Tdpoz2 are found 30 kb apart in a fully sequenced BAC clone (GenBank accession number AF545858). The genes are intronless in the coding region and each carries an intron in the 5′-untranslated region as in other early embryonic genes. The Tdpoz gene cluster is mapped on chromosome 3 at 3F2.1–2.2. RT-PCR experiments and a search of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases show that the Tdpoz1–5 genes are transcribed in early embryos, particularly at the two-cell stage. Exhaustive database searches have further uncovered three more mouse Tdpoz homologs in chromosomes 3 and 11 and 25 other Tdpoz-like orthologs in the genomes of other animal and plant species including human, rat, C. elegans, Drosophila, Arabidopsis and rice. In the rat genome, eight rat Tdpoz genes are found as a cluster in chromosome 2. Hence, TDPOZ proteins form a new protein family on the basis of similar protein domain organization. Based on reported characteristics of known TD- and POZ-bearing proteins, we speculate that TDPOZ proteins may be nuclear scaffold proteins probably involved in transcription regulation in early development and other cellular processes.
Thin films with thickness of 400nm have been obtained from the Ga15Se81Ag4 ternary chalcogenide glass prepared by the melt quenching technique. The behavior of several optical constants has been studied from absorption and reflection spectra as a function of photon energy in the wavelength region 400–1200nm. The amorphous nature of the sample was examined by X-ray diffraction and non-isothermal DSC measurements. Thin films were illuminated by shining white light using 1500W tungsten lamp with different exposure time. The ambient temperature during the illumination process was controlled and kept at 348K, selected by DSC thermogram. Analysis of the optical absorption data shows that the rule of non-direct transition predominates. It is found that the optical band gap decreases by increasing the illumination time. It has also been observed that the value of absorption and extinction coefficients increases while the refractive index decreases by increasing the illumination time from 0 to 150min. The decrease in optical band gap is explained on the basis of the change in nature of the films, from amorphous to crystalline state, with increase of the illumination time.
High-rate and ultralong-life performance is one of the main objectives for the fast development of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Here we present a highly efficient design of off-stoichiometric Li3-3x V2+x (PO4)3/C (x = 0–0.12) nanocomposites as cathode material. The nanocomposites are crystallized along with one-step method by in-situ carbonization. Among them, Li3-3x V2+x (PO4)3/C nanocomposites with x = 0.10 exhibit the most excellent performance. The initial discharge capacity is 131 mAh g−1 (theoretical capacity is 133 mAh g−1) when cycled at a rate of 0.5C in the range of 3.0–4.3 V, and 121.6 mAh g−1 at 10C. Even at 20C, it still delivers an initial discharge capacity of 92.5 mAh g−1, and a remarkable capacity of 85.1 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles, corresponding to capacity retention of 92%. The excellent performance is attributed to the improved lithium ion mobility and electronic conductivity. Our work provides an efficient technique for the large-scale industrial production of Li3V2(PO4)3 for ultrafast rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
Surface coating of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 with LiAlO2 nanoparticles has been attempted to improve the electrochemical properties of these materials as cathodes in lithuim-ion batteries. The coating is undertaken by a sol–gel method that uses C9H21O3Al, LiOH·H2O and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the LiAlO2 is composed of both α- and β-LiAlO2 phases. The average size of the particles is about 15nm. The structure of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 is not affected by the LiAlO2 nanoparticle coating. A 3wt.% LiAlO2-coating increases the specific discharge capacity, provides excellent cycling performance (i.e. 96.7% capacity retention after 50 cycles at the 1C rate) and improves the rate capability. By contrast, heavier coatings (5wt.%) on LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 dramatically decrease both the discharge capacity and the rate capability, but enhance the cycle life.
Facial emotion identification (FEI) deficits are common in patients with chronic schizophrenia and are strongly related to impaired functioning. The objectives of this study were to determine whether FEI deficits are present and emotion specific in people experiencing early-onset psychosis (EOP), and related to current clinical symptoms and functioning. Patients with EOP (n=34, mean age=14.11, 53% female) and healthy controls (HC, n=42, mean age 13.80, 51% female) completed a task of FEI that measured accuracy, error pattern and response time. Relative to HC, patients with EOP (i) had lower accuracy for identifying facial expressions of emotions, especially fear, anger and disgust, (ii) were more likely to misattribute other emotional expressions as fear or disgust, and (iii) were slower at accurately identifying all facial expressions. FEI accuracy was not related to clinical symptoms or current functioning. Deficits in FEI (especially for fear, anger and disgust) are evident in EOP. Our findings suggest that while emotion identification deficits may reflect a trait susceptibility marker, functional deficits may represent a sequelae of illness.
This paper describes work carried out on novel electrode assemblies based on the use of microporous plastics for application in a direct methanol fuel cell. The results are compared with those from similar assemblies based on carbon paper. Studies of the oxygen reduction reaction for a platinum electrode carrying 0.88mg Pt/cm2 on a spun-bonded polyethylene substrate gave a current density of 280mA/cm2 at 0.64V(SHE) at 75°C (uncorrected for the ohmic potential drop). The platinum utilisation of this electrode system was found to increase with decreasing loading with the lowest loading of 0.08mg Pt/cm2 giving almost 1.2A/mg Pt at the same potential. Methanol electrodes based on these same membranes gave 266mA/cm2 for a loading of 0.95mg Pt+Ru (60:40) at 0.64V(SHE) (uncorrected for the ohmic potential drop) running on methanol vapour at 75°C. Again, decreasing the loading increased the catalyst utilisation with a 0.18mg Pt+Ru (60:40) electrode giving over 1A/mg Pt. Carbon paper-based electrodes showed the best overall performance toward methanol oxidation. However, these electrodes were found difficult to control both in half-cell and single-cell experiments because of leakage of the electrolyte. A single cell employing a circulating sulphuric acid electrolyte was used to evaluate the various electrode systems. In general, the cell output followed the behaviour predicted from the results of the half cells. Outputs ranged from 10 to 32W/g Pt and from 5 to 15mW/cm2 at 75°C, depending upon the electrode system. The cell outputs were limited partly by the high resistance of the electrolyte which occurred as a result of the high interelectrode gap used for these experiments.
In the context of broad-based concerns about the need to move towards a more sustainable materials economy, particularly as they are expressed in debates around Ecological Modernisation (EM), we argue that product stewardship has radical potential as a means to promote significant change in the relationship between society and the material world. We focus on two important dimensions that have been neglected in approaches to product stewardship to date. Firstly, we argue that immanent within the basic concept of stewardship is a problematisation of dominant understandings of property ownership in neoliberal market economies. In the space opened up by notions of stewardship, different ways of enacting both rights and responsibilities to products and materials emerge which have potential to advance the sustainability of material economies. Secondly, through exploration of existing expressions of product stewardship, we uncover a neglected scale of action. Both policy and dominant articulations of EM focus primarily on the efficiency of production processes; and secondarily, the attitudes and behaviours of individual consumers. Missing from this is the ‘meso-scale’ of social collectives including households, neighbourhoods, more distributed communities and small scale social enterprises. Based on a review of existing research from Australia and the UK, including our own, we argue that understanding of embedded practices of material responsibility at the household scale can both reinvigorate the concept of product stewardship as a potentially radical intervention, and reveal the potential of the meso-scale as a challenging but worthwhile realm of policy intervention.
High concentrations of soluble selenium, selenate and selenite, have acute and chronic toxicity toward living things. With the aim of developing a biological process for selenium removal, the effects of a variety of parameters on the reduction of soluble selenium by a Bacillus sp. strain SF-1, which is capable of reductively transforming selenate into selenite and, subsequently, into nontoxic insoluble elemental selenium, were studied. The bacterial strain could effectively reduce 20 mM of selenate to selenite and 2 mM of selenite to elemental selenium in the presence of an appropriate carbon source and in the absence of oxygen. The reduction rate of selenate to selenite was much higher than that of selenite to elemental selenium, resulting in the transient accumulation of selenite during selenate reduction. The selenate reduction rate increased with increases in the selenate concentration up to 20 mM, while the rate of selenite reduction decreased sharply at selenite concentrations of more than 2 mM. The elemental selenium transformed from selenate via selenite was found both inside and outside the cells. Bacillus sp. SF-1 was able to utilize a variety of organic acids or sugars as a carbon source in selenate reduction. Although the copresence of sulfate did not inhibit selenate reduction, it was completely inhibited by some other oxyanions, including nitrate. A model sequencing batch system using the bacterial strain was developed and exhibited good performance in the treatment of wastewater containing high concentrations of selenate.
This work describes the electrochemical behavior of lead pentacyanonitrosylferrate (PbPCNF) film immobilized on the surface of carbon-ceramic electrode (CCE) and its electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of hydrogen peroxide in acidic medium. The electrode was prepared by electroless derivatization of Pb-doped carbon-ceramic electrode surface to the redox active PbPCNF solid film, in the presence of sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate, Na2[Fe(CN)5NO], (PCNF). The morphology and the composition of the PbPCNF-modified CCE were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. Various experimental parameters influencing the electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode were optimized by varying the supporting electrolyte, potential scan rates and solution pH. The modified electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytic behavior toward the reduction of hydrogen peroxide in 0.5M KNO3 at pH 4. The sensor exhibited a good linear response for H2O2 concentration over the range 0.5–58.75μM with a detection limit of 0.4μM (S/N=3). The interferences of dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA), and ascorbic acid (AA) were negligible in the determination of H2O2. The proposed sensor showed good stability, reproducibility and outstanding for long-term use.
Novel microencapsulated phase change materials with calcium carbonate shell and paraffin-based binary cores were prepared via self-assembly method. The phase change temperature of the microcapsules could be adjusted from 25 to 50°C by changing the weight ratio of binary cores. FTIR confirmed that the calcium carbonate shell material was successfully fabricated upon the paraffin-based binary cores. SEM and TEM demonstrated the microcapsules had a spherical morphology and compact surfaces with diameter ranging from 1 to 5μm. DSC results indicated that the binary cores content of microcapsules was in a range of 55.7–59.4%. TGA showed that mass loss of the microcapsules was between 5% and 28% when heated to 400°C. Infrared imager exhibited the binary cores microcapsules possessed excellent temperature-regulated properties. Besides, the thermal conductivity of the microcapsules was significantly enhanced due to the presence of highly thermally conductive calcium carbonate shell. Since the low costs and outstanding properties, it exhibits a good prospect in the thermal energy storage and thermal management.
Polyaniline–nickel oxide (PANI-NiO) nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ aqueous oxidative polymerization and were used for supercapacitor applications. The NiO nanosheets were prepared using sodium dodecyl sulfate as the anionic surfactant. The morphology and microstructure of the samples were examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and thermogravimetric analysis. The obtained results indicated that the NiO nanosheets were uniformly distributed in the polyaniline (PANI) nanofibrous matrix. The electrochemical properties of the PANI-NiO nanocomposites were studied using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Notably, such nanocomposites showed high specific capacitances up to 514 F g−1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1.
Two-dimensional lithiated nanosheets usually show excellent electrochemical performance due to an increase in surface area and shorter diffusion paths. However, processing techniques, such as shear mixing or liquid phase exfoliation could induce phase changes or knock out some of the structural lithium (Li) ions, what in turn might result in poor electrochemical performance. Here different lithiated layered compounds mainly LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, and Li5Ti4O12 were chemically exfoliated and investigated using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for their Li-K edge. Further analyses were carried out, looking at the oxygen (O) K edge with their respective transition metal core loss peak (Mn, Co and Ti) which revealed changes in the Energy loss near edge structures (ELNES) when compared to the unlithiated compounds. STEM-EELS analyses confirmed uneven distribution of lithium within the lithiated layered materials. In this work, EELS was used for the first time to detect and to probe the chemical environment of the lithium in liquid phase exfoliated material.
The cyclic voltammetry behavior of anthraquinone (AQ) modified-glassy carbon and carbon powder-based composite electrodes was investigated as a function of the solution pH. The modification of glassy carbon electrode and carbon powder was performed by electrochemical and chemical reduction of the diazonium ions, respectively. The modification was performed by using 1-diazoanthraquinone and 2-diazoanthraquinone as anthraquinone precursor and yielded materials that differ in the point of attachment of the anthraquinone moieties. Cyclic voltammetry measurements were performed in several aqueous solutions in a pH range from 0.5 to 14 and the apparent redox potential and the anthraquinone surface concentration were determined. The shape of the cyclic voltammogram is affected by the solution pH. A well-defined cyclic voltammogram is observed for the AQ-modified glassy carbon based composite electrode in alkaline electrolyte whereas the electrochemical response for the carbon powder-based composite electrodes is more complex. On the other hand, the opposite is true in acidic media as a well-defined cyclic voltammogram is seen for the composite electrode. The amount of electrochemically addressable AQ molecules was found to depend on the solution pH. The relevance of the results for the use of anthraquinone-modified carbon in electrochemical capacitor is discussed.
A primary brain tumor patient and caregiver survey was completed to investigate interest in brief support opportunities, focused on education, memory training, and healthy coping, during a routine clinical visit and at 3-month follow-up.
Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the various passive optical network (PON) architectures and technologies. It paves the way for understanding the reasons and philosophies behind the PON technology development. PON has become an import access technology for next generation broadband services. It offers long-reach and high-bandwidth passive local loops using single-mode optical fiber. A PON network is characterized by a passive remote terminal (RT). There are two major ways to realize a passive distribution plant: power splitting (TDM-PON) and wavelength multiplexing (WDM-PON). Time division multiplexing is used for multiplexing data from different ONUs on a power-splitting PON. A ranging process is required to set up ONUs at different transmission distances from the OLT with a common logical timing reference, which is used in scheduling ONU transmissions. In a power-splitting PON, the PON bandwidth is shared among ONUs. Power budget eventually limits the speed, distance, and ONU count in a power-splitting PON. A WDM-PON provides an upgrade path to overcome the limitations of a power-splitting PON. In a WDM-PON, a WDM multiplexer is used at the RT to combine the signals from different ONUs. The WGR is an important optical element for WDM-PON remote nodes. It enables many scalable and flexible WDM-PON designs. By using CWDM technology on a PON infrastructure, one can reuse the fiber plant infrastructure through different FSRs in a WDM-PON or overlaying multiple PON. The low loss, low noise, and exceptionally large bandwidth of optical fiber make it ideal for long-distance backbone network transmission.
Micro fuel cells (MFCs) defined by an average power output of less than 10 W offer the potential to improve the runtime and performance of portable devices by providing significantly higher energy density (energy per unit volume) than batteries. However, despite several decades of intense research and development, MFCs have yet to realize this potential, and no MFC technology has achieved broad market adoption. We report in this article an MFC which utilizes water-vapor-driven hydride hydrolysis, fuel cell water recovery, and a self-regulating pneumatic valve to achieve higher energy density than conventional batteries. Integrated MFC prototypes were developed and tested, and achieved 987 Wh L−1. Further improvements in energy density are possible by optimizing the fuel pellet configuration (density, geometry, particle size and distribution, etc.). Energy density greater than 2000 Wh L−1 may be possible in optimized MFCs discharged at low power.
Measurements of the heat capacity of lithium carbonate were carried out with a heat conduction calorimeter in the temperature range of 303.15–563.15K at atmospheric pressure. The temperature dependence of the heat capacity is C p ( J mo l − 1 K − 1 ) = 92.80 + 0.09 T − 1.91 × 10 6 T − 2 . The thermodynamic functions with reference temperature 298.15K, calculated in the same temperature range are: H T − H 298 ( kJ mo l − 1 ) = − 48.92 + 0.14 T + 6.68 × 10 5 T − 2 , S T − S 298 ( J mo l − 1 K − 1 ) = − 53.73 + 0.24 T − 1.55 × 10 6 T − 2 .
Commercial LiCoO2/mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) batteries (CP475148AR) are short circuited by different contact resistances (0.6 mΩ and 5.0 mΩ) for short times. The short circuited battery is cycled for 1000 times, and the effect of the short-time external short circuiting on the capacity fading mechanism during long-term cycling of LiCoO2/MCMB battery is studied by analyzing the morphology, structure, and electrochemical performance. The results of SEM indicates that the morphology of LiCoO2 material is almost unchanged, except that the particle surface becomes smooth, and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the surface of MCMB electrode becomes nonuniform due to the high temperature caused by short circuiting. The lithium ions are more difficult to de-intercalate from the anode and the lattice structure of LiCoO2 degrades according to the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD). The high discharge current caused by short circuiting can damage electrodes, leaving vacancies in structure. The damage of electrode structure can lead to a decrease of diffusion coefficient of lithium (D), so polarization increases and mainly caused by the LiCoO2 electrode. The capacity deterioration of short circuited battery during long-term cycling is mainly caused by the increase of polarization and capacity loss of electrodes.
Progress in lithium battery technology may be achieved by passing from a conventional liquid electrolyte structure to a solid-state, polymer configuration. In this prospect, great R&D effort has been devoted to the development of suitable lithium conducting polymer electrolytes. In previous papers [F. Croce, L. Settimi, B. Scrosati, Electrochem. Commun. 8 (2006) 364 [1]; F. Croce, S. Sacchetti, B. Scrosati, J. Power Sources, in press [2]], we have shown that composite membranes based on blends between poly(ethylene oxide) and lithium salts with the dispersion of functionalized ZrO2 ceramic filler, have unique transport and interfacial properties. In this paper, we complete the study of these advanced polymer electrolytes by evaluating their use in rechargeable lithium batteries. The results confirm the practical interest of these electrolytes which appear to be suitable for the fabrication of batteries directed to application in emerging technologies, such as those associated to hybrid and electric vehicles.