batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) technology have been widely utilized as these batteries show great promise as power sources in our life. However, the commercial anode is mainly carbon materials which facing safety issues owing to a low Li-intercalation potential. The spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) has attracted special attention for its structural changes lightly, better safety performance and stable cycle reversibility. Herein, we increased the electronic conductivity of LTO via improving the transport properties of the material with sucrose as carbon sources. The modified LTO with sucrose were successfully fabricated and found to exhibit better electronic conductivity. XRD results showed that all the major diffractions from the spinel structure of LTO can be found in the modified LTO such as (1 1 1), (3 1 1), (4 0 0) but there are no observations of the carbon diffraction peaks. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data shows modified LTO resistance was nearly one third of the standard LTO value, which indicates modifying LTO with sucrose is a promising approach to prepare the high performance LTO anode.
In future electricity systems with a high share of intermittent renewable power generation, battery technologies have the potential to support power quality and security. The growing scientific literature on batteries reflects the high attention that currently rests on these technologies. This paper reviews the existing literature on lifecycle costs of batteries in stationary applications. The primary result of this review is that, despite the current high degree of variance in technological and economic battery data, a systematic assessment of the underlying uncertainty is lacking. The present paper addresses this disparity with an investigation of the impact of uncertainty in input parameters on lifecycle costs of four battery technologies across six electricity system applications. Based on input data collected from literature and via expert interviews, a probabilistic techno-economic model was built that calculates lifecycle costs and systematically addresses uncertainty in input parameters by applying a Monte Carlo simulation. The main conclusion of this paper is that the present uncertainty in cost and technical parameters of batteries exceeds by far the differences in lifecycle costs across technologies. For most electricity storage applications, the absolute differences in mean lifecycle costs across technologies are negligible compared to the uncertainty ranges of the mean lifecycle costs. Therefore, a competition still exists between the four analyzed battery technologies and so far a leading technology has yet to emerge in any of the investigated applications.
Spherical β-Ni(OH)2 was modified by a low-cost method of normal ball milling (NBM), and the physical properties of both ball-milled and un-milled Ni(OH)2 were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, specific surface area, particle size distribution and X-ray diffraction. It was found that NBM could obviously increase the surface area, decrease the particle and crystallite size, and reduce the crystallinity of β-Ni(OH)2, which were advantageous to the improvement of the electrochemical activity of Ni(OH)2. NBM also lowered the packing density and flowability of Ni(OH)2, as revealed by the measurements of tapping density and angle of repose. Electrochemical performances of pasted nickel electrodes with an addition of ball-milled Ni(OH)2 to spherical Ni(OH)2 as the active material were investigated, and were compared with those of the pure spherical Ni(OH)2 electrodes. Charge/discharge tests showed that ball-milled Ni(OH)2 addition could enhance the charging efficiency, specific discharge capacity, discharge voltage and high-rate capability of the electrodes. This performance improvement could be attributed to a more compact electrode microstructure, better reaction reversibility and lower electrochemical impedance, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Thus, it was an effective method to modify the microstructure and improve the electrochemical properties of pasted nickel electrodes by adding an appropriate amount of ball-milled Ni(OH)2 to spherical Ni(OH)2 as the active material.
Silver nanowires have been investigated as a catalytic cathode material for lithium-oxygen batteries. Their high aspect ratio contributes to the formation of a corn-shaped layer structure of the poorly crystalline lithium peroxide (Li2O2) nanoparticles produced by oxygen reduction in poly-ether based electrolyte solutions. The nanowire morphology seems to provide the necessary large contact area and facile electron supply for a very effective oxygen reduction reaction. The unique morphology and structure of the Li2O2 deposits and the catalytic nature of the silver nano-wires promote decomposition of Li2O2 at low potentials (below 3.4 V) upon the oxygen evolution. This situation avoids decomposition of the solution species and oxidation of the electrodes during the anodic (charge) reactions, leading to high electrical efficiently of lithium-oxygen batteries.
Older adults with mobility impairments are prone to reduced health related quality of life (HRQoL) is highly associated with mobility impairments. The consequences of falls have detrimental impact on mobility. Hence, ascertaining factors explaining variation among individuals’ quality of life is critical for promoting healthy ageing, particularly among older fallers. Hence, the primary objective of our study was to identify key factors that explain variation in HRQoL among community dwelling older adults at risk of falls.
Objective The relationship between insomnia symptoms and cognitive performance is unclear, particularly at the population level. We conducted the largest examination of this association to date through analysis of the UK Biobank, a large population-based sample of adults aged 40–69 years. We also sought to determine associations between cognitive performance and self-reported chronotype, sleep medication use and sleep duration. Methods This cross-sectional, population-based study involved 477,529 participants, comprising 133,314 patients with frequent insomnia symptoms (age: 57.4 ± 7.7 years; 62.1% female) and 344,215 controls without insomnia symptoms (age: 56.1 ± 8.2 years; 52.0% female). Cognitive performance was assessed by a touchscreen test battery probing reasoning, basic reaction time, numeric memory, visual memory, and prospective memory. Adjusted models included relevant demographic, clinical, and sleep variables. Results Frequent insomnia symptoms were associated with cognitive impairment in unadjusted models; however, these effects were reversed after full adjustment, leaving those with frequent insomnia symptoms showing statistically better cognitive performance over those without. Relative to intermediate chronotype, evening chronotype was associated with superior task performance, while morning chronotype was associated with the poorest performance. Sleep medication use and both long (>9 h) and short (<7 h) sleep durations were associated with impaired performance. Conclusions Our results suggest that after adjustment for potential confounding variables, frequent insomnia symptoms may be associated with a small statistical advantage, which is unlikely to be clinically meaningful, on simple neurocognitive tasks. Further work is required to examine the mechanistic underpinnings of an apparent evening chronotype advantage in cognitive performance and the impairment associated with morning chronotype, sleep medication use, and sleep duration extremes.
Outdoor levels of fine particles (PM2.5; particles <2.5μm) have been associated with cardiovascular health. Persons with existing cardiovascular disease have been suggested to be especially vulnerable. It is unclear, how well outdoor concentrations of PM2.5 and its constituents measured at a central site reflect personal exposures in Southern European countries. The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between outdoor and personal concentrations of PM2.5, absorbance and sulphur among post-myocardial infarction patients in Barcelona, Spain. Thirty-eight subjects carried personal PM2.5 monitors for 24-h once a month (2–6 repeated measurements) between November 2003 and June 2004. PM2.5 was measured also at a central outdoor monitoring site. Light absorbance (a proxy for elemental carbon) and sulphur content of filter samples were determined as markers of combustion originating and long-range transported PM2.5, respectively. There were 110, 162 and 88 measurements of PM2.5, absorbance and sulphur, respectively. Levels of outdoor PM2.5 (median 17μgm3) were lower than personal PM2.5 even after excluding days with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (median after exclusion 27μgm3). However, outdoor concentrations of absorbance and sulphur were similar to personal concentrations after exclusion of ETS. When repeated measurements were taken into account, there was a statistically significant association between personal and outdoor absorbance when adjusting for ETS (slope 0.66, p<0.001), but for PM2.5 the association was weaker (slope 0.51, p=0.066). Adjustment for ETS had little effect on the respective association of S (slope 0.69, p<0.001). Our results suggest that outdoor measurements of absorbance and sulphur can be used to estimate both the daily variation and levels of personal exposures also in Southern European countries, especially when exposure to ETS has been taken into account. For PM2.5, indoor sources need to be carefully considered.
A two-step approach is proposed to prepare high-performance NiO electrode material. First, the scroll-like α-Ni(OH)2 is prepared by hydrothermal reaction via a self-assembly growth process using guanidine hydrochloride as precipitant. Second, the precursor Ni(OH)2 is converted to NiO by calcination. The resultants of hierarchical mesoporous NiO ultrathin nanosheets are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns and N2 adsorption and desorption. The electrochemical properties of the samples are evaluated though cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 6.0 M KOH electrolytic solution. The results show that the typical hierarchical mesoporous NiO ultrathin nanosheets exhibits a very large specific capacitance of 1060 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, an outstanding cyclic stability with a capacitance retention of 91% after 5000 cycles of charge–discharge and a low resistance.
NS codoped carbon nanorods (NS-CNRs) were prepared using crab shell as template and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) as both the C and S precursor, followed by carbonization in NH3. The as-obtained NS-CNRs had a diameter of ∼50 nm, length of several micrometers, and N and S contents of 12.5 at.% and 3.7 at.%, respectively, which can serve as anodes for both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium ion batteries (SIBs). When serving as an anode of LIB, the NS-CNRs delivered gravimetric capacities of 2154 mAh g−1 at current densities of 0.1 A g−1 and 625 mAh g−1 at current densities of 5.0 A g−1 for 1000 cycles. When serving as an anode of SIB, the NS-CNRs delivered gravimetric capacities of 303 mAh g−1 at current densities of 0.1 A g−1 and 230 mAh g−1 at current densities of 1.0 A g−1 for 3000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance of NS-CNRs could be ascribed to the one-dimensional nanometer structure and high level of heteroatom doping. We expect that the obtained NS-CNRs would benefit for the future development of the doped carbon materials for lithium ion batteries and other extended applications such as supercapacitor, catalyst and hydrogen storage.
Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) measurements on model glassy carbon (GC) substrates and Cyclic Voltammetry on more practical commercial carbon supports are used to demonstrate that the kinetics of the positive VO2+/VO2 + redox reaction can be substantially enhanced by using electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly (LbL) to decorate their surface with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). An exchange current density, i0, is obtained that is more than two orders of magnitude greater than that observed with standard carbon supported Pt nanocatalyst with the deposition of only 20 GNP layers. Tafel slope analysis is compared to electron microscopy imaging to conclude that while faster redox kinetics is associated with an increase in the available active area, the prevalence of smaller GNPs and associated edge sites the can attenuate activity gains with increasing number of layers. Practical implementation to existing Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) configurations was demonstrated through the application of a 370 nm (20 layer) LbL GNP coating on carbon felt (CF). The GNP coating yielded a 5% increase relative in voltage and overall efficiency of charge discharge curves obtained under typical VRFB cell operating conditions at 40 mA cm−2. Furthermore, a substantial increase in the discharge time is observed with this GNP coating on CF.
A metal-free battery is of great practical significance in terms of high energy density, low cost, high safety, eco-friendly and sustainability. Here a metal-free cathode, using graphene-coated polyethylene terephthalate (G-PET) film (Commercial-Off-The-Shelf) as current collector and sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) as active material, is aiming at low cost and high energy density battery. 110 mAh prototype lithium sulfur cells are assembled using SPAN/G-PET cathode, showing energy density of 452 Wh kg−1 excluding the weight of package and capacity retention of 96.8% after 30 cycles at 100% depth of discharge. The self-discharge characteristics of prototype cells are tested. After 30 days of storage at room temperature, the discharge capacity has decreased less than 1%, indicative of low self-discharge of the SPAN-based Li/S batteries. This paper shows that G-PET can be a potential promising current collector for lithium ion batteries.
When our pollution control statutes were drafted in 1970s, smokestack sources sat squarely in these laws' regulatory cross hairs. Over the past few decades, however, manufacturing's relative importance has declines while the service sector has ascended to the point where services now dominate America's economy, comprising seventy-five percent of GNP and eighty percent of employment. Yet consideration of services remains almost entirely absent from environmental law and policy scholarship. This article addresses the implications for environmental protection of the service sector's absent. In this article, James Salzman considers how best to reduce the environmental impacts of specific services, delineating two categories of services with distinct implications for law and policy — “smokestack services” and “cumulative services.” A further category—“leverage services”—employs a fundamentally different type of approach, focusing not on the impact of the services themselves but on their ability to reduce environmental impacts throughout product lifecycles. While not necessarily causing significant environmental impact in their immediate activities, leverage services' commercial links provide a uniquely effective fulcrum to leverage environmental improvements upstream and downstream in the lifecycle. Salzman presents a novel vision of environmental protection-from a narrow focus on production and disposal to energizing the web of commercial relationships.
This article presents a summary of lead exposure levels and lead poisoning at workplaces in China reported in the Chinese medical literature between 1990 and 2005. A comprehensive literature search identified 618 papers reporting lead exposure and lead poisoning data. The data were analyzed in terms of time period, type of industry, size of factory, and task or process. In 2002 the new Occupational Diseases Prevention and Control Act was passed in China, with new provisions specifically for regulatory enforcement. Therefore, a comparison of lead exposure levels and lead poisoning rates before and after the 2002 Act will shed some light on the effectiveness of the new regulation. The reported lead exposure levels covered a wide range; some measurements were in excess of 250mg/m3, which was orders-of-magnitude higher than the occupational exposure levels (OELs) for lead in China. The overall arithmetic mean, median, and geometric mean were 0.92, 0.25, and 0.24mg/m3, respectively. Approximately 53.7% of the averages reported in the papers were above the national OELs. The data demonstrated that many facilities in the lead industries reported in the literature were not in compliance with the OELs. Similarly, there appeared to be only a minor impact of the 2002 Act on the reduction of occupational lead poisoning in China. The lead poisoning rates reported in the literature were well above 30%. Judging by the lead exposure levels and the lead poisoning rates, the current overall occupational health monitoring system appears inadequate, lacking the necessary enforcement. The 2002 Act, without the necessary enforcement, did not appear to have a major impact on either lead exposures or lead poisoning in China. Much work in enforcing the 2002 Act remains to be done.
Rational morphology design and size control have been demonstrated an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. In this work, different morphologic Li-rich layered cathode materials Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 with hierarchical structures are conveniently synthesized through a facile solvothermal route followed by calcination treatment. The morphology and size of the as-prepared precursors are easily regulated by changing the addition of organic solvent with different viscosity and polarity. And their critical impacts on the microstructure and electrochemical property of Li-rich layered electrodes are further systematically investigated. In particular, the hierarchical structured Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 microspheres exhibit superior electrochemical performance and excellent cycling stability among all samples, delivering a discharge capacity of 281.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C with 84.8% retention after 100 cycles. A high discharge capacity of 143.0 mAh g−1 still can be achieved even at a high current density of 5 C. Besides, this work would also provide an effective and feasible strategy for the morphology controllable synthesis of high energy density oxide electrode materials for lithium ion batteries.
The increasing demand for cost-effective and high-performance batteries makes accurate models essential to improve and control them over their entire life time. Recent studies have pointed out that the heterogeneity of a cell electrical behavior plays an important role in its overall performances. In this paper, an equivalent electrical circuit is built thanks to a physical approach to model the heterogeneous behavior of a commercial LiFePO4-graphite cell. Unlike classical homogeneous models, the parameters of this “multibunch model” do not require to be functions of the state of charge (SoC) to bring accurate results. The equivalent electrical parameters are assumed to follow a distribution law and the latter is determined experimentally for the studied cell. The multibunch model is able to reproduce many features of a cell electrical dynamic: disappearance of the open-circuit voltage (OCV) shape at high current, performances decrease, longer relaxation time, electrical losses during relaxation and high local stress. Thanks to the removal of the parameters dependencies to SoC, the duration of the electrical parameters measurements on the whole operating-range of the battery can be shortened. We estimate that it can be reduced from more than 30 days to about 3 days. Moreover, the determination of the internal resistance distribution could be the basis of a non-invasive tool to characterize the quality of a cell or electrode during its entire lifespan.
Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) and TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by a solution-cast method. The nanosized ceramic filler, TiO2, was synthesized in situ by a sol–gel process. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis revealed that the crystalline phase and crystallinity were slightly decreased with the addition of TiO2 to the PVdF/LiClO4 system. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the PVdF/LiClO4/TiO2 solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) membranes had a porous structure to a certain extent, and that the pore size decreased with increasing TiO2 content. The overfull nanoparticles tended to aggregate on the surface and inside the pores at TiO2 content above 15wt.% so that the porosity decreased. Regarding mechanical properties, the strength of the PVdF/LiClO4/TiO2 electrolytes decreased after the uptake of EC/PC solution. In contrast to the conductive behavior of wet PVdF/LiClO4/TiO2 membranes relative to the uptake of EC/PC solution, the conductive mechanism of the solid membranes, after the lithium ion of LiClO4 had already been installed in the PVdF solid polymer network, was mainly influenced by the TiO2 nanoparticles. At a TiO2 content of 10wt.%, the solid and wet PVdF/LiClO4/TiO2 systems had the maximum conductivity values of 7.1×10−4 and 1.8×10−3 S/cm, respectively.
Evidence collected over the past decade has challenged the idea that essential tremor is a monosymptomatic tremorogenic disorder. In this Review, Bermejo-Pareja describes the nonmotor symptoms that are most commonly associated with essential tremor, focusing particularly on cognitive deficits.
The x-polyethylene glycol diacrylate (x-PEGDA) coated polyetherimide/polyvinylidene fluoride (PEI/PVdF) membranes are obtained by the facile combination of dip-coating and free radical polymerization of PEGDA on the electrospun PEI/PVdF fiber membranes. Successful cross-linking of PEGDA increases the average fibers diameter from 553 to 817 nm and reduces the packing density, which not only increases the tensile strength of x-PEGDA coated PEI/PVdF membranes, but also decreases the average pore diameter. Besides, the x-PEGDA coated PEI/PVdF membranes are endowed with good wettability, high electrolyte uptake, high ionic conductivity and improved electrochemical stability window because of the good affinity of PEI and PEGDA with liquid electrolyte. Benefiting from the synergetic effect of PEI and PVdF, the x-PEGDA coated PEI/PVdF membranes exhibit excellent thermal stability and nonflammability, which are beneficial for enhancing the safety of lithium ion batteries. More importantly, the x-PEGDA coated PEI/PVdF membranes based Li/LiFePO4 cell exhibits comparable cycling stability with capacity retention of 95.9% after 70 cycles and better rate capability compared with the Celgard membrane based cell. The results clearly demonstrate that the x-PEGDA coated PEI/PVdF membranes are the promising separator candidate with improved wettability and safety for next-generation lithium ion batteries.