batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Using cells with lithium reference electrodes, the power-limiting behavior in the lithium–SVO cell was shown to be due to a rapid voltage transition at the anode. A novel test cell was developed to explore the influence of current density, bulk LiAsF6 concentration, separator type and separator proximity to the anode on the time to onset (τ) of the anode polarization. The results were found to follow a relationship, iτ 1/2∝C bulk, consistent with the Sand equation. This relationship also predicts that the critical concentration of LiAsF6, at which onset of the anode polarization occurs, is near the solubility limit of LiAsF6 in our system (around 3.5–4.0M). This general phenomenon was found to be quantitatively similar for two dissimilar separator types, and the anode polarization could also be induced in the absence of separator at high concentration and current density. However, it appears that τ decreases with closer proximity of the separator to the anode surface (i.e. cell stack pressure), suggesting that the effect of separator is to inhibit convective transport to and from the Li surface.
In this work we elucidate the 3D microstructure of the LiCoO2 phase in a fresh commercial Li-ion battery positive electrode using a focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope. The particles have a highly irregular shape that includes significant internal cracking. These cracks provide a higher surface area for Li charge transfer, and they provide alternate pathways for Li transport within particles. In addition, the cracks would substantially alter the stress distributions within particles during Li-insertion and make the particles more susceptible to fracture. The particles were typically made up of multiple grains whose boundaries may also affect intraparticle Li-ion transport and fracture strength. While the particles do contact each other, the cross-sectional area of contact is quite small, emphasizing the importance of binder and conductive carbon for providing structural integrity to the electrode.
To examine the effects of methylphenidate-OROS (MPH-OROS) on working memory (WM) and attention functions in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to investigate whether there is a differential effect in ADHD children with (ADHD+) and without (ADHD−) behavioural comorbidities. Participants included a clinic referred sample of 12 stimulant naïve school-aged children with a diagnosis of combined ADHD according to the DSM-IV criteria (6 ADHD+, 6 ADHD−), and 11 healthy children. A neuropsychological protocol was applied at three different moments: before treatment, after one those of MPH-OROS, and after one month of MPH-OROS daily treatment. The protocol was simultaneously administered to the control group. Initial differences in attention parameters between naïve children with ADHD and the control group disappeared after the first dose of MPH-OROS. For WM, one month of daily treatment was necessary to achieve this pattern of results. Both ADHD groups (ADHD+ and ADHD−) showed these differences, but there was a greater improvement in (ADHD−). MPH-OROS had an immediate effect on attention deficits, but long-term treatment was needed to improve WM to the level of healthy subjects. The presence of comorbid behavioural conditions determined a less robust response in neuropsychological performance to stimulant treatment.
This paper reviews the main areas of research performed at different Laboratories of the Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG) over the past 20 years, specifically on cabonaceous materials for electrode applications in lithium batteries. The most significant event was the discovery in the early 1980s of reversible lithium intercalation into graphite in polymer electrolytes, which led to the use of this material in today’s lithium-ion batteries. Important work was also carried out on positive electrode for primary and secondary batteries, especially graphite oxide and graphite fluoride. Most of these results were presented at the 10 IMLB series Symposia, which started in Rome in 1982 and were back to Como, Italy, in 2000.
The difference between traditional scooters and electric scooters is the convenience of refueling and charging process. Designing a complete infrastructure system is a necessary step if efforts to promote e-scooters are to meet with success. This study discusses the optimal location problem of locating charging stations—which is generally considered a location-allocation problem. There are two types of charging stations: charge stations and battery-exchange stations. The only one model in determining the location of either type of station tends to decrease the traditional utility compared to compound model traditional as this method tends not to set stations where they would serve the greatest number of customers. In addition, population density and land cost should be taken into account in determining where stations are set. We, therefore, propose a method that accounts for differences in population density and land cost in order to solve a multi-objective problem with maximum utility at minimum cost. A mathematical model is developed in which constraints pertaining to capacity and distance are considered. To find an optimal parameter for Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO), generational distance (GD), maximum spread, spacing, and diversity metrics are applied. Finally, we research an angle-based focus method and determine the extent to which stations would be used in order to determine the optimal proportions of charging stations and battery-exchange stations. Moreover, according to the analysis we found that the installed ratio model of BES/BCS (Battery-exchange stations/Battery charging stations) is 6:5 in the downtown area and 1:6 in the outskirts of high population density areas. Besides, the BES/BCS ratio model is 1:13 in the downtown and only BCSs are installed in the outskirts of the low population density area.
In order to enhance the electrical conductivity of Si powder, which shows a poor cycleabilty as the anode in lithium secondary batteries due to low electrical conductivity and a severe volume change on cycling, Cu is deposited on the Si surface by a electroless deposition method. As Cu deposition on bare Si powder is found to be unsatisfactory, Si powder is etched to roughen the surface, on to which a large amount of Cu deposit with a uniform coverage is obtained. The resulting anode material exhibits improved cycle performance as a result of conductivity enhancement. The long-term cycleability is, however, still unsatisfactory due to detachment of Cu from the Si surface that is caused by a severe volume change of the Si particles on cycling. The detachment of Cu is greatly suppressed by annealing at 400°C in an inert atmosphere and, thereby, delivers better cycle performance. The improvement in interfacial stability exhibited by the annealed samples is ascribed to the formation of a Cu3Si alloy phase at the interface and diffusion of Cu atoms into the Si particles.
The polymer electrolyte based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) complexed with conducting polyaniline (PANI) and salts of AgNO3 and NaNO3 has been prepared in different weight percentage ratios. The complexation is confirmed by infra-red and X-ray diffraction studies. Conductivity (dc) measurements are carried out using a two-probe technique in the temperature range 30–80°C. Electrochemical cell parameters for battery application at room temperature are also been determined. The electric conductivities are 1.5×10−5 Scm−1 at 30°C and 5.5×l0−2 Scm−1 at 80°C for a PEO:PANI (50:50) composite. The conductivity increases with increasing weight percentage of polyaniline in polyethylene oxide, which may be due to a strong hopping mechanism between the ether group of polyethylene oxide and conducting polyaniline. Samples are fabricated for battery application in configurations of Na:(PEO+PANI):(I2 +C+sample) and their experimental data are measured using the Wagner polarization technique.
Clay of the Gulbarga region, Karnataka, India, containing montmorillonite was evaluated as an adsorbent for Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. Equilibrium studies at pH 2.5 for the adsorption of Cu(II) on the clay were performed and modeling of Cu(II) adsorption on the clay was carried out with various isotherms. The Langmuir model provided the best fit to the experimental data among the two-parameter isotherms. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity and the cation exchange capacity of the clay were found to be about 31mg Cu(II)/g and 86meq/100g respectively. The Fritz–Schluender model provided the best fit to the data among the three-parameter models. A two-stage batch adsorber was designed for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions, which reduced the adsorbent dose by 51% when compared to that of a single-stage adsorption system.
In this commentary we are addressing some additional thoughts on the in vitro MN test: its predictivity for in vivo MN assays, its sensitivity, and how the choice of the cell line and the protocol (with or without cytochalasin-B) can influence these aspects. These considerations might help to make the in vitro MN test a reliable, toxicologically relevant and sensitive in vitro genotoxicity test covering both clastogenic and aneugenic events, and predictive for in vivo genotoxicity, in humans as well.
A new experimental technique found coloured-hearing synaesthetes to possess localised isomorphism between pitch and colour. We found significantly more consistency in synaesthetes' pitch-colour matches than controls, with matches unaffected by musical experience, not facilitated by absolute pitch (AP) and responded to on the basis of pitch alone, without interference from note-name information. Synaesthetes also placed their colour responses to quartertones (notes falling between adjacent semitones) significantly closer to the RGB midpoint of their responses to the semitones lying either side. This is partial evidence for a direct, localised pitch-colour correspondence. Criteria for possible between- synaesthete similarities in patterning are also discussed, with limited evidence for localised patterning presented.
Objectives: Contrary to event-related potential (ERP) components N1, N2 and P3, slow ERPs have rarely been used in assessing cerebral dysfunction in mental disorders. Focussing on slow waves (SWs) and on patients with mild cerebral dysfunction, we recorded ERPs in alcoholics using a dual task design. Methods: ERPs to auditory probes presented either 1s before the warning or 1s before the imperative stimulus of a visual contingent negative variation (CNV) paradigm were recorded from 33 scalp electrodes in 27 alcoholics following detoxification and 12 healthy controls. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to separate potentially overlapping spatial components. Results: In alcoholics compared to controls, probe ERPs showed increased N2, decreased P3 and increased negative SWs of two types appearing pre- and post-P3, respectively. Both negative SWs significantly correlated with neuropsychological indices reflecting verbal intelligence and memory functions. The increase in probe-evoked N1 and P3 potentials during CNV, putatively associated with enhanced cortical excitability, significantly correlated with clinical features of protracted alcohol withdrawal syndrome in alcoholics. Conclusions: Our experimental approach revealed two types of negative SWs which strongly correlated with neuropsychological deficits of mildly impaired patients. It is suggested that our methods might enhance diagnostic efficiency of ERPs. An electrophysiological measure of protracted alcohol withdrawal might be useful for managing central nervous system dysfunction in alcoholics.
We report a facile strategy to synthesize the composite of Co2SnO4 nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a highly reversible anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammograms(CVs) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) testing results indicate that the Co2SnO4–MWCNTs composite display large reversible capacity, excellent cyclic performance and good rate performance, highlighting the importance of the added MWCNTs for maximum utilization of electrochemically active Co2SnO4 nanoparticles for energy storage applications in high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
Patients from two neuropsychology clinics (n = 283) were divided into model development (n = 189) and validation samples (n = 94) with proportional representation from each clinic. Three regression based models of four WAIS-III subtests were developed and cross-validated to evaluate their FSIQ estimation accuracy: (1) an optimized stepwise regression model derived from the development sample (Comprehension, Matrix Reasoning, Similarities, and Picture Arrangement), (2) an a priori WASI based model (Similarities, Matrix Reasoning, Vocabulary, and Block Design), and (3) an a priori model with relatively rapidly administered subtests from each Index Score factor of the WAIS-III (Information, Picture Completion, Arithmetic, and Digit Symbol-Coding). The models produced good (92 to 97%) FSIQ estimation accuracy within 10 points of FSIQ with none of these models performing significantly better than another. The utility of clinical use of short form FSIQ estimation is a function of accuracy needed versus administration time reduction and ease for the patient.
Electronic structure of Mn cations, electric conductivity of active materials and three dimensional structure for mass transport play vital roles in the electrocatalytic activity of Mn-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). To construct efficient and robust Mn-based electrocatalysts, MnS nanotubes anchored on reduced graphene oxide (MnS-NT@rGO) hybrid was synthesized and used as a novel non-precious metal electrocatalyst for ORR. The formation of nano-tubular structure, which offers more active sites and suitable channels for mass transport to enhance the electrocatalytic activity towards ORR, are carefully illustrated based on the core-dissolution/shell-recrystallization type Ostwald ripening effect. Tuned electronic structure of Mn cations, enhanced electric conductivity and suitable nano-tubular structure endow MnS-NT@rGO electrocatalyst comparative catalytic activity to commercial 20 wt % Pt/C in alkaline electrolyte. The MnS-NT@rGO electrocatalyst exhibits higher catalytic activity than rGO supported MnS nanoparticles (MnS-NP@rGO) and MnS nanotubes without rGO substrate (MnS-NT), as well as rGO supported Mn(OH)2 (Mn(OH)2@rGO) and rGO supported MnO (MnO@rGO). Moreover, the MnS-NT@rGO electrocatalyst shows superior durability and methanol tolerance to commercial Pt/C.
This paper describes a novel redox flow cell which employs a polyhalide solution in the positive half-cell electrolyte and a vanadium(II)/vanadium(III) chloride redox couple as the negative half-cell electrolyte. During charging, the bromide ions in the positive half-cell are considered to undergo oxidation to the polyhalide ion Br2Cl−; the formal potential of this couple is about 0.8V versus the saturated calomel electrode (SCE). When combined with a formal potential of around −0.5V versus SCE for the V(III)/V(III) coupled in the chloride supporting electrolyte, an overall cell potential of approximately 1.3V would be expected for the vanadium chloride/polyhalide redox flow cell.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is an appealing technology due to its conspicuous advantages in the area of energy storage. However, many challenges remain, such as the design of cathode with high sulfur loading, suppression of shuttle effects, enhanced performance and large scale preparation. Here, we report a novel 3D free-standing nitrogen-doped porous carbon foam (PCF) obtained by carbonization of the natural melaleuca bark, and apply it as a binder-free current collector to host sulfur for Li-S cells. This study shows that the obtained N-doped PCF possesses sheet-like porous carbon structures, high specific surface area, and large pore volume. Taking advantage of these properties, the resulting PCF/S electrodes exhibit an initial discharge capacity of 1330 mAh g−1, good reversible capacity of 880 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 C and deliver an excellent cycling stability (over 250 cycles at 0.5 C with 0.14% capacity fading per cycle). In addition, the PCF/S electrodes with large areal mass loading of 6 mg cm−2 show a high areal capacity of 4.14 mAh cm−2, revealing a great potential for high energy Li-S batteries.
Li-rich cobalt-free oxides, popularly used as a cathode with high capacity in lithium ion battery, always suffer from poor cycling stability between 2.0 and 4.8V vs Li+/Li, especially when cycled at high temperatures (>50°C). To overcome this issue, Na+ and Al3+ dual-doped Na x Li1.2-x Mn0.6-x Al x Ni0.2O2 Li-rich cathode is prepared in this study. It is shown that the side reactions between cathode and electrolyte during cycling are suppressed. The improved cycling performance is observed for all of the doped samples, among which the sample with x =0.03 exhibits the highest capacity retention of 86.1% after 200 cycles between 2.0 and 4.8V at 2C (1C=200mAg−1) and shows a remarkable cycling stability, even at a high temperature of 55°C (a capacity retention of 92.2% after 100 cycles). Moreover, the average voltage of the sample with x=0.03 after 100 cycles at 0.5C remains at 3.11V with a retention ratio of 86.6%. This work provides a new strategy to develop Li-rich cobalt-free cathodes with excellent cycling stability for lithium ion batteries at high temperatures.
Nowadays, scientists make effort to provide security for the communication channels. Several security and privacy threats are introduced via the Internet as the major communication channel. Therefore, information exchanging through the Internet should be protected and secured. Now healthcare systems are getting very common in the world. A health care system should preserve privacy while sending patients’ information, prevent the patients’ information from tampering, and prevent any sabotage in the healthcare systems. Therefore, it is crucial to provide security in such systems to attract the confidence of people for using the Internet (network)-based health care systems. In this respect, the goal of this paper is to review the accessories to provide security in healthcare systems. Our objective is to state the achievements of a literature review regarding the security of health care systems provided by information hiding methods including cryptography, steganography and watermarking methods. Furthermore, discussion about these methods, the media employed in these methods such as medical images and biomedical signals, their pros and cons and the applications in healthcare systems are provided. Correspondingly, we share the visions into the open research problems and highlight future directions in this extent.
E-book readers have been successful in the United States. However, American e-books have not been launched in the Korean market yet, even though some Korean companies have launched their own products. American e-book readers need to identify which features are required for successful entry into the Korean market. This study aims to examine the attributes of e-book readers relevant to Koreans’ preferences. It also aims to find key factors for an e-book reader to succeed in the Korean market. Out of many attributes of e-book readers, four attributes were selected by the Kano model for conjoint analysis. Based on the responses of young Koreans living in Seoul, 13 profiles were created, all of which are combinations of the selected attributes. Empirical results suggest that Koreans prefer an e-book reader that includes multi-media functions, a wi-fi connection, a resistive touch screen, and a display mixing e-ink with color TFT-LCD. Analyses also reveal that a reader’s commuting time makes a difference in the importance they place on such attributes. Using choice simulation with the results of the study, the demands of e-books are forecasted. The findings can assist foreign companies, such as Amazon.com, to understand Koreans’ preferences better and identify attributes most advantageous for entering the Korean e-book market. The findings also aid in forecasting the demands of e-book readers in the Korean market. Conjoint analysis procedures are some of the best tools available for determining the importance or relative value of attributes of complex environments from the user’s point of view. Conjoint analysis has been employed for the first time in Korea in this study to explore the importance of such attributes to e-book readers.
The electrodeposition of lead on to a copper substrate from a plumbite solution, 0.1M Pb(NO3)2 +0.2M sorbitol+NaOH, was investigated over a range of concentrations of the hydroxide. Interactions between the copper electrode surface and the lead deposit were investigated by the voltammetric technique. From these experiments, it was concluded that underpotential deposition (upd) of lead does not occur on copper and that lead nucleation occurs as soon as deposition is operative from −0.78V. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the lead films corroborates this result. Lead films obtained at −0.78 and −0.90V were adherent and could be used as a support in battery plates, but this adhesion of lead to copper cannot be attributed to upd. SEM analysis showed that films produced at potentials down to −0.90V were smooth and that this is the critical potential for a transition from dense to pyramidal or dendritic crystals patterns. The dendritic crystallites can be transformed into a high-purity lead powder.
Implementation of evidence-based practices in real-world settings is a complex process impacted by many factors, including intervention, dissemination, service provider, and organizational characteristics. Efforts to improve knowledge translation have resulted in greater attention to these factors. Researcher attention to the applicability of findings to applied settings also has increased. Much less attention, however, has been paid to intervention feasibility, an issue important to applied settings.
A simple phase-inversion method is employed to achieve anode-supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells based on BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ proton conducting electrolyte. The whole-cell configuration is Ni-BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ|BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ | La0.75Sr0.25MnO3-δ-Sm0.2Ce0.8O2-δ. The novel asymmetric structure of “sponge-like micro-pores electrode | homogeneous porous functional layer” is obtained. The results achieved in the present work include: i) the electrodes reveal the single phase collected by the powder X-Ray Diffractometer analysis; ii) the single cell exhibits uniform distribution of micro sponge-like pores electrodes are well-adhered to the dense, crack-free 12μm thick electrolyte layer observed by Scanning Electron Microscope; iii) the cells show excellent electrochemical performance with the maximum power densities of 1.01, 0.89, 0.75 and 0.58W·cm−2 at 750, 700, 650 and 600°C, respectively, characterized by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy; iv) the cell design especially reveal very low concentration polarization values (0.014–0.019Ω·cm2 at 750–600°C).