batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used for neuropsychiatric disorders in clinical and research settings for almost 50 years now. Recent evidence demonstrates some efficacy in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression in patients refractory to other treatment modalities beyond single case reports. This has led to a considerable surge of clinical and commercial interest in DBS for psychiatric indications. Because of the high vulnerability of psychiatric patients, the lack of extensive short- and long-term data about effectiveness and the rapid spread of questionable indications this new field in psychiatry requires ethical criteria that can be applied to both research and clinical decision-making. Objective and Methods We here present an evidence-based systematic ethical analysis of psychiatric DBS using the criteria of beneficence, nonmaleficence, and autonomy. Results and Conclusions The proposed criteria are helpful in analyzing empirical evidence, informing research investigations and guiding clinical decision-making. This will prepare the ground for ethically justified, empirically comprehensive DBS in this highly vulnerable population and allow stringent future societal discussions about its legitimation.
The performance and life expectancy of ultracapacitors depend heavily on the operating voltage and temperature. In this paper, simultaneous estimation of state-of-charge (SOC) and temperature is achieved by applying extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm with only the terminal measurement of voltage and current. For the application of EKF algorithm, a nonlinear model which consists of a voltage-and-thermal-dependent equivalent circuit model and a thermal model is first developed. The parameters in the equivalent circuit model are identified by applying least squares method with weightings at different frequencies so as to achieve satisfactory prediction over the whole applicable frequency ranges. Experimental results demonstrate that the EKF-based estimator is crucial in providing accurate and consistent prediction of SOC and temperature in existence of modeling errors and measurement noises, especially during dynamic charge/discharge cycles at low temperature. The accurate estimation of SOC and temperature enables optimum energy and thermal management of ultracapacitors.
Synthesis of Li1.20Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 at different temperatures allows modifying particle sizes and specific surface areas while keeping very similar structures for the materials from the local scale to long distances. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that irreversible structural reorganization of this lithium and manganese-rich layered oxide occurs during the 1st charge and continues during a few cycles. A mixture of two phases is formed on the high voltage plateau and is then maintained, showing that the material obtained upon cycling is metastable and out of equilibrium. Depending on the particles' size and on the cycling conditions (Cycling rate, temperature and number of cycles) the nature of the materials formed changes, with especially a difference in distribution between the two phases observed. We propose that these phenomena are intimately linked to oxygen participation to the redox processes, for one phase with (reversible) oxygen oxidation only and for the second phase up to (irreversible) oxygen loss.
A two dimensional electrochemical thermal model is developed on the cross-plane of a laminate stack plate pouch lithium ion battery to study the thermal performance of large format batteries. The effect of thermal contact resistance is taken into consideration, and is found to greatly increase the maximum temperature and temperature gradient of the battery. The resulting large temperature gradient would induce in-cell non-uniformity of charging-discharging current and state of health. Simply increasing the cooling intensity is inadequate to reduce the maximum temperature and narrow down the temperature difference due to the poor cross-plane thermal conductivity. Pulse charging protocol does not help to mitigate the temperature difference on the bias of same total charging time, because of larger time-averaged heat generation rate than constant current charging. Suggestions on battery geometry optimizations for both prismatic/pouch battery and cylindrical battery are proposed to reduce the maximum temperature and mitigate the temperature gradient within the lithium ion battery.
The lead acid battery chemistry has been utilized to support the energy needs of cars and engines starting for the past 100 years. Conventional lead acid batteries are rather large and heavy to meet the power requirements for most applications. BOLDER Technologies Corporation has taken the electrochemical concept of the lead acid battery and made a spirally wound valve regulated lead acid battery based on its patented Thin Metal Film (TMF®) technology. This has small size but more power than any other existing battery. This paper describes the power of the TMF lead acid battery and its applications.
The demand for flexible power sources with high energy density and durability has increased rapidly with the development of flexible and wearable electronic devices. Metal–air batteries are considered as the most promising candidates for these applications due to their excellent theoretical energy densities. In particular, rechargeable zinc–air and lithium–air batteries have attracted much attention because of their potential to offer high energy density while maintaining a long operational life. Although significant progress has been made in enhancing the electrochemical performance of these batteries, many technical challenges still remain to achieve the mechanical flexibility required for wearable electronic devices while maintaining high performance. This article describes the most recent advances and challenges in the development of flexible zinc–air and lithium–air batteries. We start with an overview of the latest innovations in the exploration of various battery configurations to effectively accommodate stresses and strains associated with the use of flexible electronic devices. This is followed by a detailed review of the advancements made in the design of flexible battery components: the metal electrode, the electrolyte membrane, and the air electrode. Furthermore, the effects of operating conditions on battery performance characteristics and durabilities are discussed, including the effect of the operating temperature and the contaminants commonly encountered in ambient air (e.g., carbon dioxide and moisture). Finally, challenges facing the development of a new generation of flexible metal–air batteries are highlighted, together with further research directions and perspectives.
In-situ underwater gamma-ray spectrometer KATERINA was used for continuous measurements of radon progenies (214Pb, 214Bi), thoron progeny (208Tl) and 40K in submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) sites at Kalogria Bay, SW Peloponnesus (Greece). The spectrometer was deployed attached on measuring platform along with two conductivity - temperature data loggers while underwater battery packs supplied the system for acquisition periods up to 25 days. The radionuclide time series together with salinity data were obtained for spring (wet) and summer (dry) seasons. The 40K activity concentrations correlated well with salinity of the emanating groundwater. Although the 214Bi and 208Tl activities showed usually similar trends anticorrelating with salinity, in some cases 208Tl did not follow the 214Bi record due to changes in the dynamics of the groundwater aquifer. As the half-life of 220Rn is very short (55.6 s), its concentration in SGD may depend on the distance from its origin to the monitoring point. The observed temporal variations of 214Bi and 208Tl confirmed advantages of continuous in-situ monitoring of SGD in coastal areas.
A hybrid supercapacitor, which was assembled with an H-insertion negative carbon electrode and an electrochemical double-layer positive electrode, was studied and its structure was optimized. The electrochemical performance of the individual electrode with different negative to positive electrode mass ratios was investigated. It has been demonstrated that the performance of the hybrid supercapacitor is closely related to the electrode balance. The results indicated that for carbon electrodes used in the study, the capacity of the H-insertion electrode could be fully utilized when the mass ratio of the negative to positive electrode is about 1:6.
Massive infusions of crystalloids into bleeding hypotensive patients can worsen the outcome. Military experience suggests avoiding crystalloids using early damage control resuscitation with blood components in out of hospital setting. Civilian emergency medical services have since followed this idea. We describe our red blood cell protocol in helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) and initial experience with prehospital blood products from the first 3 years after implementation.
Redox supercapacitors are attracting increasing attention as high power electrochemical sources and can either be coupled with batteries to provide peak power or replace batteries for memory back-up. In the present work, all-polymer solid-state supercapacitors with LiClO4 and LiCF3SO3 doped polypyrrole electrodes and P(VDF-HFP)-PMMA based polymer gel electrolyte are fabricated. The polypyrrole electrodes are irradiated with 160MeV Ni12+ ions at 5×1010, 5×1011 and 5×1012 ionscm−2. A comparative study is made between unirradiated and irradiated supercapacitors with polypyrrole-based electrodes. An average capacitance of about 200Fgm−1 is obtained. On successive charging and discharging, the capacitance decreases for supercapacitors with unirradiated electrodes but remains stable when irradiated electrodes are used. In addition, the capacitance is slightly decreased compared with that for unirradiated electrodes. Charge–discharge studies show a decrease in total charge–discharge time for supercapacitors with irradiated electrodes. The capacitance values calculated from cyclic voltammograms are higher than those determined from charge–discharge plots due to the added contribution of a leakage current. The coulombic efficiency of all the supercapacitors is about 90%.
Here we report new insights into the effect various electrolyte additives have on the cycling stability and rate capability of Si nanowire (NW) Li-ion battery anodes. The additives tested were vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate and lithium bis(oxalato)borate. All four significantly improve the capacity retention of the electrodes over 250 cycles compared to the additive-free electrolyte, with vinylene carbonate being the outstanding performer. The results provide a new understanding of the cycling behaviour of Si in the presence of electrolyte additives, revealing that not only is the stability of the SEI layer affected but that this consequently has a profound influence on the morphology evolution and chemical composition of the Si active material. Ex-situ characterisation of the electrodes post-cycling demonstrates that the improvement in cycling stability arises as the additives minimise irreversible decomposition reactions at the surface and facilitate a transformation from a NW morphology into a porous sponge-like network. This transformation process does not occur in the absence of any stable SEI forming additives as instability in the passivating layer leads to the continuous and irreversible consumption of Si to form Li silicates.
The voltammetric and chronoamperometric electro-oxidations of 2-propanol and acetone were carried out in base over Pt, Pt–Ru, and Ru nanoparticle electro-catalysts. A low-potential current maximum occurs during chronoamperometric electro-oxidations attributed to a reversible 2-propanol/acetone redox couple. The potential of this current maximum becomes more negative with increasing Ru content.
A simple and practical hybrid dual ionic liquid (IL)/1.0 M LiTFSI(aq.) is proposed using ILs in the nanopores of activated carbon for high cell potential supercapacitor. Unlike previously reported system, the proposed supercapacitors use no ion-exchange membrane, a low quantity of ILs (∼20 μL/cell) and a simple coin cell (single compartment). Hydrophilic and hydrophobic ILs were tested in the hybrid dual electrolyte configuration. The dual electrolyte with hydrophobic ILs enables the maximum operational cell potential of 2.2 V with the excellent capacitance retention of 94% after continuous charge-discharge cycles up to 30,000 at 0.5 A g−1. The identified maximum cell potential is higher than the previously reported value of 1.9 V for the supercapacitors with the dual electrolyte comprising an ion-exchange membrane and, also comparable with the supercapacitors using “water-in-salt” electrolytes (2.2 V). The supercapacitor cell using proposed hybrid dual IL/aqueous electrolyte delivers the specific capacitance of 34.0 F g−1 and the specific energy of 22.0 Wh kg−1. The proposed hybrid dual IL/aqueous electrolyte may be useful for many energy storage devices requiring high cell potentials.
By thermogravimetric analysis, impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic cycling, the thermal and electrochemical stability of polymer electrolytes based on PVC and its chlorinated derivatives have been studied. The methods used to modify the properties of these polymeric electrolytes and to provide them with electrochemical stability when used in lithium batteries where the cathode is based on natural, nanostructured, and thermally-sprayed pyrite have been demonstrated.
Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs), were prepared by adding hydrophilic fumed silica in different proportions upto 5wt.% to gel polymeric electrolyte (GPE) comprising liquid electrolyte (1M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate) immobilized with 15wt.% poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The effect of fumed silica content in the CPEs on the ionic conductivity and viscosity over a wide temperature range was investigated. The resultant CPEs showed room temperature conductivity (σ 25) as high as 3.8mScm−1 along with viscosity value of 3700P for 2wt.% SiO2 addition. Fumed silica addition both to the liquid electrolyte and to the GPE exhibits similar conductivity behaviour and this suggests a passive role of PMMA. The shear thinning behaviour, pointing towards easy processablity, high thermal stability and low volatility, makes these CPEs potential candidates as solid-like electrolytes for electrochemical devices.
In this paper, computational models are developed for simulations of representative volume element (RVE) specimens of lithium-ion battery cells under in-plane constrained compression tests. For cell components in the finite element analyses, the effective compressive moduli are obtained from in-plane constrained compressive tests, the Poisson's ratios are based on the rule of mixture, and the stress–plastic strain curves are obtained from the tensile tests and the rule of mixture. The Gurson's material model is adopted to account for the effect of porosity in separator and electrode sheets. The computational results show that the computational models can be used to examine the micro buckling of the component sheets, the macro buckling of the cell RVE specimens, and the formation of the kinks and shear bands observed in experiments, and to simulate the load–displacement curves of the cell RVE specimens. The initial micro buckling mode of the cover sheets in general agrees with that of an approximate elastic buckling solution. Based on the computational models, the effects of the friction on the deformation pattern and void compaction are identified. Finally, the effects of the initial clearance and biaxial compression on the deformation patterns of the cell RVE specimens are demonstrated.
Unilateral injection of the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine into the axons or terminals of the nigrostriatal pathway is commonly used to model Parkinson’s disease in experimental animals. Although the terminal lesion paradigm is considered to induce a more progressive lesion when compared to the axonal lesion, few studies have directly compared the early time-course for lesion development in these two models. Thus, this experiment sought to establish the temporal pattern of nigrostriatal degeneration and emergence of contralateral motor impairment in these models. Young adult male Lister Hooded rats were used. After baseline testing on a battery of spontaneous motor tests, standard stereotaxic techniques were used to inject 6-hydroxydopamine into the nigrostriatal axons or terminals at the level of the medial forebrain bundle or striatum respectively. From the day after lesion surgery, a subset of the rats was tested for motor performance, while another subset was used for immunohistochemical analysis. Quantitative tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry revealed that although both lesions caused a similar temporal pattern of immunopositive cell loss from the substantia nigra, the terminal lesion caused a more rapid loss of immunopositive terminals from the striatum. Despite these differences in striatal dopaminergic deafferentation, both lesion types caused a profound loss of contralateral motor function from the first day after lesion surgery. These findings illustrate the rapidity of the neuropathological and behavioural consequences of either axonal or terminal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the nigrostriatal pathway, and further highlight the need for a more progressive model of human Parkinson’s disease.
The development of high-performance flexible batteries is imperative for several contemporary applications including flexible electronics, wearable sensors and implantable medical devices. However, traditional organic liquid-based electrolytes are not ideal for flexible batteries due to their inherent safety and stability issues. In this study, a non-volatile, non-flammable and safe ionic liquid (IL)-based polymer electrolyte film with solid-like feature is fabricated and incorporated in a flexible lithium ion battery. The ionic liquid is 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIMDCA) and the polymer is composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (PVDF-HFP). The electrolyte exhibits good thermal stability (i.e. no weight loss up to 300 °C) and relatively high ionic conductivity (6 × 10−4 S cm−1). The flexible thin-film lithium ion battery based on solid-like electrolyte film is encapsulated using a thermal-lamination process and demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance, in both flat and bent configurations.
Enteric fever is one of the leading causes of infection and subsequent fatality (greater than 1.8 million) (WHO 2018), especially in the developing countries due to contaminated water and food inter twinned with unhygienic practices. Clinical gold standard technique of culture-based method followed by biochemical tests demand 72+ hours for diagnosis while newly developed techniques (like PCR, RT-PCR, DNA microarray etc.) suffer from high limit of detection or involve high-cost infrastructure or both. In this work, a quick and highly specific method, SMOL was established for simultaneous detection of Salmonella paratyphi A and Salmonella typhi in clinical blood samples. SMOL consists of (i) pre-concentration of S. typhi and S. paratyphi A cells using magnetic nanoparticles followed by (ii) cell lysis and DNA extraction (iii) amplification of select nucleic acids by LAMP technique and (iv) detection of amplified nucleic acids using an affordable portable device (costs less than $70). To identify the viability of target cells at lower concentrations, the samples were processed at two different time periods of t = 0 and t = 4 h. Primers specific for the SPA2539 gene in S. paratyphi A and STY2879 gene in S. typhi were used for LAMP. Within 6 h SMOL was able to detect positive and negative samples from 55 human clinical blood culture samples and detect the viability of the cells. The results were concordant with culture and biochemical tests as well as by qPCR. Statistical power analysis yielded 100%. SMOL results were concordant with culture and biochemical tests as well as by qPCR. The sensitive and affordable system SMOL will be effective for poor resource settings.
Small fuel cells are considered likely replacements for batteries in portable power applications. In this paper, the performance of a 2 cm×2.4 cm×1.4 cm passive miniature air breathing direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) at room temperature is reported. The cell produced current density up to 250mA/cm2 and power density up to 33mW/cm2 at ambient conditions. The fuel cell runs successfully with formic acid concentration ranging from 1.8 and 10M with little degradation in performance. These results show that passive fuel cells can compete with batteries in portable power applications.
Developing high energy density batteries, such as metal–air systems, requires a good understanding of their underlying electrochemical principles. In situ characterization methods provide valuable insight into the discharge/charge mechanism of Na–O2 cells. However, previous application of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been limited to ex situ studies on the discharge products of the cell. Here we report an in situ soft X-ray absorption technique for Na–O2 cells to study the formation and decomposition of the discharge products during battery cycling. Taking advantage of the elemental selectivity and chemical sensitivity of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we reveal the instability of discharge products in the Na–O2 cell environment. Our results illustrate that in situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy is an efficient probe to study the electrochemical mechanism of alkali metal–O2 energy storage systems.
This paper presents, for the first time, a triple multi-objective design of isolated hybrid systems minimizing, simultaneously, the total cost throughout the useful life of the installation, pollutant emissions (CO2) and unmet load. For this task, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) and a genetic algorithm (GA) have been used in order to find the best combination of components of the hybrid system and control strategies. As an example of application, a complex PV–wind–diesel–hydrogen–battery system has been designed, obtaining a set of possible solutions (Pareto Set). The results achieved demonstrate the practical utility of the developed design method.
Nano-sized Fe2O3-loaded carbon material was prepared by loading Fe2O3 on carbon using various carbonaceous materials. Carbonaceous materials strongly affected the electrochemical behavior of nano-sized Fe2O3-loaded carbon. Among the carbons used, nano-carbons such as acetylene black (AB), tubular carbon nanofibers (CNF), and platelet CNF provided larger capacities than other carbons. This may be due to the greater surface area of nano-carbon, which gives a greater distribution of nano-sized Fe2O3 particles than other carbons and delivers a greater capacity than other carbons. Investigation of the first-cycle materials by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that Fe2O3 was reduced to Fe metal in the charge process (reduction of Fe2O3), and, conversely, Fe metal was not completely oxidized to Fe2O3 during discharge (oxidation of Fe). This result may be due to the covering of non-conductive Li2O formed during charging.