batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Much work has been conducted to investigate the obstacles that keep users from using mitigations against security and privacy threats on smartphones. By contrast, we conducted in-depth interviews (N = 19) to explore users’ motivations for voluntarily applying security and privacy actions on smartphones. Our work focuses on analyzing intrinsic motivation in terms of psychological need fulfillment. The findings from the interview study provide first insights on the salience of basic psychological needs in the context of smartphone security and privacy. They illustrate how security and privacy actions on smartphones are motivated by a variety of psychological needs, only one of them being the need for Security. We further conducted an online survey (N = 70) in which we used questionnaires on psychological need fulfillment from the literature. The online survey is a first attempt to quantify psychological need fulfillment for security and privacy actions on smartphones. Whereas the results of the interview study indicate that Security and other needs play a role as motivators for employing security and privacy actions on smartphones, the online study does not support the need for Security as an outstanding motivator. Instead, in the online study, other needs such as Keeping the meaningful, Stimulation, Autonomy, and Competence show to be rather salient as motivators for security and privacy actions. Furthermore, the mean need fulfillment for security and privacy actions is in general rather low in the online survey. We conclude that there is scope for improvement to maximize psychological need fulfillment with security and privacy actions. In order to achieve a positive user experience with security and privacy technologies on smartphones, we suggest addressing additional psychological needs, beyond the need for Security, in the design of such technologies.
In the present paper, flower-like multimodal porous ZnCo2O4 microspheres, comprised of numerous nanosheets, are synthesized through PVP assist solvothermal self-assembling process. The multimodal porous ZnCo2O4 microspheres are characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A possible formation mechanism of two steps self-assemble is proposed. The ZnCo2O4 microspheres are then used as an anode material to fabricate lithium ion batteries. The results based on the evaluation of lithium ion batteries demonstrate that the porous microstructure offers the excellent electrochemical performance with high capacity and long-life cycling stability. It is found that a high reversible capacity of 940 and 919 mAh g−1 is maintained after 100 cycles at a low charge–discharge rate of 0.1C and 0.2C (100 and 200 mA g−1), respectively. Meanwhile, the remaining discharging capacity reaches as high as 856 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles subject to the large current density up to 1C.
Recent developments of sulfide glass electrolytes and solid-state batteries with these electrolytes are reviewed. Sulfide-based glass and glass-ceramic electrolytes in the systems Li2S-SiS2-Li4SiO4 and Li2S-P2S5 have the advantages of high Li+ ion conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and low grain-boundary resistance as a compressed powder pellet. Bulk-type all-solid-state batteries with sulfide electrolytes exhibited excellent cycle performance at room temperature. High temperature operation and surface coating of active materials such as LiCoO2 with oxide thin films were useful for improving rate performance of solid-state batteries. Sulfur was used as an active material for solid-state batteries and they exhibited a large reversible capacity of more than 1000 mAh g−1 with a good cyclability. Sulfide thin films were formed on LiCoO2 particles by pulsed laser deposition and a favorable electrode–electrolyte interface was effective in enhancing the energy density of solid-state batteries.
In power-assist hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) batteries are required to operate from a partial-state-of-charge baseline and to provide, and to accept, charge, for short periods, at very high rates. Under this regime conventional lead–acid batteries accumulate lead sulfate on the negative plate and fail quickly. This failure mode can be effectively countered by the inclusion of certain forms of carbon at greater concentrations than have been used in lead–acid batteries in the past. So effective is this preventive measure that VRLA batteries benefiting from the inclusion of such carbon have been able to substitute for nickel metal hydride batteries in power-assist HEVs with no significant loss of performance. There has been much speculation about the function of the carbon that is providing this remarkable improvement. This paper aims to review the several mechanisms that have been proposed as possibly playing some contributory role.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied to quantify and characterize different compositions of layered LiCoO2 electrodes fabricated with different carbon nanotubes (CNTs) additions and fixed binder content. Different LiCoO2/CNT ratios in aqueous solutions resulted in charge transfer and capacitance behavior at the interface. The CNT particles influenced the interfacial mechanisms; low scan rates revealed non reversible reactions, and different electrode compositions influenced the functionality of the particles according to the LiCoO2/CNTs ratios and surface characteristics. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) helped to determine the active state and identify the important potential peaks when LiCoO2 is mixed with CNT. A deterministic model based upon the impedance signal was performed; lithium intercalation inside the composite cathode is normalized and included in the faradaic current. Conservation of charge is considered for the cathodic process by a balance of the charge–discharge natural process on the electrode introducing kinetic parameters that describe the interfacial behavior. The model was validated with experimental data demonstrating the influence of the CNT in the capacitive mechanisms.
Objective Adult first-degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia carry elevated genetic risk for the illness, demonstrate working memory (WM) impairments, and manifest alterations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortical (DLPFC) function during WM. Because substantially less is known about these phenotypes in adolescent subjects we sought to demonstrate that young relatives of persons with schizophrenia manifest impaired WM and altered prefrontal activation. Methods Participants were 21 non-psychotic, unmedicated first-degree relatives of persons with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, depressed type and 24 unmedicated controls, recruited from the community and hospitals in metropolitan Boston (ages 13–28). We compared groups on an auditory WM task with interference prior to scanning and used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare groups while performing visual 2-back WM and control vigilance tasks. Blood oxygen level dependent signal change was measured using two whole-brain gradient echo EPI pulse acquisitions (21 contiguous, 5mm axial slices), acquired on a Siemens 1.5T MR scanner. Data were analyzed using Statistical Parametric Mapping-99. Results The high risk subjects were significantly impaired on the auditory WM task, had significantly greater Phobic Anxiety, and marginally greater Psychoticism than controls on the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, and showed significantly greater task-elicited activation in the right DLPFC (BA 46). Psychopathology, IQ, and in-scanner WM performance did not account for group differences in brain activation. Conclusions Data support a physiological difference (an exaggerated fMRI response) in DLPFC in adolescents at genetic risk for schizophrenia, independent of psychosis. Future work can study the relationship of these measures to possible onset of schizophrenia.
The electrophoretic deposition of polystyrene sphere monolayer as a template for anodic electrodeposition of interconnected nickel oxide nanoflakes is explored. Result indicates that a nickel oxide film with nanoflakes and open macropores has superior capacitive behavior. A nickel oxide film with interconnected nanoflakes is of great importance for electrochemical capacitors due to the high-specific surface area, fast redox reactions, and shortened diffusion path in solid phase. The open macropores may facilitate the electrolyte penetration and ion migration, therefore increasing the utilization of nickel oxide due to the increased surface area for electrochemical reactions. The specific capacitance of a nickel oxide film with open macropores at a scan rate of 10mVs−1 reaches as high as 351Fg−1, which is 2.5 times higher than that of the bare nickel oxide film (140Fg−1).
Solid polymer electrolytes are prepared by the combination of a polyether, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or poly(ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide) (P(EO/PO)), and a polyanionic lithium salt, (poly(lithium sorbate) (Poly(Li-Sorb)) or poly(lithium muconate) (Poly(Li-Muco)), and their ionic conductivities, lithium ion transference number, electrochemical stabilities, thermal properties, and mechanical strength were investigated in the absence and presence of BF3·OEt2. The ionic conductivities of all solid polymer electrolytes were enhanced by one to two orders of magnitude with addition of BF3·OEt2, because the dissociation of lithium ion and carboxylate anion was promoted by complexation with BF3. The lithium ion transference number in these solid polymer electrolytes showed relatively high values of 0.45–0.88, due to the suppression of the transport of the large counter polymeric anion. These solid polymer electrolytes showed good electrochemical and thermal stabilities, and also, the mechanical strength of the solid polymer electrolytes was improved by the function of crystalline poly(lithium carboxylate)s as a sort of filler.
Non-aqueous metal–air battery technology promises to provide electrochemical energy storage with the highest specific energy density. Such technology seems particularly advantageous being implemented in long-range electric vehicles. Up to now, almost all efforts in the field are focused on Li–air cells, and the air cathode is often considered as the most challenging component of such nonaqueous metal–air cell. The major challenges, which the research community is focusing on, are the limited ability of the air cathodes to accommodate a significant amount of metal oxide, high charge over-voltage, low cycle life and low power capabilities of the cell. By comprehensively reviewing the studies conducted so far, the aim of this extended review is to demonstrate that the implementation of nanoengineered materials (predominantly carbon-based nanomaterials, specifically, graphene and carbon nanotubes) is a promising approach to increase metal–air energy performance and, particularly, cathode ability to accommodate larger amount of metal oxide. The advantages of nanosized catalysts are also being heavily discussed; the employment of such catalysts is favorable once being implemented either onto a regular carbon black substrate, or along with nanoscaled substrate. The combination of nanoscaled supporting substrate with a proper catalyst manifests itself as a promising technology for decreasing the charge over-voltage, as well. The knowledge emerged from the vast studies on Li–air cell technology may be also applied to other non-aqueous metal–air battery technology systems.
Electrocoagulation (EC) of wastewater polluted with 100 mg dm−3 of oxyfluorfen (OFF) has been studied in cells with iron anodes and aluminum cathodes. Solar power combined with energy storage in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has been used to electrically power a continuous EC process. Three scenarios have been evaluated. Firstly, a constant current was applied to the EC reactor. Secondly, a solar energy profile was applied to the EC reactor and the RFB. Finally, the EC process was operated in the same way as the second scenario except that the RFB was powered with double the current charge than in the second scenario. The results show that electrocoagulation is not suitable for the complete removal of oxyfluorfen from wastewater, although it attained a significant pollutant accumulation into the flocs of 25%, showing potential as a pretreatment for this kind of waste. Likewise, results obtained pointed out that electrocoagulation can be powered directly with solar energy and this energy can also be regulated by VRFB, although, in the latter case, to attain the same treatment efficiency, around 1/3 more energy is required during energy storage. In addition, the higher the energy provided by the VRFB is, the lower the Fe/Al ratio produced during the electrocoagulation is.
Dose rates at individual dwell points in a 60Co irradiation plant have been measured using electronic data recording and chemical dosimetry techniques. The measurements have been compared with calculations of the dose rate distribution using point kernel modelling. A description is given of a radiation resistant magnetic tape-based data recording system that travels through the plant in an irradiation container. Values of dose rate and temperature are stored every 30s with a total recording time of up to 8h. Dose rate distribution and integral dose data obtained from the electronic recorder were found to be in good overall agreement with chemical dosimetry and modelling.
Kashluba S, Hanks RA, Casey JE, Millis SR. Neuropsychologic and functional outcome after complicated mild traumatic brain injury. Objective To investigate the extent to which neuropsychologic and functional outcome after complicated mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) parallels that of moderate TBI recovery. Design A longitudinal study comparing neuropsychologic and functional status of persons with complicated mild TBI and moderate TBI at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation and at 1 year postinjury. Setting Rehabilitation hospital with a Traumatic Brain Injury Model System. Participants Persons with complicated mild TBI (n=102), each with an intracranial brain lesion documented through neuroimaging and a highest Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score in the emergency department between 13 and 15, and 127 persons with moderate TBI. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures FIM instrument, Disability Rating Scale, Community Integration Questionnaire, Wechsler Memory Scale logical memory I and II, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Trail-Making Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and block design. Results Few differences in neuropsychologic performance existed between the TBI groups. Less severely impaired information processing speed and verbal learning were seen in the complicated mild TBI group at rehabilitation discharge and 1 year postinjury. Despite overall improvement across cognitive domains within the complicated mild TBI group, some degree of impairment remained at 1 year postinjury on those measures that had identified participants as impaired soon after injury. No differences on functional ability measures were found between the TBI groups at either time period postinjury, with both groups exhibiting incomplete recovery of functional status at the 1-year follow-up. Conclusions When classifying severity of TBI based on GCS scores, consideration of a moderate injury designation should be given to persons with an intracranial bleed and a GCS score between 13 and 15.
Why is it that certain violent criminals repeatedly find themselves engaged in brawls? Many inmates report having felt provoked or threatened by their victims, which might be due to a tendency to ascribe malicious intentions when faced with ambiguous social signals, termed hostile attribution bias.
Ultra-high loading Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with the particle size of ca. 10nm anchoring on the acid-sonication pretreated graphene oxide with induced in-plane vacancies (deGO) are in-situ synthesized through a low-temperature hydrothermal reaction. These in-plane vacancies can act as active sites for the formation of Co3O4 NPs since Co2+ ions have a strong bonding effect with the carboxylate groups decorating the defect edge sites, in which nucleation, growth and crystallization of Co3O4 NPs are well separated and confined in a several nanometer region. Although the content is extremely low (7wt%), deRGO can not only provide a support for anchoring Co3O4 NPs and work as a conductive matrix enabling good contact between them, but also prevent the particle aggregation and keep the integrity of the composite during long-term cycles. The as-prepared deRGO/Co3O4 anode exhibits a high specific capacity and superior rate performance with charge capacities of 727.1mAhg−1 at 2 C, 559.4mAhg−1 at 5 C and 70.45mAhg−1 at 30 C. Meanwhile, no capacity fade can be observed after 100 cycles at 1 C, revealing a stable cycling ability. Therefore this material has great potential application for advanced Li-ion batteries.
Purpose: To compare a standardized battery of biomechanical laboratory tests to assess the performance of popular foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs). Setting: Biomedical testing facilities, Alcon Research, Ltd., Fort Worth, Texas, USA. Methods: Using industry-standard biomechanical testing techniques, 1- and 3-piece foldable IOLs (Alcon AcrySof® MA60BM, MA30BA, SA30AL, SA60AT; Allergan Sensar® AR40, PhacoFlex® II SI-40NB; Bausch & Lomb Soflex® LI61U; Pharmacia & Upjohn CeeOn® 920) and a 1-piece all-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) IOL (Alcon MZ30BD) were tested under identical conditions with regard to (1) tensile/elastic properties by comparing haptic pull strength and haptic elongation and (2) compression properties by comparing haptic compression forces, haptic compression force decay over time, and axial displacement. All tests were performed with the IOLs submersed in a controlled-temperature water bath (mean 35°C ± 2°C [SD]). Results: For all IOLs, the ultimate elongation and pull strength of the haptics before failure was highest with the Alcon SA30AL and SA60AT. Similarly, the force required to compress haptics to a prescribed 10.0 mm diameter was least with the SA30AL and the SA60AT lenses. These 1-piece lenses also showed the least decay of residual compression force as a function of time. Optic displacement along the optical axis with haptic compression to 10.0 mm was least with the Alcon 1-piece IOLs and the all-PMMA control IOL. Conclusion: AcrySof 1-piece SA30AL and SA60AT IOLs demonstrated superior biomechanical characteristics over other foldable IOL designs.
Highly active electrode materials with judicious design of nanostructure are important for the construction of high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices. In this work, we have fabricated a tubular TiC fibre cloth as an interesting type of stable supercapacitive material. Hollow microfibres of TiC are synthesized by carbothermal treatment of commercial T-shirt cotton fibres. To demonstrate the rationale of nanostructuring in energy storage, the hollow fibres are further covered by interwoven TiC nanotube branches, forming 3D tubular all-TiC hierarchical fibres with high electrical conductivity, high surface area, and high porosity. For energy storage functions, organic symmetric supercapacitors based on the hollow fibre–nanotube (HFNT) TiC cloth electrodes are assembled and thoroughly characterized. The TiC-based electrodes show very stable capacitance in long charge–discharge cycles and at different temperatures. In particular, the integrated TiC HFNT cloth electrodes show a reasonably high capacitance (185 F g−1 at 2 A g−1), better cycling stability at high-rates (e.g., 97% retention at room temperature after 150000 cycles, and 67% at −15 °C after 50000 cycles) than other control electrodes (e.g., pure carbon fibre cloths). It is envisaged that this 3D tubular TiC fibre cloth is also useful for solar cells and electrocatalysis.
The Li–O2 chemistry in nonaqueous liquid carbonate electrolytes and the underlying reason for its limited reversibility was systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction data showed that regardless of discharge depth lithium alkylcarbonates (lithium propylenedicarbonate (LPDC), or lithium ethylenedicarbonate (LEDC), with other related derivatives) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) are constantly the main discharge products, while lithium peroxide (Li2O2) or lithium oxide (Li2O) is hardly detected. These lithium alkylcarbonates are generated from the reductive decomposition of the corresponding carbonate solvents initiated by the attack of superoxide radical anions. More significantly, in situ gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis revealed that Li2CO3 and Li2O cannot be oxidized even when charged to 4.6V vs. Li/Li+, while LPDC, LEDC and Li2O2 are readily oxidized, with CO2 and CO released from LPDC and LEDC and O2 evolved from Li2O2. Therefore, the apparent reversibility of Li–O2 chemistry in an organic carbonate-based electrolyte is actually an unsustainable process that consists of (1) the formation of lithium alkylcarbonates through the reductive decomposition of carbonate solvents during discharging and (2) the subsequent oxidation of these same alkylcarbonates during charging. Therefore, a stable electrolyte that does not lead to an irreversible by-product formation during discharging and charging is necessary for truly rechargeable Li–O2 batteries.
Exploring high efficient and durable electrocatalysts at low cost for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells or metal-air battery to replace precious-metal ones such as platinum (and its alloy) has triggered extensive research interests. Recently, continuous efforts have been made to fabricate doped graphene as ORR electrocatalysts and N-doped graphene is a promising candidate for replacing Pt-based catalysts because of its high ORR catalytic activity, long-term stability, negligible fuel crossover effect, and low cost. In this study, we conducted a one-step method to synthesize N-, P-, S-tridoped graphene (denoted as CNPS) as ORR metal-free electrocatalyst with the acephate as the dopants. The XPS analysis confirms that N, P, S heteroatoms have been successfully doped in graphene sheet and the electrochemical characterization results reveal that the tridoped graphene exhibits efficient ORR activity.
Unlike conventional iron-chromium redox flow batteries (ICRFBs) with a flow-through cell structure, in this work a high-performance ICRFB featuring a flow-field cell structure is developed. It is found that the present flow-field structured ICRFB reaches an energy efficiency of 76.3% with a current density of 120 mA cm−2 at 25 °C. The energy efficiency can be as high as 79.6% with an elevated current density of 200 mA cm−2 at 65 °C, a record performance of the ICRFB in the existing literature. In addition, it is demonstrated that the energy efficiency of the battery is stable during the cycle test, and that the capacity decay rate of the battery is 0.6% per cycle. More excitingly, the high performance of the flow-field structured battery significantly lowers the capital cost at $137.6 kWh−1, which is 28.2% lower than that of the conventional ICRFB for 8-h energy storage.
Stress generation due to Li ion insertion into/extraction from LiMn2O4 particles is studied with a mathematical model for a lithium ion battery with pure LiMn2O4 or mixed LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode. The simulated stress profile in a pure LiMn2O4 electrode shows nonuniformity across the positive electrode. The cathode blended model predicts that the stress generated in the LiMn2O4 particles is reduced at the end of discharge due to adding LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 to the cathode. The effect of the variation in the blend ratio on the stress generation is also investigated.