batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Rechargeable lithium–oxygen batteries have attracted considerable attention due to their high energy density. The critical challenges that limit the practical use of this technology include sluggish kinetics of the electrochemical oxygen reactions on the cathode during discharging and charging. Here, urchin-like α-MnO2 materials decorated with Au and Pd nanoparticles are developed for use as a cathode catalyst for rechargeable Li–O2 batteries with hybrid electrolytes. Au and Pd particles as large as 3–8 nm are uniformly dispersed on the vertically aligned nanorods of α-MnO2. The Au/α-MnO2 and Pd/α-MnO2 catalysts show excellent bi-functional activity for both oxygen reduction and evolution. A rechargeable Li–O2 battery with a hybrid electrolyte is constructed using the nanostructured composite catalysts. Charging and discharging experiments of the batteries indicate that the metal-decorated, urchin-like α-MnO2 can be used as an efficient bi-functional catalyst for rechargeable hybrid Li–O2 batteries.
Bimetallic sulfides have particle rich surface due to which they possess novel electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Current research has undertaken the synthesis of Nickel and Manganese dithiocarbamate complexes and complexes were incorporated in bimetallic form by combine decomposition. Combined FTIR peaks confirmed the bimetallic complex formation of Nickel and Manganese. UV–Vis absorption spectra of C10H20NiN2S4 expressed peak at 290 nm and C10H20MnN2S4 expressed peak at 317 nm. Furthermore, The UV–Vis peak for bimetallic composites Ni3S2/MnS2 was obtained at 340 nm. SEM exhibited the cubic shaped crystal structure of NiS/MnS composites. SEM were performed with the results confirming the synthesis of crystalline bimetallic sulfides/composites Ni3S2 and MnS2. Composite was utilized to make thin film by PVD assisted technique and band gap was 1.69 eV. Hence, it is suggested that composites Ni3S2 and MnS2 reveals promising prospect in lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors and as an anode or cathode material for future applications.
Taking DMARDs as prescribed is an essential part of self-management for patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. To date, the Compliance Questionnaire for Rheumatology (CQR) is the only self-report adherence measure created specifically for and validated in rheumatic diseases. However, the factor structure of the CQR has not been reported and it can be considered lengthy at 19 items. The aim of this study was to test the factor structure of the CQR and reduce the number of items whilst retaining robust explanation of non-adherence to DMARDs. Such a reduction would increase the clinical utility of the scale, to identify patients with sub-optimal adherence to DMARDs in the clinic as well as for research purposes.
Electrochemical nanomaterial-based resistive switching devices (memristors) have recently attracted significant research interest because of their low cost and potential applications in nonvolatile data storage and artificial neural networks. In this paper, we report an electrochemical method to produce a novel memristor based on copper nanowire-titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (TNTAs), a core-shell composite material. TNTAs are fabricated using a cheap and effective electrochemical anodization method, and high-density copper nanowires are synthesized via excess-electrodeposition with a novel peeling-off strategy. This novel memristor shows both analogue and digital resistive switching properties by controlling the electroforming process. The Roff/Ron ratio of the digital memristor remains greater than 40 during 1000 consecutive I–V sweeps. The device shows good endurance over 104 pulse cycles, with an Roff/Ron ratio greater than 20. Furthermore, the data retention time can be maintained at least for 104 s. The outstanding digital resistive switching performance can be attributed to the numerous parallel copper nanowire nanoelectrodes inside the film.
Although micro-porous membranes made of polyethylene (PE) offer excellent mechanical strength and chemical stability, they exhibit large thermal shrinkage at high temperature, which causes a short circuit between positive and negative electrodes in cases of unusual heat generation. We tried to develop a new technology to reduce the thermal shrinkage of PE separators by introducing γ-Al2O3 particles treated with coupling agent on PE separators. Nanocomposite γ-Al2O3/PE separators were prepared by the dip coating of polyethylene(PE) separators in γ-Al2O3/poly(vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)/crosslinker (1,3,5-trially-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (TTT) solution with humidity control followed by electron beam irradiation. γ-Al2O3/PVDF-HFP/TTT (95/5/2)-coated PE separator showed the highest electrolyte uptake (157%) and ionic conductivity (1.3mS/cm). On the basis of the thermal shrinkage test, the nanocomposite γ-Al2O3/PE separators containing TTT irradiated by electron beam exhibited a higher thermal resistance. Moreover, a linear sweep voltammetry test showed that the irradiated nanocomposite γ-Al2O3/PE separators have electrochemical stabilities of up to 5.0V. In a battery performance test, the coin cell assembled with γ-Al2O3/PVDF-HFP/TTT-coated PE separator showed excellent discharge cycle performance.
In this work, TiO2 nanotubes were prepared by anodization at a constant voltage in an electrolyte composed of fluoride species provided by ionic liquid (1 or 5 vol.%), applying 40 or 80 V. Different tube diameters (21.6, 34.8, 93 and 154.5 nm) were obtained, all of them presenting anatase crystalline phase with distinctive crystalline sizes and lattice strains. The Li-ion intercalation/deintercalation was studied and analysed in the light of crystalline structure changes. The amount of Li+ irreversibly trapped was higher for the samples with larger TiO2 nanotubes compared to narrower ones. This behaviour was correlated with the lattice strain observed in the samples.
A flexible portable proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is developed with non-directional flexibility acquired through new carbon-fibre-made current collectors and a new cell structure. The performance of a pilot cell suffers no significant loss when bent to curvatures with various radii in multiple directions. It also compares well with a nonflexible cylindrical portable PEMFC composed of similar components. The new cell is made with a single cup-like flexible main body with the membrane glued to the inside rim. The current collector is composed of several bunches of carbon fibre, each with metal wires embedded in them. The soft and flexible fibres not only allow for close and evenly-distributed contact with the bent electrode, but also change the character of the contact so that a large compressional force is no longer required to acquire low contact resistance which is, above all, the key to the success of this flexible cell design. The metal wire provides the needed flexibility to cover large curved electrode areas. A wire spring is used to pressure the collector against the electrode while the main body bends.
A hydrometallurgical route based on the liquid–liquid extraction technique using Cyanex 272 as extractant is investigated for the selective separation of metal values, in particular, zinc and manganese from spent alkaline batteries. The recycling route consists of following steps: (1) cryogenic dismantling of the spent batteries, (2) pre-treatment of the internal material consisting of drying, grinding and screening steps in order to produce a dry homogeneous powder, (3) leaching of the powder with sulphuric acid and (4) metal separation by liquid–liquid extraction. Bench scale experiments have shown that zinc and manganese are easily separated (ΔpH1/2≈2.0) using 20% (v/v) Cyanex 272 dissolved in Escaid 110 at 50°C. Therefore, the proposed route can treat residues from both zinc–carbon and alkaline batteries because metal composition of these batteries is quite similar. The metal content of other batteries such as Ni–Cd and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) has been also determined in order to include them in future investigations.
The cold chain is one of the key elements of the preventive health-care delivery system. Vaccines have to be carried long distances, stored in remote places and during this period the temperature has to be maintained within certain specified values. Realizing the needs of such requirements, the Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi (Govt. of India) assigned a project to the R&D Division of MECON, Ranchi for development of Thermoelectric Cold-Chain Chest operated by 12 V DC vehicular battery. The resulting portable thermoelectric (i.e. Peltier effect) Cold-Chain Chest (TCC) operated successfully even in an ambient environment of 45 °C, mainly for preserving and transporting life-saving medicines for urban as well as rural areas.
LiCoO2 particles were coated with various wt.% of lanthanum aluminum garnets (3LaAlO3:Al2O3) by an in situ sol–gel process, followed by calcination at 1123K for 12h in air. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the formation of a 3LaAlO3:Al2O3 compound and the in situ sol–gel process synthesized 3LaAlO3:Al2O3-coated LiCoO2 was a single-phase hexagonal α-NaFeO2-type structure of the core material without any modification. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed a modification of the surface of the cathode particles. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images exposed that the surface of the core material was coated with a uniform compact layer of 3LaAlO3:Al2O3, which had an average thickness of 40nm. Galvanostatic cycling studies demonstrated that the 1.0wt.% 3LaAlO3:Al2O3-coated LiCoO2 cathode showed excellent cycle stability of 182 cycles, which was much higher than the 38 cycles sustained by the pristine LiCoO2 cathode material when it was charged at 4.4V.
Increasing demand for high energy capability Li rechargeable batteries has promoted extensive research on the development of electrode materials. Multi-component spinel metal-oxide is considered to be promising anode material owing to their better electrical conductivity and higher electrochemical activity. Herein, a facile one-pot strategy without further thermal annealing treatment is successfully developed for preparation of well-defined ZnGa2O4 nanocubes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of ZnGa2O4 nanocubes through wet chemical method and applied as anode material. Galvanostatic charge and discharge results indicate ZnGa2O4 nanocubes electrode is capable of delivering a higher capacity and better cycling stability than ZnO/Ga2O3 mixture electrode. Noteworthily, ZnGa2O4 nanocubes electrode also exhibites superior capacity compared with ZnGa2O4 nanospheres electrode which is consisted of secondary nanoparticles. Large amount of ZnGa2O4 nanocubes could retain their morphology after 160 charge/discharge cycles and further surface elemental analysis illustrates elements distributions has no changes in the surface. The unique structure and high crystallinity is responsible for higher capacity and better cycling stability.
The solid-state electrolyte LiPON is synthesized using reactive magnetron sputtering. The correlation between plasma conditions and chemical composition of the layers is studied by X-ray photo electron spectroscopy, accompanied by electrochemical measurements of the ionic conductivity of the films. It is found that the plasma conditions in the vicinity of the substrate affect the lithium and nitrogen contents in a reciprocal manner. The target sputter-age and an additional bias potential to the substrate are identified as important parameters to optimize the performance of the layers. Based on this information, bilayer samples are prepared, consisting of LiPON and a cathode of LiFePO4. Chronopotentiometry at these bilayers reveals the importance of a low interface resistance, and moreover, it identifies an insufficient lithium content at the LiPON/LiFePO4 interface as a reason for high interface resistance. Nitrogen is also essential to increase the conductivity and hence, a lack of nitrogen at the interface is suggested to have the same consequence. It is shown how the interface resistance can be controlled by the preparation conditions to achieve an optimized performance.
A sandwich structure-like PVDF/HEC/PVDF polymer membrane is reported as host for matrix of gel polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries. The inner HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose) layer is compact, and can avoid micro short-circuits. The producibility of the composite membrane is guaranteed due to the simple and efficient electro-spinning process for manufacturing the PVDF (poly(vinylidene fluoride)) layer and low-cost and eco-friendly HEC layer. This structure integrates the advantages of the HEC and PVDF, and it presents high uptake of liquid electrolyte (135.4%), excellent retention of liquid electrolyte, high ionic conductivity (0.88mScm−1 at ambient temperature), low activation energy for lithium movement (0.016eV), and high lithium ion transference number (t + =0.57), all properties are superior to those of the pure HEC membrane and commercial polyolefin separator (Celgard 2730). With the PVDF/HEC/PVDF gel polymer electrolyte as the electrolyte and separator, the assembled Li//LiFePO4 cell exhibits a notably high discharge capacity (140mAhg−1) over 140 cycles. The PVDF and HEC components are non-combustible, which is in sharp contrast with the combustible polymers for the commercial separators. These results show that this kind of sandwiched gel polymer electrolyte is promising for scale-up of lithium ion batteries especially those needing high safety and reliability.
Fish intake and the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in fish have been suggested to lower the risk of cognitive decline. We assessed whether serum long-chain omega-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with performance on neuropsychological tests in an older population and whether exposure to methylmercury, mainly from fish, or apolipoprotein-E4 (Apo-E4) phenotype can modify the associations.
Kitchen oils (olive, soybean and butter) are selected for carbon coatings on LiFePO4. The surface properties of LiFePO4 are unknown or vary depending on synthetic methods. The multi-functional groups of fatty acids in the oils can orient properly to cope with the variable surface properties of LiFePO4, which can lead to dense carbon coatings. The low price and low toxicity of kitchen oils are other advantages of the coating process. LiFePO4 (D 50 =121nm)combined with the carbon coating enhances the rate capability. Capacities at the 2C rate reach 150mAhg−1 or higher. The charge retention values of 2.0C/0.2C are between 94.4 and 98.9%.
The effect of various solvents, lithium salts and Lewis acids on the conductivity of crosslinked lithium carboxylates resulting from the modification of maleic anhydride copolymers with styrene has been studied. It was found that in the presence of BF3 and polar solvents such as dialkyl sulfoxides or propylene carbonate polyelectrolytes can be obtained in the form of dimensionally stable membranes of ambient temperature conductivity of ≈10−3–10−4 S·cm−1. IR studies demonstrate a strong interaction between BF3 and carboxylic anions leading to a greater mobility of Li+ cations. The passivation phenomena at the lithium–gel polyelectrolyte interface for selected systems were examined by means of the impedance spectroscopy. It was found that the passivation layers could be formed in these systems both on the electrode and the polymeric membranes. The passivation process is strongly inhibited in the systems containing BF3.
Two 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxy (TEMPO) contained polypyrrole (PPy) derivatives with the different side-chain length were synthesized by esterification of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl free radial with pyrrole butyric acid and pyrrole caproic acid. Then the homopolymers of 4-(3-(Pyrrol-1-yl)butyryloxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy (PPy-B-TEMPO) and 4-(3-(Pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoyloxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy (PPy-C-TEMPO) were prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization. The structure, morphology, electrochemical properties of prepared polymers were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammograms (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), respectively. Also, the charge-discharge properties of the prepared polymers were studied by galvanostatic charge-discharge testing. The results demonstrated that the as-synthesized nitroxide radical polymers showed a reversible two-electron redox reaction process in the potential limits of 2.5–3.0V and 3.4–3.8V vs Li/Li+, respectively. Under our experimental conditions, PPy only presented the discharge capacity of 16.5 mAh·g−1 at 20 mA·g−1 between 2.5 and 4.2V, while PPy-B-TEMPO with the short side-chain linked to TEMPO groups exhibited an initial discharge capacity of up to 86.5 mAh·g−1 with two well-deﬁned plateaus. Furthermore, the PPy-C-TEMPO with the longer linking side-chain even displayed a discharge capacity of 115 mAh·g−1. These superior electrochemical performances were ascribed to the flexible linking side-chain and the introduction of stable conductive PPy main chain, which benefits the improvement of charge carrier transportation in the aggregated polymer bulk.
3D interconnected ultrathin CoSe nanosheets are prepared via a hydrothermal synthesis method and utilized as superior battery-like electrode material for the first time. Due to the features of the unique 3D interconnected ultrathin nanosheets with a large BET specific surface area, superior mesoporous structure and good electrical conductivity, the as-resulted 3D interconnected ultrathin CoSe nanosheets manifests a high specific capacity of 70.6 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and remarkable rate performance with 52.8% of capacity retention rate at 100 A g−1 compared with 1 A g−1. Furthermore, a novel aqueous hybrid supercapacitor is assembled by employing 3D interconnected ultrathin CoSe nanosheets and activated carbon as the cathode and anode, respectively. The assembled hybrid device displays a specific energy of 18.6 Wh kg−1 at a specific power of 750 W kg−1 and outstanding cycling life with 95.4% of the initial capacity retention for 20000 cycles at 5 A g−1. These results imply that the unique 3D interconnected ultrathin CoSe nanosheets can be considered as highly potential candidate electrode materials for hybrid supercapacitors.
Electrochemical CO2 capture technologies are gaining attention due to their flexibility, their ability to address decentralized emissions (e.g., ocean and atmosphere) and their fit in an electrified industry. In the present work, recent progress made in electrochemical CO2 capture is reviewed. The majority of these methods rely on the concept of “pH-swing” and the effect it has on the CO2 hydration/dehydration equilibrium. Through a pH-swing, CO2 can be captured and recovered by shifting the pH of a working fluid between acidic and basic pH. Such swing can be applied electrochemically through electrolysis, bipolar membrane electrodialysis, reversible redox reactions and capacitive deionization. In this review, we summarize main parameters governing these electrochemical pH-swing processes and put the concept in the framework of available worldwide capture technologies. We analyse the energy efficiency and consumption of such systems, and provide recommendations for further improvements. Although electrochemical CO2 capture technologies are rather costly compared to the amine based capture, they can be particularly interesting if more affordable renewable electricity and materials (e.g., electrode and membranes) become widely available. Furthermore, electrochemical methods have the ability to (directly) convert the captured CO2 to value added chemicals and fuels, and hence prepare for a fully electrified circular carbon economy.
Objective This study aims to quantify facial emotion recognition abnormalities and their relation to neurocognitive dysfunction and schizotypy in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis and patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES). Methods Forty individuals at UHR for psychosis, 24 patients with FES and 46 normal controls performed a facial emotion recognition task that presented facial photographs encompassing all basic emotions. The perceptual aberration scale and revised social anhedonia scale were employed for self-reported assessment of schizotypy. An intellectual functioning (IQ) test and a broad battery of neurocognitive tests were conducted. Emotional task performance indexed by accuracy rate of specific emotion was compared among three groups. The correlation of accuracy rate with neurocognitive tests and schizotypy scales were analyzed within each clinical group. Results A recognition deficit of facial emotions was present in both clinical groups, even after adjusting for IQ and gender as covariates. This emotional deficit showed few significant relationships with broad range of individual neurocognitive measures. Meanwhile, this deficit demonstrated significant relationships with schizotypy, especially perceptual aberration in each clinical group. Conclusions Facial emotion recognition deficit may not only be present in FES patients, but may already have evolved prior to the onset of overt psychotic symptoms. This emotion recognition deficit may be linked to a perceptual aberration and largely independent of broad range of neurocognitive dysfunction.
The study aimed at assessing the efficacy and safety of a radiofrequency treatment (RFT) protocol with nine lesions to the soft palate in the treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).
External short circuit (ESC) is a severe fault that can cause the large current and high temperature of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) immediately. Temperature rise prediction is crucial for LiB safety management in an all-climate electric vehicles application because many disastrous consequences are caused by high temperature. This study mainly investigates the ESC-caused temperature rise characteristics of LiB, and proposes an online prediction approach of the maximum temperature rise. Three original contributions are made: (1) Abusing tests of LiBs under ESC are conducted at varying ambient temperatures, and the influences of battery state of charge (SOC) and ambient temperature on the maximum temperature rise are revealed. (2) Characteristics of temperature rises are analysed, therein finding that the heat generation of LiBs caused by ESC presents two modes: Joule heat-dominant mode and reaction heat/Joule heat blended mode; leakage is an external manifestation of the latter. (3) Two heat generation modes are proved to be linearly separable at temperature rise discharge capacity plane, and then a two-step prediction approach of maximum temperature rise is proposed based on support vector machine. Finally, the presented approach is validated by the experimental data. The maximum temperature rise can be predicted up to 22.3 s ahead of time and very precise prediction results are obtained, where the mean prediction error for the eight test cells is 3.05%.
Intermittent Auscultation (IA) is the recommended method of fetal surveillance for healthy women in labour. However, the majority of women receive continuous electronic monitoring. We used the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to explore the views of Birthing Unit nurses about using IA as their primary method of fetal surveillance for healthy women in labour.