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This report describes the synthesis and the properties of a series of polymer electrolytes, composed of a hybrid inorganic-organic matrix doped with LiTFSI. The matrix is based on ring-like oligo-siloxane clusters, bearing pendant, partially cross-linked, polyether chains. The dependency of the thermo-mechanic and of the transport properties on several structural parameters, such as polyether chains’ length, cross-linkers’ concentration, and salt concentration is studied. Altogether, the materials show good thermo-mechanical and electrochemical stabilities, with conductivities reaching, at best, 8·10−5 S cm−1 at 30 °C. In conclusion, the cell performances of one representative sample are shown. The scope of this report is to analyze the correlations between structure and properties in networked and hybrid polymer electrolytes. This could help the design of optimized polymer electrolytes for application in lithium metal batteries.
htau mice are deficient of murine tau but express all six human tau isoforms, leading to gradual tau misprocessing and aggregation in brain areas relevant to Alzheimer’s disease. While histopathological changes in htau mice have been researched in the past, we focused here on functional consequences of human tau accumulation. htau mice and their background controls – murine tau knock-out (mtau−/−) and C57Bl/6J mice – underwent a comprehensive trial battery to investigate species-specific behavior, locomotor activity, emotional responses, exploratory traits, spatial and recognition memory as well as acquisition, retention and extinction of contextual fear at two, four, six, nine and twelve months of age. In htau mice, tau pathology was already present at two months of age, whereas deficits in food burrowing and spatial working memory were first noted at four months of age. At later stages the presence of human tau on a mtau−/− background appeared to guard cognitive performance; as mtau−/− but not htau mice differed from C57Bl/6J mice in the food burrowing, spontaneous alternation and object discrimination tasks. Aging mtau−/− mice also exhibited increased body mass and locomotor activity. These data highlight that reduced food-burrowing performance was the most robust aspect of the htau phenotype with aging. htau and mtau−/− deficits in food burrowing pointed at the necessity of intact tau systems for daily life activities. While some htau and mtau−/− deficits overlap, age differences between the two genotypes may reflect distinct functional effects and compared to C57Bl/6J mice, the htau phenotype appeared stronger than the mtau−/− phenotype at young ages but milder with aging.
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an emerging sustainable energy technology that generates electric power from a salinity gradient without thermal pollution or CO2 emission. Theoretically, the energy generated by RED is estimated to be 1.7 MJ when 1 m3 of seawater is mixed with the same amount of river water [1–3]. RED systems consist of repeating cells of alternating anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and cation exchange membranes (CEMs), between which feed solutions flow through porous spacers. Counterions diffuse through the ion exchange membranes (IEMs) owing to concentration differences, leading to the generation of a membrane voltage that is converted to electric power by an electrochemical reaction at the electrodes. The membrane voltage increases proportionally with the number of cell pairs and thus a large-scale RED system with several hundreds of cell pairs produces a voltage on the order of tens of volts.
We prepared nanocrystalline Ti2/3Sn1/3O2 by a coprecipitation method starting from Ti(isopropoxide)4 and SnCl4·5H2O followed by calcination at 600°C. TEM and XRD measurements reveal crystallite sizes of about 5nm and a crystal structure equivalent to those of TiO2 rutile and SnO2 cassiterite. The local structure was investigated with 119Sn NMR and Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy. The material was cycled with C/20 at voltages between 3.0 and 0.02V against Li metal. Specific capacities of 300mAhg−1 were obtained for 100 cycles with voltage profiles very similar to those of pure SnO2. Faster cycling leads to strong decrease of the capacities but after returning to C/20 the initial values are obtained.
Recently, hybrid supercapacitor due to high energy/power density and long cycle life has been attractive field for energy researchers. In this work, we demonstrated the decoration of graphene quantum dots on metal oxide/polyaniline to form efficient electrode materials for a hybrid supercapacitor for the first time. Ultrafine N and S co-doped graphene quantum dots (N,S-GQDs) were grown on CeO2 nanoparticles via in situ hydrothermal method. Then, PANI-N,S-GQDs@CeO2 nanocomposites have been prepared by the chemical oxidation polymerization process. The simultaneous incorporation of S and N species in GQDs provides a larger active surface and greatly increases the contact area with the CeO2 in polymer nanocomposite. The as prepared material was analyzed by spectroscopic techniques and electron microscopy analysis. Electrochemical properties of the PANI-N,S-GQDs@CeO2 as supercapacitor electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments. The maximum specific capacity of 189 C g−1was obtained for PANI/5 wt % N,S-GQDs@CeO2 nanocomposite at current density of 1 A g−1 in comparison with 175 and 115 C g−1 for PANI/10 wt% N,S-GQDs@CeO2 and PANI/5 wt% CeO2 respectively. Value of specific capacity remained at 75% after 1000 cycles under the current density of 1 A g−1.
This work presents a facile reactive template route to prepare polypyrrole (PPy) with a given, chosen nanostructure among three different morphologies (i.e., nanotubes, nanofibers and urchins). This approach exploits the variability of MnO2 morphologies and its versatility as sacrificial template. The morphological evolution for this template-assisted growth of PPy nanostructures has been briefly explained. These unique architectures significantly enhance the electroactive surface area of the PPy nanostructures, leading to better interfacial/chemical distribution at the nanoscale, fast ion and electron transfer and good strain accommodation. Thus, when used as supercapacitor electrodes, a maximum specific capacitance of 604F/g at a current density of 1.81A/g was reached for PPy nanofibers. Even after more than 1000 cycles at 9A/g, a capacitance of 259F/g with 91% retention was achieved. Moreover, the same PPy nanofibers can be used as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), showing a capacity of 70.82mAh/g at a rate of 0.10C with good cycling stability and rate capability. Our results provide sound evidences that PPy nanostructures can be properly tuned and make the difference for the practical application of these materials in electrochemical energy storage devices.
In this work, new composite electrodes were developed, optimized and characterized for possible, future use in batteries and/or super-capacitors. These composite electrodes were prepared from chemically synthesized polypyrrole (Ppy), graphite carbon and Teflon and their physico-chemical performances were tested using different techniques. Their conductivity and porosity were investigated under various conditions. Their macroporous structure was also studied by the BET method. Two distinct electrochemical reactions were found to take place at these electrodes, including a redox reaction with insertion and expulsion of anions, and a capacitive reaction at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The specific capacity, experimentally obtained with an electrode containing 40wt% of Ppy (99.6mAhg−1), was larger than the theoretical one, due to double-layer effects at the Ppy/electrolyte interface. The double-layer capacitance at the electrode/electrolyte interface of the composite electrodes, investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, was found to represent at most 0.1% of the total electrode capacitance.
The present investigation delineates the role of listeric infection in aborted ewes or those with history of abortion from organized farms of Kashmir region. A total of 141 clinical samples was analyzed for the isolation and identification of Listeria species. On analysis four isolates were identified as Listeria monocytogenes, while 24 were non-pathogenic Listeria species. Of the four L. monocytogenes isolates, two were isolated from brain tissue of aborted fetus (BrS10 and BrG36) while one each was isolated from vaginal swab (Vd13) and rectal swab (RS11) of the ewe. An overall isolation rate of 2.83 % was observed for L. monocytogenes and 17.02 % for non-pathogenic Listeria species. Further to reveal the pathogenic potential, the recovered L. monocytogenes isolates were subjected to the battery of in vitro pathogenicity test such as hemolytic activity on Sheep Blood Agar, Phosphatidyl Inositol-Phospholipase C activity on Agar Listeria according to Ottaviani and Agosti medium, multiplex PCR targeting virulence markers genes viz., prfA, plcA, actA, hly, inlC and in vivo chick embryo inoculation test. All the L. monocytogenes isolates recovered in the present study were potentially pathogenic and on comparison, a good correlation was observed among in vitro and in vivo pathogenicity test including multiplex PCR targeting virulence associated genes.
As energy storage systems with great prospects, both Li–air and Li–CO2 batteries possess low energy efficiency and poor cycle performance, which is caused by the accumulation of Li2CO3 during cycling. Therefore, the complete electrochemical decomposition of Li2CO3 during charging will greatly improve the performance of Li–air and Li–CO2 batteries. However, our understanding of the electrochemical decomposition mechanism of Li2CO3 is very limited. In this work, we report that CO2 is released during the electrochemical decomposition of Li2CO3 while O2 is not detected throughout the whole process. Mass spectra and FTIR results show that the electrolyte solvent undergoes degradation during charging. We further demonstrate that this degradation is caused by superoxide radicals, which are generated from Li2CO3.
Solid state ionics has been a very active field of science during the last third of the century. However, the first observations of conductivity in solid electrolytes occurred over 150 years ago. Faraday reported the transport of silver ions through silver sulfide in 1834. The present report describes some of the more recent investigations of solid state ionic materials and devices, with emphasis on room temperature materials and solid state batteries. Prof. Osamu Yamamoto and his colleagues discovered the most conductive room temperature solid ionic material that is known up to the present time. This compound is Rb4Cu16I7Cl13 with a specific conductivity of 0.34 S/cm at 25°C.
Episodic memory involves encoding an event's temporal and spatial context. The authors show that temporal information is mediated by a direct projection from the dorsal CA1 field of the hippocampus to the medial prefrontal cortex, while spatial information is processed in a separate hippocampal–prefrontal cortex projection originating in intermediate CA1.
The formation of passivating surface films on the electrodes of a lithium-ion polymer battery was investigated at various cycling state using ac impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A sealed commercial cell (Sony Co.) with a nominal capacity of 840mAh was used for the experiment. An equivalent circuit used to model the impedance spectra show that, with continuous cycling there is a relatively large increase in the interfacial impedance and charge transfer resistances after a few hundred charge–discharge cycles. It was observed that the cell capacity decrease with increase cell impedance. SEM analysis on the electrodes shows that during continuous charge–discharge cycling, the deposition of sub-micro-size particles and dissolution of surface films on the graphite surface. This observation is consistent with increase in cell impedance as a function of charge/discharge cycling.
Publisher Summary Some universal security countermeasures are supposed to be implemented, regardless of whether one is an individual or a Fortune 500 company. Without these issues, one leaves himself widely vulnerable to trivial attacks. This chapter provides golden rules for information security as seen by the author. Taking responsibility, is the most important rule of all. One needs to accept responsibility for what one has control of. Security must be considered a part of all operations. Probably the most critical aspect of taking responsibility is that one needs to develop common knowledge. The most common computer-related attacks are viruses. All Windows-based PCs and Macs need to run anti-virus software. Anti-virus software does not stop all attacks against a computer. Viruses are essentially computer programs that are placed on a computer to perform bad actions. There are attacks that target the software that runs on a computer. A software can either be misconfigured or have vulnerabilities built into it. Personal firewalls intend to prevent remote threats from exploiting those vulnerabilities, among others. Anti-spyware needs to be allowed to update itself, as well as renewed annually. Anti-spyware is frequently bundled with security software suites.
How to obtain an excellent capacity and cycling stability of electrodes that work at high rates is now challenging the development of lithium-ion batteries. Herein, we initiate a facile solvothermal method to prepare defective mesoporous Li4Ti5O12−y as an anode material with an improved high-rate performance for lithium-ion batteries. The high-rate performance for the resultant anode is represented by a discharge capacity of 139mAhg−1 at a high rate of 20C with a capacity retention of 91.4% over 300 cycles. Different from the strategies popularly used in literature, the current approach does not rely on any aids from conductive layers or foreign dopants, but takes advantages of the unique features of a defective mesoporous structure with oxygen vacancies and Ti3+–O2−–Ti4+ pairs. These features enable an improved intrinsic electronic conductivity, which leads to a high-rate performance and cycling stability superior to the stoichiometric mesoporous counterpart when annealing in air. The defective mesoporous Li4Ti5O12−y is therefore demonstrated to be a promising advanced anode material for high-rate lithium-ion batteries.
The Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales (WSS) have been widely used in the study of clinical and non-clinical samples. However, researchers often find the length of the scales prohibitive. The present study examined the reliability and validity of recently developed 15-item short forms of the Perceptual Aberration, Magical Ideation, Physical Anhedonia, and Revised Social Anhedonia Scales in two large samples of non-clinically ascertained young adults. The scales demonstrated good reliability and correlated highly with the original scales. The validity of the scales was assessed by comparing the association of the original and shortened WSS with interview measures of psychotic-like and schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms and impaired functioning, as well as with questionnaire measures of personality and social impairment. The associations of the shortened WSS with the interview and questionnaire measures were comparable in terms of statistical significance and effect size with the associations of the original scales. The present findings provide the first demonstration of the validity of the shortened WSS and support their use in the study of schizotypy.
A simple strategy is described for the synthesis of nickel oxide embedded in a carbonaceous matrix (NiO/C) using a templated agarose gel thin film, in an attempt to produce an electrode with a large reversible capacity and long cycle stability. The as-prepared films are directly deposited onto stainless steel substrates from a solution of the Ni2+ precursors. Scanning electron microscopy images indicate that the as-synthesized NiO/C has a porous and interconnected structure. The results of X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analyses confirm the preferential (111) growth of NiO and the presence of carbonaceous materials. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, this novel structure plays a positive role in producing a material with a large reversible capacity, high conductivity, and long cyclic stability. The high reversible capacity is maintained at an elevated current density. Even after 100 cycles, the NiO/C anodes deliver more than 600 mAh g−1 at a current density of 718 mA g−1, which is significantly higher than the capacity of commercial graphite anodes. The results indicate the existence of a synergetic effect between the porous NiO layers and the conductive matrix in the composite.
In this study, La2O3 is synthesized by combustion method and then subjected to ultrafine ball milling to obtain La2O3 nanoparticles. In neopentyl glycol, La2O3 nanoparticles are coated on the surface of spinel LiMn2O4 ultimately obtaining La2O3 coating contents of 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 wt%. XRD characterization reveals that the nano La2O3 exhibits a favorable crystalline intensity, without impurities and the crystalline peak of La2O3 can be observed when the coating content is of up to 6 wt%. Successful deposition of a thin layer of La2O3 on the LiMn2O4 surface is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray spectrum elemental plane scanning, and line scanning. Furthermore, inductively coupled plasma emission spectrography and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses show that the nano-La2O3 coating significantly relieves the dissolution of Mn in LiMn2O4 materials, and also improves the electro-conductivity. The electrochemical performances of the coated LiMn2O4 samples are also investigated in this work. Compared with the pristine LiMn2O4, the LiMn2O4 coated with 3 wt% La2O3 exhibits a higher rate capability and better reversibility, exhibiting 103.5 and 90.6 mAh g−1 at 5 and 10 °C, respectively. After 100 cycles at 60 and 1 °C, the 3 wt% nano-La2O3-coated sample still exhibits a high-capacity retention of 91.68%.
0.4Ah lithium-ion battery prototypes, developed within a national project devoted to development of power sources for consumer applications, have been fabricated and tested. A novel, intrinsically porous, PVdF–HFP/MgO composite separator, capable to be hot-laminated onto PVDF–HFP-based electrodes without losing its ability to retain liquid electrolyte, was developed. The devices were assembled by direct lamination of the components, namely graphite anode tapes, PVDF–HFP/MgO separators and LiMn2O4 cathode films. The prototypes, formed by a stack of 12 single cells connected in parallel, need no external pressure to maintain contact between the layers. The battery performance was evaluated in terms of capacity, cycle life, energy and power density at different rates. The capability of prototypes to uptake liquid electrolyte was also investigated. The results have indicated the feasibility to scale-up lithium-ion cells to manufacture 0.4Ah class battery prototypes showing good cycling performance.
Plasma phosphorylated tau181 (P-tau181) might be increased in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but its usefulness for differential diagnosis and prognosis is unclear. We studied plasma P-tau181 in three cohorts, with a total of 589 individuals, including cognitively unimpaired participants and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD dementia and non-AD neurodegenerative diseases. Plasma P-tau181 was increased in preclinical AD and further increased at the MCI and dementia stages. It correlated with CSF P-tau181 and predicted positive Tau positron emission tomography (PET) scans (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.87–0.91 for different brain regions). Plasma P-tau181 differentiated AD dementia from non-AD neurodegenerative diseases with an accuracy similar to that of Tau PET and CSF P-tau181 (AUC = 0.94–0.98), and detected AD neuropathology in an autopsy-confirmed cohort. High plasma P-tau181 was associated with subsequent development of AD dementia in cognitively unimpaired and MCI subjects. In conclusion, plasma P-tau181 is a noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of AD, which may be useful in clinical practice and trials.
The behaviour of different novel expander additives and negative plate formulations has been investigated in cylindrical VRLA batteries under different electric (EV) and hybrid (HEV) vehicle service conditions, using negative active mass (NAM) compositions previously optimised in 2V VRLA cells. The most interesting results are related to the cycling behaviour under both EV and HEV specifications, where up to 900 cycles and more than 180,000 cycles have been achieved, respectively, depending on the NAM additive used. Other interesting battery characteristics, such as charge acceptance at low temperatures, have been also improved by introducing an appropriate NAM formulation.
The European lead–acid battery industry has been adversely affected by the collapse of the telecommunications and information technology expansion of the last several years and by general economic conditions in other sectors. This has had a substantial effect on the industrial battery market, particularly standby batteries, but the automotive business has been less affected. The industry has reacted to these continuing changes by consolidation and specialisation within the different sectors but this alone is insufficient to ensure future success. The industry faces significant challenges to improve efficiencies through better manufacturing systems, but the development of new products for both existing and future applications is the greater priority. Advanced automotive batteries for Powernet applications and for hybrid electric vehicles, new types of standby and traction batteries and improvements to automotive batteries can all be achieved with lead–acid technology. This is a system with enormous potential for further improvement building on current strengths. This is a challenge to which the industry must respond in order to underpin the lead–acid battery as the most important electrical energy storage system.
A new fire-retardant, diethyl ethyl phosphate (DEEP), was tested as a nonflammable electrolyte solvent for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the DEEP electrolyte has a wide potential window (>5 V), sufficient ionic conductivity (3.5 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C), and electrochemical activity for the
This paper presents two novel hourly energy supervisory controls (ESC) for improving long-term operation of off-grid hybrid systems (HS) integrating renewable energy sources (wind turbine and photovoltaic solar panels), hydrogen system (fuel cell, hydrogen tank and electrolyzer) and battery. The first ESC tries to improve the power supplied by the HS and the power stored in the battery and/or in the hydrogen tank, whereas the second one tries to minimize the number of needed elements (batteries, fuel cells and electrolyzers) throughout the expected life of the HS (25 years). Moreover, in both ESC, the battery state-of-charge (SOC) and the hydrogen tank level are controlled and maintained between optimum operating margins. Finally, a comparative study between the controls is carried out by models of the commercially available components used in the HS under study in this work. These ESC are also compared with a third ESC, already published by the authors, and based on reducing the utilization costs of the energy storage devices. The comparative study proves the right performance of the ESC and their differences.