batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
During the last two decades, interest towards sampling survey on gender roles perceived by the population has significantly grown in developed as well as in developing countries. The micro-perspective of research improves the knowledge of gender discrimination dynamics even among subgroups. At the same time, it stands as a methodological challenge, as this approach needs an adequate statistical method for the analysis of individual data. This contribute aims firstly at offering the opportunity of increasing the knowledge about gender disparities through individual opinions and perceptions. Secondly, it aims at enlightening the pertinence of the poset methodology for the analysis of ordinal variables and response profiles. To this purpose, we collected data about 16 African countries included in Health Demographic Survey and we analysed a battery of questions about decision-making dimension by means of a poset methodology. We summarized the results of the poset analysis by means of descriptive indicators and we investigated their relation with the Global Gender Gap index (GGGI), an official index released every year by the World Economic Forum.
Li2CoPO4F cathode materials are successfully synthesized by solid state (SS) and sol–gel (SG) methods. The XRD results show that Li2CoPO4F samples prepared by two methods are both indexed as orthorhombic structure with space group Pnma. The particles of Li2CoPO4F (SS) are micron grade. However, the particle of Li2CoPO4F (SG) is only tens of nanometers with an amorphous carbon uniformly coated. A high reversible capacity of 138 mAh g−1 is achieved for Li2CoPO4F/C (SG) at 1 C, which is much higher than that of 106 mAh g−1 prepared by solid state method. Also, Li2CoPO4F/C (SG) shows excellent rate performance, a capacity of 119 mAh g−1, 86% retention of that at 1 C, is achieved at 20 C. The excellent rate capacity of the material is attributed to nanosized particles and uniform carbon coating that reduce ion diffusion length and enhance electronic conductivity. Furthermore, the preliminary performance characteristics of Li2CoPO4F/Li4Ti5O12 full cells are presented. The cell shows a high voltage plateau around 3.4 V with excellent rate capacity. The impressive electrochemical properties indicate that Li2CoPO4F can be a promising high power cathode material for lithium ion batteries. The capacity fading mechanism of Li2CoPO4F is also briefly investigated.
Here, 2, 3-dicyano-5, 6-dichloro-1, 4-benzoquinone (DDQ) composites have been tested as the anodes in sodium-ion batteries. When mixed with the amount of 60% carbon black in the electrode composites, it is not at all prone to dissolving in the traditional electrolytes, but enhances the electronic conductivity and manifests good electrochemical performances instead. Additionally, the ex-situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) images interpret the excellent cycling performance during charging/discharging.
The influence of the electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries on the reversible capacity and long-term cycling stability is not only determined by the salt and the film-forming solvent, but also, to a minor extent, by the co-solvent that is usually comprised in order to ensure suitable physical properties. Electrolytes containing three different isomers of butyl methyl carbonates were investigated in both, graphite half- and full-cells in order to determine the influence of co-solvent chain branching on the electrochemical performance. The reversible capacity obtained in SFG44 graphite (TIMCAL Ltd.) half-cells is higher for electrolytes with branched co-solvents and increases as the chain branching gets closer to the carbonate group. The long-term cycling stability, investigated in SLP30 graphite (TIMCAL Ltd.) half-cells, shows the same trend. The overall effect is rather small, but still perceivable in a full-cell set-up (SFG44/LiCoO2). A possible pathway of interaction of the co-solvent via the structure and composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is proposed.
The surface area of electrodeposited thin films of Ni, Co, and NiCo was evaluated using electrochemical double-layer capacitance, electrochemical area measurements using the [Ru(NH3
Nanoporous materials are of increasing scientific and technological interest due to a variety of useful properties such as low mass density, high surface area, high strength, and enhanced optical, electrical, thermal, and catalytic behavior. Potential applications of metals with nanoporous morphology include batteries, capacitors, magnetic storage media, lightweight structures, sensors, and water filtration devices [1]. The enhanced surface area and size-dependent reactivity of nanoporous metals also make them a promising area of study for a number of catalytic applications.
In this paper, carbon microsphere prepared by hydrothermal treatment was activated by KHCO3 at high temperature, and employed as the catalyst for VO2+/VO2 + redox reaction for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Carbon microsphere can be etched by KHCO3 due to the reaction between the pyrolysis products of KHCO3 and carbon atoms. Moreover, KHCO3 activation can bring many oxygen functional groups on carbon microsphere, further improving the wettability of catalyst and increasing the active sites. The electrocatalytic properties of carbon microsphere from hydrothermal treatment are improved by high temperature carbonization, and can further be enhanced by KHCO3 activation. Among carbon microsphere samples, the VO2+/VO2 + redox reaction exhibits the highest electrochemical kinetics on KHCO3 activated sample. The cell using KHCO3 activated carbon microsphere as the positive catalyst demonstrates higher energy efficiency and larger discharge capacity, especially at high current density. The results reveal that KHCO3 activated carbon microsphere is an efficient, low-cost carbon-based catalyst for VO2+/VO2 + redox reaction for VRFB system.
The molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulation technique has been used to study electrolyte/cathode interfaces formed in Li-based thin film oxide solid state ionic devices at the atomistic level. The solid electrolytes are lithium silicate glasses while the cathodes are V2O5 or WO3 crystals. The work presented in this paper will focus on the behavior at the glass/V2O5 interface. The MD simulation technique has been successfully used to simulate a variety of silicate glasses and glass surfaces, with results consistent with a variety of experimental data. The simulations of the vanadia crystal reproduce the experimental crystal structures, vibrational frequency, and the appropriate phase transition of V2O5 as Li ions enter the crystal. The simulations have also shown that Li transport into the crystal is affected by the orientation of the crystal at the interface as well as by surface roughness. While the crystal oriented with the (001) planes parallel to the crystal/glass interface shows the appropriate phase transition to the δ-LiV2O5 phase as Li ions enter the crystal, the work presented here shows that the crystal oriented with the (100) planes parallel to the interface does not transform. The difference is attributed to the effect of interface bonding between the ions in the first crystal layer and those in the glass surface. The simulations show a relaxation occurring in a lithium metasilicate glass electrolyte but not in a lithium disilicate electrolyte. In addition, relaxation at the interface between a roughened glass surface and the crystal creates a distortion in the crystal planes in immediate contact with the glass that creates an induced strain in the crystal.
The crystal structure, hydrogen storage property and electrochemical characteristics of the La0.7Mg0.3Ni3.5− x (Al0.5Mo0.5) x (x =0–0.8) alloys have been investigated systematically. It can be found that with X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld analysis the alloys are of multiphase alloy and consisted of impurity LaNi phase and two main crystallographic phases, namely the La(La, Mg)2Ni9 phase and the LaNi5 phase, and the lattice parameter and the cell volume of both the La(La, Mg)2Ni9 phase and the LaNi5 phase increases with increasing Al and Mo content in the alloys. The P–C isotherms curves indicate that the hydrogen storage capacity of the alloy first increases and then decreases with increasing x, and the equilibrium pressure decreases with increasing x. The electrochemical measurements show that the maximum discharge capacity first increases from 354.2 (x =0) to 397.6mAhg−1 (x =0.6) and then decreases to 370.4mAhg−1 (x =0.8). The high-rate dischargeability of the alloy electrode increases lineally from 55.7% (x =0) to 73.8% (x =0.8) at the discharge current density of 1200mAg−1. Moreover, the exchange current density of the alloy electrodes also increases monotonously with increasing x. The hydrogen diffusion coefficient in the alloy bulk increases with increasing Al and Mo content and thus enhances the low-temperature dischargeability of the alloy electrode.
Triboelectrification has been known and discussed since antiquity. Triboelectrification occurs in the human body due to friction between human skin and other materials such as clothing. However, charges on the body have not been harvested to power small electronics. Here, we report for the first time that the electricity generated on the human body due to triboelectrification can be measured and harvested using human body-based non-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators (H-TENGs). The H-TENGs can have an output of up to 3.3W/m2 and can spontaneously harvest energy from several people. The functions of the human body in the H-TENGs are analyzed and experimentally proven to be those of a triboelectric material, conductor and capacitor. Our results demonstrate that the triboelectricity generated on a human body can be harvested using H-TENGs and provide scientific insights into body functions that will promote further studies of TENGs.
Neural stimulation is increasingly used as a treatment for chronic pain. Common indications for spinal cord stimulation include chronic neuropathic and oncological pain, intractable angina, or chronic pain secondary to vascular disease. It is estimated that up to 4 million patients may be candidates for the therapy. Therefore, it is likely that an increasing number of patients will have spinal neurostimulation devices implanted over the coming years. Because radiography and computed tomography are the primary imaging modalities used to evaluate the proper positioning of these devices, radiologists should be familiar with their appearance. The purpose of this article is to discuss the types of neurostimulation devices currently being used and to demonstrate their respective imaging appearances.
A method is presented for measuring the equivalent circuit components of rechargeable batteries. The temporal discharge–rest–charge–rest sequence of a rechargeable battery is described, using the principles of transient circuit analysis, to derive equations for the battery voltage as a function of time during voltage transients and at the boundaries at transitions between transient phases. The equations lead to a new measurement method for battery characterization. The equivalent circuit of the battery is described as an ideal voltage source in series with a resistor and the parallel combination of a resistor and a capacitor. The battery model uses different values of resistance and capacitance, in the parallel combination, during the different phases of the discharge–rest–charge–rest sequence. The method is used to measure the circuit parameters of a nickel–cadmium battery.
The requirements of the Energy Storage System (ESS) for an electrified vehicle portfolio consisting of a range of vehicles from micro Hybrid Electric Vehicle (mHEV) to a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) vary considerably. To reduce development cost of an electrified powertrain portfolio, a modular system would ideally be scaled across each vehicle; however, the conflicting requirements of a mHEV and BEV prevent this. This study investigates whether it is possible to combine supercapacitors suitable for an mHEV with high-energy batteries suitable for use in a BEV to create a Hybridised Energy Storage System (HESS) suitable for use in a HEV. A passive HESS is found to be capable of meeting the electrical demands of a HEV drive cycle; the operating principles of HESSs are discussed and factors limiting system performance are explored. The performance of the HESS is found to be significantly less temperature dependent than battery-only systems, however the heat generated suggests a requirement for thermal management. As the HESS degrades (at a similar rate to a specialised high-power-battery), battery resistance rises faster than supercapacitor resistance; as a result, the supercapacitor provides a greater current contribution, therefore the energy throughput, temperature rise and degradation of the batteries is reduced.
Several gel membranes of the type PVdF/EC–PC/SiO2 without and with electrolyte salts have been characterised by vibrational spectroscopy and by galvanostatic cycling tests. It is found that the structure of the PVdF matrix in the membranes depends on the gel composition and preparation conditions. At high loads of polymer parts of the PVdF chains assume a TGTG’ conformation typical of the so-called “structural form II”. The formation of PVdF of form II is favoured when slow cooling rates are employed during the membrane preparation. In galvanostatic cycling tests in combination with a Sn/SnSb electrode, the present gel-type polymer electrolytes give results comparable to those obtained with the corresponding liquid electrolytes.
The electrochemical and gravimetric behavior of a nanocomposite ([PSPAN]0.3V2O5·nH2O) comprised of poly(N-propane sulfonic acid aniline) (PSPAN) and vanadium pentoxide xerogel are described. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements show that the charge compensation process in this nanocomposite occurs predominantly by Li+ transport with a small amount of accompanying solvent, especially at low scan rates. The diffusion coefficients for Li+ in both the vanadium pentoxide xerogel and in the nanocomposite are measured using the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), and a value of 1×10−12 cm2 s−1 was determined for both materials. Combination of these results with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements shows that the nanocomposite is more electronic conductor and exhibits shorter ionic diffusion pathways than the vanadium pentoxide parent xerogel material. In situ Raman spectroscopic results on the nanocomposite unambiguously demonstrate the oxidation and reduction of the PSPAN component during redox cycling of the nanocomposite, even though the electrochemical signature of the PSPAN is obscured by that of the vanadium pentoxide component.
Pt nanoparticles modified Co3O4 flake arrays are prepared by an electrochemically assisted method and the subsequent cool sputtering, a carbon and binder free approach. When used as the cathode catalysts of Li–O2 batteries, these porous films supply the O2 transport adequate channels by the macropores surrounded by Co3O4 flakes, which endow the cathodes stable two-phase interface in discharge/charge processes. The superior ability of Pt catalyzing O2 evolution leads the batteries showing a much lower overpotential (3.2 V) in charge process compared with those using pristine Co3O4 arrays as catalysts (4.0 V). The enhancement of decomposing the discharging precipitate promotes the Li–O2 batteries' reversibility obviously, which realize more than 30 discharge/charge cycles.
Epidemiological studies have found that transportation noise increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with high-quality evidence for ischaemic heart disease. According to the WHO, ≥1.6 million healthy life-years are lost annually from traffic-related noise in Western Europe. Traffic noise at night causes fragmentation and shortening of sleep, elevation of stress hormone levels, and increased oxidative stress in the vasculature and the brain. These factors can promote vascular dysfunction, inflammation and hypertension, thereby elevating the risk of cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we focus on the indirect, non-auditory cardiovascular health effects of transportation noise. We provide an updated overview of epidemiological research on the effects of transportation noise on cardiovascular risk factors and disease, discuss the mechanistic insights from the latest clinical and experimental studies, and propose new risk markers to address noise-induced cardiovascular effects in the general population. We also explain, in detail, the potential effects of noise on alterations of gene networks, epigenetic pathways, gut microbiota, circadian rhythm, signal transduction along the neuronal–cardiovascular axis, oxidative stress, inflammation and metabolism. Lastly, we describe current and future noise-mitigation strategies and evaluate the status of the existing evidence on noise as a cardiovascular risk factor.
A transect study consisting of air concentration and deposition measurements of nitrogen compounds was performed to estimate the potential influence of car emissions on the nitrogen input to ecosystems. Therefore, two transects each consisting of 4 plots, the first in a coniferous forest and the second one in an extensively farmed grassland, were installed perpendicular to a highway south of Munich (Bavaria). Both profiles were influenced mainly by car emissions and showed only small local influences caused by agricultural activities. In the framework of a pilot study based upon denuder measurements we found a strong temporal dependency of both nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations on traffic density. In the main study air concentrations of NO2 and NH3 were measured by passive samplers; they used as the basis for the estimation of dry deposition. These estimations have been compared with the results of analyses from simultaneously conducted canopy throughfall deposition and open air bulk measurements of nitrate (NO3 −) and ammonium (NH4 +). Additionally, within the forest transect the variety of different soil vegetation species was recorded and quantified. We obtained a strong gradient of gas concentrations along both profiles. Whereas the bulk deposition remained quite constant along the non-forested transect, the nitrogen throughfall deposition rate diminished substantially with the distance from the highway. The deposition rate at the forest edge was twice of that inside. The nitrogen load estimated for the examined forest in the vicinity of the highway was comparable to other forest ecosystems situated near diffuse emission sources from agriculture. It could be shown that changes in soil composition and soil vegetation along the forest transect are caused by decreasing nitrogen deposition with distance from the highway. The application of road salt in winter leads to further impacts.
Cognitive dysfunctions such as inhibitory deficits and visuospatial abnormalities are often found in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Recent findings in unaffected relatives indicate that response inhibition and other neuropsychological functions may also constitute endophenotypes of OCD. In the present study, 30 OCD patients, 30 first-degree relatives, and 30 healthy control subjects were assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. A subsample of 21 subjects of each group also performed an antisaccade task. The samples were matched according to age, gender, education, and verbal intelligence. The OCD patients and the unaffected OCD relatives showed increased antisaccade error rates compared with the healthy control group (p = 0.003, p = 0.028, respectively). Significantly prolonged antisaccade latencies as compared to prosaccade latencies were only found in the OCD patients compared with the healthy control group (p = 0.019). Only OCD patients but not the unaffected OCD relatives were impaired with regard to visuospatial functions, problem-solving, and processing speed. Antisaccade errors did not correlate with severity of OCD or depressive symptoms. This study confirms inhibitory deficits, as indicated by increased antisaccade error rates, as a candidate endophenotype of OCD. In agreement with previous findings from imaging studies, our data suggest that functional abnormalities in frontostriatal and parietal cortical regions form part of the vulnerability for OCD.
The current paper reflects on the challenges faced by European islands with regards to electricity supply, focusing on an island area of major interest, i.e. the Aegean Sea region. In this context, the main problems related to the use of imported oil and the associated high electricity production costs are discussed, together with the prospects of increased exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). For the latter accomplishment, the main elements of an integrated energy solution are presented, comprising mature RES technologies and more novel aspects, corresponding to energy storage, Demand Side Management and intelligent Energy Management on the basis of advanced forecasting techniques. Moreover, insight and preliminary operational evidence are provided with regards to the application of such an integrated solution on the island of Tilos, in Greece, where the development and test-operation of a pilot smart microgrid and Hybrid Power Station were recently completed, in the context of the TILOS Horizon 2020 Program.
In order to tackle climate change, a transition to a renewable based energy system is crucial. A renewable based hydrogen economy is one of the possible implementations of such a system. The world receives ample energy from the sun that can be harvested by PV solar cells and, indirectly, by wind turbines. In order to use the most optimal locations for collecting and concentrating energy from these diffuse sources, a long distance transmission network is needed. Mature and semi-mature technologies are available for all parts of the system: from collection to transmission to end-use. In an early stage of development, when new technologies have to win market share from the existing energy system, their development is driven almost exclusively by the reduction of costs per J delivered. However, if a technology should be able to deliver tens to hundreds of EJ, resource constraints can become show stoppers. Many of the newest, most cost-efficient, energy technologies make use of scarce resources and, although they may play an important role in the transition process, they can not be scaled up the level we need for a complete transition. In most cases however other technologies are available that use more abundant materials, be it often at a cost of efficiency. The issue is not only with scarce resources. The sheer size of the energy transition will also challenge the industrial capacity for the mining and production of bulk materials like steel and copper.
Encapsulating silicon particles in conductive layers has proven to be an effective route to retain the high capacity of silicon during cycling. Here, through a core-shell structural design of silicon-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) energetic materials, we demonstrate a large-scale top-down approach for directly obtaining graphene nanosheets encapsulated Si nanoparticles (GrSiNPs) using micrometer-sized PTFE and Si particles as low-cost starting materials. Upon deflagration, high temperature and high pressure of the exothermic reaction between PTFE and Si lead to the fragmentation of the Si core into nanoscale particles, during which the concomitant coating of the Si nanoparticles with graphene nanosheets is achieved. Repeated cycling at a current density of 400 mA g−1 for 6 months, the GrSiNPs demonstrate a high specific capacity of 1613 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles and the average Coulombic efficiency is 101 ± 2%. Our study provides a promising route to the mass production of core-shell structured graphene-Si nanocomposites for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.