batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Solar photovoltaic source based military defense systems, especially magnetic launchers, have significant advantages in terms of source independence, mobility, and efficiency. In this study, a solar photovoltaic sourced magnetic launcher system is modeled, and a critical component of the system’s (launcher coil) thermal requirements are analyzed. The designed system contains four energy conversion steps that are respectively photon, electrical, magnetic, and mechanical energy; also the launcher coil has an energy loss by the form of heat. Solar photovoltaic source based magnetic launcher system is sourced by solar photovoltaic panels and produced electrical energy is filtered, limited, and stored by an electrical converter. Stabilized electrical energy is converted to the magnetic energy by a coil. This magnetic energy is transferred to the projectile as mechanical energy. The microcontroller in the electrical converter unit controls all processes and manages the switching operations. Designed launcher coil is subject to a high amplitude current and employs simple, low-cost materials as an air core and copper wire. For this reason, the insulation breakdown on the launcher coil due to high temperatures are investigated, and a simple cooling configuration is suggested.
The objective of this work is to understand and identify key design parameters that influence the battery performance of iron-chromium redox flow batteries (ICRFBs). The investigated parameters include the membrane thickness, electrode compression ratio, electrode pretreatment and catalyst loading. Results show that: (i) with a thin NR-211 membrane and a high electrode compression ratio of 62.5%, the operating current density of the ICRFB can reach as high as 480mAcm−2 at an energy efficiency of higher than 80%; (ii) the bismuth catalyst loading has insignificant effect on the battery performance in the range of 0.52–10.45mgcm−2; (iii) the moderately oxidative thermal pretreatment of the electrode improves the energy efficiency compared to the as-received electrode while the electrode prepared with a harsh pretreatment deteriorates the battery performance; and (iv) for the present ICRFBs operating at both 25°C and 65°C, the dominant loss is identified to be ohmic loss rather than kinetics loss.
In the present work, we consider the use of thermal stores in spacecraft heating systems. The advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to heat storage are compared. The use of heat stores with a melting working material is most promising and practicable at present.
Down syndrome (DS), trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID). There are no treatments for the cognitive deficits. The Ts65Dn is a partial trisomy mouse model of DS that shows learning and memory (LM) impairments and other abnormalities relevant to those seen in DS. Many drugs and small molecules have been shown to rescue the LM deficits, but little is known about the associated molecular responses. Here, patterns of protein expression are described in hippocampus of Ts65Dn and euploid littermate controls exposed to a battery of LM and behavior tests with and without chronic treatment with the GABAA receptor α5 subunit-selective negative allosteric modulator, RO4938581, that rescued LM deficits. Levels of 91 proteins/protein modifications, selected for relevance to LM and synaptic plasticity, were measured: 44 of 52 abnormalities present in vehicle-treated Ts65Dn were corrected by RO4938581. Superimposing protein data onto the molecular pathway defining long-term potentiation (LTP) shows that profiles are consistent with both abnormal LTP in vehicle-treated Ts65Dn and its observed rescue by RO4938581. Lastly, comparing these results with those from Ts65Dn treated, using a different protocol, with the NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine, that also rescues LM impairments, identifies common and divergent responses to the two drugs. Expansion of this approach to include additional drugs and DS models would aid in determining critical protein abnormalities and in identifying cocktails of drugs and/or new drug targets that would be effective in clinical trials for ID in DS.
P2-type manganese-based ternary transition metal oxides have triggered extensive researches as potential cathode materials for sodium ion batteries. However, these kinds of materials display the large difference in electrochemical performance with sodium content varying from 0.45 to 0.8, the relevant investigations on effects of sodium content are insufficient. In this work, we synthesize a series of spherical P2-type cathode materials NaxNi0.167Co0.167Mn0.67O2 with different sodium content (x = 0.45, 0.55, 0.67, 0.8, 0.9, 1) and investigate the effects of sodium content on structure and electrochemical performance. The results reveal that NaxNi0.167Co0.167Mn0.67O2 (x = 0.45, 0.55) consist of P2-phase and P3-phase, while NaxNi0.167Co0.167Mn0.67O2 (x = 0.67, 0.8, 0.9, 1) exhibit pure P2-phase. Na0.45Ni0.167Co0.167Mn0.67O2 delivers an initial discharge capacity of 143 mAh g−1, while a fast capacity decay is observed after 50 cycles. In comparison, Na0.67Ni0.167Co0.167Mn0.67O2 shows excellent cycling stability and rate performance. The significant difference in electrochemical performance is attributed to the initial sodium content, which leads to the existence of P3-phase. Moreover, higher sodium content promotes primary particles to grow larger and thicker, which is not favorable for the diffusion of Na+. Generally, Na0.67Ni0.167Co0.167Mn0.67O2 is favored by suitable sodium content, offers excellent electrochemical performance in terms of capacity, rate performance and cycling stability.
LiMn2O4 powders with different particle sizes were obtained by sieving, and the influence of particle size on the electrochemical behavior was examined. With a decrease in particle size, both the specific capacity and the coulomb efficiency become markedly increased. It is suggested that the small particles with large interface area provide more lithium ions for diffusion, leading to the high ionic current and specific capacity. The large interface area between LiMn2O4 and the liquid electrolyte also increases the opportunity for lithium ions to intercalate back into the host structure. In the cyclic voltammetry test, small LiMn2O4 particles exhibit the oxidation peaks at higher voltage during the deintercalation process. It is considered that the size of pores among LiMn2O4 particles is reduced when the particle size is decreased, and the reduced opening results in an increase in the mass-transfer resistance, therefore, more driving force is required to extract lithium ions from the cathode materials.
The battery technology literature is reviewed, with an emphasis on key elements that limit extreme fast charging. Key gaps in existing elements of the technology are presented as well as developmental needs. Among these needs are advanced models and methods to detect and prevent lithium plating; new positive-electrode materials which are less prone to stress-induced failure; better electrode designs to accommodate very rapid diffusion in and out of the electrode; measure temperature distributions during fast charge to enable/validate models; and develop thermal management and pack designs to accommodate the higher operating voltage.
Implementation of non-precious electrocatalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) falls in the central focus on fulfilling cost-affordable and high-performance fuel cells and metal/air batteries. Recent first-principles spin-polarized DFT calculations simulated the electrocatalytic ORR reaction process on N-doped C60 fullerene (N-C60) and found that O2 can be chemisorbed and reduced on N-C60, indicating that N-C60 is a potential cathode catalyst for hydrogen fuel cells. In this work, a novel waste-to-resource strategy to convert fallen ginkgo leaves into this new kind of ORR electrocatalyst, nitrogen-doped fullerene-like carbon shell (NDCS), is presented. N is derived from fallen ginkgo leaves, where 10.9–15.5wt% proteins are present. The obtained NDCS possesses 100% catalysis selectivity towards four-electron pathway, and its ORR activities outperform most of the other existing carbon-based catalysts. It also shows significantly improved tolerance against methanol and enhanced long-term stability, compared with the commercial platinum-loaded carbon catalyst. Thus it is experimentally demonstrated that the NDCS is a promising future ORR catalyst, which is well consistent with the quantum mechanics calculations. Additionally, the NDCS presents a high reversible capacity (750mAhg−1 at 0.02A/g) in Li-ion batteries. Since fallen ginkgo leaves are readily available, our study represents an exciting direction for sustainable and low-cost energy conversion and storage materials.
Introduction The behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), and the Richardson variant of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP-RS) share several clinical signs and symptoms. Since stereotypic behaviours are fairly common in bvFTD, and are also described in other degenerative dementias including Alzheimer's disease, and parkinsonisms with dementia, we aimed to examine the extent to which stereotypies also characterise PSP-RS. Methods We compared 53 bvFTD patients with 40 demented PSP-RS patients, seen consecutively as outpatients at four Italian Hospitals. Patients were assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI); Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) for cognitive functions; Stereotypy Rating Inventory (SRI) for stereotypies; Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) for motor function; and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) to assess autonomy in daily life. Results The groups did not differ for age, illness duration, cognitive functions or total NPI score; PSP-RS had significantly more depressive symptoms and greater motor and autonomy compromise than bvFTD. The groups did not differ significantly on total SRI score, but bvFTD had significantly more cooking and eating stereotypies. Twenty-three (57.5%) PSP-RS and 43 (81%) bvFTD patients had at least one stereotypy; 16/23 (69.5%) PSP-RS and 9/43 (20.9%) bvFTD patients appeared aware of their stereotypies. Conclusion Stereotypies were common in our demented PSP-RS patients. Further studies on earlier stage non-demented PSP patients are required to ascertain whether stereotypies are characteristic of PSP in general or are confined to PSP-RS, and whether they may be used to suggest a PSP diagnosis early in disease course.
Background The neurocognitive functioning of patients with schizophrenia is likely to decline at the early stage of the illness. More evidence is needed to determine whether deficits in certain domains of neurocognition precede the onset of illness and can predict the onset of psychosis. Methods Subjects were recruited from the SOPRES study in Taiwan. A neuropsychological battery including the continuous performance test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition, Trail Making Tests, Mandarin version of the Verbal Fluency Test, and Wechsler Memory Scale—Third Edition, was applied at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Neurocognitive profiles derived from these tests were categorized into 9 domains for comparisons among subjects with different levels of clinical severity. Results A total of 324 participants, including 49 with first episode psychosis (FEP), 53 with ultra-high risk (UHR), 42 with intermediate risk (IR), 43 with marginal risk (MR), and 137 normal controls completed a baseline assessment and 71% of the participants completed a 1-year follow-up assessment. The profiles of the UHR and IR groups were identical at baseline. Those who converted to FEP later on (UHR+) showed relatively poorer performance than non-converters (UHR−) at baseline. At follow-up the performance of UHR+ was compatible to that of FEP, while UHR− generally improved. Conclusions By including subjects with early putative pre-psychotic states, our study clarifies some inconsistencies about the timing and stability of changes in neurocognitive functioning that occur at the start of psychosis; it also raises questions regarding the feasibility of using neurocognitive deficits to predict the risks of transition to psychosis.
The primary aim of this paper is to describe key modifications made to standard Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for use with substance-dependent individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Key modifications include application of dialectics to issues surrounding abstinence, a new set of substance abuse behavioral targets, a set of attachment strategies for difficult-to-engage and easily lost clients, and modification of some skills geared for substance abusing clients. Treatment outcome findings from a small 12-month uncontrolled pilot trial of DBT for methamphetamine-dependent women with BPD are presented. Of the 3 participants who commenced treatment, 2 completed treatment and were abstinent from use of all illicit drugs by 6 months; results were maintained for the duration of the assessment period 6 months later. These encouraging results suggest that DBT may hold promise for treating methamphetamine dependence.
This paper focuses on real-time estimation of Li-ion State of Charge (SoC). A first-principles model validated by experimental data from literature is chosen to mimic a real Li-ion cell. Its impedance responses at different SoCs are studied by a simulated electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). An equivalent circuit model is developed for estimator design in which the parameters (including lumped series resistances R 1, lumped interfacial resistances R 2 and time constant τ) are derived from system identification and compared with the EIS results. The estimator is designed using extended Kalman filtering (EKF) and is implemented in the first-principles model. It is demonstrated by computer simulation that the SoC during charge/discharge cycles can be estimated with a relative error <3%. The accuracy of SoC tracking is improved if it is jointly estimated along with either R 1 or R 2 given that these model parameters vary with SoC as revealed by EIS.
Publisher Summary Choice of an appropriate route of administration for chemical agents is a crucially important aspect of the experimental design of fish exposures. This chapter discusses several approaches for administering chemical agents to fish and describes their potential research applications. Numerous methods exist for exposing fish to waterborne chemicals. Exposure chambers can be simple containers such as beakers or fish tanks, using solvent-rinsed glass containers for organic chemical exposures and acid-washed (2% nitric acid) plastic containers for metal exposures. Many types of in-situ cages are available for fish exposure to contaminants in the natural environment. For adult or juvenile fish, cages are usually constructed of aquaculture mesh stretched over a cylindrical or rectangular frame fabricated from metal or PVC pipe. Dietary administration is often the method chosen for administration of therapeutic agents in aquaculture. Fish can also be exposed to many types of chemical agents through consumption of contaminated prey. This method works best with contaminants that are easily bioaccumulated by the prey species, including many hydrophobic organic compounds and heavy metals. The most common method of administering a bolus dose to fish is by injection. Ideally the chemical agent is dissolved directly in physiological saline. However, hydrophobic chemicals may be dissolved in very small quantities of a co-solvent prior to dilution with saline.
The present work is concerned with a penny-shaped Dugdale crack embedded in an infinite space of one-dimensional (1D) hexagonal quasicrystals and subjected to two identical axisymmetric temperature loadings on the upper and lower crack surfaces. Applying Dugdale hypothesis to thermo-elastic results, the extent of the plastic zone at the crack tip is determined. The normal stress outside the plastic zone and crack surface displacement are derived in terms of special functions. For a uniform loading case, the corresponding results are presented by simplifying the preceding results. Numerical calculations are carried out to show the influence of some parameters.
A SiO/graphite/amorphous carbon (SiO-C) hybrid anode with superior electrochemical performance is successfully realized by using a low-cost and simple method. Here, we apply a pretreatment of commercialized graphite by ball-milling to realize evenly dispersion of the components and good effect of carbon coating, thus resulting in excellent cycling stability. Specifically, the as-prepared sample shows a high reversible capacity of 850mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 100mAg−1 and excellent rate capability of 730mAhg−1 even at 500mAhg−1. Additionally, a relatively high initial coulombic efficiency of 77% is delivered among SiO-based anode materials. High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) technique is used to further visually verify the conversion behavior of SiO in the first cycle: scattered amorphous silicon particles with size about 5nm and irreversible Li4SiO4 as the detected resultants. The result of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals that the polarization resistance (Rp) decreases with pre-treated graphite. This work presents a facile approach to prepare Si-based anode material for new generation lithium-ion batteries with high energy density and more insights into the conversion behavior of SiO.
Li2MnO3 has received lots of attention due to its large theoretical capacity. However, its application is obstructed by low practical capacity and poor cycling stability. Here, a new tactic of magnesium substitution for partial lithium to improve the electrochemical performance of Li2MnO3 by a traditional solid state reaction is presented. Sample with only 1% magnesium content delivers a large initial discharge capacity of 307.5 mAh g−1 which is much superior than the 241.9 mAh g−1 of pristine Li2MnO3. The cycling performance also get improved that the capacity retention is 84.5% for Li1.98Mg0.01MnO3 but only 77.7% for pristine counterpart after 30 cycles at 0.1 C. Moreover, the effective suppression of voltage decay has been achieved because of improved kinetic properties and leads to a tremendous progress in the energy density which is as much as 944 Wh kg−1 for Li1.98Mg0.01MnO3 compared with 747.1 Wh kg−1 of Li2MnO3. These achievements attained by Mg-doping make Li2MnO3 a promising positive-electrode material for the next generation of lithium ion batteries.
The effectiveness of photovoltaic water pumping systems depends on the adequacy between the generated energy and the volume of pumped water. This paper presents an intelligent algorithm which makes decision on the interconnection modes and instants of photovoltaic installation components: battery, water pump and photovoltaic panel. The decision is made by fuzzy rules on the basis of the Photovoltaic Panel Generation (PVPG) forecast during a considered day, on the load required power, and by considering the battery safety. The algorithm aims to extend operation time of the water pump by controlling a switching unit which links the system components with respect to multi objective management criteria. The algorithm implementation demonstrates that the approach extends the pumping period for more than 5h a day which gives a mean daily improvement of 97% of the water pumped volume.
An electrolyte for lithium batteries based on the ionic liquid 3-methy-1-propylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethysulfony)imide (PMIMTFSI) complexed with lithium bis(trifluoromethysulfony)imide (LiTFSI) at a molar ratio of 1:1 has been investigated. The electrolyte shows a high ionic conductivity (∼1.2×10−3 Scm−1) at room temperature. Over the whole investigated temperature range the ionic conductivity is more than one order of magnitude higher than for an analogue electrolyte based on N-butyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Py14TFSI) complexed with LiTFSI and used here as a benchmark. Raman results indicate furthermore that the degree of lithium coordinated TFSI is slightly lower in the electrolyte based on PMIMTFSI and thus that the Li+ charge carriers should be higher than in electrolytes based on Py14TFSI. An ionic liquid gel electrolyte membrane was obtained by soaking a fibrous fully interconnected membrane, made of electrospun P(VdF-HFP), in the electrolyte. The gel electrolyte was cycled in Li/ionic liquid polymer electrolyte/Li cells over 15 days and in Li/LiFePO4 cells demonstrating good interfacial stability and highly stable discharge capacities with a retention of >96% after 50 cycles (∼146mAhg−1).
In lithium ion battery systems, the separator plays a key role with respect to device performance. Polymer composites and polymer blends have been frequently used as battery separators due to their suitable properties. This review presents the main issues, developments and characteristics of these polymer composites and blends for battery separator membrane applications. This review is divided into two sections regarding the composition of the materials: polymer composite materials, subdivided according to filler type, and polymer blend materials. For each category the electrolyte solutions, ionic conductivity and other relevant physical-chemical characteristics are described. This review shows the recent advances and opportunities in this area and identifies future trends and challenges.
Niobium doped lithium titanate with the composition of Li4Ti4.95Nb0.05O12 has been prepared by a sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are employed to characterize the structure and morphology of Li4Ti4.95Nb0.05O12. The Li4Ti4.95Nb0.05O12 electrode presents a higher specific capacity and better cycling performance than the Li4Ti5O12 electrode prepared by the similar process. The Li4Ti4.95Nb0.05O12 exhibits an excellent rate capability with a reversible capacity of 135mAhg−1 at 10C, 127mAhg−1 at 20C and even 80mAhg−1 at 40C. Electrical resistance measurement and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) reveal that the Li4Ti4.95Nb0.05O12 exhibits a higher electronic conductivity and faster lithium-ion diffusivity than the Li4Ti5O12, which indicates that niobium doped lithium titanate (Li4Ti4.95Nb0.05O12) is promising as a high rate anode for the lithium-ion batteries.
The quality of life today is dependent upon access to a bountiful supply of cheap energy. For a sustainable future, the energy should be derived from non-fossil sources; ideally, it should also be reliable and safe, flexible in use, affordable, and limitless. This paper examines the present global use of energy in its various forms, and considers projections for the year 2020 with particular attention to the harnessing of ‘clean’ and renewable forms of energy for electricity generation and road transportation. The incorporation of renewables is constrained in many instances by the variable and intermittent nature of their output. This calls for the practical application of energy-storage systems. An evaluation is made of the prospects of the candidate storage technologies — pumped-hydro, flywheels, hydrogen (for use in fuel cells), batteries — for application in centralized and distributed electricity supplies, and in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The discussion concludes with the developments foreseen over the next 20 years.