batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
As pedestrians, the perceptual ability to accurately judge the relative rate of approaching vehicles and select a suitable crossing gap requires sensitivity to looming. It also requires that crossing judgments are synchronized with motoric capabilities. Previous research has suggested that children with Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD) may have deficits in visual processing, specifically in detecting visual motion. It is possible, therefore that this population are at greater risk at the roadside. In a series of motion prediction tasks, several component roadside skills were assessed in 15 children with DCD, or at risk of DCD, aged between 6 and 11 years along with 15 typically developing age and gender matched controls. First, threshold errors for relative approach rate judgments (looming) were measured when vehicle size (car or truck) varied. Second, thresholds for crossing gap selection were measured for vehicle approach speeds of 32, 48, 64 and 80km/h (20–50mph). These were related to the walking speeds of children of different ages and profiles. We found that children with DCD showed a deficit in making relative approach rate judgments, using looming, which suggests they may not discern that a vehicle is travelling faster than the urban speed limit. Children with DCD also left considerably longer temporal crossing gaps than controls perhaps reflecting a lack of confidence in their ability, these preferred gaps were over twice the average inter-car gaps that occurred on roads around their school. Our findings raise a number of issues concerning children with DCD and their competence and potential limitations as pedestrians.
A facile approach to the surface modification of spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode active materials for high-voltage lithium ion batteries is demonstrated. This strategy is based on nanoarchitectured polyimide (PI) gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) coating. The PI coating layer successfully wrapped a large area of the LNMO surface via thermal imidization of 4-component (pyromellitic dianhydride/biphenyl dianhydride/phenylenediamine/oxydianiline) polyamic acid. In comparison to conventional metal oxide-based coatings, distinctive features of the unusual PI wrapping layer are the highly continuous surface coverage with nanometre thickness (∼10 nm) and the provision of facile ion transport. The nanostructure-tuned PI wrapping layer served as an ion-conductive protection skin to suppress the undesired interfacial side reactions, effectively preventing the direct exposure of the LNMO surface to liquid electrolyte. As a result, the PI wrapping layer played a crucial role in improving the high-voltage cell performance and alleviating the interfacial exothermic reaction between charged LNMO and liquid electrolyte. Notably, the superior cycle performance (at 55 °C) of the PI-wrapped LNMO (PI-LNMO) was elucidated in great detail by quantitatively analyzing manganese (Mn) dissolution, cell impedance, and chemical composition (specifically, lithium fluoride (LiF)) of byproducts formed on the LNMO surface.
The potential for a fire during surgical, perioperative, and interventional procedures should always be recognized. Free-standing ambulatory surgery centers, endoscopy centers, imaging centers, and physician's offices have gaps in emergency services and response teams. These areas need well-understood plans, intense orientation, and ongoing education because there is no one else to rely on until the fire department arrives. This article discusses fire safety issues, including prevention, suppression, evacuation, and communication, and highlights current regulations for patient safety issues.
Nickel-rich layered oxide and graphite–SiOx are regarded as promising electrode materials for high energy density lithium ion cells. It is significant to illustrate the degradation mechanism related to the aging process of nickel-rich layered oxide cathode and graphite–SiOx anode in full cell. In this study, the as-prepared pouch cell with LiNi0.88Co0.09Al0.03O2 as cathode material and graphite–SiOx as anode material has been proved with three aging stages according to the capacity retention changes in behavior. The aging process of the pouch cell is studied by non-destructive electrochemical methods. And then the pouch cells at different aging stages are disassembled and the cell components are studied by electrochemical characterizations for reassembled electrodes and physico-chemical analysis techniques. In the result, the cathode degradation is slight and as a minor factor for the degradation of the whole cell, and the anode deterioration is worse and as the main factor for the degradation of the whole cell. The organic and inorganic composition changes of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) induce the aging behavior differences of the three stages, and the reversible lithium loss, electrochemical polarization and active material shedding are mainly responsible for the three stages, respectively.
The possibility of the application of BCN and CBSiN carbon alloys as anode materials for Li-ion batteries is discussed. The structure, composition, and the electrochemical behavior of these materials are presented. BCN samples prepared by the high-pressure self-combustion sintering technique are found to be a mixture of hexagonal BN and partly crystallized “BCN” compounds. Li-ions can be intercalated into the structure electrochemically with a maximum reversible capacity of about 120mAh/g. For a CBSiN carbon alloy, a reversible capacity of 500mAh/g can be obtained at a low current rate, which is higher than that of the pure carbon pitch heated at the same temperature.
A hybrid experimental/analytical approach was developed for extracting the average mechanical properties of cylindrical Li-ion cells. By using the principle of virtual work, and estimating the load transfer mechanism inside the cell, the stress–strain relation for the jellyroll was calculated for the case where the cell was crushed between two flat plates. The procedure was illustrated on an example of a commercial 18650 cell. A finite element model of the cell was then developed using the crushable foam material in LS Dyna. The model calibrated with this method closely predicts kinematic of the cell during two different load cases used for validation. These cases include local crush by a hemispherical punch and indentation by a rigid rod. The load and displacement during deformation, as well as onset of electric short circuit observed from experiments were closely predicted from simulations. It was found that the resistance of the cell comes primarily from the jellyroll. Additional analytical calculations showed that the shell casing and the end-caps provide little contribution to the overall crash resistance of the cell in the loading cases studied in this paper.
Coatings based on reduced stoichiometries of titanium dioxide obtained by Atmospheric Plasma Spray are presented for their application as electrodes in devices such as lead acid batteries, redox flow batteries and electrochemical reactors. A study of their microstructure, composition and mechanical properties is first presented in this paper to show that the layers are compact, free of cracking and well adhered to the substrate. The presence of Magnéli phase oxides, particularly Ti8O15 was identified in the coatings, which enhances their electrical conductivity. In order to understand the behaviour of this material as an electrode, an electrochemical analysis of the coatings was also done. The coated samples showed higher oxygen and hydrogen evolution overpotentials and lower electrochemical corrosion compared to typically used commercial stainless steel and carbon–polymer composite electrodes.
Seeking free volume around nanostructures for silicon-based anodes has been a crucial strategy to improve cycling and rate performance in the next generation Li-ion batteries. Herein, through a simple pyrolysis and in-situ polymerization approach, the low cost commercially available melamine foam as a soft template converts carbon nanotubes into highly dispersed and three-dimensionally interconnected framework with encapsulated silicon/polyaniline hierarchical nanoarchitecture. This unique core-sheath structure based on carbon nanotubes foam integrates a large number of mesoporous, thus providing well-accessible space for electrolyte wetting, whereas the carbon nanotubes matrix serves as conductive thoroughfares for electron transport. Meanwhile, the outer polyaniline coated on silicon nanoparticles provides effective space for volume expansion of silicon, further inhibiting the active material escape from the current collector. As expected, the PANI-Si@CNTs foam exhibits a high initial specific capacity of 1954 mAh g−1 and retains 727 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1, which can be attributed to highly electrical conductivity of carbon nanotubes and protective layer of polyaniline sheath, together with three-dimensionally interconnected porous skeleton. This facile structure can pave a way for large scale synthesis of high durable silicon-based anodes or other electrode materials with huge volume expansion.
The low gestational ages and morbidities of premature neonates in neonatal intensive care units exert a significant impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes. This longitudinal cohort study assessed the neurodevelopmental status of premature neonates after discharge from neonatal intensive care units in resource-limited countries such as Pakistan. Developmental assessment involved the Denver Development Screening Test II. One hundred and ten infants discharged from our neonatal intensive care unit completed follow-up at age 6 months. Overall developmental delay was evident in 32% of infants. Birth weight and gestational age exerted significant impacts on development. The mean gestational age of developmentally normal infants was 34 weeks, whereas that of delayed infants was 30.7 weeks (P < 0.01). The mean birth weight of developmentally normal infants was 2.17 kg vs 1.27 kg in delayed infants (P < 0.01). Neonates who developed complications such as respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, or hypothermia in neonatal intensive care units proved to be delayed at age 6 months (P < 0.05). Prematurity and its associated complications are linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Among the various kinds of electrospun materials, electrospun carbon nanofibers (ECNFs) represent one of the most interesting research directions in nanoscience and nanotechnology, with the capability of realizing structural and functional features through tailored designs and controlled synthesis. The degree of precision in controlling the structures, morphologies, and compositions of ECNFs, together with the incorporation of other materials, allows for the creation of nanoscale building blocks with unique electronic, catalytic, and adsorption properties, thus enabling a variety of promising opportunities in the energy-related field. This review is centered on the recent major advances in the controlled synthesis of ECNFs, and the potential of the resulting hybrid composites for energy applications. The promising energy conversion applications of ECNFs and their hybrid composites, such as in solar cells and fuel cells, are also discussed. The use of ECNFs and their hybrid composites in energy storage technologies such as batteries, supercapacitors, and hydrogen storage is then reviewed. In each case, we highlight the benefits of materials with high surface area, porous structures, and the free-standing architecture of ECNFs which act to amplify the surface activity and support other materials, leading to enhanced energy conversion and storage performance. Moreover, we provide a commentary on the challenges, as well as perspectives for potential future research on ECNFs and their hybrid materials. This review provides an overall perspective on the current state of efforts aimed at the controlled synthesis of ECNF-based materials for their various potential applications, along with the challenges remaining to be addressed, giving an insight into a promising strategy to ameliorate some of the energy issues impacting the world today.
Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are homogeneously anchored with ∼50 nm in size of Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) by the controlled hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate. The resulted Li4Ti5O12/CNT composite has been investigated for electrochemical activity with lithium ion batteries, displaying high-rate capacity of 112 mAh g−1 at 20 C. Furthermore, the composite exhibits good cycle stability, retaining over 98% of its initial capacity after 100 cycles at 5 C. The high capacity is attributed to the unique property of the Li4Ti5O12/CNTs nanocomposite, which provides a short diffusion path for lithium ions and rapid conducting for charge carrier through the high conductivity of CNTs network.
A novel composite of Co(OH)2 and ultrastable Y molecular sieves was synthesized with an improved chemical precipitation method. The Co(OH)2/USY composite and its microstructure were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Co(OH)2/USY microstructure applied for the electrochemical energy storage displayed superior capacitive performance. Upon annealing at 100°C, the maximum specific capacitance was up to 958F/g, which was comparable to that of hydrated ruthenium oxide. Higher annealing temperatures larger than 100°C only resulted in a decline of the specific capacitance.
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in negative pressure environment can provide an increase of 20% in voltage output and a maximum power generation of 7 times compared with that in normal environment. As showed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, the culture in negative pressure environment for 30 days had little effect on diversity of bacterial communities. However, scanning electronic microscope indicated that negative pressure strengthened the attachment between extracellular polymeric substances and carbon felt electrode, it is the main reason for the increase in electrogenic ability of biofilm. The study suggested negative pressure-culture to be a method for promoting the performance of MFCs. The positive effect of negative pressure on the adhesion between biofilm and attachment materials also provides a potential method to improve the performance of biofilm-based environmental technology.
The mitigation of global energy demands and climate change are the most important factors in the modern days. Development and application of solar energy have been regarded by the government of India and common people, and they thought that solar photo voltaic energy can provide more energy in future compare to other renewable energies. In the last decade, solar photovoltaic energy research and development has supported by the central government and state governments. This paper discusses the progress of current solar photovoltaic energy in India. It highlights the renewable energy trend in India with major achievements, state wise analysis of solar parks and industrial applications. Finally, it discusses the Indian government policies and initiatives to promote solar energy in India. This review on solar photovoltaic energy will help decision makers and various stakeholders to understand the current status, barriers and challenges for better planning and management in this field.
As the most promising anode material for next-generation Li batteries, Li metal never loses the academic attention due to its inherent superiority in high theoretical capacity and low redox potential. However, Li dendrites formed during cycling stubbornly hinder the pace of commercializing high-energy-density Li metal batteries. Here sericin endowed with abundant lithiophilic and anionphilic functional groups on its polypeptide chain is proposed as a conformal protective coating on both Cu and Li metal anodes. The resulting increase of Li-ion transference number (as high as 0.876) and mitigation of tip effect are favorable for the homogeneous Li deposition in island-like or lateral growth mode at electrode/electrolyte interface. Long cycle life (335 cycles) and high Coulombic efficiency (98%) are obtained in sericin decorated Li/Cu cells. Even under extremely high current density of 10 mA cm−2 based on a large capacity of 5 mAh cm−2, the sericin decorated Li anode also enables a superior cycle stability (160 cycles) in the symmetric cells. The conformal sericin coating effectively inhibits the corrosion of air to Li metal. Sericin modified Li-S batteries exhibit greatly enhanced rate performance (452.8 mAh g−1 at 5 C) and cycling performance (667.8 mAh g−1 after 520 cycles at 1 C).
The specific capacitance of activated carbons is determined by both the ratio of edge/basal orientation and the nature of functional group on the surface. The difference between the edge and the basal layers results from the semiconductive properties of basal layer. The ratio of edge/basal orientation can be estimated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The wettability of activated carbons is determined by the nature of functional groups on the surface. Most of the surface groups are electrochemically active. The impact of the surface groups on electrochemical performance of the activated carbon electrodes was investigated by means of various surfactant treatments. The ac impedance and constant current discharge techniques were used. Two types of surface groups which had “capacitor-like” or “battery-like” behaviors, respectively, were revealed and discussed in detail. The surface groups with “battery-like” behavior should be avoided. “Non-symmetric” electrode arrangement should be considered for a double-layer supercapacitor in order to take the advantages of pseudo-capacitance of the surface groups with “capacitor-like” behaviors.
Addition of LiBO2 glass which acts as sintering aid is carried in Li3.6Si0.6V0.4O4 (LVSO) sample. The solid electrolyte is synthesized using conventional solid state sintering. LiBO2 is added with an aim to enhance the ionic conductivity of LVSO system for solid state Li+ ion battery applications. X-ray diffraction is studied for all samples. Addition of LiBO2 in LVSO makes denser pellet which is revealed by SEM. Compositional analysis is done using EDS which confirms that proper stoichiometry is maintained. Conductivity of LVSO electrolyte increases with addition of lithium borate glass. It can be attributed to decrease in porosity of ceramic in glass added samples. Highest ionic conductivity of 6.4 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 423 K is observed for 2 wt% LiBO2 addition with lowest activation energy of 0.43 eV. Transport number measurement is carried out which confirms Li+ ion conduction. IR spectra are studied to know the structural groups present in the ceramics.
There are several advantages in keeping motor drive DC input voltage stable around its nominal value especially when it comes to minimize losses. This paper deals with the stability enhancement of the motor drive DC input voltage of an electric vehicle with on-board hybrid energy storage system. On one hand, the natural voltage variation at the output battery pack can be avoided by using a DC/DC converter connected between the battery and the motor drive. On the other hand, the incorporation of supercapacitors in small urban electric vehicles enables handling power peaks thus reducing the battery current root-mean-square value, which in turn increases the battery lifetime. Several topologies can be considered for the coupling of supercapacitors with the vehicle energy system. In this paper, three topologies are studied: battery-only, direct hybrid coupling, and active parallel hybrid coupling of batteries and supercapacitors. A reduced-scale power level hardware-in-the-loop test-bench has been built to analyze the performance of the hybrid topologies under the ARTEMIS driving cycle. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the active parallel configuration controlled by an improved energy management strategy that dynamically regulates the supercapacitors state-of-charge. The analysis performed demonstrates that the use of this configuration coupled with an improved management strategy can increase the power transferred by 80% compared with a battery-only configuration, and by 40% compared with direct hybrid coupling or active parallel coupling configuration with a traditional management strategy, keeping the voltage stability of the DC Link.
A new sensitive electrochemical technique is presented which is designed to measure the temperature dependence of the breakdown of passivity of metal surfaces. The method, termed “cyclic noise thermammetry”, consists of scanning the temperature of an electrochemical cell linearly and cyclically between two predefined limits, whilst simultaneously measuring the current flowing from a potentiostatically maintained microelectrode. An example of the new technique is presented, which describes the effect of temperature on the nucleation of corrosion pits on the titanium-based alloy, Ti–6Al–4V, in acidic chloride solution far below the pitting potential. Results are presented over the temperature range 20–50°C. Events due to breakdown of passivity were detected throughout the entire temperature range. These events are the nucleation of corrosion pits, although they do not propagate into stable pits under the applied experimental conditions. Results show that passivity breaks down over the entire range of temperature, at a frequency that increases with increase in temperature.
Photovoltaic hybrid mini-grid systems (PVHMS) are expected to play a major role in facilitating rural electrification in the developing world, however these systems still face significant barriers to adoption. The technology occupies a middle ground of electrification options – between traditional network extension and individual home systems, possessing elements of each yet also their own distinctive characteristics. Given this, and their relatively limited application to date, such systems are the focus of a growing body of literature. This work has highlighted a range of potential benefits and risks associated with the technology. However, there still hasn't been a comprehensive review of these documented benefits and risks; an understanding of which is crucial for informed project investment and implementation decision making. This paper presents a preliminary review of the existing literature to identify claimed and demonstrated benefits and risks. The most commonly identified benefits are those that are easy to measure: reduced cost and provision of improved electrical services. Other benefits such as the social or environmental benefits are less commonly demonstrated, but are frequently claimed. The major risks identified included incorrect system sizing due to load uncertainty, challenges related to community integration, equipment compatibility issues, inappropriate business models and risks associated with geographical isolation. For all of these types of risks, associated mitigation strategies were also identified in the literature. Further research including industry surveys and additional case studies will be required to validate what has been observed in the literature to date, and identify progress as the technology matures, costs fall and stakeholders learn from these previous experiences.