batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Mercury (Hg) emissions from gasoline, diesel, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles were measured and speciated (particulate, oxidized, and elemental mercury). First, three different fuel types were analyzed for their original Hg contents; 571.1±4.5ngL−1 for gasoline, 185.7±2.6ngL−1 for diesel, and 1230.3±23.5ngL−1 for LPG. All three vehicles were then tested at idling and driving modes. Hg in the exhaust gas was mostly in elemental form (Hg0), and no detectable levels of particulate (Hgp) or oxidized (Hg2+) mercury were measured. At idling modes, Hg concentrations in the exhaust gas of gasoline, diesel, and LPG vehicles were 1.5–9.1, 1.6–3.5, and 10.2–18.6ngm−3, respectively. At driving modes, Hg concentrations were 3.8–16.8ngm−3 (gasoline), 2.8–8.5ngm−3 (diesel), and 20.0–26.9ngm−3 (LPG). For all three vehicles, Hg concentrations at driving modes were higher than at idling modes. Furthermore, Hg emissions from LPG vehicle was highest of all three vehicle types tested, both at idling and driving modes, as expected from the fact that it had the highest original fuel Hg content.
Common electro-analytical tools include cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling. In general, the two mentioned techniques give different insights into the involved processes and are used in different fields. However, under suitable conditions, the current versus voltage dependence measured by the former technique can be extracted from the data of the latter, by evaluating the so-called “differential charge” curve. In this work, we carry out a comparison between the two electrochemical techniques, extending it to the experimental conditions under which the cyclic voltammetry and the differential charge curves are not expected to be equal. As an example, we considered a typical battery-like electrode, in which the intercalation of ions inside a solid phase occurs. We model the system with a set of equations, which consider the charge transfer at the interface, the mass transfer in the solid and the effect of the double layer capacitance. We show that the non-equilibrium effects (charge transfer and mass transport) affect differently the cyclic voltammetry and the differential charge curves. In specific cases, the differential curves provide an easier qualitative data interpretation over the cyclic voltammetry. We also provide three working plots that can be used to evaluate the kinetic parameters of the system from the parameters of a differential charge curve that has been obtained experimentally.
Tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) are becoming increasingly important in an effort to ensure safe and efficient use of tires in the automotive sector. There is growing interest in using energy harvesting technologies to provide power for TPMS because battery supply has serious drawbacks such as replacement difficulty, limited durability and environmental pollution. In this study, we proposed an on-vehicle magnetically triboelectric nanogenerator (V-TENG) scavenging rotating energy from tires and serves as a direct power source for tire pressure sensor. The V-TENG incorporates two different triboelectric materials with opposite polarities based on contact-electrification effect. The unique advantages of the seesaw balance structure are to overcome the influence of a large centrifugal force at high operating speed as well quadruple the efficiency contact areas of a miniaturized device. Noncontact magnets mounted on the brake calliper periodically actuate swing motion of multiple V-TENGs placed on the wheel hub. The V-TENG effectively generates electrical energy at the alarm temperature through a thermally stable polymer film. High electrical output has been achieved among the wide ranges of rotation speed and magnetic force through systematically experiments test. Meanwhile, there is no obvious decrease in the output voltage of the V-TENG after continuous working for about 12 h. Moreover, a battery-less pressure sensor was enabled by a single V-TENG device to measure barometric values of the ambient environment. The V-TENG also have been demonstrated to power a commercial wireless sensor for sending the real-time temperature data to a receiver and displaying on a monitor interface.
Electrochemically and chemically formed lead dioxides show varying electrochemical properties, which has often been discussed in terms of hydrogen content and amorphous phases. These differences in electrochemical activity have always interested research related to their behaviour as the positive active material (PAM) in the lead–acid battery. In this work, the crystallinity and composition of different lead dioxide samples were examined with respect to preparation method. Two electrochemically oxidised samples, one originating from a pure lead foil and the other one from tetra basic lead sulphates (TBLS), were investigated and compared with a commercial chemically prepared lead dioxide. The samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as a function of temperature in the range of 25–600°C. The experimental results show that only surface bound water is present in the different lead dioxide phases investigated. However, a clear difference between chemically and electrochemically formed oxide is revealed from high temperature XRD (HT-XRD). At high temperatures, a lead oxide sulphate phase is formed in the electrochemically prepared samples, showing the existence of sulphate ions bound to internal surfaces. These ions are believed to facilitate the reduction process of lead dioxide and hence contribute to the electrochemical activity.
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. The article is a duplicate of a paper that has already been published in Materials Letters 138 (2015) 259-261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.10.023. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that the paper is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.
Lithium ion conducting membranes are barely studied, although they are essentially indispensable for building Li-air batteries composed of aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes for long-term operation. Lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) thin films were deposited by RF-sputtering technique on B2O3-added lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (B-LAGP). Compact thin amorphous LiPON layer could act as a protective interlayer for B-LAGP by separating it from Li metal electrode and mitigate the reaction between them. Large electrochemical stability window (0–5V) of LiPON/B-LAGP solid electrolyte shows promising feasibility for applications in all lithium based batteries. The aprotic Li-O2 cell with protected lithium electrode configuration employing LiPON/B-LAGP solid electrolyte has exhibited reasonable cycling stability with long-life of 52 cycles at a limited capacity of 1000mAhg−1.
The availability of rapid, point-of-care (POC) tests has significantly expanded the capacity of both developed and resource-constrained countries (RCCs) to diagnose HIV, with immunochromatographic tests most commonly used in these settings. This has been especially important in programs for prevention of mother-to-child transmission, in both RCCs and the developed world. However, suitable POC tests are not yet commercially available for diagnosis of neonatal HIV, where persistence of maternal antibody in the infant precludes the use of current antibody tests during the first 12 to 18 months. In addition, measurement of CD4+ T cells, CD4%, and HIV viral load still relies on sophisticated laboratory infrastructure, constraining the delivery of appropriate care to many HIV-infected patients. Continued effort is required in the development and validation of additional POC tests to support HIV patient care, and in quality assurance in manufacturing and in test performance in the field to ensure appropriate use of existing and new POC tests.
Supercapacitors based on MnO2/CB/C nanocomposites films are prepared by direct electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process on nickel plates in an aqueous solution containing of MnO2 nanoparticles, carbon black (CB) and sodium alginate (SA), followed by carbonization of SA to carbon layer. The nanocomposites of MnO2/CB/C films are prepared from different electrolytic solutions with mass ratios of MnO2 nanoparticles, CB and SA from 8: 1: 1 to 6: 2: 2. Same mass ratios of nanocomposites are prepared by traditional Doctoral Blade (DB) process for morphologies and performances comparisons, in which mixtures of MnO2 nanoparticles, carbon black with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are used. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images, the MnO2/CB/C shows a uniform aggregation of MnO2 and carbon nanoparticles covered with carbon layers. In the case of the MnO2/CB/PVDF from DB process, the MnO2 nanoparticles are separately clustered, and the clusters are adhered to CB together with PVDF. More uniform film and better contact of MnO2 with CB by carbon layer can be obtained from EPD/Carbonization process. The electrochemical performances of MnO2/CB/C and MnO2/CB/PVDF nanocomposites in different mass ratios are compared by areal specific capacitances (Ca), charge transfer resistance of films and retention of capacitance after 1500 cycles of charge/discharge to test stability respectively. The nanocomposites of MnO2/CB/C show better areal specific capacitances and smaller charge transfer resistances at each ratio. The carbon layer coating on surface of MnO2 nanoparticles can effectively delay the capacitance loss, which leads to 98% of capacitance after charge/discharge cycles, much better than retention of those from DB process (50%). The EPD/Carbonization is an easy way to make carbon layer on pseudo capacitive materials from sodium alginates, and the carbon layer can effectively improve the charge/discharge stability of supercapacitors.
An experimental analysis based on Li-ion discharge to evaluate the influence the discharge rate has on the battery capacity is presented. Measurements have been made on various capacity units at different discharge rates. As a result of the tests, a new mathematical model has been developed; this new model predicts the battery capacity for any discharge rate within excellent correlation to observed results. Measurements show the manufacturer value for the battery nominal capacity is currently deviated from its real value what forces to determine this real value before testing. The mathematical model presented can be used to determine realistic capacity expectations based on conditions that are shown to impact battery operation time and autonomy.
As a potential fuel for proton exchange membrane fuel cell, formic acid (FA) is easily decomposed on palladium (Pd) based catalysts, which are also the most effective and commonly used FA electro-oxidation catalysts in the direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC). Here we try to study the interaction between these two reactions in a supporting electrolyte free electrochemical cell. Considering the operation condition in the anode of DFAFC, influence of FA decomposition on FA electro-oxidation is detected and confirmed by mechanistic study. By doping platinum (Pt) into Pd, stability of the FA electro-oxidation can be extremely improved at fuel cell operation temperature.
The network convergence of wired, wireless, and mobile systems creates a ubiquitous network environment where modern networking devices feature multiple networking interfaces and can connect to different networks simultaneously. Mobile users in ubiquitous networks expect to access information services anytime, and from anywhere. This paper presents a mobile content sharing scenario in which a networked device can discover neighboring devices and share multimedia content in a convenient, networked manner. This ideal scenario differs from the traditional usage which requires the tedious manual operations of connection setup and file transfer. To achieve this goal, this study proposes a user-provided multimedia content distribution architecture for a mobile and ubiquitous network environment. The proposed architecture integrates several specific mechanisms, including device discovery, asynchronous content delivery, secure access control, and virtual file system. This design addresses several inherent limitations in wireless and mobile networks, and enables mobile users to transfer media content in a secure, mobile, and energy-saving way. The proof-of-concept prototype and performance evaluation in this study confirm that the proposed architecture not only provides better user experience, but also achieves a lightweight design without compromising performance.
In this paper, a switched modulated power filter-green plug (SPF-GP) scheme for wave energy conversion (WEC) systems is presented. In order to reduce the interfacing power quality problems and improve the energy utilization of WEC systems, design and realization of a novel SPF-GP and effective control strategies are studied. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques, a simulation model is developed in Matlab/Simulink/Simpower Software Environment. Besides, experimental prototype models of the proposed SPF-GP system and error driven controllers have been setup to verify the digital simulation model by comparing the results, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed interfacing device and the control algorithms. Both the simulation and the experiments were done for several cases and results of the same operating conditions from both platforms were compared for model validation as well as system performances. It has been shown that the proposed FACTS power filter compensator and control strategy developed by the third author are very effective on eliminating stochastic wave effects on load side voltage and load variations on source side by reducing voltage sags and swells.
The highly radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans responds to gamma radiation or desiccation through the coordinated expression of genes belonging to Radiation and Desiccation Resistance/Response (RDR) regulon. RDR regulon is operated through cis-acting sequence RDRM (Radiation Desiccation Response Motif), trans-acting repressor DdrO and protease IrrE (also called PprI). The present study evaluated whether RDR regulon controls the response of D. radiodurans to various other DNA damaging stressors, to which it is resistant, such as UV rays, mitomycin C (MMC), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), ethidium bromide (EtBr), etc. Activation of 3 RDR regulon genes (ddrB, gyrB and DR1143) was studied by tagging their promoter sequences with a highly sensitive GFP reporter. Here we demonstrated that all the DNA damaging stressors elicited activation of RDR regulon of D. radiodurans in a dose-dependent and RDRM-/IrrE-dependent manner. However, ROS-mediated indirect effects [induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), methyl viologen (MV), heavy metal/metalloid (zinc or tellurite), etc.] did not activate RDR regulon.
We also showed that level of activation was inversely proportional to cellular abundance of repressor DdrO. Our data strongly suggests that direct DNA damage activates RDR regulon in D. radiodurans.
Octahedral cathode materials LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO), with primary particles size of 300–600 nm are prepared through one-step co-precipitation. Then solid-state electrolyte Li2O-Al2O3-TiO2-P2O5 (LATP) was coated on LNMO to form continuous surface-modification layer. There is no obviously difference of structure, morphology between coated LATP LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LATP-LNMO) and pristine LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (P-LNMO). Low-temperature electrochemical performance of P-LNMO and LATP-LNMO electrodes, including charge-discharge capacity, cycle performance, middle discharge voltage and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), were measured systematically with three electrode. The results reveal that LATP-LNMO electrode presents superior electrochemical performance at low temperature, compared to P-LNMO electrode. At −20 °C, the capacity retention of LATP-LNMO (61%) is much higher than that of P-LNMO (39%). According to EIS, the enhancement of performance of LATP-LNMO cathode at low temperature can be attribute to LATP coating, which not only promotes lithium-ion diffusion at electrode/electrolyte interface but also decreases the charge transfer resistance. Finally, the electrochemical performances of full cell of LATP-LNMO or P-LNMO cathode vs Li4Ti5O12 anode are investigated. The energy density can be achieved to 270 Wh·Kg−1 at −20 °C if using LATP-LNMO, which is much better than that of P-LNMO.
Abstract Because in the past vaccines were considered inherently safe, only limited nonclinical testing used to be required. However, from about 2003 more stringent nonclinical testing guidelines were introduced for novel vaccines (and, in some cases, marketed vaccines attempting registration in new markets) given that vaccines are typically administered to healthy individuals, often infants. These safety considerations become even more important as technologies allowing the development of novel vaccine types are developed, such as DNA vaccines and those delivered in vector systems such as adenoviral vectors. The use of adjuvants other than the standard aluminum-based ones and novel delivery systems such as electrostimulation have also led to additional testing requirements. This chapter describes the current regulatory expectations for the preclinical development of vaccines.
Molecular sieves of NaY, MCM-41, and SBA-15 were used as fillers in a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) copolymer matrix to prepare microporous composite polymer electrolyte. The SBA-15-based composite polymer film was found to show rich pores that account for an ionic conductivity of 0.50mScm−1. However, the MCM-41 and NaY composite polymer films exhibited compact structure without any pores, and the addition of MCM-41 even resulted in aggregation of fillers in the polymer matrix. These differences were investigated and interpreted by their different compatibility with DMF solvent and PVdF-HFP matrix. Results of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have revealed that the addition of SBA-15 has extended the electrochemical stability window of polymer electrolyte, enhanced the interfacial stability of polymer electrolyte with lithium electrode, and inhibited also the crystallization of PVdF-HFP matrix. Half-cell of Li/SBA-15-based polymer electrolyte/MCF was assembled and tested. The results have demonstrated that the coulombic efficiency of the first cycle was around 87.0% and the cell remains 94.0% of the initial capacity after 20 cycles, which showed the potential application of the composite polymer electrolyte in lithium ion batteries.
There is a recent market trend towards industrial battery powered products that demand occasionally very high discharge rates. This fact is today solved by oversizing the battery or by using more expensive high power nickel-cadmium batteries. Within an EC funded project, ultra high power lead-acid batteries for UPS applications are being developed. The batteries are characterised by a thin electrode design linked to the use of novel separator materials to increase the battery life under floating and deep cycling conditions. Battery performance under different working conditions is presented, in comparison to standard products, and the battery improvements and failure mechanisms are also discussed.
The present paper aims at describing the way in which the manifestation of some psychomotor capacities can be correlated with the Karate Do athletes’ competitive results. In our research we used the case study method, the observation method and the graphical representation method. We have applied the following tests: ACM (Attention Concentration and Mobility), CMR 1 (Complex Motor Reactivity 1) and VIGILANCE. Testing was performed at the UNEFS Psycho-Pedagogy Lab. We found that the tests administered to high performance athletes can provide an important database that can be subsequently used to establish a correlation between test results, the athletes’ training and their competitive results.
The electrochemical performance as potential anodes for lithium-ion batteries of graphitized biogas-derived carbon nanofibers (BCNFs) is investigated by galvanostatic cycling versus Li/Li+ at different electrical current densities. These graphitic nanomaterials have been prepared by high temperature treatment of carbon nanofibers produced in the catalytic decomposition of biogas. At low current density, they deliver specific capacities comparable to that of oil-derived micrometric graphite, the capacity retention values being mostly in the range 70-80% and cycling efficiency ∼ 100%. A clear tendency of the anode capacity to increase alongside the BCNFs crystal thickness was observed. Besides the degree of graphitic tri-dimensional structural order, the presence of loops between the adjacent edges planes on the graphene layers, the mesopore volume and the active surface area of the graphitized BCNFs were found to influence on battery reversible capacity, capacity retention along cycling and irreversible capacity. Furthermore, provided that the development of the crystalline structure is comparable, the graphitized BCNFs studied show better electrochemical rate performance than micrometric graphite. Therefore, this result can be associated with the nanometric particle size as well as the larger surface area of the BCNFs which, respectively, reduces the diffusion time of the lithium ions for the intercalation/de-intercalation processes, i.e. faster charge-discharge rate, and increases the contact area at the anode active material/electrolyte interface which may improve the Li+ ions access, i.e. charge transfer reaction.
Phase change materials used in thermal energy storage systems are critical for energy utilization. Organic phase change materials have received considerable attention both for applications and research due to their favorable properties, such as large latent heat, low cost, stability, nontoxicity, and corrosion resistance. Because of the inherently low thermal conductivity, there has been a lot of research on various combinations of organic phase change materials with high conductivity materials. Carbon nanotubes, graphene and porous carbon have excellent properties, such as ultrahigh surface area and high thermal conductivity, which have become the preferred materials for thermal properties enhancement. Benefit from the varied dimensional spaces for retaining materials, these carbon-based materials can act as excellent confinement for phase change materials to form shape stabilized, phase change tunable, and thermally enhanced phase change composites. In this paper, a review about recent advancement and challenges for organic phase change materials confined in different types of carbon-based materials is presented, associated with some relevant theories trying to understand the mechanism of heat transfer and phase change in micro/nano confinement. Some promising applications in thermal management and energy conversion that have great potential for more explorations are also introduced.