batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objective To determine if poorer gait variability and gait coordination among mobility-limited older adults is related to their slower walking speed. Design Cross-sectional analysis. Setting University research laboratory. Participants Community-dwelling adults (N=69) 68 years or older with (Short Physical Performance Battery score ≤9; n=37) and without (n=32) mobility limitations. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The variability of step length, swing time percent, and step width. Gait coordination was assessed along with the Phase Coordination Index. Results The usual pace gait speed of those without mobility limitations was faster (1.22±0.14m/s vs 0.71±0.14m/s; P<.001) and less variable in all gait characteristics (all P<.001), with the exception of step width (P=.185), than those with limitations. When those without limitations slowed their walking pace (0.71m/s±0.14), their gait coordination became poorer (P<.001), and the variability of all gait characteristics increased (all P<.001) except for step width, which decreased (P=.002). When those without mobility limitations walked at a slow pace, they had better gait coordination (P=.008) and less variable step length (P=.014) and swing time percent (P=.036). The variability of stride time (P=.260) and step width (P=.385) were not significantly different than that of their peers with limitations. Conclusions Increased variability in some gait characteristics of mobility-limited older adults appears to be related to their slower walking speed. Gait coordination and the variability of step length and swing time percent may reflect intrinsic differences in mobility-limited older adults that are independent of walking speed.
Non-invasive electrotherapy is commonly used for treatment of chronic low back pain. Evidence for efficacy of most electrotherapy modalities is weak or lacking. This study aims to execute a high-quality, double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial comparing 1) H-Wave® Device stimulation plus usual care with 2) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) plus usual care, and 3) Sham electrotherapy plus usual care to determine comparative efficacy for treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain patients.
This study focuses on optimum operating strategies for liquid-fed direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) to minimize methanol consumption. A mathematical model is developed and verified with experimental data from the literature using the parameter estimation method. The model consists of a set of differential and algebraic equations and makes it possible to describe zero initial hold-up conditions. Based on the model, steady-state simulation results are obtained and explain the dependence on the feed concentration of key variables such as cell voltage, cell power density, overpotentials of both electrodes, and methanol crossover ratio. Dynamic simulation results are also presented to check the transient behaviour of a DMFC operated from start-up to shut-down. Dynamic optimization allows determination of the optimum transient strategies of feed concentration required to maximize the fuel efficiency. With six scenarios of power density load, it is demonstrated that the optimum transient strategies depend heavily on both the load of power density and the number of control actions. The main advantage of these approaches is to reduce fuel consumption and, ultimately, to enable DMFCs to be operated more efficiently.
To fulfill the requirement for large-scale energy-storage systems, lithium ions batteries have been attracted great attentions. It is necessary to develop the anode material with high rate capability, long cycling life and outstanding safety. Here, N-doped carbon been successfully synthesized and estimated as an anode material for lithium ions batteries. PbLi2Ti6O14 is isostructural with SrLi2Ti6O14. After nitrogen-doped carbon coating, PbLi2Ti6O14@NC delivers a high capacity of 143.2 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and remains 104.8 mAh g−1 even at 700 mA g−1. In addition, PbLi2Ti6O14@NC also possesses excellent cyclic stability. The reversible capacity of PbLi2Ti6O14@NC can keep at 99.7 mAh g−1 after 1500 cycles. Such results are also proved by CV tests and EIS measurements. Meanwhile, the lithium storage mechanism of PbLi2Ti6O14@NC is investigated by an in situ XRD technique. It indicates that PbLi2Ti6O14@NC has a stable structural host. These aforementioned results suggest that PbLi2Ti6O14@NC has great potential working as an anode material for lithium ions batteries.
Since 1983, it has been claimed that pressure applied on a lead-acid battery increases its cycle life. But until now, the use of pressure in production batteries was limited by the mechanical properties of the conventional separation systems (absorptive glass mat (AGM), and gel) which cannot withstand mechanical pressure. In 1997, Daramic developed the new acid jellying separator (AJS) with the aim of combining the advantages of both conventional separation systems and to allow the application of lasting plate group pressure. The new separation system was evaluated and much information was gained on the effect of pressure in a lead-acid battery, e.g. on the evolution of the mechanical pressure during one cycle and during cycle life.
Deficits in social cognition are common in schizophrenia and predict poor community functioning. Given the current limitations of psychosocial treatments and the lack of pharmacological treatments for social cognitive deficits, the development of novel therapeutic agents could greatly enhance functional recovery in schizophrenia. This study evaluated whether a single dose of intranasal oxytocin acutely improves social cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Twenty-three male veterans with schizophrenia completed baseline assessments of social cognition that were divided into lower-level (facial affect perception, social perception, detection of lies) and higher-level (detection of sarcasm and deception, empathy) processes. One week later, patients received the same battery after being randomized to a single dose of 40IU intranasal oxytocin or placebo. Though the groups did not differ significantly on the social cognition composite score, oxytocin improved performance for the higher-level social cognitive tasks (Cohen's d =1.0, p=0.045). Subjects were unable to accurately guess which treatment they had received. The improvements found in higher-level social cognition encourage further studies into the therapeutic potential of oxytocin in schizophrenia.
A self-assembled MoSe2 nanolayers/reduced graphene oxide (MoSe2/rGO) foam was prepared using a hydrothermal method. The samples were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical performances were evaluated in two-electrode cells versus metallic lithium. It is demonstrated that the obtained MoSe2/rGO nanocomposites show three-dimensional architecture and excellent electrochemical performance as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. The specific capacity of MoSe2/rGO anode can reach up to 650mAhg−1 at a current rate of 0.1C in the voltage range 0.01–3.0V (vs. Li/Li+), which is higher than the theoretical capacity of MoSe2 (422mAhg−1). Additionally, the fabricated half cells have shown good rate capability and long cycling stability with 10.9% capacity loss after 600 cycles under a current density of 0.5C. The excellent performance of the synthesized MoSe2/rGO is attributed to its unique nanostructure, including nanolayered MoSe2, highly conductive rGO networks and mechanically stable 3D architecture.
The application of renewable energy such as solar photovoltaic (PV), wind and fuel cells is becoming increasingly popular because of the environmental awareness and advances in technology coupled with decreasing manufacturing cost. Power electronic converters are usually used to convert the power from the renewable sources to match the load demand and grid requirement to improve the dynamic and steady-state characteristics of these green generation systems, to provide the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control, and to integrate the energy storage system to solve the challenge of the intermittent nature of the renewable energy and the unpredictability of the load demand. In order to improve the efficiency and the power density of the overall circuit, the use of a three-port DC–DC converter, which includes a DC input port for the renewable source, a bidirectional DC input port for the energy storage system, and a DC output port for supplying the load, is a preferable solution to the traditional method using two DC–DC converters: one for the renewable sources and another for the energy storage system. In recent years, many DC–DC three-port converters have been proposed and reported in the literature. Each of these converters has its own topology and operating principle, which results in different complexities, different numbers of components, different reliability and efficiency. In this paper, a comparison of the features of different topologies of three-port DC–DC converters that have been proposed by different research groups is reviewed briefly. This review can be used as a guide for the appropriate selection of the suitable topology to meet the particular requirement of a system. The paper also discusses the potential research extension of the topologies from three-port DC–DC converters to three-port DC–AC inverters and how the voltage gain of the non-isolated three-port DC–DC converter can be improved.
Low concentrations of cadmium cause anatomical responses in leaf chlorenchyma enhancingSchinus mollephotosynthesis and tolerance.
We present test results of a commercial 3-tonne electric forklift (STILL) equipped with a commercial fuel cell power module (Plug Power) and a MH hydrogen storage tank (HySA Systems and TF Design). The tests included: (i) performance evaluation of “hybrid” hydrogen storage system during refuelling at low (<185 bar) dispensing pressures; (ii) comparison of the forklift performances during heavy-duty operation when changing the powering in the series: standard battery – fuel cell power module (alone) – power module with integrated MH tank; and (iii) performance tests of the forklift during its operation under working conditions. It was found that (a) the forklift with power module and MH tank can achieve 83% of maximum hydrogen storage capacity during 6 min refuelling (for full capacity 12–15 min); (b) heavy-duty operation of the forklift is characterised by 25% increase in energy consumption, and during system operation more uniform power distribution occurs when operating in the fuel cell powering mode with MH, in comparison to the battery powering mode; (c) use of the fully refuelled fuel cell power module with the MH extension tank allows for uninterrupted operation for 3 h 6 min and 7 h 15 min, for heavy- and light-duty operation, respectively.
Compared with most cathodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), α-MoO3 exhibits high specific capacity and therefore receives widespread attention. However, due to its irreversible structural transformation, the capacity of α-MoO3 declines rapidly upon discharge-charge process. Herein, via H2 plasma etching, oxygen-deficient α-MoO3-x with improved electrochemical performance is prepared on the basis of pristine α-MoO3 (MoO3 (I)). The obtained MoO3 (II) (10 min etching) and MoO3 (III) (20 min etching) have reduced bandgap and expanded van der Waals gap (vdW gap). Electrochemical test results demonstrate MoO3(II) obtains the largest Li+ diffusion coefficient, the lowest charge transfer resistance and the slightest polarization. In situ X-ray diffraction characterization further reveals that during cycling, vdW gap of MoO3 (II) changes periodically within a small range, indicating a stabilized crystal structure. This work shows that moderate oxygen vacancies can enhance the capacity and stabilize the structure of molybdenum trioxide cathode for LIBs, which has great potential in other cathode materials.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based composite polymer electrolyte films consisting of PVC–LiCF3SO3–SiO2 are prepared by the solution-casting method. The electrical properties of the electrolyte are investigated for ionic conductivity and its dependence on temperature. The electrolyte with the highest ionic conductivity is used to fabricate a LiCoO2/PVC–LiCF3SO3–SiO2/mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) battery. The charge–discharge characteristics and performance of the battery at room temperature are evaluated to ascertain the effective viability, of these solid electrolytes in lithium-polymer batteries. Battery performances is also investigated at 313, 323 and 333K.
Carbon decorated on commercial TiO2 nanoparticles (P25 and P90) with optimized carbon concentration and structure were fabricated by a facile process employing carbonization method. In addition, the raw materials for Carbon-TiO2 (C-TiO2) preparation are commercially available and relatively cheap and the preparation method is simple and easy to be scaled up, making the reported process a promising method for mass production of electrode materials for high performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The materials were applied as LIBs anodes and the electrochemical results showed that 1.9wt% C decorated P90 (1.9%C-P90) possessed a very high initial discharge capacity of 231mAhg−1 and the capacity was retained at 173mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 30mAg−1. Even at a high current density of 300mAg−1 it delivered a very stable reversible capacity of 130mAhg−1. The electrochemical performance of C-P90 was superior to C-P25 because of its higher specific surface area and larger anatase fraction that can accommodate more lithium ions. 1.9% carbon was found to form an optimized carbon layer on TiO2 that can improve the electronic conductivity. The simple method and cheap materials for electrode material preparation have great potential for commercialization.
Layered birnessite-type manganese oxide was prepared by a simple redox sol–gel reaction involving hydroxylamine and permanganate in alkaline medium. IR, XRD, Auger electron spectroscopy, EPR, TGA and cyclic voltammetric characteristics of the birnessites are presented. The birnessite was examined for its cathode performance in zinc-, magnesium- and lithium-based cells. Bismuth and lead exchanged birnessite show superior battery performance when compared with sodium and potassium precursors. The magnetoresistance pattern of the discharged birnessite (in Mg/Mg(ClO4)2) indicates a colossal magnetoresistance. This observation provides a scope for further studies of examining the applicability of magnetoresistance measurement in assessing the charge/discharge status of manganese oxides. Heat treatment of birnessite brings about distinct changes in the EPR and IR pattern. A correlation between the spectral features and electrochemical activity can be understood.
Abstract The first renal neoplasm was reported nearly 200 years ago. In 1953, about eight renal tumors were described in a well-known textbook on surgical pathology. As a consequence of the contributions of numerous investigators over many decades, the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification of renal neoplasms includes about 50 well-defined and distinctive renal tumors, as well as various miscellaneous and metastatic tumors. In addition, a number of emerging or provisional new entities are under active investigation and may be included in future classifications. In this chapter, we examine these diverse and fascinating neoplasms.
KEYWORDS Rescue, Search, Sensor, Camera, Infrared LED, Wireless Communication, Rubble
Porous energy materials are essential components of many energy devices and systems, the development of which have been long plagued by two main challenges. The first is the ‘curse of dimensionality’, i.e. the complex structure–property relationships of energy materials are largely determined by a high-dimensional parameter space. The second challenge is the low efficiency of optimisation/discovery techniques for new energy materials. Digitalisation of porous energy materials is currently being considered as one of the most promising solutions to tackle these issues by transforming all material information into the digital space using reconstruction and imaging data and fusing this with various computational methods. With the help of material digitalisation, the rapid characterisation, the prediction of properties, and the autonomous optimisation of new energy materials can be achieved by using advanced mathematical algorithms. In this paper, we review the evolution of these computational and digital approaches and their typical applications in studying various porous energy materials and devices. Particularly, we address the recent progress of artificial intelligence (AI) in porous energy materials and highlight the successful application of several deep learning methods in microstructural reconstruction and generation, property prediction, and the performance optimisation of energy materials in service. We also provide a perspective on the potential of deep learning methods in achieving autonomous optimisation and discovery of new porous energy materials based on advanced computational modelling and AI techniques.
Ultrathin MoO2 nanosheets encapsulated in carbon matrix were fabricated through a facile interfacial self-assembly of laminar MoO3 nanosheets, followed by thermal reduction to MoO2 mediated by glucose. The resulting MoO2/C nanosheets exhibited a superior Li-storage capacity, retaining 1051mAhg−1 over 100 cycles at a rate of 0.5Ag−1, and 719mAhg−1 over another 100 cycles at a high rate of 5Ag−1 (based on the total mass of MoO2 and carbon). More importantly, the MoO2/C nanosheets exhibit robust rate capability, affording a stable capacity of 544mAhg−1 at an extremely high rate of 10Ag−1, thereby suggesting their great potential as promising electrode materials for high power battery applications such as electric automobiles and power tools.
The presence of hazardous substances and preparations in small waste electrical and electronic equipment (sWEEE) found in the residual household waste stream of the city of Dresden, Germany has been investigated. The content of sWEEE plastics in heavy metals and halogens is determined using handheld X-ray fluorescence analysis (HXRF), elemental analysis by means of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and ion exchange chromatography (IEC). Mean value of results for heavy metals in samples (n =51) by AAS are 17.4mg/kg for Pb, 5.7mg/kg for Cd, 8.4mg/kg for Cr. The mass fraction of an additive as shown by HXRF (n =161) can vary over a wide range. Precise deductions as regards sWEEE plastics content in hazardous substances and preparations cannot be made. Additional research would be expedient regarding the influence of hazardous substances to recycling processes, in particular regarding the contamination of clean fractions in the exit streams of a WEEE treatment plant. Suitable standards for calibrating HXRF for use on EEE plastics or complex electr(on)ic components do not exist and should be developed.
The transport properties of PFSA for direct methanol fuel cell application were investigated, including water uptake, proton conductivity, methanol permeability and selectivity of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes as a function of the ion exchange capacity.
This review deals with the recent developments and present status of the theoretical models for the simulation of the performance of lithium ion batteries. Preceded by a description of the main materials used for each of the components of a battery -anode, cathode and separator- and how material characteristics affect battery performance, a description of the main theoretical models describing the operation and performance of a battery are presented. The influence of the most relevant parameters of the models, such as boundary conditions, geometry and material characteristics are discussed. Finally, suggestions for future work are proposed.
Both anodic and cathodic chromium–EDTA (ethylenediaminetetra-acetate) complex redox processes have been studied using cyclic voltammetry. Their potential use in a redox battery has been evaluated by comparing the charge and discharge performance of a simple redox battery employing several redox couples including the conventional Fe–Cr redox couples. The cyclic voltammetry experiments suggested that oxidation of Cr(III)–EDTA formed Cr(V)–EDTA rather than a hexavalent chromium species. It was found that the kinetics of the Cr(III)–EDTA/Cr(II)–EDTA redox reaction are fast at a graphite rod electrode, whereas the Cr(V)–EDTA/Cr(III)–EDTA redox reaction is relatively slow. In spite of the slow kinetics, the battery employing solely these chromium–EDTA based redox couples provided higher energy output and longer life than the conventional Fe–Cr redox system.
An integrative cell with a porous Al2O3 membrane as both a support and a separator has been fabricated. LiFePO4 and graphite were coated onto the both sides of the rigid porous Al2O3 separator, while an electrolyte was infiltrated inside. The LiFePO4/graphite integrative cells were evaluated in coin-type cells and exhibited good cycle capacity. The self-standing integrative cell was a simple and promising technology to assemble the battery stacks and meanwhile had an obvious advantage of forming a firm structure, which could avoid inner short circuit during being moved or crashed.
A lithium-ion capacitor was developed using a mixture of stabilized lithium metal powder and hard carbon as the anode electrode, while activated carbon was used as the cathode. A specific energy of approximately 82 Wh kg−1 was obtained based on the weight of electrode materials; however, when the electrolyte, separator, and current collectors were included, the specific energy of an assembled Li-ion capacitor was about 25 Wh kg−1. The capacitor was able to deliver over 60% of the maximum energy at a discharge C-rate of 44C. Through continuous galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling, the capacitance of the Li-ion capacitor degraded less than 3% over 600 cycles.
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Systemic family interventions have shown to be effective in adolescents with substance use disorder and delinquent behavior. The interventions target interactions between the adolescent and involved systems (i.e. youth, family, peers, neighbors, school, work, and society). Next to effectiveness considerations, economic aspects have gained attention. However, conventional generic quality of life measures used in health economic evaluations may not be able to capture the broad effects of systemic interventions. This study aims to identify existing outcome measures, which capture the broad effects of systemic family interventions, and allow use in a health economic framework.