batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Achieving fast and inclusive economic growth concurrently with greenhouse gases (GHG) emission control could have wide-ranging implications for the Indian economy, predominantly fuelled by fossil energies. India faces high income inequality with the bottom 50% of its population owning only 2% of total national wealth. Other developmental challenges include 304 million people living in poverty, 269 million without access to electricity, 92 million without access to safe drinking water, and around 2 million homeless. Despite such challenges, India has committed to reduce the GHG emission intensity of its GDP 33–35% below its 2005 level by 2030, including via turning 40% of its power-generation capacity away from fossil sources. To explore the macroeconomic consequences of achieving development along low-carbon pathways, we use a hybrid modelling architecture that combines the strengths of the AIM/Enduse bottom-up model of Indian energy systems and the IMACLIM top-down economy-wide model of India. This hybrid architecture stands upon an original dataset that reconciles national accounting, energy balance and energy price statistics. With this tool, we demonstrate that low-carbon scenarios can accommodate yearly economic growth of 5.8% from 2013 to 2050 i.e. perform close to if not slightly higher than our business-as-usual scenario, despite high investment costs. This result partly stems from improvement of the Indian trade balance via substantial reduction of large fossil fuel imports. Additionally, it is the consequence of significant shifts of sectoral activity and household consumption towards low-carbon products and services of higher value-added. These transitions would require policies to reconcile the conflicting interests of entrenched businesses in retreating sectors like coal and oil, and the emerging low-carbon sectors and technologies such as renewables, smart grids, electric vehicles, modern biomass energy, solar cooking, carbon capture and storage, etc.
Background: It has been suggested that hormonal changes and environmental alterations during the climacteric period are important in the development of psychological symptoms. Objective: To evaluate the role of biological and psycho-social factors in the prevalence of climacteric symptoms. Design: Open, cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. Material and methods: A total of 300 women between 40 and 59 years of age were evaluated using Greene scale for climacteric symptoms, Cooper questionnaire for psychosomatic symptoms of stress, Smilkstein family apgar for family dysfunction, Duke-UNC questionnaire for social support and Israel scale for vital events. All these tests have been previously validated in Spanish. Results: Postmenopausal women do not have higher prevalence of psychological symptoms, they only have more vasomotor symptoms. Premenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms have more psychological and somatic symptoms and stress, independently of the vital events, family dysfunction or poor social support. Vasomotor symptoms in the premenopause are associated with increased risk of anxiety (OR: 3.7, IC: 1.4–9.7; P<0.008), depression (OR: 8.1, IC: 2.5–26.4; P<0.0005), somatic symptoms (OR: 14.9, IC: 3.4–65.3; P<0.0003), sexual dysfunction (OR: 7.2, IC: 2.5–20.6; P<0.0002) and stress (OR: 7.5, IC: 3.5–15.9; P<0.0001). Negative vital events and family dysfunction increase in minor intensity the risk of anxiety, depression and stress. Conclusion: In conclusion, psychological symptoms are frequent in the premenopause and are associated to vasomotor symptoms. This observation links psychological symptoms with menopausal transition and might suggest an organic base in their origin. The negative psycho-social environment is a factor that favours the development of these symptoms.
As a novel self-healing material, room-temperature liquid metal (LM) composed of Ga and Sn is a promising anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Although there is no structural pulverization of the anode material with self-healing ability, the volume change during cycling may cause cracks in the supporting structure, such as binders or conductive additives, and thus significantly limits the cycling stability and high capacity for lithium-alloy electrodes. Here, novel self-healing core-shell fibers, with liquid metal nanoparticles as the core coated with a carbon shell (denoted as LMNPs@CS fibers), were synthesized by facile coaxial electrospinning and a carbonization process. The as-prepared fibers, which encapsulated nanosized self-healing LM particles with a well-designed inner void space of the shell, served as free-standing anodes for LIBs. Such anodes offered a reversible capacity of 603.9 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1, excellent rate capability, and a highly stable cycling performance with a discharge capacity of 552 mAh g−1 after 1500 cycles at 1000 mA g−1. The superior electrochemical performance can be attributed to (1) the self-healing ability of the LMNPs, which ensured the superior cycling performance of the electrode, (2) the unique core-shell structure with a well-designed void space, which alleviated the volume changes of LMNPs during the lithiation/delithiation processes, and (3) the self-healing LMNPs, composed of Ga and Sn, possessed high theoretical capacities. These promising strategies and associated opportunities demonstrate great potential for fabricating advanced self-healing anode materials for LIBs.
Fire-retardant polymer electrolytes are key materials for safer operation of lithium secondary batteries and other large-size batteries than the batteries with organic liquid electrolyte. Solid polymer electrolyte systems with fire-retardant polymer matrixes have been investigated in only few cases. We prepare an oxetane derivative with dimethyl phosphate ester group (DPOX). The cross-linked poly(oxetane) matrixes for solid polymer electrolytes are prepared from DPOX and oxetane-based cross-linker (DDOE). DDOE has two oxetane rings at both of the ends of oligo-ethylene oxide chain. Conductivities in the range of 10−5 Scm−1 have been obtained for self-extinguishing, ion-conductive cross-linked poly(oxetane) matrix with DPOX and DDOE monomers. Polarization behavior of a lithium electrode in the cross-linked poly(oxetane)-based electrolyte films is also investigated. The polarization curves show some hysteresis character with potential steps, however, deposition and stripping of lithium on the lithium electrode are observed.
Platinum based nanocatalyst at home made Nb–TiO2 support was synthesized and characterized as the catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in 0.1moldm−3 NaOH, at 25°C. Nb doped TiO2 catalyst support, containing 5% of Nb, has been synthesized by modified acid-catalyzed sol–gel procedure in non-aqueous medium. BET and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were applied for characterization of synthesized supporting material. XRD analysis revealed only presence of anatase TiO2 phase in synthesized support powder. Existence of any peaks belonging to Nb compounds has not been observed, indicating Nb incorporated into the lattice. Nb–TiO2 supported Pt nanocatalyst synthesized, using borohydride reduction method, was characterized by TEM and HRTEM techniques. Platinum nanoparticles distribution, over Nb doped TiO2 support, was quite homogenous. Mean particle size of about 4nm was found with no pronounced particle agglomeration. Electrochemical techniques: cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry at rotating disc electrode were applied in order to study kinetics and estimate catalytic activity of this new catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline solution. Two different Tafel slopes were found: one close to −90mVdec−1 in low current density region and other approximately −200mVdec−1 in high current density region, which is in good accordance with literature results for oxygen reduction at Pt single crystals, as well as Pt nanocatalysts in alkaline solutions. Similar specific catalytic activity (expressed in term of kinetic current density per real surface area) of Nb(5%)–TiO2/Pt catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in comparison with the carbon supported platinum (Vulcan/Pt) nanocatalyst, was found.
Abstract Biomechatronics is an applied multidisciplinary science that integrates biology, mechanics, and electronics to develop devices that support and assist humans. Based on this broad definition, biomechatronic devices include a wide range of applications, from human prostheses and exoskeletons to driver-assist systems in vehicles. These devices usually consist of a mechanical system actuated with electrical actuators, wherein a controller coordinates the mechatronic system response based on the user's intention and predefined logic.
Ionic liquids based on methylpropylpyrrolidinium (MPPY) and methylpropylpiperidinium (MPPI) cations and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) anion have been synthesized and characterized by thermal analysis, cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy as well as galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. 10wt% of vinylene carbonate (VC) was added to the electrolytes of 0.5M LiTFSI/MPPY.TFSI and 0.5M LiTFSI/MPPI.TFSI, which were evaluated in Li || natural graphite (NG) half cells at 25°C and 50°C under different current densities. At 25°C, due to their intrinsic high viscosities, the charge/discharge capacities under the current density of 80μAcm−2 were much lower than those under the current density of 40μAcm−2. At 50°C, with reduced viscosities, the charge/discharge capacities under both current densities were almost indistinguishable, which were also close to the typical values obtained using conventional carbonate electrolytes. In addition, the discharge capacities of the half cells were very stable with cycling, due to the effective formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite electrode. On the contrary, the charge/discharge capacities of the Li || LiCoO2 cells using both ionic liquid electrolytes under the current density of 40μAcm−2 decreased continually with cycling, which were primarily due to the low oxidative stability of VC on the surface of LiCoO2.
In this study, the hydrogen/iron redox flow cell was evaluated in order to estimate its potential as an energy-storage system. The system was studied for the first time, for energy-storage applications, with electrolytes composed of several different iron salts and their conjugate acids. Cell performance varied with electrolyte composition. Best results were obtained with a solution of iron sulfate in sulfuric acid: stable performance, good capacity utilization, energy-conversion efficiency of up to 82% and a power density of up to 0.27Wcm−2, with no optimization of cell components. The results show the potential of the hydrogen/iron system as a candidate for energy-storage and further optimization should greatly enhance performance.
The effect of the carbon black types and the sulfur particle size on the discharge capacity or the utilization of sulfur was investigated for the cathode having high loading of sulfur. The DBP (dibutyl phthalate) absorption number of the used carbon black has a strong effect on the utilization while the specific surface area is not so critical to it. It was also found that the sulfur particle size is a factor having an effect on the utilization. We have improved the cathode component and achieved the utilization of about 50%. By using that cathode, the volumetric energy density of about 330Wh/l was obtained for the full size Li–S battery (3.8mm thickness, 35mm width and 62mm height).
Concentrations of alkanes (C20–C35), 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH ketones, and three hopanes are reported from four locations near the World Trade Center (WTC) (three of the locations within 300m of the debris pile). The highest concentrations of individual PAHs across the four locations were for fluoranthene (10.3ng/m3 at site W), pyrene (8.7ng/m3 at site W), and chrysene (6.2ng/m3 at site W). The EPA Unmix Version 6.0 receptor model was used to estimate the impact of WTC fires and recovery efforts on ambient PM2.5 concentrations. Five factors were identified: open burning of building debris, smoldering fires from building debris, a mixed recovery source, a sulfate/debris removal source, and motor vehicle exhaust.
The authors regret that, in the published version of the paper the Figure 5 was not correct. Here is correct version of the Figure 5. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
A novel ZnO/conductive-ceramic nanocomposite was prepared by a homogeneous precipitation between Zn(NO3)2 and CO(NH2)2 with conductive ceramic powders as the nucleation sites. The conductive ceramic powders contained zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, cobalt oxide and rare earth oxide, and the nominal chemical composition (mole fraction) was represented by (ZnO)0.92(Bi2O3)0.054(Co2O3)0.025(Nb2O5)0.00075(Y2O3)0.00025. The phase composition and surface morphology of the as-synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). ZnO nanorods with the length of about 200nm were dispersed homogeneously on the surface of the conductive ceramic, and identified as a well-defined single-phase hexagonal structure. The electrochemical properties of the ZnO/conductive-ceramic nanocomposite as anode material of Ni/Zn battery were investigated by charge/discharge cycling test, slow rate cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compared with pure nanosized ZnO, the ZnO/conductive-ceramic nanocomposite showed better cycling stability, higher discharge capacity and utilization ratio. The initial discharge capacity of ZnO/conductive-ceramic nanocomposite reached about 644mAhg−1. The discharge capacity hardly declined over 50 cycling tests, and the average utilization ratio could reach 99.5%. EIS revealed that the charge-transfer resistance was lower than that of pure nanosized ZnO.
Nickel powders with a special branched chain microstructure such as CVRD Inco Limited's Type 255™ have been used for more than 50 years as the basis for making porous metal monoliths for applications such as the electrical backbone of nickel electrode batteries by the sinter/slurry process. The classic trade-off when making these structures is that the strength and porosity are inversely correlated. A number of adaptations to the sinter/slurry making process have been proposed to address this problem. The current approach proposes another solution, optimization of the particle microstructure. The strength and porosity relationship of battery plaques made from Type 255™ is compared with plaques made with the new powder and it is statistically verified that plaques made from the new powder have an improved combination of structural properties. A comparison of the rheological characteristics of metal powder slurries suggests ways that the new powder can be incorporated into existing processes. Finally, it is shown that properties such as the slurry apparent viscosity can be used as the basis for measuring and predicting the characteristics of particle microstructure that impute these benefits to the sinter/slurry process. An analysis of battery plaques made with the new powder on an industrial battery sinter/slurry production line confirms that the laboratory results are valid.
High-purity NiCo2S4 mesoporous nanosheets prepared through utilizing CS2 as novel sulfur source were fabricated as advanced electrode for electrochemical supercapacitors. Well-defined X-ray diffraction pattern, high specific surface areas and suitable pore size distribution (2∼6nm) were observed for the as-obtained NiCo2S4 sample, demonstrating remarkable electrochemical performances resulting from the porous feature of NiCo2S4 nanosheets that increase the amount of electroactive sites and facilitate the electrolyte penetration. The as-assembled asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) exhibits a high energy density of 25.5Whkg−1 at a power density of 334Wkg−1 and still remains an impressive energy density of 10.8Whkg−1 at a high power density of 8kWkg−1. The outstanding performance of this ASC device will undoubtedly make the mesoporous NiCo2S4 nanosheets attractive for high-performance electrode materials.
The characteristics of polyaniline/graphite composites (PANi/G) have been studied in aqueous electrolyte. PANi/G films with different graphite particle sizes were deposited on a platinum electrode by means of cyclic voltammetry. The film was employed as a positive electrode (cathode) for a Zn-PANi/G secondary battery containing 1.0M ZnCl2 and 0.5M NH4Cl electrolyte at pH 4.0. The cells were charged and discharged under a constant current of 0.6mAcm−2. The assembled battery showed an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.55V. All the batteries were discharge to a cut off voltage of 0.7V. Maximum discharge capacity of the Zn-PANi/G battery was 142.4Ahkg−1 with a columbic efficiency of 97–100% over at least 200 cycles. The mid-point voltage (MPV) and specific energy were 1.14V and 162.3Whkg−1, respectively. The constructed battery showed a good recycleability. The structure of these polymer films was characterized by FTIR and UV–vis spectroscopies. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used as a powerful tool for investigation of charge transfer resistance in cathode material. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed as a morphology indicator of the cathodes.
Toxicity testing of hydrophobic compounds with low aqueous solubility remains challenging. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is widely used as a co-solvent for toxicity testing of hydrophobic chemicals, but it may modulate chemical toxicity patterns. In this study, we critically evaluated the suitability of DMSO as a co-solvent for toxicity testing of hydrophobic organic compounds in aqueous solutions. As the toxicity measure, we used growth inhibition of a natural bacterial community, and the test toxicants included phenol, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) and transformation products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We found that dose-response curves for phenol were unaffected by DMSO concentrations up to 10% (v/v) and that DMSO (5% v/v) did not affect the degree of bacterial growth inhibition for any of the other test compounds in short-term experiments (3.5 h). By contrast, marked co-solvent effects of DMSO were observed in the long-term assay (25 and 27 h). We therefore conclude that DMSO has excellent co-solvent properties for short-term (≤3.5 h) toxicity testing of sparingly water-soluble compounds and its application provides a simple, inexpensive approach for screening of various environmentally relevant hydrophobic chemicals. Importantly, the use of DMSO allows for generation of full dose-responses that may otherwise not be attained.
Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) staining, commonly used to enhance scattering contrast in electron microscopy of biologic tissue and polymer blends, has been adopted for studies of graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries. OsO4 shows a coordinated reaction with components of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and lithium dendrites, thereby increasing material contrast for scanning electron microscopy investigations. Utilizing the high affinity of lithium metal to react with osmium tetroxide it was possible to localize even small lithium deposits on graphite electrodes. In spite of their reaction with the OsO4 fume, the lithium dendrite morphology remains almost untouched by the staining procedure, offering information on the dendrite growth process. Correlating the quantity of osmium detected with the amount of residual (“dead”) lithium of a discharged electrode, it was possible to obtain a practical measure for lithium plating and stripping efficiencies. EDX mappings allowed for a localization of electrochemically stripped lithium dendrites by their residual stained SEI shells. Cross sections, prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) of cycled graphite electrodes treated with OsO4, revealed important information about deposition and distribution of metallic lithium and the electrolyte reduction layer across the electrode.
Using cAMP accumulation as a functional readout, we pharmacologically characterized the response of native melanocortin receptors in cultured rat astrocytes, and found this response to be mediated by the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R). Melancortin agonists stimulate cAMP in a concentration-dependent manner in both astrocytes and human embryonic kidney cells recombinantly expressing rat MC4R (HEK-rMC4R), however, the relative potency and intrinsic activity of both small molecule and peptide agonists are reduced in the native system. As such, the small molecules THIQ, NBI-702 and MB243 display 43, 30 and 18% of the maximal response elicited by α-MSH in astrocytes. Likewise, the peptides MTII and ACTH display 55 and 72% of the maximal response elicited by α-MSH in these cells. In contrast, all of these compounds elicit full agonist responses with similar intrinsic activity to α-MSH in HEK-rMC4R cells. MC4R mRNA was detected in astrocytes, however radioligand binding experiments failed to detect measurable MC4R in astrocyte membranes, in contrast to membranes from HEK-rMC4R cells that display a binding site density of 18.1±1.5fmol/mg. We propose that the divergent observations in functional activity between the cell types reflect differences in receptor expression and that caution should be exercised when interpreting agonist activity in over-expression systems for the purposes of drug discovery.
Adolescent females are disproportionately at risk for depression, which is expected to represent the leading cause of disability in 2030 (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH] 2019). Although prior research has suggested that both child maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy increase the risk for depressive symptoms, less is known about how these two interact to influence depression in late adolescence. The present study tested the unique and interactive effects of adolescent pregnancy and child maltreatment on late-adolescent depressive symptomatology (N = 186) with a prospective, longitudinal design that utilized documented records of maltreatment and included demographically comparable (i.e., economically disadvantaged), nonmaltreated and non-pregnant comparisons. Participants were assessed at ages 10–12 and 18–21. Structural equation modeling was used to test whether adolescent pregnancy amplified the effect of child maltreatment on late-adolescent depressive symptoms. In the context of economic disadvantage, results indicated that the effect of child maltreatment on late-adolescent depressive symptoms was significantly enhanced for those who experienced an adolescent pregnancy. This effect remained after controlling for prior depressive symptoms, peer and maternal relationship quality, and romantic relationship violence. The findings are translated to preliminary guidance for practitioners regarding precision depression screening and tailored preventive interventions.​
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a renewable bio-electrochemical technology which can harvest bioelectricity from wastewater treatment using exoelectrogenic bacteria. The development of nonprecious metal catalysts for enhancing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) based on abundancy is important for MFC. Herein, a rose flower-like nitrogen-doped NiCo2O4/carbon (N-NiCo2O4/C) has been prepared via a facile hydrothermal method and is utilized as an effective cathode electrocatalyst in air cathode MFC. N-NiCo2O4/C has many active sites within the rose flower structure resulting in a power density of 1249.86 mW m−3, which is slightly lower than that of Pt/C (1322.71 mW m−3), and only has a decrease of 2.71% after 50-cycle operation in air cathode MFC. The electrochemical evaluations suggest that the main ORR pathway for N-NiCo2O4/C is a four-electron reduction of oxygen because the synergistic effect among Ni, Co and different N-species (Oxidized-N, Graphitic-N, Pyrrolic-N and Pyridinic-N) contributes to the ORR activity. This work indicates that rose flower-like N-NiCo2O4/C is an efficient functional catalyst presenting an alternative to the costly Pt/C in air cathode MFC.