batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Threatened premature labor (TPL) is a severe obstetric complication which affects the mental and physical health of both the mother and fetus. Family resilience may have protective role against psychological distress in women experiencing these pregnancy complications. There may be resilience related risk factors in TPL women, and interplays may exist among psychological variables and within couples. This study aims to examine psychological outcomes influenced by different levels of resilience, and explore psychological interactions in TPL women, spouses, and between women and spouses.
The influence of electrolyte additives on the thermal stability of graphite anodes in a Li-ion battery has been investigated. The selected additives are: ethyltriacetoxysilane, 1,3-benzoldioxole, tetra(ethylene glycol)dimethylether and vinylene carbonate. These compounds were added in 4% to an electrolyte consisting of 1M LiBF4 ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC) solvent mixture. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the thermal stability. The electrochemical performance was investigated by galvanostatic cycling and the formed solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) was characterised by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) using AlKα and synchrotron radiation (SR). The onset temperature for the thermally activated reactions was found to increase for all electrodes cycled with additives compared to electrodes cycled without additives. The onset temperature increased in the order: no additive < tetra(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether < 1,3-benzoldioxole < ethyl-triacetoxysilane < vinylene carbonate. Features in the PES spectra found to be associated with high onset temperatures for thermally activated reactions are: (i) no discernible graphite peak, (ii) small amount of salt species of the type LiF and Li x BF y O z and (iii) larger amounts of organic compounds preferably with a high oxygen content.
The method of fused deposition modelling has been applied for the preparation of a current collector from a composite of polylactic acid and carbon nano-material. The current collectors are investigated employing IR and Raman spectroscopy. A metal-free supercapacitor has been built on the base of microwave exfoliated graphene oxide electrodes, utilising a graphene oxide membrane as a separator and the current collectors from the polymer-nano-carbon composite. Electrochemical investigations (galvanostatic charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry at various scan rates) have been performed on the supercapacitor.
In this work is described an innovative synthesis route for hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) composed of N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium (or piperidinium) or imidazolium or tetralkylammonium cations and (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide, ((C n F2n+1SO2)(C m F2m+1SO2)N−), anions. This synthesis does not require the use of any environmental unfriendly solvent such as acetone, acetonitrile or halogen-containing compounds, which is not welcome in industrial applications. Only water is used as the process solvent throughout the entire process. In addition, the commonly used iodine-containing reagents were replaced by the cheaper, more chemically stable and less toxic bromine-containing compounds. A particular care was devoted to the development of the purification route, which is especially important for ILs to be used in high-energy electrochemical devices such as high voltage supercapacitors and lithium batteries. The effect of the reaction temperature, the time and the stoichiometry in the various steps of the synthesis have been investigated in detail. This novel procedure allowed obtaining ultrapure (>99.9wt.%), clear, colourless, inodorous ILs with an overall yield above 92wt.% and moisture content below 1ppm. NMR measurements were run to confirm the chemical structure whereas elemental analysis and electrochemical tests were performed to check the purity of the synthesized ILs.
The insertion/extraction of lithium into/from various host materials is the basic process by which lithium-ion batteries reversible store charge. This process is generally accompanied by strain in the host material, inducing stress which can lead to capacity loss. Therefore, understanding of both the structural changes and the associated stress – investigated almost exclusively separate to date – is a critical factor for developing high-performance batteries. Here, we report an in situ method, which utilizes Raman spectroscopy in parallel with optical interferometry to study effects of varying charging rates (C-rates) on the structure and stress in a V2O5 thin film cathode. Abrupt stress changes at specific crystal phase transitions in the LiVO system are observed and the magnitude of the stress changes with the amount of lithium inserted into the electrode are correlated. A linear increase in the stress as a function of x in LixV2O5 is observed, indicating that C-rate does not directly contribute to larger intercalation stress. However, a more rapid increase in disorder within the LixV2O5 layers is correlated with higher C-rate. Ultimately, these experiments demonstrate how the simultaneous stress/Raman in situ approach can be utilized as a characterization platform for investigating various critical factors affecting lithium-ion battery performance.
In this study, we report on novel electroactive magnetic nanospheres for caesium separation and recovery, which is composed of a magnetic Fe3O4 nanosphere and electroactive cupric hexacyanoferrate coating. It is found that such electroactive magnetic Fe3O4@cupric hexacyanoferrate nanospheres show high ion exchange capacity, excellent selectivity, and rapid ion insertion kinetics. The electroactive magnetic Fe3O4@cupric hexacyanoferrate nanospheres can be regenerated by simply switching the potential of the magnetic electrode in a novel electromagnetic coupling regeneration system. Moreover, the capacity of electroactive magnetic Fe3O4@cupric hexacyanoferrate nanospheres towards Cs+ is nearly unchanged after 20 cycles, and a high regeneration efficiency of higher than 98% is maintained in each cycle. These novel electroactive magnetic nanospheres show high ion exchange capacity, excellent selectivity, rapid ion release kinetics, and remarkable electrochemical performance, and the problem of secondary pollution and resource waste is solved. Hence, they used to be a promising alternative to the conventional techniques for caesium ion capture from wastewater.
Cognitive impairment leading to disability is increasingly seen in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). Rehabilitation can alleviate the effects of cognitive impairment upon function. The aim of this paper is to discuss the strategies that have been used in cognitive and neurologic rehabilitation in PLWH.
Using the electrochemical–hydrothermal method, Al-substituted MnO2 materials with α- or γ-structures or mixtures of these phases have been synthesized. The Al-substituted materials are highly disordered and are characterized by a large amount of microtwinning defects compared to non substituted ones synthesized under the same conditions. The effect of the presence of aluminum on the physico-chemical, structural and morphological properties are presented. The presence of AlIII allows obtaining “interconnected nanowires” of Mn1−y Al y O2−δ with very high surface areas. The lithium insertion properties of the Al-substituted γ-MnO2 materials are discussed by comparison to non substituted ones.
In this presentation we describe the preparation of solvent-free solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) by the sol–gel route with the incorporation of controlled quantities of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) into the host matrix. The host framework of these xerogels, designated as di-ureasils and represented by d-U(900), contains oxyethylene oligomers with about 15 repeat units bonded at each end to a siliceous backbone through urea bridging links. Electrolytes were characterized by ionic conductivity measurements, cyclic voltammetry at a gold microelectrode and thermal analysis. The results obtained reveal that these hybrid materials are completely amorphous and exhibit appropriate electrochemical characteristics for a variety of applications.
Measurements of 234Th/238U disequilibria and particle size-fractionated (1, 10, 20, 53, 70, 100μm) organic C and 234Th were made to constrain estimates of the export flux of particulate organic C (POC) from the surface waters of the Ligurian, Tyrrhenian and Aegean Seas in March–June 2004. POC exported from the surface waters (75–100m depth) averaged 9.2mmolm−2 d−1 in the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas (2.3±0.5–14.9±3.0mmolm−2 d−1) and 0.9mmolm−2 d−1 in the Aegean Sea. These results are comparable to previous measurements of 234Th-derived and sediment-trap POC fluxes from the upper 200m in the Mediterranean Sea. Depth variations in the POC/234Th ratio suggest two possible controls. First, decreasing POC/234Th ratios with depth were attributed to preferential remineralization of organic C. Second, the occurrence of maxima or minima in the POC/234Th ratio near the DCM suggests influence by phytoplankton dynamics. To assess the accuracy of these data, the empirical 234Th-method was evaluated by quantifying the extent to which the 234Th-based estimate of POC flux, P POC, deviates from the true flux, F POC, defined as the p-ratio (p-ratio=P POC /F POC=S Th /S POC, where S=particle sinking rate). Estimates of the p-ratio made using Stokes’ Law and the particle size distributions of organic C and 234Th yield values ranging from 0.93–1.45. The proximity of the p-ratio to unity implies that differences in the sinking rates of POC- and 234Th-carrying particles did not bias 234Th-normalized POC fluxes by more than a factor of two.
A micro Newcomen engine is proposed. To overcome the problems of friction and leakage of the micro mechanical parts during engine’s operation, we use a flexible ripple tube to integrate piston and cylinder into one monolithic part. Heptane is used as the working fluid, and it works in the two-phase condition for higher energy output density per thermodynamic cycle. In the experiment, the prototype engine is tested under different operational conditions. It works continuously and generates the net mechanical work of 0.833J per cycle with an efficiency of 2.77% in the maximum. The experimental results prove its feasibility. However, the prototype engine still requires further improvement and optimization for better performance.
Polypyrrole (PPy) and polypyrrole-based gamma aluminum oxide (γ-Al2O3) and gamma iron (III) oxide (γ-Fe2O3) nanocomposites were synthesized via in situ electropolymerization methods Films were characterized via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in situ spectroelectrochemistry methods such as in situ UV–Visible spectroscopy and in situ conductivity measurements. Polymer nanocomposite structures and morphologies were studied and characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to the CV results of the nanocomposites, the separation of anodic and cathodic peak potential of the redox couples (ΔE) exhibited good reversibility with a positive potential shift compared with PPy during redox sweeps. The electrochemical properties of PPy, PPy/γ-Fe2O3, and PPy/γ-Al2O3 nanocomposite electrodes in a solution of H2SO4 were studied via CV, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and EIS measurements to understand the pseudocapacitance that formed due to oxidation and reduction reactions over the double layer capacitance. Results for the nanocomposites revealed that they were very good candidates for supercapacitor applications, with higher specific capacitances, cyclic self-stabilities, and better rate capabilities than those of PPy films. The specific capacitance values of PPy/γ-Fe2O3 (106F/g) and PPy/γ-Al2O3 (92F/g) nanocomposites based on a three-electrode cell configuration from galvanostatic charge–discharge at a constant current density of 1A/g were higher than that for PPy (75F/g).
The physical nature (e.g. crystal size or surface atomic arrangement) of an electrocatalyst is central to the performance of electrochemical devices such as fuel cells and lithium-air batteries. This is particularly true in electrodes for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which involve multiple elementary steps and a substantial energy barrier. As a result, OER and ORR generally are rate-limiting step in electrode reactions. Here, we show Au nanocrystals enclosed by high-index facets (e.g. {310}) are more energetically and kinetically favorable than {111} facets for oxygen reduction in both lithium-air battery and fuel cell conditions. In both systems, the electric potential for oxygen reduction was reduced by 60–160mV and the current increases by more than five times if high-index Au nanocrystals were utilized. These Au nanocrystals were synthesized at a temperature greater than the boiling point of ethylene glycol, the solvent used in this work. This synthetic approach opens a new reproducible route to synthesize nanocrystals with high-index facets because it is facile, rapid, and results in a large-quantity of nanocrystals with control over the size and morphology.
The authors regret that when the above article was printed their affiliations were incorrect. They are now reproduced correctly above.
To improve lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery performance, a new interlayer film of embedded palladium cobalt (Pd3Co) particles is developed. Pd3Co particles on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are synthesized by using a modified polyol method. The synthesis of Pd3Co on MWCNTs is confirmed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The interlayer film is prepared through a filtration method using these powders. Li–S batteries with this interlayer have electrochemical properties superior to those with an MWCNT interlayer (0.2, 0.5, and 2.0 C-rates). At 0.2 and 0.5 C-rates, Pd3Co/MWCNT-interlayer cell achieves a better performance than MWCNT-interlayer cell during 200 cycles. In addition, there is a definite performance difference for 2.0 C-rate during 300 cycles. The discharge capacities for the first and 300 cycles for the MWCNT-interlayer cell are 869 mAh g−1 and 525 mAh g−1, respectively, whereas those for a Pd3Co/MWCNT-interlayer cell are 953 mAh g−1 and 752 mAh g−1, respectively. These improvements are resulted from the catalytic role of Pd3Co, which assists the reaction of polysulfide formation/deformation.
Energy efficiency is a major effecting characteristic of battery-running nodes such as mobile and sensor nodes. In the current demanding scenario, this is the most important requirement that should be catered while designing a protocol for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. A M2M network success and performance upgrade lie in effective reduction of energy consumption that lingers the lifetime of M2M communicating nodes. This paper contributes a survey based on main energy efficiency techniques. The techniques proposed by researchers are classified according to the ISO communication model and into five different main domains those are radio optimization, data reduction, sleep/wake up schemes and battery repletion domains. Energy efficient algorithms are compared and analyzed on the basis of their proposed solution, claimed and plotted the achieved energy saving and on the applicable area on which they aim to target. Proprietary techniques developed specifically for achieving energy efficiency in Machine-Type Communication (MTC) are also explored in this paper. This literature work also provides an overview of future research work, regarding optimization of power consumption in M2M communication ecosystem.
Step-up transformers are exploited to connect large PV plants to the utility network, their sizing being often accomplished only taking into account the PV plant peak power. In the present paper a general design methodology is proposed to optimally select the size of these transformers on the basis of the statistical distribution of the solar irradiation in the selected site and the mathematical model of the plant. It is based on a probabilistic approach based on the evaluation of the so called LPPP (Loss of Produced Power Probability) index. Taking into account full life costs the proposed approach is exploited to find the optimal transformer size for a grid connected 2 MW PV plant located in different geographical sites. Moreover, the effect of the introduction of energy storage systems in the PV plant is also evaluated.
Lithium-rich (Li-rich) cathode materials with different layered-spinel phase ratios are successfully synthesized by solvothermal and gradient calcination processes. The structure and electrochemical performances of the lithium-rich cathode materials with different layered-spinel phase ratios are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), high rate transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), fast Fourier transformation (FFT) and electrochemical charge-discharge measurements. The results show that the calcination time and calcination temperature in gradient calcination processes jointly influence the phase ratios of the layered Li2MnO3 and spinel Li4Mn5O12 in the hybrid structure. Moreover, the spinel phase can lead to an excellent coulombic efficiency and cycle stability, while the layered phase will provide a high capacity. The materials with different layered-spinel phase ratios prepared in different gradient calcination processes show apparently different electrochemical performances, e.g., the maximum discharge capacity of the sample reaches 297mAh/g at 0.1C, it even exhibits high capacity retention of 90.6% after 200 cycles at 0.5C. Furthermore, the temperatures at 750 and 800°C are considered to be the suitable selection for the gradient calcination process. The spinel phase can profitably grow at 750°C, and the layered phase is produced at 800°C.
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells that are subjected to electrical abuse, overcharge and external short-circuit in particular, exhibit a rapid increase in cell temperature that could potentially lead to catastrophic disassembly of the cell. For this reason these cells are integrated or combined with one or more safety components that are designed to restrict or even prevent current flow through the cell under abusive conditions. In this work, the characteristics of these components in several prismatic Li-ion cells are studied by monitoring the impedance (Z) at 1kHz and the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the discharged cells as a function of temperature. All the cells studied were found to use polyethylene-based shutdown (SD) separators that were irreversibly activated within a narrow temperature range between 130 and 135°C. In some cells irreversible cut-off was also provided by a current interrupt device (CID) or a thermal fuse. Both these devices had a circuit-breaker effect, causing the impedance of the cell to rise infinitely and the OCV to drop to zero. In addition to these irreversible cut-off mechanisms, some cells also contained internal or external positive-temperature-coefficient (PTC) devices that could provide current-limiting capability over a very wide temperature range. The interdependence of the thermal behavior of these components on each other and on other thermally dependant processes like cell venting, separator meltdown and weld joint failure are also discussed.
Herein, we report a nano-cylindrical strontium titanate/N-doped graphene (SrTiO3/N-GNS) hybrid composite synthesized by a solvothermal method. The composite material has been explored by various physicochemical and electrochemical characterization techniques. It is found that the nano-cylindrical SrTiO3 nanoparticles with highly crystalline mesoporous structure are consistently present in between as well as on the surface of N-GNS sheets resulted in 3-dimensional continuous structure. The electrochemical investigations reveal that SrTiO3/N-GNS hybrid composite displays excellent electrocatalytic behavior towards simultaneous electro-oxidation of two commonly encountered anti-allergic drugs viz. Diphenhydramine (DPH) and Bromhexine (BRO) in phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 employing adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry. The new application of SrTiO3/N-GNS hybrid as an electrochemical sensor shows wide linear working range from 0.038 to 100.0 μM for DPH and 0.030–90.0 μM for BRO with detection limit of 2.1 and 1.9 nM respectively. Also, the developed sensor manifests adequate recoveries in synthetic pharmaceutical samples and human body fluids. These findings suggest that SrTiO3/N-GNS composite is and could serve as a potential candidate for highly sensitive electrochemical sensing applications.
Y-doped Li2Fe1⿿xYxSiO4/C (x=0, 0.02, 0.04) composites are successfully synthesized via a sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectrometry and UV-visible spectroscopy are used to investigate the effect of yttrium doping on the characteristics of Li2FeSiO4/C. The results show that yttrium (Y) does enter the crystal structure of Li2FeSiO4 and negligibly affect the morphology of the composites as well as the structural properties of the coated carbon. The electrochemical performance is evaluated by galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectra. Li2Fe0.98Y0.02SiO4/C exhibits the best rate capability and cycle stability among the three samples. The enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to its enhanced electronic conductivity, higher lithium ion diffusion coefficient and better structure stability due to the proper amount of Y doping in Fe sites.
An ASPEN Plus based model is presented for an intermediate-temperature solid oxide iron–air redox battery (IT-SOIARB) system. The model shows that the energy efficiency of the system can be as high as 83%. Furthermore, the model is used to determine the factors that affect the energy efficiency of the battery. With air as the working fluid, a heat exchanger and thermal storage unit are included in the battery system to utilize effectively the heat generated from the discharge cycle in the charge cycle. The results show that air utilization (or air mass flow rate) plays a key role in regulating heat flow between the battery components.
In the past decade, many aquatic invasive species have been introduced into Prince Edward Island, Canada, coastal waters, and they have had adverse effects on the aquaculture and fisheries industry. For instance, the mussel aquaculture industry has been overwhelmed by extremely high abundances of the invasive ascidian Styela clava in some areas. To understand and minimize the risk of spread of S. clava to other shellfish aquaculture sites, basic information on the reproductive biology of the ascidian is needed. This study investigated Styela gonad development, larval abundance and recruitment. Gonad development, using histological methods, indicated ovaries were ripe from late June through late October, 2004. Weekly water samples indicated larvae were present from 24 June to 29 October, with a distinct abundance peak in mid-August. Recruitment occurred from 24 June to 21 October. Timing of larval sampling was judged to be a crucial part of evaluating recruitment potential for monitoring purposes and a field experiment was carried out to document spatio-temporal larval concentrations. Data were gathered over 30 h sampling periods on 4 August and 14 September 2004. Water samples were taken simultaneously on an hourly basis at three depths: surface, 2 m and 4 m below the surface. Results indicated peaks in larval abundance were, in most cases, limited to a 3 h time interval in the early afternoon. Larval concentrations increased with water depth.