batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The behavior of the excursion peak in different experimental conditions for lead–tin alloys has been investigated. The appearance of cracks in corrosion layers during the excursion peak formation has been proven with SEM images. These fractures are believed to reveal the metallic lead which undergoes oxidation, causing the generation of the excursion peak. Influence of acid concentration, scan rate and temperature on the peak shape and potential shift was investigated. It has been concluded that the rate of excursion peak generation reaction is lower than the rate of lead dioxide reduction to lead sulfate. Increase in scan rate gives similar effects as decrease in acid concentration. Higher temperature greatly increases the excursion peak size. The tin content in Pb–Sn alloys has been shown to influence the peak, which is the biggest for 1% tin content. Described results have been found to be consistent with the assumed mechanism of corrosion layer cracking.
Binders play a significant role in the electrochemical performance of electrodes in batteries, especially for high-capacity conversion/alloying-type electrodes. However, the effects of binders on the electrochemical performance of the conversion/alloying-type anodes in sodium ion batteries are not widely investigated. In this work, we use SnS2 as a model anode and comparatively investigate the performance of six different types of binders in SnS2 electrodes of sodium ion batteries by half-cell testing. The binders are sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), sodium polyacrylate (PAA-Na), CMC-Na-PAA-Na (1:1, wt%, denoted as PAA-CMC), sodium alginate (ALG-Na), PVDF, PTFE. The PAA-CMC binder electrodes exhibit outstanding cycling and rate performance, delivering a reversible capacity of 400 mAh g−1 at the current density of 100 mA g−1 within 70 cycles. Our results indicate that the binder with a large fraction of carboxylate and hydroxyl groups, which lead to stronger hydrogen bonds and/or covalent chemical bonds with the carbon black and active materials, is advantageous for the electrochemical performances of SnS2 electrodes. The synergistic interactions among the binder and the surface of both the active materials of SnS2 and the conductive additive of ketjen black have been also schematically proposed in this study.
Photovoltaic devices based on BiFeO3 (BFO) materials offer a direct approach for converting light into electricity. However, realizing high voltage in a single BFO photovoltaic device remains challenging. Here, we greatly boost the output voltage of single BFO photovoltaic devices by configuration design, including segmentation number and distance design, for electronic watches. Changes of photoexcited carrier generation and transport are responsible for the promoted output voltage. Based on the single BFO photovoltaic device which generates voltage as high as 1.71 V at the light intensity of 48.7 mW/cm2, a BFO-capacitor-electronic watch has been established. After 240 s photo-charging by the BFO device, a 3300 μF capacitor can sustain the watch continuously working for 1785 s and the operation time of the watch can be increased to 4258 s by replacing capacitors with homemade solid-state Li-ion batteries. This novel configuration design for single BFO photovoltaic devices holds promise for scavenging light energy for various wearable electronics by using ferroelectric photovoltaic devices.
The aim of this study was to investigate memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ten patients with MCI, 11 with AD and a group of age and education matched healthy control participants were assessed on a comprehensive battery of semantic memory tests, including traditional semantic memory measures and a non-verbal test of knowledge of object use. The MCI group was impaired on tests of category fluency and all three conditions of an object knowledge test (matching to recipient, function and action), plus a difficult object-naming test. The mild AD group showed additional impairments on traditional measures of semantic memory, including naming high frequency items, comprehension and semantic association. Together these findings suggest that semantic memory impairments occur early in the course of AD, more specifically in patients with “amnesic” MCI, and provide further evidence that impaired category fluency reflects semantic breakdown.
The Pb–Ca is an age hardening alloy that allows for an increase in the hardness compared to pure lead. The hardening is obtained after different successive ageing transformations. In addition, this hardening is followed by an overageing which induces a softening. The ageing and overageing transformation mechanisms are now well identified in lead–calcium alloys. In this paper, we propose to represent the domain of stability of each transformation via time–temperature-transformation diagrams for a calcium concentration from 600 to 1280ppm and in a range of temperatures from −20 to 180°C. These diagrams are constructed with the data obtained by in situ ageing with metallographic observations, hardness and electrical resistance measurements. The specificities of lead–calcium such as its fast ageing at ambient temperature and its overageing over time required the design of specific devices to be able to identify the characteristics of these alloys.
The possibility of teaching communication strategies and the feasibility of incorporating them into school syllabi have been a controversial issue. In the current study, 60 Iranian students were divided into two thirty-member classes; then two different textbooks, one with specific CS and the other without them, were chosen to be taught in the classes. At the end of a four-month teaching period, oral and written examinations were held for both classes and the results were compared. The study’s findings confirmed that teaching communication strategies is pedagogically effective, that interactional strategies are more effectively and extensively used, that communication strategies are conducive to language learning, and that language teaching materials with communication strategies are more effective than those without them.
Rechargeable lithium-oxygen (Li–O2) battery has triggered tremendous attention as a promising candidate power source for portable electronics and light vehicles. Until now, a critical scientific challenge facing Li–O2 battery is the high charge overpotential due to the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the oxygen electrode, which results in low energy efficiency and poor cyclability. Here, we demonstrated that nitrogen-doped single layer graphene shell encapsulating non-precious metal Co can be used as a highly efficient catalyst for Li–O2 batteries. The catalyst showed significantly enhanced OER catalytic activity, with a charge overpotential of 0.58V, which was remarkably lower compared with the corresponding N-free graphene encapsulating metal, metal oxide and metal-free carbon materials. DFT calculations revealed that the nitrogen dopants and enclosed metal clusters can synergistically modulate the electronic properties of the graphene surface, resulting in a dramatic reduction of the overpotentials. This study provides the possibility of the rational non-precious metal electrocatalysts designing for Li–O2 batteries.
The performance of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is strongly affected by electrode polarization losses, which are related to the composition and the microstructure of the porous materials. A model that can decouple the effects associated to the geometrical arrangement, shape and size of the particles together with material distribution on one side and the material properties on the other can give a relevant improvement in the understanding of the underlying processes. A porous mixed ionic–electronic conducting (MIEC) cathode was reconstructed by a tomography technique based on focused ion beam coupled with scanning electronic microscope (FIB/SEM). The detailed geometry of the microstructure is here used for 3D calculations of the electrochemical processes in the electrode. In addition, the area specific resistance (ASR cat ) of the reconstructed porous cathode is calculated as a performance index. To this aim we have developed a model based on the finite element method (FEM), which numerical solution requires the use of high performance computing techniques (HPC) because of the detailed geometry. In this work we show the comparison of the 3D microstructure model with a well established 1D averaged model.
Layered metastable lithium manganese oxides, Li2/3[Ni1/3−x Mn2/3−y M x+y ]O2 (x = y =1/36 for M=Al, Co, and Fe and x =2/36, y =0 for M=Mg) were prepared by the ion exchange of Li for Na in P2-Na2/3[Ni1/3−x Mn2/3−y M x+y ]O2 precursors. The Al and Co doping produced the T#2 structure with the space group Cmca. On the other hand, the Fe and Mg doped samples had the O6 structure with space group R-3m. Electron diffraction revealed the 1:2 type ordering within the Ni1/3−x Mn2/3−y M x+y O2 slab. It was found that the stacking sequence and electrochemical performance of the Li cells containing T#2-Li2/3[Ni1/3Mn2/3]O2 were affected by the doping with small amounts of Al, Co, Fe, and Mg. The discharge capacity of the Al doped sample was around 200mAhg−1 in the voltage range between 2.0 and 4.7V at the current density of 14.4mAg−1 along with a good capacity retention. Moreover, for the Al and Co doped and undoped oxides, the irreversible phase transition of the T#2 into the O2 structure was observed during the initial lithium deintercalation.
Over the last years issues regarding both the use and the improvement of energy management in electric vehicles have been highlighted by industry and academic fields. Some of the research has been focused on exploiting the ultracapacitor characteristics and on protecting the battery life. From this standpoint, this paper proposes an advanced energy management system based on the adequate discharge of the ultracapacitor bank in order to utilize all the energy available from the regenerative breaking. In this way, the energy consumption is reduced and the electric vehicle range is increased. This strategy, based on simple rules, takes advantage of the high power density of the ultracapacitor and prevents an overstress of the battery. The benefits are featured using three standard drive cycles for a 1550 kg electric vehicle via simulations.
Electrochemical reduction of oxygen is the heart of the next-generation energy technologies to fuel cells and metal-air batteries, of which the reference catalysts suffer from two critical bottlenecks lying in their insufficient electroactivities and unclear active site structures. Herein, we introduce the effectively hierarchically porous carbons (HPCs) as the active-sites enriched platform for oxygen electroreduction. Three quaternized copolymers (PUB, PAADDA and PICP) with different chemical structures are used to pursue Fe/N/S-tailored ORR electrocatalysts. The most efficient one prepared by PAADDA gives the onset potential of 0.94 V and a half-wave potential of 0.85 V in basic solution, as well as superb electroactivities of low H2O2% and high electron transfer number in both alkaline and acidic medium. Surprisingly, they all display high discharge power density as applied to Zn-air fuel cells, and the HPCs-PAADDA catalyst thrillingly reaches 516.3 mW cm−2 when catalyst loading is optimized to 5.0 mg cm−2. The results elucidate that the polymer with long aliphatic chain is propitious to trap metals to create active sites and enwrap silica template to construct uniform pore structure. Only two kinds of nitrogen configuration (pyridinic-N and graphitic-N) are found with distinct structure in these HPCs, which happens to be active sites.
Pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) are a valuable tool for estimating mortality of pelagic fishes released from commercial and recreational fishing gears. However, the high cost of PSATs limits sample sizes, resulting in low-precision post-release mortality estimates with little management applicability. We evaluate the performance of a lower-cost PSAT designed to enable large-scale post-release mortality studies. The tag uses solar rather than battery power, does not include a depth sensor, and transmits daily summaries of light and temperature data rather than high-resolution habitat profiles, contributing to a substantially lower per-unit price. We assessed the tag’s ability to detect mortality while also estimating the post-release mortality of juvenile (119–< 185 cm) Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) caught using light-tackle angling methods along the US east coast.
A group of standard nickel electrodes were evaluated at different test temperatures and in different electrolyte concentrations. These production quality electrodes came from different backgrounds in terms of number of charge/discharge cycles, cycling temperature, electrolyte concentration, and cobalt level in the active material. The results of the matrix of tests using the flooded utilization (FU) technique demonstrated that capacity gains are available when cycling at lower temperatures and when higher concentrations of KOH are used as the electrolyte. Electrochemical voltage spectroscopy (EVS) scans were also taken for the complete matrix of tests. Since the cycling conditions used in the FU technique are much closer to those in actual cell cycling tests, they will be emphasized in this study in regard to the capacity trends. Comparative EVS scans were helpful in displaying the shifting potentials of the charging peaks of the active material relative to the oxygen evolution characteristics of these electrodes. The voltage span between the potential at which the active material is charged and the potential at which the co-evolution of oxygen becomes a significant parallel reaction determines the charging efficiency for the recharge step and is the root cause of the differences in useable electrode capacity.
Understanding the extracellular electron transport pathways in cyanobacteria is a major factor towards developing biophotovoltaics. Stressing cyanobacteria cells environmentally and then probing changes in physiology or metabolism following a significant change in electron transfer rates is a common approach for investigating the electron path from cell to electrode. However, such studies have not explored how the cells’ concurrent morphological adaptations to the applied stresses affect electron transfer rates. In this paper, we establish a ratio to quantify this effect in mediated systems and apply it to Synechococcus elongatus sp. PCC7942 cells grown under different nutritional regimes.
Behavioral effects of a hydroalcoholic (60% ethanol) extract from the leaves of Salvia elegans Vahl (Lamiaceae) were studied in male Sprague–Dawley rats. The extract was administered intraperitoneally and its effects on spontaneous motor activity (total motility, locomotion, rearing and grooming behavior) were monitored. Putative anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of Salvia elegans were studied in the elevated plus-maze test (EPM) and in the forced swimming test (FST), respectively. Deleterious effects of Salvia elegans on learning and memory were also studied by using active and passive avoidance paradigms. The results revealed that all doses (3.12, 12.5, 25 and 50mg/kg) of the extract caused a significant decrease in total motility, locomotion, rearing and grooming behavior. Only the dose of 12.5mg/kg increased the exploration of the EPM open arms in a similar way to that of diazepam (1mg/kg). In the FST, all doses of the extract induced a reduction of immobility, in a similar way to that of fluoxetine (10mg/kg) and imipramine (12.5mg/kg), along with a significant increase in the time spent in swimming behavior. Acquisition of active avoidance responses was disrupted by pre-treatment with the extract, but retention of a passive avoidance response was not significantly modified. These results suggest that some of the components of the hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia elegans have psychotropic properties, which deserve further investigation.
The electrification of residential energy demand for heating and transportation is expected to increase peak load and require additional generation and transmission capacities. Electrification also provides an opportunity to increase demand response. With a focus on household electricity consumption, we analyse the contribution of appliances and new services, such as individual heat pumps and electric vehicles, to peak consumption and the need for demand response incentives to reduce the peak. Initially, the paper presents a new model that represents the hourly electricity consumption profile of households in Denmark. The model considers hourly consumption profiles for different household appliances and their contribution to annual household electricity consumption. When applying the model to an official scenario for annual electricity consumption, assuming non-flexible consumption due to a considerable introduction of electric vehicles and individual heat pumps, household consumption is expected to increase considerably, especially peak hour consumption is expected to increase. Next the paper presents results from a new experiment where household customers are given economic and/or environmental incentives to shift consumption to or away from specified hours. The experiment focuses on the present classic consumption and shows that household customers do react to incentives, but today the flexibility of the classic consumption is limited. Considering electric vehicles and individual heat pumps, for an individual household, the consumption of each of these technologies roughly doubles the household’s consumption and considerably increases their potential for flexibility. Thus, in order to introduce incentives for demand flexibility, while considering reducing peak consumption, policy makers should initially focus on households that have a heat pump and/or an electric vehicle.
The rate capability of a Li4Ti5O12 (LTO)-based anode in a lithium ion battery can be easily improved by electron beam (EB) irradiation without the need for complicated synthetic procedures. The electrode prepared with EB-irradiated LTO at a 50 kGy dose has an enhanced rate capability while retaining a discharge capacity of 100 mAh g−1, even at the 20 C-rate. The effect of EB irradiation on the properties of the anode materials (i.e., LTO, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), super P carbon) is examined in detail through systematic experiments. Both LTO and PVDF are affected by EB irradiation and dependent on the exposed electron dose, but super P is affected negligibly. EB irradiation partially reduces LTO with forming Tix+ (2 < x < 4) which is attributed to the enhanced electrical conductivity. EB irradiation causes dehydrofluorination and cross-linking in PVDF, resulting in the formation of carbon–carbon double bonds. The conjugated structure of PVDF is formed by the further dehydrofluorination during mixing with LTO via ball-milling, and this is accelerated in the presence of EB-PVDF. This conjugated structure enhances the electrical conductivity and is responsible for the improved rate capability.
Intranasal insulin is a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disease shown to increase cerebral glucose uptake, reduce amyloid plaques, and improve verbal memory in cognitively impaired as well as healthy adults. Investigations have suggested rapid-acting insulins such as glulisine may result in superior cognitive benefits compared with regular insulin.
Manganese–cobalt–zinc oxide films are deposited on graphite foils by a dry process, simpler one-step radio frequency sputtering with different substrate treatment temperatures and bias potential. The best long-term operational stability (only reduce about 7% specific capacitance at the 8000th cycle of potential cycling) and good specific capacitance are obtained at a substrate treatment temperature of 200°C and without substrate bias potential. Furthermore, the lower the substrate treatment temperature, the better the stability. Moreover, the specific capacitance of the manganese–cobalt–zinc oxide electrode decreases with increasing substrate bias potential.
First principal calculations made with the “Ether” code appeared pessimistic when compared with results for batteries with a duration from 50s upwards. Subsequent examination into the reason for this confirmed that “Ether” predictions were correct in themselves, however a significant self-heating effect was necessarily taking place, this being reinforced by treatment of all the available information. The challenge for improved thermal battery modeling was then to determinate pertinent laws for this effect and to obtain accurate measurements of the phenomenon itself. An experimental method was used where the results obtained from reusable clamp stacks were subjected to mathematical treatment using “Ether”. This has been successfully carried out in two similar cases and has clearly confirmed the premises: in these cases, the addition of a constant 400W(kg of cells)−1 internal heat generation allows for a close matching between numerical and experimental results globally, up to the exhaustion of the electrochemically active products. Correlative on the electrochemical side, when compared to single-cell tests, extended self-discharge clearly takes place in clamp stacks. Thermal batteries modeling – which has already been very useful for years – progresses toward best and appears on the way to make accurate predictions through deep physical knowledge, although there is still significant work to do.
This communication reports the first experimental evidence of an interesting change of transport properties, and particularly of electron conductivity, during the Na+ insertion/extraction process in Na2Ti3O7 negative electrodes. Probed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, for 0.0 ≤ x < 1.4 in Na2+xTi3O7 the material exhibits insulator behaviour, the bulk electronic conductivity being the limiting factor in the insertion process. After further Na+ insertion, the material becomes electronic conductor and at around 0.13 V vs. Na+/Na the rate of interfacial charge-transfer becomes the limiting factor. The observed conductivity transition is reversible upon cycling. Additionally, this impedance study sheds new light on the solid electrolyte interphase layer performance which is found to be unstable upon electrochemical cycling and negatively contributes on the capacity fading observed for this electrode material.
Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the early research conducted on isoenzymes. By 1959, Markert and Moller had demonstrated the presence of isoenzymes in various tissues using an overlay method after zone electrophoresis in starch gels. In 1960, Elliot Vesell, in the Rockefeller laboratory of Alexander Bearn, conducted research on separating the LDH isoenzymes electrophoretically by starch gel electrophoresis and then directly visualizing the enzyme in the gel. Kaplan established his laboratory at Brandeis University in 1950s and worked on enzymes that required nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a co-factor. The Kaplan Laboratory actively synthesized analogues of NAD, and found that the ratio of enzymatic activity with NAD and its various analogues was a very sensitive measure of the differences of various dehydrogenases (especially LDH) in different species and in different organs. This chapter discusses about the discovery that demonstrated that lophurae LDH had an exceptionally high affinity for the acetylpyridine analogue of NAD. The GOGAT reaction is discussed. This reaction produces two molecules of glutamate that can yield, via GDH, two NADPH that can in turn serve as an electron source for the antioxidative enzymes glutathione reductase (GR) and thioredoxin reductase.