batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The absence of a direct, long-term measure of individual Steller sea lion survival led to the development of implanted, delayed transmission satellite tags specifically for this species (Life History Transmitter, LHX). To assess possible effects of implant procedures and LHX tags, we undertook a two-stage approach to monitor: 1) immediate physiological response under controlled conditions in temporary captivity, and 2) post-release movement and dive behavior via externally mounted satellite data recorders (SDR). Six juvenile sea lions were monitored up to 8 weeks post-implant for physiological indications of post-surgical effects. Overall, mass, body condition and blood parameters did not change during the study period. There was limited white blood cell elevation and acute-phase reaction in the first 2 weeks post-implant. During the 3 months of post-release tracking, all sea lions returned to their respective capture haul-outs. Shorter and shallower dives during the first week post-release suggested a possible recovery period similar to other non-LHX individuals released from temporary captivity. For all subsequent weeks, dive depth, duration, frequency and dispersal distances of LHX animals were comparable to free-ranging individuals. All physiological and behavioral responses noted were temporary in nature, supporting LHX implantation as a viable alternative for long-term survival monitoring of free-ranging sea lions.
Benefiting from the ultrahigh specific surface area, tunable pore size, and abundant surface functionality, biomass derived carbons (BC) are thriving as promising conductive matrices to host sulfur for LiS battery cathodes. Unfortunately, pristine BC still suffers from awful cycling performance rooted in their limited physical/chemical adsorption ability towards polysulfide. Herein, we proposed to construct Nickel Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxides (NiAl-LDH) fences coated on H3PO4 activated BC (PAB) as an efficient sulfur host. The decorated NiAl-LDH fences could efficiently reinforce both chemical adsorption and physical confinement effects on polysulfides, and render as an electrocatalyst to significantly boost the redox reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the DFT simulation has been employed to illustrate enhanced interaction forces towards polysulfides. As a result, the prepared NiAl@PAB/S cell exhibits an improved performance of 1216.3 mAh g−1 initially at 0.2C (1C = 1672 mAh g−1), excellent cycling stability during 300 cycles at 1 C (0.13% decay rate per cycle), and superior rate capability up to 3 C (614.2 mAh g−1). This work provides a cost-efficient and effective method to significantly improve the overall performance of porous-carbon-based LiS battery cathode.
Feasibility of AlCl3-based acetamide and urea deep-eutectic solvents as well as EMImCl ionic liquid as electrolyte for rechargeable Aluminium/air cell was evaluated under half-cell and full-cell conditions under ultra-dry atmosphere. Half-cell measurements revealed satisfactory activity of all studied electrolytes for Aluminium stripping/deposition with a certain disparity in overpotential and stability. Evaluation at Pt and more especially determination of ORR onset potential was not straightforward. Nonetheless, all systems exhibited a suitable activity and cycling ability under full-cell conditions. Current and energy efficiencies of 84% and 56% were calculated during first 15 charge/discharge Al/air cycles at 100 μA cm−2 for 3 h each in acetamide electrolyte, respectively. Since theoretical reversible electrolyte capacity was evaluated to approximately 28 mAh, only 2.5% of theoretical capacity was able to be cycled.
On hybrid vehicle applications, batteries must work in a rather low state of charge (SOC), in order to be able to recover as much of the regenerative braking energy as possible. Usually SOC values around 60% are used, which promotes the development of new unexpected failure modes not previously found, mainly associated with heavy sulphation of the negative plates. In order to try to optimise the cycle life performance to the point of making these batteries a real alternative for the application of hybrid vehicles, a series of tests have been undertaken, aimed to optimise the key parameters that from previous experience are known to determine life duration in high rate low state of charge (HRPSOC) conditions. Previous works have been focused on trying to determine the optimum composition of positive and negative active material, concerning paste density in the positive, and additives in negative. In order to overcome the deleterious effect of heavy sulphation in negative plates on cycle life, the use of conductivity enhancers additives such as graphite has been proposed. The objective of this project is to optimize the performance of the glass microfiber separators, in order to maintain a high degree of compression in the group, as well as to avoid acid stratification and development of short circuits along the battery life. To do this, different glass microfiber separators with inert additives, as well as different fiber composition have been tested. Results obtained up to now, indicate a remarkable good performance of the VRLA batteries with the new separators containing very fine fiberglass and silica fillers as an additive.
The Internet of Things (IoT), coupled with advanced analytics, is poised to revolutionize manufacturing maintenance and efficiency. However, a practical route to powering these many IoT devices remains unclear. In this work, flexible thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are fabricated from low cost, screen printed silver and nickel inks before being integrated into a novel form factor device based on commercial steam pipe insulation. Through optimization of internal resistances and total device design, this 420-junction TEG device produces 308µW of power at a temperature difference of 127K. This is sufficient to power a temperature sensing circuit with wireless communication capabilities. In this report we demonstrate that, after an initial 4 h of charging, this TEG can power a standard RFduino microcontroller for 10 min while sending temperature readings every 30 s via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to a cell phone. Additional optimization and scaling could further increase system efficiency and provide a viable route to powering an industrial wireless sensing network (WSN).
High performance lithium ion conducting Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolytes are prepared for the first time by field assisted sintering technology (FAST). The effect of sintering temperature on the phase compositions, microstructure and Li ionic conductivity is systematically investigated. The results show that pure cubic phase LLZO can be obtained at a range of temperatures from 1100 to 1180 °C for no more than 10 min. For the sample sintered at 1150 °C, a maximum relative density of 99.8% with a total ionic conductivity as high as 5.7 × 10−4 S cm−1 are obtained at room temperature. This value is the highest among the present research. Compared with the traditional preparation methods, the current FAST is very promising to obtain high performance LLZO for its advantages of very short sintering time, a single preparation step of reaction-densification processing, and relatively lower sintering temperature.
The objective of the study was to determine the cognitive abilities of cut-to-length single-grip timber harvester operators and operator students. The study focused in more detail on their visuospatial abilities, which have grown in importance in previous psychological studies and are congruent with the demand description of modern harvester work. The visuospatial abilities of six professional harvester operators and 40 operator students were tested using psychological tests. The findings of the study confirmed that comprehensive perception, wide use of memory functions, non-verbal deduction, spatial perception, coordination, concentration and motivation are characteristics of a productive operator. The most productive operators did not possess any superior abilities and, therefore, the most important attribute appears to be a good mastering of different kinds of abilities. The correlation between speed tests and productivity was low, which indicates that speed is not the most essential element to increase productivity. A good harvester's steering abilities can be explained by comprehensive work planning and schemas. Relevance to industry When selecting new harvester operators using psychological tests, the test battery should widely evaluate the following abilities: comprehensive perception, wide use of memory functions, non-verbal deduction, spatial perception, coordination, concentration and motivation. This study also provides information for harvester operator teachers to design exercises to practice harvester operating skills.
Difluoro(oxalato)borate (ODFB−) is a less symmetric borate anion, which makes it possible to increase the solubility of tetraethylammonium (TEA+) salt in propylene carbonate (PC) and improve the capacitance of electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). The use of TEAODFB with PC solvent in EDLCs was investigated in the paper. The results show that TEAODFB has good solubility in PC, and the conductivity is comparable to TEABF4/PC electrolyte. When the molar concentration of TEAODFB reaches to 1.6M, the TEAODFB/PC electrolyte has superior conductivity of 14.46mScm−1 and good capacitor characteristics. Despite the less accessible to the electrode and low energy density was achieved, the specific capacitance of 1.6M TEAODFB/PC electrolyte is 21.4Fg−1 at 1Ag−1, and the energy density and power density were comparable to 1M TEABF4/PC electrolyte at 1–5Ag−1. Temperature characteristic was also tested by 3.3F circular capacitors from −40 to 60°C, the result demonstrates that capacitors using 1.6M TEAODFB/PC electrolyte show much higher capacitance and energy density at the investigated temperatures, and the discharge capacitance of capacitors using 1.6M TEAODFB/PC electrolyte varies with the temperature less than that of 1M TEABF4/PC electrolyte.
A cascade nitrile compound ([CH2N(CH2CH2CN)2]2, ED4CN) made by addition of acrylonitrile to alkyldiamine (1,2-diaminoethane), has been used as a plasticizer for solid polymer electrolytes. The ionic conductivity of a polymer electrolyte using this type of plasticizer in polyethylene oxide (PEO)– and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)–LiClO4 complex was measured. Addition of ED4CN to PEO-based electrolytes did not enhance the conductivity of them. However, interaction between ED4CN and lithium ions in the complex was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The peak assigned to the stretching vibration of nitrile group in ED4CN shifted to high-energy side. The shift indicated that the nitrile groups interacted with the lithium ions in the PEO-based electrolytes. Conductivity enhancement was observed in the PAN-based electrolytes containing ED4CN. Conductivity of the electrolyte containing ED4CN was about 10 or 23 times larger than that of the electrolyte without ED4CN. Addition of ED4CN to a PAN–LiClO4 electrolyte decreases the glass transition temperature of the complexes. Conductivity enhancement of the PAN-based electrolyte with ED4CN containing lithium salt in high concentration was also confirmed. Other low molecular weight additives, tetraethylsulfamide (TESA) and a cascade nitrile compound, ([CH2CH2N(CH2CH2CN)2]2, TE4CN) were also used and their possibility for a conducting enhancer of PAN-based electrolytes was tested. TESA was effective; however, TE4CN was inactive for a conductance enhancer of the PAN-based electrolytes.
The porous carbon felt electrode is one of the major components of all-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). These electrodes are necessarily compressed during stack assembly to prevent liquid electrolyte leakage and diminish the interfacial contact resistance among VRFB stack components. The porous structure and properties of carbon felt electrodes have a considerable influence on the electrochemical reactions, transport features, and cell performance. Thus, a numerical study was performed herein to investigate the effects of electrode compression on the charge and discharge behavior of VRFBs. A three-dimensional, transient VRFB model developed in a previous study was employed to simulate VRFBs under two degrees of electrode compression (10% vs. 20%). The effects of electrode compression were precisely evaluated by analysis of the solid/electrolyte potential profiles, transfer current density, and vanadium concentration distributions, as well as the overall charge and discharge performance. The model predictions highlight the beneficial impact of electrode compression; the electronic conductivity of the carbon felt electrode is the main parameter improved by electrode compression, leading to reduction in ohmic loss through the electrodes. In contrast, the kinetics of the redox reactions and transport of vanadium species are not significantly altered by the degree of electrode compression (10% to 20%). This study enhances the understanding of electrode compression effects and demonstrates that the present VRFB model is a valuable tool for determining the optimal design and compression of carbon felt electrodes in VRFBs.
Novel Electrostatic Spray Deposition (ESD) technique was used to fabricate LiMn2O4 spinel thin-films. Cyclic voltammograms of both the ESD and porous laminate films show the double peaks in the 4.0 V range characteristic of the LiMn2O4 spinel materials. The porous laminates exhibit two semicircles in the impedance spectra while the ESD films show only one single semicircle. The diffusion time constant in the laminate films was typically one order of magnitude larger than that in the ESD thin-films. The apparent lithium-ion chemical diffusion coefficient in LiMn2O4 was found to be of the order of 10−9 cm2/s for both the porous laminate film and the ESD films despite the difference in the diffusion time constants.
The production of electricity through the development of photovoltaic technology, coupled with low maintenance costs and long service life, has making, despite the high initial investment, energy generation through photovoltaic plants to be attractive. Considering the vehicle to be used seven days a week, the return on investment is approximately six years, on the other side, the service life of the photovoltaic system is 25 years, which makes it an attractive investment. It is necessary, from the government, an incentive for the production of electric vehicles and a reduction on tax and importation duties.
Pico-PV is an excellent technology for bringing electric light to rural areas in the developing world and replacing kerosene lanterns and candles. However, as pico-PV is a comparatively new technology, relatively little is known about appropriate methods for sustainable product development and deployment. For this reason current dissemination methods are often ineffective and unsustainable. This research aims to help project developers deploy pico-PV technologies successfully and in a sustainable manner. To achieve this, a conceptual framework of key sustainability criteria along the value chain was developed and tested. The analysis revealed that the most important criteria for the sustainable deployment of pico-PV systems are: (a) easy and safe operation of the product; (b) that a system for product return is established; (c) the retailer understands the target market and (d) the end-user is aware of the product's existence and its benefits. This research reveals that criteria (b) and (c) are of greatest concern. In light of these findings, the authors propose to focus on the following five factors; namely: (a) raising awareness for certification and creating market reassurance; (b) introducing support mechanisms to facilitate local repair; (c) using existing supply channels and establishing in-country (dis)assembly; (d) introducing financial support mechanisms at product supply stages and; (e) undertaking marketing campaigns.
A wide variety of analytical methods are used for studying the behavior of lithium-ion batteries and particularly the lithium ion distribution in the electrodes. However, the development of in situ/operando techniques proved powerful to understand the mechanisms responsible for the lithium trapping and then the aging phenomenon. Herein, we report the design of an electrochemical cell to profile operando lithium concentration in LiFePO4 electrodes using Ion Beam Analysis techniques. The specificity of the cell resides in its ability to not only provide qualitative information about the elements present but above all to measure quantitatively their content in the electrode at different states of charge of the battery. The nuclear methods give direct information about the degradation of the electrolyte and particularly reveal inhomogeneous distributions of lithium and fluorine along the entire thickness of the electrode. Higher concentrations of fluorine is detected near the electrode/electrolyte interface while a depletion of lithium is observed near the current collector at high states of charge.
To improve the coulombic efficiency of GeO2 electrode, a Cu-containing ternary metal oxide (CuGeO3) was prepared and the electrochemical behavior of Cu component was studied. The GeO2 electrode shows a low coulombic efficiency in the first cycle (43%), which is mainly caused by a poor Ge oxidation kinetics (Ge+2Li2O→GeO2 +2Li+ +2e−). The X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data illustrate that the Cu component in CuGeO3 is converted to nano-sized metallic Cu in the earlier stage of lithiation but idles thereafter. In contrast, the Ge component in CuGeO3 behaves like the GeO2 electrode. It is converted to nano-sized Ge by a conversion reaction and further lithiated by alloying reaction. The de-lithiation proceeds in the reverse order. The CuGeO3 electrode shows a much improved coulombic efficiency (74%) in the first cycle, which is indebted to a facilitated Ge oxidation with a much reduced electrode polarization. This feature has been explained by the favorable roles provided by the in situ generated nano-sized metallic Cu particles that make such an intimate contact with the nano-sized Ge and Li2O that they can catalyze Li2O decomposition and provide an electronic conductive network for Ge oxidation. A similar favorable effect was observed with the other ternary oxides (FeGeO3 and CoGeO3), wherein the formation of nano-sized metallic Fe and Co can be assumed.
The Ni12P5 hollow nanocapsule structure is synthesized adopting a facile one-pot hydrothermal method without any templates. The size of the obtained Ni12P5 nanocapsules is about 20nm, and the wall thickness is about 3nm. The XPS spectra of Ni12P5 samples were measured to identify the surface chemical composition and valence states. Oxygen evolution reaction results show that the onset overpotential of Ni12P5 is 290mV and clearly demonstrates the Tafel slope of 49.8mVdec−1. Meanwhile, the Ni12P5 nanocapsules show excellent electrochemical properties with specific capacitance of 949Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 and 81% of the initial value after cycles. Excellent electrochemical performances demonstrate that the nickel phosphide from a facile synthesis strategy could be a candidate for high performance energy storage and conversion.
Musk ketone (3,5-dinitro-2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butyl-acetophenone) was evaluated in an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Male and female mice were dosed with 250, 500 or 1000 mg musk ketone/kg body weight by a single intraperitoneal injection in corn oil. Results of the assay showed that under the conditions of this test evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 h after dosing, musk ketone did not induce a significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in either male or female mice at any dose or any time period. Musk ketone was considered to be negative in the mouse in vivo micronucleus test as well as in a battery of previously published in vitro genotoxicity tests. Based on the total weight of evidence available, it was concluded that musk ketone does not have significant potential to act as a genotoxic carcinogen.
This paper proposes a new methodology to enable high penetration of photovoltaic (PV) generation in low voltage (LV) distribution networks by using shared battery storage and variable tariffs. The battery installed at customer premises is shared between customers and local distribution network operators (DNOs) to achieve two goals-minimizing energy costs for customers and releasing distribution network constraints for DNOs. The two objectives are realised through a new concept - “charging envelope”, which dynamically allocates storage capacity between customers and the DNO. Charging envelope first reserves a portion of storage capacity for network operator’s priority to mitigate network problems caused by either thermal or voltage limit violation in order to defer or even reduce network investment. Then, the remaining capacity is used by customers to respond to energy price variations to facilitate in-home PV penetration. Case study results show that the concept can provide an attractive solution to realise the dual conflicting objectives for network operators and customers. The proposed concept has been adopted by the Western Power Distribution (UK) in a smart grid demonstration project SoLa Bristol.
Performance of reaction time (RT) tasks was investigated in young children and adults to test the hypothesis that age-related differences in processing speed supersede a “global” mechanism and are a function of specific differences in task demands and processing requirements. The sample consisted of 54 4-year-olds, 53 5-year-olds, 59 6-year-olds, and 35 adults from Russia. Using the regression approach pioneered by Brinley and the transformation method proposed by Madden and colleagues and Ridderinkhoff and van der Molen, age-related differences in processing speed differed among RT tasks with varying demands. In particular, RTs differed between children and adults on tasks that required response suppression, discrimination of color or spatial orientation, reversal of contingencies of previously learned stimulus–response rules, and greater stimulus–response complexity. Relative costs of these RT task differences were larger than predicted by the global difference hypothesis except for response suppression. Among young children, age-related differences larger than predicted by the global difference hypothesis were evident when tasks required color or spatial orientation discrimination and stimulus–response rule complexity, but not for response suppression or reversal of stimulus–response contingencies. Process-specific, age-related differences in processing speed that support heterochronicity of brain development during childhood were revealed.
Trimethyl borate (TMB) and triethyl borate (TEB) are used as film-forming electrolyte additives for high voltage Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO) cathode. DFT calculation and initial charge curve of LNMO reveal that the oxidation activity of TEB is higher than that of TMB. Addition of 2% TMB and 2% TEB effectively improve the capacity retention of high voltage LNMO from 23.4% to 85.3% and 72.6% after 600 cycles, respectively. The film generated in TMB-containing electrolyte shows better ability on suppressing the LNMO shedding in comparison with that of TEB, resulting in higher capacity retention of LNMO in TMB-containing electrolyte at high voltage. The superior performance of LNMO with TMB-containing electrolyte should be ascribed to its less intense film-forming reaction which generates a denser protective surface film on LNMO surface. However, why LNMO shows catalyzation effect on TEB oxidation but not on TMB is unclear, which needs further intensive investigation.