batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
With good energy storage characteristics, lithium-ion battery electrodes become promising nano-energy storage systems for renewable energy vehicles. However, during the charging and discharging of an electrode system, deformation and degradation may occur, causing battery and material failure that seriously affect the cycling performance and service life of a battery. This is a challenge for the application of lithium batteries in the electric vehicle field. This paper describes the nano-energy system models of different electrode structures and the failure characterization mechanisms during the process of charging and discharging. Moreover, it reviews the new development in the cycling performance evolution and experiment theory, and it analyzes the new research results of Si–C electrode failure. Additionally, this paper addresses the low utilization rate, poor cycling performance and low energy capacity problems associated with lithium batteries. Furthermore, it discusses the highlights, challenges and future direction of lithium batteries and the optimal design technologies that are providing support for the research of lithium battery technologies and development in the energy storage industry. It also reveals the energy system model, nanoscale defects of evolution rules and performance degradation mechanisms according to the failure characterization of nano-structures. Finally, it evaluates the operating mechanism, failure process and engineering application of silicon–carbon–lithium electrode systems.
In this work, macroporous Si alloy anodes were manufactured using polystyrene (PS) spheres as a pore-forming agent. The PS spheres were easily eliminated by heat treatment, and the porosity and pore size of the electrodes were controllable by adjusting the content and size of the PS aggregates. Following heat treatment, the electrode packing density of the Si alloy anodes with 10–20 % PS decreased by 9–26 % due to removal of the PS, whereas the control electrode without PS displayed only a 1.3 % decrease. The porous electrode prepared using 10 or 15 % PS showed improved cyclic performances with capacities of 1110–1210 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.5 C. Although the macroporous Si alloy anode fabrication process using the PS beads reduced the electrode adhesion strength, the electrode performance improvements were attributed to the presence of macropores in the Si alloy electrode, which significantly reduced the changes in electrode thickness during lithiation/delithiation. The manufacture of macroporous electrodes using an appropriate PS content offers an effective strategy for applying Si-based anodes in advanced lithium ion batteries.
The morphological evolution of zinc during electrodeposition from an alkaline zincate solution, i.e., corresponding to charging operation in secondary zinc batteries, was investigated. The initiation and propagation of mossy structures were particularly focused; mossy structures represent one of the undesired, irregular morphologies at low cathodic overpotential. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed that mossy structures formed transiently from layer-like morphology followed by the formation of protrusions with a size of submicrometers. These protrusions still exhibited layer-like features in the initial stage. In addition to this transition behavior, the propagation of mossy structures was monitored in situ by optical microscopy. At −5.0mAcm−2, mossy structures formed successively and propagated, while there was no clear change in layer-like morphology during deposition outside these characteristic structures. At −20mAcm−2, the layer-like growth proceeded for longer duration and the population of the mossy structures apparently decreased. However, they continuously increased in size followed by successive formation of mossy structures once initiated. From these results, growth mode of zinc at low cathodic overpotential transiently changed from layer-like growth to mossy structure evolution accompanied with dynamic variations in local current density.
We report a novel configuration of electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), fabricated with porous activated carbon electrodes derived from bio-waste pinecone and plastic crystals-based gel polymer electrolytes. Different activated carbons have been produced by activating raw pinecone powder employing different amount of activating agent ZnCl2. Optimization of morphology, structure and porosity parameters of activated carbons has been performed by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Raman and porosity analyses. Mixed (micro- and meso-) porous interiors in activated carbon show optimum characteristics of EDLCs. Gel polymer electrolyte comprising mixture of non-ionic plastic crystal and organic ionic plastic crystal (succinonitrile and 1-ethyl-1-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide, respectively) entrapped in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) has been found suitable to fabricate EDLCs owing to their flexible nature, high ionic conductivity (σ ∼1.53 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature) and wide enough electrochemical stability window, ESW (∼3.1 V versus Ag). Addition of Li-salt in the gel polymer electrolyte improves the electrochemical properties (σ ∼2.87 × 10−3 S cm−1 and ESW ∼3.8 V) and found to influence the performance of the EDLCs, particularly, the specific power, significantly. The EDLC cell with Li-salt containing electrolyte offers higher values of specific capacitance, energy and power (∼255 F g−1, ∼20 Wh kg−1 and ∼55.7 kW kg−1, respectively) than the cell with electrolyte without Li-salt (∼244 F g−1, ∼19 Wh kg−1 and ∼39.3 kW kg−1, respectively). The EDLC (with Li-salt electrolyte) exhibits 96–100% Coulombic efficiency and almost stable specific capacitance for ∼20,000 charge-discharge cycles after only ∼11% initial fading. The capacitor gives stable performance for a wide temperature range from −30 to 90 °C.
In this paper, a novel hybrid many optimizing liaisons (MOL) and teaching–learning based optimization (TLBO) i.e. MOL–TLBO based optimization of integrated hybrid renewable energy sources (IHRES) is proposed for techno-economic-socio analysis. IHRES consists of PV, wind turbine, battery storage banks and diesel generator. The methodology was constructed by using meteorological data from Renewable Energy Laboratory of electrical engineering department, MANIT, Bhopal situated in Madhya Pradesh, India. Optimal sizing of IHRES is done on the basis of solar irradiation, wind speed, demand load, reliability index, loss of load probability (LOLP) and CO2 emission through diesel generator. Three different crystalline silicon PV modules are considered: ASE-300(mi-Si based EFG), Kyocera-120(mc-Si based wafer) and Astro-Power AP-120(thin-film Si). Results show that AP-120 gives better result as compared with other two for PV-wind-battery-DG combination. Annual cost of the system (ACS) is evaluated by using the proposed hybrid MOL and TLBO (MOL–TLBO) algorithm. Supremacy of the suggested MOL–TLBO hybrid method for optimal sizing of hybrid system is proved by comparing the results with other optimization techniques i.e. TLBO, ITLBO, PSO, MOL and SGA. Finally it is seen that MOL–TLBO based techno-economic-socio analysis for IHRES exhibit superior performance and fast as compared to SGA, PSO, TLBO, ITLBO and MOL.
Nitrates of lithium, cobalt and nickel are utilized to synthesize LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode material through sol–gel technique. Various synthesis parameters such as calcination time and temperature as well as chelating agent are studied to determine the optimized condition for material processing. Using TG/DTA techniques, the optimized calcination temperatures are selected. Different characterization techniques such as ICP, XRD and TEM are employed to characterize the chemical composition, crystal structure, size and morphology of the powders. Micron and nano-sized powders are produced using citric/oxalic and TEA as chelating agent, respectively. Selected powders are used as cathode material to assemble batteries. Charge–discharge testing of these batteries show that the highest discharge capacity is 173mAhg−1 at a constant current of 0.1mAcm−2, between 3.0 and 4.2V. This is obtained in a battery assembled with the nanopowder produced by TEA as chelating agent.
Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) with rich R-TiO2 (17.06, 23.69, and 34.42 wt%), namely, R-TiO2@Li4Ti5O12 composites, were synthesized using the hydrothermal method and tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) as the precursor. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the proportion of Li occupying 16d sites is extraordinary low and the lattice constants of LTO and R-TiO2 change with the titanium dioxide content. EIS measurements showed that with increasing R-TiO2 content, both its charge transfer impedance (R ct) and lithium ion diffusion coefficient (D Li) decreased. The changes of R ct and D Li caused by the increase of titanium dioxide content have synergic-antagonistic effects on the rate and cycle properties of Li4Ti5O12. The rate performance is positively related to D Li, while the cycle property is negatively correlated with R ct, indicating that the rate performance is mainly related to D Li, while R ct more significantly affects the cycle performance. LTO-RT-17.06% exhibited excellent rate properties, especially under a high current density (5.0 C, 132.5 mAh/g) and LTO-RT-34.42% showed superior long-term cycle performance (0.012% capacity loss per cycle) compared to that of LTO-RT-17.06% and LTO-RT-23.69%.
Safety problem is one of the key points that hinder the development of room temperature sodium batteries. In this paper, four well-known nonflammable organic compounds, Trimethyl Phosphate (TMP), Tri(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite (TFEP), Dimethyl Methylphosphonate (DMMP), Methyl nonafluorobuyl Ether (MFE), are investigated as nonflammable solvents in sodium batteries for the first time. Among them, MFE is stable towards sodium metal at room temperature. The electrochemical properties and electrode compatibility of MFE based electrolyte are investigated. Both Prussian blue cathode and carbon nanotube anode show good electrochemical performance retention in this electrolyte. The results suggest that MFE is a promising option as nonflammable electrolyte additive for sodium batteries.
The complexation of simple anions (F− and Cl−) to different neutral species, anion-coordinating agents, has been studied using electronic structure calculations. The obtained changes in the equilibrium constants for salt dissolution reactions in different typical electrolyte systems are reported. In addition the lithium ion affinities of the obtained anionic complexes have been calculated. Using the present results we discuss strategies for future usage of anion complexing agents and make recommendations of salt and agent combinations for better lithium battery electrolyte performance.
This numerical study evaluates and compares four different flexibility and storage options in building energy systems (batteries, fuel switch, water tanks, and thermal building mass) in terms of potential improvements in load scheduling and energy efficiency. Using a generic modern office building with concrete core conditioning as an example, two different supply concepts (one based on a heat pump, one based on a CHP unit) are considered. A novel hybrid control concept is applied which is designed to be compatible with state-of-the-art controllers implemented in the field. The results show that batteries are the most technically attractive options in terms of grid support, efficiency and ease of implementation. Fuel switch is comparably straightforward to implement, but provides significant benefits only for the considered CHP system. Water tanks with a capacity of about two full operation hours offer nearly the same flexibility as much larger tanks, but negatively influence the efficiency of heat pump systems. The thermal building mass can be used effectively and efficiently for thermal storage, particularly in the heating season, but this is technically challenging to realize. It is shown that current electricity prices do not offer sufficient variations to stimulate grid-supportive operation.
Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) with a PtRu anode and a Pt cathode were prepared using an anion exchange membrane (AEM) as an electrolyte instead of a cation exchange membrane (CEM), as in conventional polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The maximum power density of DEFCs significantly increased from 6mWcm−2 to 58mWcm−2 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure when the electrolyte membrane was changed from CEM to AEM. The anode and cathode polarization curves showed a decrease in the anode potential and an increase in the cathode potential for AEM-type DEFCs compared to CEM-type. This suggests that AEM-type DEFCs have superior catalytic activity toward both ethanol oxidation and oxygen reduction in alkaline medium than in acidic medium. The product species from the exhausted liquid from DEFCs operated at a constant current density were identified by enzymatic analysis. The main product was confirmed to be acetic acid in AEM-type, while both acetaldehyde and acetic acid were detected in 1:1 ratio in CEM-type. The anodic reaction of AEM-type DEFCs can be estimated to be the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid via a four-electron process under these experimental conditions.
We developed a facile template-free solid state synthesis route, by which BN hollow spheres (BNHSs) with ultrathin shells (1–3 nm) were successfully prepared. Furthermore, the shell thickness of the BNHSs could be effectively adjusted by varying the reaction temperature. The as-prepared BNHSs with ultrathin shells possess high specific surface area, large pore volume and high density structural defects. These characteristics result in the excellent performance of BNHSs in hydrogen storage and adsorption of organic pollutants from wastewater. The hydrogen uptake capacity is up to 4.07 wt.% at 298 K and 10 MPa. The maximum adsorption capacities for basic yellow 1 and methylene blue are 191.7 and 116.5 mg g−1, respectively. Besides, the BNHSs preferentially adsorb organic aromatic compounds from mixed solutions of aromatic dyes and heavy metal ions, so they can be used to separate and recover some valuable organic compounds from wastewater.
Dispersed Na0.6CoO2·yH2O and Li0.5CoO2 powders have been obtained at room temperature by rapid precipitation in aqueous solutions of LiOH or NaOH in the presence of a strong oxidizer. The precipitates are well crystallized and consist of nanoscale platelets with high specific area (above 100m2/g). The Li0.5CoO2 phase is stable in aqueous electrolytes whereas the Na0.6CoO2·yH2O rapidly converts to CoOOH in neutral electrolytes or pure water. It also transforms to anhydrous Na0.6CoO2 upon drying at moderate temperatures. Electrochemical studies show that at slow sweep rates the Na0.6CoO2·yH2O can store large amounts of charge in 10M NaOH from a combination of both faradic and capacitive reactions.
Three-dimensional porous carbon network (3D-C) was used as the substrate for the in situ growth of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) through a wet chemistry method. The obtained 3D-C@MoS2 nanocomposite exhibited a porous structure, high surface area and good electrical conductivity. By using the 3D-C@MoS2 nanocomposite as a novel electrode modifier, the electrochemical oxidation peak current of bisphenol A (BPA) was greatly enhanced with a lowered background current. The improved sensitivity benefits from adsorption of BPA onto MoS2 surface, the large surface area and good conductivity of the 3D-C@MoS2 nanohybrid. By using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), we observed a good linearity with BPA levels in the range of 0.001–10 μM, with a detection limit estimated to be 0.5 nM (S/N = 3). The 3D-C@MoS2 modified electrode could be reused for several times in spite of the accumulation of BPA, and the fabrication reproducibility is excellent. The prepared 3D-C@MoS2 modified electrode showed higher selectivity to BPA than several other phenolic compounds due to their different electrochemical oxidation potentials and the enhanced accumulation property of BPA at the 3D-C@MoS2 surface. The BPA contents in plastic product and environmental water samples were determined with the proposed method.
Uropathogenic E.coli (UPEC) are among major pathogens causing urinary tract infections. Virulence factors are mainly responsible for the severity of these emerging infections. This study was planned to investigate the distribution of virulence genes and cytotoxic effects of UPEC isolates with reference to phylogenetic groups (B2, B1, D and A) to understand the presence and impact of virulence factors in the severity of infection in Faisalabad region of Pakistan.
Polyaniline hollow nanofibers (PANI-HNFs) are successfully synthesized by using poly (methyl methacrylate) nanofibers as a sacrifice-template via an in-situ polymerization with a subsequent dissolution process. The polyaniline hollow nanofibers as cathode material for sodium-ion batteries exhibit a high reversible capacity of 153 mA h g−1 at 0.3 C (1C = 150 mA g−1), high cycling stability (73.3% capacity retention after 1000 cycles) and rate capability (70 mA h g−1 at 8 C). The high electrochemical performance of the polyaniline hollow nanofibers originates from the one dimension hollow nanostructures with unique morphologies and highly reversible doping/dedoping property of the conducting polymer, so as to ensure well structural stability and good electrical/ionic conducting connectivity. Furthermore, this strategy can controllably prepare various hollow one dimension structures with different tube diameters and wall sizes, which has potential application for energy storage materials, catalysts, drug-delivered materials and chemical microreactors.
Porous metal current collectors enable the fabrication of thick electrode structures with improved safety margins and unique mechanical properties. Interpenetrating phase composite LiCoO2 cathodes and graphite anodes with large active material loadings are formed using advanced slurry processing techniques with a submersible ultrasonic horn. Full cells with 600 μm thick electrodes demonstrate high aerial capacity of 16.7 mAh.cm−2, improving energy density by 22% with respect to volume versus reference cells using traditional laminate composite electrode stacks. External shorting and nail penetration testing show notably suppressed joule heating currents, limiting peak temperature accrued to just 25% of the reference. Shear testing and three-point bending of individual electrodes and stack assemblies elucidate the greater role of the binder phase in the mechanical response, and that extensive characteristics such as thickness can be more influential than the intensive properties of the materials. Optimization of electrode thicknesses to balance rate capability with abuse safety is discussed, and opportunities for multifunctional application as load-bearing structural components are considered. Improved battery safety characteristics are demonstrated by reorienting the inherent components of the cell, without altering the chemical make-up, emphasizing the profound influence of structural design.
Preliminary evidence suggests that handwriting difficulties are common to children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, the nature of the task-specific impairments is needed to be clarified. The aim of this study was to describe handwriting capacity in ADHD children without DCD and identify underlying factors of performance by use of outcome-oriented assessments and a digitizing tablet. Twenty-one children with ADHD (8.59±1.25 years) and 21 match controls (8.5±1.08 years) were recruited. Children with ADHD scored lower than controls on Tseng Handwriting Problem Checklist and writing composite of Basic Reading and Writing Test, indicating the ADHD group wrote less legibly. The ADHD group spent more on-paper time to copy 50 Chinese characters and exhibited more writing time during the writing process. The ADHD group scored significantly lower on tasks demanding upper limb and eye–hand coordination and visual-motor integration compared with controls. Furthermore, motor skill and visual-motor integration were positively correlated with the legibility. Motor skill was negatively correlated with writing time, in-air time, and in-air trajectory.
Vitreous is vascularized in the fetus but is avascular through normal adult life. This gel changing from a pro-angiogenic to anti-angiogenic milieu accompanies the loss in vasculature. The avascularity of adult vitreous may be due to the myriad of anti-angiogenic proteins normally present that include transforming growth factor-β, pigment epithelial-derived factor, thrombospondin, and endostatin. In disease states such as diabetic and sickle cell retinopathies, preretinal neovascularization grows from retina into vitreous. These angiogenic events occur when there is a shift in balance between angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor and anti-angiogenic factors and the vitreous returns to a pro-angiogenic environment.
Co3O4 is commonly used as a potential anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, novel porous polyhedral and fusiform Co3O4 powders have been synthesized successfully through the hydrothermal method with different solvents followed by thermal treatment. It is shown that both of the polyhedrons (1.0-3.0μm in side length) and the spindles (2.0-5.0μm in length, 0.5-2.0μm in width) are composed of similar irregular nanoparticles (20-200nm in diameter, 20-40nm in thickness) bonded to each other. Evaluated by electrochemical measurements, both of them have high initial discharge capacities (1374.4 mAhg−1 and 1326.3 mAhg−1) and enhanced cycling stabilities at the low rate (the capacity retention ratios at 0.1C after 70 cycles are 91.6% and 92.2%, respectively). However, the rate capability of the spindles (93.8%, 90.1% and 98.9% of the second discharge capacities after 70 cycles at 0.5C, 1C and 2C, respectively) is better than the polyhedrons’ (only 76.2%, 42.1% and 59.3% under the same conditions). Remarkable, the unique morphologies and special structures may be extended to synthesize other similar transition metal oxides (NiO, Fe3O4, et al.) as high performance anodes for LIBs.
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects induced by an exposure to a GSM signal (Global System for Mobile Communication) on brain BOLD (blood-oxygen-level dependent) response, as well as its time course while performing a Go–NoGo task. Methods Participants were tested twice, once in presence of a “real” exposure to GSM radiofrequency signal and once under a “sham” exposure (placebo condition). BOLD response of active brain areas and reaction times (RTs) while performing the task were measured both before and after the exposure. Results RTs to the somatosensory task did not change as a function of exposure (real vs sham) to GSM signal. BOLD results revealed significant activations in inferior parietal lobule, insula, precentral and postcentral gyri associated with Go responses after both ‘‘real’’ and ‘‘sham’’ exposure, whereas no significant effects were observed in the ROI analysis. Conclusions The present fMRI study did not detect any brain activity changes by mobile phones. Also RTs in a somatosensory task resulted unaffected. Significance No changes in BOLD response have been observed as a consequence of RF-EMFs exposure.