batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This study is intended to develop an aqueous zinc/polyindole secondary battery system. Polyindole, which is synthesized by chemical oxidation using ammonium peroxydisulfate as oxidants, is used as cathode active materials. Zn foil and ZnCl2 are used as anode active materials and the electrolytic solution, respectively. FTIR and NMR test are carried out to confirm the polymerization of indole and the chemical structure of polyindole. The performance of zinc/polyindole secondary battery system is evaluated in term of cyclic voltammogram, discharge capacity and durability test. The battery achieves 2.0V during the charging process and shows about 80–60Ahkg−1 discharge capacity at discharge current density of 200–1000Am−2, respectively. The battery is successively charged and discharged at constant current densities, the discharge capacity density and energy density decreases only by 2.0% and 3.5% at 200th cycle, respectively. This result shows that the zinc/polyindole battery has the good characteristics of charge/discharge performance. With the development of the battery system, this sort of battery would be promising in future applications.
The Million Dollar Bridge carries the Copper River Highway across the Copper River, near Cordova, Alaska. The bridge was built in 1909–1910 to carry the Copper River and Northwestern Railway. It was badly damaged in the Prince William Sound earthquake of March 27, 1964. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 31, 2000. This paper describes the nonlinear time history analysis made in support of the seismic retrofit of the bridge. The retrofit includes the installation of friction pendulum isolation bearings and replacement of the damaged Pier 3 with a new pier founded on a new pile foundation.
MoS2 nanosheets by utilizing MoO and Mo(CO)6 as a precursor sources of molybdenum were prepared by a colloidal route at 270°C in Schlenk flask under the inert atmosphere. The as obtained layered and wrinkled nanosheets were then applied as anode materials in a sodium ion batteries (NIBs) in order to elucidate the electrochemical performances, where an excellent first and second charge/discharge capacities of 150/310mAhg−1, 125/148mAhg−1 with a good stability up to ∼30 cycles were obtained with the precursor source of Mo(CO)6. However the MoO employed precursor based nanosheets shows a substantially low first and second charge discharge capacities of 12/37mAhg−1 and 10/14mAhg−1. The FE-SEM and XRD shows the wrinkled layered structures in both the precursors with XRD pattern more prominent in the Mo(CO)6 precursor with 2θ peaks at 34°, 36°, and 59°. The excellent performance of nanosheets in the Mo(CO)6 precursor source could be ascribed to the efficient breakage of carbonyl ligands to form a well super saturated monomers followed by well crystallinity with defect free, stable morphology which could effectively withstand expansion/contraction occurring during the successive sodium ion insertion/extraction process.
The concept of a risk continuum for tobacco and nicotine products has been proposed, which differentiates products according to their propensity to reduce toxicant exposure and risk. Cigarettes are deemed the most risky and medicinal nicotine the least. We assessed whether a Reduced-Toxicant Prototype (RTP) cigarette could sufficiently reduce exposure to toxicants versus conventional cigarettes to be considered a distinct category in the risk continuum. We present findings from both pre-clinical and clinical studies in order to examine the potential for reduced smoke toxicant emissions to lower health risks associated with cigarette smoking. We conclude that current toxicant reducing technologies are unable to reduce toxicant emissions sufficiently to manifest beneficial disease-relevant changes in smokers. These findings point to a minimum toxicant exposure standard that future potentially reduced risk products would need to meet to be considered for full biological assessment. The RTP met WHO TobReg proposed limits on cigarette toxicant emissions, however the absence of beneficial disease relevant changes in smokers after six months reduced toxicant cigarette use, does not provide evidence that these regulatory proposals will positively impact risks of smoking related diseases. Greater toxicant reductions, such as those that can be achieved in next generation products e.g. tobacco heating products and electronic cigarettes are likely to be necessary to clearly reduce risks compared with conventional cigarettes.
In this work, small sulfur molecules (S2-4) confined in microporous graphitic carbon (MGC) demonstrates excellent performance in Li-S battery with carbonate-based electrolyte. The MGC is synthesized via the simultaneous activation and graphitization of peanut shell char promoted by K2FeO4, which possesses ultra-micropore (pore width <0.7 nm) volume as high as 0.65 cm3 g−1 and the predominant pore width less than 0.4 nm. After sulfur infusion, the S/MGC composite with 50.5 wt% sulfur loading exhibits superior long-term cycling stability and rate performance in S/MGC | Li full cell. The cell delivers high capacity of 1146 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 570 mAh g−1 even at 4 C. Moreover, the capacities of 826 and 571 mAh g−1 remain after 1000 cycles at 1 C and 2 C, respectively. In addition, the cell exhibits good storage property. The well confined S2-4 inside the interconnected ultra-micropores with graphitic carbon walls endows the S/MGC composite with good electronic conductivity and stability, while un-occupied pores within the S/MGC facilitate fast Li+ transport and kinetics of electrochemical reactions. This work offers a green and sustainable route to promote the application of Li-S batteries.
The authors regret that the labelling of the y-axis in Fig. 5 is incorrect. The unit of the battery power should be W and not kW. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
The ability to study animal behaviour is important in many fields of science, including biology, behavioural ecology and conservation. Behavioural information is usually obtained by attaching an electronic tag to the animal and later retrieving it to download the measured data. We present an animal-borne behaviour classification system, which captures and automatically classifies three-dimensional accelerometer data in real time. All computations occur on specially designed biotelemetry tags while attached to the animal. This allows the probable behaviour to be transmitted continuously, thereby providing an enhanced level of detail and immediacy.
Objective Identify the correlation of discomfort physical and psychological to social interaction on diabetic ulcer patients. Method This research design used Cross-sectional design was applied in this study with 69 samples that had been recruited from a clinic of wound care in Jakarta, Indonesia. The instruments used in this research were Bates–Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT) and The Rand Social Health Battery. Results Data statistics analyzed using independent t-test showed that wound degree had no significant relationship with social interaction (p =0.448, α =0.05). However, this study concludes that the related factor of social interaction is odor (p =0.009), psychology (p =0.010) and stress (p =0.005). Conclusion This study recommended the importance of paying attention to the psychological comfort of physical discomfort to increase the social comfort of diabetic ulcer patients.
Mineral deposit, in various forms and industrial uses, is economic if profitable on investment. Principal ore minerals, formulas, percent content and major uses are listed. Understanding of deposit type facilitates to formulate appropriate and effective exploration program from grassroot to mining. Deposits are classified, based on multiple criteria like geographic localization, occurrence depth, host rock relation, structural control, mineralization nature, morphology, genetic features and contained metals. Deposit-class description is perceivable, comparable and acceptable. Deposits are integral part of host rock formed at definite time and space. Orebody is concentration of mineral(s) or metal(s) and techno-economically exploitable. Ore minerals have affinity to host rocks, associated elements and deposit type. Adequate knowledge of favorable stratigraphy, structure and host rock of the region is necessary to design exploration program. Attention is focused on layered mafic-ultramafic rocks for searching PGE. Proterozoic carbonate-black schist environment is preferred target for sedimentary exhalative sulfide ore. Mineral sectors work on standard industrial specifications for salable market-finish commodity.
Background Insomnia is frequent in schizophrenia and may contribute to cognitive impairment as well as overuse of weight inducing sedative antipsychotics. We investigated the effects of eszopiclone on sleep and cognition for patients with schizophrenia-related insomnia in a double-blind placebo controlled study, followed by a two-week, single-blind placebo phase. Methods Thirty-nine clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and insomnia were randomized to either 3mg eszopiclone (n =20) or placebo (n =19). Primary outcome measure was change in Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) over 8weeks. Secondary outcome measure was change in MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MATRICS). Sleep diaries, psychiatric symptoms, and quality of life were also monitored. Results ISI significantly improved more in eszopiclone (mean=−10.7, 95% CI=−13.2; −8.2) than in placebo (mean=−6.9, 95% CI=−9.5; −4.3) with a between-group difference of −3.8 (95% CI=−7.5; −0.2). MATRICS score change did not differ between groups. On further analysis there was a significant improvement in the working memory test, letter–number span component of MATRICS (mean=9.8±9.2, z =−2.00, p =0.045) only for subjects with schizophrenia on eszopiclone. There were improvements in sleep diary items in both groups with no between-group differences. Psychiatric symptoms remained stable. Discontinuation rates were similar. Sleep remained improved during single-blind placebo phase after eszopiclone was stopped, but the working memory improvement in patients with schizophrenia was not durable. Conclusions Eszopiclone stands as a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of insomnia in patients with schizophrenia. Its effects on cognition require further study.
A recent single-site study (Fisher et al., 2009. Am J Psychiatry. 166 (7) 805–11) showed that repeated training with the Brain Fitness Program (BFP) improved performance on a battery of neuropsychological tasks. If replicated these data suggest an important non-pharmacological method for ameliorating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Our study evaluated the BFP training effects in an open-label, multi-site, multinational clinical trial. Fifty-five stable adult patients with schizophrenia on regular antipsychotic medication completed ≥32 BFP training sessions over 8–10weeks. Training effects on cognitive performance and functional capacity outcome measures were measured using CogState® schizophrenia battery, UCSD Performance based Skills Assessment (UPSA-2) and Cognitive Assessment Interview (CAI). BFP training showed a large and significant treatment effect on a training exercise task (auditory processing speed), however this effect did not generalize to improved performance on independent CogState® assessment. There were no significant effects on UPSA-2 or CAI scores. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of implementing BFP training in a multi-site study. However, BFP training did not show significant treatment effects on cognitive performance or functional capacity outcome measures despite showing large and significant effects on a training exercise.
Solar energy is considered to be the most reliable source in the future, and applying solar energy for flight is one of the most promising utilizations of renewables. Since the invention of solar-powered aircraft in 1974, the methods to extract and store energy for it have become the important research points all around the world. Currently, the main methods to do so are photovoltaic cell, rechargeable battery, and component of maximum power point tracking (MPPT). These years, many institutions and scholars have dedicated great efforts to the relative research. Besides, there are also several other methods in consideration, such as to extract energy from wind shear and store energy by gravitational potential. However, it is still not a simple task for the designers of solar-powered aircraft to select a particular technique from a number of existing techniques, since each technique has certain advantages and disadvantages with respect to different performance indices to fulfill the special requirements. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review in detail the working principle of different methods to extract and store energy, and to compare their performances on the basis of desirable features applied on solar-powered aircraft, and to provide some guidance principles for designers to select proper methods.
Mesoporous TiO2 rods consisting of anatase nanoparticles have been successfully prepared via the calcination of a porous amorphous TiO2 precursor obtained by ultraviolet irradiation of titanium glycolate. The product is characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of the material are evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge and discharge measurements. It is found that the initial lithium insertion/extraction capacities of the material reach 262 and 221 mAh g−1, respectively, at a current density of 0.1 A g−1. A discharge capacity of approximately 161 mAh g−1 can be retained after the material is cycled at 1.0 A g−1 for 40 cycles, demonstrating good rate performance and high cycleability. The high electrochemical performance of the anatase rods is ascribed to the unique mesoporous structure and the crystalline nature of the rods. This mesoporous TiO2 with a rod shape is promising for use as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries with high power and energy densities.
This paper proposes a health auxiliary diagnosis method for the lead-acid battery unit. The proposed method is based on Approximate Entropy (ApEn). Since ApEn can quantify the regularity of a data sequence and the discharging curve for a health lead-acid battery unit is smooth, the proposed method can detect the degradation of battery unit caused by the internal short, opening of internal shorted or cell undergoing reversal using the distorted discharging curve. Aging experiments for the lead-acid battery are developed to verify the proposed method. The experimental results verify that the proposed health auxiliary diagnosis method can diagnosis the degradation of battery unit caused by the internal short, opening of internal shorted or cell undergoing reversal.
This paper reports a novel type of nanohybrid, mesoporous carbon anchored with SnS2 nanosheets (MC-SnS2 NSs), which integrates the structural characteristics of both two-dimensional (2D) nanosheet and 3D porous carbon matrix. When evaluated as an anode for lithium-ion batteries, the MC-SnS2 NSs exhibits significantly enhanced cycling stability and rate capability by virtue of its unique structural superiority.
Fe- and Ni-substituted Li2MnO3 (Li1+x(FeyNiyMn1−2y)1−xO2, 0 < x < 1/3, y = 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) was prepared using coprecipitation–calcination. Its electrochemical properties were sensitive to the calcining atmosphere or the charging mode. Calcination in N2 atmosphere or selecting stepwise charging mode respectively engender better electrochemical performance than calcination in an air atmosphere or selecting galvanostatic charging mode. In fact, the sample for which y = 0.15 calcined in N2 atmosphere exhibited higher discharge capacity than that for the sample calcined in air atmosphere when stepwise charging mode was selected. By selecting stepwise charging mode instead of galvanostatic charging mode, the initial discharge capacity was increased and cyclability was improved. Among the samples calcined in N2 atmosphere, samples for which y = 0.1 and 0.15 were found to have attractive composition as positive electrode materials by selecting stepwise charging mode.
This research focuses on the design phases and economic analysis of a standalone photovoltaic system to electrify a house in the rural fringe of Famagusta, Cyprus. The designed system has the capability to cover residents’ electricity demand (17.23 (kWh/day)) during the winter (with the lowest solar irradiation). Utilizing mathematical model, the PV panels area, PV peak power, the battery capacity, inverter and charge controller sizes were determined to be 46.73 (m2), 7.5 (kW), 44.78 (kWh), 2 (kW) and 350 (A) respectively. Moreover, the life cycle cost analysis was investigated. The life cycle cost of the system was found to be [TRY] 54,560 whereas the annualized life cycle cost and unit price of electricity was calculated to be around [TRY] 2700 and [TRY] 0.43 for each kilowatt-hour. It was concluded that a standalone photovoltaic system is economically and technically feasible and a viable technology for the electrification of a house in Cyprus.
The constant current charging/discharging experiments of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), modified electrodes in room temperature ionic liquid, for instance 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, were performed for two types of cell configurations, three and two-electrode cells. In each case, a linear variation of the voltage with respect to time was observed. The electrochemical responses were analyzed in term of a series combination of a resistance R and a capacitor C. Accordingly, the capacitance of the modified electrodes was determined. One observed a linear variation of the capacitance as a function of the amount of PEDOT. This capacitance described the chemical capacitance of PEDOT that reflected the capability of the system to accept or release additional charge carriers on a given variation of the chemical potential. Also, the electrochemical response during constant current charging/discharging experiments for two-electrode cell in which the same amount of PEDOT was deposited on each electrode showed a type I electrochemical supercapacitor response. This kind of an electrochemical chain allowed us to mimic and to analyze the electrical responses of an electrochemical actuator based on an interpenetrating polymer networks containing PEDOT that was able to work in air.
The present study applies electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) to study the interfacial processes of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and determine the corresponding kinetic parameters. The EIS of the insertion and extraction of lithium ions in layered LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 materials as cathode of LIBs are obtained at different potentials during the first charge/discharge cycle and at different temperatures after 10charge/discharge cycles. The EIS spectra exhibit three semicircles and a slightly inclined line that appear successively along with decrease in frequency. The high-frequency, the middle-frequency, and the low-frequency semicircles can be attributed respectively to the migration of the lithium ions through the SEI film, the electronic properties of the material and the charge transfer step. The slightly inclined line arises from the solid state diffusion process. The electrical conductivity of the layered LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 changes dramatically at early delithiation as a result of an insulator-to-metal transition. In an electrolyte solution of 1molL−1 LiPF6–EC(ethylene carbonate): DEC(diethyl carbonate): DMC(dimethyl carbonate), the activation energy of the ion jump which is related to the migration of the lithium ions through the SEI film, the thermal activation energy of the electrical conductivity and the activation energy of the intercalation/deintercalation reaction are determined 23.1, 44.0 and 66.5kJmol−1, respectively.
As lithium-on (Li-ion) batteries increase in their prevalence and the range of applications expands, there is a need to understand and exploit the limits of electrochemical performance. Probing the internal processes in Li-ion batteries provides insights into the electrochemical characteristics of the cells as well as information necessary for rational cell design. In this manuscript an in situ method, neutron imaging, is applied to Li-ion full cells to track the lithiation/delithiation processes in the electrodes during discharge. The electrodes comprise thick sintered films of only active material, which improves the number of discrete points that are mapped for net changes in neutron intensity through the electrode. The lithiation/delithiation processes are qualitatively consistent with calculations of the Li+ concentration and discharge profiles of the cells. These results illustrate that neutron imaging can experimentally probe and confirm limitations in the electrochemical performance of Li-ion full cells, particularly those with thick electrodes.
High performance supercapacitors coupled with mechanical flexibility are needed to drive flexible and wearable electronics that have anesthetic appeal and multi-functionality. Two dimensional (2D) materials have attracted attention owing to their unique physicochemical and electrochemical properties, in addition to their ability to form hetero-structures with other nanomaterials further improving mechanical and electrochemical properties. After a brief introduction of supercapacitors and 2D materials, recent progress on flexible supercapacitors using 2D materials is reviewed. Here we provide insights into the structure–property relationships of flexible electrodes, in particular free-standing films. We also present our perspectives on the development of flexible supercapacitors.
Nanostructured thin films of a mixed-valence, layered vanadium oxide were prepared using layer-by-layer deposition. The thin films were characterized by electronic (UV–vis) spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance, profilometry and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The highest charge capacity was obtained for films that consisted of 25 bilayers. The electrochemical characterization of the films was performed in conventional organic solvent and ionic liquid (IL) based electrolytes. The results revealed better performance, in terms of stability during consecutive charge/discharge cycles, when ILs were employed. This can be attributed to several factors, including reduced mechanical stress caused by insertion of more than 1 mol of Li+ per mol of V5+ in the film structure, decrease of crystallinity in the electrode material during the first few charge/discharge cycles and/or formation of a more compatible SEI. Nanostructured thin films of layered vanadium oxide prepared using layer-by-layer deposition showed potential for applications in lithium microbatteries.