batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Impedance-based temperature detection (ITD) is a promising approach for rapid estimation of internal cell temperature based on the correlation between temperature and electrochemical impedance. Previously, ITD was used as part of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) state-estimator in conjunction with a thermal model to enable estimation of the 1-D temperature distribution of a cylindrical lithium-ion battery. Here, we extend this method to enable estimation of the 2-D temperature field of a battery with temperature gradients in both the radial and axial directions. An EKF using a parameterised 2-D spectral-Galerkin model with ITD measurement input (the imaginary part of the impedance at 215 Hz) is shown to accurately predict the core temperature and multiple surface temperatures of a 32,113 LiFePO4 cell, using current excitation profiles based on an Artemis HEV drive cycle. The method is validated experimentally on a cell fitted with a heat sink and asymmetrically cooled via forced air convection. A novel approach to impedance-temperature calibration is also presented, which uses data from a single drive cycle, rather than measurements at multiple uniform cell temperatures as in previous studies. This greatly reduces the time required for calibration, since it overcomes the need for repeated cell thermal equalization.
A novel hollow polyaniline (PANI) nano-capsule with holes on the wall has been synthesized via a facile interfacial polymerization (IP) method without using any templates. The intriguing microstructure of such nano-capsule has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A possible growth mechanism of the PANI nano-capsule has also been proposed. To further explore its possible application for supercapacitor, the electrochemical performance of the PANI nano-capsule has been carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic discharge/charge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The obtained PANI nano-capsule electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 502 F g−1 (at the current density of 5 mA cm−2) and excellent cycling stability, rendering it to be a promising material for supercapacitor applications. Such special hollow PANI nano-capsule with well-defined microstructure holds great promise not only for electrochemical energy storage, but also for sensors, actuators, drug carrier and other applications.
A modified membrane for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) was prepared by grafting sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (NaSS) to the surface of Nafion 212 via the oxygen plasma induced grafting technique to reduce the crossover of vanadium ions of the membrane. By grafting with poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS), the crossover of vanadium ions through the Nafion membrane is only 32% of that of the pristine Nafion membrane. Thus, comparing with pristine Nafion membrane, the resulting Nafion-g-PSS membrane exhibits higher ion exchange capacity (IEC) and through-plane conductivity. In addition, this Nafion-g-PSS membrane improves the voltage efficiency (VE), coulombic efficiency (CE), and energy efficiency (EE) of VRFB. Owing to lower vanadium ions permeability, the VRFB with Nafion-g-PSS membrane exhibited much slower self-discharge than the VRFB with pristine Nafion 212, and the VE, CE, and EE after 200cycles of charge-discharge test remain stable. In particular, the VRFB with Nafion-g-PSS membrane exhibits higher capacity retention than the VRFB with pristine Nafion 212 membrane.
Struers now offers DuraVision, a new line of load-cell-based universal and macro hardness testers for Brinell, Vickers, Knoop, and/or Rockwell testing. The instruments cover the entire load range of regular hardness testing, from 1 to 3000 kgf. The line consists of models with a fixed test head and manual height adjustment of the test anvil (DuraVision-20/-30), as well as models with a motorized test head and a fixed test anvil (DuraVision-200/-300).
Umicore has recently entered into an agreement to sell all of its shares in beLife to its joint venture partner Prayon. beLife was created by both shareholders in order to demonstrate the industrial scale production of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode material and to qualify this material at some of the major global Li-ion battery makers. Although all major project milestones in terms of product performance and industrial pilot scale manufacturing have been met, the future of beLife will benefit from a different shareholder structure, Umicore says. The company also suggested that, in view of the China-centered growth of LFP in the coming years, a locally focused organization would be critical to participate in this segment of the market. ‘We are pleased with all the progress we have achieved with our JV-partner of beLife in recent years,’ said Kurt Vandeputte, vice president of Umicore's Rechargeable Battery Materials business unit. ‘Umicore has decided to further strengthen its efforts in NMC (nickel manganese cobalt) and high energy LCO (lithium cobaltite) cathode materials. These are the materials of choice in the fast growing automotive segment and portable electronic segment respectively.’ Umicore;www.umicore.com
The Li+ ion-exchange reaction of K+-type α-K0.14MnO1.93·nH2O containing different amounts of water molecules (n =0–0.15) with a large (2×2) tunnel structure has been investigated in a LiNO3–LiCl molten salt at 300°C. The Li+ ion-exchanged products were examined by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy measurements. The K+ ions and the hydrogens of the water molecules in the (2×2) tunnels of α-MnO2 were exchanged by Li+ ions in the molten salt, resulting in the Li+-type α-MnO2 containing different amounts of Li+ ions and lithium oxide (Li2O) in the (2×2) tunnels with maintaining the original hollandite structure. The electrochemical properties and structural variation with initial discharge and charge–discharge cycling of the Li+ ion-exchanged α-MnO2 samples have been investigated as insertion compounds in the search for new cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. The Li+ ion-exchanged α-MnO2 samples provided higher capacities and higher Li+ ion diffusivity than the parent K+-type materials on initial discharge and charge–discharge cyclings, probably due to the structural stabilization with the existence of Li2O in the (2×2) tunnels.
Three dimensional (3-D) macro-/mesoporous Co3O4 nanosheet arrays electrode is produced by annealing β-Co(OH)2 nanosheet arrays electrodeposited on the 3D macroporous copper substrate which is prepared by electroless plating. As for anode of lithium-ion battery, it displays excellent electrochemical performance, such as high reversible capacity of 967 mAh/g in the first cycle at 0.2 A/g, excellent cycleability (The reversible capacity remains 840 mAh/g after 500 cycles at 1 A/g), and excellent high rate capacity (The reversible capacity at 20 A/g remains 38.0% of that of first cycle at 0.1 A/g). The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to its unique morphology. The macropores of 3D porous copper substrate, mesopores of Co3O4 nanosheets and open space between Co3O4 nanosheets can provide lithium-ion rapid transport channels, Co3O4 nanosheets directly grown on 3D porous copper substrate can provide electron rapid transport channels.
The rechargeable lithium-ion battery has been extensively used in mobile communication and portable instruments due to its many advantages, such as high volumetric and gravimetric energy density and low self-discharge rate. In addition, it is the most promising candidate as the power source for (hybrid) electric vehicles and stationary energy storage. For these applications in durable equipment, the long-term cycling and storage behaviour becomes of increasing interest. In this paper, the mechanisms of lithium-ion battery ageing are reviewed and evaluated.
The present paper introduces a case-based design with soft computing (Case-DeSC) system that uses soft computing techniques for addressing parametric design problems. Design case representation relies on digraphs of design parameters, supported by fuzzy preferences on specific parameters’ values and weighting factors, which capture the parameters’ relative importance. The final design solution is either extracted via a genetic algorithm that searches for the solution with the maximum aggregated preference, or it is retrieved by a competitive neural network. This neural network utilizes the medium of the maximum or the centroid of the assigned fuzzy preferences as similarity measures and it is trained by utilizing the available cases in the case base. Several functionalities are incorporated to the proposed system (case selection through aggregation of fuzzy preferences, case adaptation through genetic optimization with retrieved solutions used as initial population, multi-layered neural networks trained with retrieved cases used for adaptation tasks etc.). The system is evaluated through an example case of parametric design of an oscillating conveyor.
The aim of this paper was to examine the validity and reliability of age band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (MABC-2) in preparation for its standardization in mainland China. Interrater and test–retest reliability of the MABC-2 was estimated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Cronbach's alpha for each item and Item-total correlation were used to determine internal consistency. The content validity was determined by the Item-level content validity index (I-CVI). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factorial validity of the MABC-2 test. The correlation coefficients between the MABC-2 and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2) were used to assess the criteria-related validity. The Cronbach's alpha values of all eight items together were moderate but acceptable. The correlation coefficients between each test item and the total score were moderate except for two items. The ICC of interrater and test–retest reliability for each test items was good. The I-CVI of each item was excellent (each above 0.78). The result of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the goodness-of-fit indices of the adjusted model were good (each above 0.9), indicating a satisfactory fit of the data to the model. The total score on MABC-2 and PDMS-2 was correlated well (r =0.631). It is concluded that the reliability and validity of age band 1 of MABC-2 were fair in this study based on a large sample. However, there was a need to adjust part of items to improve the test's psychometric properties when it is used in Chinese children.
PURPOSE: To describe the usefulness of chest computerized tomography (CT) in the evaluation of uveitis in elderly women and the clinical characteristics of patients with an abnormal chest CT scan. DESIGN: Prospective noncomparative case series. METHODS: We evaluated 30 elderly women, aged 61–83 years, with chronic iritis, vitritis, or choroiditis and with no definitive cause for their uveitis. All patients underwent a battery of diagnostic laboratory studies and chest CT. RESULTS: The diagnostic examination in most patients included serum angiotensin converting enzyme level, serum lysozyme, rapid plasma reagin level, fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test, purified protein derivative skin test, and chest x-rays. Chest CT performed on all patients showed parenchymal, mediastinal, and/or hilar adenopathy in 17 patients (57%). Histopathologic confirmation of sarcoidosis with noncaseating granulomas in the biopsy specimens was obtained in 14 patients: eight by mediastinoscopy, two by bronchoscopy, two by conjunctival biopsy, one by nasal biopsy, and one by vitreous biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Chest CT can be useful in elderly female patients with chronic uveitis for identifying mediastinal lymphadenopathy and other lesions suggestive of sarcoidosis, as well as to help guide tissue confirmation and to rule out other diagnoses including lymphoma.
The fringing coral reef off the south coast of Molokai, Hawaii is currently being studied as part of a US Geological Survey (USGS) multi-disciplinary project that focuses on geologic and oceanographic processes that affect coral reef systems. For this investigation, four instrument packages were deployed across the fringing coral reef during the summer of 2001 to understand the processes governing fine-grained terrestrial sediment suspension on the shallow reef flat (h=1m) and its advection across the reef crest and onto the deeper fore reef. The time–series measurements suggest the following conceptual model of water and fine-grained sediment transport across the reef: Relatively cool, clear water flows up onto the reef flat during flooding tides. At high tide, more deep-water wave energy is able to propagate onto the reef flat and larger Trade wind-driven waves can develop on the reef flat, thereby increasing sediment suspension. Trade wind-driven surface currents and wave breaking at the reef crest cause setup of water on the reef flat, further increasing the water depth and enhancing the development of depth-limited waves and sediment suspension. As the tide ebbs, the water and associated suspended sediment on the reef flat drains off the reef flat and is advected offshore and to the west by Trade wind- and tidally- driven currents. Observations on the fore reef show relatively high turbidity throughout the water column during the ebb tide. It therefore appears that high suspended sediment concentrations on the deeper fore reef, where active coral growth is at a maximum, are dynamically linked to processes on the muddy, shallow reef flat.
Sugar-derived carbon/graphene composite materials have been prepared by mixing glucose and graphene oxide with the assistance of ultrasonication and calcination. Microstructure measurements show that sugar-derived carbon nanoparticles are anchored to the graphene planes and used as spacers to inhibit the restacking of graphene sheets during calcination. The composite is a three-dimensional material with a layered and porous structure. Benefiting from such a unique structure, the sugar-derived carbon/graphene composite materials as electrodes for supercapacitors exhibit a high specific capacitance (273 F·g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A·g−1) as well as excellent electrochemical stability. Therefore, this remarkable performance suggests its promising application as an efficient electrode material for electrochemical capacitors.
Increasing demand for sustainable battery technologies has necessitated substantive global research efforts towards delivering improvements in terms of both, the underlying battery materials and processes. Due to favorable attributes such as high gravimetric energy density, batteries based broadly on inorganic-ion, and more specifically on Lithium-ion (Li-ion), electrochemistry have emerged as the technologies of choice for current and next-generation consumer electronic devices and electric automobiles. Improvements in critical system metrics such as energy/power density, cycle-life, cost, safety, and technological sustainability rely heavily on multi-parameter, multi-scale, and multi-physics optimization of the materials, interfaces, and processes that constitute a battery system. Over the past decade, Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) techniques have delivered important solutions for addressing these technological challenges through new characterization tools at the atomic-to-nanoscale. This article presents a comprehensive review of these SPM techniques of relevance for the battery systems. Specifically, each SPM operation mode of relevance, which include atomic force microscopy, electrochemical atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, electrochemical strain microscopy, scanning ion conductance microscopy, and scanning electrochemical microscopy, have been discussed in terms of their state-of-the-art, applications, advantages, limitations, and future directions. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the following information and insights revealed by these methodologies has been provided: ionic transport and diffusion dynamics, electrochemical activity, surface and interfacial studies, morphological and dimensional changes, and evolution of mechanical properties/their degradation.
An in situ experimental technique was developed for detecting structure changes at the electrode/electrolyte interface of lithium cell using synchrotron X-ray reflectometry and two-dimensional model electrodes with a restricted lattice plane. The electrode was constructed with an epitaxial film of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 synthesized by the pulsed laser deposition method. The orientation of the epitaxial film depends on the substrate plane; the 2D layer of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 is parallel to the SrTiO3 (111) substrate ( ( 0 0 3 ) LiC o 0.2 N i 0.8 O 2 / / ( 1 1 1 ) SrTi O 3 ) , while the 2D layer is perpendicular to the SrTiO3 (110) substrate ( ( 1 1 0 ) LiC o 0.2 N i 0.8 O 2 / / ( 1 1 0 ) SrTi O 3 ) . These films provided an ideal reaction field suitable for detecting structure changes at the electrode/electrolyte interface during the electrochemical reaction. The X-ray reflectometry indicated a formation of a thin-film layer at the LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 (110)/electrolyte interface during the first charge–discharge cycle, while the LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 (003) surface showed an increase in the surface roughness without forming the surface thin-film layer. The reaction mechanism at the electrode/electrolyte interface is discussed based on our new experimental technique for lithium batteries.
Ionic conductivity in nanocomposite electrolytes is examined through the use of a numerical model. A rigorous description of the space charge layer and its impact on conductivity are developed for a composite system consisting of insulating spheres dispersed within an ion conducting material. Model simulations are performed to understand how the effective conductivity, which can exceed the conductivity of the bulk material, depends on the volume fraction, size, configuration, and particle size distribution of the nanoparticles in the bulk material. Several deliberately chosen regular particle configurations are used to establish the lower and upper bounds for conductivity enhancement. A simple cubic array of particles is demonstrated to provide a reasonable estimate for the behavior expected from a random distribution of particles. Finally, conductivity modulation is shown to be significant when the particle radius is comparable to or smaller than the thickness of the space charge layer.
Cycling stability and thermal runaway characteristics of four commercially available cylindrical cells based on LixFePO4 (LFP) and Lix (Ni0.80Co0.15Al0.05)O2 (NCA) cathode materials were investigated. The cells with different formats were cycled to three states of charge (SOC): 0, 50 and 100%, before adiabatic thermal analysis using an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC). The charged cells experienced thermal runaway; the first rise in temperature due to the exothermic reaction and maximum cell temperature are discussed in detail for the different cells. Abuse testing (crush and nail penetration tests) was also performed at 100% SOC; the videos of the tests are available online as supplementary data. The LFP cathode exhibited superior cycling and thermal stability compared to NCA.
Silicon monoxide (SiO) has triggered widespread attention due to its high-energy density and satisfied operating voltage. In this work, the nitrogen-doped carbon-coated SiO (SiO/NC) composite anode material was prepared by a facile and green sintering route. The raw SiO material was modified by using economical and eco-friendly citric acid and melamine as carbon and nitrogen sources. A homogeneous layer of amorphous nitrogen-doped carbon exists in the surface of SiO/NC composite, which is confirmed through XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, and XPS analysis. The carbon coating in combination with the introduction of nitrogen atoms impels the as-prepared anode material to show better electrochemical performance than raw SiO anode. Specifically, the initial Li-extraction capacity of SiO/NC anode was enhanced to 1280mAhg−1 in contrast to 777mAhg−1 of the raw SiO electrode, and it still maintains 90.5% of capacity after 150cycles at 1000mAg−1. In addition, the SiO/NC anode achieves an excellent rate-capability of 880mAhg−1 at 2000mAg−1, while the non-coated SiO offers only 464mAhg−1. Above all, this synthesis strategy is beneficial to advance the production and applications of SiO anode materials in future LIBs.
The usage of wind energy as a form of renewable energy is becoming increasingly popular year by year. This technology has been applied widely in several regions in the world and already reached maturity in terms of technology, infrastructure and cost competitiveness. The performance of the wind turbine system depends upon factors such as design, aerodynamic performance and material selection. Thus, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has become crucial in evaluating the performance of wind turbine in real time. Furthermore, the application of smart material in SHM can be utilized as micro energy harvester as well. Nonetheless, the application of SHM in Malaysia׳s climate for wind turbine is still premature, especially in the approach biocomposites material towards its blade system. Several issues are highlighted in this paper such as Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT), biocomposites material selection and the issue in the micro energy harvester as well. The issues are discussed and compared with the recent finding in this review. Several recommendations are suggested for future studies in benefiting the Malaysian especially on the application of wind energy to promote better green technology for tomorrow.
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) carbon nonwoven web consisting of 100–200 nm ultrafine fibers has been developed by electrospinning and subsequent carbonization process at 1000 °C for different times. The surface morphology, composition, structure, and electrical conductivity of the electrospun carbon webs (ECWs) as well as their electrochemical properties toward vanadium redox couples have been characterized. With the increasing of carbonization time, the electrochemical reversibility of the vanadium redox couples on the ECW is enhanced greatly. As the carbonization time increases up to 120 min, the hydrogen evolution is facilitated while the reversibility is promoted a little bit further. The excellent performance of ECW may be attributed to the conversion of fibers carbon structure and improvement of electrical conductivity. Due to the good electrochemical activity and freestanding 3-dimensional structure, the ECW carbonized for 90 min is used as catalyst layer in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) and enhances the cell performance.
Mg-doped Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 as a Li-rich cathode material of lithium-ion batteries were prepared by co-precipitation method and ball-milling treatment using Mg(OH)2 as a dopant. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ex situ X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvantatic charge/discharge were used to investigate the effect of Mg doping on structure and electrochemical performance. Compared with the bare material, Mg-doped materials exhibit better cycle stabilities and superior rate capabilities. Li[Li0.2Ni0.195Mn0.595Mg0.01]O2 displays a high reversible capacity of 226.5mAhg−1 after 60 cycles at 0.1C. The excellent cycle performance can be attributed to the improvement in structure stability, which is verified by XRD tests before and after 60 cycles. EIS results show that Mg doping decreases the charge-transfer resistance and enhances the reaction kinetics, which is considered to be the major factor for higher rate performance.
The rare-earth elements became the focus of worldwide attention when prices spiked in 2010 and 2011. The underlying causes of the price spike relate to the criticality of these materials in many of their technological applications. We describe the issues that make a material critical, analyze the supplies and potential sources of rare earths, their current and potential uses, and describe the research needs to reduce their supply-chain risks.