batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Porous hierarchical LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 spheres were synthesized via a novel template-engaged method using pre-synthesized hollow spherical Li3PO4 as template and FeCl2·4H2O/MnCl2·4H2O as Fe2+/Mn2+ source. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that the porous hierarchical spheres exhibit hollow structure and have a size distribution of 0.4–1um consisting of aggregated ∼50nm nanoparticles. A mechanism of the reaction from Li3PO4 to LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 was proposed on the basis of the phase and morphology transformation of the intermediates. With the short Li+ diffusion path and porous structure, the carbon coated LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 spheres show high specific capacity and superior rate capability with the discharge capacities of 159.3mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 80.6mAhg−1 at 20C. The porous hierarchical spheres also exhibit an excellent cycling stability with about 90.7% of the initial value at 1C after 100 cycles.
This paper describes an actively-controlled architecture for drug delivery systems that offers high performance and volume efficiency through the use of micromachined components. The system uses a controlled valve to regulate dosing by throttling flow from a mechanically pressurized reservoir, thereby eliminating the need for a pump. To this end, the valve is fabricated from a glass wafer and silicon-on-insulator wafer for sensor integration. The valve draws a maximum power of 1.68 µW (averaged over time); with the existing packaging scheme, it has a volume of 2.475 cm3. The reservoirs are assembled by compressing polyethylene terephthalate polymer balloons with metal springs. The metal springs are fabricated from Elgiloy® using photochemical etching. The springs pressurize the contents of 37 mL chambers up to 15 kPa. The system is integrated with batteries and a control circuit board within a 113 cm3 metal casing. This system has been evaluated in different control modes to mimic clinical applications. Bolus deliveries of 1.5 mL have been regulated as well as continuous flows of 0.15 mL/day with accuracies of 3.22%. The results suggest that this device can be used in an implant to regulate intrathecal drug delivery.
Electrochemically activated materials produced from iron 2,6-bis(imino)-pyridyl complexes were deposited onto a glassy carbon electrode from an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1 mol dm−3 tetrabutylammonium perchlorate and 0.002 mol dm−3 monomeric iron chelate by successively scanning the potential between −0.6 and 0.8 V vs. the Ag/Ag+ reference electrode (RE). The electrocatalytic activity of the resultant material to the reduction of dioxygen molecules in aqueous sulfuric acid solution was studied by hydrodynamic voltammetry. It is found that although the material can dissolve in sulfuric acid solution, it is re-deposited on the electrode surface during cathodic polarization. The re-deposited material can efficiently catalyse the electrochemical reduction of molecular dioxygen through different pathways depending upon the structure of the ligands. The material produced from the iron chelate with 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl substituents allows only a two-electron reduction of dioxygen molecules, while the reduction of dioxygen on the material produced from the iron chelate with 2,6-biisopropylphenyl substituents follows the four-electron pathway to produce water. The latter material shows good stability and unusually high mass activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction in the acidic medium. Although the onset potential is quite low (−0.2 V vs. SCE), the material is a prospective candidate in power sources, oxygen sensors and some chemical processes. It is suggested that the active center for oxygen reduction is determined by the structure of the activated material.
The practical application of lithium (Li) metal anodes is critical for the next generation high energy density batteries. However, the mainstream challenge of Li dendrites formation that affects the cycle performance and safety of the battery still needs to be addressed. Here, Li/LixC/LiySn (Li/C/Sn) composites with uniform distribution of Li metal alloys are fabricated and applied to a Li metal anode. Electrochemical measurements and post-mortem analysis reveals the effectiveness of the Li alloy phases for promoting uniform Li deposition and inhibiting Li dendrite growth. The Li/C/Sn composite electrode delivers enhanced cycle stability over 1800 and 1200 h at the current densities of 1 and 2 mA cm−2, respectively. Moreover, the full cells of the Li/C/Sn electrode paired with LiFePO4 exhibited significantly enhanced rate performance and cycle stability. The effective and scalable method for modifying Li metal anodes represents an essential step to promote the commercial application of Li metal batteries.
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is attracting increasing attention since it can assist to improve the efficiency and reliability of power grid, as well as reduce the operating cost and greenhouse gas emission of electric vehicles. Within the scheme of V2G operation, PEVs are expected to serve as a novel distributed energy storage system (ESS) to help achieve the balance between supply and demand of power grid. One of the key difficulties concerning its practical implementation lies in that the availability of PEVs as ESS for grid remains highly uncertain due to their mobility as transportation tools. To address this issue, a novel event-triggered scheduling scheme for V2G operation based on the scenario of stochastic PEV connection to smart grid is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the mathematical model is formulated. Secondly, the preparation of input data for systematic evaluation is introduced and the case study is conducted. Finally, statistic analysis results demonstrate that our proposed V2G scheduling scheme can dramatically smooth out the fluctuation in power load profiles.
The Himalaya has a rich ancient tradition for tapping hydro-energy from the hill streams and rivers through the device of gharats (watermills). The present contribution encompasses the study on the energy consumption pattern of hill communities living in buffer zone of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, a world heritage site located in Garhwal Himalayas, India, The current status of gharats, the factors responsible for the neglect of this renewable energy device, initiatives taken for upgrading for their revival have been highlighted. Field and policy level opportunities and constraints associated with promotion of such hydro-energy in the study area by upgrading of traditional watermills are analysed and suitable options for removing impediments are suggested.
To utilize the distinctive cycle life and safety characteristics of the nickel–hydrogen chemistry while eliminating the high pressure limitations of conventional nickel–hydrogen cells, a microfabricated nickel–hydrogen battery using a low-pressure metal hydride for hydrogen storage is being developed for powering micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices and for biomedical applications where the battery would be implanted within the body. Thick film printing techniques which are simple and low cost were used to fabricate this battery. Inks were developed for each of the different battery components, including the electrodes, current collectors and separator. SEM images on these printed components showed the desired characteristics for each. Positive electrode cycling tests were performed on the printed positive electrodes while cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize the printed negative electrodes. Consistent charge and discharge performance was observed during positive electrode cycling. Full cells with printed positive and negative assemblies were assembled and tested.
With the generalized use of microelectronic devices, server computers and other susceptible equipment, the subject related to power quality (PQ) and its relationship to vulnerability of high performance plants are becoming an increasing concern to the industry. This paper addresses how uninterruptible power supply (UPS), particularly when configured in distributed DC mode, can become an energy efficient (EE) solution in high-tech buildings, especially when integrated with complimentary PQ measures. The paper is based on PQ audits conducted at different high-tech industries over the last years. It was found that the main problems for the equipment installed were voltage sags (or dips). Among all categories of electrical disturbances, voltage sags and momentary interruptions are the nemeses of the automated industrial process. The paper analyzes the capabilities of modern electronic power supplies and the convenience of embedded solution. Finally it is addresses the role of the Standards on the protection of electronic equipment and the implications for the final costumer.
La(1−x)Sr x FeO3 (x =0.2,0.4) powders were prepared by a stearic acid combustion method, and their phase structure and electrochemical properties were investigated systematically. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that La(1−x)Sr x FeO3 perovskite-type oxides consist of single-phase orthorhombic structure (x =0.2) and rhombohedral one (x =0.4), respectively. The electrochemical test shows that the reaction at La(1−x)Sr x FeO3 oxide electrodes are reversible. The discharge capacities of La(1−x)Sr x FeO3 oxide electrodes increase as the temperature rises. With the increase of the temperature from 298K to 333K, their initial discharge capacity mounts up from 324.4mAhg−1 to 543.0mAhg−1 (when x =0.2) and from 147.0mAhg−1 to 501.5mAhg−1 (when x =0.4) at the current density of 31.25mAg−1, respectively. After 20 charge–discharge cycles, they still remain perovskite-type structure. Being similar to the relationship between the discharge capacity and the temperature, the electrochemical kinetic analysis indicates that the exchange current density and proton diffusion coefficient of La(1−x)Sr x FeO3 oxide electrodes increase with the increase of the temperature. Compared with La0.8Sr0.2FeO3, La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 electrode is a more promising candidate for electrochemical hydrogen storage because of its higher cycle capacity at various temperatures.
Pristine LiMn2O4, synthetized by solid-state route, is coated by an Al2O3 layer through co-precipitation method, in order to enhance the electrochemical performances and stability of the cathode, especially at high temperatures. Structural analysis by X-ray diffraction and morphological characterization by scanning and transmission electron spectroscopy reveal phase pure and crystalized nanomaterial forming clusters. The cycling performances of pristine and modified materials are investigated by galvanostatic cycles at several charge/discharge rates. A detailed analysis of the interfacial properties, and of their impact toward cycling behavior, is carried out by combining galvanostatic cycles at 1C and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at T=25°C and T=50°C. The results show that the electrode/electrolyte interface of Al2O3-modified LiMn2O4 is stabilized by suppressing Mn dissolution, resulting in improved cycleability, especially at high temperatures. These results are corroborated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies, which confirm the suppression of Mn dissolution for the Al2O3–coated material.
In this paper, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are added in order to investigate their influence on the electronic conductivity of LiFePO4 cathode. CNTs/LiFePO4 composites are prepared by in-situ chemical vapor deposition method and the traditional mechanical mixture method respectively in order to investigate the influence of CNTs as an additive on the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 cathode. The particle morphology and electrochemical performances of the CNTs/LiFePO4 composites are characterized and compared with commercial cathodes, LiFePO4 mixed with carbon black. The in-situ synthesized CNTs/LiFePO4 composite by chemical vapor deposition method maintains full retaining ratio after 100 cycles at 1C and 94.5% retention after 20 cycles at 10C, which precede the CNTs/LiFePO4 composite fabricated by the mechanical mixture method as well as the commercial cathode. The enhanced electrochemical performance is due to the excellent interface bonding between LiFePO4 and CNT in in-situ synthesized CNTs/LiFePO4 composites. The interface benefits the electronic conductivity of the composites, as well as the polarization reduction.
Batteries in conventional fuel cell-based backup power systems carry out secondary tasks to support fuel cells in transient states. In this work, batteries fulfill an additional function: contributing to supply the load in stationary state, thus widening possibly the range of economical backup sizing solutions. Next, the sizing problem for this type of backup hybrid power systems is formulated in a generic way and discussed specifically when energy demand is given by an hourly load profile. A methodology was developed to solve this particular sizing problem by applying optimal control in energy management to reach optimal solutions. From a practical viewpoint, this methodology is used to size a backup power system for a telecommunication system. Several cases, based on realistic data, are studied with different parametric values. Hybrid solutions prove the best in a high number of cases.
We have previously demonstrated that N,N′-4,4′-diphenylmethane-bismaleimide (BMI) as an electrolyte additive enhances the high-voltage performance of lithium-ion batteries by electrochemically forming an interface film on cathode surface. In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the bismaleimide-based additives, 2,2′-Bis[4-(4-maleimidophenoxy) phenyl]propane (BMP), which is more compatible with electrolyte than BMI, is studied as a new electrolyte additive. LiCoO2 is chosen as the typical cathode material. Firstly, the structure of interface films on LiCoO2 surface is studied with different concentrations of BMP additive. The morphology, thickness and chemical composition of the interface film are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) respectively. The oxidation potential of BMP is measured by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). Secondly, how the interface films influence the high-voltage cycling performance of LiCoO2/Li batteries is studied. AC impedance measurements (EIS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and discharge profile analysis are used to further clarify the mechanism. For the first time, we find that thickness-tunable interface films could be generated on LiCoO2 surface by adding different concentrations of BMP additives in electrolyte. Also, the high-voltage cycling performance of the corresponding LiCoO2/Li batteries is closely associated with the thickness of the interface film. Optimized amount of BMP additive (0.5% w/v in our work) presents superior high-voltage cycling performance of the corresponding LiCoO2/Li batteries.
Pain therapy is an important aspect of equine orthopedic and trauma surgery. Although long-term epidural analgesia has become an almost routine method of treatment for painful conditions in the horse’s hind limb, a similarly effective technique for management of pain originating in the horse’s front limb has not yet been developed. Continuous perineural nerve block (CPNB) is a method that entails continuous low-volume infusion of local anesthetics via catheters placed along peripheral nerves. This technique has gained much popularity in human medicine and is currently applied with great success for treatment of perioperative pain in upper and lower extremities. Recently, both in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to adopt this treatment method to the horse by developing a simple and reproducible technique for placing in standing, sedated horses CPNB catheters along peripheral nerves in the forelimb. Simultaneously, the analgesic efficacy of CPNB with low-volume local anesthetic infusion without significantly affecting systemic health was evaluated. The present report outlines a continuous palmar nerve block technique suitable for pain therapy in the horse. Anatomic landmarks and a technique for safe placement of catheters along the lateral and medial palmar nerves including sedation and local anesthetic protocols are described in detail, as are local anesthetic drug regimens for effective CPNB. Furthermore, special precautions and potential complications are addressed, followed by a brief clinical case report that demonstrates the potential of the described CPNB technique to provide sustained pain relief in the lower forelimb of horses suffering from severely painful conditions.
The present status of electrochemistry and electrocatalysis research activities in Japan is briefly reviewed, mainly in connection with the development of on-site power stations and electric vehicles. A few related topics are also discussed.
The development of automated flow cytometric (FCM) methods for evaluating micronucleus (MN) frequencies in erythrocytes has great potential for improving the sensitivity, reproducibility, and throughput of the traditional in vivo rodent MN assay that uses microscopy-based methods for data collection. Although some validation studies of the FCM evaluation methods have been performed, a comprehensive comparison of these two data collection methods under routine testing conditions with a variety of compounds in multiple species has not been conducted. Therefore, to determine if FCM evaluation of MN frequencies in rodents was an acceptable alternative to traditional manual scoring methods in our laboratory, we conducted a comparative evaluation of MN-reticulocyte (MN-RET) frequencies determined by FCM- and microscopy-based scoring of peripheral blood and bone marrow samples from B6C3F1 mice and Fisher 344 rats. Four known inducers of MN (cyclophosphamide, ethyl methanesulfonate, vincristine sulfate, acrylamide) were assayed in bone marrow and peripheral blood of both mice and rats. In addition, MN-RET frequencies were measured in bone marrow (microscopy) and peripheral blood (FCM) of mice treated with five nongenotoxic chemicals (S-adenosylmethionine chloride, cefuroxime, diphenolic acid, 3-amino-6-methylphenol, pentabromodiphenyl oxide). No significant differences were observed between results obtained by the two methods in either species. These results support the use of FCM for determining MN-RET frequency in rodents after chemical exposure.
In this article, we investigate the potential for battery life prolongation through optimized charging under consideration of individual mobility requirements. Based on a comprehensive battery aging model we introduce a continuous quadratic programming model to derive battery life optimal charging (OPT). The strategy indicates when and how much to charge to maximize the potential range throughout the battery life. We find that OPT has the potential to more than double the expected battery life compared to simple and often abundant recharging activities as observable today. The degree of battery life prolongation strongly depends on the operating temperature. Since optimal charging would require deterministic knowledge of future trips and corresponding charging levels we investigate a more convenient charging heuristic derived from “As-Late-As-Possible” (ALAP) charging. ALAP charging considers range buffers between 5% and 60% over the range required until the next re-charging opportunity. We analyze the trade-off between (long-term) battery life and (short-term) range flexibility. We find that for decreasing temperatures the trade-off between battery life and flexibility is solved with increasing range buffers. From our results battery degradation aware charging heuristics can be easily derived and applied in real-world settings.
The electrodeposition process of Li metal in 1.0M LiTFSI–ionic liquid (N-methoxymethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium) bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl) imide was observed in situ by optical microscope. Morphological variations of electrodeposited Li dendrite and its growth rate were examined and the ionic mass transfer rate in the vicinity of the electrode surface was discussed. Once the dendrite starts to grow, its length is proportional to the square root of time. This indicates that the Li+ mass transfer rate affects its growth. Dendrite growth process can be classified into two regions depending on its growth rate: the initiation period and the growing period with swinging behavior probably caused by residual stress.
In this study, the stress generation of LiCoO2 with realistic 3D microstructures has been studied systematically. Phase field method was employed to generate the 3D microstructures with different grain sizes. The effects of grain size, grain crystallographic orientation, and grain boundary diffusivity on chemical diffusion coefficient and stress generation were studied using finite element method. The calculated chemical diffusion coefficient is about in the range of 8.5 × 10−10 cm2/s–3.6 × 10−9 cm2/s. Stresses increase with the increase of grain size, due to more accumulation of Li ion near the grain boundary regions in larger grain size systems, which causes a larger concentration gradient. Failure is more likely to occur in large grain systems. The chemical diffusion coefficients increase with increasing grain orientation angle irrespective of grain boundary diffusivity, due to alignment of global Li ion diffusion path with high grain orientations. Grain boundary diffusivity has opposite effect on the hydrostatic stress. As small grain boundary diffusivity, the stress increases with increasing grain orientation angle, due to grain boundary blockage of Li ion diffusion. In contrast, with large grain boundary diffusivity, the stress decreases with increasing grain orientation angle due to reduced concentration gradients in grain boundary regions.
Limitations in performing daily activities and a incoherent discharge are risk factors for readmission of elderly patients after discharge from the emergency department. This paper describes the development and design of a complex intervention whose aim was to reduce the risk of readmission of elderly patients discharged from the emergency department.
Ti3C2 MXene-based composites are emerging two-dimensional (2D) layered materials promising in electrochemical energy storage devices such as rechargeable ion batteries and supercapacitors. However, scalable preparation of Ti3C2 MXene-based composites, especially, integrated with one-dimensional (1D) materials through a facile low-temperature strategy remains a considerable challenge. Herein, novel sandwich-like Na0.23TiO2/Ti3C2 composites made of 1D amorphous Na0.23TiO2 nanobelts growing on 2D Ti3C2 nanosheets have been prepared through a one-step scalable transformation reaction of Ti3C2 MXene. The sandwich-like Na0.23TiO2/Ti3C2 composites comprising of 1D ultrathin nanobelts, 2D conductive nanosheets and 3D sandwich-like architecture with electrically connecting interfaces inside can effectively relieve strain of the electrode upon cycling, facilitate carrier transport dynamics and protect aggregation of the electrode material, favorable for high-performance rechargeable batteries. As a result, when employed as anodes in Li/Na-ion batteries, the Na0.23TiO2/Ti3C2 electrodes exhibit superior long cycling stability (up to 4000 cycles at the high rates with respective capacity retention of over or nearly 100%), and remarkable rate capability. This work may open a new way for scalable synthesis of 2D layered MXene-based composites with desired architectures and properties for practical energy applications.