batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Recently, with the rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) and development of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, EVs participating in frequency regulation service to support power grid operation has been seen as one of the most promising power grid ancillary services provided by EVs integrated in grid. The dispatching strategy of EVs determines the feasibility and efficiency of EVs participating in frequency regulation, which have been received extensive researches. This paper will review the current dispatching strategies of EVs participating in frequency regulation. At first, the system structure of EVs participating frequency regulation is introduced. The stability and economy of EVs participating frequency in grid are analyzed. Secondly, the existing dispatching strategies are categorized into strategies for stability problem and strategies for economy problem, which are discussed in detailed. Finally, the existing problems and the future researches in EVs participating in frequency regulation on power grid are summarized.
Experimental studies are carried out on novel sodium ion conducting, gel polymer electrolyte nanocomposites based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and dispersed with silica nanoparticles. The nanocomposites are obtained in the form of free-standing transparent films. A gel electrolyte with ∼4wt.% SiO2 offers the maximum electrical conductivity of ∼3.4×10−3 Scm−1 at ∼20°C with good mechanical, thermal and electrochemical stability. Physical characterization by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infra-red and scanning electron microscopy is performed to examine ion/filler-polymer interaction and the possible changes in the texture of the host polymer due to liquid electrolyte entrapment and the dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity is consistent with an Arrhenius-type relationship in the temperature range from 25 to 75°C. Sodium ion conduction in the gel electrolyte film is confirmed from cyclic voltammetry and transport number measurements. The value of the sodium ion transport number ( t N a + ) of the undispersed gel electrolyte is ∼0.23 and it is almost unaffected due to the dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles. The effect of SiO2 dispersion on ionic conduction is described in terms of anion–filler surface interaction.
High electrochemical capacity of alkaline boride anodes is presented. The alkaline anodes based on transition metal borides (demonstrated with TaB, TaB2, TiB2 and VB2) can deliver exceptionally high discharge capacity. Over 2000 and 3800mAhg−1 discharge capacities are obtained for the commercially available TiB2 and VB2 respectively, much higher than the theoretical capacity of commonly used zinc metal (820mAhg−1) alkaline anode. Coupling with the super-iron cathodes, the novel Fe6+/B2− battery chemistry generates a matched electrochemical potential to the conventional MnO2–Zn battery, but sustains a much higher electrochemical capacity. High capacity TiB2 and VB2 anodes are further studied by coupling with a variety of cathodes (such as MnO2, NiOOH, KIO4 and composite K2FeO4/AgO). Both TiB2 and VB2 show good compatibilities with each of these cathodes. With the additive AgO to the super-iron (K2FeO4) cathode, a K2FeO4/AgO composite cathode TiB2 anode alkaline battery exhibits high-rate discharge performance.
We have studied the Li-diffusion coefficient values of electrospun Nb2O5 nanofibers and nanonuggets for lithium batteries. In brief, Nb2O5 nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning followed by sintering at temperatures range 500–1100°C for 1h in air to obtain pseudo-hexagonal, orthorhombic (O), and monoclinic (M) Nb2O5 phases. Electrochemical properties were evaluated by galvanostatic technique at room temperature. The H-, O- and M-Nb2O5 polymorphs delivered discharge capacities (at second cycle) of 152, 189 and 242 (±5)mAhg−1, respectively. The lithium diffusion coefficients (D Li) are calculated using galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques carried at room temperature. The evaluated D Li values by GITT for H-, O-, and M-Nb2O5 phases are in the range 10−17–10−16, 10−15–10−14, and 10−13–10−12 cm2 s−1, respectively, in the voltage range 1.0–2.6V vs. Li. D Li evaluated by EIS gave similar trend in the values but with a difference of one order higher magnitude.
Falls, associated injuries and fear-of-falling are common in adults with RA. Fear-of-falling can be a major consequence of, and as debilitating as falling, resulting in a cycle of activity restriction, reduced quality of life, institutionalisation and potentially increase risk of falls. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between fear-of-falling and risk factors associated with fear-of-falling in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) over a 1 year period.
Phosphorus-doped tin oxides/carbon nanofibers (P-SnO x /CNFs) composite materials are prepared via electrospinning of a mixed solution composed of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), tin tetrachloride, ethylene glycol and phosphoric acid as well as subsequent thermal treatments. The P-SnO x /CNFs samples with tunable P-doping contents are directly used as anodes for lithium-ion batteries without any binders and conductors, exhibiting enhanced reversible capacities and cycling stabilities in comparison with pristine undoped SnO x /CNFs (0P-SnO x /CNFs). In a controlled experiment, the 0.25P-SnO x /CNFs anode with the atomic ratio of P:Sn = 0.25:1 shows the highest specific reversible capacity of 676 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 100 cycles. Even at a higher current density of 2000 mA g−1, it still maintains a superior specific reversible capacity of 288 mA h g−1. The improved electrochemical performances are attributed to the P-doping effects such as inducement of a stable structural protection for tin particles, and enhancement of lithium ion diffusion coefficient and electron kinetics of electrode materials.
Lateral hip pain is common, particularly in females aged 40–60 years. The pain can affect sleep and daily activities, and is frequently recalcitrant. The condition is often diagnosed as trochanteric bursitis, however radiological and surgical studies have revealed that the most common pathology is gluteus medius/minimus tendinopathy. Patients are usually offered three treatment options: (a) corticosteroid injection (CSI), (b) physiotherapy, or (c) reassurance and observation. Research on Achilles and patellar tendons has shown that load modification and exercise appears to be more effective than other treatments for managing tendinopathy, however, it is unclear whether a CSI, or a load modification and exercise-based physiotherapy approach is more effective in gluteal tendinopathy. This randomised controlled trial aims to compare the efficacy on pain and function of a load modification and exercise-based programme with a CSI and a ‘wait and see’ approach for gluteal tendinopathy.
A thermoelectric generator (TEG) can be used to harvest electrical energy from human body heat for the purpose of powering wearable electronics. At the NSF Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), TEGs are one of the enabling technologies being explored to advance the center’s mission of creating wearable, self-powered, health and environmental monitoring systems. As part of this effort, an exploration of the relevant parameters for maximizing the wearable TEG power output from the body heat and maintaining the body comfort is particularly important. For this purpose, the heat from the body must be directed into TEG with minimal loss, the generator must be designed for maintaining a high temperature differential across the thermoelectric material, and the generator must have a small form factor to maintain the body comfort. In order to address these requirements, an optimum TEG design was developed and experiments were conducted both on a temperature-controlled hot plate and on different body locations including the wrist, upper arm, and chest. The TEG was further fabricated into a T-shirt and the power was recorded for different human activities. Comparison of the experiments on various body locations and on the T-shirt yielded the highest to lowest power generated on the upper arm, wrist, chest and T-shirt, respectively. The prospect of powering a wearable electrocardiogram sensor by a TEG on the upper arm is discussed.
We examined the macroscopic aspects of motor planning in two manual dexterity tasks, comparing children, adolescents, and young adults with trisomy 21 (T21) with typically developing controls from a developmental perspective. We analyzed the order in which objects were picked up from a table during two manual tasks of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC). Participants with T21 were always slower than controls. Task completion times depended on the strategy used by participants to gather up the pegs or coins. A structured strategy, in which the participants picked the items up moving methodically along each row/column, contributed to rapid task completion by younger children and participants with T21. This study highlights the ability of children with T21 to select and maintain an efficient strategy that takes account of their motor difficulties. Developmental trajectories help to explain T21 functioning in these dexterity tasks.
Autism and the related pervasive developmental disorders are a heavily researched group of neurodevelopmental conditions. In addition to core symptoms, there are a number of other physical and motor conditions that co-occur at high rates. This paper provides a review of factors and behaviors that correlate highly with disorders on the autism spectrum. Among these conditions are premature birth, birth defects, gross and fine motor skills, and obesity. Each of these topics is addressed, and what researchers have found are presented. These data have important implications for the types of collateral behaviors that should be assessed and treated, along with the core symptoms of autism.
Hot isostatic press (HIP) post sintering technique was utilized on the garnet structured oxides, prepared by solid state reaction method, to enhance density, Li+ conductivity and barricade lithium dendrite growth. Simultaneous application of heat and isostatic pressure is an effective technique to enhance the grain boundary integrity and minimize the pores, which in turn, increase the relative density of the lithium garnet oxide pellets. The advantage of HIP is well echoed by the enhanced total (grain + grain boundary) Li+ conductivity and transparency of the Li6.16Al0.28Zr2La3O12 (Al-LLZ) pellet. The room temperature (25 °C) total lithium ion conductivity of Al-LLZ and 1 wt% of Li4SiO4 (LSO) added Al-LLZ, were found to be 0.13 mS/cm and 0.3 mS/cm, respectively. This is further enhanced to 0.31 mS/cm and 0.41 mS/cm, respectively, along with improved relative density of around 98% through the HIP treatment. The HIP treated transparent Al-LLZ pellet successfully barricades lithium dendrite growth even at higher current density of 250 μA/cm2 and also reduces the metallic lithium and Al-LLZ interfacial resistance by increasing the lithium wettability.
Thin Cu2Sb films have been prepared by heat-treating Sb films, electrodeposited on Cu substrates. The influence of the electrodeposition conditions and the heat-treatment period on composition and morphology of the films were investigated (SEM and XRD) and the obtained films were tested as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. The Cu2Sb material showed a stable capacity of 290mAhg−1 (close to the theoretical capacity of 323mAhg−1) during more than 60 cycles. The presence of 9–11% (w/w) Sb2O3 in the electrodeposited films resulted in smaller particles but also slowed down formation of Cu2Sb during the heat-treatment step. The presence of Sb2O3 was found to decrease the cycling stability although structural reversibility of Cu2Sb was obtained both with and without Sb2O3. Longer heat-treatments of pure Sb films resulted in the formation of Cu9Sb2 which was shown to be reduced at a lower potential than Cu2Sb. The Cu9Sb2 was converted to Cu2Sb during repeated cycling and the capacity of the latter Cu2Sb material was found to be 230mAhg−1. While reduction of the materials was complicated by simultaneous formation of an SEI layer, three plateaus could be identified during the oxidation of Li3Sb, indicating the presence of three separate one-electron oxidation reactions.
Electrolyte plays a crucial role for dual-ion batteries by supplying the ions to be intercalated into electrodes. Yet, high operation potentials of such batteries limit the number of suitable electrolytes to be used since they have to be stable upon cycling. Here, sodium-based electrolytes were investigated by applying stability and cycling tests in order to observe their influences on anion intercalation behavior using graphitic cathodes. Intercalation of PF6 − anions with organic carbonate solvents revealed relatively better discharge capacities compared to its anionic counterparts and 0.5M NaPF6/EC:EMC electrolyte was found to be the most promising mixture among them. PC solvent proved detrimental for anion intercalation, but FEC as an electrolyte additive in PC precluded undesired effects of PC and gave rise to reversible cycling. However, the ionic liquids based on TFSI− and FSI− anions, mostly, yielded capacity fading under a charging end potential of 5.0V vs. Na/Na+, except the 0.7M NaTFSI/Pip14TFSI electrolyte, showing 98% coulombic efficiency over 200 cycles. During this work, electrochemical tests were conducted and evaluated to comprehend the impacts of electrolytes on the anion intercalation process. EC:EMC-based electrolyte was then used in our further research, where the compositional cathodic investigation was executed and the anion intercalation phenomenon was characterized.
Geriatric assessment and management (GAM) can identify current health issues and recommend interventions to optimize well-being of older adults, but no randomized trial has yet been completed in oncology. Therefore, a randomized phase 2 trial was conducted.
Neuronal and glial cell interaction is essential for synaptic homeostasis and may be affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neuronal and glia markers along the AD continuum, to reveal putative protective or harmful stage-dependent patterns of activation.
A new coordination polymer based on a pyridinedicarboxylate ligand, namely [Li6(pda)3]·2EtOH was synthesized. The samples were characterized by FTIR absorption spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray single crystal diffraction, electron scanning microscopy (SEM) and studied in batteries utilizing Li as the counter electrode. The results indicated [Li6(pda)3]·2EtOH has a 2-D layer structure crystallized in the mono-clinic system, P2(1)n space group. The constant current discharge–charge experiment showed this compound has initial discharge (lithiation) and charge (delithiation) capacity of 819 and 280mAhg−1, and after 50 cycles, the discharge and charge capacity of the compound is maintained at about 164 and 160mAhg−1, respectively.
LiCo y Ni1−y VO4 compounds (y=0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1) have been prepared for lithium-ion cell cathode applications by different chemical routes. The polycrystalline materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and by solid state 7 Li and 51 V nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The results show an increase of the lattice parameter with increasing Co content and a varying distribution of Co, Ni, and V in the crystallographic sites. Moreover, both XRPD and NMR data reveal different degrees of crystallinity depending on the preparation method. The first electrochemical tests show that the distribution of ions in the various crystallographic sites and the crystallinity degree are correlated to the electrochemical performances.
The road transports especially the motor vehicles play a significant role in increment of energy consumption in the transportation sector. However, the harmful greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from such vehicles which are the main causes of global warming, have been increased as well. One of the effective solutions to reduce the growth rate of energy consumption is the implementation of fuel economy standard and label. Other countries' experiences indicate that the program is very beneficial for society, environment and government. The hierarchy of the program consists of the test procedure, fuel economy standards, fuel economy label and incentive program as a peak of the program. Reviews of the fuel economy standard can be found in many references. However, a few papers deal with the incentive program specifically. Therefore, this paper aims to give a review on the implementation of the incentive program globally in support of fuel economy standard and label for the motor vehicles. Finally, as the incentive program is necessary to support fuel economy standard and label, it should be applied to the motor vehicles as soon as possible.
The aim of the present research is the development of an economically feasible electrochemical method for the extraction of H2S contained in Black Sea waters (CH2S ~9 mg.l−1) and using it as a fuel in an H2S/O2 (air) fuel cell. Low HS− concentrations and the presence of NaCl, similar to the conditions found in the depths of the Black Sea have been investigated. The electrochemical conditions for the oxidation of sulfide HS− directly to sulfite and sulfate on the electrode (anode) catalysts have been found. Different anode catalysts for HS− oxidation have been tested: graphite, cobalt phthalocyanine and perovskite (La1,3Sr0.7NiO4). No catalytic poisoning has been observed by the oxidation products (sulfite and/or sulfate). The characteristics of the sulfide driven fuel cell have been tested with optimized HS− anodes and previously developed oxygen (air) cathodes. An electric power of P = 7.5 mW has been obtained.
We present a facile approach to making Al-Sb, carbon-modified (Al-Sb-C) nanocomposites for use as new anode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Alloying is achieved by one step synthesis using high energy mechanical milling (HEMM), producing nanometer-sized alloy particles of Sb-Al x C y -C. Based on electrochemical analyses, we determined that Sb acts as an active material, and both Al and carbon create a hybrid buffering matrix that mitigates the volume expansion of the active material during lithiation/delithiation to a greater degree than that by a pure metallic matrix (AlSb). In addition, we optimized the stoichiometric ratio of Al and Sb with regard to specific capacity and cycling performance. Of the ratios tested, a 1:1 molar ratio of Al and Sb exhibited the best cycling performance (302.5mAhg−1 after 200 charge/discharge cycles). Although our Al-Sb-C composite had low initial coulombic efficiency (∼59%), recovery to∼97% occurred within three cycles, indicating that initial side reactions are quickly reduced over the course of cycling. AlSb-C anodes also showed good rate capability and volumetric capacity. Overall, the new AlSb-C composite is a promising candidate for use as negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries, providing an alternative to commercially available graphite electrodes.
Over 177,000 bariatric surgeries were performed in 2006. Most patients are required to receive presurgical psychological clearance, although there are no empirically validated psycho-surgical risk factors. In an effort to establish normative data on suspected risk factors, the present study was conducted to determine if males and females differ on psycho-surgical risk factors.
Three-dimensional network of cobalt and aluminum layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets was synthesized on nickel foam by a simple hydrothermal method. The CoAl-LDH nonosheets were subsequently coated by ion sputtering with thin layers of Pt films to facilitate fast electron transport between current collector and the CoAl-LDH active materials. The optimal thickness of the Pt film acquiring the best performance was identified by applying various sputtering time in controlled experiments. The supercapacitor built by the CoAl-LDH nanosheets coated with Pt film sputtered for 5min has a high specific capacitance (734.4Fg−1 at 3Ag−1), excellent rate capability as well as cycling stability. Moreover, it showed a long life of 77% retention after 6000 cycles and its general morphology was preserved after the test. The synergetic affect of conductive layer of Pt films and CoAl-LDH on the improvement of electrochemical properties was discussed and this would provide a useful clue in designing novel and effective electrode materials for supercapacitors.
Communication-related disability is common after childhood traumatic brain injury. In most cases, the problems are secondary to executive function, cognitive, or behavioral impairments. Many of the problems persist and have been documented in children with mild and severe injuries. Persistent disability tends to be more severe in children injured at younger ages and often grows in severity over the developmental years. After reviewing the outcome literature, this article presents current approaches to behavioral and social-communication disability.
Before anything can be manufactured from metal powder, the powder itself has to be made. Most powders are made by the automisation of molten metal. John Dunkley looks at the major atomisation method in use...
The generation of energy by clean, efficient and environmental-friendly means is now one of the major challenges for engineers and scientists. Fuel cells convert chemical energy of a fuel gas directly into electrical work, and are efficient and environmentally clean, since no combustion is required. Moreover, fuel cells have the potential for development to a sufficient size for applications for commercial electricity generation. This paper outlines the acute global population growth and the growing need and use of energy and its consequent environmental impacts. The existing or emerging fuel cells’ technologies are comprehensively discussed in this paper. In particular, attention is given to the design and operation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), noting the restrictions based on materials’ requirements and fuel specifications. Moreover, advantages of SOFCs with respect to the other fuel cell technologies are identified. This paper also reviews the limitations and the benefits of SOFCs in relationship with energy, environment and sustainable development. Few potential applications, as long-term potential actions for sustainable development, and the future of such devices are discussed.
The paper presents a yearly comparison of different residential self-consumption-reducing discharge strategies for grid connected residential PV systems with the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). Altogether, three discharge strategies are taken into consideration; base case, adaptive algorithm and an energy-market-oriented remote-controlled strategy. All of the presented strategies are strictly limited to available residential load reduction based on the current BESS regulations. Furthermore, the simulations are run on real-world measurement data. The adaptive “grid-friendly” discharge algorithm utilizes global optima and a moving-average calculation to maximize the self-energy consumption in regards to the peak grid load periods. On the other hand a remote-controlled discharge scenario is taken into consideration to maximize self-consumption and to decrease the grid load when the intraday energy prices are the highest, if there is opportunity to do so. The system size optimization equations are based on a hidden layer feedforward neural network system. The main goal of the network is to predict the corresponding equations for the optimization software. Based on the neural network results, an “easy-to-use” BESS-size economic optimization web-based application has been developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the different discharge methodologies and to make easier different manufactures’ BESS system comparisons.