batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The surface of polyethylene (PE) membranes as a separator for lithium-ion polymer battery was modified with acrylonitrile (AN) using the plasma technology. The plasma-induced acrylonitrile coated PE (PiAN-PE) membrane was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurement. The electrochemical performance of the lithium-ion polymer cell fabricated with the PE and the PiAN-PE membranes were also analyzed. The surface characterization demonstrates that the enhanced adhesion of the PiAN-PE membrane resulted from the increased polar component of surface energy for the PiAN-PE membrane. The presence of the PiAN induced onto the surface of the membrane via the plasma modification plays a critical role in improving the wettability and electrolyte retention, the interfacial adhesion between the electrodes and the separator, the cycle performance of the resulting lithium-ion polymer cell assembly. The PiAN-PE membrane modified by the plasma treatment holds a great potential to be used as a high-performance and cost-effective separator for lithium-ion polymer battery.
In this work, a flexible and freestanding carbon nanofiber/graphene nanosheet (CNF/GNS) composite paper is prepared via electrospinning followed by high-temperature annealing using a polyacrylonitrile/GNS/dimethylformamide mixture as electrospun precursor. The structure characterizations show that GNS homogeneously distributes in the CNF, forming a thin, light-weight and flexible composite paper. Due to the reinforcing effects coming from CNF and GNS, the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area, conductivity and capacitance performance of pure CNF are significantly improved after adding GNS. The GNS/CNF composite paper exhibits the largest specific capacitance of 197Fg−1, about 24% higher than that of pure CNF paper. Therefore, based on the above investigations, such GNS/CNF composite paper can be a potential candidate for high-performance flexible capacitors.
A novel electrolyte system for a rechargeable magnesium battery has been developed. The electrolyte consists of ethylmagnesiumbromide in tetrahydrofuran (EtMgBr/THF) with an ionic liquid (IL) of quaternary ammonium salt. The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte with the composition of EtMgBr/THF:IL being 3:1 in volume was 7.44mScm−1 at 25°C. A reversible processes of cathodic deposition and anodic dissolution of magnesium has been successfully achieved in the mixed electrolyte system of EtMgBr/THF+IL at room temperature.
C–MnO2 is an alternative catalyst support in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In this study, C–MnO2 was prepared by hydrothermal method using KMnO4 as the Mn source. Meanwhile, Pt/C–MnO2 electrocatalyst was prepared by impregnation chemical reduction using ethylene glycol as reducing agent and H2PtCl6 as Pt precursor. The structure and morphology of C–MnO2 and Pt/C–MnO2 were characterized by X-ray diffraction energy-dispersive spectroscopy and transmission electronic microscopy analyses. Electrochemical performance was investigated by cyclic voltammetry analyses. A rotating disk electrode (RDE) was used to examine catalytic oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) to explore the oxygen reduction of Pt/C–MnO2. The Pt/C–MnO2 exhibited better activity and stability than those of Pt/C. In contrast to Pt/C, MnO2 possessed unique characteristics; the oxide functions as an effective Pt support and hence enhances ORR activity and durability. The RDE results for the ORR indicated that the main reaction of the Pt/C–MnO2 catalyst was the direct reduction of O2–H2O. This reaction is similar to the mechanism of the Pt/C catalyst and both with a four-electron charge transfer. The results of the single cell polarization experiment and the ON–OFF cycling test revealed that MnO2 improves proton exchange membrane fuel cells performance and durability. This paper also investigated the mechanism through which MnO2 promotes oxygen reduction.
Quorum sensing is a widespread regulatory mechanism among Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, Acinetobacter strains were assayed for the presence of quorum sensing signal molecules capable of activating N-acylhomoserine lactone biosensors. By using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens reporter strain it was shown that all the cultures produced two to four detectable signal molecules with different chromatographic patterns. In A. calcoaceticus BD413 supernatants four compounds were detected in a time-dependent manner, and maximal activity was reached at stationary phase. The number of signal molecules was dependent on medium composition; typically, cultures in minimal medium displayed one or two more signals, as compared to complex medium. None of the Acinetobacter supernatants showed autoinduction activity with an Chromobacterium violaceum reporter strain, neither in direct or competition assays.
Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most promising energy conversion/storage systems, but the low thermal stability of the current electrolytes in LIBs should be improved to expand their potential applications. To enhance the safety properties of LIBs, novel pyrrolinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) were proposed as an alternative electrolyte to the current carbonate electrolyte, which have some task-specific functional groups, i.e., a planar CN double bond, a C-O ether linkage, and no unstable C-H bond, designed to improve their electrochemical performances as well as the physicochemical properties. As a result, the pyrrolinium-based ILs exhibited much improved physicochemical and electrochemical properties compared to those of the known ILs. Among the prepared ILs, N-allyl-2-methoxypyrrolinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (A(OMe)Pyrl-FSI, 4) showed the high ionic conductivity (10.2mScm−1), the very good cycling performance (99.3% of retention ratio after 50 cycles) with a LiFePO4 electrode, and the much improved lithium ion transference number (0.19). IL 4 also had the remarkable rate capability at 5 C-rate with the retention ratio of 81.2% (124.8mAhg−1), compared to the initial discharge capacity of 153.7mA h g−1 at 0.1 C-rate. In addition, both their high thermal stability and non-flammability were also confirmed.
Synthesis, characterization of Li x CoO2 (x>1.0) and their electrochemical behaviors are examined. From compositional analysis, the solid solution limit of excess lithium is found around Li/Co=1.15. These products contain oxygen defects in order to maintain electronic neutrality. To evaluate the effect of oxygen defects, high pressure oxygen treatment was done for these samples. The electrochemical behavior of the treated samples shows much higher efficiency in the first cycle. The reversible capacity shows dependence on the composition and the highest one as much as 140mAhg−1 was obtained at Li/Co=1.10. The capacity linearly decreased with Li/Co ratio beyond 1.10 due to decreasing amount of cobalt in the products. This lead to better cycling performance with the reversible capacity of ca. 160mAhg−1, when the higher cut off voltage as 4.52V was set for the charge process.
Ionic liquid–polymer gels were prepared by incorporating N-butyl-N-methylmorpholinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Mor1,4TFSI) and poly(vinylidene fluoride)–hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVdF(HFP)) using three different methods in order to observe the variation of ionic conductivities according to the presence of propylene carbonate (PC) and various weight ratios between Mor1,4TFSI and gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). Ionic conductivities for each gel polymer electrolyte were measured with increasing temperature. Ionic conductivities of the GPEs increased with increasing temperature and weight ratio of Mor1,4TFSI. In addition, the addition of PC into GPE led to the improvement of ionic conductivities. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the suggested gel polymer electrolytes composed of only ionic liquid and polymer were stable up to approximately 400°C. TGA and infrared spectroscopy data indicated that residual PC remains after evaporating PC in a vacuum oven, which did not affect the ionic conductivities. The GPEs containing PC displayed high conductivity (ca. 10−2 Scm−1) at 60°C.
To keep up with the appeal for energy-saving and environment protection, scientists have turned to nature for inspiration to develop relative green approaches for the fabrication of materials. With this in mind, we demonstrate herein a green and facile method for the synthesis of Mn3O4 hierarchical materials with nanoscaled to microscaled porous structures. Nanostructured Mn3O4 thin films are prepared by green and facile successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. These films are further assembled in order to fabricate big as well as lightweight and portable Mn3O4–Mn3O4 symmetric supercapacitor cells. Scaling up has been realized by assembling several electrodes in parallel to build a prismatic cell. Electrochemical performance of these cells is tested by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge discharge techniques in neutral 1M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. A laboratory cell achieved a maximum specific capacitance of 72Fg−1 with stable performance >10,000 cycles and a cell voltage of 1V. Long-life cycling was achieved by removing dissolved oxygen from the electrolyte, which limits the corrosion of current collectors. The effects of temperature on supercapacitive properties of Mn3O4–Mn3O4 symmetric cells are investigated. Additionally, actual demonstration of the cells with toy fan is given to prove the commercialization of the device. These encouraging results show the interest of developing such devices, including non-toxic and greener components as compared to the current organic-based devices.
We report the case of an Italian speaker (GBC) with classical Wernicke’s aphasia syndrome following a vascular lesion in the left posterior middle temporal region. GBC exhibited a selective phonological deficit in spoken language production (repetition and reading) which affected all word classes irrespective of grammatical class, frequency, and length. GBC’s production of number words, in contrast, was error free. The specific pattern of phonological errors on non-number words allows us to attribute the locus of impairment at the level of phonological form retrieval of a correctly selected lexical entry. These data support the claim that number words are represented and processed differently from other word categories in language production.
Utility business models are changing to accommodate energy system decarbonization. Here the authors adopt a collaborative business model innovation process to define the business models that utilities are exploring, and then identify consumer segments based on their preferences for these new contracts.
We examine the potential economic implications of using vehicle batteries to store grid electricity generated at off-peak hours for off-vehicle use during peak hours. Ancillary services such as frequency regulation are not considered here because only a small number of vehicles will saturate that market. Hourly electricity prices in three U.S. cities were used to arrive at daily profit values, while the economic losses associated with battery degradation were calculated based on data collected from A123 Systems LiFePO4/Graphite cells tested under combined driving and off-vehicle electricity utilization. For a 16kWh (57.6MJ) vehicle battery pack, the maximum annual profit with perfect market information and no battery degradation cost ranged from ∼US$140 to $250 in the three cities. If the measured battery degradation is applied, however, the maximum annual profit (if battery pack replacement costs fall to $5000 for a 16kWh battery) decreases to ∼$10–120. It appears unlikely that these profits alone will provide sufficient incentive to the vehicle owner to use the battery pack for electricity storage and later off-vehicle use. We also estimate grid net social welfare benefits from avoiding the construction and use of peaking generators that may accrue to the owner, finding that these are similar in magnitude to the energy arbitrage profit.
Hydrous ruthenium–tin oxides (denoted as (Ru–Sn)O2·nH2O) were synthesized under a mild hydrothermal condition. The mean particles size of pristine RuO2·nH2O, smaller than 3nm, was decreased with the introduction of Sn into the precursor solutions while it is not significantly affected by varying the Sn content. The textual characteristics of (Ru–Sn)O2·nH2O were analyzed through means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). From the ideal capacitive behavior of pristine oxides with the Ru content ≥40at.%, hydrothermal synthesis favored the formation of hydrous oxides with a novel structure providing excellent pathways for electron hopping and proton diffusion/exchange during the charge storage/delivery process. The introduction of tin oxide was demonstrated to successfully promote the utilization of oxyruthenium species, reaching a maximum C S,Ru of ca. 830F/g for pristine Ru0.6Sn0.4O2·nH2O (measured at 25mV/s).
Essential tremor is a common movement disorder that affects between 5 and 10 million persons in the United States. It is characterized primarily by an action and postural tremor most often affecting the arms, but it can also affect other body parts. Essential tremor is a progressive neurologic disorder and can cause substantial disability in some patients. Although there is no cure for essential tremor, pharmacologic and surgical treatments can provide some benefit. Primidone and propranolol are first-line treatments. Other medications with potential efficacy include benzodiazepines, gabapentin, topiramate, and botulinum toxin. Patients with medication-resistant tremor may benefit from thalamotomy or deep brain stimulation of the thalamus. The use of medical and surgical therapies can provide benefit in up to 80% of patients with essential tremor.
Layered Li(Co0.33Mn0.33Ni0.33)O2 and composite 0.3Li2MnO3·0.7LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 electrode powders have been treated with NH3 and HNO3 prior to cell assembly. These pre-conditioning reactions improve the electrochemical properties of the electrodes when charged to high electrochemical potentials (≥4.45V versus Li0) in lithium cells. NH3-treatment of Li(Co0.33Mn0.33Ni0.33)O2 increases electrode capacity and improves the coulombic efficiency of the electrochemical reaction after the first charge/discharge cycle, whereas acid-treatment of 0.3Li2MnO3·0.7LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 electrodes significantly improves the coulombic efficiency of the initial charge/discharge reaction.
Different ionic liquids based on the 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium cation are added as a flame-retarding additive to a standard organic electrolyte, and their influences on the cycling performance and thermal stability of lithium-ion cells are investigated. The self-extinguishing time and DSC results demonstrate that the addition of the ionic liquids to the base electrolyte is effective in reducing the flammability of the electrolyte solution and improving the thermal stability of the cell. Among the ionic liquids evaluated in this study, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate was the most desirable flame-retarding additive for achieving the best cycling performance of lithium-ion cell.
In this study, an original approach was explored to decorate copper particles with palladium and well-defined bimetallic copper/palladium powders were elaborated through a two-step ball milling procedure. First, copper powder was milled with previously determined optimal conditions (ball-to-powder mass ratio of 2, milling duration of 6h under argon) in order to obtain spherical nanocrystalline copper particles with an average diameter of 800μm. Then, an additional milling in presence of 1at.% of palladium powder was performed, leading to the formation of Cu–Pd composite materials. Palladium surface concentrations from 3 to 62at.% were obtained by varying both the ball-to-powder mass ratio (2:1 or 10:1) and the milling duration (from 5 to 30min). Scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that the more intense the milling is, the easier the palladium diffuses into the copper matrix and smaller the palladium concentration on copper particles is. Cyclic voltammetry and electrolysis experiments showed that palladium inclusions on copper improve greatly the electrocatalytic activity for nitrate reduction in alkaline media. The key role of Pd in the Pd–Cu composite electrodes is to accelerate the reduction of nitrite, formed by the electrochemical reduction of nitrate on Cu sites. Also different nitrate electroreduction behaviors were observed at copper and copper–palladium electrodes leading to the preferential formation of nitrite or ammonia depending on the applied potential and the Pd surface concentration.
To design and manufacture high-performance energy storage devices with real mechanical flexibility is one of the main advantages of the solid-state battery technology. Mechanically flexible thin film, all solid-state Li-ion batteries are supposed to be the main power sources in emerging technologies such as flexible electronics, wearables, etc. However, if a flexible solid-state device is exposed to repeated external mechanical load, introducing additional aging mechanisms might be expected. In addition, externally introduced stress and strain to the battery functional components could influence lithiation kinetics of the respective electrode material. In the present study, the effect of the external mechanical load on the lithiation kinetics and the collateral mechanical fatigue of the full battery cell during dynamic bending were investigated in detail. Therefore, mechanically flexible, all solid-state MoO3/LiPON/Li battery cells were fabricated on a polymer substrate. Battery cells were exposed to static convex bending and it was ascertained that the bulk resistance of the positive electrode is largely dependent on the depth-of-discharge as well as mechanical stress state, while other processes such as charge transfer and electrolyte bulk resistance are less affected. Furthermore, battery cells were cycled galvanostatically, while they were bent repeatedly using different bending scenarios. Below a threshold bending frequency (f = 1/360 Hz), stable battery function was found, however mechanical aging of the battery cell was observed. As it was demonstrated, the metal current collector/positive electrode interface is highly prone to the physical degradation upon dynamic bending. As a result, delamination of the electrode and contact loss occur, causing capacity fading, accordingly. The present study shed light on the joint mechanical-electrochemical aging of mechanically flexible all solid-state Li-ion batteries.
Renewable energy systems (RESs) have been promoted for rural electrification as an answer to the growing energy needs of communities while simultaneously satisfying environmental and resource scarcity problems. These off-grid systems however have several challenges in the perspective of sustainability due to the technically and financially weak recipients and users of the projects. There is still, however, less detailed understanding how the technical and economic aspects of the projects can properly match the social aspects to promote sustainability. This paper aimed to further understand the challenges and social impacts of rural electrification projects using RES through a case study of a centralized off-grid solar plant in the Philippines. The study used multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) to identify essential user attributes which explain the users’ electricity consumption behaviors. The community cooperative had difficulties maintaining the facility in the long term due to financial and capacity related challenges. A holistic approach dealing with the technical, economic and social aspects in developing RES projects promote sustainability.
The fluorescent tracer agent 3,6-diamino-2,5-bis{N-[(1R)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl]carbamoyl}pyrazine, designated MB-102, has been developed with properties and attributes for use as a direct measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In comparison to known standard exogenous GFR agents in animal models, MB-102 has demonstrated an excellent correlation. A battery of toxicity tests has been completed on this new fluorescent tracer agent, including single dose toxicity studies in rats and dogs to determine overall toxicity and toxicokinetics of the compound. Blood compatibility, mutation assay, chromosomal aberration assay, and several other assays were also completed. Toxicity assessments were based on mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption and anatomical pathology. Doses of up to 200–300 times the estimated human dose were administered. No test-article related effects were noted on body weight, food consumption, ophthalmic observations and no abnormal pathology was seen in either macroscopic or microscopic evaluations of any organs or tissues. All animals survived to scheduled sacrifice. Transient discoloration of skin and urine was noted at the higher dose levels in both species as expected from a highly fluorescent compound and was not considered pathological. Thus initial toxicology studies of this new fluorescent tracer agent MB-102 have resulted in negligible demonstrable pathological test article concerns.
We report on a non-precious, two-phase bifunctional oxygen reduction and evolution (ORR and OER) electrocatalyst with previously unachieved combined roundtrip catalytic reactivity and stability for use in oxygen electrodes of unitized reversible fuel cell/electrolyzers or rechargeable metal–air batteries. The combined OER and ORR overpotential, total, at 10 mA cm−2 was a record low value of 0.747 V. Rotating Ring Disk Electrode (RRDE) measurements revealed a high faradaic selectivity for the 4 electron pathways, while subsequent continuous MEA tests in reversible electrolyzer cells confirmed the excellent catalyst reactivity rivaling the state-of-the-art combination of iridium (OER) and platinum (ORR).
To address both the growing burden of joint disease and the gaps in medical access in developing nations, medical relief organizations have begun to launch programs to perform total joint replacement (TJR) on resident populations in developing countries. One outcome of TJR of particular interest is physical activity (PA) since it is strongly linked to general health. This study evaluates the amount of postoperative participation in PA in low-income patients who received total joint replacement in the Dominican Republic and identifies preoperative predictors of postoperative PA level.
Low-cost branched sulfonated polyimide (bSPI) membranes were prepared for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) application. The degree of branching (DB) of membranes was controlled to be 0–12% through changing the mole ratio of branched non-sulfonated diamine to dianhydride. Both FT-IR and NMR spectra verified the successful preparation of bSPI membranes. The morphology was observed using SEM. Thermal and mechanical properties of bSPI-8 membrane were better than linear SPI. Chemical stability of bSPI membranes was higher than linear SPI. Both proton conductivity (2.97–4.53×10−2 Scm−1) and vanadium ion permeability (4.51–12.23×10−7 cm2 min−1) of bSPI membranes increase with the DB. The bSPI-8 membrane with the highest proton selectivity and superior stability shows higher coulombic efficiency (CE, 97–99%) and energy efficiency (EE, 67–80%) than Nafion™ 117 membrane (CE, 95–98%, and EE, 62–73% respectively) at 50–120mAcm−2. Besides, the VRB with bSPI-8 membrane shows stable efficiency and good capacity retention during 800-cycle charge-discharge test. Therefore, the optimized bSPI-8 membrane is of great potential in VRB system because of its excellent battery performance and operational stability.