batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Individuals with ‘time–space’ synaesthesia have conscious awareness of mappings between time and space (e.g., they may see months arranged in an ellipse, or years as columns or spirals). These mappings exist in the 3D space around the body or in a virtual space within the mind's eye. Our study shows that these extra-ordinary mappings derive from, or give rise to, superior abilities in the two domains linked by this cross-modal phenomenon (i.e., abilities relating to time, and visualised space). We tested ten time–space synaesthetes with a battery of temporal and visual/spatial tests. Our temporal battery (the Edinburgh [Public and Autobiographical] Events Battery – EEB) assessed both autobiographical and non-autobiographical memory for events. Our visual/spatial tests assessed the ability to manipulate real or imagined objects in 3D space (the Three Dimensional Constructional Praxis test; Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, University of Southern California Mental Rotation Test) as well as assessing visual memory recall (Visual Patterns Test – VPT). Synaesthetes' performance was superior to the control population in every assessment, but was not superior in tasks that do not draw upon abilities related to their mental calendars. Our paper discusses the implications of this temporal–spatial advantage as it relates to normal processing, synaesthetic processing, and to the savant-like condition of hyperthymestic syndrome (Parker et al., 2006).
This study reports for the first time the full charging of a state-of-the-art mobile smartphone, using Microbial Fuel Cells fed with urine. This was possible by employing a new design of MFC that allowed scaling-up without power density losses. Although it was demonstrated in the past that a basic mobile phone could be charged by MFCs, the present study goes beyond this to show how, simply using urine, an MFC system successfully charges a modern-day smartphone. Several energy-harvesting systems have been tested and results have demonstrated that the charging circuitry of commercially available phones may consume up to 38% of energy on top of the battery capacity. The study concludes by developing a mobile phone charger based on urine, which results in 3h of phone operation (outgoing call) for every 6h of charge time, with as little as 600mL (per charge) of real neat urine.
Composite sulfur electrodes are prepared by high-temperature mechanical milling (443K) for use in all-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries, and their structures and electrochemical properties are investigated. Composites comprising sulfur, acetylene black, and a Li3.25Ge0.25P0.75S4 solid electrolyte are fabricated by planetary ball milling using a temperature-controlled system. The composite electrode exhibits a high discharge capacity of greater than 1200mAhg−1 and a good cycle capability. As a result of high-temperature milling, composites are formed, incorporating novel structural units from the reaction between sulfur and the solid electrolyte, along with their intrinsic characteristics. Hence, high-temperature milling demonstrates promise for the fabrication of a composite electrode exhibiting high, reversible electrochemical activities for use in an all-solid-state lithium–sulfur battery.
A stable electrolyte system with wide electrochemical window and excellent interface compatibility is the key to successfully obtaining higher power and energy density of lithium ion batteries. Here we report that cycle life and rate performance of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM) at a high charge cutoff voltage of 4.7 V can be greatly extended by manipulating the electrode/electrolyte interphases with succinonitrile (SN) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) simultaneously as solvents. Remarkably, NCM//Li cells can retain extraordinary capacity retention up to 73.6% after 100 stable cycles, which far surpasses the commercial electrolyte counterpart (35.5%). It also delivers a high discharge capacity of >80 mA h g−1 at 5 C, significantly higher than that of commercial electrolytes (20 mA h g−1). Meanwhile, the characteristics of interface layer on NCM are investigated in detail using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction images, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with and without Ar ion etching technology, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This is mainly attributed to a stable, uniform, N-containing and high ionic conductive electrolyte interphase layer on the surface of NCM positive material using this optimized electrolyte. So it reveals the importance of controlling electrode/electrolyte interphases through manipulation of electrolyte compositions, and opens a new avenue for developing NCM as high-capacity electrode materials for lithium ion batteries.
Nowadays combining electro-mobility with carsharing services that shift private mobility from ownership to service use is viewed as the most promising line of business in sustainable transportation for the next years. In this direction, the present paper focuses on the development of an electric vehicle sharing (EVS) service that integrates various options in the vehicle fleet, namely 2-seat and 4-/5-seat electric cars, as well as electric bikes and electric scooters/motorcycles. Using the members of an academic community as the target users, it examines the potential demand and costs for the development of the business case, starting from the quantification of the user base to the analysis of initial investment cost. To this end, this work employs a population study and a stated preference survey to capture the mobility needs and identify the user profile characteristics and preferences, providing thus useful insight on the implementation of the envisaged system. Based on well-defined criteria, it presents the selected locations of the vehicle pick-up/drop-off points and the composition of the electric vehicle fleet. It further proposes a design of the central charging station as the coordinative center of the service and provides a detailed analysis of the infrastructure and fleet purchase costs.
Increasing interest in the role of omega-3 fatty acids in relation to neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. ADHD, dyslexia, autism) has occurred as a consequence of some international studies highlighting this link. In particular, some studies have shown that children with ADHD may have lower concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly omega-3, in their red blood cells and plasma, and that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids may alleviate behavioural symptoms in this population. However, in order to compare levels it seems appropriate to establish fatty acid levels in a mainstream school aged population and if levels relate to learning and behaviour. To date no study has established this. For this study, cheek cell samples from 411 typically developing school children were collected and analysed for PUFA content, in order to establish the range in this population. In addition, measures of general classroom attention and behaviour were assessed in these children by teachers and parents. Cognitive performance tests were also administered in order to explore whether an association between behaviour and/or cognitive performance and PUFA levels exists. Relationships between PUFA levels and socio-economic status were also explored. Measures of reading, spelling and intelligence did not show any association with PUFA levels, but some associations were noted with the level of omega-3 fatty acids and teacher and parental reports of behaviour, with some evidence that higher omega-3 levels were associated with decreased levels of inattention, hyperactivity, emotional and conduct difficulties and increased levels of prosocial behaviour. These findings are discussed in relation to previous findings from omega-3 supplementation studies with children.
The effect of the capacity matchup between cathode and anode in the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li4Ti5O12 cell system on cycling property, choice of electrolyte, high voltage and overcharge tolerances was investigated by comparing the cells with Li4Ti5O12 limiting capacity with the cells with LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 limiting capacity. The former exhibits better cycling performance and less limitation of electrolyte choice than the latter. Furthermore, the Li4Ti5O12-limited cell exhibits better tolerance to high voltage and overcharge than the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-limited cell, owing to taking advantage of the extra capacity of Li4Ti5O12 below 1V. It is thus recommended that the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li4Ti5O12 cell whose capacity is limited by Li4Ti5O12 anode should be used to extend the application of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed more frequently in boys than girls, even when girls are equally symptomatic. Cutting-edge behavioral imaging has detected “camouflaging” in girls with ASD, wherein social behaviors appear superficially typical, complicating diagnosis. The present study explores a new kind of camouflage based on language differences. Pauses during conversation can be filled with words like UM or UH, but research suggests that these two words are pragmatically distinct (e.g., UM is used to signal longer pauses, and may correlate with greater social communicative sophistication than UH). Large-scale research suggests that women and younger people produce higher rates of UM during conversational pauses than do men and older people, who produce relatively more UH. Although it has been argued that children and adolescents with ASD use UM less often than typical peers, prior research has not included sufficient numbers of girls to examine whether sex explains this effect. Here, we explore UM vs. UH in school-aged boys and girls with ASD, and ask whether filled pauses relate to dimensional measures of autism symptom severity.
The Na0.9Ni0.45MnxTi0.55-xO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.55) series of layered oxides was synthesized using a solid-state method and the materials in this series were studied as positive electrode materials in sodium cells. All compositions resided in a phase pure O3 solid solution. Compared to the Ti-free composition, Na0.9Ni0.45Mn0.4Ti0.15O2 has improved capacity retention without sacrificing reversible capacity and average voltage. Na0.9Ni0.45Mn0.4Ti0.15O2 delivers ∼197 mAh/g of reversible capacity in a voltage range of 1.5-4.5V with an average voltage of ∼3.27V. Energy density available based on metallic sodium is estimated to be approximately 643 Wh/kg or 2805 Wh/L. Increasing the Ti content beyond this composition results in increased average voltage, increased polarization and a reduction in cycling performance.
Accurate estimation of state-of-charge (SOC) of a battery through its life remains challenging in battery research. Although improved precisions continue to be reported at times, almost all are based on regression methods empirically, while the accuracy is often not properly addressed. Here, a comprehensive review is set to address such issues, from fundamental principles that are supposed to define SOC to methodologies to estimate SOC for practical use. It covers topics from calibration, regression (including modeling methods) to validation in terms of precision and accuracy. At the end, we intend to answer the following questions: 1) can SOC estimation be self-adaptive without bias? 2) Why Ah-counting is a necessity in almost all battery-model-assisted regression methods? 3) How to establish a consistent framework of coupling in multi-physics battery models? 4) To assess the accuracy in SOC estimation, statistical methods should be employed to analyze factors that contribute to the uncertainty. We hope, through this proper discussion of the principles, accurate SOC estimation can be widely achieved.
Given the increasing penetration of renewable energy technologies as distributed generation embedded in the consumption centres, there is growing interest in energy storage systems located very close to consumers. These systems allow to increase the amount of renewable energy generation consumed locally, they provide opportunities for demand-side management and help to decarbonise the electricity, heating and transport sectors. In this paper, the authors present an interdisciplinary review of community energy storage (CES) with a focus on its potential role and challenges as a key element within the wider energy system. The discussion includes: the whole spectrum of applications and technologies with a strong emphasis on end user applications; techno-economic, environmental and social assessments of CES; and an outlook on CES from the customer, utility company and policy-maker perspectives. Currently, in general only traditional thermal storage with water tanks is economically viable. However, CES is expected to offer new opportunities for the energy transition since the community scale introduces several advantages for electrochemical technologies such as batteries. Technical and economic benefits over energy storage in single dwellings are driven by enhanced performance due to less spiky community demand profile and economies of scale respectively. In addition, CES brings new opportunities for citizen participation within communities and helps to increase awareness of energy consumption and environmental impacts.
This study analyses the formation of polypyrrole/multi-walled carbon nanotube (PPy/MWCNT) composite materials using chemical oxidation with varying amounts of MWCNTs added. The samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy, a four-probe method, and infrared thermal imaging using electromagnetic parameters. According to the test results, it is seen that the formation of PPy with the addition of MWCNTs can affect the material’s infrared properties and increase the material’s microwave return losses (up to −19dB). This production procedure can also make the peak frequency of the microwave return losses adjustable, and the composite’s infrared and microwave performance becomes compatible and adjustable.
Safety problems of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), such as fire and explosion caused by flammable commercial organic electrolyte (OE) during abuse-testing conditions, hinder the further application of LIBs. To address these issues, an inorganic non-aqueous liquid electrolyte-LiAlCl4·3SO2 (IE) was synthesized and investigated for LIBs. This study demonstrated that the IE possessed preeminent comprehensive properties, such as non-flammable property, sufficient ionic conductivity (23.77 mS cm−1 at room temperature) and high lithium ion transport number ( t L i + =0.47). Therefore, compared with OE, LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode in IE exhibited outstanding rate capacity and stable cycle performance at room temperature. At room temperature the discharge capacity of LFP in IE could still achieved ∼80 mAh·g−1 at 10 C, while the reversible capacities of LFP in OE is almost 0 mAh·g−1. In addition, at 0 °C the reversible capacities of LFP in IE is much higher than the LFP in OE, and graphite electrode with IE also shows better rate capabilities than graphite electrode with OE. All these results demonstrate that the presented IE could be served as a good electrolyte candidate for LIBs.
Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) are directly grown on the surface of a three-dimensional (3D) Ni foam substrate by floating catalytic chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD). The electrochemical properties of the 3D NCNT-Ni foam are thoroughly examined as a potential electrode for non-aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs). During synthesis, nitrogen atoms can be successfully doped onto the carbon nanotube (CNT) lattices by forming an abundance of nitrogen-based functional groups. The 3D NCNT-Ni foam electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical activities toward the redox reactions of [Fe (bpy)3]2+/3+ (in anolyte) and [Co(bpy)3]+/2+ (in catholyte), which are mainly attributed to the hierarchical 3D structure of the NCNT-Ni foam electrode and the catalytic effect of nitrogen atoms doped onto the CNTs; this leads to faster mass transfer and charge transfer during operation. As a result, the RFB cell assembled with 3D NCNT-Ni foam electrodes exhibits a high energy efficiency of 80.4% in the first cycle; this performance is maintained up to the 50th cycle without efficiency loss.
A MnO2 nanoparticle/three-dimensional N-doped reduced graphene oxide (MnO2/3D-NRGO) was prepared through a hydrothermal method with a subsequent ultrasound treatment in a KMnO4 aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope analyses indicate that the MnO2 nanoparticles tightly anchored onto the N-doped graphene sheets in the MnO2/3D-NRGO. Considering the increased bonding force and the 3D porous graphene with 3D interpenetrating microstructures, large accessible surface areas, and interconnected conductive networks, as a supercapacitor electrode material, MnO2/3D-NRGO showed specific capacitance of 349 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in a 1.0 M Na2SO4 electrolyte solution and superior cyclic stability (106% of initial capacitance after 20000 cycles). The asymmetric supercapacitor fabricated with the MnO2/3D-NRGO and 3D-NRGO as the positive and negative electrode material, respectively, exhibited a high energy density (35.22 Wh kg−1 at 200 W kg−1), suggesting that MnO2/3D-NRGO is a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.
A facile and rapid candle flame treatment technique has been developed to synthesize the hybrid nanostructure of soot-based carbon nanoparticles decorated graphene sheets (CN-GS) from graphene oxide. In this technique, candle flame serves the dual purpose i.e. acting as reducing medium for the graphene oxide reduction into graphene and it also acts as a source of carbon nanoparticles. During the flame treatment, these nanoparticles get uniformly deposited on the graphene sheets. The as-prepared nanocomposite has been characterized thoroughly and studied as an electrode material for supercapacitors, aqueous Al-ion battery and capacitive deionization (CDI) applications. The CN-GS based symmetric supercapacitor device exhibits an excellent gravimetric specific capacitance of 351 F g−1 and energy density of 12.2 Wh kg−1. The electrochemical performance of this material has also been tested for the aqueous Al-ion battery cathode, where it was found to possess 152.7 mAh g−1 of specific capacity. In addition to this, CN-GS based CDI electrode exhibited the salt adsorption capacity of 30.7 mg g−1. The CN-GS should be a promising electrode material for highly efficient energy storage devices and CDI applications due to its excellent electrochemical performance and long cyclic stability.
The phase transition of Li-rich cathode materials occurred from surface to internal bulk structure leads to a poor stability of cycling performance, which seriously limits the development of the materials. Herein, with a facile designed hydrothermal method, the Li-rich layered oxides microspheres with the internal spinel phase are synthesized successfully. Compared with traditional hydrothermal method, a new heterostructured material exhibits high specific capacity remarkable cycling performance (247 mA h g−1 at 0.5 C) with high energy density (852 Wh kg−1). Under galvanostatic charge-discharge pattern, the discharge capacity retains about 91.5% after 300 cycles at a large current of 2 C. The full cell fabrication with artificial graphite as an anode and the synthesized heterostructured Li1.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 material as cathode exhibits the favorable property and the practical applicability. We expect that this strategy is going to pave new ways to accelerate the property and application of Li-rich cathode oxides materials.
In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra measurements were obtained for a Cu electrode/solution of lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate (PC). The dependence of potential on the concentration of PC in the vicinity of the electrode was investigated. The bands due to free PC and PC solvated to lithium ions in the solution were distinguished by the single reflection attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectra. In the FTIR spectra, the reversible change in the concentration of free PC and solvated PC in the diffuse double layer was observed to be accompanied by a change in potential. As the potential decreased, the free PC concentration increased, while the concentration of the PC solvated to lithium ions decreased. Thus, it can be concluded that the equilibrium shifts from Li+(PC)4 to Li+(PC)3 +PC as the potential decreases. Furthermore, Li+(PC)3 orientates itself so that it is parallel to the electrode surface.
The controlled synthesis of nanohybrids composed of noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt and Pd, as well as AuAg alloy) and metal oxides (ZnO, TiO2, Cu2O and CeO2) have received considerable attention for applications in photocatalysis, solar cells, drug delivery, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and many other important areas. The overall architecture of nanocomposites is one of the most important factors dictating the physical properties of nanohybrids. Noble metals can be coupled to metal oxides to yield diversified nanostructures, including noble metal decorated-metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), nanoarrays, noble metal/metal oxide core/shell, noble metal/metal oxide yolk/shell and Janus noble metal–metal oxide nanostructures. In this review, we focus on the significant advances in tailored nanostructures of noble metal–metal oxide nanohybrids. The improvement in performance in the representative solar energy conversion applications including photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, photocatalytic hydrogen generation, photocatalytic CO2 reduction, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are discussed. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on the future direction and prospects of these controllable nanohybrid materials.
Patent vascular access is a prerequisite for adequate haemodialysis, and is a major determinant of quality of life and long-term survival of patients with end-stage renal disease. Autogenous haemodialysis fistulas (AVFs) have demonstrated superior clinical outcome when compared to synthetic grafts, but both types of access remain susceptible to venous stenoses, and consequent thrombotic occlusion. Recent publications have reported primary patency rates of up to 100% following percutaneous de-clotting of AVFs incorporating techniques such as pharmacological thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, and thrombo-aspiration. Endovascular management also provides information regarding the underlying cause of access thrombosis, with option to treat. Consequently, there has been a paradigm shift in the management of fistula thrombosis, with interventional radiology assuming a lead role in initial salvage procedures. This article will attempt to provide the reader with an insight into the multiple radiological techniques that can be employed to salvage a thrombosed AVF based on current published literature.
The ternary [Li+][MPPip+][NTf2 −] ionic liquid, obtained by dissolution of solid lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiNTf2) in liquid N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (MPPipNTf2), was used as an electrolyte, and stable at the lithium or graphite-lithium anodes. The graphite-lithium (C6Li) anode showed good cyclability and Coulombic efficiency in the presence of a molecular additive (10wt.% of vinylene carbonate, VC) to the ionic liquid. The electrode showed ca. 90% of its initial discharge capacity after 100 cycles. The addition of ethylene carbonate (EC) does not improve the cyclability of the anode to the same degree as that observed in the case of vinylene carbonate.
The objectives of this study were to identify major dietary patterns and to investigate the association between dietary patterns and cognitive function in older adults.