batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The rapid growth in population has led to substantial traffic bottlenecks in recent transportation systems. This not only causes significant air pollution, and waste in time and energy, but also signifies the issue of the auto-park scarcity. In the age of Internet of Things (IoT) and smart city ecosystems, smart parking and relevant innovative solutions are necessary towards more sustainable future cities. Smart parking with the help of sensors embedded in cars and city infrastructures can alleviate the deadlocks in parking problems and provide the best quality of services and profit to citizens. However, several design aspects should be well investigated and analyzed before implementing such solutions. In this paper, we classify the smart parking systems while considering soft and hard design factors. We overview the enabling technologies and sensors which have been commonly used in the literature. We emphasize the importance of data reliability, security, privacy and other critical design factors in such systems. Emerging parking trends in the ecosystem are investigated, while focusing on data interoperability and exchange. We also outline open research issues in the current state of smart parking systems and recommend a conceptual hybrid-parking model.
In this work, we studied the cycling performance of initially inactive Li2MnO3 electrodes prepared from micron-sized particles, at 30°C and 60°C and possible structural transitions that this material can undergo due to de-lithiation. It was found that being activated at elevated temperatures, Li2MnO3 electrodes demonstrate a steady-state cycling behavior and reasonable capacity retention after aging at 60°C. The main gases evolved during polarization of the Li2MnO3 electrodes are O2 evolved from the structure and CO2 and CO that can be formed due the reaction of oxygen with carbon black. It was found that a transformation of the Li2MnO3 layered structure into a spinel-like phase occurred during the initial charging of the Li2MnO3 electrodes, which were characterized as possessing domains of both layered and spinel-like structures. The results of the structural studies of these electrodes obtained by the X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were found to be in agreement with their Raman spectroscopic responses. We suggest that the mechanism of the charge compensation during the extraction of lithium at 60°C involves both oxygen removal from the Li2MnO3 structure and the exchange between Li+ and protons formed during the anodic oxidation of ethylene carbonate or dimethyl carbonate solvents in LiPF6 solutions at high potentials (>4.5V). It is assumed that the proton-containing structure Li2−x H x−y MnO3−0.5y is retained in a discharged state of the electrode and may decompose above 500°C with the formation of Li2O and manganese oxides accompanied by the release of water and CO2.
Interrelations of fungal mycelium with other soil biota are of paramount importance in forestry and soil ecology. Here we present the results of statistical analysis of a comprehensive data set collected in the first (and the only) British fungus sanctuary over a period of four months. The variables studied included a number of soil properties, bacteria, protozoan flagellates, ciliates and amoebae, microbial and plant feeding nematodes, various microarthropods, and two fungal biomarkers — glomalin and ergosterol. One way ANOVA showed that the dynamics of the microbiota studied was influenced by seasonal changes. Superimposed on these changes, however, was variability due to biological interactions and habitat characteristics. Two fungal biomarkers, ergosterol and glomalin, were differently influenced by other biota and abiotic variables. The results indicate that the dynamics of soil fungi is influenced not only by soil microarthropods, but also by those found in forest litter. The overall outcome, therefore, is likely to be very complex and will depend upon specific conditions of any particular ecosystem.
To examine whether children with a 22q11.2 Deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) are able to use prospective control, 21 children with 22q11.2DS (mean age=9.6±1.9; mean FSIQ=73.05±10.2) and 21 control children (mean age=9.6±1.9; mean FSIQ=73.38±12.0) were asked to perform a visuo-manual tracking task in which they had to track a cursor rhythmically between 2 target zones. Children with 22q11.2DS performed worse than the age- and IQ-matched controls (higher absolute time and distance errors) suggesting that the 22q11.2DS group experiences an additional (syndrome specific) processing deficit that cannot be attributed to their lower intellectual abilities. The 22q11.2DS group neither the control group improved their tracking performance throughout five identical full feedback conditions of the tracking task possibly due to a slow visuo-motor adaptation process, a short span of attention and cognitive flexibility impairments. The results showed that both the 22q11.2DS group and the controls had difficulties anticipating the movement of the target (prospective control) and thus are assumed to rely more on feedback instead of on an internal representation of the movement.
The objective of this study was to examine whether employment status and gender was associated with family cancer caregivers’ reports of stress and well-being.
The mercury experiment to assess atmospheric loading in Canada and the United States (METAALICUS) aims at establishing the link between atmospheric deposition of mercury (Hg) and Hg concentrations in fish. As part of this initiative, we conducted an enclosure experiment in Lake 239 (ON, Canada). Our goal was to follow over time dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) concentrations, after the addition of 200HgCl2, to assess post-depositional Hg dynamics. DGM concentrations reached very high levels in surface waters (up to 6ngl−1) during the days following the spike. This increase in DGM levels coincided with a decrease in total Hg in the enclosure. Photoreduction rates of Hg were high after spiking (1ngl−1 h−1) and decreased by two orders of magnitude during the summer, with low rates observed in August (0.01ngl−1 h−1). These low rates may be caused by photobleaching of dissolved organic carbon. Water-to-air Hg fluxes (evasion) were measured with a flux chamber and modelled using DGM; both methods yielded similar fluxes when using time-averaged DGM values. Together, these results indicate that, under certain conditions, large amounts of newly deposited Hg(II) may be converted to DGM by photochemical processes and lost by evasion across the air/water interface.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), modified with manganese dioxide, were synthesized. Manganese dioxide was obtained by reduction of solution of potassium permanganate with formic acid solution or with carbon of nanotubes. Electrochemical characteristics of the oxygen electrodes containing manganese dioxide modified nanotubes in active layer were investigated. It was shown, that deposition of manganese dioxide on surface of carbon nanotubes results in improvement of electrochemical characteristics in comparison with manganese dioxide as a separate phase. The optimum mass content of manganese dioxide is 50% from the sum (carbon nanotubes+MnO2).
As electro-active electrodes for supercapacitors, micro polypyrrole (PPy) films doping with ClO4 − ( PP y Cl O 4 ) and Cl− (PPyCl) are prepared on Ni layers modified three-dimensional (3D) structures in Si substrates. The key process to fabricate the 3D structures is high-aspect-ratio deep reactive ion etching, which result in significant increase of available surface area. Homogeneous conformal Ni layers and PPy films are deposited on the 3D structures by electroless plating and electropolymerization, respectively. The supercapacitor properties of PPy films are investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge/discharge with three-electrode system in NaCl solution. It is shown that doping with ClO4 − results in ideal supercapacitor behaviors with rectangle-like CV shapes at scan rates from 5 to 200mVs−1, linear galvanostatic charge/discharge curves at current loads from 0.5 to 2mA and stable cyclic property. However, doping with Cl− gives rise to non-ideal properties of supercapacitor. SEM of the PP y Cl O 4 shows that the surface of the PP y Cl O 4 electrode is smooth and the thickness of the PP y Cl O 4 film is about 2.5μm. The geometric capacitance of PP y Cl O 4 is calculated as 0.030Fcm−2 from CV at scan rate of 100mVs−1, 0.023Fcm−2 from EIS and 0.027Fcm−2 from galvanostatic discharge at 1mAcm−2 current density.
Silicon (Si) is regarded as one of the most promising lithium-ion battery anodes to replace commercial graphite due to its exceptional theoretical capacity, appropriate voltage profile, environmental friendliness and natural abundance. It is crucial to develop effective strategies to improve the cyclic performance of the Si anodes. A new concept to synthesize Si/carbon composite with three dimensional (3D) hierarchical macro-/mesoporous structure is reported. Stöber silica (SiO2) particles are used as templating agent and precursor for Si simultaneously. Unlike conventional work reported previously, here the silica particles are composited with carbon matrix before magnesiothermic reduction. Difunctional methacrylate monomers are used as solvent and carbon source coupled with a fast, environmental friendly and energy saving photo polymerization to prepare the SiO2/C composite. Based on a self-templating mechanism during the magnesiothermic reduction process, 3D hierarchical macro-/mesoporous Si is formed in situ within the carbon matrix. Compared to the Si/carbon composite composed of micro-sized Si and bare macro-/mesoporous Si, the cyclic performance is significantly improved with a reasonable mass loading density. Good rate performance is exhibited comparable to the bare porous Si. The hierarchical macro-/mesoporous structure within the carbon matrix helps to retain the porous Si structure, which effectively improves the electrochemical performance.
Background Previous literature suggests that better cognitive ability and insight are associated with greater lifetime risk of suicide attempts in schizophrenia, counter to the direction of association in the general population. However, the conjoint association between distinct cognitive domains, insight, and suicidality has not been assessed. Method In a cross-sectional study, 162 adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder completed cognitive testing via the MATRICS battery, symptom and cognitive insight assessments, along with the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. We then contrasted participants based on history of suicidality by cognitive domains and insight measures and conducted multivariate analyses. Results Although a history of any passive ideation was not associated with cognitive ability or insight, verbal learning was positively associated with a greater history of suicidal attempt and prior ideation with a plan and intent. Higher cognitive insight, and the self-reflectiveness subscale insight, was also associated with history of passive or active suicidal ideation. Cognitive insight and cognitive ability were independent from each other, and there were no moderating influences of insight on the effect of cognitive ability on suicide related history. Exploratory analyses revealed that history of planned attempts were associated with greater verbal learning, whereas histories of aborted attempts were associated with poorer reasoning and problem-solving. Implications Although cross-sectional and retrospective, this study provides support that greater cognitive ability, specifically verbal learning, along with self-reflectiveness, may confer elevated risk for more severe suicidal ideation and behavior in an independent fashion. Interestingly, poorer problem-solving was associated with aborted suicide attempts.
Pure lead oxide has been tested as a starting material for VRLA lead-acid batteries. The influence of the acid- to-oxide ratio and the paste density on the plate formation and battery performance has been investigated. The results show that the plates can be directly formed without undergoing the conventional plate curing process if pure lead oxide is used. The new process shows significant advantages in simplifying the conventional plate making processes for lead acid batteries and reducing the production cost and time.
The preparation of the second generation iron(II) complex Fe(hfa)2·TMEDA (hfa=1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedionate, TMEDA= N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine) is performed by reacting iron(II) chloride with Hhfa and TMEDA in two subsequent steps. Density functional theory data show that the compound possesses a distorted octahedral geometry, with the two β-diketonate ligands in a cis configuration. The complex mass transport properties and fragmentation pattern are investigated by thermal analyses and electron impact mass spectrometry, respectively. In addition, its experimental and simulated IR spectra are presented. For the first time, Fe(hfa)2·TMEDA was successfully applied in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of iron oxide on Si(100). Structural, compositional and morphological analyses evidence the possibility of obtaining pure, single-phase and homogeneous β-Fe2O3 films.
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/Ag composite cathodes are synthesized by a thermal decomposition method and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are uniformly introduced into the composites through ball mixing. A composite electrically conductive network consisting of CNTs and Ag is obtained to improve the conductivity of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 material. By comparing with the pure LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and cathode modified by CNTs or Ag, the as-obtained LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2–CNT/Ag electrode exhibits the best rate capability (120.6mAh/g at 5C) and cycle performance (134.2mAh/g at 1C with a capacity retention of 94.4% over 100 cycles). With the construction of 3D spatial conductive network, the novel hybrid CNT/Ag demonstrates itself a promising strategy to improve Li storage performance for lithium ion batteries.
Objectives To test the hypothesis that challenges to community participation posed by winter weather are greater for individuals who use scooters, manual and power wheelchairs (wheeled mobility devices [WMDs]) than for the general ambulatory population, and to determine what WMD users identify as the most salient environmental barriers to community participation during the winter. Design Cross-sectional survey organized around 5 environmental domains: technological, natural, physical, social/attitudinal, and policy. Setting Urban community in Canada. Participants Convenience sample of WMD users or their proxy (N=99). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Not applicable. Results Forty-two percent identified reduced outing frequency in winter months, associated with increased age (χ3=6.4, P=.04), lack of access to family/friends for transportation (χ2=8.1, P=.04), and primary type of WMD used in the winter (scooter χ2=8.8, P=.003). Most reported tires/casters becoming stuck in the snow (95%) or slipping on the ice (91%), difficulty ascending inclines/ramps (92%), and cold hands while using controls or pushing rims (85%); fewer identified frozen wheelchair/scooter batteries, seat cushions/backrests, or electronics. Sidewalks/roads were reported to be problematic by 99%. Eighty percent reported needing additional help in the winter. Limited community access in winter led to a sense of loneliness/isolation, and fear/anxiety related to safety. Respondents identified policies that limited participation during winter. Conclusions People who use WMDs decrease their community participation in cold weather because of multiple environmental barriers. Clinicians, researchers, and policymakers can take a multidimensional approach to mitigate these barriers in order to enhance community participation by WMD users in winter.
In this work, a procedure to estimate variables of electrochemical systems involving adsorption and absorption of intermediate species coupled to diffusion is presented. The method is model-based and needs potential and current measurements. Since the system is linear and time variant, the well known Kalman’s filter theory is used to estimate the variables. An analysis of theoretical observability shows the procedure success even in the case of constant potential/current. The error estimation converge asymptotically to zero for slow time variations. The procedure is useful to estimate H concentrations in metallic substrates during H evolution and insertion. To illustrate the proposed procedure, state observations of the hydrogen concentration on steel and metal hydride electrode are presented. In the last case, the procedure is used to estimate the state of charge of the electrode.
We have prepared hollow cobalt sulfide (CoS) hexagonal nanosheets (HNSs) from Co(NO3)2 and thioacetamide in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) at 100°C under alkaline condition. The as-prepared hollow CoS HNSs have an average edge length ca. 110±27nm and an outer shell of 16±4nm in thickness from 500 counts. The CoS HNSs are deposited onto transparent fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates through a drop-dry process to prepare two types of supercapacitors (SCs); high rate and large per-area capacitance. The electrolyte used in this study is KOH(aq). The CoS HNSs (8μgcm−2) electrodes exhibit excellent capacity properties, including high energy density (13.2hkg−1), power density (17.5kWkg−1), energy deliverable efficiency (81.3–85.3%), and stable cycle life (over 10,000 cycles) at a high discharge current density of 64.6Ag−1. With their fast charging and discharging rates (<3s), the CoS HNSs show characteristics of high-rate SCs. The CoS HNS SCs having high mass loading (9.7mgcm−2) provide high per-area capacitance of 1.35Fcm−2 and per-mass capacitance of 138Fg−1, respectively, showing characteristics of SCs with large per-area capacitance. Our results have demonstrated the potential of the CoS HNS electrodes hold great practical potential in many fields such as automobile and computer industries.
Mesoporous NiCo2O4 hollow submicrospheres have been prepared through a facile and scalable soft template method utilizing a reflux route. The as-obtained mesoporous NiCo2O4 hollow submicrosphere electrode exhibits high specific capacitance of 987 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, superior capacity retention rate of 79.4 and 62.8% at 20 and 50 A g−1, and remarkable cycling stability with almost no capacity loss at 5 A g−1 over 5000 cycles. The superior electrochemical performances can be attributed to the unique mesoporous hollow structure with a large specific surface area (189.7 m2 g−1) and superior pore-size distribution (3–5 nm). To further demonstrate its practical application, an asymmetric supercapacitor based on the mesoporous NiCo2O4 hollow submicrospheres as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode is fabricated, which manifests high energy density of 27.2 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 102 W kg−1 or high power density of 8.16 kW kg−1 at the energy density of 10.9 Wh kg−1 and exceptional long-term cycling stability with 108.1% of the initial capacity retention at 3 A g−1 over 10000 cycles. These impressive results render this NiCo2O4 hollow submicrospheres promising as one of the most attractive candidates for supercapacitors in practical applications.
New nano-materials like SnO2–Al2O3 and SnO2–Al2O3–carbon were synthesized by a single step hydrothermal method in searching for novel mixed oxides with high electrochemical double layer capacitance. A SnO2–Al2O3–carbon sample was calcined at 600°C and tested for its performance. The source of carbon was tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide. The capacitive behavior of SnO2 was compared to the performance of SnO2–Al2O3, SnO2–Al2O3–carbon and calcined SnO2–Al2O3–carbon using the techniques of cyclic voltammetry, double potential step, chronopotentiometry and E–log I polarization. In 0.1M NaCl solutions, SnO2–Al2O3 gave the best performance with a value of 119Fg−1 and cycled 1000 times. The nano-material mixed oxides were characterized by TEM, XRD, ICP-AES and SEM-EDAX.
A series of N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate salts were synthesised. The spectroscopic, physical and electrochemical characteristics of this family of salts have been investigated with respect to potential usage as ionic solvents and electrolytes. The lowest melting point among the family is 64°C for the N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (P13BF4). This is sufficiently low to enable this salt to be useful as an ionic liquid in chemical synthesis involving reactions above 70°C. Most of the compounds exhibit one or more solid–solid transitions below the melting point, this behaviour is thought to indicate the existence of plastic crystal phases.
A novel process was proposed to prepare Sn2Sb-encapsulated carbon microspheres (CM/Sn2Sb) anode materials by inverse emulsion polymerization of resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) performed in the presence of Sb2O3 and SnO2 powders (1/4 molar ratio), followed by carbonization and carbothermal reduction in an inert atmosphere. The oxides powder were encapsulated within the carbon gel microspheres and the elemental Sn and Sb were reduced from their oxides by the carbonized RF gel to form crystalline Sn2Sb alloy within carbon microspheres. The CM/Sn2Sb presented much better cyclability than that of Sn2Sb alloy powder. The proposed process paves an effective way to prepare high performance Sn2Sb/C microspheres composite anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Conventional fuel cells use hydrogen and oxygen as the fuel and oxidant, respectively. Hydrogen and oxygen can be produced through electrolysis of water in an electrochemical cell. A simple unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC), by combining an electrolyzer and a fuel cell, is constructed to check the feasibility of such a device. In the first cycle, hydrogen and oxygen gases are generated from water containing NaHCO3 when a given dc voltage is applied across Ni–Co/stainless steel electrodes. A solar photovoltaic cell is also used to provide the power. The generated gases are trapped between their respective electrodes and nylon mesh. In the second cycle, the hydrogen and oxygen gases are used in the same electrochemical cell (fuel cell) to produce electricity under a specific load. The current density and voltage are measured by varying different parameters, e.g., time of electrolysis, magnitude of voltage applied, and electrolyte concentration. An open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.3V is obtained from two regenerative fuel cells in series with a total active electrode area of 300cm2. A current density of about 0.5mAcm−2 is generated using 0.5N NaHCO3 when 4.5V is applied for 25min. A maximum power of 36.5mW is obtained at 0.21mAcm−2.
The potassium birnessites doped with Al, Ni, and Co were prepared by calcination and aqueous treatment, which showed that single phase products were obtained with Ni and Al up to 5at.% and Co up to 25at.% addition to strating KMnO4. The discharge–recharge capacities and capacity retentions in an aprotic Li cell were not improved by the Ni and Al dopings, but those of the cobalt doped birnessite were improved. The initial discharge capacities of the undoped and cobalt doped birnessites were 170 and 200mAhg−1 with capacity retentions of 56 and 80% during the initial 20 cycles, respectively. The reasons for the improvement of the battery performance by Co doping were considered as follows: (i) a change in the stacking structure, (ii) a decrease in the charge transfer resistance, and (iii) improved structural stability of the oxide. Their micro structures were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies, and electron microscopy. Also, potassium birnessite synthesized by adding about 3 times excess potassium indicated that the stacking structure was similar to the 30at.% cobalt doping sample, furthermore, the better capacity retention was achieved as cathode in a Li cell.