batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The aim of this paper is to provide a survey of different innovative technologies that can be applied to the micro-hydropower system to make it cost effective for rural energy supply. Electrical, mechanical, civil or electronic technologies that can increase the viability of micro-hydropower as a cost-effective energy source for remote and isolated communities in rural South Africa are presented. The motivation behind this study is that there are a significant number of potential sites in South Africa where micro-hydropower is a viable energy option to provide reliable and low cost energy and where conventional schemes are not appropriate.
Nickel sulfide/N-doped graphene composite as high performance anode materials has been synthesized through a simultaneous hydrothermal method. The morphology, structure and electrochemical performance of nickel sulfide/N-doped graphene composite were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements. The nickel sulfide with a length of about 500nm and diameter of 100nm clung to the N-doped graphene matrix. The nickel sulfide/N-doped graphene composite exhibits a relatively high reversible capacity and good cycling stability as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The good electrochemical performance can be attributed to N-doped graphene, which improves the electronic conductivity of composite and suppresses the volume effect as elastic matrix. The one-dimensional structure of nickel sulfide facilitates the diffusion of lithium ions and electrons.
Since more and more large battery based energy storage systems get integrated in electrical power grids, it is necessary to harmonize the wording of the battery world and of the power system world, in order to reach a common understanding. In this regard this article presents different battery content values and their relation to each other. Battery operations typically lead to a change of battery’s electric charge or energy content. Based on a simplified battery model the basic values necessary to describe battery operations are clarified. Then the reference values and some acceptance criteria for batteries and secondary cells are defined. Also values describing limited usable energy content caused by operational restrictions are provided. In order to be as close as possible to existing definitions and practical applications, care is taken to be conform to current standards wherever possible in this article. The given set of consistent battery definitions can be used for an agreed design of battery storage systems and provides options for battery performance criteria.
The paper proposes a novel approach to modelling time-varying non-linear loads in power systems, based on demand conditions. The model allows a pre-evaluation of harmonic disturbances under variable conditions using normal and uniform distribution to randomize the electrical values of the non-linear loads and the related harmonic spectra. A measurement campaign conducted on an industrial area, a deposit/maintenance and repair site utilized for trains in operation on the metro line B of Rome, has been taken into account to verify the model performance. The methodology allows estimating the voltage total harmonic distortion at the point of common coupling. Through a statistical analysis, the harmonic distortion distribution via common normality tests was evaluated. The procedure has been used also to a harmonic disturbance pre-evaluation due to a future introduction of electric vehicles charging stations in the area.
Nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber (NDCN) was synthesized via carbonization of polypyrrole (PPy) coated bacterial cellulose (BC) composites, where BC serves as templates as well as precursor, and PPy serves as the nitrogen source. The synthesized NDCN was employed as electrode for both supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries. The large surface area exposed to electrolyte resulting from the 3D carbon networks leads to sufficient electrode/electrolyte interface and creates shorter transport paths of electrolyte ions and Li+ ion. Besides, the three types of N dopants in NDCN improve the electronic conductivity, as well as superior electrochemical performance.
The redox-active organic compounds show great potentials as anodes for high energy density Li-ion batteries (LIBs), comparing with the traditional transition metal-based inorganic compounds. However, the inevitable dissolution behaviors of these organics in organic electrolyte will arouse the recession in their cycling stabilities. To circumvent this problem, we successfully applied an electrochemically active imine group to connect the carbonyl compound to form conjugated polymer, where the occurrence of multi-electron reactions suppressed the dissolution of anthraquinone in the organic electrolyte with improved cycling stability and high capacity for LIBs. In detail, by virtue of a facile solid-phase reaction between 1, 4-diaminoanthraquinone (14DAAQ) and p-phthalaldehyde (PPD), a highly conjugated polymeric Schiff base (PSB) was synthesized. The obtained PSB exhibited a reversible specific capacity of 175mAhg−1 at a current density of 10mAg−1. In addition, after 100 cycles, a cycling stability with 90% capacity retention can be maintained, manifesting a promising application of the organic material in high performance anodes for LIBs.
The cathode material of the LiMnPO4/C composite for lithium-ion batteries is successfully synthesized via a one-step glucose-assisted liquid-phase method in ethylene glycol (EG). The crystalline structure, morphology, micro-structure and particle size are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). XRD results show that the pure phase of LiMnPO4 with high crystallinity can directly be prepared in the liquid-phase assisted by glucose. SEM measurements confirm the uniform-sized nanorods of the LiMnPO4 morphology with a width of 20–50nm and a length of 50–80nm. TEM characterization reveals that the surface of the obtained LiMnPO4 nanorods is coated with a homogeneous carbon layer after a short heat treatment at a high temperature in the presence of glucose. This can be explained by the fact that the glycol glucoside generated during the refluxing of EG with glucose can effectively inhibit the growth and agglomeration of particles. Results of electrochemical tests show that the prepared LiMnPO4/C nanorods exhibit not only a high initial discharge capacity of 155.3mAhg−1 but also a good cycling stability, which retains 94% of the initial capacity over 100 cycles at 0.05C.
A simple method for activating polyaniline (PANI) using NH3 for the synthesis of high performance electrode materials in supercapacitors is described. The PANI is activated at various temperatures (750–1050°C) with a mixed stream of NH3 and N2. Because of the corrosive properties of NH3, the surface area of PANI (46.6m2 g−1) is significantly increased up to 1719.8m2 g−1. Large amounts of surface nitrogen functional groups are maintained in pyrrolic and pyridinic states, even after a heat treatment, which is favorable for pseudocapacitor reactions. As evidenced by electrochemical analysis, NH3 activated PANI exhibits a high specific capacitance (174.8Fg−1) and fast charging/discharging characteristics due to its high specific surface area and desirable surface functional groups. Results suggest that it has considerable potential for use in application to PANI based composites as a high performance electrode material in supercapacitors.
During the recent years there are an increasing number of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the schools. Some studies have shown that IQ is a good indicator of their social behaviour, but it cannot give a total explanation. Other researches considered executive functions have an important role both in the social and cognitive deficits in children diagnosed with ASD. Ten children with ASD were assessed through ENFEN and WISC-IV at three schools into a competitive research (I+D+i 2010:19478). The aim is to evaluate the performance of ENFEN as a tool to determine these executive functions (planning, inhibition response, working memory and mental flexibility) more related to the diagnosis with ASD. The results suggest children with ASD show lower performance in executive function, mainly planning and mental flexibility. Besides, a relation between ENFEN, IQ and ADI-R exists whereby children with fewer difficulties in ENFEN performance get a higher IQ and simultaneously lower scores on the ADI-R. Some educational strategies for children with ASD were suggested in order to improve their executive functions in the classroom.
This study explores the electrochemical performance of Ni-Sn and Ni-Sn-C thin film anodes in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. A new strategy of forming a Ni-Sn-C multilayered thin film is proposed here, where nickel-coated carbon powder is used as a source material to incorporate carbon atoms into the thin film in a controlled manner. Galvanostatic half-cell measurements demonstrated that the Ni-Sn thin film shows a gradually decreasing capacity with cycling, whereas the Ni-Sn-C thin film exhibits a longer cycle life with good capacity retention. The improved cycle performance of the Ni-Sn-C electrode is attributed to its high tolerance against electrode swelling, which is closely associated with the stress-buffering action of nickel and the homogeneous distribution on nanoparticles induced by carbon.
Solid solution cathode material 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 has been synthesized by a co-precipitation method and a mild acid was adopted to give rise to the H+/Li+ exchange reaction. The inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) data show that the H+/Li+ exchange reaction actually occurs and the chemical composition is H0.06Li1.15Ni0.13Co0.14Mn0.55O2.03 after the material was treated. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns indicates that the structure doesn't change through the H+/Li+ exchange reaction and remains the hexagonal α-NaFeO2 layered structure with space group of R-3m. The field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images show that there are traces of erosion on the surface of the H+/Li+ exchanged sample. The initial charge–discharge curve measured at 0.05C (12.5 mA g−1) demonstrates that the H+/Li+ exchanged electrode delivers a capacity of up to 314.0 mAh g−1 and coulombic increased initial efficiency. Cycle voltammetry (CV) measurement confirms this is attributed to the improvement of the reduction catalytic activity of oxygen released during the initial charging. The processed electrode also displays improved rate performance.
In recent years, use of psychoactive synthetic stimulants has grown rapidly. 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole (5-IT) is a synthetic drug associated with a number of fatalities, that appears to be one of the newest 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) replacements. Here, the monoamine-releasing properties of 5-IT, its structural isomer 6-(2-aminopropyl)indole (6-IT), and MDMA were compared using in vitro release assays at transporters for dopamine (DAT), norepinephrine (NET), and serotonin (SERT) in rat brain synaptosomes. In vivo pharmacology was assessed by locomotor activity and a functional observational battery (FOB) in mice. 5-IT and 6-IT were potent substrates at DAT, NET, and SERT. In contrast with the non-selective releasing properties of MDMA, 5-IT displayed greater potency for release at DAT over SERT, while 6-IT displayed greater potency for release at SERT over DAT. 5-IT produced locomotor stimulation and typical stimulant effects in the FOB similar to those produced by MDMA. Conversely, 6-IT increased behaviors associated with 5-HT toxicity. 5-IT likely has high abuse potential, which may be somewhat diminished by its slow onset of in vivo effects, whereas 6-IT may have low abuse liability, but enhanced risk for adverse effects. Results indicate that subtle differences in the chemical structure of transporter ligands can have profound effects on biological activity. The potent monoamine-releasing actions of 5-IT, coupled with its known inhibition of MAO A, could underlie its dangerous effects when administered alone, and in combination with other monoaminergic drugs or medications. Consequently, 5-IT and related compounds may pose substantial risk for abuse and serious adverse effects in human users.
The areal capacity ratio of negative to positive electrodes (N/P ratio) is the most important factor to design the lithium ion batteries with high performance in the consideration of balanced electrochemical reactions. In this study, the effect of N/P ratio (1.10, 1.20, and 1.30) on electrochemical properties has been investigated with a lithium polymer battery with PVdF-coated separator and 1.40 Ah of capacity. The N/P ratio is controlled by adjusting the anode thickness with a fixed anode density. The cell with an N/P ratio higher than 1.10 effectively suppresses the lithium plating at the 0.85C-rate charging at 25°C and the cell with 1.20 of N/P ratio shows the enhanced cycle performance in comparison with other cells. Among the cells with differently designed N/P ratios, significant difference was not observed in the aging test with fully charged batteries at 25 and 45°C. The effect of N/P ratio on electrochemical properties of lithium batteries can help to design the safe full cell without lithium plating.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is one of the most attractive anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity, but its poor cyclic stability need further optimization for its practical application. In this study, porous MoS2/polyaniline (MoS2/PANI) composite with a tremella-like hierarchical structure was synthesized via a facile polymerization and hydrothermal method. The homogeneously distributed PANI can not only improve the conductivity of MoS2, but also rebuild a hierarchical porous structure thus enhance rapid Li+ transport during the Li+ insertion/extraction reaction. As an anode material of LIBs, this composite exhibits a high initial reversible capacity of 910mAh/g with an initial Coulombic efficiency of ∼80% at 0.1A/g. Even at a high current density of 4A/g, the reversible capacity of the MoS2/PANI composite still remains at 369mAh/g. Moreover, this composite retains an impressive high capacity of 915mAh/g after 200 cycles at a high current density of 1A/g, demonstrating its potential for applications in LIBs.
We investigated the influence of the anions in ionic liquid electrolytes on the electrochemical performance of a silicon (Si) negative electrode for a lithium-ion battery. While the electrode exhibited poor cycle stability in tetrafluoroborate-based and propylene carbonate-based electrolytes, better cycle performance was achieved in bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (FSA–)- and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (TFSA–)-based electrolytes, in which the discharge capacity of a Si electrode was more than 1000 mA h g−1 at the 100th cycle. It is considered that a surface film derived from FSA–- and TFSA–-based electrolytes effectively suppressed continuous decomposition of the electrolyte. In a capacity limitation test, a discharge capacity of 1000 mA h g−1 was maintained even after about the 1600th cycle in the FSA–-based electrolyte, which corresponds to a cycle life almost twice as long as that in TFSA–-based electrolyte. This result should be explained by the high structural stability of FSA–-derived surface film. In addition, better rate capability with a discharge capacity of 700 mA h g−1 was obtained at a high current rate of 6 C (21 A g−1) in FSA–-based electrolyte, which was 7-fold higher than that in TFSA–-based electrolyte. These results clarified that FSA–-based ionic liquid electrolyte is the most promising candidate for Si-based negative electrodes.
The dynamic charge acceptance (DCA) of modern lead-carbon batteries is one of the key parameters for their future application in micro- and mild-hybrid cars. This work elucidates the impact of the external surface area of carbon additives on the electrochemical performance of lead-carbon electrodes with respect to the DCA. Five specially synthesized amorphous hard carbon powders with different specific external surface area ranging from 13m2 g−1 to 192m2 g−1 were added to the negative active material of laboratory lead-carbon test cells. Results from cyclic voltammetry reveal that the specific external surface area of amorphous carbons exhibits a clear correlation to the electrochemical activity of lead-carbon electrodes. Firstly, an almost linear increase of the activity of the hydrogen evolution reaction with increasing specific external surface area of the carbon additive can be found. Secondly, the specific double-layer capacity of the negative active material is directly linked to the specific external surface area of the additive, as well. Thirdly, a clear correlation to the DCA can be established. In conclusion, a high specific external carbon surface in the negative active material seems to be a key to improve the dynamic charge acceptance of modern lead-carbon batteries.
Flame retardancy in lithium-ion battery electrolytes has been significantly improved by the use of several new aromatic phosphorus-containing esters, which markedly suppress thermal runaway. The identification, preparation, and properties of these thermal runaway inhibitors (TRIs) are described. When used as an additive (2–5%) to the standard battery electrolyte system, these materials improve safety by preventing potential fire and explosion. The effects of these esters on electrochemical and thermal stabilities, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical cycling are presented.
One-dimensional steady-state models have been developed for the recovery of Pb(II) ions from lead–acid battery recycling plant effluent by simultaneous lead and lead dioxide deposition, including oxygen evolution/reduction and hydrogen evolution as loss reactions. Both monopolar and bipolar reactor with porous graphite electrodes were modelled, as a design aid for predicting spatial distributions of potentials, concentrations, current densities and efficiencies, as well as specific electrical energy consumptions and by-pass currents. Since the industrial effluent contains a large excess of supporting electrolyte (Na2SO4), the electrical migrational contribution to reactant transport rates was neglected and the current density–potential relationship was described by the Butler–Volmer equation, allowing for both kinetic and mass transport control. The models were implemented and the governing equations solved using commercial finite element software (FEMLAB). The effects were investigated of electrolyte velocity, applied cathode potential, dissolved oxygen concentration and inlet Pb(II) ion concentration on single-pass conversion, current efficiency and specific electrical energy consumptions. According to model predictions, de-oxygenation of the inlet process stream was found to be crucial to achieving acceptable (i.e. >0.8) current efficiencies. Bipolar porous electrodes were also determined to be inappropriate for the recovery of Pb(II) from effluents, as the low concentration involved resulted in the predicted fraction of current lost as by-pass current, i.e. current not flowing in and out of the bipolar electrode, to be greater than 90% for the ranges of the variables studied.
The ability to suppress the dissolution of lithium polysulfides in liquid electrolyte (LE) is emerging and scientifically challenging, representing an important endeavor toward successful commercialization of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. In this context, a common and effective strategy to address this challenge is to replace the LE with a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). However, the limited ionic conductivity of state-of-the-art GPEs and poor electrode/GPE interfaces greatly restrict their implementation. Herein, we report, for the first time, a facile in-situ synthesis of pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETEA)-based GPE with an extremely high ionic conductivity (1.13×10−2 Scm−1). Quite intriguingly, even interfaced with a bare sulfur cathode, this GPE rendered the resulting polymer Li–S battery with a low electrode/GPE interfacial resistance, high rate capacity (601.2mAhg−1 at 1C) and improved capacity retention (81.9% after 400 cycles at 0.5C). These remarkable performances can be ascribed to the immobilization of soluble polysulfides imparted by PETEA-based GPE and the construction of a robust integrated GPE/electrode interface. Notably, due to the tight adhesion between the PETEA-based GPE and electrodes, a high-performance flexible polymer Li–S battery was successfully crafted. This work therefore opens up a convenient, low-cost and effective way to substantially enhance the capability of Li–S batteries, a key step toward capitalizing on GPE for high-performance Li–S batteries.
Recommendation systems that provide appropriate solutions to users to reduce their decision complexity have become popular in the Internet world. Designing and evaluating such systems remain essential challenges to researchers and practitioners. Toward that end, a critical task is how to obtain user preferences. Mobile phones have become indispensable in everyday life, yet fierce market competition, characterized by rapid introductions of different models with novel designs and advanced features, have made consumers’ purchase decision making increasingly complex. As a well-established, multiple criteria decision technique, analytic hierarchy processing (AHP) provides an intuitive model of a hierarchical structure capable of supporting complex product comparisons and evaluations by consumers. In this paper, we illustrate the application of an AHP-based mechanism to develop a Web-based recommendation system and empirically evaluate the prototype by conducting a controlled experiment with 244 mobile phone users, focusing on both content and system satisfaction. Our evaluation includes benchmark systems built on rank-based analysis and an equal weight-based system as comparative baselines. Overall, the results suggest the viability and value of using AHP to construct effective recommendation systems. Subjects appear satisfied with the recommendations by the AHP-based system, though its relatively demanding input requirements may need mitigation and adequate interface designs. This study contributes to research and practice in recommender systems in general and helps develop mobile phone recommendation systems for online stores and consumers in particular.
Energy management strategy is crucial in improving the fuel economy of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This paper targets at evaluating the role of velocity forecast in the adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategies (ECMS) for HEVs. A neural network based velocity predictor is constructed to forecast the short-term future driving behaviors by learning from history data. Then the velocity predictor is combined with adaptive-ECMS to provide temporary driving information for real-time equivalence factor (EF) adaptation. Compared with traditional adaptive-ECMS, which uses historical driving profile for EF estimation, the proposed strategy is able to foresee the change of the driving behaviors and adjust the EF more reasonably. Simulation results show that, compared with traditional adaptive-ECMS, the proposed improvement with velocity forecast incorporated is able to achieve better fuel economy and more stable battery state of charge (SOC) trajectory, with a fuel consumption reduction by over 3%.