batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The insertion/removal processes of lithium ion in chromium doped spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiCr x Mn2−x O4) were studied with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on a powder microelectrode, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), and was compared with those of pure spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4). The insertion/removal process of lithium ion in the spinel oxides consists of three steps: charge transfer of lithium ion on the surface of the spinel oxides, diffusion and occupation of lithium ion in the lattice of the spinel oxide. The doping of chromium in spinel lithium manganese oxide results in the increase of the charge transfer resistance and the double layer capacitance for lithium insertion or removal and the decrease of the diffusion coefficient of lithium ion in the lattice of spinel oxide. However, the insertion capacitance, a parameter reflecting the occupation of lithium ion in the lattice of the spinel oxide, is hardly influenced by the doping of chromium. The influence of the doped chromium on the kinetic process of lithium insertion/removal in spinel lithium manganese oxide is related to the contraction of spinel lattice due to the doping.
A novel nanocrystalline porous α-LiFeO2–C composite with a high surface area of around 115 m2 g−1 has been synthesized by a simple molten salt method, followed by a carbon coating process. The structure and morphology were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FE-SEM observations demonstrated that the morphology consists of α-LiFeO2–C nanoclusters composed of very tiny nanoparticles joined together by a porous architecture. TEM investigations revealed that amorphous carbon was incorporated into the pores among the nanoparticles and that some nanoparticles were covered by a thin layer of carbon as well. Electrochemical measurements showed that the α-LiFeO2–C nanocomposite delivered a significantly higher reversible capacity and excellent cycle stability (230 mA h g−1 at 0.5 C after 100 cycles). Even at the high rate of 3 C, the electrode showed more than 50% of the capacity at low rate (0.1 C). The excellent electrochemical performance of the α-LiFeO2–C nanocomposite electrode can be attributed to the porous conductive architecture among the nanoparticles, which not only has benefits in terms of decreasing the absolute volume changes and increasing the mobility of lithium ions, but also offers conductive pathways along the whole interconnected wall in the structure, which is favourable for the transport of electrons, promotes liquid electrolyte diffusion into the bulk materials, and acts as a buffer zone to absorb the volume changes.
The 1D nanowire is prepared by in-situ etching current collector displaying faster electron transportation and better connection, plusing the directional charge transport properties, which could enable it become one of the most appropriate core of 3D core@shell structure. We apply novel nanowire-like Cu(OH)2, which is synthesized by etching copper foil, as core structure to be coated by novel NiOOH with high theoretical capacity. The fast electronic conductive core structure and promising faradic electrode material candidate material enable the Cu(OH)2@NiOOH/copper-foil electrode deliver high specific capacity of 1300Cg−1 at current density of 10mAcm−2 and outstanding cycling stability of capacity retention of 88% after 10000 charge-discharge cycles, indicating the as-prepared Cu(OH)2@NiOOH/copper-foil electrode has potential application in electrochemical capacitors.
Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) has been proposed as a promising therapeutic option in treating obesity for 20 years. Currently, the available device of GES cannot meet the clinical needs. The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of a new type of adjustable gastric electrical stimulator in reducing food intake and body weight.
This is the first study of the effect of topiramate on linguistic behavior and verbal recall using a computational linguistics system for automated language and speech analysis to detect and quantify drug-induced changes in speech recorded during discourse‐level tasks. Healthy volunteers were administered a single, 100‐mg oral dose of topiramate in two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover studies. Subjects' topiramate plasma levels ranged from 0.23 to 2.81μg/mL. We found a significant association between topiramate levels and impairment on measures of verbal fluency elicited during a picture description task, correct number of words recalled on a paragraph recall test, and reaction time recorded during a working memory task. Using the tools of clinical pharmacology and computational linguistics, we elucidated the relationship between the determinants of a drug's disposition as reflected in plasma concentrations and their impact on cognitive functioning as reflected in spoken language discourse.
Oxygen- and nitrogen-co-doped activated carbons were obtained from phosphoric acid treated nitrogen-doped activated carbons which were prepared from waste particleboard bonded with urea-formaldehyde resin adhesives. The activated carbon samples obtained were tested as supercapacitors in two-electrode cell and extensive wetting 7M KOH electrolytes. Their structural properties and surface chemistry, before the electrical testing, were investigated using elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, and adsorption of nitrogen. Activated carbon treated by 4M phosphoric acid of the highest capacitance (235F/g) was measured in spite of a relatively lower surface (1360m2/g) than that of the activated carbon treated by 2M phosphoric acid (1433m2/g). The surface chemistry, and especially oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups, was found of paramount importance for the capacitive behavior and for the effective pore space utilization by the electrolyte ions.
Enhancing the performance of TiO2 material in lithium-ion battery application is a promising objective. According to the photo-electrochemical activity of TiO2, herein we develop a novel and facile photo-deposition strategy to synthesize Co3O4/TiO2 composites by using TiO2 nanotubes as substrate material and ultraviolet light as energy source. The physical characterizations indicate that after the proposed procedures small-sized Co3O4 nanoparticles are well deposited on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes to form a Co3O4 layer that distributed all through the tubes. As anode materials for lithium storage, the as-synthesized Co3O4/TiO2 nanotube composites exhibit enhanced performance with higher capacity and rate capability at various test current densities than bare TiO2 nanotubes. The improved performance of composite products is mainly attributed to the coating of Co3O4 layer which can not only increase the conductivity of TiO2, but also could contribute to the overall reversible capacity during charge/discharge.
As there are currently no treatments available that target the molecular and genetic etiologies of these three disorders, they should continue to be considered distinct
Knowledge about the clinical, pathological and genetic bases for neurodegenerative disorders is rapidly expanding. As modern molecular and genetic techniques are exploited, distinctions between disorders once considered separate diseases are beginning to blur. Recent genetic and pathological findings suggest that there are common molecular mechanisms for corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), two atypical parkinsonian syndromes that were initially considered unrelated. Also, it is now apparent that some patients who meet the clinical criteria for frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) show CBD or PSP at autopsy. Growing awareness of the similarities between CBD, FTLD and PSP has led their classification as distinct disorders to be challenged.1,2 In particular, some authors argue that FTLD with tau mutations, CBD and PSP should all be considered as subtypes of Pick's disease.1,3 Fundamental differences between these three syndromes still exist, however, and these differences justify their continued separation.
Solid polymers electrolytes (SPEs) based on sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide (NaFSI) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with different ether oxygen to sodium (O:Na) molar ratios (n), resulting in NaFSI(PEO)n materials are here presented for the first time. These SPEs are extensively compared with the corresponding NaTFSI(PEO)n system in terms of ionic conductivities, thermal properties, and charge carriers – to in detail outline both the role of the different anions used and the salt concentrations employed. While for the most dilute systems (n=20) the two SPE families show similar ionic conductivities in the entire temperature range investigated (273-343K), for n=6 and n=9 they differ significantly; at room temperature, the NaFSI based SPEs show lower ionic conductivities than the NaTFSI based analogues. This difference is mainly ascribed to differences in the morphology; while the NaTFSI salt, possibly by virtue of its large TFSI anion, acts to inhibit crystallization, NaFSI rather seems to favor crystallization. Furthermore, careful Raman spectroscopy analysis of the charge carrier speciation reveal higher aggregates to be present in the most concentrated SPE, NaFSI(PEO)6, and the NaFSI based SPEs in general to result in less “free” anions than the NaTFSI based SPEs. Moreover, as both NaTFSI(PEO)n and NaFSI(PEO)n for n=20 and n=9 exhibit very similar glass transition temperatures, the FSI ion seem to be equally plasticizing as the TFSI ion, but for n=6 the different speciation in terms of charge carriers also affects the relative dynamics of the polymer chains.
The energy systems of isolated areas are different from the stable energy systems of mainland areas. The particularity of isolated areas creates more risks for their energy systems planning, and the isolated areas can be considered to be a more specific analysis target than mainland areas. Various energy models and systems have been developed and applied in isolated areas. The major objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive literature review to identify, classify, evaluate and analyze the performance of different methodologies, models and energy systems for isolated areas. Therefore, effective information could be provided to support decision-making toward to appropriate energy models and systems for isolated areas with different scales and demands. This paper reviewed the forecasting techniques of energy demand and renewable energy (RE) resources, energy models, application of hybrid RE systems (HRESs), and management of energy planning for two most representative isolated areas: islands and remote villages. The uncertainty analysis of energy systems of isolated areas is also discussed. It is evident that the indigenous RE resources show great potentials for the energy system of isolated areas, especially the solar and wind resources. The various combinations of photovoltaic (PV), wind, diesel and batteries have been proven more competitive. Also, it is necessary to develop sophisticated models that are more applicable to isolated areas and that consider the distinctive characteristics, practical needs and uncertainties of isolated areas.
Nano-sized CuWO4 thin films have been fabricated by radio-frequency (R.F.) sputtering deposition, and are used as positive electrode with both LiClO4 liquid electrolyte and LiPON solid electrolyte in rechargeable lithium batteries. An initial discharge capacity of 192 and 210mAh/g is obtainable for CuWO4 film electrode with and without coated LiPON in liquid electrolyte, respectively. An all-solid-state cell with Li/LiPON/CuWO4 layers shows a high-volume rate capacity of 145μAh/cm2 μm in first discharge, and overcomes the unfavorable electrochemical degradation observed in liquid electrolyte system. A two-step reactive mechanism is investigated by both transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction techniques. Apart from the extrusion and injection of Cu2+/Cu0, additional capacity can be achieved by the reversible reactivity of (WO4)2− framework. The chemical diffusion coefficients of Li intercalation/deintercalation are estimated by cyclic voltammetry. Nano-CuWO4 thin film is expected to be a promising positive electrode material for high-performance rechargeable thin-film lithium batteries.
The recent synthesis of self-assembled single-wall MoS2−xIy (x≈0 and y≈1/3) NTs bundles has given a new material, which can reversibly exchange lithium in non-aqueous electrolytes. It has been found that a relatively large amount of lithium can be inserted into the MoS2−xIy NTs bundles (up to 3 mol of Li per MoS2 mol). The amount of inserted lithium and, also, the reversibly extracted lithium, depends on the quality of MoS2−xIy NTs bundles and their prior treatment. Comparing their electrochemical properties with layered 2H-MoS2, one finds a significant increase in the amount of inserted lithium and a decrease by about 0.7 V in the potential at which lithium insertion takes place. Furthermore the decrease of electron spin resonance (ESR) signal of lithiated nMoS2−xIy NTs bundles exposed to the air is slower than the decrease of ESR signal of lithiated layered 2H-MoS2 crystals which suggests that lithiated MoS2−xIy NTs bundles are less air-sensitive than the lithiated layered 2H-MoS2 crystals. These differences are attributed to the particular one-dimensional topology of self-assembled MoS2−xIy NTs bundles.
Supercapacitors have gained a lot of attention due to their unique features like high power, long cycle life and environment-friendly nature. They act as a link for energy-power difference between a traditional capacitor (having high power) and fuel cells/batteries (having high energy storage). In this perspective, a worldwide research has been reported to address this and rapid progress has been achieved in the advancement of fundamental as well as the applied aspects of supercapacitors. Here, a concise description of technologies and working principles of different materials utilized for supercapacitors has been provided. The main focus has been on materials like carbon-based nanomaterials, metal oxides, conducting polymers and their nanocomposites along with some novel materials like metal-organic frameworks, MXenes, metal nitrides, covalent organic frameworks and black phosphorus. The performance of nanocomposites has been analysed by parameters like energy, capacitance, power, cyclic performance and rate capability. Some of the latest supercapacitors such as electrochromic supercapacitor, battery-supercapacitor hybrid device, electrochemical flow capacitor, alternating current line filtering capacitor, micro-supercapacitor, photo-supercapacitor, thermally chargeable supercapacitor, self-healing supercapacitor, piezoelectric and shape memory supercapacitor have also been discussed. This review covers the up-to-date progress achieved in novel materials for supercapacitor electrodes. The latest fabricated symmetric/asymmetric supercapacitors have also been reported.
In this work, we studied the influence of the electrolyte salt, LiPF6 or LiClO4, on the electrochemical properties of copper/LiFePO4 composites. We found a different stability voltage window for the two electrolytes that was remarkably wide for LiPF6. Also, copper addition is commonly accepted to increase electrode conductivity, which is beneficial for electrochemical purposes. However, copper is always oxidised to a variable extent depending on the particular electrolyte during the charge phase. Oxidation of the electrolyte solvent (especially with LiClO4) was also observed during the first charge. In the first cycle, copper was more or less efficiently removed from the electrode surface. In subsequent cycles, however, these phenomena failed to occur (LiPF6) or were weaker (LiClO4). In all these configurations, iron is partially dissolved, to an extent dependent on the amount of copper present in the composite and differing with the particular electrolyte used. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy allowed us to identify the process taking place close to 3.6V in LiPF6 configuration: Fe(II) from the composites are oxidised and irreversibly complexed by the joint action of HF formed from LiPF6 and water traces and Cu(I) formed upon charging. Our hypothesis accurately explains the results observed in terms of charge/discharge profiles, capacities provided and capacities evolution upon cycling. Also, our test results testify to the importance of using low contents of copper in the composites and the good properties of LiPF6 as electrolyte solvent.
A three-dimensional (3D) interconnected graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) framework wrapping double nanoshells of SnO2@TiO2 was synthesized by a simple but effective method. The nanoshell of TiO2 anchored on the surface of SnO2 nanoshell with hollow core to restrict large volume expansion, then GNRs wrapped and interlaced double nanoshells of SnO2@TiO2 to construct a continuous 3D conducting network. The double protection strategy of active electrode materials can make full use of the function of the three components. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the structural stability, excellent electronic conductivity and high electrochemical reaction activity.
The validity of Baddeley's working memory model within the typically developing population, was tested. However, it is not clear if this model also holds in children and adolescents with mild to, borderline intellectual disabilities (ID; IQ score 55–85). The main purpose of this study was therefore, to explore the model's validity in this population. Several verbal and visuo-spatial STM and WM tasks, were administered to 115 children with mild to borderline ID (mean age 10 years) and to 98, adolescents with mild to borderline ID (mean age 15). Structural equation modeling (LISREL) shows, that Baddeley's working memory model does not fit the data of the 10-year and 15-year old, participants. Principal components analyses on the other hand show a hazy pattern with on the one, side an indication for a ‘general’ component with loadings of visuo-spatial short-term memory and, working memory tasks and a separate verbal short-term memory component. On the other hand there, is also an indication of a modality specific memory structure; a visuo-spatial- versus a verbal, component. A straight-forward dichotomy between STM and WM indicates apparently an, oversimplification, at least it is for children and adolescents with mild to borderline ID.
The paper analyzes sea temperature series measured at two geographical locations along the coast of Norway. We address the question whether the series are stable over the sample period 1936–2012 and whether we can measure any signal of climate change in the regional data. We use nonstandard supF, OLS-based CUSUM, RE, and Chow tests in combination with the Bai-Perron’s structural break test to identify potential changes in the temperature. The augmented Dickey-Fuller, the KPSS, and the nonparametric Phillips-Perron tests are in addition applied in the evaluation of the stochastic properties of the series. The analysis indicates that both series undergo similar structural instabilities in the form of small shifts in the temperature level. The temperature at Lista (58° 06′ N, 06° 38′ E) shifts downward about 1962 while the Skrova series (68° 12′ N, 14° 10′ E) shifts to a lower level about 1977. Both series shift upward about 1987, and after a period of increasing temperature, both series start leveling off about the turn of the millennium. The series have no significant stochastic or deterministic trend. The analysis indicates that the mean temperature has moved upward in decadal, small steps since the 1980s. The result is in accordance with recent analyses of sea temperatures in the North Atlantic. The findings are also related to the so-called hiatus phenomenon where natural variation in climate can mask global warming processes. The paper contributes to the discussion of applying objective methods in measuring climate change.
Temperature is one of the factors which affect the power availability, driveability and durability of the battery pack. Folded fin and serpentine channel are commonly used to provide cooling for the battery pack. During the cooling process, fluid absorbed the heat generated along the flow direction and caused the reduction of the cooling capacity. Hence, downstream temperature is always higher than the upstream temperature. Inconsistent cooling effect will lead to high variation of temperature distribution and shorten the life expectancy of the battery pack. In this study, a battery module consists of three pieces of LiFePO4 pouch cell arranged side by side, and aluminium foam is sandwiched between two heat spreaders to form a cooling plate. Aluminium foams with different porosity and pores density were modelled to investigate the thermal performance and flow field numerically. Correlation of Nusselt number, permeability and resistance loss coefficient from the literature was extracted and used in the CFD simulation. From the simulation results, it is shown that 10 PPI aluminium foam with 0.918 porosity offered the highest thermal performance and lowest flow resistance. Hence, the optimized aluminium foam cooling plate can be used as a new type of cooling system for the battery pack.
Three phosphonates coordination polymers containing different metal ions with the molecular formula C15H32N3M2O16P [M = Ni (PN1) and Co (PC1)] and C30H50N6Ni2.67Co1.33O27P2 (PNC) were prepared by mild hydrothermal synthesis at 100 °C for 48 h. All 3 phosphonates are composed of two different ligands: N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetate (pmida) and 4,4′-bipyridine (4,4′-bpy). The structures of the materials were elucidated via single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques which show all compounds have the similar hybrid three dimensional (3-D) super structures via hydrogen bonds in triclinic symmetric and P-1 space group. The morphologies of the particles were characterized by SEM showing the irregular block shape. The electrochemical properties of 3 phosphonates were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), alternating current impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and constant current charge-discharge measurements. The discharge capacity remains to 288.1 mAh/g at 100th cycle with a current density of 50 mA/g and still behaves a growing trend. The CV data shows the large range of 0–10 V with the reduction peak at 4.7 V suggest that PC1 may be suitable for preparing high voltage lithium ion batteries (Libs). The performance of PC1 indicate promising for potential negative electrode material for Libs.
This paper suggests both a methodology to characterize ultracapacitors and to model their electrical behaviour. Current levels, frequency intervals, and voltage ranges are adapted to ultracapacitors testing. Experimental data results in the determination of the ultracapacitors performances in terms of energy and power densities, the quantification of the capacitance dependence on voltage, and the modelling of the dynamic behaviour of the device. Then, an electric model is proposed taking into account the ultracapacitors characteristics and their future use as peak power source for hybrid and electric vehicles. After, the parameters identification procedure is explained. Finally, the model validation, both in frequency and time domains, proves the validity of this methodology and the performances of the proposed model.