batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Newer antiretroviral (ARV) agents have improved pharmacokinetics, potency, and tolerability and have enabled the design of regimens with improved virologic outcomes. Successful antiretroviral therapy is dependent on patient adherence. In previous research, we validated a subset of items from the ACTG adherence battery as prognostic of virologic suppression at 6 months and correlated with adherence estimates from the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS). The objective of the current study was to validate the longitudinal use of the Owen Clinic adherence index in analyses of time to initial virologic suppression and maintenance of suppression.
Polymeric electrolytes consisting of oligo(ethylene oxide)-grafted poly(methylmethacrylate), organic plasticizer and inorganic salts of multivalent cations (Mg2+, La3+, Ce3+ and Yb3+) have been prepared. Their behavior as solid ion conductors has been examined. Thermal and X-ray analyses showed that the polymeric electrolytes were homogeneous and amorphous over a wide temperature range. Ionic conductivities of 10−4 and 10−5 S cm−1 were obtained at room temperature for the polymeric films containing Mg(ClO4)2 and Ce(ClO4)3, respectively. The ionic conductivity depends critically on the composition of the polymer electrolytes. The ionic coordination in the polymeric electrolytes, as determined by Raman spectroscopy, is discussed in relation to the conductance behavior.
The circular economy is proposed to reduce environmental impact, but as yet, there is limited empirical evidence of this sort from studying real, commercial circular economy business cases. This study investigates the environmental impacts of using second-hand laptops, mediated by a commercial reuse operation, instead of new ones. The method used is life cycle assessment (LCA) and special attention is given to laptops’ metal resource use by using several complementary life cycle impact assessment methods. The results show that all activities required to enable reuse of laptops are negligible, despite the reuse company’s large geographical scope. Two principal features of reuse reduce environmental impacts. Firstly, use extension reduces all impacts considerably since there are large embedded impacts in components. Secondly, the reuse company steers non-reusable laptops into state-of-the-art recycling. This provides additional impact reductions, especially with regards to toxicity and metal resource use. The results for metal resource use however diverge between LCIA methods in terms of highlighted metals which, in turn, affects the degree of impact reduction. LCIA methods that characterise functionally recycled metals as important, result in larger impact reduction, since these emphasise the merits of steering flows into state-of-the-art recycling. The study thus demonstrates how using second-hand laptops, mediated by a commercial reuse operation, compared to new ones, in practice, reduces different types of environmental impact through synergistic relationships between reuse and recycling. Moreover, it illustrates how the choice of LCIA method can influence interpretations of metal resource use impacts when applying circular economy measures to information and communication technologies (ICT).
A series of Li2Fe1-3x/2V x P2O7 (x =0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1) cathode materials for LIBs were prepared by the sol-gel method. Structural characterization of Li2Fe1-3x/2V x P2O7 (x =0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1) samples was conducted by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The morphology and oxidation states of Fe2+ and V3+ in the Li2Fe1-3x/2V x P2O7 samples were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements, respectively. The electrochemical measurements indicated that Li2Fe1-3x/2V x P2O7 (x =0.025) delivered the higher reversible capacity of 79.9 mAh g−1 at 1C in the voltage range of 2.0 - 4.5V with higher 77.9% capacity retention after 300 cycles than those of Li2FeP2O7 (48.9 mAh g−1 and 72.6%). Moreover, the rate capability of Li2Fe1-3x/2V x P2O7 (x =0.025) were also significantly enhanced through vanadium substitution to iron of Li2Fe1-3x/2V x P2O7. The vanadium substituted to Fe2 site of Li2FeP2O7 decreases Li occupying the Li5 position in the FeO5 unit, leading to a low degree exchange between Li and Fe in the MO5 (M=Li and Fe). The low degree cation disorder was beneficial to lithium-ion extraction/insertion during the charge-discharge process and hence enhances the capacity and rate capability.
The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is an effective and economic solution to enable the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into power grids. As an effort to present the state of the art in relevant fields, the power interaction mode between EVs and power grids, and the scheduling methodology for the V2G implementation are overviewed comprehensively in this paper. To be specific, technical requirements, grid impacts and battery degradations regarding each power interaction mode are discussed; the operating processes of centralized and decentralized scheduling approaches are introduced and compared. More importantly, it is noted that few attentions are given to the solving algorithms of programming models used for optimizing the scheduling strategy of EVs and few works examine their feasibilities to acquire the optimal charging strategies especially for a large number of EVs. In this context, this paper also illuminates the mathematical foundation on optimization techniques for the optimal V2G strategy, and provides new insights for evaluating these models.
A novel composite material of ZnMn2O4/Mn2O3 is fabricated via a facile surfactant-assisted solvothermal method, followed by an annealing process at 600 °C in air for 4 h. When further evaluated as a cathode for aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries (ARZIBs) for the first time, it delivers an initial discharge capacity of up to 82.6 mAh/g at 0.5 A/g just using 1 mol/L ZnSO4 as the electrolyte, and the amazing reversible capacity of 111.9 mAh/g can be achieved even after 300 cycles, much higher than the initial one. As the current density increases to 3.2 A/g, it also exhibits a high capacity as much as 42.1 mAh/g. The superior cycleability and remarkable rate performance are attributed to the synergistic effect, the ultrafast ion transportation characteristic and the smaller self-discharge phenomenon of ZnMn2O4 and Mn2O3. Thus, the work gives a new insight into developing new-type of cathode materials for large-scale application of ARZIBs with low cost, high safety and large power density.
We fabricated two types of three-dimensional (3-D) nanoarchitectured current collectors consisting of one-dimensional (1-D) Cu/C core/sheath nanowires and two-dimensional (2-D) Cu/C core/sheath nanonets. High-capacity Ge nanoarrays were deposited onto the as-prepared Cu/C nanowires or Cu/C nanonets via thermal evaporation and a GeO2 removal process. The obtained samples have advantages over Li-ion battery anodes because of the highly porous ordered and aligned nanostructures. The Cu/C nanonet-based Ge anodes exhibited a large reversible capacity of 933mAhg−1 at a rate of 1C over 1000 cycles and an excellent rate capability of 1017mAhg−1 at a rate of 10C over 200 cycles. We demonstrated that the 3-D nanoarchitecture technology has significant advantages such as a long cycle life and high-rate capabilities for the anode design of Li-ion batteries during the Li–Ge alloying process.
Depression is common in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). While psychotherapy is an effective treatment for depression, not all individuals benefit. We examined whether baseline social support might differentially affect treatment outcome in 127 participants with MS and depression randomized to either Telephone-administered Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (T-CBT) or Telephone-administered Emotion-Focused Therapy (T-EFT). We predicted that those with low social support would improve more in T-EFT, since this approach emphasizes the therapeutic relationship, while participants with strong social networks and presumably more emotional resources might fare better in the more structured and demanding T-CBT. We found that both level of received support and satisfaction with that support at baseline did moderate treatment outcome. Individuals with high social support showed a greater reduction in depressive symptoms in the T-CBT as predicted, but participants with low social support showed a similar reduction in both treatments. This suggests that for participants with high social support, CBT may be a more beneficial treatment for depression compared with EFT.
It is known that distributed antenna systems (DAS) using radio-over-fiber (RoF) links are able to increase coverage and to improve energy efficiency compared to traditional wireless access networks. In this paper, we focus on the energy efficiency of 802.11n RoF DAS architectures and we provide a methodology based on ns-3 to evaluate and optimize energy consumption in those environments. Our results confirm that there exists an optimal number of distributed antennas for a given scenario. Furthermore, we show that aggregation mechanisms included in IEEE 802.11n enable to further improve the energy efficiency in RoF DAS. Finally, we demonstrate that media access control protocol data unit aggregation techniques outperform media access control service data unit aggregation schemes in providing higher end-to-end throughput and a better energy efficiency in IEEE 802.11n RoF DAS.
The capacity to classify social groups legally is a central characteristic of modern states. Social groups, however, often resist the classificatory schemas of the state. This raises the following question: how do modern states exercise symbolic power in social fields beset by acute classification struggles? While existing scholarship has demonstrated that states exercise symbolic power, there has not been a concomitant effort to systematize and theorize the various strategies through which they do so. This article addresses this lacuna through examining classification struggles centered on a number of “heterodox” religious groups that have historically been perceived as deviant from mainstream religions. Specifically, it looks at Falun Gong in China, Mormons in the United States, and Baha’is in Egypt. The analysis draws attention to three strategies through which states exercise symbolic power: coercive classification, wherein the deviant group is forcibly fixed as such in law; juridical normalization, whereby the deviant group is allowed to enter the mainstream by shedding “problematic” ritual practices; and legal erasure, whereby the deviant group is kept out of the official classificatory system so that it becomes a legal non-entity. In summary, this article both identifies the religious field as a critical domain in which states of various ideological orientations exercise symbolic power and deploys this analysis to identify distinct strategies through which they do so.
A study of the metallurgical transformations and of the electrochemical behaviour of Pb–0.08% Ca–x% Sn alloys has been performed. The corrosion resistance of five hardening L12 phases (Pb3Ca, Pb2SnCa, Pb1.5Sn1.5Ca, PbSn2Ca, Sn3Ca) has been characterised. It is found that high tin contents in alloys improve the mechanical properties and their corrosion resistance in sulphuric acid. Furthermore, the most favourable metallurgical state, i.e. the “aged” state appears stabilised by a tin content of around 2wt.%. In the same manner, the rate of corrosion in overcharge conditions dramatically increases for Pb–Ca–Sn overaged alloys. These results seem to be linked to the tin level in the matrix, although the corrosion resistance of the L12 phases rises with the tin content.
The electrochemical performance of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) electrodes has been studied to find the optimum content of inactive materials (carbon black+polyvinylidene difluoride [PVDF] polymer binder) and to better understand electrode performance with variation in electrode composition. Trade-offs between inactive material content and electrochemical performance have been characterized in terms of electrical resistance, rate-capability, area-specific impedance (ASI), pulse-power characterization, and energy density calculations. The ASI and electrical conductivity were found to correlate well with ohmic polarization. The results showed that a 80:10:10 (active material: binder: carbon agents) electrode had a higher pulse-power density and energy density at rates above 1C as compared to 90:5:5, 86:7:7 and 70:15:15 formulations, while the 70:15:15 electrode had the highest electrical conductivity of 0.79Scm−1. A CB/PVDF ratio of ca. 1.22 was found to be the optimum formulation of inactive material when the LiFePO4 composition was 80wt%.
Despite 30years of productive research on theory of mind (ToM), we still know relatively little about variables that influence ToM development during middle childhood. Recent experimental studies have shown that conversations about the mind affect ToM abilities, but they have not explored the mechanisms underlying this developmental effect. In the current study, we examined two potential mechanisms through which conversations about mental states are likely to influence ToM: an increased frequency of references to mental states when explaining behavior and an increased accuracy of mental-state attributions. To this aim, we conducted a training study in which 101 children were assigned to either an intervention condition or a control condition. The conversation-based intervention was made up of four sessions scheduled over 2weeks. Children completed a battery of assessments before and after the intervention as well as 2months later. The groups were equivalent at Time 1 (T1) for age, family affluence, vocabulary, and executive functions. The ToM group showed an improvement in ToM skills (as evaluated on both the practiced tasks and a transfer task). Mediation analyses demonstrated that the accuracy of mental-state attributions, but not the mere frequency of mental-state references, mediated the positive effect of conversations about the mind on ToM development. Our results indicate that conversational experience can enhance mental-state reasoning not by simply drawing children’s attention to mental states but rather by scaffolding a mature understanding of social situations.
The majority (95 %) of lung cancer patients report stigma, with 48 % of lung cancer patients specifically reporting feeling stigmatized by their medical providers. Typically associated with the causal link to smoking and the historically poor prognosis, lung cancer stigma can be seen as a risk factor for poor psychosocial and medical outcomes in the context of lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Thus, modifiable targets for lung cancer stigma-reducing interventions are needed. The present study sought to test the hypothesis that good patient-provider communication is associated with lower levels of lung cancer stigma.
Micro-scale core-shell structured Li[(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)0.8(Ni1/2Mn1/2)0.2]O2 powders for use as cathode material are synthesized by a co-precipitation method. To protect the core material Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 from structural instability at high voltage, a Li[Ni1/2Mn1/2]O2 shell, which provides structural and thermal stability, is used to encapsulate the core. A mixture of the prepared core-shell precursor and lithium hydroxide is calcined at 770°C for 12h in air. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the prepared material has a typical layered structure with an R 3 ¯ m space group. Spherical morphologies with mono-dispersed powders are observed in the cross-sectional images obtained by scanning electron microscopy. The core-shell Li[(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)0.8(Ni1/2Mn1/2)0.2]O2 electrode has an excellent capacity retention at 30°C, maintaining 99% of its initial discharge capacity after 100 cycles in the voltage range of 3–4.5V. Furthermore, the thermal stability of the core-shell material in the highly delithiated state is improved compared to that of the core material. The resulting exothermic onset temperature appear at approximately 272 °C, which is higher than that of the highly delithiated Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 (261°C).
A signal denoising method is presented for ferromagnetic material pulsed eddy current (PEC) testing signal. The method firstly performs multiple measurements, and obtains an averaged signal and then transforms the averaged PEC signal from Cartesian domain to double logarithmic domain by the developed algorithm. A median filtering process is then performed for double logarithmic domain signal. An invert transform is optional to be performed to transform the processed signal from double logarithmic domain back to Cartesian domain. A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement quantification method is applied to evaluate the SNR improvement. The performance of the method is then verified by experiments. The effects of signal averaging number and median filter’s order are discussed. Experiment results show the method is able to increase SNR by about 40dB.
Zinc negative electrodes are well known in primary batteries based on the classical Leclanché cell but a more recent development is the introduction of a number of rechargeable redox flow batteries for pilot and commercial scale using a zinc/zinc ion redox couple, in acid or alkaline electrolytes, or transformation of surface zinc oxides as a reversible electrode. The benefits and limitations of zinc negative electrodes are outlined with examples to discuss their thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics along with their practical aspects. Four main types of redox flow batteries employing zinc electrodes are considered: zinc-bromine, zinc-cerium, zinc-air and zinc-nickel. Problems associated with zinc deposition and dissolution, especially in acid media, are summarized. The main features of each battery are identified and the benefits of a flowing electrolyte are explained. In each case, a summary of their development, the electrode and cell reactions, their potentials, the performance of the positive and negative electrodes, the advantages of a single flow compartment and cell developments for energy storage are included. Remaining challenges are highlighted and possibilities for future advances in redox flow batteries are suggested.
The state-of-health (SOH) estimation is always a crucial issue for lithium-ion batteries. In order to provide an accurate and reliable SOH estimation, a novel Gaussian process regression (GPR) model based on charging curve is proposed in this paper. Different from other researches where SOH is commonly estimated by cycle life, in this work four specific parameters extracted from charging curves are used as inputs of the GPR model instead of cycle numbers. These parameters can reflect the battery aging phenomenon from different angles. The grey relational analysis method is applied to analyze the relational grade between selected features and SOH. On the other hand, some adjustments are made in the proposed GPR model. Covariance function design and the similarity measurement of input variables are modified so as to improve the SOH estimate accuracy and adapt to the case of multidimensional input. Several aging data from NASA data repository are used for demonstrating the estimation effect by the proposed method. Results show that the proposed method has high SOH estimation accuracy. Besides, a battery with dynamic discharging profile is used to verify the robustness and reliability of this method.
The photovoltaic (PV) system is one of the renewable energies that attract the attention of researchers in the recent decades. The PV generators exhibit nonlinear I–V and P–V characteristics. The maximum power produced varies with both irradiance and temperature. Since the conversion efficiency of PV arrays is very low, it requires maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control techniques. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is the automatic control algorithm to adjust the power interfaces and achieve the greatest possible power harvest, during moment to moment variations of light level, shading, temperature, and photovoltaic module characteristics. The purpose of the MPPT is to adjust the solar operating voltage close to the MPP under changing atmospheric conditions. It has become an essential component to evaluate the design performance of PV power systems. This investigation aims to assess different MPPT techniques, provide background knowledge, implementation topology, grid interconnection of PV and solar microinverter requirements presented in the literature, doing depth comparisons between them with a brief discussion. The MPPT merits, demerits and classification, which can be used as a reference for future research related to optimizing the solar power generation, are also discussed. Conventional methods are easy to implement but they suffer from oscillations at MPP and tracking speed is less due to fixed perturb step. Intelligent methods are efficient; oscillations are lesser at MPP in steady state and tracked quickly in comparison to conventional methods.
For the first time, an attempt has been made for the possible augmentation and exploration of iodine substitution into LiFe0.4Mn0.6PO4 (LFMP) material is assessed as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries. Iodine substituted LiFe0.4Mn0.6(PO4)1−xIx (LFMPI, x = 0, 0.01, 0.015, and 0.02) have been synthesized by a solid-state reaction without any external carbon source. X-ray diffraction shows that the LFMP and LFMPI cathode materials have formed the same single crystalline phase; the values of lattice parameters and unit cell volume have been insignificantly changed by I− anion substitution. Uniformly distributed grains of the LFMPI samples with grain sizes in the range of 250 nm to 0.9 μm have been obtained by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for the LFMPI with x = 0.02 have clearly observed at 619.5 and 630.7 eV for I 3d5/2 and I 3d3/2, respectively. The electrochemical properties of the pure LFMP cathode material have been compared with those of I− anion substituted LFMPI samples. LFMPI with x = 0.015 has delivered the highest discharge capacity of 141.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1C, and LFMPI with x = 0.01 has 102.1 mAh g−1 at high rate of 3C. Iodine substituted LFMPI have demonstrated improved electrochemical properties with excellent reversible cycling.
In this report we present the synthesis and characterization of two conducting redox polymers (CRPs) with polythiophene backbone and diethyl terephthalate pendant groups for the use as anode materials in secondary batteries. The materials show excellent rate capability allowing 30μm layers to be fully converted within seconds without the use of conductive additives. The high rate capability is traced to the open morphology of the materials that allows for fast ion transport, and to the mediation of electrons through the conducting polymer (CP) backbone. The requirements for the latter are i) that the redox chemistry of the pendant groups and the CP backbone overlaps and ii) that the CP conductivity is not compromised by the presence of the pendant groups. In the CRPs presented herein both these requirements are met and this is thus the first report on successful combination of the redox chemistry of organic redox molecules with the n-doping of conducting polymers.